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Fourier-transform spectroscopy (FTS) is a measurement technique whereby spectra are collected based on measurements of the coherence of a radiative source, using time-domain or space-domain measurements of the radiation, electromagnetic or not. It can be applied to a variety of types of spectroscopy including optical ... | Wikipedia/Fourier-transform_spectroscopy |
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a technique used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid, liquid, or gas. An FTIR spectrometer simultaneously collects high-resolution spectral data over a wide spectral range. This confers a significant advantage over a dispersive spectromet... | Wikipedia/Fourier_transform_infrared_spectroscopy |
Saturated absorption spectroscopy measures the transition frequency of an atom or molecule between its ground state and an excited state. In saturated absorption spectroscopy, two counter-propagating, overlapped laser beams are sent through a sample of atomic gas. One of the beams stimulates photon emission in excited ... | Wikipedia/Saturated_absorption_spectroscopy |
Force spectroscopy is a set of techniques for the study of the interactions and the binding forces between individual molecules. These methods can be used to measure the mechanical properties of single polymer molecules or proteins, or individual chemical bonds. The name "force spectroscopy", although widely used in th... | Wikipedia/Force_spectroscopy |
Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) is a Mössbauer spectroscopy technique based on conversion electron.
The CEM spectrum can be obtained either by collecting essentially all the electrons leaving the surface (integral technique), or by selecting the ones in a given energy range by means of a beta ray spec... | Wikipedia/Conversion_electron_Mössbauer_spectroscopy |
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of temperature. Both the sample and reference are maintained at nearly the same temperature throughout the experi... | Wikipedia/Differential_scanning_calorimetry |
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is a thermoanalytic technique that is similar to differential scanning calorimetry. In DTA, the material under study and an inert reference are made to undergo identical thermal cycles, (i.e., same cooling or heating programme) while recording any temperature difference between sampl... | Wikipedia/Differential_thermal_analysis |
Collision-induced dissociation (CID), also known as collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), is a mass spectrometry technique to induce fragmentation of selected ions in the gas phase. The selected ions (typically molecular ions or protonated molecules) are usually accelerated by applying an electrical potential ... | Wikipedia/Higher-energy_collisional_dissociation |
Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry is a type of mass analyzer (or mass spectrometer) for determining the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of ions based on the cyclotron frequency of the ions in a fixed magnetic field. The ions are trapped in a Penning trap (a magnetic field with electric trapping pla... | Wikipedia/Fourier-transform_ion_cyclotron_resonance |
Biomaterials Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that explores the underlying science behind the function, interactions and design of biomaterials. It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. The current editor-in-chief is Jianjun Cheng (Westlake University, China), while the executive editor is Maria ... | Wikipedia/Biomaterials_Science |
Synthetic Reaction Updates was a current awareness bibliographic database from the Royal Society of Chemistry that provided alerts of recently published developments in synthetic organic chemistry.
It covered primary research in general and organic chemistry published in chemistry journals. Each record contains a react... | Wikipedia/Methods_in_Organic_Synthesis |
The Journal of Materials Chemistry B is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the properties, applications, and synthesis of new materials related to biology and medicine. It is one of the three journals that were created after the Journal of Materials Chemistry was split at the end of 2012. The first issu... | Wikipedia/Journal_of_Materials_Chemistry_B |
The Journal of Materials Chemistry C is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the properties, applications, and synthesis of new materials related to optical, magnetic and electronic devices. It is one of the three journals created from the splitting of Journal of Materials Chemistry at the end of 2012. It... | Wikipedia/Journal_of_Materials_Chemistry_C |
Energy & Environmental Science, also known as EES, is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing original (primary) research and review articles. The journal covers agenda-setting work of an interdisciplinary nature relating to energy science. Energy & Environmental Science is published by the Royal Society ... | Wikipedia/Energy_and_Environmental_Science |
Catalysis Science & Technology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that is published monthly by the Royal Society of Chemistry. The editor-in-chief is Bert Weckhuysen (Utrecht University, Netherlands).
