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Minimally invasive strabismus surgery (MISS) is a technique in strabismus surgery that uses smaller incisions than the classical surgical approach to correct the condition, thus minimizing tissue disruption. The technique was introduced by Swiss ophthalmologist Daniel Mojon around 2007, after the Belgian ophthalmologis... | Wikipedia/Minimally_invasive_strabismus_surgery |
Scleral reinforcement is a surgical procedure used to reduce or stop further macular damage caused by high myopia, which can be degenerative.
== High myopia ==
Myopia is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. It is caused by both genetic and environmental factors, such as mechanical stretching, exces... | Wikipedia/Scleral_reinforcement_surgery |
Refractive surgery is an optional eye surgery used to improve the refractive state of the eye and decrease or eliminate dependency on glasses or contact lenses. This can include various methods of surgical remodeling of the cornea (keratomileusis), lens implantation or lens replacement. The most common methods today us... | Wikipedia/Refractive_surgery |
Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive imaging technique based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) developed to visualize vascular networks in the human retina, choroid, skin and various animal models. OCTA may make use of speckle variance optical coherence tomography.
OCTA uses motion con... | Wikipedia/Optical_coherence_tomography_angiography |
Strabismus surgery (also: extraocular muscle surgery, eye muscle surgery, or eye alignment surgery) is surgery on the extraocular muscles to correct strabismus, the misalignment of the eyes. Strabismus surgery is a one-day procedure that is usually performed under general anesthesia most commonly by either a neuro- or ... | Wikipedia/Strabismus_surgery |
Cluster of differentiation 40, CD40 is a type I transmembrane protein found on antigen-presenting cells and is required for their activation. The binding of CD154 (CD40L) on TH cells to CD40 activates antigen presenting cells and induces a variety of downstream effects.
Activated CD4+ T cells primarily exhibit its liga... | Wikipedia/CD40_(protein) |
The dendritic cell-based cancer vaccine is an innovation in therapeutic strategy for cancer patients.
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells for the induction of antigen specific T cell response. DC-based immunotherapy is safe and can promote antitumor immune responses and prolonged survival of cancer patie... | Wikipedia/Dendritic_cells-_based_cancer_vaccines |
Allergen immunotherapy, also known as desensitization or hypo-sensitization, is a medical treatment for environmental allergies (such as insect bites) and asthma. Immunotherapy involves exposing people to larger and larger amounts of allergens in an attempt to change the immune system's response.
Meta-analyses have fou... | Wikipedia/Allergen_immunotherapy |
Allergen immunotherapy, also known as desensitization or hypo-sensitization, is a medical treatment for environmental allergies (such as insect bites) and asthma. Immunotherapy involves exposing people to larger and larger amounts of allergens in an attempt to change the immune system's response.
Meta-analyses have fou... | Wikipedia/Oral_immunotherapy |
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an interleukin, which is a type of cytokine signaling molecule forming part of the immune system. It is a 15.5–16 kDa protein that regulates the activities of white blood cells (leukocytes, often lymphocytes) that are responsible for immunity. IL-2 is part of the body's natural response to micro... | Wikipedia/Interleukin-2_immunotherapy |
Autologous immune enhancement therapy (AIET) is a treatment method in which immune cells are taken out from the patient's body which are cultured and processed to activate them until their resistance to cancer is strengthened and then the cells are put back in the body. The cells, antibodies, and organs of the immune s... | Wikipedia/Autologous_immune_enhancement_therapy |
Cereblon E3 ligase modulators, also known as immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs), are a class of immunomodulatory drugs (drugs that adjust immune responses) containing an imide group. The IMiD class includes thalidomide and its analogues (lenalidomide, pomalidomide, mezigdomide
and iberdomide). These drugs may also be... | Wikipedia/Immunomodulatory_imide_drug |
Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is an oncological treatment that combines photodynamic therapy of tumor with immunotherapy treatment. Combining photodynamic therapy with immunotherapy enhances the immunostimulating response and has synergistic effects for metastatic cancer treatment.
