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In special relativity, four-momentum (also called momentum–energy or momenergy) is the generalization of the classical three-dimensional momentum to four-dimensional spacetime. Momentum is a vector in three dimensions; similarly four-momentum is a four-vector in spacetime. The contravariant four-momentum of a particle... | Wikipedia/Energy–momentum_4-vector |
The National Science Teaching Association (NSTA), founded in 1944 (as the National Science Teachers Association) and headquartered in Arlington, Virginia, is an association of science teachers in the United States and is the largest organization of science teachers worldwide. NSTA's current membership of roughly 40,000... | Wikipedia/Science_and_Children |
Energy development is the field of activities focused on obtaining sources of energy from natural resources. These activities include the production of renewable, nuclear, and fossil fuel derived sources of energy, and for the recovery and reuse of energy that would otherwise be wasted. Energy conservation and efficien... | Wikipedia/Energy_resource |
A Zero-Energy Building (ZEB), also known as a Net Zero-Energy (NZE) building, is a building with net zero energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site or in other definitions by renewable energy sources offs... | Wikipedia/Zero-energy_building |
This list compares various energies in joules (J), organized by order of magnitude.
== Below 1 J ==
== 1 to 105 J ==
== 106 to 1011 J ==
== 1012 to 1017 J ==
== 1018 to 1023 J ==
== Over 1024 J ==
== SI multiples ==
The joule is named after James Prescott Joule. As with every SI unit named after a person... | Wikipedia/Orders_of_magnitude_(energy) |
Affine gauge theory is classical gauge theory where gauge fields are affine connections on the tangent bundle over a smooth manifold
X
{\displaystyle X}
. For instance, these are gauge theory of dislocations in continuous media when
X
=
... | Wikipedia/Affine_gauge_theory |
Physics is an open access online publication containing commentaries on the best of the peer-reviewed research published in the journals of the American Physical Society. The editor-in-chief of Physics is Matteo Rini. It highlights papers in Physical Review Letters and the Physical Review family of journals. The magazi... | Wikipedia/Physics_(magazine) |
The Physics is an American hip hop group based in Seattle, Washington. It was created in the late-1990s when its members, Thig Natural (Gathigi Gishuru), Monk Wordsmith (Njuguna Gishuru) and Just D'Amato (Justin Hare) were students at O'Dea High School in Seattle. Since 2007, the trio has released three full-length alb... | Wikipedia/The_Physics_(group) |
Physics was an instrumental band from San Diego, California, established by John D. Goff and Denver Lucas in late 1993 after the breakup of Johnny Superbad & the Bulletcatchers.
== History ==
Featuring a rotating cast of musicians from the San Diego experimental underground but mainly composed of Denver Lucas on drum... | Wikipedia/Physics_(band) |
In continuum mechanics, the Cauchy stress tensor (symbol
σ
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}
, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy), also called true stress tensor or simply stress tensor, completely defines the state of stress at a point inside a mater... | Wikipedia/Deviatoric_stress_tensor |
In physics and probability theory, Mean-field theory (MFT) or Self-consistent field theory studies the behavior of high-dimensional random (stochastic) models by studying a simpler model that approximates the original by averaging over degrees of freedom (the number of values in the final calculation of a statistic tha... | Wikipedia/Mean_field_theory |
In mathematics, generalized functions are objects extending the notion of functions on real or complex numbers. There is more than one recognized theory, for example the theory of distributions. Generalized functions are especially useful for treating discontinuous functions more like smooth functions, and describing ... | Wikipedia/Generalized_functions |
In theoretical physics, Hamiltonian field theory is the field-theoretic analogue to classical Hamiltonian mechanics. It is a formalism in classical field theory alongside Lagrangian field theory. It also has applications in quantum field theory.
== Definition ==
The Hamiltonian for a system of discrete particles is a... | Wikipedia/Covariant_Hamiltonian_field_theory |
In mathematical physics, covariant classical field theory represents classical fields by sections of fiber bundles, and their dynamics is phrased in the context of a finite-dimensional space of fields. Nowadays, it is well known that jet bundles and the variational bicomplex are the correct domain for such a descriptio... | Wikipedia/Covariant_classical_field_theory |
In physics, a Unified Field Theory (UFT) or “Theory of Everything” is a type of field theory that allows all fundamental forces of nature, including gravity, and all elementary particles to be written in terms of a single physical field. According to quantum field theory, particles are themselves the quanta of fields. ... | Wikipedia/Unified_Field_Theory |
In theoretical physics, thermal quantum field theory (thermal field theory for short) or finite temperature field theory is a set of methods to calculate expectation values of physical observables of a quantum field theory at finite temperature.
