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Lower motor neurons (LMNs) are motor neurons located in either the anterior grey column, anterior nerve roots (spinal lower motor neurons) or the cranial nerve nuclei of the brainstem and cranial nerves with motor function (cranial nerve lower motor neurons). Many voluntary movements rely on spinal lower motor neurons,... | Wikipedia/Lower_motor_neuron |
Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), also known as spiny projection neurons (SPNs), are a special type of inhibitory GABAergic neuron representing approximately 90% of neurons within the human striatum, a basal ganglia structure. Medium spiny neurons have two primary phenotypes (characteristic types): D1-type MSNs of the direc... | Wikipedia/Medium_spiny_neuron |
Upper motor neurons (UMNs) is a term introduced by William Gowers in 1886. They are found in the cerebral cortex and brainstem and carry information down to activate interneurons and lower motor neurons, which in turn directly signal muscles to contract or relax. UMNs represent the major origin point for voluntary som... | Wikipedia/Upper_motor_neuron |
Spinal neurons are specialized nerve cells located within the spinal cord. They are a crucial component of the central nervous system. These neurons play vital roles in transmitting and processing information between the brain and the rest of the body.
== Types of Spinal Neurons ==
=== Motor Neurons ===
Motor Neuro... | Wikipedia/Spinal_neuron |
In neuroscience, the axolemma (from Greek lemma 'membrane, envelope', and 'axo-' from axon) is the cell membrane of an axon, the branch of a neuron through which signals (action potentials) are transmitted. The axolemma is a three-layered, bilipid membrane. Under standard electron microscope preparations, the structur... | Wikipedia/Axolemma |
Sensory neurons, also known as afferent neurons, are neurons in the nervous system, that convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action potentials or graded receptor potentials. This process is called sensory transduction. The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are located in the dorsal root gang... | Wikipedia/Afferent_neuron |
A bipolar neuron, or bipolar cell, is a type of neuron characterized by having both an axon and a dendrite extending from the soma (cell body) in opposite directions. These neurons are predominantly found in the retina and olfactory system. The embryological period encompassing weeks seven through eight marks the comme... | Wikipedia/Bipolar_neuron |
A gamma motor neuron (γ motor neuron), also called gamma motoneuron, or fusimotor neuron, is a type of lower motor neuron that takes part in the process of muscle contraction, and represents about 30% of (Aγ) fibers going to the muscle. Like alpha motor neurons, their cell bodies are located in the anterior grey colum... | Wikipedia/Gamma_motor_neuron |
A "red neuron" (acidophilic or "eosinophilic" neuron) is a pathological finding in neurons, generally of the central nervous system, indicative of acute neuronal injury and subsequent apoptosis or necrosis. Acidophilic neurons are often found in the first 12–24 hours after an ischemic injury such as a stroke. Since neu... | Wikipedia/Red_neuron |
Von Economo neurons, also called spindle neurons, are a specific class of mammalian cortical neurons characterized by a large spindle-shaped soma (or body) gradually tapering into a single apical axon (the ramification that transmits signals) in one direction, with only a single dendrite (the ramification that receives... | Wikipedia/Von_Economo_neuron |
Bioenergetics is a field in biochemistry and cell biology that concerns energy flow through living systems. This is an active area of biological research that includes the study of the transformation of energy in living organisms and the study of thousands of different cellular processes such as cellular respiration an... | Wikipedia/Energy_metabolism |
An artificial neuron is a mathematical function conceived as a model of a biological neuron in a neural network. The artificial neuron is the elementary unit of an artificial neural network.
The design of the artificial neuron was inspired by biological neural circuitry. Its inputs are analogous to excitatory postsynap... | Wikipedia/Artificial_neuron |
An anaxonic neuron is a type of neuron where there is no axon or it cannot be differentiated from the dendrites. Unlike typical neurons that possess a single axon transmitting signals away from the cell body, anaxonic neurons have processes that are all morphologically similar. Being loyal to the etymology of anaxonic ... | Wikipedia/Anaxonic_neuron |
A pseudounipolar neuron is a type of neuron which has one extension from its cell body. This type of neuron contains an axon that has split into two branches. They develop embryologically as bipolar in shape, and are thus termed pseudounipolar instead of unipolar.
