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Charged particle beams in a particle accelerator or a storage ring undergo a variety of different processes. Typically the beam dynamics is broken down into single particle dynamics and collective effects. Sources of collective effects include single or multiple inter-particle scattering and interaction with the vacu... | Wikipedia/Collective_effects_(accelerator_physics) |
A charged particle accelerator is a complex machine that takes elementary charged particles and accelerates them to very high energies. Accelerator physics is a field of physics encompassing all the aspects required to design and operate the equipment and to understand the resulting dynamics of the charged particles. T... | Wikipedia/Accelerator_Physics_Codes |
In polymer physics, the finite extensible nonlinear elastic (FENE) model, also called the FENE dumbbell model, represents the dynamics of a long-chained polymer. It simplifies the chain of monomers by connecting a sequence of beads with nonlinear springs.
Its direct extension the FENE-P model, is more commonly used in... | Wikipedia/FENE_model |
A macromolecule is a very large molecule important to biological processes, such as a protein or nucleic acid. It is composed of thousands of covalently bonded atoms. Many macromolecules are polymers of smaller molecules called monomers. The most common macromolecules in biochemistry are biopolymers (nucleic acids, pro... | Wikipedia/Macromolecules |
The term file dynamics is the motion of many particles in a narrow channel.
In science: in chemistry, physics, mathematics and related fields, file dynamics (sometimes called, single file dynamics) is the diffusion of N (N → ∞) identical Brownian hard spheres in a quasi-one-dimensional channel of length L (L → ∞), such... | Wikipedia/File_dynamics |
Size-exclusion chromatography, also known as molecular sieve chromatography, is a chromatographic method in which molecules in solution are separated by their shape, and in some cases size. It is usually applied to large molecules or macromolecular complexes such as proteins and industrial polymers. Typically, when an ... | Wikipedia/Size_exclusion_chromatography |
Library and information science (LIS) are two interconnected disciplines that deal with information management. This includes organization, access, collection, and regulation of information, both in physical and digital forms.
Library science and information science are two original disciplines; however, they are withi... | Wikipedia/Library_and_information_science |
In quantum computing, a quantum algorithm is an algorithm that runs on a realistic model of quantum computation, the most commonly used model being the quantum circuit model of computation. A classical (or non-quantum) algorithm is a finite sequence of instructions, or a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem, wh... | Wikipedia/Quantum_algorithms |
In conservation, library and archival science, preservation is a set of preventive conservation activities aimed at prolonging the life of a record, book, or object while making as few changes as possible. Preservation activities vary widely and may include monitoring the condition of items, maintaining the temperature... | Wikipedia/Preservation_(library_and_archival_science) |
Degenerate matter occurs when the Pauli exclusion principle significantly alters a state of matter at low temperature. The term is used in astrophysics to refer to dense stellar objects such as white dwarfs and neutron stars, where thermal pressure alone is not enough to prevent gravitational collapse. The term also ap... | Wikipedia/Neutron-degenerate_matter |
In nuclear physics, the semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF; sometimes also called the Weizsäcker formula, Bethe–Weizsäcker formula, or Bethe–Weizsäcker mass formula to distinguish it from the Bethe–Weizsäcker process) is used to approximate the mass of an atomic nucleus from its number of protons and neutrons. As the na... | Wikipedia/Liquid-drop_model |
The Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is a major NASA space research laboratory located approximately 6.5 miles (10.5 km) northeast of Washington, D.C., in Greenbelt, Maryland, United States. Established on May 1, 1959, as NASA's first space flight center, GSFC employs about 10,000 civil servants and contractors. Name... | Wikipedia/High_Energy_Astrophysics_Science_Archive_Research_Center |
Scientific formalism is a family of approaches to the presentation of science. It is viewed as an important part of the scientific method, especially in the physical sciences.
