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In particle physics and physical cosmology, Planck units are a system of units of measurement defined exclusively in terms of four universal physical constants: c, G, ħ, and kB (described further below). Expressing one of these physical constants in terms of Planck units yields a numerical value of 1. They are a system... | Wikipedia/Planck_energy |
Physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) refers to the theoretical developments needed to explain the deficiencies of the Standard Model, such as the inability to explain the fundamental dimensionless physical constants of the standard model, the strong CP problem, neutrino oscillations, matter–antimatter asymmetry, and... | Wikipedia/Beyond_the_standard_model |
ScienceAlert is an independently run online publication and news source that publishes articles featuring scientific research, discoveries, and outcomes. The site was founded in 2004 by Julian Cribb, a science writer, to aggregate research findings from Australian universities, and it expanded in 2006 when ex-Microsoft... | Wikipedia/ScienceAlert |
Science fiction (often shortened to sci-fi or abbreviated SF) is a genre of speculative fiction that deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts. These concepts may include information technology and robotics, biological manipulations, space exploration, time travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial life. Th... | Wikipedia/Science_fiction |
In theoretical physics, unparticle physics is a speculative theory that conjectures a form of matter that cannot be explained in terms of particles using the Standard Model of particle physics, because its components are scale invariant.
Howard Georgi proposed this theory in two 2007 papers, "Unparticle Physics"
and "A... | Wikipedia/Unparticle_physics |
Unification of theories about observable fundamental phenomena of nature is one of the primary goals of physics. The two great unifications to date are Isaac Newton’s unification of gravity and astronomy, and James Clerk Maxwell’s unification of electromagnetism; the latter has been further unified with the concept of ... | Wikipedia/Unification_(physics) |
A consensus theory of truth is the process of taking statements to be true simply because people generally agree upon them.: 134
== Varieties of consensus ==
=== Consensus gentium ===
An ancient criterion of truth, the consensus gentium (Latin for agreement of the people), states "that which is universal among men... | Wikipedia/Consensus_theory_of_truth |
A cyclic model (or oscillating model) is any of several cosmological models in which the universe follows infinite, or indefinite, self-sustaining cycles. For example, the oscillating universe theory briefly considered by Albert Einstein in 1930 theorized a universe following an eternal series of oscillations, each beg... | Wikipedia/Cyclic_model |
The Type 0 string theory is a less well-known model of string theory. It is a superstring theory in the sense that the worldsheet theory is supersymmetric. However, the spacetime spectrum is not supersymmetric and, in fact, does not contain any fermions at all. In dimensions greater than two, the ground state is a tach... | Wikipedia/Type_0_string_theory |
In physics, Randall–Sundrum models (RS) (also called 5-dimensional warped geometry theory) are models that describe the world in terms of a warped-geometry higher-dimensional universe, or more concretely as a 5-dimensional anti-de Sitter space where the elementary particles (except the graviton) are localized on a (3 +... | Wikipedia/Randall–Sundrum_model |
In physics, the fundamental interactions or fundamental forces are interactions in nature that appear not to be reducible to more basic interactions. There are four fundamental interactions known to exist:
gravity
electromagnetism
weak interaction
strong interaction
The gravitational and electromagnetic interactions ... | Wikipedia/Four_fundamental_forces |
In quantum field theory, gauge gravitation theory is the effort to extend Yang–Mills theory, which provides a universal description of the fundamental interactions, to describe gravity.
Gauge gravitation theory should not be confused with the similarly named gauge theory gravity, which is a formulation of (classical) g... | Wikipedia/Gauge_gravitation_theory |
In theoretical physics, a scalar–tensor theory is a field theory that includes both a scalar field and a tensor field to represent a certain interaction. For example, the Brans–Dicke theory of gravitation uses both a scalar field and a tensor field to mediate the gravitational interaction.
== Tensor fields and field... | Wikipedia/Scalar–tensor_theory |
The Dvali–Gabadadze–Porrati (DGP) model is a model of gravity proposed by Gia Dvali, Gregory Gabadadze, and Massimo Porrati in 2000. The model is popular among some model builders, but has resisted being embedded into string theory.