PIT is type of molecular targeted cancer t... | Wikipedia/Photoimmunotherapy |
Tolerogenic therapy aims to induce immune tolerance where there is pathological or undesirable activation of the normal immune response. This can occur, for example, when an allogeneic transplantation patient develops an immune reaction to donor antigens, or when the body responds inappropriately to autoantigens implic... | Wikipedia/Tolerogenic_therapy |
Helminthic therapy, an experimental type of immunotherapy, is the treatment of autoimmune diseases and immune disorders by means of deliberate infestation with a helminth or with the eggs of a helminth. Helminths are parasitic worms such as hookworms, whipworms, and threadworms that have evolved to live within a host o... | Wikipedia/Helminthic_therapy |
The British Armed Forces are the unified military forces responsible for the defence of the United Kingdom, its Overseas Territories and the Crown Dependencies. They also promote the UK's wider interests, support international peacekeeping efforts and provide humanitarian aid. The force is also known as His Majesty's A... | Wikipedia/British_Armed_Forces |
Ethnic plastic surgery, or ethnic modification, refers to the types of plastic surgery performed frequently due to certain racial or ethnic traits, or with the intention of making one's appearance more similar or less similar to people of a particular race or ethnicity. Popular procedures which may have an ethnically m... | Wikipedia/Ethnic_plastic_surgery |
Plastic Surgery (formerly Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery) is a peer-reviewed medical journal dealing with plastic surgery. It is the official journal of several national Canadian societies: the Canadian Society of Plastic Surgeons, the Canadian Society for Aesthetic (Cosmetic) Plastic Surgery, the Groupe pour l'A... | Wikipedia/Plastic_Surgery_(journal) |
Prison plastic surgery is plastic surgery or cosmetic surgery (often the terms are used interchangeably) offered and performed to people who are incarcerated, as a means of social rehabilitation. These services were normally provided as part of a larger package of care that may include work training, psychological serv... | Wikipedia/Prison_plastic_surgery |
Flap surgery is a technique in plastic and reconstructive surgery where tissue with an intact blood supply is lifted from a donor site and moved to a recipient site. Flaps are distinct from grafts, which do not have an intact blood supply and relies on the growth of new blood vessels. Flaps are done to fill a defect su... | Wikipedia/Flap_surgery |
The British Armed Forces are the unified military forces responsible for the defence of the United Kingdom, its Overseas Territories and the Crown Dependencies. They also promote the UK's wider interests, support international peacekeeping efforts and provide humanitarian aid. The force is also known as His Majesty's A... | Wikipedia/British_armed_forces |
Cosmetic electrotherapy is a range of beauty treatments that uses low electric currents passed through the skin to produce several therapeutic effects such as muscle toning in the body: 226 and micro-lifting of the face. In rehabilitation medicine, electrotherapy has been widely utilized and studied; however, its use ... | Wikipedia/Electrotherapy_(cosmetic) |
Self-surgery is the act of performing a surgical procedure on oneself. It can be an act taken in extreme circumstances out of necessity, an attempt to avoid embarrassment, legal action, or financial costs, or a rare manifestation of a psychological disorder.
== Genitals ==
These surgeries are generally the least life... | Wikipedia/Self-surgery |
Fetal surgery, also known as antenatal surgery or prenatal surgery, is a growing branch of maternal-fetal medicine that covers any of a broad range of surgical techniques that are used to treat congenital abnormalities in fetuses who are still in the pregnant uterus. There are three main types: open fetal surgery, whic... | Wikipedia/Fetal_surgery |
Hirschsprung's disease (HD or HSCR) is a birth defect in which nerves are missing from parts of the intestine. The most prominent symptom is constipation. Other symptoms may include vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and slow growth. Most children develop signs and symptoms shortly after birth. However, others may be d... | Wikipedia/Hirschsprung's_disease |
Damage control surgery is surgical intervention to keep the patient alive rather than correct the anatomy.
It addresses the "lethal triad" for critically ill patients with severe hemorrhage affecting homeostasis leading to metabolic acidosis, hypothermia, and increased coagulopathy.
This lifesaving method has significa... | Wikipedia/Damage_control_surgery |
Endovenous laser treatment (ELT) is a minimally invasive ultrasound-guided technique used for treating varicose veins using laser energy commonly performed by a phlebologist, interventional radiologist or vascular surgeon.
== Methods ==
Endovenous laser treatment treats varicose veins using an optical fiber that is i... | Wikipedia/Endovenous_laser_treatment |
Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is therapy that replaces the normal blood-filtering function of the kidneys. It is used when the kidneys are not working well, which is called kidney failure and includes acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Renal replacement therapy includes dialysis (hemodialysis or periton... | Wikipedia/Renal_replacement_therapy |
Adventitial cystic disease (also known as cystic adventitial disease CAD) is a rare type of non-atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease. It can present as claudication, critical limb ischemia or acute limb ischemia. The most commonly affected vessel is the popliteal artery. The cause is unknown.
