Search is not available for this dataset
text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 31 389 | page_title stringlengths 1 250 | section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k | context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k | context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k | media list | hierachy list | category list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
projected-17330576-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1534%20N%C3%A4si | 1534 Näsi | Lightcurve observations | 1534 Näsi, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter.
It was discovered on 20 January 1939, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and later named for the Finnish lake Näsijärvi. | In April 2007, the so-far best rated rotational lightcurve of Näsi was obtained by Jason Sauppe at Oakley Observatory in the United States. The lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.94 hours with a brightness variation of 0.35 magnitude ().
Periods from other photometric observations were obtained by astronomers René Roy in May 2016 (5.98 hours, Δ0.47 mag, ), Giovanni de Sanctis in the 1990s (9.75 hours, Δ0.22 mag, ), Adrián Galád in October 2005 (7.9338 hours, Δ0.51 mag, ), and a period of 7.93161 hours modeled from various data sources and published in 2016 (). | [] | [
"Physical characteristics",
"Lightcurve observations"
] | [
"Chloris asteroids",
"Discoveries by Yrjö Väisälä",
"Minor planets named for places",
"Named minor planets",
"Cgh-type asteroids (SMASS)",
"Astronomical objects discovered in 1939"
] |
projected-17330576-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1534%20N%C3%A4si | 1534 Näsi | Spectral type, diameter and albedo | 1534 Näsi, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter.
It was discovered on 20 January 1939, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and later named for the Finnish lake Näsijärvi. | In the SMASS taxonomy, the carbonaceous C-type asteroid is also classified as a Cgh-subtype. According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Näsi measures between 18.32 and 27.52 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.035 and 0.100. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0721 and a diameter of 22.11 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.75. | [] | [
"Physical characteristics",
"Spectral type, diameter and albedo"
] | [
"Chloris asteroids",
"Discoveries by Yrjö Väisälä",
"Minor planets named for places",
"Named minor planets",
"Cgh-type asteroids (SMASS)",
"Astronomical objects discovered in 1939"
] |
projected-17330576-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1534%20N%C3%A4si | 1534 Näsi | Naming | 1534 Näsi, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter.
It was discovered on 20 January 1939, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and later named for the Finnish lake Näsijärvi. | This minor planet is named for the large Finnish lake Näsijärvi, sometimes called "Näsi". It measures 256 square kilometers (99 sq mi) in size and is located only 95 metres above sea level. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (). | [] | [
"Naming"
] | [
"Chloris asteroids",
"Discoveries by Yrjö Väisälä",
"Minor planets named for places",
"Named minor planets",
"Cgh-type asteroids (SMASS)",
"Astronomical objects discovered in 1939"
] |
projected-26722526-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnieszka%20Pogroszewska | Agnieszka Pogroszewska | Introduction | Agnieszka Pogroszewska (born February 20, 1977) is a retired female hammer thrower from Poland. She set her personal best (67.98 metres) on June 8, 2001 at a meet in Poznań.
She represented Poland at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics and competed at the European Athletics Championships in 1998 and 2002. Pogroszewska has also taken part in the Summer Universiade, finishing eleventh in 2001 and improving to win the bronze medal at the 2003 Summer Universiade. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1977 births",
"Living people",
"Polish female hammer throwers",
"Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)",
"Place of birth missing (living people)",
"Universiade bronze medalists for Poland",
"Competitors at the 2001 Summer Universiade",
"Medalists at the 2003 Summer Universiade"
] | |
projected-26722526-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnieszka%20Pogroszewska | Agnieszka Pogroszewska | References | Agnieszka Pogroszewska (born February 20, 1977) is a retired female hammer thrower from Poland. She set her personal best (67.98 metres) on June 8, 2001 at a meet in Poznań.