== Overview ==
The DGP model assumes the existence of a 4+1-dimensional Minkowski sp... | Wikipedia/DGP_model |
In physics, the Brans–Dicke theory of gravitation (sometimes called the Jordan–Brans–Dicke theory) is a competitor to Einstein's general theory of relativity. It is an example of a scalar–tensor theory, a gravitational theory in which the gravitational interaction is mediated by a scalar field as well as the tensor fie... | Wikipedia/Brans–Dicke_theory |
In theoretical physics, Whitehead's theory of gravitation was introduced by the mathematician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead in 1922. While never broadly accepted, at one time it was a scientifically plausible alternative to general relativity. However, after further experimental and theoretical consideration, ... | Wikipedia/Whitehead's_theory_of_gravitation |
From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time is a nonfiction book by American theoretical physicist Sean M. Carroll, published on January 7, 2010, by Dutton.
== Background ==
In the book, Carroll explores the nature of the arrow of time, that goes forward from the past to the future, and posits th... | Wikipedia/From_Eternity_to_Here:_The_Quest_for_the_Ultimate_Theory_of_Time |
Scalar–tensor–vector gravity (STVG) is a modified theory of gravity developed by John Moffat, a researcher at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario. The theory is also often referred to by the acronym MOG (MOdified Gravity).
== Overview ==
Scalar–tensor–vector gravity theory, also known... | Wikipedia/Scalar–tensor–vector_gravity |
The zero-energy universe hypothesis proposes that the total amount of energy in the universe is exactly zero: its amount of positive energy in the form of matter is exactly canceled out by its negative energy in the form of gravity. Some physicists, such as Lawrence Krauss, Stephen Hawking or Alexander Vilenkin, call o... | Wikipedia/Zero-energy_universe |
The Theory of Everything is a 2014 British biographical drama film produced by Working Title Films and directed by James Marsh. Set at the University of Cambridge, it details the three decades of the life of the theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking. It was adapted by Anthony McCarten from the 2007 memoir Travelling to... | Wikipedia/The_Theory_of_Everything_(2014_film) |
In theoretical physics, little string theory is a non-gravitational non-local theory in six spacetime dimensions that can be obtained as an effective theory of NS5-branes in the limit in which gravity decouples. Little string theories exhibit T-duality, much like the full string theory.
== References ==
Aharony, Ofer... | Wikipedia/Little_string_theory |
cGh physics refers to the historical attempts in physics to unify relativity, gravitation, and quantum mechanics, in particular following the ideas of Matvei Petrovich Bronstein and George Gamow. The letters are the standard symbols for the speed of light (c), the gravitational constant (G), and the Planck constant (h)... | Wikipedia/CGh_physics |
A conscience is a cognitive process that elicits emotion and rational associations based on an individual's moral philosophy or value system. Conscience is not an elicited emotion or thought produced by associations based on immediate sensory perceptions and reflexive responses, as in sympathetic central nervous system... | Wikipedia/Conscience |
Rainbow gravity (or "gravity's rainbow") is a theory that different wavelengths of light experience different gravity levels and are separated in the same way that a prism splits white light into the rainbow. This phenomenon would be imperceptible in areas of relatively low gravity, such as Earth, but would be signific... | Wikipedia/Rainbow_gravity_theory |
Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein is a biography of Albert Einstein written by Abraham Pais. First published in 1982 by Oxford University Press, the book is one of the most acclaimed biographies of the scientist. This was not the first popular biography of Einstein, but it was the first to... | Wikipedia/Subtle_is_the_Lord:_The_Science_and_the_Life_of_Albert_Einstein |
Group dynamics is a system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group (intragroup dynamics), or between social groups (intergroup dynamics). The study of group dynamics can be useful in understanding decision-making behaviour, tracking the spread of diseases in society, creating effective ... | Wikipedia/Group_dynamics |
The relationship between chemistry and physics is a topic of debate in the philosophy of science. The issue is a complicated one, since both physics and chemistry are divided into multiple subfields, each with their own goals. A major theme is whether, and in what sense, chemistry can be said to "reduce" to physics.