In the Matsubara formalism, the basic idea (due to Felix Bloch) is that th... | Wikipedia/Thermal_field_theory |
The Web of Science (WoS; previously known as Web of Knowledge) is a paid-access platform that provides (typically via the internet) access to multiple databases that provide reference and citation data from academic journals, conference proceedings, and other documents in various academic disciplines.
Until 1997, it w... | Wikipedia/Web_of_Science |
The Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) is a citation index owned by Clarivate and previously by Thomson Reuters.
It was created by the Eugene Garfield at the Institute for Scientific Information, launched in 1964 as Science Citation Index (SCI). It was later distributed via CD/DVD and became available online in 19... | Wikipedia/Science_Citation_Index_Expanded |
Following is a list of the frequently occurring equations in the theory of special relativity.
== Postulates of Special Relativity ==
To derive the equations of special relativity, one must start with two other
The laws of physics are invariant under transformations between inertial frames. In other words, the law... | Wikipedia/Relativistic_equations |
In physics, relativistic angular momentum refers to the mathematical formalisms and physical concepts that define angular momentum in special relativity (SR) and general relativity (GR). The relativistic quantity is subtly different from the three-dimensional quantity in classical mechanics.
Angular momentum is an impo... | Wikipedia/Angular_momentum_tensor |
In science, work is the energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement. In its simplest form, for a constant force aligned with the direction of motion, the work equals the product of the force strength and the distance traveled. A force is said to do positive work if it has a... | Wikipedia/Work-energy_theorem |
In physics, a body force is a force that acts throughout the volume of a body. Forces due to gravity, electric fields and magnetic fields are examples of body forces. Body forces contrast with contact forces or surface forces which are exerted to the surface of an object.
Fictitious forces such as the centrifugal force... | Wikipedia/Body_forces |
Peridynamics is a non-local formulation of continuum mechanics that is oriented toward deformations with discontinuities, especially fractures. Originally, bond-based peridynamic was introduced, wherein, internal interaction forces between a material point and all the other ones with which it can interact, are modeled... | Wikipedia/Peridynamics |
Surface force denoted fs is the force that acts across an internal or external surface element in a material body.
Normal forces and shear forces between objects are types of surface force. All cohesive forces and contact forces between objects are considered as surface forces.
Surface force can be decomposed into two... | Wikipedia/Surface_forces |
Solid mechanics (also known as mechanics of solids) is the branch of continuum mechanics that studies the behavior of solid materials, especially their motion and deformation under the action of forces, temperature changes, phase changes, and other external or internal agents.
Solid mechanics is fundamental for civil, ... | Wikipedia/Theory_of_elasticity |
In the case of finite deformations, the Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensors (named for Gabrio Piola and Gustav Kirchhoff) express the stress relative to the reference configuration. This is in contrast to the Cauchy stress tensor which expresses the stress relative to the present configuration. For infinitesimal deformation... | Wikipedia/Piola-Kirchhoff_stress_tensor |
A crystallographic defect is an interruption of the regular patterns of arrangement of atoms or molecules in crystalline solids. The positions and orientations of particles, which are repeating at fixed distances determined by the unit cell parameters in crystals, exhibit a periodic crystal structure, but this is usual... | Wikipedia/Crystallographic_defects |
In quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital ( ) is a function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom. This function describes an electron's charge distribution around the atom's nucleus, and can be used to calculate the probability of finding an electron in a specific region around the nuc... | Wikipedia/Atomic_orbital_model |
Molecular scale electronics, also called single-molecule electronics, is a branch of nanotechnology that uses single molecules, or nanoscale collections of single molecules, as electronic components. Because single molecules constitute the smallest stable structures imaginable, this miniaturization is the ultimate goal... | Wikipedia/Single-molecule_electronics |
John Dalton (; 5 or 6 September 1766 – 27 July 1844) was an English chemist, physicist and meteorologist. He introduced the atomic theory into chemistry. He also researched colour blindness; as a result, the umbrella term for red-green congenital colour blindness disorders is Daltonism in several languages.