She represented Poland at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics and competed at the European Athletics Championships in 1998 and 2002. Pogroszewska has also taken part in the Summer Universiade, finishing eleventh in 2001 and improving to win the bronze medal at the 2003 Summer Universiade. | Category:1977 births
Category:Living people
Category:Polish female hammer throwers
Category:Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:Universiade bronze medalists for Poland
Category:Competitors at the 2001 Summer Universiade
Category:Medalists at the 2003 Summer Universiade | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1977 births",
"Living people",
"Polish female hammer throwers",
"Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)",
"Place of birth missing (living people)",
"Universiade bronze medalists for Poland",
"Competitors at the 2001 Summer Universiade",
"Medalists at the 2003 Summer Universiade"
] |
projected-26722538-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20John%20the%20Baptist%20School | St. John the Baptist School | Introduction | St. John the Baptist School may refer to: | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-26722538-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20John%20the%20Baptist%20School | St. John the Baptist School | India | St. John the Baptist School may refer to: | St. John the Baptist High School, Thane | [] | [
"India"
] | [] |
projected-26722538-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20John%20the%20Baptist%20School | St. John the Baptist School | United Kingdom | St. John the Baptist School may refer to: | St. John the Baptist School (Aberdare), Wales
St. John the Baptist School (Woking), Surrey | [] | [
"United Kingdom"
] | [] |
projected-26722538-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20John%20the%20Baptist%20School | St. John the Baptist School | United States | St. John the Baptist School may refer to: | St. John the Baptist Parish School Board, Louisiana
St. John the Baptist School (Minnesota)
St. John the Baptist High School (St. Louis, Missouri)
St. John The Baptist School (Alden, New York)
St. John The Baptist School (Peabody, Massachusetts)
St. John the Baptist Diocesan High School, West Islip, New York | [] | [
"United States"
] | [] |
projected-26722540-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetze%20Doorman | Jetze Doorman | Introduction | Jetze Doorman (2 July 1881 – 28 February 1931) was a Dutch fencer. He won four Olympic bronze medals. He also competed in the modern pentathlon at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
Doorman won the European Champion in Paris in 1907. This victory caused that the Netherlands had to organize the championships the next year and due to that the Dutch national fencing association, now called "Koninklijke Nederlandse Algemene Schermbond" (KNAS) was established. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1881 births",
"1931 deaths",
"Dutch male fencers",
"Dutch male modern pentathletes",
"Olympic fencers of the Netherlands",
"Olympic modern pentathletes of the Netherlands",
"Fencers at the 1906 Intercalated Games",
"Fencers at the 1908 Summer Olympics",
"Fencers at the 1912 Summer Olympics",
"Fen... | |
projected-26722560-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bockstael%20railway%20station | Bockstael railway station | Introduction | Bockstael railway station is a railway station in Brussels, Belgium operated by the SNCB/NMBS. It opened in 1982 to replace the Laeken railway station. The station is located in the City of Brussels on the Belgian railway line 50, between the Brussels-North and Jette railway station. It is named after the nearby Place Bockstael/Bockstaelplein. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Railway stations in Brussels",
"City of Brussels",
"Railway stations opened in 1982"
] | |
projected-26722560-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bockstael%20railway%20station | Bockstael railway station | Train services | Bockstael railway station is a railway station in Brussels, Belgium operated by the SNCB/NMBS. It opened in 1982 to replace the Laeken railway station. The station is located in the City of Brussels on the Belgian railway line 50, between the Brussels-North and Jette railway station. It is named after the nearby Place Bockstael/Bockstaelplein. | The station is served by the following service(s):
Brussels RER services (S3) Dendermonde - Brussels - Denderleeuw - Zottegem - Oudenaarde (weekdays)
Brussels RER services (S4) Aalst - Denderleeuw - Brussels-Luxembourg (- Etterbeek - Merode - Vilvoorde) (weekdays)
Brussels RER services (S10) Dendermonde - Brussels - Denderleeuw - Aalst | [] | [
"Train services"
] | [
"Railway stations in Brussels",
"City of Brussels",
"Railway stations opened in 1982"
] |
