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Animal models of ischemic stroke are procedures inducing cerebral ischemia. The aim is the study of basic processes or potential therapeutic interventions in this disease, and the extension of the pathophysiological knowledge on and/or the improvement of medical treatment of human ischemic stroke.
Ischemic stroke has a... | Wikipedia/Animal_models_of_ischemic_stroke |
Animal models of depression are research tools used to investigate depression and action of antidepressants. They are used as a simulation to investigate the symptomatology and pathophysiology of depressive illness and to screen novel antidepressants. These models provide insights into molecular, genetic, and epigeneti... | Wikipedia/Animal_models_of_depression |
An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease, is an illness resulting from an infection.
Infections can be caused by a... | Wikipedia/Infectious_diseases |
Most animal testing involves invertebrates, especially Drosophila melanogaster, a fruit fly, and Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode. These animals offer scientists many advantages over vertebrates, including their short life cycle, simple anatomy and the ease with which large numbers of individuals may be studied. Inve... | Wikipedia/Animal_testing_on_invertebrates |
A cellular model is a mathematical model of aspects of a biological cell, for the purposes of in silico research.
Developing such models has been a task of systems biology and mathematical biology. It involves developing efficient algorithms, data structures, visualization and communication tools to orchestrate the int... | Wikipedia/Cellular_model |
Breast cancer metastatic mouse models are experimental approaches in which mice are genetically manipulated to develop a mammary tumor leading to distant focal lesions of mammary epithelium created by metastasis. Mammary cancers in mice can be caused by genetic mutations that have been identified in human cancer. This ... | Wikipedia/Mouse_models_of_breast_cancer_metastasis |
The Generic Model Organism Database (GMOD) project provides biological research communities with a toolkit of open-source software components for visualizing, annotating, managing, and storing biological data. The GMOD project is funded by the United States National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation and... | Wikipedia/Generic_Model_Organism_Database |
An animal model (short for animal disease model) is a living, non-human, often genetic-engineered animal used during the research and investigation of human disease, for the purpose of better understanding the disease process without the risk of harming a human. Although biological activity in an animal model does not ... | Wikipedia/Animal_disease_model |
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of the Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout the year and more distinct seasonal changes compared to tropical cl... | Wikipedia/Temperateness |
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of the Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout the year and more distinct seasonal changes compared to tropical cl... | Wikipedia/Temperate |
The subhumid temperate climate also called monsoon temperate climate, is a temperate climate sub-type with monsoon influence, that is a climate with dry winter and wet summer. Although the terms subhumid temperate climate and monsoon temperate climate are not officially used in the Köppen climate classification, climat... | Wikipedia/Subhumid_temperate_climate |
The humid temperate climate is a temperate climate sub-type mainly located at mid latitudes. It is characterized by humidity and rain throughout the year from oceanic influence. Although the term humid temperate climate is not used in the Köppen climate classification, this climate type may fall under the Cf classifica... | Wikipedia/Humid_temperate_climate |
In virology, temperate refers to the ability of some bacteriophages (notably coliphage λ) to display a lysogenic life cycle. Many (but not all) temperate phages can integrate their genomes into their host bacterium's chromosome, together becoming a lysogen as the phage genome becomes a prophage. A temperate phage is al... | Wikipedia/Temperateness_(virology) |
The five main latitude regions of Earth's surface comprise geographical zones, divided by the major circles of latitude. The differences between them relate to climate. They are as follows:
The North Frigid Zone, between the North Pole at 90° N and the Arctic Circle at 66°33′50.5″ N, covers 4.12% of Earth's surface.
T... | Wikipedia/Geographical_zone |
The highland temperate climates are a temperate climate sub-type, although located in tropical zone, isothermal and with characteristics different from others temperate climates like oceanic or mediterranean where they are often are included without proper differentiation.
The mainly difference is that it is isothermal... | Wikipedia/Highland_temperate_climate |
Ku is a dimeric protein complex that binds to DNA double-strand break ends and is required for the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA repair. Ku is evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to humans. The ancestral bacterial Ku is a homodimer (two copies of the same protein bound to each other). Eukaryotic... | Wikipedia/Ku_(protein) |
DNA photoionization is the phenomenon according to which ultraviolet radiation absorbed directly by a DNA system (mononucleotide, single or double strand, G-quadruplex…) induces the ejection of electrons, leaving electron holes on the nucleic acid.