... | Wikipedia/Relationship_between_chemistry_and_physics |
In contemporary astronomy, 88 constellations are recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Each constellation is a region of the sky bordered by arcs of right ascension and declination, together covering the entire celestial sphere. Their boundaries were officially adopted by the International Astronomi... | Wikipedia/IAU_designated_constellations |
A jet is a narrow cone of hadrons and other particles produced by the hadronization of quarks and gluons in a particle physics or heavy ion experiment. Particles carrying a color charge, i.e. quarks and gluons, cannot exist in free form because of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) confinement which only allows for colorless... | Wikipedia/Jet_(particle_physics) |
In physics, the eightfold way is an organizational scheme for a class of subatomic particles known as hadrons that led to the development of the quark model. Both the American physicist Murray Gell-Mann and the Israeli physicist Yuval Ne'eman independently and simultaneously proposed the idea in 1961.
The name comes fr... | Wikipedia/Eightfold_way_(physics) |
In particle physics, strangeness (symbol S) is a property of particles, expressed as a quantum number, for describing decay of particles in strong and electromagnetic interactions that occur in a short period of time. The strangeness of a particle is defined as:
S
=
−
(
... | Wikipedia/Strangeness_(particle_physics) |
In particle physics, the parton model is a model of hadrons, such as protons and neutrons, proposed by Richard Feynman. It is useful for interpreting the cascades of radiation (a parton shower) produced from quantum chromodynamics (QCD) processes and interactions in high-energy particle collisions.
== History ==
The ... | Wikipedia/Parton_(particle_physics) |
In quantum field theory, soft-collinear effective theory (or SCET) is a theoretical framework for doing calculations that involve interacting particles carrying widely different energies.
The motivation for developing SCET was to control the infrared divergences that occur in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) calculations t... | Wikipedia/Soft-collinear_effective_theory |
In physics and chemistry, a nucleon is either a proton or a neutron, considered in its role as a component of an atomic nucleus. The number of nucleons in a nucleus defines the atom's mass number.
Until the 1960s, nucleons were thought to be elementary particles, not made up of smaller parts. Now they are understood as... | Wikipedia/Bag_model |
In quantum chromodynamics, heavy quark effective theory (HQET) is an effective field theory describing the physics of heavy (that is, of mass far greater than the QCD scale) quarks. It is used in studying the properties of hadrons containing a single charm or bottom quark. The effective theory was formalised in 1990 by... | Wikipedia/Heavy_quark_effective_theory |
In physics, a gauge theory is a type of field theory in which the Lagrangian, and hence the dynamics of the system itself, does not change under local transformations according to certain smooth families of operations (Lie groups). Formally, the Lagrangian is invariant under these transformations.
The term "gauge" ref... | Wikipedia/Quantum_gauge_theory |
Chiral perturbation theory (ChPT) is an effective field theory constructed with a Lagrangian consistent with the (approximate) chiral symmetry of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), as well as the other symmetries of parity and charge conjugation.
ChPT is a theory which allows one to study the low-energy dynamics of QCD on t... | Wikipedia/Chiral_perturbation_theory |
In physics, a gauge theory is a type of field theory in which the Lagrangian, and hence the dynamics of the system itself, does not change under local transformations according to certain smooth families of operations (Lie groups). Formally, the Lagrangian is invariant under these transformations.
The term "gauge" ref... | Wikipedia/Non-abelian_gauge_theory |
In particle physics, flavour or flavor refers to the species of an elementary particle. The Standard Model counts six flavours of quarks and six flavours of leptons. They are conventionally parameterized with flavour quantum numbers that are assigned to all subatomic particles. They can also be described by some of the... | Wikipedia/Flavor_(particle_physics) |
In particle physics, the Georgi–Glashow model is a particular Grand Unified Theory (GUT) proposed by Howard Georgi and Sheldon Glashow in 1974. In this model, the Standard Model gauge groups SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) are combined into a single simple gauge group SU(5). The unified group SU(5) is then thought to be spontaneo... | Wikipedia/Georgi–Glashow_model |
Nuclear Physics A, Nuclear Physics B, Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements and discontinued Nuclear Physics are peer-reviewed scientific journals published by Elsevier. The scope of Nuclear Physics A is nuclear and hadronic physics, and that of Nuclear Physics B is high energy physics, quantum field theory, stat... | Wikipedia/Nuclear_Physics_B |
In physics, the Pati–Salam model is a Grand Unified Theory (GUT) proposed in 1974 by Abdus Salam and Jogesh Pati. Like other GUTs, its goal is to explain the seeming arbitrariness and complexity of the Standard Model in terms of a simpler, more fundamental theory that unifies what are in the Standard Model disparate pa... | Wikipedia/Pati–Salam_model |
In string theory, a domain wall is a theoretical (d−1)-dimensional singularity. A domain wall is meant to represent an object of codimension one embedded into space (a defect in space localized in one spatial dimension). For example, D8-branes are domain walls in type II string theory. In M-theory, the existence of Hor... | Wikipedia/Domain_wall_(string_theory) |
The 331 model in particle physics is an extension of the electroweak gauge symmetry which offers an explanation of why there must be three families of quarks and leptons. The name "331" comes from the full gauge symmetry group
S
U
(
3
)
... | Wikipedia/331_model |
Large Apparatus studying Grand Unification and Neutrino Astrophysics or LAGUNA was a European project aimed to develop the next-generation, very large volume underground neutrino observatory. The detector was to be much bigger and more sensitive than any previous detector, and make new discoveries in the field of parti... | Wikipedia/Large_Apparatus_studying_Grand_Unification_and_Neutrino_Astrophysics |
Maxwell's equations, or Maxwell–Heaviside equations, are a set of coupled partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, electric and magnetic circuits.