The first online articles were published in January 2011, and the first issue of Catalysis Science & Technology appe... | Wikipedia/Catalysis_Science_&_Technology |
Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of environmental science. It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry and Kris McNeill is the editor-in-chief. The journal was established in 1999 as the Journal of Environmental Monitoring and obtained i... | Wikipedia/Environmental_Science:_Processes_&_Impacts |
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all areas of photochemistry and photobiology. It was established in 2002 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology. Th... | Wikipedia/Photochemical_and_Photobiological_Sciences |
The Journal of Materials Chemistry was a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the applications, properties and synthesis of new materials. It was established in 1991 and published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. At the end of 2012 the journal was split into three independent journals: Journal of Material... | Wikipedia/Journal_of_Materials_Chemistry |
The Journal of Materials Chemistry A is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers the synthesis, properties, and applications of novel materials related to energy and sustainability. It is one of three journals created after the Journal of Materials Chemistry was split at the end of 2012. Its first issue wa... | Wikipedia/Journal_of_Materials_Chemistry_A |
Materials Horizons is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers research across the breadth of materials science at the interface between chemistry, physics, biology and engineering. The current editor-in-chief is Martina Stenzel. The journal was established in 2014. A sister journal Nanoscale Horizons ... | Wikipedia/Materials_Horizons |
A network solid or covalent network solid (also called atomic crystalline solids or giant covalent structures) is a chemical compound (or element) in which the atoms are bonded by covalent bonds in a continuous network extending throughout the material. In a network solid there are no individual molecules, and the ent... | Wikipedia/Network_covalent_bonding |
In mathematics, a matrix (pl.: matrices) is a rectangular array or table of numbers, symbols, or expressions, with elements or entries arranged in rows and columns, which is used to represent a mathematical object or property of such an object.
For example,
[
... | Wikipedia/Matrix_equation |
Medical microbiology, the large subset of microbiology that is applied to medicine, is a branch of medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. In addition, this field of science studies various clinical applications of microbes for the improvement of health. There are ... | Wikipedia/Clinical_virology |
A Bachelor of Applied Science (BAS or BASc) is an undergraduate academic degree of applied sciences.
== Usage ==
In Canada, the Netherlands and other places the Bachelor of Applied Science (BASc) is equivalent to the Bachelor of Engineering, and is classified as a professional degree. In Australia and New Zealand thi... | Wikipedia/Bachelor_of_Applied_Science |
Food science (or bromatology) is the basic science and applied science of food; its scope starts at overlap with agricultural science and nutritional science and leads through the scientific aspects of food safety and food processing, informing the development of food technology.
Food science brings together multiple s... | Wikipedia/Food_science |
Medicine is the science and practice of caring for patients, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illn... | Wikipedia/Medical_sciences |
Engineering physics (EP), sometimes engineering science, is the field of study combining pure science disciplines (such as physics, mathematics, chemistry or biology) and engineering disciplines (computer, nuclear, electrical, aerospace, medical, materials, mechanical, etc.).
In many languages, the term technical physi... | Wikipedia/Engineering_sciences |
In organic chemistry, a vinyl iodide (also known as an iodoalkene) functional group is an alkene with one or more iodide substituents. Vinyl iodides are versatile molecules that serve as important building blocks and precursors in organic synthesis. They are commonly used in carbon-carbon forming reactions in transitio... | Wikipedia/Vinyl_iodide_functional_group |
2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) is a chemical that acts to inhibit both IP3 receptors and TRP channels (although it activates TRPV1, TRPV2, & TRPV3 at higher concentrations). In research it is used to manipulate intracellular release of calcium ions (Ca2+) and modify TRP channel activity, although the lack of spe... | Wikipedia/2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl_borate |
A perchlorate is a chemical compound containing the perchlorate ion, ClO−4, the conjugate base of perchloric acid (ionic perchlorate). As counterions, there can be metal cations, quaternary ammonium cations or other ions, for example, nitronium cation (NO+2).