== Diagnosis ==
Th... | Wikipedia/Adventitial_cystic_disease |
Spinal disease refers to a condition impairing the backbone. These include various diseases of the back or spine ("dorso-"), such as kyphosis. Dorsalgia refers to back pain. Some other spinal diseases include spinal muscular atrophy, ankylosing spondylitis, scoliosis, lumbar spinal stenosis, spina bifida, spinal tumors... | Wikipedia/Spinal_disease |
Reduction is a medical procedure to restore the correct anatomical alignment of a fracture or dislocation. When an injury results in a fracture, or broken bone, the bone segments can sometimes become misaligned. This is referred to as a displaced fracture which requires the medical procedure called reduction. Some prov... | Wikipedia/Reduction_(orthopedic_surgery) |
Articular cartilage, most notably that which is found in the knee joint, is generally characterized by very low friction, high wear resistance, and poor regenerative qualities. It is responsible for much of the compressive resistance and load bearing qualities of the knee joint and, without it, walking is painful to im... | Wikipedia/Knee_cartilage_replacement_therapy |
In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more graphemes or letters are joined to form a single glyph. Examples are the characters ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩ used in English and French, in which the letters ⟨a⟩ and ⟨e⟩ are joined for the first ligature and the letters ⟨o⟩ and ⟨e⟩ are joined for the second ligature. Fo... | Wikipedia/Typographic_ligature |
Shoulder surgery is a means of treating injured shoulders. Many surgeries have been developed to repair the muscles, connective tissue, or damaged joints that can arise from traumatic or overuse injuries to the shoulder.
== Dislocated shoulder ==
A dislocated shoulder can be treated with:
arthroscopic repairs
repair... | Wikipedia/Shoulder_surgery |
Foot and ankle surgery is a sub-specialty of orthopedics and podiatry that deals with the treatment, diagnosis and prevention of disorders of the foot and ankle. Orthopaedic surgeons are medically qualified, having been through four years of college, followed by 4 years of medical school or osteopathic medical school ... | Wikipedia/Foot_and_ankle_surgery |
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research is a peer-reviewed medical journal. It was established in 1953 as Clinical Orthopaedics by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons as an alternative to the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, which was the only American orthopaedic journal at the time. The journal obtained i... | Wikipedia/Clinical_Orthopaedics_and_Related_Research |
Advances in Therapy is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering clinical medicine, especially research on pharmaceuticals. The Managing Editor is Clare Shepherd. The journal publishes original clinical research papers and review articles. The journal was established in 1984 and published by Health Communication... | Wikipedia/Advances_in_Therapy |
Microfracture surgery is an articular cartilage repair surgical technique that works by creating tiny fractures in the underlying bone. This causes new cartilage to develop from a so-called super-clot.
The surgery is quick (typically lasting between 30 and 90 minutes), minimally invasive, and can have a significantly s... | Wikipedia/Microfracture_surgery |
This is a list of digraphs used in various Latin alphabets. In the list, letters with diacritics are arranged in alphabetical order according to their base, e.g. ⟨å⟩ is alphabetised with ⟨a⟩, not at the end of the alphabet, as it would be in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Substantially-modified letters, such as ⟨ſ⟩ (a ... | Wikipedia/Ae_(digraph) |
Affinity chromatography is a method of separating a biomolecule from a mixture, based on a highly specific macromolecular binding interaction between the biomolecule and another substance. The specific type of binding interaction depends on the biomolecule of interest; antigen and antibody, enzyme and substrate, recep... | Wikipedia/Lectin_affinity_chromatography |
An integral, or intrinsic, membrane protein (IMP) is a type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane. All transmembrane proteins can be classified as IMPs, but not all IMPs are transmembrane proteins. IMPs comprise a significant fraction of the proteins encoded in an organism's genom... | Wikipedia/Integral_membrane_proteins |
A secretory protein is any protein, whether it be endocrine or exocrine, which is secreted by a cell. Secretory proteins include many hormones, enzymes, toxins, and antimicrobial peptides. Secretory proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum.