== Early... | Wikipedia/Dalton_model |
The dihydrogen cation or molecular hydrogen ion is a cation (positive ion) with formula
H
2
+
{\displaystyle {\ce {H2^+}}}
. It consists of two hydrogen ... | Wikipedia/Hydrogen_molecule-ion |
Supramolecular chemistry refers to the branch of chemistry concerning chemical systems composed of a discrete number of molecules. The strength of the forces responsible for spatial organization of the system range from weak intermolecular forces, electrostatic charge, or hydrogen bonding to strong covalent bonding, pr... | Wikipedia/Supermolecule |
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) or scanning force microscopy (SFM) is a very-high-resolution type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit.
== Overview ==
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) gathe... | Wikipedia/Atomic_force_microscope |
In molecular biology and pharmacology, a small molecule or micromolecule is a low molecular weight (≤ 1000 daltons) organic compound that may regulate a biological process, with a size on the order of 1 nm. Many drugs are small molecules; the terms are equivalent in the literature. Larger structures such as nucleic aci... | Wikipedia/Small_molecule |
A 2D geometric model is a geometric model of an object as a two-dimensional figure, usually on the Euclidean or Cartesian plane.
Even though all material objects are three-dimensional, a 2D geometric model is often adequate for certain flat objects, such as paper cut-outs and machine parts made of sheet metal. Other ex... | Wikipedia/2D_geometric_model |
A network solid or covalent network solid (also called atomic crystalline solids or giant covalent structures) is a chemical compound (or element) in which the atoms are bonded by covalent bonds in a continuous network extending throughout the material. In a network solid there are no individual molecules, and the ent... | Wikipedia/Network_solid |
A Rydberg molecule is an electronically excited chemical species. Electronically excited molecular states are generally quite different in character from electronically excited atomic states. However, particularly for highly electronically excited molecular systems, the ionic core interaction with an excited electron c... | Wikipedia/Rydberg_molecule |
Periodic systems of molecules are charts of molecules similar to the periodic table of the elements. Construction of such charts was initiated in the early 20th century and is still ongoing.
It is commonly believed that the periodic law, represented by the periodic chart, is echoed in the behavior of molecules, at leas... | Wikipedia/Periodic_systems_of_small_molecules |
In chemistry, orbital hybridisation (or hybridization) is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory. For example, in a carbon atom which... | Wikipedia/Hybridization_theory |
In physics, a quantum (pl.: quanta) is the minimum amount of any physical entity (physical property) involved in an interaction. The fundamental notion that a property can be "quantized" is referred to as "the hypothesis of quantization". This means that the magnitude of the physical property can take on only discrete... | Wikipedia/quantum |
Electric potential energy is a potential energy (measured in joules) that results from conservative Coulomb forces and is associated with the configuration of a particular set of point charges within a defined system. An object may be said to have electric potential energy by virtue of either its own electric charge or... | Wikipedia/Coulomb_potential_energy |
In physics, an observable is a physical property or physical quantity that can be measured. In classical mechanics, an observable is a real-valued "function" on the set of all possible system states, e.g., position and momentum. In quantum mechanics, an observable is an operator, or gauge, where the property of the qua... | Wikipedia/Observable_(physics) |
In mathematics, the commutator gives an indication of the extent to which a certain binary operation fails to be commutative. There are different definitions used in group theory and ring theory.
== Group theory ==
The commutator of two elements, g and h, of a group G, is the element
[g, h] = g−1h−1gh.