== Structure ==
A pseudounipolar neuron has one axon ... | Wikipedia/Pseudounipolar_neuron |
Von Economo neurons, also called spindle neurons, are a specific class of mammalian cortical neurons characterized by a large spindle-shaped soma (or body) gradually tapering into a single apical axon (the ramification that transmits signals) in one direction, with only a single dendrite (the ramification that receives... | Wikipedia/Spindle_neuron |
A unipolar neuron is a neuron in which only one process, called a neurite, extends from the cell body. The neurite then branches to form dendritic and axonal processes. Most neurons in the central nervous systems of invertebrates, including insects, are unipolar. The cell bodies of invertebrate unipolar neurons are oft... | Wikipedia/Unipolar_neuron |
A motor neuron (or motoneuron), also known as efferent neuron is a neuron whose cell body is located in the motor cortex, brainstem or the spinal cord, and whose axon (fiber) projects to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control effector organs, mainly muscles and glands. There ar... | Wikipedia/Efferent_neuron |
Lhermitte–Duclos disease (LDD) (English: ), also called dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum (DGC), is a rare, slowly growing tumor of the cerebellum, a gangliocytoma sometimes considered to be a hamartoma, characterized by diffuse hypertrophy of the granular layer of the cerebellum. It is often associated with C... | Wikipedia/Lhermitte–Duclos_disease |
Compartmental modelling of dendrites deals with multi-compartment modelling of the dendrites, to make the understanding of the electrical behavior of complex dendrites easier. Basically, compartmental modelling of dendrites is a very helpful tool to develop new biological neuron models. Dendrites are very important bec... | Wikipedia/Compartmental_modelling_of_dendrites |
Pyramidal cells, or pyramidal neurons, are a type of multipolar neuron found in areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala. Pyramidal cells are the primary excitation units of the mammalian prefrontal cortex and the corticospinal tract. One of the main structural features of the... | Wikipedia/Pyramidal_neuron |
In biochemistry, the DNA methyltransferase (DNA MTase, DNMT) family of enzymes catalyze the transfer of a methyl group to DNA. DNA methylation serves a wide variety of biological functions. All the known DNA methyltransferases use S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) as the methyl donor.
== Classification ==
=== Substrate =... | Wikipedia/DNA_methyltransferase |
Neurilemma (also known as neurolemma, sheath of Schwann, or Schwann's sheath) is the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells (also called neurilemmocytes) that surrounds the axon of the neuron. It forms the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system.
The neurilemma is underlain b... | Wikipedia/Neurilemma |
Compartmental modelling of dendrites deals with multi-compartment modelling of the dendrites, to make the understanding of the electrical behavior of complex dendrites easier. Basically, compartmental modelling of dendrites is a very helpful tool to develop new biological neuron models. Dendrites are very important bec... | Wikipedia/Compartmental_neuron_models |
The Baconian method is the investigative method developed by Francis Bacon, one of the founders of modern science, and thus a first formulation of a modern scientific method. The method was put forward in Bacon's book Novum Organum (1620), or 'New Method', to replace the old methods put forward in Aristotle's Organon. ... | Wikipedia/Baconian_method |
A vesicular transport protein, or vesicular transporter, is a membrane protein that regulates or facilitates the movement of specific molecules across a vesicle's membrane. As a result, vesicular transporters govern the concentration of molecules within a vesicle.
== Types ==
Examples include:
Archain
ARFs
Clathrin... | Wikipedia/Vesicular_transport_protein |
Free radical damage to DNA can occur as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation or to radiomimetic compounds. Damage to DNA as a result of free radical attack is called indirect DNA damage because the radicals formed can diffuse throughout the body and affect other organs. Malignant melanoma can be caused by indirec... | Wikipedia/Free_radical_damage_to_DNA |
A DNA repair-deficiency disorder is a medical condition due to reduced functionality of DNA repair.
DNA repair defects can cause an accelerated aging disease or an increased risk of cancer, or sometimes both.