== Production ==
The production of a secretory protein starts li... | Wikipedia/Secretory_protein |
A sialoglycoprotein is a combination of sialic acid and glycoprotein, which is, itself, a combination of sugar and protein. These proteins often contain one or more sialyl oligosaccharides that are covalently bound to the rest of the molecule.
Glycophorin C is one common sialoglycoprotein.
Podocalyxin is another sialo... | Wikipedia/Sialoglycoprotein |
Inclusion-cell (I-cell) disease, also referred to as mucolipidosis II (ML II), is part of the lysosomal storage disease family and results from a defective phosphotransferase (an enzyme of the Golgi apparatus). This enzyme transfers phosphate to mannose residues on specific proteins. Mannose-6-phosphate serves as a mar... | Wikipedia/I-cell_disease |
Protein S (also known as PROS) is a vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the liver. In the circulation, Protein S exists in two forms: a free form and a complex form bound to complement protein C4b-binding protein (C4BP). In humans, protein S is encoded by the PROS1 gene. Protein S plays a role in coa... | Wikipedia/Protein_S |
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), also called plasma lipid transfer protein, is a plasma protein that facilitates the transport of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides between the lipoproteins. It collects triglycerides from very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) or chylomicrons and exchanges them for cholestery... | Wikipedia/Cholesterylester_transfer_protein |
Salla disease (SD) or mild Free Sialic Acid Storage Disease (FSASD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease characterized by early physical impairment and intellectual disability. Salla disease (also referred to as Finnish-type sialuria, OMIM#604369) was first reported as a lysosomal storage disorder in a f... | Wikipedia/Salla_disease |
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or ice structuring proteins refer to a class of polypeptides produced by certain animals, plants, fungi and bacteria that permit their survival in temperatures below the freezing point of water. AFPs bind to small ice crystals to inhibit the growth and recrystallization of ice that would othe... | Wikipedia/Antifreeze_protein |
Protein C, also known as autoprothrombin IIA and blood coagulation factor XIV,: 6822 is a zymogen, that is, an inactive enzyme. The activated form plays an important role in regulating anticoagulation, inflammation, and cell death and maintaining the permeability of blood vessel walls in humans and other animals. Acti... | Wikipedia/Protein_C |
β2-glycoprotein 1, also known as beta-2 glycoprotein 1 and Apolipoprotein H (Apo-H), is a 38 kDa multifunctional plasma protein that in humans is encoded by the APOH gene. One of its functions is to bind cardiolipin. When bound, the structure of cardiolipin and β2-GP1 both undergo large changes in structure. Within the... | Wikipedia/Apolipoprotein_H |
Variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) is a ~60kDa protein which densely packs the cell surface of protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. This genus is notable for their cell surface proteins. They were first isolated from Trypanosoma brucei in 1975 by George Cross. VSG allows the trypanosomatid parasites ... | Wikipedia/Variable_surface_glycoprotein |
Schindler disease, also known as Kanzaki disease and alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase deficiency, is a rare disease found in humans. This lysosomal storage disorder is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme alpha-NAGA (alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase), attributable to mutations in the NAGA gene on chromosome 22, which le... | Wikipedia/Schindler_disease |
ADAMs (short for a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) are a family of single-pass transmembrane and secreted metalloendopeptidases. All ADAMs are characterized by a particular domain organization featuring a pro-domain, a metalloprotease, a disintegrin, a cysteine-rich, an epidermal-growth factor like and a transmembra... | Wikipedia/A_disintegrin_and_metalloproteinase |
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs; ) are a group of over 70 rare inherited metabolic disorders that result from defects in lysosomal function. Lysosomes are sacs of enzymes within cells that digest large molecules and pass the fragments on to other parts of the cell for recycling. This process requires several critical ... | Wikipedia/Lysosomal_storage_disease |
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, α-fetoprotein; also sometimes called alpha-1-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoglobulin, or alpha fetal protein) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AFP gene. The AFP gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 4 (4q13.3). Maternal AFP serum level is used to screen for Down syndrome, neural tube d... | Wikipedia/Alpha-fetoprotein |
A mucoprotein is a glycoprotein composed primarily of mucopolysaccharides. Mucoproteins can be found throughout the body, including the gastrointestinal tract, reproductive organs, airways, and the synovial fluid of the knees. They are called mucoproteins because the carbohydrate quantity is more than 4% unlike glycopr... | Wikipedia/Mucoprotein |
Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease is an X-linked neurological disorder that damages oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. It is caused by mutations in proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1), a major myelin protein. It is characterized by a decrease in the amount of insulating myelin surrounding the nerves (hypomyelination) ... | Wikipedia/Pelizaeus–Merzbacher_disease |
The Diseases Database is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. The database is run by Medical Object Oriented Software Enterprises Ltd, a company based in London.