This element ... | Wikipedia/Commutator_(physics) |
Algorithmica is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on research and the application of computer science algorithms. The journal was established in 1986 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. The editor in chief is Mohammad Hajiaghayi. Subject coverage includes sorting, searching, data stru... | Wikipedia/Algorithmica |
Quantum optimization algorithms are quantum algorithms that are used to solve optimization problems. Mathematical optimization deals with finding the best solution to a problem (according to some criteria) from a set of possible solutions. Mostly, the optimization problem is formulated as a minimization problem, where ... | Wikipedia/Quantum_approximate_optimization_algorithm |
The Hadamard transform (also known as the Walsh–Hadamard transform, Hadamard–Rademacher–Walsh transform, Walsh transform, or Walsh–Fourier transform) is an example of a generalized class of Fourier transforms. It performs an orthogonal, symmetric, involutive, linear operation on 2m real numbers (or complex, or hypercom... | Wikipedia/Hadamard_transform |
In speculative fiction, a force field, sometimes known as an energy shield, force shield, energy bubble, or deflector shield, is a barrier produced by something like energy, negative energy, dark energy, electromagnetic fields, gravitational fields, electric fields, quantum fields, telekinetic fields, plasma, particles... | Wikipedia/Force_field_(technology) |
In computational complexity theory and quantum computing, Simon's problem is a computational problem that is proven to be solved exponentially faster on a quantum computer than on a classical (that is, traditional) computer. The quantum algorithm solving Simon's problem, usually called Simon's algorithm, served as the ... | Wikipedia/Simon's_algorithm |
Higher-spin theory or higher-spin gravity is a common name for field theories that contain massless fields of spin greater than two. Usually, the spectrum of such theories contains the graviton as a massless spin-two field, which explains the second name. Massless fields are gauge fields and the theories should be (alm... | Wikipedia/Higher-spin_theory |
The Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation that governs the wave function of a non-relativistic quantum-mechanical system.: 1–2 Its discovery was a significant landmark in the development of quantum mechanics. It is named after Erwin Schrödinger, an Austrian physicist, who postulated the equation in 1... | Wikipedia/Time-independent_Schrödinger_equation |
In mathematics, a basis function is an element of a particular basis for a function space. Every function in the function space can be represented as a linear combination of basis functions, just as every vector in a vector space can be represented as a linear combination of basis vectors.
In numerical analysis and ap... | Wikipedia/Basis_function |
A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in applied mathematics and in the natural sciences (such as physics, biology, earth science, chemis... | Wikipedia/Mathematical_models |
In molecular physics and chemistry, the van der Waals force (sometimes van der Waals' force) is a distance-dependent interaction between atoms or molecules. Unlike ionic or covalent bonds, these attractions do not result from a chemical electronic bond; they are comparatively weak and therefore more susceptible to dist... | Wikipedia/Van_der_Waals_forces |
In quantum mechanics, an energy level is degenerate if it corresponds to two or more different measurable states of a quantum system. Conversely, two or more different states of a quantum mechanical system are said to be degenerate if they give the same value of energy upon measurement. The number of different states c... | Wikipedia/Degenerate_energy_level |
The Quantum Vacuum: An Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics is a physics textbook authored by Peter W. Milonni in 1993. The book provides a careful and thorough treatment of zero-point energy, spontaneous emission, the Casimir, van der Waals forces, Lamb shift and anomalous magnetic moment of the electron at a level... | Wikipedia/The_Quantum_Vacuum:_An_Introduction_to_Quantum_Electrodynamics |
Embodied energy is the sum of all the energy required to produce any goods or services, considered as if that energy were incorporated or 'embodied' in the product itself. The concept can help determine the effectiveness of energy-producing or energy saving devices, or the "real" replacement cost of a building, and, be... | Wikipedia/Virtual_energy |
In mathematics and science, a nonlinear system (or a non-linear system) is a system in which the change of the output is not proportional to the change of the input. Nonlinear problems are of interest to engineers, biologists, physicists, mathematicians, and many other scientists since most systems are inherently nonli... | Wikipedia/Nonlinear_equation |
In quantum optics, the Jaynes–Cummings model (sometimes abbreviated JCM) is a theoretical model that describes the system of a two-level atom interacting with a quantized mode of an optical cavity (or a bosonic field), with or without the presence of light (in the form of a bath of electromagnetic radiation that can ca... | Wikipedia/Jaynes–Cummings_model |
In quantum field theory, the vacuum expectation value (VEV) of an operator is its average or expectation value in the vacuum. The vacuum expectation value of an operator O is usually denoted by
⟨
O
⟩
.