The loss of an electron gives rise to a radical cation on the DNA. Radi... | Wikipedia/DNA_photoionization |
A DNA repair-deficiency disorder is a medical condition due to reduced functionality of DNA repair.
DNA repair defects can cause an accelerated aging disease or an increased risk of cancer, or sometimes both.
== DNA repair defects and accelerated aging ==
DNA repair defects are seen in nearly all of the diseases desc... | Wikipedia/Inherited_human_DNA_repair_gene_mutations_that_increase_cancer_risk |
In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA. Mutations result from errors during DNA or viral replication, mitosis, or meiosis or other types of damage to DNA (such as pyrimidine dimers caused ... | Wikipedia/DNA_error |
FANC proteins are a network of at least 15 proteins that are associated with a cell process known as the Fanconi anemia.
== History ==
Fanconi anemia was first described in 1927 by Guido Fanconi, a Swiss pediatrician. It is a chromosome instability syndrome characterized by the progressiveness of bone marrow failur... | Wikipedia/FANC_proteins |
Gene conversion is the process by which one DNA sequence replaces a homologous sequence such that the sequences become identical after the conversion. Gene conversion can be either allelic, meaning that one allele of the same gene replaces another allele, or ectopic, meaning that one paralogous DNA sequence converts an... | Wikipedia/Gene_conversion |
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest. It is reported in energy units per unit time ranging from watt (joule/second) to ml O2/min or joule per hour per kg body mass J/(h·kg). Proper measurement requires a strict set of criteria to be met. These criteri... | Wikipedia/Metabolic_rate |
Signal interfering DNA (siDNA) is a class of short modified double stranded DNA molecules, 8–64 base pairs in length. siDNA molecules are capable of inhibiting DNA repair activities by interfering with multiple repair pathways. These molecules are known to act by mimicking DNA breaks and interfering with recognition an... | Wikipedia/SiDNA |
DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. A weakened capacity for DNA repair is a risk factor for the development of cancer. DNA is constantly modified in cells, by internal metabolic by-products, and by external ionizing radiatio... | Wikipedia/DNA_damage_checkpoint |
In genetics, crosslinking of DNA occurs when various exogenous or endogenous agents react with two nucleotides of DNA, forming a covalent linkage between them. This crosslink can occur within the same strand (intrastrand) or between opposite strands of double-stranded DNA (interstrand). These adducts interfere with cel... | Wikipedia/Crosslinking_of_DNA |
Senescence () or biological aging is the gradual deterioration of functional characteristics in living organisms. Whole organism senescence involves an increase in death rates or a decrease in fecundity with increasing age, at least in the later part of an organism's life cycle. However, the resulting effects of senesc... | Wikipedia/Aging_DNA |
A nick is a discontinuity in a double stranded DNA molecule where there is no phosphodiester bond between adjacent nucleotides of one strand. They typically occur through damage or enzyme action. Nicks allow DNA strands to untwist during replication, and are also thought to play a role in the DNA mismatch repair mechan... | Wikipedia/Nick_(DNA) |
DNA end resection, also called 5′–3′ degradation, is a biochemical process where the blunt end of a section of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is modified by cutting away some nucleotides from the 5' end to produce a 3' single-stranded sequence. The presence of a section of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) allows the broken end... | Wikipedia/DNA_end_resection |
Protein O-GlcNAc transferase also known as OGT or O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase is an enzyme (EC 2.4.1.255) that in humans is encoded by the OGT gene. OGT catalyzes the addition of the O-GlcNAc post-translational modification to proteins.
== Nomenclature ==
Other names include:
O-GlcNAc transferase
OGTase... | Wikipedia/Protein_O-GlcNAc_transferase |
Indirect DNA damage occurs when a UV-photon is absorbed in the human skin by a chromophore that does not have the ability to convert the energy into harmless heat very quickly. Molecules that do not have this ability have a long-lived excited state. This long lifetime leads to a high probability for reactions with othe... | Wikipedia/Indirect_DNA_damage |
DNA glycosylases are a family of enzymes involved in base excision repair, classified under EC number EC 3.2.2. Base excision repair is the mechanism by which damaged bases in DNA are removed and replaced. DNA glycosylases catalyze the first step of this process. They remove the damaged nitrogenous base while leaving... | Wikipedia/DNA_glycosylase |
Bloom syndrome protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BLM gene and is not expressed in Bloom syndrome.