== DNA repair defects and accelerated aging ==
DNA repair defects are seen in nearly all of the diseases desc... | Wikipedia/DNA_repair-deficiency_disorder |
DNA oxidation is the process of oxidative damage of deoxyribonucleic acid. As described in detail by Burrows et al., 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) is the most common oxidative lesion observed in duplex DNA because guanine has a lower one-electron reduction potential than the other nucleosides in DNA. The one elec... | Wikipedia/DNA_oxidation |
Methylated-DNA--protein-cysteine methyltransferase (MGMT), also known as O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase AGT, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MGMT gene.
MGMT is crucial for genome stability. It repairs the naturally occurring mutagenic DNA lesion O6-methylguanine back to guanine and prevents mismatch... | Wikipedia/O-6-methylguanine-DNA_methyltransferase |
Pyrimidine dimers represent molecular lesions originating from thymine or cytosine bases within DNA, resulting from photochemical reactions. These lesions, commonly linked to direct DNA damage, are induced by ultraviolet light (UV), particularly UVC, result in the formation of covalent bonds between adjacent nitrogenou... | Wikipedia/Direct_DNA_damage |
Neuronal PAS domain protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPAS4 gene. The NPAS4 gene is a neuronal activity-dependent immediate early gene that has been identified as a transcription factor. The protein regulates the transcription of genes that control inhibitory synapse development, synaptic plastic... | Wikipedia/Neuronal_PAS_domain_protein_4 |
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a system for recognizing and repairing erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, as well as repairing some forms of DNA damage.
Mismatch repair is strand-specific. During DNA synthesis the newly synthesised (daught... | Wikipedia/DNA_mismatch_repair |
Apoptosis regulator BAX, also known as bcl-2-like protein 4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAX gene. BAX is a member of the Bcl-2 gene family. BCL2 family members form hetero- or homodimers and act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators that are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities. This prot... | Wikipedia/BAX_protein |
In molecular genetics, a DNA adduct is a segment of DNA bound to a cancer-causing chemical. This process could lead to the development of cancerous cells, or carcinogenesis. DNA adducts in scientific experiments are used as biomarkers of exposure. They are especially useful in quantifying an organism's exposure to a ca... | Wikipedia/DNA_adduct |
The origin and function of meiosis are currently not well understood scientifically, and would provide fundamental insight into the evolution of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes. There is no current consensus among biologists on the questions of how sex in eukaryotes arose in evolution, what basic function sexual repr... | Wikipedia/Origin_and_function_of_meiosis |
Cell most often refers to:
Cell (biology), the functional basic unit of life
Cellphone, a phone connected to a cellular network
Clandestine cell, a penetration-resistant form of a secret or outlawed organization
Electrochemical cell, a device used to convert chemical energy to electrical energy
Prison cell, a room use... | Wikipedia/cell |
A cellular network or mobile network is a telecommunications network where the link to and from end nodes is wireless and the network is distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver (such as a base station). These base stations provide the cell with the network covera... | Wikipedia/Cell_(network) |
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms' evolution. Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel studied "trait inh... | Wikipedia/genetics |
p53, also known as tumor protein p53, cellular tumor antigen p53 (UniProt name), or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53) is a regulatory transcription factor protein that is often mutated in human cancers. The p53 proteins (originally thought to be, and often spoken of as, a single protein) are crucial in vertebra... | Wikipedia/P53_protein |
Telomere-binding proteins (also known as TERF, TRBF, TRF) function to bind telomeric DNA in various species. In particular, telomere-binding protein refers to TTAGGG repeat binding factor-1 (TERF1) and TTAGGG repeat binding factor-2 (TERF2). Telomere sequences in humans are composed of TTAGGG sequences which provide pr... | Wikipedia/Telomere-binding_protein |
Centromere protein B also known as major centromere autoantigen B is an autoantigen protein of the cell nucleus. In humans, centromere protein B is encoded by the CENPB gene.
== Function ==
Centromere protein B is a highly conserved protein that facilitates centromere formation. It is a DNA-binding protein that is de... | Wikipedia/Centromere_protein_B |
Centromere-associated protein E is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CENPE gene.