{\displaystyle \langle O\rangle .}
One of the most... | Wikipedia/Condensate_(quantum_field_theory) |
The Advanced Propulsion Physics Laboratory or "Eagleworks Laboratories" at NASA's Johnson Space Center is a small research group investigating a variety of theories regarding new forms of spacecraft propulsion. The principal investigator is Dr. Harold G. White.
The group is developing the White–Juday warp-field interfe... | Wikipedia/Advanced_Propulsion_Physics_Laboratory |
A dissipative system is a thermodynamically open system which is operating out of, and often far from, thermodynamic equilibrium in an environment with which it exchanges energy and matter. A tornado may be thought of as a dissipative system. Dissipative systems stand in contrast to conservative systems.
A dissipative ... | Wikipedia/Dissipative_systems |
Searches for Lorentz violation involving photons provide one possible test of relativity. Examples range from modern versions of the classic Michelson–Morley experiment that utilize highly stable electromagnetic resonant cavities to searches for tiny deviations from c in the speed of light emitted by distant astrophysi... | Wikipedia/Lorentz-violating_electrodynamics |
Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894–1912 (1978; second edition 1987) is a book by the philosopher Thomas Kuhn, in which the author surveys the development of quantum mechanics. The second edition has a new afterword.
== Summary ==
Kuhn surveys the development of quantum mechanics by Max Planck at t... | Wikipedia/Black-Body_Theory_and_the_Quantum_Discontinuity,_1894-1912 |
BAE Systems plc is a British multinational aerospace, military and information security company, based in London. It is the largest manufacturer in Britain as of 2017. It is the largest defence contractor in Europe and the seventh largest in the world based on applicable 2021 revenues. Its largest operations are in the... | Wikipedia/BAE_Systems |
The Einstein–Brillouin–Keller (EBK) method is a semiclassical technique (named after Albert Einstein, Léon Brillouin, and Joseph B. Keller) used to compute eigenvalues in quantum-mechanical systems. EBK quantization is an improvement from Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization which did not consider the caustic phase jumps at ... | Wikipedia/Einstein–Brillouin–Keller_method |
In the history of quantum mechanics, the Bohr–Kramers–Slater (BKS) theory was perhaps the final attempt at understanding the interaction of matter and electromagnetic radiation on the basis of the so-called old quantum theory, in which quantum phenomena are treated by imposing quantum restrictions on classically descri... | Wikipedia/BKS_theory |
In atomic physics, the Bohr model or Rutherford–Bohr model was a model of the atom that incorporated some early quantum concepts. Developed from 1911 to 1918 by Niels Bohr and building on Ernest Rutherford's nuclear model, it supplanted the plum pudding model of J. J. Thomson only to be replaced by the quantum atomic m... | Wikipedia/Bohr_Model |
The Bohr–Sommerfeld model (also known as the Sommerfeld model or Bohr–Sommerfeld theory) was an extension of the Bohr model to allow elliptical orbits of electrons around an atomic nucleus. Bohr–Sommerfeld theory is named after Danish physicist Niels Bohr and German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld. Sommerfeld showed that,... | Wikipedia/Bohr–Sommerfeld_model |
Zero-point energy (ZPE) is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical system may have. Unlike in classical mechanics, quantum systems constantly fluctuate in their lowest energy state as described by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Therefore, even at absolute zero, atoms and molecules retain some vibrat... | Wikipedia/Zero_point_energy |
The Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm is a deterministic quantum algorithm proposed by David Deutsch and Richard Jozsa in 1992 with improvements by Richard Cleve, Artur Ekert, Chiara Macchiavello, and Michele Mosca in 1998. Although of little practical use, it is one of the first examples of a quantum algorithm that is exponenti... | Wikipedia/Deutsch-Jozsa_algorithm |
In physics, a parity transformation (also called parity inversion) is the flip in the sign of one spatial coordinate. In three dimensions, it can also refer to the simultaneous flip in the sign of all three spatial coordinates (a point reflection):
P
:
... | Wikipedia/Parity_transformation |
In physics, specifically relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM) and its applications to particle physics, relativistic wave equations predict the behavior of particles at high energies and velocities comparable to the speed of light. In the context of quantum field theory (QFT), the equations determine the dynamics of qu... | Wikipedia/Relativistic_wave_equation |
The Spekkens toy model is a conceptually simple toy hidden-variable theory introduced by Robert Spekkens in 2004, to argue in favour of the epistemic view of quantum mechanics. The model is based on a foundational principle: "If one has maximal knowledge, then for every system, at every time, the amount of knowledge on... | Wikipedia/Spekkens_toy_model |
In theoretical physics, the pilot wave theory, also known as Bohmian mechanics, was the first known example of a hidden-variable theory, presented by Louis de Broglie in 1927. Its more modern version, the de Broglie–Bohm theory, interprets quantum mechanics as a deterministic theory, and avoids issues such as wave func... | Wikipedia/Pilot_wave_theory |
Quantum calculus, sometimes called calculus without limits, is equivalent to traditional infinitesimal calculus without the notion of limits. The two types of calculus in quantum calculus are q-calculus and h-calculus. The goal of both types is to find "analogs" of mathematical objects, where, after taking a certain li... | Wikipedia/Quantum_calculus |
A quantum cryptographic protocol is device-independent if its security does not rely on trusting that the quantum devices used are truthful.