The Bloom syndrome gene product is related to the RecQ subset of DExH box-containing DNA helicases and has both DNA-stimulated ATPase and ATP-dependent DNA helicase activities. Mutations causing Bloom s... | Wikipedia/Bloom_syndrome_protein |
Uracil-DNA glycosylase (also known as UNG or UDG) is an enzyme. Its most important function is to prevent mutagenesis by eliminating uracil from DNA molecules by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond and initiating the base-excision repair (BER) pathway.
== Function ==
The human gene encodes one of several uracil-DNA glycos... | Wikipedia/Uracil-DNA_glycosylase |
Progeroid syndromes (PS) are a group of rare genetic disorders that mimic physiological aging, making affected individuals appear to be older than they are. The term progeroid syndrome does not necessarily imply progeria (Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome), which is a specific type of progeroid syndrome.
Progeroid m... | Wikipedia/Accelerated_aging_disease |
A double-strand break repair model refers to the various models of pathways that cells undertake to repair double-strand breaks (DSB). DSB repair is an important cellular process, as the accumulation of unrepaired DSB could lead to chromosomal rearrangements, tumorigenesis or even cell death. In human cells, there are ... | Wikipedia/Double-strand_break_repair_model |
A blood-borne disease is a disease that can be spread through contamination by blood and other body fluids. Blood can contain pathogens of various types, chief among which are microorganisms, like bacteria and parasites, and non-living infectious agents such as viruses. Three blood-borne pathogens in particular, all vi... | Wikipedia/Blood-borne_disease |
Protein production is the biotechnological process of generating a specific protein. It is typically achieved by the manipulation of gene expression in an organism such that it expresses large amounts of a recombinant gene. This includes the transcription of the recombinant DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA), the translation ... | Wikipedia/Protein_expression_(biotechnology) |
RDNA (Radeon DNA) is a graphics processing unit (GPU) microarchitecture and accompanying instruction set architecture developed by AMD. It is the successor to their Graphics Core Next (GCN) microarchitecture/instruction set. The first product lineup featuring RDNA was the Radeon RX 5000 series of video cards, launched ... | Wikipedia/RDNA_(microarchitecture) |
The Infinite sites model (ISM) is a mathematical model of molecular evolution first proposed by Motoo Kimura in 1969. Like other mutation models, the ISM provides a basis for understanding how mutation develops new alleles in DNA sequences. Using allele frequencies, it allows for the calculation of heterozygosity, or g... | Wikipedia/Infinite_sites_model |
Haldane's dilemma, also known as the waiting time problem, is a limit on the speed of beneficial evolution, calculated by J. B. S. Haldane in 1957. Before the invention of DNA sequencing technologies, it was not known how much polymorphism DNA harbored, although alloenzymes (variant forms of an enzyme which differ stru... | Wikipedia/Haldane's_dilemma |
Coalescent theory is a model of how alleles sampled from a population may have originated from a common ancestor. In the simplest case, coalescent theory assumes no recombination, no natural selection, and no gene flow or population structure, meaning that each variant is equally likely to have been passed from one gen... | Wikipedia/Coalescent_theory |
The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution is an influential monograph written in 1983 by Japanese evolutionary biologist Motoo Kimura. While the neutral theory of molecular evolution existed since his article in 1968, Kimura felt the need to write a monograph with up-to-date information and evidences showing the import... | Wikipedia/The_Neutral_Theory_of_Molecular_Evolution |
In population genetics, the Balding–Nichols model is a statistical description of the allele frequencies in the components of a sub-divided population. With background allele frequency p the allele frequencies, in sub-populations separated by Wright's FST F, are distributed according to independent draws from
... | Wikipedia/Balding–Nichols_model |
The shifting balance theory is a theory of evolution proposed in 1932 by Sewall Wright, suggesting that adaptive evolution may proceed most quickly when a population divides into subpopulations with restricted gene flow. The name of the theory is borrowed from Wright's metaphor of fitness landscapes (evolutionary land... | Wikipedia/Shifting_balance_theory |
The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography (here "Unified Theory" or "UNTB") is a theory and the title of a monograph by ecologist Stephen P. Hubbell. It aims to explain the diversity and relative abundance of species in ecological communities. Like other neutral theories of ecology, Hubbell assumes th... | Wikipedia/Unified_neutral_theory_of_biodiversity |
In the theory of evolution and natural selection, the Price equation (also known as Price's equation or Price's theorem) describes how a trait or allele changes in frequency over time. The equation uses a covariance between a trait and fitness, to give a mathematical description of evolution and natural selection. It p... | Wikipedia/Price_equation |
Microbiology (from Ancient Greek μῑκρος (mīkros) 'small' βίος (bíos) 'life' and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular (single-celled), multicellular (consisting of complex cells), or acellular (lacking cells). Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplin... | Wikipedia/microbiology |
A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells.