Centromere-associated protein E is a kinesin-like motor protein that accumulates in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Unlike other centromere-associated proteins, it is not present during interphase and first appears at the centrome... | Wikipedia/Centromere_protein_E |
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of the Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout the year and more distinct seasonal changes compared to tropical cl... | Wikipedia/Temperate_climate |
The neutral theory of molecular evolution holds that most evolutionary changes occur at the molecular level, and most of the variation within and between species are due to random genetic drift of mutant alleles that are selectively neutral. The theory applies only for evolution at the molecular level, and is compatibl... | Wikipedia/Neutral_theory_of_molecular_evolution |
The nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution is a modification of the neutral theory of molecular evolution that accounts for the fact that not all mutations are either so deleterious such that they can be ignored, or else neutral. Slightly deleterious mutations are reliably purged only when their selection coeffic... | Wikipedia/Nearly_neutral_theory_of_molecular_evolution |
Ras, from "Rat sarcoma virus", is a family of related proteins that are expressed in all animal cell lineages and organs. All Ras protein family members belong to a class of protein called small GTPase, and are involved in transmitting signals within cells (cellular signal transduction). Ras is the prototypical member ... | Wikipedia/Ras_proteins |
DNA ligase 1 also DNA ligase I, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LIG1 gene. DNA ligase 1 is the only known eukaryotic DNA ligase involved in both DNA replication and repair, making it the most studied of the ligases.
== Discovery ==
It was known that DNA replication occurred through a double strand break... | Wikipedia/DNA_ligase_1 |
DNA ligase 3 also DNA ligase III, is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the LIG3 gene. LIG3 encodes ATP-dependent DNA ligases that seal interruptions in the phosphodiester backbone of duplex DNA.
There are three families of ATP-dependent DNA ligases in eukaryotes. These enzymes utilize the same three step reactio... | Wikipedia/DNA_ligase_3 |
DNA ligase 4 also DNA ligase IV, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LIG4 gene.
== Function ==
DNA ligase 4 is an ATP-dependent DNA ligase that joins double-strand breaks during the non-homologous end joining pathway of double-strand break repair. It is also essential for V(D)J recombination. Lig4 forms a... | Wikipedia/DNA_ligase_4 |
Drug design, often referred to as rational drug design or simply rational design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target. The drug is most commonly an organic small molecule that activates or inhibits the function of a biomolecule such as a protein, which in tu... | Wikipedia/Computer-aided_drug_design |
AAA (ATPases Associated with diverse cellular Activities) proteins (speak: triple-A ATPases) are a large group of protein family sharing a common conserved module of approximately 230 amino acid residues. This is a large, functionally diverse protein family belonging to the AAA+ protein superfamily of ring-shaped P-loo... | Wikipedia/AAA_protein |
DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is the primary enzyme complex involved in prokaryotic DNA replication. It was discovered by Thomas Kornberg (son of Arthur Kornberg) and Malcolm Gefter in 1970. The complex has high processivity (i.e. the number of nucleotides added per binding event) and, specifically referring to the rep... | Wikipedia/DNA_polymerase_III |
DNA polymerase iota is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POLI gene. It is found in higher eukaryotes, and is believed to have arisen from a gene duplication from Pol η. Pol ι, is a Y family polymerase that is involved in translesion synthesis. It can bypass 6-4 pyrimidine adducts and abasic sites and has a hig... | Wikipedia/DNA_Polymerase_Iota |
Hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase is a hepatitis B viral protein. It is a DNA polymerase that can use either DNA or RNA templates and a ribonuclease H that cuts RNA in the duplex. Both functions are supplied by the reverse transcriptase (RT) domain.
== Structure ==
The hepadnaviral P protein is organized into four dom... | Wikipedia/Hepatitis_B_virus_DNA_polymerase |
Φ29 DNA polymerase is an enzyme from the bacteriophage Φ29. It is being increasingly used in molecular biology for multiple displacement DNA amplification procedures, and has a number of features that make it particularly suitable for this application. It was discovered and characterized by Spanish scientists Luis Blan... | Wikipedia/Φ29_DNA_polymerase |
Nucleoproteins are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids (either DNA or RNA). Typical nucleoproteins include ribosomes, nucleosomes and viral nucleocapsid proteins.