The equations provide a mathematical model for electric, optical, and ... | Wikipedia/Maxwell_equations |
In particle physics, a generation or family is a division of the elementary particles. Between generations, particles differ by their flavour quantum number and mass, but their electric and strong interactions are identical.
There are three generations according to the Standard Model of particle physics. Each generatio... | Wikipedia/Generation_(particle_physics) |
A chiral phenomenon is one that is not identical to its mirror image (see the article on mathematical chirality). The spin of a particle may be used to define a handedness, or helicity, for that particle, which, in the case of a massless particle, is the same as chirality. A symmetry transformation between the two is ... | Wikipedia/Left-right_model |
The grand unification energy
Λ
G
U
T
{\displaystyle \Lambda _{GUT}}
, or the GUT scale, is the energy level above which, it is believed, the electromagnetic force, weak force, and strong force become... | Wikipedia/Grand_unification_energy |
In particle physics, SO(10) refers to a grand unified theory (GUT) based on the spin group Spin(10). The shortened name SO(10) is conventional among physicists, and derives from the Lie algebra or less precisely the Lie group of SO(10), which is a special orthogonal group that is double covered by Spin(10).
SO(10) sub... | Wikipedia/SO(10)_(physics) |
The Islamic sciences (Arabic: علوم الدين, romanized: ʿulūm al-dīn, lit. 'the sciences of religion') are a set of traditionally defined religious sciences practiced by Islamic scholars (ʿulamāʾ), aimed at the construction and interpretation of Islamic religious knowledge.
== Different sciences ==
These sciences includ... | Wikipedia/Islamic_sciences |
A drug is any chemical substance other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. Consumption of drugs can be via inhalation, injection, smoking, ingestion, absorption via a patch on the skin, suppository, or dissolution under the to... | Wikipedia/Drug |
This timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world covers the time period from the eighth century AD to the introduction of European science to the Muslim world in the nineteenth century. All year dates are given according to the Gregorian calendar except where noted.
== Eighth century ==
Astronomers and as... | Wikipedia/Timeline_of_science_and_engineering_in_the_Muslim_world |
Abū Mūsā Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Arabic: أَبو موسى جابِر بِن حَيّان, variously called al-Ṣūfī, al-Azdī, al-Kūfī, or al-Ṭūsī), died c. 806−816, is the purported author of a large number of works in Arabic, often called the Jabirian corpus. The c. 215 treatises that survive today mainly deal with alchemy and chemistry, magic, ... | Wikipedia/Sulfur-mercury_theory_of_metals |
A drug is any chemical substance other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. Consumption of drugs can be via inhalation, injection, smoking, ingestion, absorption via a patch on the skin, suppository, or dissolution under the to... | Wikipedia/Drugs |
Islamic calligraphy is the artistic practice of penmanship and calligraphy, in the languages which use Arabic alphabet or the alphabets derived from it. It is a highly stylized and structured form of handwriting that follows artistic conventions and is often used for Islamic religious texts, architecture, and decoratio... | Wikipedia/Islamic_calligraphy |
The historiography of early Islam is the secular scholarly literature on the early history of Islam during the 7th century, from Muhammad's first purported revelations in 610 until the disintegration of the Rashidun Caliphate in 661,
and arguably throughout the 8th century and the duration of the Umayyad Caliphate, te... | Wikipedia/Historiography_of_early_Islam |
Muslim scholars have developed a spectrum of viewpoints on science within the context of Islam. Scientists of medieval Muslim civilization (e.g. Ibn al-Haytham) contributed to the new discoveries in science. From the eighth to fifteenth century, Muslim mathematicians and astronomers furthered the development of mathema... | Wikipedia/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science |
The conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques occurred during the life of Muhammad and continued during subsequent Islamic conquests and invasions and under historical Muslim rule. Hindu temples, Jain Temples, churches, synagogues, and Zoroastrian fire temples have been converted into mosques.