projected-26722560-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bockstael%20railway%20station | Bockstael railway station | Connections | Bockstael railway station is a railway station in Brussels, Belgium operated by the SNCB/NMBS. It opened in 1982 to replace the Laeken railway station. The station is located in the City of Brussels on the Belgian railway line 50, between the Brussels-North and Jette railway station. It is named after the nearby Place Bockstael/Bockstaelplein. | The station offers a connection with the Bockstael metro station as well as tram route 62 and 93 and bus routes 49, 53, 88 and 89. Many De Lijn buses also stop at Bockstael. | [] | [
"Connections"
] | [
"Railway stations in Brussels",
"City of Brussels",
"Railway stations opened in 1982"
] |
projected-26722560-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bockstael%20railway%20station | Bockstael railway station | References | Bockstael railway station is a railway station in Brussels, Belgium operated by the SNCB/NMBS. It opened in 1982 to replace the Laeken railway station. The station is located in the City of Brussels on the Belgian railway line 50, between the Brussels-North and Jette railway station. It is named after the nearby Place Bockstael/Bockstaelplein. | Category:Railway stations in Brussels
Category:City of Brussels
Category:Railway stations opened in 1982 | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Railway stations in Brussels",
"City of Brussels",
"Railway stations opened in 1982"
] |
projected-44498073-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry%20Birds%20Stella%20%28TV%20series%29 | Angry Birds Stella (TV series) | Introduction | Angry Birds Stella is a Finnish computer-animated adventure television series based on the whole all-device mobile game Angry Birds:Slingshot Stella produced by Rovio Entertainment. The first episode, "A Fork in the Friendship", aired on Toons.TV on November 1, 2014. The series ended on March 11, 2016. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Angry Birds television series",
"2014 Finnish television series debuts",
"2016 Finnish television series endings",
"2010s Finnish television series",
"Finnish children's animated adventure television series",
"Finnish children's animated comedy television series",
"Finnish children's animated drama tel... | |
projected-44498073-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry%20Birds%20Stella%20%28TV%20series%29 | Angry Birds Stella (TV series) | Overview | Angry Birds Stella is a Finnish computer-animated adventure television series based on the whole all-device mobile game Angry Birds:Slingshot Stella produced by Rovio Entertainment. The first episode, "A Fork in the Friendship", aired on Toons.TV on November 1, 2014. The series ended on March 11, 2016. | The series recounts the tale of young Stella, along with her friends Luca, a builder; Willow, a creative painter and artist with work of art; Poppy, a crazily loud drummer; and Dahlia, a scientist, a total brain, and an inventor as they struggle to contain Gale, the former friend of Stella, that is the queen of the minion pigs in Golden Island. | [] | [
"Overview"
] | [
"Angry Birds television series",
"2014 Finnish television series debuts",
"2016 Finnish television series endings",
"2010s Finnish television series",
"Finnish children's animated adventure television series",
"Finnish children's animated comedy television series",
"Finnish children's animated drama tel... |
projected-44498073-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry%20Birds%20Stella%20%28TV%20series%29 | Angry Birds Stella (TV series) | Main characters | Angry Birds Stella is a Finnish computer-animated adventure television series based on the whole all-device mobile game Angry Birds:Slingshot Stella produced by Rovio Entertainment. The first episode, "A Fork in the Friendship", aired on Toons.TV on November 1, 2014. The series ended on March 11, 2016. | Stella, A pink galah – The de facto leader of the flock, Stella is described as adventurous, fierce, friendly, courageous, and bold. Despite being very upset with her former friend Gale for the latter's departure and betrayal in the name of vanity, she still considers Gale a friend.
Dahlia, a brownish long-eared owl – The brains of the whole flock and a smart inventing genius and the oldest, but some of her inventions often backfire.
Luca, A sky blue scrub-jay – The youngest and the only male in the flock. He is very playful and imaginative, and, unlike the others, has little to no ill-will towards Gale after the latter left the flock.
Poppy, A light yellow Cockatiel – Loud and boisterous, Poppy has a fondness for music, but the amount of noise she makes from her percussion often irks her friends instead, as Poppy frequently enjoys herself to the point she is unaware of the racket she makes.
Willow, A dark blue western crowned pigeon with feathers resembling dreadlocks (most of which are concealed underneath her signature striped, floppy hat) – Very shy and insecure, however, she is a very talented artist, specializes in painting portraits and Luca's older sister.