The term perchlorate can also describe perchlorate esters or... | Wikipedia/Perchlorate_ester |
In organic chemistry, a nitrate ester is an organic functional group with the formula R−ONO2, where R stands for any organyl group. They are the esters of nitric acid and alcohols. A well-known example is nitroglycerin, which is not a nitro compound, despite its name.
== Synthesis and reactions ==
Nitrate esters are... | Wikipedia/Nitrate_ester |
Retrosynthetic analysis is a technique for solving problems in the planning of organic syntheses. This is achieved by transforming a target molecule into simpler precursor structures regardless of any potential reactivity/interaction with reagents. Each precursor material is examined using the same method. This procedu... | Wikipedia/Functional_group_interconversion |
In organic chemistry, nitro compounds are organic compounds that contain one or more nitro functional groups (−NO2). The nitro group is one of the most common explosophores (functional group that makes a compound explosive) used globally. The nitro group is also strongly electron-withdrawing. Because of this property, ... | Wikipedia/Nitro_functional_group |
Ethyl butyrate, also known as ethyl butanoate, or butyric ether, is an ester with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH3. It is soluble in propylene glycol, paraffin oil, and kerosene. It has a fruity odor, similar to pineapple, and is a key ingredient used as a flavor enhancer in processed orange juices. It also occu... | Wikipedia/Ethyl_butyrate |
A group-contribution method in chemistry is a technique to estimate and predict thermodynamic and other properties from molecular structures.
== Introduction ==
In today's chemical processes hundreds of thousands of components are used. The Chemical Abstracts Service registry lists 56 million substances, but many of ... | Wikipedia/Group_contribution_method |
In chemistry, the term amide ( or or ) is a compound with the functional group RnE(=O)xNR2, where x is not zero, E is some element, and each R represents an organic group or hydrogen. It is a derivative of an oxoacid RnE(=O)xOH with an hydroxy group –OH replaced by an amine group –NR2.
Some important subclasses are
... | Wikipedia/Amide_(functional_group) |
In chemical analysis, chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid solvent (gas or liquid) called the mobile phase, which carries it through a system (a column, a capillary tube, a plate, or a sheet) on which a material called the stat... | Wikipedia/Adsorption_chromatography |
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is an analytical method that combines the features of gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample. Applications of GC–MS include drug detection, fire investigation, environmental analysis, explosives investigation, food and ... | Wikipedia/Gas_chromatography-mass_spectrometry |
Gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) is a technique that integrates the separation of volatile compounds using a gas chromatograph with the detection of odour using an olfactometer (human assessor). It was first invented and applied in 1964 by Fuller and co-workers. While GC separates volatile compounds from an extra... | Wikipedia/Gas_chromatography-olfactometry |
In chemical analysis, chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid solvent (gas or liquid) called the mobile phase, which carries it through a system (a column, a capillary tube, a plate, or a sheet) on which a material called the stat... | Wikipedia/Preparative_chromatography |
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography, is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify specific components in mixtures. The mixtures can originate from food, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biological, environmental and agr... | Wikipedia/High_performance_liquid_chromatography |
Inverse gas chromatography is a physical characterization analytical technique that is used in the analysis of the surfaces of solids.