Examples include the common cold, gastroenteritis, COVID-19, the flu, and rabies.
== Structural characteristics ==
Basic structural cha... | Wikipedia/Viral_disease |
The term viral protein refers to both the products of the genome of a virus and any host proteins incorporated into the viral particle. Viral proteins are grouped according to their functions, and groups of viral proteins include structural proteins, nonstructural proteins, regulatory proteins, and accessory proteins. ... | Wikipedia/Viral_protein |
Spontaneous generation is a superseded scientific theory that held that living creatures could arise from non-living matter and that such processes were commonplace and regular. It was hypothesized that certain forms, such as fleas, could arise from inanimate matter such as dust, or that maggots could arise from dead f... | Wikipedia/Theory_of_spontaneous_generation |
In the diagnostic laboratory, virus infections can be confirmed by a myriad of methods. Diagnostic virology has changed rapidly due to the advent of molecular techniques and increased clinical sensitivity of serological assays.
== Sampling ==
A wide variety of samples can be used for virological testing. The type of... | Wikipedia/Laboratory_diagnosis_of_viral_infections |
Microbial DNA barcoding is the use of DNA metabarcoding to characterize a mixture of microorganisms. DNA metabarcoding is a method of DNA barcoding that uses universal genetic markers to identify DNA of a mixture of organisms.
== History ==
Using metabarcoding to assess microbial communities has a long history. Back... | Wikipedia/Microbial_DNA_barcoding |
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific signs and symptoms. A disease may be caused by external facto... | Wikipedia/Diseases |
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2) are two viral proteins of the Epstein–Barr virus. LMP2A/LMP2B are transmembrane proteins that act to block tyrosine kinase signaling. LMP2A is a transmembrane protein that inhibits normal B-cell signal transduction by mimicking an activated B-cell receptor (BC... | Wikipedia/Epstein–Barr_virus_latent_membrane_protein_2 |
HHV Capsid Portal Protein, or HSV-1 UL-6 protein, is the protein which forms a cylindrical portal in the capsid of Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). The protein is commonly referred to as the HSV-1 UL-6 protein because it is the transcription product of Herpes gene UL-6.
The Herpes viral DNA enters and exits the capsid vi... | Wikipedia/HHV_capsid_portal_protein |
Inflammation (from Latin: inflammatio) is part of the biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. The five cardinal signs are heat, pain, redness, swelling, and loss of function (Latin calor, dolor, rubor, tumor, and functio laesa).
Inflammation is a generic r... | Wikipedia/Inflammatory_disease |
The family of vesiculovirus matrix proteins consists of several matrix proteins of the vesicular stomatitis virus, also known as VSIV or VSV. The matrix (M) protein of the virus causes many of the cytopathic effects of VSV, including an inhibition of host gene expression and the induction of cell rounding. It has been ... | Wikipedia/Vesiculovirus_matrix_proteins |
Viral matrix proteins are structural proteins linking the viral envelope with the virus core. They play a crucial role in virus assembly, and interact with the RNP complex as well as with the viral membrane. They are found in many enveloped viruses including paramyxoviruses, orthomyxoviruses, herpesviruses, retroviruse... | Wikipedia/Viral_matrix_protein |
Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA). Sophisticated programs of gene expression are widely observed in biology, for example to trigger developmental pathways, respon... | Wikipedia/Regulatory_protein |
Herpesvirus glycoprotein B is a viral glycoprotein that is involved in the viral cell entry of Herpes simplex virus (HSV). Herpesviruses have a lipid bilayer, called the envelope, which contains twelve surface glycoproteins. For infectivity to be attained, the double stranded DNA genome of HSV must enter the host cell ... | Wikipedia/Herpesvirus_glycoprotein_B |
E1 is one of two subunits of the envelope glycoprotein found in the hepatitis C virus. The other subunit is E2.