Gale, a dark purple violet-backed starling, also known as the Bad Princess – A selfish and extremely vain bird, formerly one of the flock and was once a close friend of Stella. She left the flock after discovering that, unlike her friends, the pigs were willing to have her as their queen without question and will answer her every whim. Despite leaving the flock, Gale remains highly motivated to keep the attention of her former friends, which often comes into direct conflict with her superiority complex. | [] | [
"Characters",
"Main characters"
] | [
"Angry Birds television series",
"2014 Finnish television series debuts",
"2016 Finnish television series endings",
"2010s Finnish television series",
"Finnish children's animated adventure television series",
"Finnish children's animated comedy television series",
"Finnish children's animated drama tel... |
projected-44498073-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry%20Birds%20Stella%20%28TV%20series%29 | Angry Birds Stella (TV series) | Supporting characters | Angry Birds Stella is a Finnish computer-animated adventure television series based on the whole all-device mobile game Angry Birds:Slingshot Stella produced by Rovio Entertainment. The first episode, "A Fork in the Friendship", aired on Toons.TV on November 1, 2014. The series ended on March 11, 2016. | Handsome Pig, a pig with a blond wig who has a crush on Gale.
Minion Pigs, pigs who are assistants of Gale. | [] | [
"Characters",
"Supporting characters"
] | [
"Angry Birds television series",
"2014 Finnish television series debuts",
"2016 Finnish television series endings",
"2010s Finnish television series",
"Finnish children's animated adventure television series",
"Finnish children's animated comedy television series",
"Finnish children's animated drama tel... |
projected-44498073-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry%20Birds%20Stella%20%28TV%20series%29 | Angry Birds Stella (TV series) | Home media | Angry Birds Stella is a Finnish computer-animated adventure television series based on the whole all-device mobile game Angry Birds:Slingshot Stella produced by Rovio Entertainment. The first episode, "A Fork in the Friendship", aired on Toons.TV on November 1, 2014. The series ended on March 11, 2016. | Sony Pictures Home Entertainment is the DVD distributor for the series.
Angry Birds Stella: The Complete 1st Season (December 1, 2015)
Angry Birds Stella: The Complete 2nd Season (March 1, 2016) | [] | [
"Home media"
] | [
"Angry Birds television series",
"2014 Finnish television series debuts",
"2016 Finnish television series endings",
"2010s Finnish television series",
"Finnish children's animated adventure television series",
"Finnish children's animated comedy television series",
"Finnish children's animated drama tel... |
projected-44498073-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry%20Birds%20Stella%20%28TV%20series%29 | Angry Birds Stella (TV series) | References | Angry Birds Stella is a Finnish computer-animated adventure television series based on the whole all-device mobile game Angry Birds:Slingshot Stella produced by Rovio Entertainment. The first episode, "A Fork in the Friendship", aired on Toons.TV on November 1, 2014. The series ended on March 11, 2016. | Category:Angry Birds television series
Category:2014 Finnish television series debuts
Category:2016 Finnish television series endings
Category:2010s Finnish television series
Category:Finnish children's animated adventure television series
Category:Finnish children's animated comedy television series
Category:Finnish children's animated drama television series
Category:Computer-animated television series
Category:KidsClick
Category:Television series by Rovio Entertainment
Category:Animated television series spinoffs
Category:Animated television series about birds
Category:Animated television series without speech | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Angry Birds television series",
"2014 Finnish television series debuts",
"2016 Finnish television series endings",
"2010s Finnish television series",
"Finnish children's animated adventure television series",
"Finnish children's animated comedy television series",
"Finnish children's animated drama tel... |
projected-26722602-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Von%20Hoff | Bruce Von Hoff | Introduction | Bruce Frederick Von Hoff (November 17, 1943 – September 11, 2012) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He was born in Oakland, California.
Von Hoff pitched in a total of thirteen games for the Houston Astros in the 1965 and 1967 seasons.