The site's stated aim is "education, background reading and general interes... | Wikipedia/Diseases_Database |
Fabry disease, also known as Anderson–Fabry disease, is a rare genetic disease that can affect many parts of the body, including the kidneys, heart, brain, and skin. Fabry disease is one of a group of conditions known as lysosomal storage diseases. The genetic mutation that causes Fabry disease interferes with the fu... | Wikipedia/Fabry_disease |
Dent's disease (or Dent disease) is a rare X-linked recessive inherited condition that affects the proximal renal tubules of the kidney. It is one cause of Fanconi syndrome, and is characterized by tubular proteinuria, excess calcium in the urine, formation of calcium kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis, and chronic kidney... | Wikipedia/Dent's_disease |
Norrie disease is a rare X-linked recessive genetic disorder that primarily affects the eyes and almost always leads to blindness. It is caused by mutations in the Norrin cystine knot growth factor gene, also referred to as Norrie Disease Pseudoglioma (NDP) gene.
Norrie disease manifests with vision impairment either ... | Wikipedia/Norrie_disease |
Danon disease (or glycogen storage disease Type IIb) is a metabolic disorder. Danon disease is an X-linked lysosomal and glycogen storage disorder associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, skeletal muscle weakness, and intellectual disability. It is inherited in an X-linked dominant pattern.
== Signs and symptoms ... | Wikipedia/Danon_disease |
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (also known as Duncan disease: 86 or Purtilo syndrome and abbreviated as XLP) is a lymphoproliferative disorder, usually caused by SH2DIA gene mutations in males. XLP-positive individuals experience immune system deficiencies that render them unable to effectively respond to the E... | Wikipedia/X-linked_lymphoproliferative_disease |
Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (B.A.M.S.) is a professional degree focused on Ayurveda offered in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
Ayurveda is a type of alternative medicine, and the study of Ayurveda is scientific while the practice can be classified as scientific.
== About ==
A 2001 report from ... | Wikipedia/Bachelor_of_Ayurveda,_Medicine_and_Surgery |
A Doctor of Science (Latin: Scientiae Doctor; most commonly abbreviated DSc or ScD) is a science doctorate awarded in a number of countries throughout the world.
== Africa ==
=== Algeria and Morocco ===
In Algeria, Morocco, Libya and Tunisia, all universities accredited by the state award a "Doctorate" in all field... | Wikipedia/Doctor_of_Science |
A Bachelor of Medical Sciences (BMedSci, BMedSc, BSc(Med), BMSc) is an undergraduate academic degree involving study of a variety of disciplines related to human health leading to an in depth understanding of human biology and associated research skills such as study design, statistics and laboratory techniques. Such d... | Wikipedia/Bachelor_of_Medical_Science |
The University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (FMHS; Māori: Mātauranga Hauora) was established in 1968 as The University of Auckland School of Medicine at its present site in Grafton, Auckland. Prior to this, the University of Otago had taught some students from the final years of its medical course... | Wikipedia/University_of_Auckland_Faculty_of_Medical_and_Health_Sciences |
Clinical clerkships encompass a period of medical education in which students – medical, dental, veterinary, nursing or otherwise – practice medicine under the supervision of a health practitioner.
== Medical clerkships ==
In medical education, a clerkship, or rotation, refers to the practice of medicine by medical s... | Wikipedia/Clinical_clerkship |
Bachelor of Eastern Medicine and Surgery (BEMS) or Bachelor of Unani Medicine and Surgery (BUMS) is a bachelor's degree in Unani medicine and surgery awarded upon graduation from medical school by universities in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and in South Africa as BCM Complementary Medicine: Unani Tibb.