Several su... | Wikipedia/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques |
Clinical trials are prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices) and known interventions ... | Wikipedia/Clinical_trials |
Science in the medieval Islamic world was the science developed and practised during the Islamic Golden Age under the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad, the Umayyads of Córdoba, the Abbadids of Seville, the Samanids, the Ziyarids and the Buyids in Persia and beyond, spanning the period roughly between 786 and 1258. Islamic ... | Wikipedia/Islamic_science |
A pseudepigraph (also anglicized as "pseudepigraphon") is a falsely attributed work, a text whose claimed author is not the true author, or a work whose real author attributed it to a figure of the past. The name of the author to whom the work is falsely attributed is often prefixed with the particle "pseudo-", such as... | Wikipedia/Pseudepigraphy |
In fluid mechanics, the center of pressure is the point on a body where a single force acting at that point can represent the total effect of the pressure field acting on the body.
The total force vector acting at the center of pressure is the surface integral of the pressure vector field across the surface of the bod... | Wikipedia/Center_of_pressure_(fluid_mechanics) |
The circle of forces, traction circle, friction circle, or friction ellipse is a useful way to think about the dynamic interaction between a vehicle's tire and the road surface. The diagram below shows the tire from above, so that the road surface lies in the xy-plane. The vehicle to which the tire is attached is movin... | Wikipedia/Circle_of_forces |
Automotive suspension design is an aspect of automotive engineering, concerned with designing the suspension for cars and trucks. Suspension design for other vehicles is similar, though the process may not be as well established.
The process entails
Selecting appropriate vehicle level targets
Selecting a system arch... | Wikipedia/Automotive_suspension_design |
Flight dynamics is the science of air vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions. The three critical flight dynamics parameters are the angles of rotation in three dimensions about the vehicle's center of gravity (cg), known as pitch, roll and yaw. These are collectively known as aircraft attitude, often princ... | Wikipedia/Flight_dynamics_(aircraft) |
In (automotive) vehicle dynamics, slip describes the relative motion between a tire and the road surface it is moving on. This slip can be generated either by the tire's angular velocity being greater or less than the free-rolling speed (referred to as slip ratio), or by the tire's front facing direction being at an an... | Wikipedia/Slip_(vehicle_dynamics) |
MTS Systems Corporation (MTS) is a supplier of test systems and industrial position sensors. The company provides test and measurement products to determine the performance and reliability of vehicles, aircraft, civil structures, biomedical materials and devices and raw materials. Examples of MTS products include: aero... | Wikipedia/MTS_Systems_Corporation |
Radial force variation or road force variation (RFV) is a property of a tire that affects steering, traction, braking and load support. High values of RFV for a given tire reflect a high level of manufacturing variations in the tire structure that will impart ride disturbances into the vehicle in the vertical directio... | Wikipedia/Radial_Force_Variation |
Modelica is an object-oriented, declarative, multi-domain modeling language for component-oriented modeling of complex systems, e.g., systems containing mechanical, electrical, electronic, hydraulic, thermal, control, electric power or process-oriented subcomponents.
The free Modelica language
is developed by the non-p... | Wikipedia/Modelica |
Cornering force or side force is the lateral (i.e., parallel to wheel axis) force produced by a vehicle tire during cornering.