This protein is a type 1 transmembrane protein with a highly glycosylated N-terminal ectodomain and a C-terminal hydrophobic anchor. After being synthesized the E1 glycoproteins associates with the E2 glycopr... | Wikipedia/Hepatitis_C_virus_envelope_glycoprotein_E1 |
The envelope (E) protein is the smallest and least well-characterized of the four major structural proteins found in coronavirus virions. It is an integral membrane protein less than 110 amino acid residues long; in SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of Covid-19, the E protein is 75 residues long. Although it is not neces... | Wikipedia/Coronavirus_envelope_protein |
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting mol... | Wikipedia/Structural_protein |
Epstein–Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is an Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) protein that regulates its own expression and the expression of human genes. It has a molecular weight of approximately 63 kDa, and its expression induces many of the changes associated with EBV infections and activation of primary B cel... | Wikipedia/Epstein–Barr_virus_latent_membrane_protein_1 |
Infected cell protein 47 also ICP-47 or ICP47 is a protein encoded by the viruses such as Herpes simplex virus and Cytomegalovirus that allows them to evade the human immune system's CD8 T-cell response by interfering with an infected cell's ability to show viral epitopes to T cells. Its secondary structure shows three... | Wikipedia/Infected_cell_protein_47 |
The M1 protein is a matrix protein of the influenza virus. It forms a coat inside the viral envelope. This is a bifunctional membrane/RNA-binding protein that mediates the encapsidation of nucleoprotein cores into the membrane envelope. It is therefore required that M1 binds both membrane and RNA simultaneously.
The M1... | Wikipedia/M1_protein |
The p24 capsid protein is the most abundant HIV protein with each virus containing approximately 1,500 to 3,000 p24 molecules. It is the major structural protein within the capsid, and it is involved in maintaining the structural integrity of the virus and facilitating various stages of the viral life cycle, including ... | Wikipedia/P24_capsid_protein |
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. In tumor cells, these genes are often mutated, or expressed at high levels.
Most normal cells undergo a preprogrammed rapid cell death (apoptosis) if critical functions are altered and then malfunction. Activated oncogenes can cause those cells designated fo... | Wikipedia/Oncoprotein |
Varidnaviria is a realm of viruses that includes all DNA viruses that encode major capsid proteins that contain two vertical jelly roll folds. The major capsid proteins (MCP) form into pseudohexameric subunits of the viral capsid, which stores the viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The jelly roll folds are vertical, or... | Wikipedia/Varidnaviria |
Agnoprotein is a protein expressed by some members of the polyomavirus family from a gene called the agnogene. Polyomaviruses in which it occurs include two human polyomaviruses associated with disease, BK virus and JC virus, as well as the simian polyomavirus SV40.
== Sequence and structure ==
Agnoprotein is typical... | Wikipedia/Agnoprotein |
A metalloproteinase, or metalloprotease, is any protease enzyme whose catalytic mechanism involves a metal. An example is ADAM12 which plays a significant role in the fusion of muscle cells during embryo development, in a process known as myogenesis.
Most metalloproteases require zinc, but some use cobalt. The metal i... | Wikipedia/Metalloproteinase |
Duplodnaviria is a realm of viruses that includes all double-stranded DNA viruses that encode the HK97 fold major capsid protein. The HK97 fold major capsid protein (HK97 MCP) is the primary component of the viral capsid, which stores the viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Viruses in the realm also share a number of ot... | Wikipedia/Duplodnaviria |
Infected cell protein 34.5 (ICP-34.5, ICP34.5) is a protein expressed by the γ34.5 gene in viruses such as herpes simplex virus; it blocks a cellular stress response to viral infection. It shares the C-terminal regulatory domain (InterPro: IPR019523) with protein phosphatase 1 subunit 15A/B.
When a cell is infected wit... | Wikipedia/Infected_cell_protein_34.5 |
Nonstructural protein 2 (NS2) is a viral protein found in the hepatitis C virus. It is also produced by influenza viruses, and is alternatively known as the nuclear export protein (NEP).