Inverse gas chromatography or IGC is a highly sensitive and versatile gas phase technique developed over 40 years ago to study the surface and bulk properties of particulate and fibrous... | Wikipedia/Inverse_gas_chromatography |
The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) or lower consolute temperature is the critical temperature below which the components of a mixture are miscible in all proportions. The word lower indicates that the LCST is a lower bound to a temperature interval of partial miscibility, or miscibility for certain composit... | Wikipedia/Lower_critical_solution_temperature |
Thin-film drug delivery uses a dissolving film or oral drug strip to administer drugs via absorption in the mouth (buccally or sublingually) and/or via the small intestines (enterically). A film is prepared using hydrophilic polymers that rapidly dissolves on the tongue or buccal cavity, delivering the drug to the sys... | Wikipedia/Thin_film_drug_delivery |
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is any method of allowing a person in pain to administer their own pain relief. The infusion is programmable by the prescriber. If it is programmed and functioning as intended, the machine is unlikely to deliver an overdose of medication. Providers must always observe the first admini... | Wikipedia/Patient-controlled_analgesia |
Ophthalmic drug administration is the administration of a drug to the eyes, most typically as an eye drop formulation. Topical formulations are used to combat a multitude of diseased states of the eye. These states may include bacterial infections, eye injury, glaucoma, and dry eye. However, there are many challenges a... | Wikipedia/Ophthalmic_drug_administration |
In chemistry, solubility is the ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent. Insolubility is the opposite property, the inability of the solute to form such a solution.
The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is generally measured as the concentra... | Wikipedia/Saturated_solution |
The osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system (OROS) is an advanced controlled release oral drug delivery system in the form of a rigid tablet with a semi-permeable outer membrane and one or more small laser drilled holes in it. As the tablet passes through the body, water is absorbed through the semipermeable me... | Wikipedia/Osmotic-controlled_release_oral_delivery_system |
Heated humidified high-flow therapy, often simply called high flow therapy , is a medical treatment providing respiratory support by delivering a flow of oxygen of up to 60 liters per minute to a patient through a large-bore or high-flow nasal cannula. Primarily studied in neonates, it has also been found effective in ... | Wikipedia/Heated_humidified_high-flow_therapy |
In physical chemistry, supersaturation occurs with a solution when the concentration of a solute exceeds the concentration specified by the value of solubility at equilibrium. Most commonly the term is applied to a solution of a solid in a liquid, but it can also be applied to liquids and gases dissolved in a liquid. A... | Wikipedia/Supersaturated |
The upper critical solution temperature (UCST) or upper consolute temperature is the critical temperature above which the components of a mixture are miscible in all proportions. The word upper indicates that the UCST is an upper bound to a temperature range of partial miscibility, or miscibility for certain compositio... | Wikipedia/Upper_critical_solution_temperature |
Molar concentration (also called molarity, amount concentration or substance concentration) is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. Specifically, It is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species, in particular, of a solute in a solution, in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of solut... | Wikipedia/Molar_solution |
In thermochemistry, the enthalpy of solution (heat of solution or enthalpy of solvation) is the enthalpy change associated with the dissolution of a substance in a solvent at constant pressure resulting in infinite dilution.
The enthalpy of solution is most often expressed in kJ/mol at constant temperature. The energy ... | Wikipedia/Enthalpy_of_solution |
Ascalaph Designer is a computer program for general purpose molecular modelling for molecular design and simulations. It provides a graphical environment for the common programs of quantum and classical molecular modelling ORCA, NWChem, Firefly, CP2K and MDynaMix
. The molecular mechanics calculations cover model buil... | Wikipedia/Ascalaph_Designer |
MacroModel is a computer program for molecular modelling of organic compounds and biopolymers. It features various chemistry force fields, plus energy minimizing algorithms, to predict geometry and relative conformational energies of molecules. MacroModel is maintained by Schrödinger, LLC.