== Levels of formalism ==
There are multiple levels of scientific formalism possible. At the lowest level, scientific formalism deals with the... | Wikipedia/Saving_the_phenomena |
The hierarchy of the sciences is a theory formulated by Auguste Comte in the 19th century. This theory states that science develops over time beginning with the simplest and most general scientific discipline, astronomy, which is the first to reach the "positive stage" (one of three in Comte's law of three stages). As ... | Wikipedia/Hierarchy_of_the_sciences |
In physics, gravity (from Latin gravitas 'weight'), also known as gravitation or a gravitational interaction, is a fundamental interaction, a mutual attraction between all massive particles. On Earth, gravity takes a slightly different meaning: the observed force between objects and the Earth. This force is dominated ... | Wikipedia/Theory_of_gravitation |
Alternative models to the Standard Higgs Model are models which are considered by many particle physicists to solve some of the Higgs boson's existing problems. Two of the most currently researched models are quantum triviality, and Higgs hierarchy problem.
== Overview ==
In particle physics, elementary particles an... | Wikipedia/Alternatives_to_the_Standard_Higgs_Model |
In electromagnetism, the electromagnetic tensor or electromagnetic field tensor (sometimes called the field strength tensor, Faraday tensor or Maxwell bivector) is a mathematical object that describes the electromagnetic field in spacetime. The field tensor was developed by Arnold Sommerfeld after the four-dimensional... | Wikipedia/Field_strength_tensor |
Nuclear Physics A, Nuclear Physics B, Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements and discontinued Nuclear Physics are peer-reviewed scientific journals published by Elsevier. The scope of Nuclear Physics A is nuclear and hadronic physics, and that of Nuclear Physics B is high energy physics, quantum field theory, stat... | Wikipedia/Nuclear_Physics_(journal) |
A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is any model in particle physics that merges the electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces (the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model) into a single force at high energies. Although this unified force has not been directly observed, many GUT models theorize its existence. If the uni... | Wikipedia/Grand_unified_theory |
Physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) refers to the theoretical developments needed to explain the deficiencies of the Standard Model, such as the inability to explain the fundamental dimensionless physical constants of the standard model, the strong CP problem, neutrino oscillations, matter–antimatter asymmetry, and... | Wikipedia/Physics_beyond_the_standard_model |
Vehicle emissions control is the study of reducing the emissions produced by motor vehicles, especially internal combustion engines. The primary emissions studied include hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and sulfur oxides. Starting in the 19... | Wikipedia/Vehicle_emissions_control |
The latent internal energy of a system is the internal energy a system requires to undergo a phase transition. Its value is specific to the substance or mix of substances in question. The value can also vary with temperature and pressure. Generally speaking the value is different for the type of phase change being acco... | Wikipedia/Latent_internal_energy |
Space physics, also known as space plasma physics, is the study of naturally occurring plasmas within Earth's upper atmosphere and the rest of the Solar System. It includes the topics of aeronomy, aurorae, planetary ionospheres and magnetospheres, radiation belts, and space weather (collectively known as solar-terrestr... | Wikipedia/Space_plasma_physics |
In molecular kinetic theory in physics, a system's distribution function is a function of seven variables,
f
(
t
,
x
,
y
,
z
,
v
x
,
v
... | Wikipedia/Distribution_function_(physics) |
In physics, the Saha ionization equation is an expression that relates the ionization state of a gas in thermal equilibrium to the temperature and pressure. The equation is a result of combining ideas of quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics and is used to explain the spectral classification of stars. The express... | Wikipedia/Saha_equation |
Flow control is a field of fluid dynamics. It involves a small configuration change to serve an ideally large engineering benefit, like drag reduction, lift increase, mixing enhancement or noise reduction. This change may be accomplished by passive or active devices.
== Passive vs active ==
Passive devices by defini... | Wikipedia/Flow_control_(fluid) |
Photonic molecules are a form of matter in which photons bind together to form "molecules". They were first predicted in 2007. Photonic molecules are formed when individual (massless) photons "interact with each other so strongly that they act as though they have mass". In an alternative definition (which is not equiva... | Wikipedia/Photonic_molecule |
In physics, the terms order and disorder designate the presence or absence of some symmetry or correlation in a many-particle system.
In condensed matter physics, systems typically are ordered at low temperatures; upon heating, they undergo one or several phase transitions into less ordered states.