Cornering force is generated by tire slip and is proportional to slip angle at low slip angles. The rate at which cornering force builds up is described by relaxation length. Slip angle descri... | Wikipedia/Cornering_force |
Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics is the science of the motion of bicycles and motorcycles and their components, due to the forces acting on them. Dynamics falls under a branch of physics known as classical mechanics. Bike motions of interest include balancing, steering, braking, accelerating, suspension activation, and ... | Wikipedia/Bicycle_and_motorcycle_dynamics |
Flight dynamics in aviation and spacecraft, is the study of the performance, stability, and control of vehicles flying through the air or in outer space. It is concerned with how forces acting on the vehicle determine its velocity and attitude with respect to time.
For a fixed-wing aircraft, its changing orientation wi... | Wikipedia/Flight_dynamics |
Electronic stability control (ESC), also referred to as electronic stability program (ESP) or dynamic stability control (DSC), is a computerized technology that improves a vehicle's stability by detecting and reducing loss of traction (skidding). When ESC detects loss of steering control, it automatically applies the b... | Wikipedia/Electronic_stability_control |
Hysteresis is the dependence of the state of a system on its history. For example, a magnet may have more than one possible magnetic moment in a given magnetic field, depending on how the field changed in the past. Plots of a single component of the moment often form a loop or hysteresis curve, where there are differen... | Wikipedia/Tipping_point_(physics) |
Structural fracture mechanics is the field of structural engineering concerned with the study of load-carrying structures that includes one or several failed or damaged components. It uses methods of analytical solid mechanics, structural engineering, safety engineering, probability theory, and catastrophe theory to ca... | Wikipedia/Structural_fracture_mechanics |
In the physical sciences, the Airy function (or Airy function of the first kind) Ai(x) is a special function named after the British astronomer George Biddell Airy (1801–1892). The function Ai(x) and the related function Bi(x), are linearly independent solutions to the differential equation
... | Wikipedia/Airy_function |
In molecular physics/nanotechnology, electrostatic deflection is the deformation of a beam-like structure/element bent by an electric field. It can be due to interaction between electrostatic fields and net charge or electric polarization effects. The beam-like structure/element is generally cantilevered (fix at one of... | Wikipedia/Electrostatic_deflection_(molecular_physics/nanotechnology) |
A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy, called energy levels. This contrasts with classical particles, which can have any amount of energy. The term is commonly used for the energy levels of the electrons in atoms, ions, or mo... | Wikipedia/Molecular_energy_state |
Chemical physics is a branch of physics that studies chemical processes from a physical point of view. It focuses on understanding the physical properties and behavior of chemical systems, using principles from both physics and chemistry. This field investigates physicochemical phenomena using techniques from atomic an... | Wikipedia/Chemical_Physics |
Diatomic molecules (from Greek di- 'two') are molecules composed of only two atoms, of the same or different chemical elements. If a diatomic molecule consists of two atoms of the same element, such as hydrogen (H2) or oxygen (O2), then it is said to be homonuclear. Otherwise, if a diatomic molecule consists of two di... | Wikipedia/Diatomic_molecule |
Molecular Physics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the interface between chemistry and physics, in particular chemical physics and physical chemistry. It covers both theoretical and experimental molecular science, including electronic structure, molecular dynamics, spectroscopy, reaction kinet... | Wikipedia/Molecular_Physics_(journal) |
The bond-dissociation energy (BDE, D0, or DH°) is one measure of the strength of a chemical bond A−B. It can be defined as the standard enthalpy change when A−B is cleaved by homolysis to give fragments A and B, which are usually radical species. The enthalpy change is temperature-dependent, and the bond-dissociatio... | Wikipedia/Dissociation_energy |
Stellar molecules are molecules that exist or form in stars. Such formations can take place when the temperature is low enough for molecules to form – typically around 6,000 K (5,730 °C; 10,340 °F) or cooler. Otherwise the stellar matter is restricted to atoms and ions in the forms of gas or – at very high temperatures... | Wikipedia/Molecules_in_stars |
Extraterrestrial liquid water is water in its liquid state that naturally occurs outside Earth. It is a subject of wide interest because it is recognized as one of the key prerequisites for life as we know it and is thus surmised to be essential for extraterrestrial life.