== ... | Wikipedia/Bachelor_of_Unani_Medicine_and_Surgery |
Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery (also known as Licentiate in Medical Practice in some instances) is a medical degree of historical importance in India. During the British rule of India some universities conferred this qualification. The qualification was conferred on a candidate who, having completed a five-year cou... | Wikipedia/Licentiate_in_Medicine_and_Surgery |
Occupational therapy (OT), also known as ergotherapy, is a healthcare profession. Ergotherapy is derived from the Greek ergon which is allied to work, to act and to be active. Occupational therapy is based on the assumption that engaging in meaningful activities, also referred to as occupations, is a basic human need a... | Wikipedia/Occupational_Therapy |
The Bachelor of Science in Clinical Medicine and community health/ Bachelor of Science in clinical medicine/ Bachelor of Science in clinical medicine, surgery and community health/ Bachelor of clinical medicine and community health (Kampala International University) is an academic dual/triple degree awarded to Clinical... | Wikipedia/Bachelor_of_Clinical_Medicine_and_Community_Health |
The University of Health and Allied Sciences (UHAS) is a public university located at Ho in the Volta Region of Ghana. UHAS is one of the youngest public universities in Ghana. Its operation started in September 2012, when the first batch of 154 students were admitted.
== History ==
The university was established by ... | Wikipedia/University_of_Health_and_Allied_Sciences |
Step 2 Clinical Skills (Step 2 CS) of the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) was an exam administered to medical students/graduates who wish to become licensed physicians in the U.S. It is similar to the COMLEX-USA Level 2-PE exam, taken by osteopathic medical students/graduates who seek licensure as ... | Wikipedia/USMLE_Step_2_Clinical_Skills |
USMLE Step 2 CK ("Clinical Knowledge") is a nine-hour-long exam that represents the second part of the United States Medical Licensure Examination. It assesses clinical knowledge through a traditional, multiple-choice examination divided into eight 60-minute blocks, each containing up to 40 questions, as well as an hou... | Wikipedia/USMLE_Step_2_Clinical_Knowledge |
A didactic method (from Greek: διδάσκειν didáskein, "to teach") is a teaching method that follows a consistent scientific approach or educational style to present information to students. The didactic method of instruction is often contrasted with dialectics and the Socratic method; the term can also be used to refer t... | Wikipedia/Didactic_method |
Physical therapy (PT), also known as physiotherapy, is a healthcare profession, as well as the care provided by physical therapists who promote, maintain, or restore health through patient education, physical intervention, disease prevention, and health promotion. Physical therapist is the term used for such profession... | Wikipedia/Physical_Therapy |
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine, with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) being the principal types. Crohn's disease affects the small intestine and large intestine, as well as the mouth, esophagus, stomach and the anus, whereas UC primaril... | Wikipedia/Inflammatory_bowel_diseases |
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are members of a therapeutic drug class which reduces pain, decreases inflammation, decreases fever, and prevents blood clots. Side effects depend on the specific drug, its dose and duration of use, but largely include an increased risk of gastrointestinal ulcers and bleeds... | Wikipedia/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drugs |
Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare long-term endocrine disorder characterized by inadequate production of the steroid hormones cortisol and aldosterone by the two outer layers of the cells of the adrenal glands (adrenal cortex), causing adrenal insufficiency. Symptoms generally de... | Wikipedia/Addison's_disease |
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an annular (ring-shaped) pentameric protein found in blood plasma, whose circulating concentrations rise in response to inflammation. It is an acute-phase protein of hepatic origin that increases following interleukin-6 secretion by macrophages and T cells. Its physiological role is to bind ... | Wikipedia/C-Reactive_Protein |
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine, with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) being the principal types. Crohn's disease affects the small intestine and large intestine, as well as the mouth, esophagus, stomach and the anus, whereas UC primaril... | Wikipedia/Inflammatory_bowel_disease |
Autoimmunity refers to a pathological immune response of the body's immune system against itself. Autoimmune disease is widely recognized to be significantly more common in women than in men, and often presents differently between the sexes. The reasons for these disparities are still under investigation, but may in pa... | Wikipedia/Autoimmune_disease_in_women |
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a syndrome, characterized by inflammation in different organs. GvHD is commonly associated with bone marrow transplants and stem cell transplants.
White blood cells of the donor's immune system which remain within the donated tissue (the graft) recognize the recipient (the host) as ... | Wikipedia/Graft-versus-host_disease |
Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GvHD) is a rare complication of blood transfusion, in which the immunologically competent donor T lymphocytes mount an immune response against the recipient's lymphoid tissue. These donor lymphocytes engraft, recognize recipient cells as foreign and mount an immune r... | Wikipedia/Transfusion-associated_graft-versus-host_disease |
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or sed rate) is the rate at which red blood cells in anticoagulated whole blood descend in a standardized tube over a period of one hour. It is a common hematology test, and is a non-specific measure of inflammation.