Examples for such an... | Wikipedia/Order_and_disorder_(physics) |
Fusion power is a proposed form of power generation that would generate electricity by using heat from nuclear fusion reactions. In a fusion process, two lighter atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, while releasing energy. Devices designed to harness this energy are known as fusion reactors. Research into f... | Wikipedia/Fusion_energy |
Science On a Sphere (SOS) is a spherical projection system created by the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It displays high-resolution video on a suspended globe with the aim of better representing global phenomena. Animated images of atmospheric storms, climate change, and ocean te... | Wikipedia/Science_On_a_Sphere |
The Modular Ocean Model (MOM) is a three-dimensional ocean circulation model designed primarily for studying the ocean climate system. The model is developed and supported primarily by researchers at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (NOAA/GFDL) in Princeton, N... | Wikipedia/Modular_Ocean_Model |
In continuum mechanics, wave action refers to a conservable measure of the wave part of a motion. For small-amplitude and slowly varying waves, the wave action density is:
A
=
E
ω
... | Wikipedia/Wave_action_(continuum_mechanics) |
A Wind generated current is a flow in a body of water that is generated by wind friction on its surface. Wind can generate surface currents on water bodies of any size. The depth and strength of the current depend on the wind strength and duration, and on friction and viscosity losses, but are limited to about 400 m de... | Wikipedia/Wind_generated_current |
In fluid dynamics, wind wave modeling describes the effort to depict the sea state and predict the evolution of the energy of wind waves using numerical techniques. These simulations consider atmospheric wind forcing, nonlinear wave interactions, and frictional dissipation, and they output statistics describing wave he... | Wikipedia/Wind_wave_model |
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a renewable energy technology that harnesses the temperature difference between the warm surface waters of the ocean and the cold depths to run a heat engine to produce electricity. It is a unique form of clean energy generation that has the potential to provide a consistent an... | Wikipedia/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion |
In physics, the restoring force is a force that acts to bring a body to its equilibrium position. The restoring force is a function only of position of the mass or particle, and it is always directed back toward the equilibrium position of the system. The restoring force is often referred to in simple harmonic motion. ... | Wikipedia/Restoring_force |
The elevation of a geographic location is its height above or below a fixed reference point, most commonly a reference geoid, a mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface (see Geodetic datum § Vertical datum).
The term elevation is mainly used when referring to points on the E... | Wikipedia/Hypsographic_curve |
Ocean dynamics define and describe the flow of water within the oceans. Ocean temperature and motion fields can be separated into three distinct layers: mixed (surface) layer, upper ocean (above the thermocline), and deep ocean.
Ocean dynamics has traditionally been investigated by sampling from instruments in situ.
T... | Wikipedia/Ocean_dynamics |
In fluid dynamics, the Craik–Leibovich (CL) vortex force describes a forcing of the mean flow through wave–current interaction, specifically between the Stokes drift velocity and the mean-flow vorticity. The CL vortex force is used to explain the generation of Langmuir circulations by an instability mechanism. The CL v... | Wikipedia/Craik–Leibovich_vortex_force |
A mooring in oceanography is a collection of devices connected to a wire and anchored on the sea floor. It is the Eulerian way of measuring ocean currents, since a mooring is stationary at a fixed location. In contrast to that, the Lagrangian way measures the motion of an oceanographic drifter, the Lagrangian drifter.
... | Wikipedia/Mooring_(oceanography) |
The North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System (NOOS) monitors physical, sedimentological and ecological variables for the North Sea area. NOOS is operated by partners from the nine countries bordering the extended North Sea and European North West Shelf; Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands,... | Wikipedia/North_West_Shelf_Operational_Oceanographic_System |
The shallow-water equations (SWE) are a set of hyperbolic partial differential equations (or parabolic if viscous shear is considered) that describe the flow below a pressure surface in a fluid (sometimes, but not necessarily, a free surface). The shallow-water equations in unidirectional form are also called (de) Sai... | Wikipedia/One-dimensional_Saint-Venant_equations |
Underwater acoustics (also known as hydroacoustics) is the study of the propagation of sound in water and the interaction of the mechanical waves that constitute sound with the water, its contents and its boundaries. The water may be in the ocean, a lake, a river or a tank. Typical frequencies associated with underwate... | Wikipedia/Acoustical_oceanography |
In fluid dynamics, an eddy is the swirling of a fluid and the reverse current created when the fluid is in a turbulent flow regime. The moving fluid creates a space devoid of downstream-flowing fluid on the downstream side of the object. Fluid behind the obstacle flows into the void creating a swirl of fluid on each e... | Wikipedia/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics) |
In fluid dynamics, the Coriolis–Stokes force is a forcing of the mean flow in a rotating fluid due to interaction of the Coriolis effect and wave-induced Stokes drift. This force acts on water independently of the wind stress.