Thus the security analysis of such a protocol needs to consider scenarios of imperfect or even malicious devices. Several important problems have been shown to admit unconditional... | Wikipedia/Device-independent_quantum_cryptography |
The noisy-storage model refers to a cryptographic model employed in quantum cryptography. It assumes that the quantum memory device of an attacker (adversary) trying to break the protocol is imperfect (noisy).
The main goal of this model is to enable the secure implementation of two-party cryptographic primitives, su... | Wikipedia/Noisy-storage_model |
Zero trust architecture (ZTA) or perimeterless security is a design and implementation strategy of IT systems. The principle is that users and devices should not be trusted by default, even if they are connected to a privileged network such as a corporate LAN and even if they were previously verified.
ZTA is implemen... | Wikipedia/Zero_trust_security_model |
A cryptosystem is considered to have information-theoretic security (also called unconditional security) if the system is secure against adversaries with unlimited computing resources and time. In contrast, a system which depends on the computational cost of cryptanalysis to be secure (and thus can be broken by an atta... | Wikipedia/Unconditional_security_(cryptography) |
A physical unclonable function (sometimes also called physically-unclonable function, which refers to a weaker security metric than a physical unclonable function ), or PUF, is a physical object whose operation cannot be reproduced ("cloned") in physical way (by making another system using the same technology), that fo... | Wikipedia/Physical_unclonable_function |
The DARPA Quantum Network (2002–2007) was the world's first quantum key distribution (QKD) network, operating 10 optical nodes across Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts. It became fully operational on October 23, 2003 in BBN's laboratories, and in June 2004 was fielded through dark fiber under the streets of Cambridge... | Wikipedia/DARPA_Quantum_Network |
Spontaneous parametric down-conversion (also known as SPDC, parametric fluorescence or parametric scattering) is a nonlinear instant optical process that converts one photon of higher energy (namely, a pump photon) into a pair of photons (namely, signal and idler photons) of lower energy, in accordance with the laws of... | Wikipedia/Spontaneous_parametric_down-conversion |
In physics, non-Hermitian quantum mechanics describes quantum mechanical systems where Hamiltonians are not Hermitian.
== History ==
The first paper that has "non-Hermitian quantum mechanics" in the title was published in 1996 by Naomichi Hatano and David R. Nelson. The authors mapped a classical statistical model o... | Wikipedia/Non-Hermitian_quantum_mechanics |
In quantum mechanics, a translation operator is defined as an operator which shifts particles and fields by a certain amount in a certain direction. It is a special case of the shift operator from functional analysis.
More specifically, for any displacement vector
x
... | Wikipedia/Translation_operator_(quantum_mechanics) |
For small angles, the trigonometric functions sine, cosine, and tangent can be calculated with reasonable accuracy by the following simple approximations:
sin
θ
... | Wikipedia/Small_angle_approximation |
In physics, dynamics or classical dynamics is the study of forces and their effect on motion.
It is a branch of classical mechanics, along with statics and kinematics.
The fundamental principle of dynamics is linked to Newton's second law.