Although many celestial bodies in the Solar Sys... | Wikipedia/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water |
Extraterrestrial life, or alien life (colloquially, aliens), is life that originates from another world rather than on Earth. No extraterrestrial life has yet been scientifically conclusively detected. Such life might range from simple forms such as prokaryotes to intelligent beings, possibly bringing forth civilizatio... | Wikipedia/Extraterrestrial_life |
The Nexus for Exoplanet System Science (NExSS) initiative is a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) virtual institute designed to foster interdisciplinary collaboration in the search for life on exoplanets. Led by the Ames Research Center, the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, and the Goddard Institute... | Wikipedia/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science |
Triatomic molecules are molecules composed of three atoms, of either the same or different chemical elements. Examples include H2O, CO2 (pictured), HCN, O3 (ozone) and NO2.
== Molecular vibrations ==
The vibrational modes of a triatomic molecule can be determined in specific cases.
=== Symmetric linear molecules ==... | Wikipedia/Triatomic_molecule |
The iron–sulfur world hypothesis is a set of proposals for the origin of life and the early evolution of life advanced in a series of articles between 1988 and 1992 by Günter Wächtershäuser, a Munich patent lawyer with a degree in chemistry, who had been encouraged and supported by philosopher Karl R. Popper to publish... | Wikipedia/Iron–sulfur_world_theory |
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution imaging technique with most of its applications in medicine and biology. OCT uses coherent near-infrared light to obtain micrometer-level depth resolved images of biological tissue or other scattering media. It uses interferometry techniques to detect the ampli... | Wikipedia/Optical_coherence_tomography |
In quantum physics, a virtual state is a very short-lived, unobservable quantum state.
In many quantum processes a virtual state is an intermediate state, sometimes described as "imaginary" in a multi-step process that mediates otherwise forbidden transitions. Since virtual states are not eigenfunctions of any operato... | Wikipedia/Virtual_state_(physics) |
In physics, semiclassical refers to a theory in which one part of a system is described quantum mechanically, whereas the other is treated classically. For example, external fields will be constant, or when changing will be classically described. In general, it incorporates a development in powers of the Planck constan... | Wikipedia/Semiclassical_physics |
Quantum mechanics is the study of matter and its interactions with energy on the scale of atomic and subatomic particles. By contrast, classical physics explains matter and energy only on a scale familiar to human experience, including the behavior of astronomical bodies such as the Moon. Classical physics is still use... | Wikipedia/Basics_of_quantum_mechanics |
In atomic physics, the Bohr model or Rutherford–Bohr model was a model of the atom that incorporated some early quantum concepts. Developed from 1911 to 1918 by Niels Bohr and building on Ernest Rutherford's nuclear model, it supplanted the plum pudding model of J. J. Thomson only to be replaced by the quantum atomic m... | Wikipedia/Bohr_atom_model |
The Rutherford model is a name for the first model of an atom with a compact nucleus. The concept arose from Ernest Rutherford discovery of the nucleus. Rutherford directed the Geiger–Marsden experiment in 1909, which showed much more alpha particle recoil than J. J. Thomson's plum pudding model of the atom could expla... | Wikipedia/Rutherford_model |
To determine the vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules, the rotation and vibration of linear molecules are taken into account to predict which vibrational (normal) modes are active in the infrared spectrum and the Raman spectrum.
== Degrees of freedom ==
The location of a molecule in a 3-dimensional space can ... | Wikipedia/Vibrational_spectroscopy_of_linear_molecules |
Negative-index metamaterial or negative-index material (NIM) is a metamaterial whose refractive index for an electromagnetic wave has a negative value over some frequency range.
NIMs are constructed of periodic basic parts called unit cells, which are usually significantly smaller than the wavelength of the externally ... | Wikipedia/Negative_index_metamaterials |
Biomaterials are materials that are used in contact with biological systems. Biocompatibility and applicability of surface modification with current uses of metallic, polymeric and ceramic biomaterials allow alteration of properties to enhance performance in a biological environment while retaining bulk properties of t... | Wikipedia/Surface_modification_of_biomaterials_with_proteins |
The Langmuir adsorption model explains adsorption by assuming an adsorbate behaves as an ideal gas at isothermal conditions. According to the model, adsorption and desorption are reversible processes. This model even explains the effect of pressure; i.e., at these conditions the adsorbate's partial pressure
... | Wikipedia/Langmuir_equation |
Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces. It includes the fields of surface chemistry and surface physics. Some related practical applications are... | Wikipedia/Surface_physics |
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