This force is named after Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis and George Gabriel Stokes, two nineteenth-... | Wikipedia/Coriolis–Stokes_force |
Biological oceanography is the study of how organisms affect and are affected by the physics, chemistry, and geology of the oceanographic system. Biological oceanography may also be referred to as ocean ecology, in which the root word of ecology is Oikos (oικoσ), meaning ‘house’ or ‘habitat’ in Greek. With that in min... | Wikipedia/Biological_oceanography |
In fluid dynamics, the mild-slope equation describes the combined effects of diffraction and refraction for water waves propagating over bathymetry and due to lateral boundaries—like breakwaters and coastlines. It is an approximate model, deriving its name from being originally developed for wave propagation over mild ... | Wikipedia/Mild-slope_equation |
The Princeton Ocean Model (POM) is a community general numerical model for ocean circulation that can be used to simulate and predict oceanic currents, temperatures, salinities and other water properties. POM-WEB and POMusers.org
== Development ==
The model code was originally developed at Princeton University (G. ... | Wikipedia/Princeton_Ocean_Model |
Argo is an international programme for researching the ocean. It uses profiling floats to observe temperature, salinity and currents. Recently it has observed bio-optical properties in the Earth's oceans. It has been operating since the early 2000s. The real-time data it provides support climate and oceanographic resea... | Wikipedia/Argo_(oceanography) |
The theory of tides is the application of continuum mechanics to interpret and predict the tidal deformations of planetary and satellite bodies and their atmospheres and oceans (especially Earth's oceans) under the gravitational loading of another astronomical body or bodies (especially the Moon and Sun).
== History ... | Wikipedia/Theory_of_tides |
In fluid dynamics, the Boussinesq approximation for water waves is an approximation valid for weakly non-linear and fairly long waves. The approximation is named after Joseph Boussinesq, who first derived them in response to the observation by John Scott Russell of the wave of translation (also known as solitary wave ... | Wikipedia/Boussinesq_approximation_(water_waves) |
The shallow-water equations (SWE) are a set of hyperbolic partial differential equations (or parabolic if viscous shear is considered) that describe the flow below a pressure surface in a fluid (sometimes, but not necessarily, a free surface). The shallow-water equations in unidirectional form are also called (de) Sai... | Wikipedia/Shallow_water_equations |
A general circulation model (GCM) is a type of climate model. It employs a mathematical model of the general circulation of a planetary atmosphere or ocean. It uses the Navier–Stokes equations on a rotating sphere with thermodynamic terms for various energy sources (radiation, latent heat). These equations are the basi... | Wikipedia/General_circulation_model |
In fluid dynamics, Airy wave theory (often referred to as linear wave theory) gives a linearised description of the propagation of gravity waves on the surface of a homogeneous fluid layer. The theory assumes that the fluid layer has a uniform mean depth, and that the fluid flow is inviscid, incompressible and irrotati... | Wikipedia/Airy_wave_theory |
Ocean acoustic tomography is a technique used to measure temperatures and currents over large regions of the ocean. On ocean basin scales, this technique is also known as acoustic thermometry. The technique relies on precisely measuring the time it takes sound signals to travel between two instruments, one an acoust... | Wikipedia/Ocean_acoustic_tomography |
Ocean surface topography or sea surface topography, also called ocean dynamic topography, are highs and lows on the ocean surface, similar to the hills and valleys of Earth's land surface depicted on a topographic map.
These variations are expressed in terms of average sea surface height (SSH) relative to Earth's geoi... | Wikipedia/Ocean_surface_topography |
Cuprate superconductors are a family of high-temperature superconducting materials made of layers of copper oxides (CuO2) alternating with layers of other metal oxides, which act as charge reservoirs. At ambient pressure, cuprate superconductors are the highest temperature superconductors known.
Cuprates have a stru... | Wikipedia/Cuprate_superconductor |
The Fermi energy is a concept in quantum mechanics usually referring to the energy difference between the highest and lowest occupied single-particle states in a quantum system of non-interacting fermions at absolute zero temperature.