== Role in Hepatitis C virus ==
NS2 is one of seven nonstructural proteins in HCV, with each being encoded near the carboxy-termina... | Wikipedia/Hepatitis_C_virus_nonstructural_protein_2 |
A viral structural protein is a viral protein that is a structural component of the mature virus.
Examples include the SARS coronavirus 3a and 7a accessory proteins.
== Bacteriophage T4 structural proteins ==
During assembly of the bacteriophage (phage) T4 virion, the structural proteins encoded by the phage genes in... | Wikipedia/Viral_structural_protein |
The NS1 influenza protein (NS1) is a viral nonstructural protein encoded by the NS gene segments of type A, B and C influenza viruses. Also encoded by this segment is the nuclear export protein (NEP), formerly referred to as NS2 protein, which mediates the export of influenza virus ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes fro... | Wikipedia/NS1_influenza_protein |
The Early 35 kDa protein, or P35 in short, is a baculoviral protein that inhibits apoptosis in the cells infected by the virus. Although baculoviruses infect only invertebrates in nature, ectopic expression of P35 in vertebrate animals and cells also results in inhibition of apoptosis, thus indicating a universal mecha... | Wikipedia/Early_35_kDa_protein |
The classification of viral proteins as early proteins or late proteins depends on their relationship with genome replication. While many viruses (such as HIV)[1] are described as expressing early and late proteins, this definition of these terms is commonly reserved for class I DNA viruses. (HIV has two stages of pro... | Wikipedia/Early_protein |
The Matrix-2 (M2) protein is a proton-selective viroporin, integral in the viral envelope of the influenza A virus. The channel itself is a homotetramer (consists of four identical M2 units), where the units are helices stabilized by two disulfide bonds, and is activated by low pH. The M2 protein is encoded on the seve... | Wikipedia/M2_protein |
B13R (sometimes called SPI-2) is a protein expressed by vaccinia virus.
Vaccinia virus is member of Orthopoxvirus family. These viruses contain approximately 200 genes in their genome. About one third of the genome is not necessary for the viral replication itself. These viral products interfere with the host immune re... | Wikipedia/B13R_(virus_protein) |
Envelope glycoprotein GP120 (or gp120) is a glycoprotein exposed on the surface of the HIV envelope. It was discovered by Professors Tun-Hou Lee and Myron "Max" Essex of the Harvard School of Public Health in 1984. The 120 in its name comes from its molecular weight of 120 kDa. Gp120 is essential for virus entry into c... | Wikipedia/Envelope_glycoprotein_GP120 |
Nef (Negative Regulatory Factor) is a small 27-35 kDa myristoylated protein encoded by primate lentiviruses. These include Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV). Nef localizes primarily to the cytoplasm but also partially to the Plasma membrane (PM) and is one of many... | Wikipedia/Nef_(protein) |
Minor capsid protein VP2 and minor capsid protein VP3 are viral proteins that are components of the polyomavirus capsid. Polyomavirus capsids are composed of three proteins; the major component is major capsid protein VP1, which self-assembles into pentamers that in turn self-assemble into enclosed icosahedral structur... | Wikipedia/Minor_capsid_proteins_VP2_and_VP3 |
The membrane (M) protein (previously called E1, sometimes also matrix protein) is an integral membrane protein that is the most abundant of the four major structural proteins found in coronaviruses. The M protein organizes the assembly of coronavirus virions through protein-protein interactions with other M protein mol... | Wikipedia/Coronavirus_membrane_protein |
Nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B) is a viral protein found in the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, having the key function of replicating HCV's viral RNA by using the viral positive RNA strand as a template to catalyze the polymerization of ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTP) during RNA rep... | Wikipedia/Hepatitis_C_virus_nonstructural_protein_5B |
Ebola viral protein 24 (eVP24) is considered a multifunctional secondary matrix protein present in viral particles. The broad roles eVP24 performs involve the formation of fully functional and infectious viral particles, promotion of filamentous nucleocapsid formation, mediation of host responses to infection, and supp... | Wikipedia/Ebola_viral_protein_24 |
The gag-onc fusion protein is a general term for a fusion protein formed from a group-specific antigen ('gag') gene and that of an oncogene ('onc'), a gene that plays a role in the development of a cancer. The name is also written as Gag-v-Onc, with "v" indicating that the Onc sequence resides in a viral genome. Onc is... | Wikipedia/Gag-onc_fusion_protein |
A late protein is a viral protein that is formed after replication of the virus. One example is VP4 from simian virus 40 (SV40).