To perform the test, anticoagulated blood is traditionally plac... | Wikipedia/Erythrocyte_Sedimentation_Rate |
Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) (also known as latent lupus or incomplete lupus) is a disease in which the connective tissues are targeted by the immune system. It is a serological and clinical manifestation of an autoimmune disease. When there is proof of an autoimmune disease, but the disease does... | Wikipedia/Undifferentiated_connective_tissue_disease |
Immunoglobulin therapy is the use of a mixture of antibodies (normal human immunoglobulin) to treat several health conditions. These conditions include primary immunodeficiency, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Kawasaki disease, certain cases of HIV/AIDS and measles, G... | Wikipedia/Immunoglobulin_therapy |
Graves' disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter or Basedow’s disease, is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid. It frequently results in and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It also often results in an enlarged thyroid. Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism may include irritability, muscle weak... | Wikipedia/Graves'_disease |
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), also referred to as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, is a mechanism of cell-mediated immune defense whereby an effector cell of the immune system kills a target cell, whose membrane-surface antigens have been bound by specific antibodies. It is one of the m... | Wikipedia/Antibody-dependent_cellular_cytotoxicity |
Coeliac disease (British English) or celiac disease (American English) is a long-term autoimmune disorder, primarily affecting the small intestine. Patients develop intolerance to gluten, which is present in foods such as wheat, rye, spelt and barley. Classic symptoms include gastrointestinal problems such as chronic ... | Wikipedia/Celiac_disease |
Autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs) are a group of rare disorders caused by dysfunction of the innate immune system. These responses are characterized by periodic or chronic systemic inflammation, usually without the involvement of adaptive immunity.
Autoinflammatory diseases are a separate class from autoimmune diseases;... | Wikipedia/Autoinflammatory_diseases |
Functional constipation, also known as chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC), is defined by less than three bowel movements per week, hard stools, severe straining, the sensation of anorectal blockage, the feeling of incomplete evacuation, and the need for manual maneuvers during feces, without organic abnormalities. M... | Wikipedia/Functional_constipation |
Ménétrier disease is a rare, acquired, premalignant disease of the stomach characterized by massive gastric folds, gastric hyperplasia, excessive mucus production with resultant protein loss, and little or no acid production (achlorhydria). The disorder is associated with excessive secretion of transforming growth fact... | Wikipedia/Ménétrier's_disease |
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction refers to a group of functional disorders leading to abdominal pain due to dysfunction of the Sphincter of Oddi: functional biliary sphincter of Oddi and functional pancreatic sphincter of Oddi disorder. The sphincter of Oddi is a sphincter muscle, a circular band of muscle at the bottom o... | Wikipedia/Sphincter_of_Oddi_dysfunction |
Paget's disease of bone (commonly known as Paget's disease or, historically, osteitis deformans) is a condition involving cellular remodeling and deformity of one or more bones. The affected bones show signs of dysregulated bone remodeling at the microscopic level, specifically excessive bone breakdown and subsequent d... | Wikipedia/Paget's_disease_of_bone |
Tongue diseases can be congenital or acquired, and are multiple in number. Considered according to a surgical sieve, some example conditions which can involve the tongue are discussed below. Glossitis is a general term for tongue inflammation, which can have various etiologies, e.g. infection.
== Congenital ==
Examp... | Wikipedia/Tongue_disease |
Necrotizing periodontal diseases is one of the three categories of periodontitis as defined by the American Academy of Periodontology/European Federation of Periodontology 2017 World Workshop classification system.
Necrotizing periodontal diseases are a type of inflammatory periodontal (gum) disease caused by bacteria ... | Wikipedia/Necrotizing_periodontal_diseases |
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response related to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. It has been found to be conserved between mammalian species, as well as yeast and worm organisms.
The UPR is activated in response to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the ... | Wikipedia/Unfolded_protein_response |
Salivary gland diseases (SGDs) are multiple and varied in cause. There are three paired major salivary glands in humans: the parotid glands, the submandibular glands, and the sublingual glands. There are also about 800–1,000 minor salivary glands in the mucosa of the mouth. The parotid glands are in front of the ears, ... | Wikipedia/Salivary_gland_disease |
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