In a Fermi gas, the lowest occupied state is taken to have zero kinetic energy, where... | Wikipedia/Fermi_energy |
A phenomenological model is a scientific model that describes the empirical relationship of phenomena to each other, in a way which is consistent with fundamental theory, but is not directly derived from theory. In other words, a phenomenological model is not derived from first principles. A phenomenological model forg... | Wikipedia/Phenomenological_model |
In solid state physics, a particle's effective mass (often denoted
m
∗
{\textstyle m^{*}}
) is the mass that it seems to have when responding to forces, or the mass that it seems to have when interacting with other identica... | Wikipedia/Effective_mass_(solid-state_physics) |
Heureka is a science center in the Tikkurila district of Vantaa, Finland, north of Helsinki, designed by Heikkinen – Komonen Architects. It is located at the intersection of the Finnish Main Line and the river Keravanjoki.
The aim of the science centre, which opened its doors to the public in 1989, is to popularise sci... | Wikipedia/Heureka_(science_center) |
The Sunday Telegraph is a British broadsheet newspaper, first published on 5 February 1961 and published by the Telegraph Media Group, a division of Press Holdings. It is the sister paper of The Daily Telegraph, also published by the Telegraph Media Group. The Sunday Telegraph was originally a separate operation with a... | Wikipedia/Sunday_Telegraph |
The Montreal Science Centre (French: Centre des sciences de Montréal) is a science museum in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located on the Quai King-Edward in the Old Port of Montreal. Established in 2000 and originally known as the iSci Centre, the museum changed its name to the Montreal Science Centre in 2002. The m... | Wikipedia/Montreal_Science_Centre |
Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100 is a 2011 book by theoretical physicist Michio Kaku, author of Hyperspace and Physics of the Impossible. In it Kaku speculates about possible future technological development over the next 100 years. He interviews notable s... | Wikipedia/Physics_of_the_Future |
The Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie (French pronunciation: [site de sjɑ̃s e də lɛ̃dystʁi], "City of Science and Industry", abbreviated la CSI) or simply CSI is a large science museum in Europe. Located in the Parc de la Villette in Paris, France, it is one of the three dozen French Cultural Centers of Science, Tech... | Wikipedia/Cité_des_Sciences_et_de_l'Industrie |
MinutePhysics is an educational YouTube channel created by Henry Reich in 2011. The channel's videos use whiteboard animation to explain physics-related topics. Early videos on the channel were approximately one minute long. As of May 2025, the channel has over 5.85 million subscribers.
== Background and video conte... | Wikipedia/MinutePhysics |
A science museum is a museum devoted primarily to science. Older science museums tended to concentrate on static displays of objects related to natural history, paleontology, geology, industry and industrial machinery, etc. Modern trends in museology have broadened the range of subject matter and introduced many intera... | Wikipedia/Science_museums |
The World Science Festival is an annual science festival hosted by the World Science Foundation, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization based in New York City. There is also an Asia-Pacific event held in Brisbane, Australia.
The foundation's goal is to create a broad public that is "informed about science, inspired by its... | Wikipedia/World_Science_Festival |
Physics of the Impossible: A Scientific Exploration Into the World of Phasers, Force Fields, Teleportation, and Time Travel is a book by theoretical physicist Michio Kaku. Kaku uses discussion of speculative technologies to introduce topics of fundamental physics to the reader.