It performs simulations in t... | Wikipedia/MacroModel |
Biochemical and Organic Simulation System (BOSS) is a general-purpose molecular modeling program that performs molecular mechanics calculations, Metropolis Monte Carlo statistical mechanics simulations, and semiempirical Austin Model 1 (AM1), PM3, and PDDG/PM3 quantum mechanics calculations. The molecular mechanics cal... | Wikipedia/BOSS_(molecular_mechanics) |
Internal Coordinate Mechanics (ICM) is a software program and algorithm to predict low-energy conformations of molecules by sampling the space of internal coordinates (bond lengths, bond angles and dihedral angles) defining molecular geometry. In ICM each molecule is constructed as a tree from an entry atom where each ... | Wikipedia/Internal_Coordinate_Mechanics |
In the context of chemistry, molecular physics, physical chemistry, and molecular modelling, a force field is a computational model that is used to describe the forces between atoms (or collections of atoms) within molecules or between molecules as well as in crystals. Force fields are a variety of interatomic potentia... | Wikipedia/Potential_energy_of_protein |
Clinical Biochemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the analytical and clinical investigation of laboratory tests in humans used for diagnosis, molecular biology and genetics, prognosis, treatment and therapy, and monitoring of disease ; the discipline of clinical biochemistry. It is the official journ... | Wikipedia/Clinical_Biochemistry |
Substance misuse, also known as drug misuse or, in older vernacular, substance abuse, is the use of a drug in amounts or by methods that are harmful to the individual or others. It is a form of substance-related disorder, differing definitions of drug misuse are used in public health, medical, and criminal justice cont... | Wikipedia/Drugs_of_abuse |
Proteinuria is the presence of excess proteins in the urine. In healthy persons, urine contains very little protein, less than 150 mg/day; an excess is suggestive of illness. Excess protein in the urine often causes the urine to become foamy (although this symptom may also be caused by other conditions). Severe protein... | Wikipedia/Proteinuria |
A urine test is any medical test performed on a urine specimen. The analysis of urine is a valuable diagnostic tool because its composition reflects the functioning of many body systems, particularly the kidneys and urinary system, and specimens are easy to obtain. Common urine tests include the routine urinalysis, whi... | Wikipedia/Clinical_urine_tests |
Gastrointestinal diseases (abbrev. GI diseases or GI illnesses) refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, namely the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum; and the accessory organs of digestion, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
== Oral disease ==
The oral cavity is part o... | Wikipedia/Gastrointestinal_disease |
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an annular (ring-shaped) pentameric protein found in blood plasma, whose circulating concentrations rise in response to inflammation. It is an acute-phase protein of hepatic origin that increases following interleukin-6 secretion by macrophages and T cells. Its physiological role is to bind ... | Wikipedia/C-reactive_protein |
Clinical Chemistry is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering the field of clinical chemistry. It is the official journal of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry. The journal was first published in 1955 on a bi-monthly basis "to raise the level at which chemistry is practiced in the clinical laboratory"; m... | Wikipedia/Clinical_Chemistry_(journal) |
Thyroid disease is a medical condition that affects the structure and/or function of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck and produces thyroid hormones that travel through the blood to help regulate many other organs, meaning that it is an endocrine organ. These hormones normally act... | Wikipedia/Thyroid_disease |
Protein electrophoresis is a method for analysing the proteins in a fluid or an extract. The electrophoresis may be performed with a small volume of sample in a number of alternative ways with or without a supporting medium, namely agarose or polyacrylamide. Variants of gel electrophoresis include SDS-PAGE, free-flow e... | Wikipedia/Protein_electrophoresis |
Bone disease refers to the medical conditions which affect the bone.
== Terminology ==
A bone disease is also called an "osteopathy", but because the term osteopathy is often used to refer to an alternative health-care philosophy, use of the term can cause some confusion.