== Subdivisions ==
=== Rigid bodies ===
=== Fluids ===
== Applications =... | Wikipedia/Classical_dynamics |
In mathematical analysis a pseudo-differential operator is an extension of the concept of differential operator. Pseudo-differential operators are used extensively in the theory of partial differential equations and quantum field theory, e.g. in mathematical models that include ultrametric pseudo-differential equation... | Wikipedia/Pseudodifferential_operators |
In mathematics, a dilation is a function
f
{\displaystyle f}
from a metric space
M
{\displaystyle M}
into itself that satisfies the identity
d
(
f
(
x
)
,
... | Wikipedia/Dilation_theory |
In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines field theory and the principle of relativity with ideas behind quantum mechanics.: xi QFT is used in particle physics to construct physical models of subatomic particles and in condensed matter physics to construct models of qu... | Wikipedia/Quantum_Field_Theory |
In quantum mechanics, the Wigner–Weyl transform or Weyl–Wigner transform (after Hermann Weyl and Eugene Wigner) is the invertible mapping between functions in the quantum phase space formulation and Hilbert space operators in the Schrödinger picture.
Often the mapping from functions on phase space to operators is calle... | Wikipedia/Wigner–Weyl_transform |
The stress–energy tensor, sometimes called the stress–energy–momentum tensor or the energy–momentum tensor, is a tensor physical quantity that describes the density and flux of energy and momentum in spacetime, generalizing the stress tensor of Newtonian physics. It is an attribute of matter, radiation, and non-gravita... | Wikipedia/Stress-energy_tensor |
In physics, specifically general relativity, the Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon equations describe the motion of a massive spinning body moving in a gravitational field. Other equations with similar names and mathematical forms are the Mathisson–Papapetrou equations and Papapetrou–Dixon equations. All three sets of equatio... | Wikipedia/Mathisson-Papapetrou-Dixon_equations |
The universal wavefunction or the wavefunction of the universe is the wavefunction or quantum state of the entire universe. It is regarded as the basic physical entity in the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, and finds applications in quantum cosmology. It evolves deterministically according to a wave eq... | Wikipedia/Universal_wavefunction |
Quantum characteristics are phase-space trajectories that arise in the phase space formulation of quantum mechanics through the Wigner transform of Heisenberg operators of canonical coordinates and momenta. These trajectories obey the Hamilton equations in quantum form and play the role of characteristics in terms of w... | Wikipedia/Method_of_quantum_characteristics |
In probability theory and statistics, the conditional probability distribution is a probability distribution that describes the probability of an outcome given the occurrence of a particular event. Given two jointly distributed random variables
X
{\displaystyle X}
and
... | Wikipedia/Conditional_probability_density_function |
Eternal inflation is a hypothetical inflationary universe model, which is itself an outgrowth or extension of the Big Bang theory.
According to eternal inflation, the inflationary phase of the universe's expansion lasts forever throughout most of the universe. Because the regions expand exponentially rapidly, most of t... | Wikipedia/Chaotic_inflation_theory |
In mathematical physics, the Duffin–Kemmer–Petiau (DKP) algebra, introduced by R.J. Duffin, Nicholas Kemmer and G. Petiau, is the algebra which is generated by the Duffin–Kemmer–Petiau matrices. These matrices form part of the Duffin–Kemmer–Petiau equation that provides a relativistic description of spin-0 and spin-1 p... | Wikipedia/Duffin–Kemmer–Petiau_equation |
Philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science. Amongst its central questions are the difference between science and non-science, the reliability of scientific theories, and the ultimate purpose and meaning of science as a human endeavour. Philosop... | Wikipedia/Philosopher_of_science |
In physics, the hydrodynamic quantum analogs refer to experimentally-observed phenomena involving bouncing fluid droplets over a vibrating fluid bath that behave analogously to several quantum-mechanical systems. The experimental evidence for diffraction through slits has been disputed, however, though the diffraction ... | Wikipedia/Fluid_analogs_in_quantum_mechanics |
In physics, the Hamilton–Jacobi equation, named after William Rowan Hamilton and Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, is an alternative formulation of classical mechanics, equivalent to other formulations such as Newton's laws of motion, Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics.
The Hamilton–Jacobi equation is a formulation... | Wikipedia/Hamilton-Jacobi_equations |
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