The topic of invisibility becomes a discu... | Wikipedia/Physics_of_the_Impossible |
The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels Between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism is a 1975 book by physicist Fritjof Capra. A bestseller in the United States, it has been translated into 23 languages. Capra summarized his motivation for writing the book: “Science does not need mysticism and mysticism do... | Wikipedia/The_Tao_of_Physics |
The Science & Entertainment Exchange is a program run and developed by
the United States National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to increase public awareness, knowledge, and understanding of science and advanced science technology through its representation in television, film, and other media. It serves as a pro-science mo... | Wikipedia/Science_&_Entertainment_Exchange |
In quantum chromodynamics, heavy quark effective theory (HQET) is an effective field theory describing the physics of heavy (that is, of mass far greater than the QCD scale) quarks. It is used in studying the properties of hadrons containing a single charm or bottom quark. The effective theory was formalised in 1990 by... | Wikipedia/Heavy_quark_effective_field_theory |
Text and conversation is a theory in the field of organizational communication illustrating how communication makes up an organization. In the theory's simplest explanation, an organization is created and defined by communication. Communication "is" the organization and the organization exists because communication tak... | Wikipedia/Text_and_conversation_theory |
A communications system is a collection of individual telecommunications networks systems, relay stations, tributary stations, and terminal equipment usually capable of interconnection and interoperation to form an integrated whole. Communication systems allow the transfer of information from one place to another or fr... | Wikipedia/Communication_systems |
Models of communication simplify or represent the process of communication. Most communication models try to describe both verbal and non-verbal communication and often understand it as an exchange of messages. Their function is to give a compact overview of the complex process of communication. This helps researchers ... | Wikipedia/Models_of_communication |
In the study of the biological sciences, biocommunication is any specific type of communication within (intraspecific) or between (interspecific) species of plants, animals, fungi, protozoa and microorganisms. Communication means sign-mediated interactions following three levels of rules (syntactic, pragmatic and sema... | Wikipedia/Biocommunication_(science) |
In fluid dynamics, the Boussinesq approximation (pronounced [businɛsk], named for Joseph Valentin Boussinesq) is used in the field of buoyancy-driven flow (also known as natural convection). It ignores density differences except where they appear in terms multiplied by g, the acceleration due to gravity. The essence of... | Wikipedia/Boussinesq_approximation_(buoyancy) |
In physics, the first law of thermodynamics is an expression of the conservation of total energy of a system. The increase of the energy of a system is equal to the sum of work done on the system and the heat added to that system:
d
E
t
... | Wikipedia/First_law_of_thermodynamics_(fluid_mechanics) |
The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS equations) are time-averaged
equations of motion for fluid flow. The idea behind the equations is Reynolds decomposition, whereby an instantaneous quantity is decomposed into its time-averaged and fluctuating quantities, an idea first proposed by Osborne Reynolds. The... | Wikipedia/Reynolds-averaged_Navier–Stokes_equations |
The cryosphere is an umbrella term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form. This includes sea ice, ice on lakes or rivers, snow, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost). Thus, there is an overlap with the hydrosphere. The cryosphere is an integral part of... | Wikipedia/Cryosphere_science |
While geostrophic motion refers to the wind that would result from an exact balance between the Coriolis force and horizontal pressure-gradient forces, quasi-geostrophic (QG) motion refers to flows where the Coriolis force and pressure gradient forces are almost in balance, but with inertia also having an effect.
==... | Wikipedia/Quasi-geostrophic_equations |
Meteorology is the scientific study of the Earth's atmosphere and short-term atmospheric phenomena (i.e. weather), with a focus on weather forecasting. It has applications in the military, aviation, energy production, transport, agriculture, construction, weather warnings and disaster management.
Along with climatology... | Wikipedia/Atmospheric_dynamics |
In glaciology, an ice sheet, also known as a continental glacier, is a mass of glacial ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi). The only current ice sheets are the Antarctic ice sheet and the Greenland ice sheet. Ice sheets are bigger than ice shelves or alpine glaciers. Masses... | Wikipedia/Ice-sheet_dynamics |
The shallow-water equations (SWE) are a set of hyperbolic partial differential equations (or parabolic if viscous shear is considered) that describe the flow below a pressure surface in a fluid (sometimes, but not necessarily, a free surface). The shallow-water equations in unidirectional form are also called (de) Sai... | Wikipedia/Shallow-water_equations |
Bernoulli's principle is a key concept in fluid dynamics that relates pressure, speed and height. For example, for a fluid flowing horizontally Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure: Ch.3 : 156–164, § 3.5 The principle is named after the Swiss mat... | Wikipedia/Bernoulli's_equation |