== Structures ==
Nucleoproteins tend to be positively charged, facilitating interaction with the negatively charged nucleic acid chains. The tertiary ... | Wikipedia/Ribonucleoprotein |
Taq polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase I named after the thermophilic eubacterial microorganism Thermus aquaticus, from which it was originally isolated by master's student Alice Chien et al. in 1976. Its name is often abbreviated to Taq or Taq pol. It is frequently used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR... | Wikipedia/Taq_DNA_polymerase |
The 5S ribosomal RNA (5S rRNA) is an approximately 120 nucleotide-long ribosomal RNA molecule with a mass of 40 kDa. It is a structural and functional component of the large subunit of the ribosome in all domains of life (bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes), with the exception of mitochondrial ribosomes of fungi and ani... | Wikipedia/5S_ribosomal_DNA |
Extrachromosomal DNA (abbreviated ecDNA) is any DNA that is found off the chromosomes, either inside or outside the nucleus of a cell. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes contained in the nucleus. Multiple forms of extrachromosomal DNA exist, and, while some of these serve important biological func... | Wikipedia/EcDNA |
In genetics, the mutation rate is the frequency of new mutations in a single gene, nucleotide sequence, or organism over time. Mutation rates are not constant and are not limited to a single type of mutation; there are many different types of mutations. Mutation rates are given for specific classes of mutations. Point ... | Wikipedia/Mutation_rate |
Satellite DNA consists of very large arrays of tandemly repeating, non-coding DNA. Satellite DNA is the main component of functional centromeres, and form the main structural constituent of heterochromatin.
The name "satellite DNA" refers to the phenomenon that repetitions of a short DNA sequence tend to produce a diff... | Wikipedia/Satellite_DNA |
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA and mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA is a small portion of the DNA contained in a eukaryotic cell; most of the DNA is in the cell nucleus, and, in plants and ... | Wikipedia/MtDNA |
Deoxyribonucleic acid ( ; DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic aci... | Wikipedia/DsDNA |
The vertebrate mitochondrial code (translation table 2) is the genetic code found in the mitochondria of all vertebrata.
== Evolution ==
AGA and AGG were thought to have become mitochondrial stop codons early in vertebrate evolution. However, at least in humans it has now been shown that AGA and AGG sequences are no... | Wikipedia/Vertebrate_mitochondrial_code |
Deoxyribonucleic acid ( ; DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic aci... | Wikipedia/SsDNA |
Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is a type of double-stranded circular DNA structure that was first discovered in 1964 by Alix Bassel and Yasuo Hotta. In contrast to previously identified circular DNA structures (e.g., bacterial plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, circular bacterial chromosomes, or chloroplast DNA), ecc... | Wikipedia/Extrachromosomal_circular_DNA |
The mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial code and the mycoplasma/spiroplasma code (translation table 4) is the genetic code used by various organisms, in some cases with slight variations, notably the use of UGA as a tryptophan codon rather than a stop codon.
== The code ==
AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLP... | Wikipedia/The_mold,_protozoan,_and_coelenterate_mitochondrial_code_and_the_mycoplasma/spiroplasma_code |
A DNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that transfects a specific antigen-coding DNA sequence into the cells of an organism as a mechanism to induce an immune response.
DNA vaccines work by injecting genetically engineered plasmid containing the DNA sequence encoding the antigen(s) against which an immune response is sough... | Wikipedia/DNA_vaccination |
A ribosomal protein (r-protein or rProtein) is any of the proteins that, in conjunction with rRNA, make up the ribosomal subunits involved in the cellular process of translation. E. coli, other bacteria and Archaea have a 30S small subunit and a 50S large subunit, whereas humans and yeasts have a 40S small subunit and ... | Wikipedia/Ribosomal_protein |
The invertebrate mitochondrial code (translation table 5) is a genetic code used by the mitochondrial genome of invertebrates. Mitochondria contain their own DNA and reproduce independently from their host cell. Variation in translation of the mitochondrial genetic code occurs when DNA codons result in non-standard ami... | Wikipedia/Invertebrate_mitochondrial_code |
Survival of motor neuron or survival motor neuron (SMN) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMN1 and SMN2 genes.