== In Human papillomaviruses ==
In Human papillomavirus (HPV), two late proteins are involved in capsid formation: a major (L1) and a minor (L2) protein, in the approximate proportion 95:5%... | Wikipedia/Late_protein |
Adenovirus E1B protein usually refers to one of two proteins transcribed from the E1B gene of the adenovirus: a 55kDa protein and a 19kDa protein. These two proteins are needed to block apoptosis in adenovirus-infected cells. E1B proteins work to prevent apoptosis that is induced by the small adenovirus E1A protein, wh... | Wikipedia/Adenovirus_E1B_protein |
Nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) is a zinc-binding and proline-rich hydrophilic phosphoprotein that plays a key role in Hepatitis C virus RNA replication. It appears to be a dimeric form without trans-membrane helices.
== Structure ==
NS5A is derived from a large polyprotein that is translated from the HCV genome, and... | Wikipedia/Hepatitis_C_virus_nonstructural_protein_5A |
Major capsid protein VP1 is a viral protein that is the main component of the polyomavirus capsid. VP1 monomers are generally around 350 amino acids long and are capable of self-assembly into an icosahedral structure consisting of 360 VP1 molecules organized into 72 pentamers. VP1 molecules possess a surface binding si... | Wikipedia/Major_capsid_protein_VP1 |
Spike (S) glycoprotein (sometimes also called spike protein, formerly known as E2) is the largest of the four major structural proteins found in coronaviruses. The spike protein assembles into trimers that form large structures, called spikes or peplomers, that project from the surface of the virion. The distinctive ap... | Wikipedia/Coronavirus_spike_protein |
Monodnaviria is a realm of viruses that includes all single-stranded DNA viruses that encode an endonuclease of the HUH superfamily that initiates rolling circle replication (RCR) of the circular viral genome. Viruses descended from such viruses are also included in the realm, including certain linear single-stranded D... | Wikipedia/Monodnaviria |
The nucleocapsid (N) protein is a protein that packages the positive-sense RNA genome of coronaviruses to form ribonucleoprotein structures enclosed within the viral capsid. The N protein is the most highly expressed of the four major coronavirus structural proteins. In addition to its interactions with RNA, N forms pr... | Wikipedia/Coronavirus_nucleocapsid_protein |
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (from cyto- 'cell' via Greek κύτος kútos- 'container' + μέγας mégas 'big, megalo-' + -virus via Latin vīrus 'poison') is a genus of viruses in the order Herpesvirales, in the family Herpesviridae, in the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae. Humans and other primates serve as natural hosts. The 11 species ... | Wikipedia/Cytomegalic_inclusion_disease |
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a virus in the genus Aphthovirus that causes foot-and-mouth disease. As a member of the family Picornaviridae, FMDV is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Like other members of the picornavirus family, FMDV is small and unenveloped, with an icosahedral capsid.
The virus ... | Wikipedia/Foot-and-mouth_disease_virus |
Bidensovirus is a genus of single stranded DNA viruses that infect invertebrates. The species in this genus were originally classified in the family Parvoviridae (subfamily Densovirinae) but were moved to a new genus because of significant differences in the genomes.
== Taxonomy ==
There is one species in this genus ... | Wikipedia/Bidnaviridae |
Phycodnaviridae is a family of large (100–560 kb) double-stranded DNA viruses that infect marine or freshwater eukaryotic algae. Viruses within this family have a similar morphology, with an icosahedral capsid (polyhedron with 20 faces). As of 2014, there were 33 species in this family, divided among 6 genera. This fam... | Wikipedia/Phycodnaviridae |
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, also known as SARS-2) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In January 2020, the disease spread worldwide, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic.
The symptoms of COVID‑19 can vary but often include fever, fatigue, cough, breathing difficulties, loss of smell, and... | Wikipedia/Coronavirus_disease_2019 |
Autographivirales is an order of viruses in the class Caudoviricetes. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. The order has 4 families, 2 subfamilies unassigned to a family, and a large number of genera unassigned to a family.
== History ==
Since the 1990s, the term "T7 supergroup" has been coined for the expanding group of... | Wikipedia/Autographiviridae |
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