In fluid dynamics, turbulence modeling is the construction and use of a mathematical model to predict the effects of turbulence. Turbulent flows are commonplace in most real-life scenarios. In spite of decades of research, there is no analytical theory to predict the evolution of these turbulent flows. The equations go... | Wikipedia/Turbulence_modelling |
Hemodynamics or haemodynamics are the dynamics of blood flow. The circulatory system is controlled by homeostatic mechanisms of autoregulation, just as hydraulic circuits are controlled by control systems. The hemodynamic response continuously monitors and adjusts to conditions in the body and its environment. Hemodyna... | Wikipedia/Haemodynamics |
In mathematics, an expression or equation is in closed form if it is formed with constants, variables, and a set of functions considered as basic and connected by arithmetic operations (+, −, ×, /, and integer powers) and function composition. Commonly, the basic functions that are allowed in closed forms are nth root,... | Wikipedia/Solution_in_closed_form |
Astrophysical fluid dynamics is a branch of modern astronomy which deals with the motion of fluids in outer space using fluid mechanics, such as those that make up the Sun and other stars. The subject covers the fundamentals of fluid mechanics using various equations, such as continuity equations, the Navier–Stokes equ... | Wikipedia/Astrophysical_fluid_dynamics |
In fluid dynamics, lubrication theory describes the flow of fluids (liquids or gases) in a geometry in which one dimension is significantly smaller than the others. An example is the flow above air hockey tables, where the thickness of the air layer beneath the puck is much smaller than the dimensions of the puck itse... | Wikipedia/Lubrication_theory |
In fluid dynamics and electrostatics, slender-body theory is a methodology that can be used to take advantage of the slenderness of a body to obtain an approximation to a field surrounding it and/or the net effect of the field on the body. Principal applications are to Stokes flow — at very low Reynolds numbers — and i... | Wikipedia/Slender-body_theory |
The viscous stress tensor is a tensor used in continuum mechanics to model the part of the stress at a point within some material that can be attributed to the strain rate, the rate at which it is deforming around that point.
The viscous stress tensor is formally similar to the elastic stress tensor (Cauchy tensor) tha... | Wikipedia/Viscous_stress_tensor |
The following outline is provided as an overview and topical guide to space science:
Space science – field that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that involve space exploration and study natural phenomena and physical bodies occurring in outer space, such as space medicine and astrobiology.
== Branches of... | Wikipedia/Space_science |
Heliophysics (from the prefix "helio", from Attic Greek hḗlios, meaning Sun, and the noun "physics": the science of matter and energy and their interactions) is the physics of the Sun and its connection with the Solar System. NASA defines heliophysics as "(1) the comprehensive new term for the science of the Sun - Sol... | Wikipedia/Heliophysics |
The Evolution of Physics: The Growth of Ideas from Early Concepts to Relativity and Quanta is a science book for the lay reader. Written by the physicists Albert Einstein and Leopold Infeld, it traces the development of ideas in physics. It was originally published in 1938 by Cambridge University Press. It was a popula... | Wikipedia/The_Evolution_of_Physics |
The annus mirabilis papers (from Latin: annus mirabilis, lit. 'miraculous year') are four papers that Albert Einstein published in the scientific journal Annalen der Physik (Annals of Physics) in 1905. As major contributions to the foundation of modern physics, these scientific publications were the ones for which he g... | Wikipedia/On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies |
In physics, specifically general relativity, the Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon equations describe the motion of a massive spinning body moving in a gravitational field. Other equations with similar names and mathematical forms are the Mathisson–Papapetrou equations and Papapetrou–Dixon equations. All three sets of equatio... | Wikipedia/Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon_equations |
In mathematics and physics, a tensor field is a function assigning a tensor to each point of a region of a mathematical space (typically a Euclidean space or manifold) or of the physical space. Tensor fields are used in differential geometry, algebraic geometry, general relativity, in the analysis of stress and strain... | Wikipedia/Tensor_analysis |
Tests of relativistic energy and momentum are aimed at measuring the relativistic expressions for energy, momentum, and mass. According to special relativity, the properties of particles moving approximately at the speed of light significantly deviate from the predictions of Newtonian mechanics. For instance, the speed... | Wikipedia/Tests_of_relativistic_energy_and_momentum |
The Einstein Theory of Relativity (1923) is a silent animated short film directed by Dave Fleischer and released by Fleischer Studios.
== History ==
In August 1922, Scientific American published an article explaining their position that a silent film would be unsuccessful in presenting the theory of relativity to the... | Wikipedia/The_Einstein_Theory_of_Relativity |
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