SMN is found in the cytoplasm of all animal cells and also in the nuclear gems. It functions in transcriptional regulation, telomerase regeneration and cellular trafficking. SMN deficiency, primari... | Wikipedia/Survival_of_motor_neuron |
Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) is an amplification technique (conceptually like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) but not involving nucleotides) to multiply misfolded prions originally developed by Soto and colleagues. It is a test for spongiform encephalopathies like chronic wasting disease (CWD) or bovi... | Wikipedia/Protein_misfolding_cyclic_amplification |
Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit TIM14 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC19 gene on chromosome 3. TIM14 belongs to the DnaJ family, which has been involved in Hsp40/Hsp70 chaperone systems. As a mitochondrial chaperone, TIM14 functions as part of the TIM23 complex import motor to... | Wikipedia/DNAJC19 |
DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC3 gene.
== Function ==
The protein encoded by this gene contains multiple tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs as well as the highly conserved J domain found in DNAJ chaperone family members. It is a member of the tetratricopeptide ... | Wikipedia/DNAJC3 |
DnaJ homolog subfamily A member 3, mitochondrial, also known as Tumorous imaginal disc 1 (TID1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJA3 gene on chromosome 16. This protein belongs to the DNAJ/Hsp40 protein family, which is known for binding and activating Hsp70 chaperone proteins to perform protein foldin... | Wikipedia/DNAJA3 |
Ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) are a family of small proteins involved in post-translational modification of other proteins in a cell, usually with a regulatory function. The UBL protein family derives its name from the first member of the class to be discovered, ubiquitin (Ub), best known for its role in regulating pr... | Wikipedia/Ubiquitin-like_protein |
DnaJ homolog subfamily B member 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJB6 gene.
== Function ==
This gene encodes a member of the DNAJ protein family. DNAJ family members are characterized by a highly conserved amino acid stretch called the 'J-domain' and function as one of the two major classes of molecu... | Wikipedia/DNAJB6 |
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs; ) are a group of over 70 rare inherited metabolic disorders that result from defects in lysosomal function. Lysosomes are sacs of enzymes within cells that digest large molecules and pass the fragments on to other parts of the cell for recycling. This process requires several critical ... | Wikipedia/Lysosomal_storage_diseases |
A hidden Markov model (HMM) is a Markov model in which the observations are dependent on a latent (or hidden) Markov process (referred to as
X
{\displaystyle X}
). An HMM requires that there be an observable process
Y
{\displaystyle Y}
... | Wikipedia/Markov_state_model |
In medicine, proteinopathy ([pref. protein]; -pathy [suff. disease]; proteinopathies pl.; proteinopathic adj), or proteopathy, protein conformational disorder, or protein misfolding disease, is a class of diseases in which certain proteins become structurally abnormal, and thereby disrupt the function of cells, tissues... | Wikipedia/Proteinopathy |
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) is an incurable, always fatal neurodegenerative disease belonging to the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) group. Early symptoms include memory problems, behavioral changes, poor coordination, visual disturbances and auditory disturbances. Later symptoms include dementia, inv... | Wikipedia/Creutzfeldt–Jakob_disease |
Lattice proteins are highly simplified models of protein-like heteropolymer chains on lattice conformational space which are used to investigate protein folding. Simplification in lattice proteins is twofold: each whole residue (amino acid) is modeled as a single "bead" or "point" of a finite set of types (usually only... | Wikipedia/Lattice_protein |
Putative tyrosine-protein phosphatase auxilin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC6 gene.
== Function ==
DNAJC6 belongs to the evolutionarily conserved DNAJ/HSP40 family of proteins, which regulate molecular chaperone activity by stimulating ATPase activity. DNAJ proteins may have up to 3 distinct doma... | Wikipedia/DNAJC6 |
A potential energy surface (PES) or energy landscape describes the energy of a system, especially a collection of atoms, in terms of certain parameters, normally the positions of the atoms. The surface might define the energy as a function of one or more coordinates; if there is only one coordinate, the surface is call... | Wikipedia/Energy_landscape |
Protein structure prediction is the inference of the three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence—that is, the prediction of its secondary and tertiary structure from primary structure. Structure prediction is different from the inverse problem of protein design.
Protein structure prediction i... | Wikipedia/Protein_folding_problem |
DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 5, also known as cysteine string protein or CSP is a protein, that in humans encoded by the DNAJC5 gene. It was first described in 1990.