== Bone and cartilage disorders ==
Osteoc... | Wikipedia/Bone_disease |
Laboratory quality control is designed to detect, reduce, and correct deficiencies in a laboratory's internal analytical process prior to the release of patient results, in order to improve the quality of the results reported by the laboratory. Quality control (QC) is a measure of precision, or how well the measurement... | Wikipedia/Laboratory_quality_control |
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a branch of clinical chemistry and clinical pharmacology that specializes in the measurement of medication levels in blood. Its main focus is on drugs with a narrow therapeutic range, i.e. drugs that can easily be under- or overdosed. TDM aimed at improving patient care by individua... | Wikipedia/Therapeutic_drug_monitoring |
DNA ligase is a type of enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond. It plays a role in repairing single-strand breaks in duplex DNA in living organisms, but some forms (such as DNA ligase IV) may specifically repair double-strand breaks (i.e. a break... | Wikipedia/DNA_ligase |
A DNA polymerase is a member of a family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates, the molecular precursors of DNA. These enzymes are essential for DNA replication and usually work in groups to create two identical DNA duplexes from a single original DNA duplex. During this ... | Wikipedia/DNA_polymerase |
In molecular biology, the term double helix refers to the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA. The double helical structure of a nucleic acid complex arises as a consequence of its secondary structure, and is a fundamental component in determining its tertiary structure. The struc... | Wikipedia/B-DNA |
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated chemo, sometimes CTX and CTx) is the type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents or alkylating agents) in a standard regimen. Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent (which almost always involves combinations of drugs), or it may aim... | Wikipedia/Chemotherapy |
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA and mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA is a small portion of the DNA contained in a eukaryotic cell; most of the DNA is in the cell nucleus, and, in plants and ... | Wikipedia/Mitochondrial_DNA |
DNA ends refer to the properties of the ends of linear DNA molecules, which in molecular biology are described as "sticky" or "blunt" based on the shape of the complementary strands at the terminus. In sticky ends, one strand is longer than the other (typically by at least a few nucleotides), such that the longer stran... | Wikipedia/DNA_end |
Molecular models of DNA structures are representations of the molecular geometry and topology of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules using one of several means, with the aim of simplifying and presenting the essential, physical and chemical, properties of DNA molecular structures either in vivo or in vitro. These rep... | Wikipedia/Molecular_models_of_DNA |
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), also known as plastid DNA (ptDNA) is the DNA located in chloroplasts, which are photosynthetic organelles located within the cells of some eukaryotic organisms. Chloroplasts, like other types of plastid, contain a genome separate from that in the cell nucleus. The existence of chloroplast DNA w... | Wikipedia/Chloroplast_DNA |
Protein primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein. By convention, the primary structure of a protein is reported starting from the amino-terminal (N) end to the carboxyl-terminal (C) end. Protein biosynthesis is most commonly performed by ribosomes in cells. Peptides can also be sy... | Wikipedia/Primary_protein_structure |
DNA origami is the nanoscale folding of DNA to create arbitrary two- and three-dimensional shapes at the nanoscale. The specificity of the interactions between complementary base pairs make DNA a useful construction material, through design of its base sequences. DNA is a well-understood material that is suitable for c... | Wikipedia/DNA_origami |
A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule. This succession is denoted by a series of a set of five different letters that indicate the order of the nucleotides. By convention, sequences are usually presented from the 5' end t... | Wikipedia/DNA_sequence |
Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon. For example, carbon-containing compounds such as alkanes (e.g. methane CH4) and its derivatives are uni... | Wikipedia/Organic_molecules |
Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated as gDNA) is chromosomal DNA, in contrast to extra-chromosomal DNAs like plasmids. Most organisms have the same genomic DNA in every cell; however, only certain genes are active in each cell to allow for cell function and differentiation within the body. gDNA predominantly resi... | Wikipedia/Genomic_DNA |
The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) consists of a group of ribosomal RNA encoding genes and related regulatory elements, and is widespread in similar configuration in all domains of life. The ribosomal DNA encodes the non-coding ribosomal RNA, integral structural elements in the assembly of ribosomes, its importance making it the... | Wikipedia/Ribosomal_DNA |
Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is fetal DNA that circulates freely in the maternal blood. Maternal blood is sampled by venipuncture. Analysis of cffDNA is a method of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis frequently ordered for pregnant women of advanced age. Two hours after delivery, cffDNA is no longer detectable in maternal... | Wikipedia/Cell-free_fetal_DNA |
Chromatin remodeling is the dynamic modification of chromatin architecture to allow access of condensed genomic DNA to the regulatory transcription machinery proteins, and thereby control gene expression. Such remodeling is principally carried out by 1) covalent histone modifications by specific enzymes, e.g., histone ... | Wikipedia/Chromatin_remodeling |
Nucleic acid structure refers to the structure of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. Chemically speaking, DNA and RNA are very similar. Nucleic acid structure is often divided into four different levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
== Primary structure ==
Primary structure consists of a linear sequ... | Wikipedia/DNA_structure |
DNA methylation is a biological process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule. Methylation can change the activity of a DNA segment without changing the sequence. When located in a gene promoter, DNA methylation typically acts to repress gene transcription. In mammals, DNA methylation is essential for no... | Wikipedia/DNA_methylation |
National DNA Day is a United States holiday celebrated on April 25. It commemorates the day in 1953 when James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin and colleagues published papers in the journal Nature on the structure of DNA. Furthermore, in early April 2003 it was declared that the Human Genome P... | Wikipedia/DNA_Day |
DNA condensation refers to the process of compacting DNA molecules in vitro or in vivo. Mechanistic details of DNA packing are essential for its functioning in the process of gene regulation in living systems. Condensed DNA often has surprising properties, which one would not predict from classical concepts of dilute s... | Wikipedia/DNA_condensation |
A protein complex or multiprotein complex is a group of two or more associated polypeptide chains. Protein complexes are distinct from multidomain enzymes, in which multiple catalytic domains are found in a single polypeptide chain.
Protein complexes are a form of quaternary structure. Proteins in a protein complex are... | Wikipedia/Protein_complex |
Repeated sequences (also known as repetitive elements, repeating units or repeats) are short or long patterns that occur in multiple copies throughout the genome. In many organisms, a significant fraction of the genomic DNA is repetitive, with over two-thirds of the sequence consisting of repetitive elements in humans.... | Wikipedia/Repeated_sequence_(DNA) |
Z-DNA is one of the many possible double helical structures of DNA. It is a left-handed double helical structure in which the helix winds to the left in a zigzag pattern, instead of to the right, like the more common B-DNA form. Z-DNA is thought to be one of three biologically active double-helical structures along wit... | Wikipedia/Z-DNA |
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting mol... | Wikipedia/Protein_interactions |
A DNA machine is a molecular machine constructed from DNA. Research into DNA machines was pioneered in the late 1980s by Nadrian Seeman and co-workers from New York University. DNA is used because of the numerous biological tools already found in nature that can affect DNA, and the immense knowledge of how DNA works p... | Wikipedia/DNA_machine |
A-DNA is one of the possible double helical structures which DNA can adopt. A-DNA is thought to be one of three biologically active double helical structures along with B-DNA and Z-DNA. It is a right-handed double helix fairly similar to the more common B-DNA form, but with a shorter, more compact helical structure who... | Wikipedia/A-DNA |
Ancient DNA (aDNA) is DNA isolated from ancient sources (typically specimens, but also environmental DNA). Due to degradation processes (including cross-linking, deamination and fragmentation) ancient DNA is more degraded in comparison with present-day genetic material. Genetic material has been recovered from paleo/ar... | Wikipedia/Ancient_DNA |
A DNA clamp, also known as a sliding clamp, is a protein complex that serves as a processivity-promoting factor in DNA replication. As a critical component of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, the clamp protein binds DNA polymerase and prevents this enzyme from dissociating from the template DNA strand. The clamp-pol... | Wikipedia/DNA_clamp |
ScienceDaily is an American website launched in 1995 that aggregates press releases and publishes lightly edited press releases (a practice called churnalism) about science, similar to Phys.org and EurekAlert!.
== History ==
The site was founded by married couple Dan and Michele Hogan in 1995; Dan Hogan formerly work... | Wikipedia/ScienceDaily |
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule encoding the genetic instructions for life.
DNA may also refer to:
== Companies ==
DNA Films, a British film studio
DNA Oyj, a Finnish telecommunications company
DNA Productions, an American animation studio
DNA Publications, an American publishing company
DNA Studio, an adve... | Wikipedia/DNA_(disambiguation) |
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