== Gene ==
In humans, the gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 20 (20q13.33) on the Watson (positive strand). The gene is 40,867 bases in le... | Wikipedia/DNAJC5 |
Binding immunoglobulin protein (BiPS) also known as 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP-78) or heat shock 70 kDa protein 5 (HSPA5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPA5 gene.
BiP is a HSP70 molecular chaperone located in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that binds newly synthesized proteins a... | Wikipedia/Binding_immunoglobulin_protein |
Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSP90AA1 gene.
== Function ==
The gene, HSP90AA1, encodes the human stress-inducible 90-kDa heat shock protein alpha (Hsp90A). Complemented by the constitutively expressed paralog Hsp90B which shares over 85% amino acid sequence identity, ... | Wikipedia/Heat_shock_protein_90kDa_alpha_(cytosolic),_member_A1 |
Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup) is a functional analog of ubiquitin found in the prokaryote Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Like ubiquitin, Pup serves to direct proteins to the proteasome for degradation in the Pup-proteasome system (PPS). However, the enzymology of ubiquitylation and pupylation is different, owin... | Wikipedia/Prokaryotic_ubiquitin-like_protein |
Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are various conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment. These diseases include hay fever, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and anaphylaxis. Symptoms may include red eyes, an itchy rash, sne... | Wikipedia/Protein_allergy |
In molecular biology, an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) is a protein that lacks a fixed or ordered three-dimensional structure, typically in the absence of its macromolecular interaction partners, such as other proteins or RNA. IDPs range from fully unstructured to partially structured and include random coil, ... | Wikipedia/Intrinsically_unstructured_proteins |
Heat shock protein 47, also known as SERPINH1 is a serpin which serves as a human chaperone protein for collagen.
== Function ==
This protein is a member of the serpin superfamily of serine proteinase inhibitors. Its expression is induced by heat shock. HSP47 is expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum. These cells syn... | Wikipedia/Heat_shock_protein_47 |
DnaJ homolog subfamily A member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJA2 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene shares sequence similarity with Hir1p and Hir2p, the two corepressors of histone gene transcription characterized in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The structural features of this protein ... | Wikipedia/DNAJA2 |
In evolutionary biology, sequence space is a way of representing all possible sequences (for a protein, gene or genome). The sequence space has one dimension per amino acid or nucleotide in the sequence leading to highly dimensional spaces.
Most sequences in sequence space have no function, leaving relatively small reg... | Wikipedia/Protein_sequence_space |
Reinforcement is a process of speciation where natural selection increases the reproductive isolation (further divided to pre-zygotic isolation and post-zygotic isolation) between two populations of species. This occurs as a result of selection acting against the production of hybrid individuals of low fitness. The ide... | Wikipedia/Reinforcement_(speciation) |
A number of different Markov models of DNA sequence evolution have been proposed. These substitution models differ in terms of the parameters used to describe the rates at which one nucleotide replaces another during evolution. These models are frequently used in molecular phylogenetic analyses. In particular, they ar... | Wikipedia/Models_of_DNA_evolution |
Mouse models of colorectal cancer and intestinal cancer are experimental systems in which mice are genetically manipulated, fed a modified diet, or challenged with chemicals to develop malignancies in the gastrointestinal tract. These models enable researchers to study the onset, progression of the disease, and under... | Wikipedia/Mouse_model_of_colorectal_and_intestinal_cancer |
Model organism databases (MODs) are biological databases, or knowledgebases, dedicated to the provision of in-depth biological data for intensively studied model organisms. MODs allow researchers to easily find background information on large sets of genes, efficiently plan experiments, integrate their data with exist... | Wikipedia/Model_organism_databases |
Junk DNA (non-functional DNA) is a DNA sequence that has no known biological function. Most organisms have some junk DNA in their genomes—mostly pseudogenes and fragments of transposons and viruses—but it is possible that some organisms have substantial amounts of junk DNA.
All protein-coding regions are generally cons... | Wikipedia/Junk_DNA |
An autoimmune disease is a condition that results from an anomalous response of the adaptive immune system, wherein it mistakenly targets and attacks healthy, functioning parts of the body as if they were foreign organisms. It is estimated that there are more than 80 recognized autoimmune diseases, with recent scientif... | Wikipedia/Autoimmune_diseases |
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