He died at his home in Gulfport, Florida. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1943 births",
"2012 deaths",
"Amarillo Sonics players",
"Arkansas Travelers players",
"Asheville Tourists players",
"Baseball players from Oakland, California",
"Cocoa Astros players",
"Dallas–Fort Worth Spurs players",
"Decatur Commodores players",
"Durham Bulls players",
"El Paso Sun Kings pl... | |
projected-44498076-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20in%20Taiwan | 1985 in Taiwan | Introduction | Events from the year 1985 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 74 according to the official Republic of China calendar. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1985 in Taiwan",
"Years of the 20th century in Taiwan"
] | |
projected-44498076-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20in%20Taiwan | 1985 in Taiwan | Incumbents | Events from the year 1985 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 74 according to the official Republic of China calendar. | President – Chiang Ching-kuo
Vice President – Lee Teng-hui
Premier – Yu Kuo-hwa
Vice Premier – Lin Yang-kang | [] | [
"Incumbents"
] | [
"1985 in Taiwan",
"Years of the 20th century in Taiwan"
] |
projected-44498076-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20in%20Taiwan | 1985 in Taiwan | January | Events from the year 1985 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 74 according to the official Republic of China calendar. | 5 January – The establishment of Institute of Transportation. | [] | [
"Events",
"January"
] | [
"1985 in Taiwan",
"Years of the 20th century in Taiwan"
] |
projected-44498076-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20in%20Taiwan | 1985 in Taiwan | February | Events from the year 1985 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 74 according to the official Republic of China calendar. | 9 February – the total amount of loans made by the Taipei 10th Credit Corporation(臺北十信) accounted for 102% of the total deposits. In order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of depositors, the Ministry of Finance ordered the cooperative to suspend business for three days, and temporarily took over the cooperation from the Taiwan Provincial Cooperative, strictly inspecting and rectifying the situation. | [] | [
"Events",
"February"
] | [
"1985 in Taiwan",
"Years of the 20th century in Taiwan"
] |
projected-44498076-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20in%20Taiwan | 1985 in Taiwan | August | Events from the year 1985 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 74 according to the official Republic of China calendar. | 1 August – The opening of Minghu Dam in Nantou County.
27 August – The inauguration of Keelung City Cultural Center in Keelung. | [] | [
"Events",
"August"
] | [
"1985 in Taiwan",
"Years of the 20th century in Taiwan"
] |
projected-44498076-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20in%20Taiwan | 1985 in Taiwan | October | Events from the year 1985 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 74 according to the official Republic of China calendar. | 19 October – The start of the construction to expand Yunlin Prison in Huwei Township, Yunlin County.
25 October – The opening of Zhongli Arts Hall in Taoyuan County (now Taoyuan City). | [] | [
"Events",
"October"
] | [
"1985 in Taiwan",
"Years of the 20th century in Taiwan"
] |
projected-44498076-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20in%20Taiwan | 1985 in Taiwan | December | Events from the year 1985 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 74 according to the official Republic of China calendar. | 31 December – The inauguration of Taipei World Trade Center in Xinyi District, Taipei. | [] | [
"Events",
"December"
] | [
"1985 in Taiwan",
"Years of the 20th century in Taiwan"
] |
projected-44498076-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20in%20Taiwan | 1985 in Taiwan | Births | Events from the year 1985 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 74 according to the official Republic of China calendar. | 8 January – Chan Chin-wei, tennis athlete
10 January – Ko Chia-yen, actress
15 January – Hush, singer
22 January – Chen Cho-yi, swimmer
26 January – Allison Lin, actress
28 February – Lee Tai-lin, football athlete
18 March – Chen Hui-shan, football goalkeeper
6 April – Lu Ying-chi, weightlifting athlete
11 May – Tia Lee, singer, actress and model
20 June – Cheng Chi-hung, baseball player
2 July – Renée Chen, singer and songwriter
15 July – Crowd Lu, singer-songwriter and actor
18 September – Amber An, model, singer and actress
5 November – Ma Chih-hung, luge athlete
20 November – Aaron Yan, model, actor and singer
25 December – Chang Han, football athlete | [] | [
"Births"
] | [
"1985 in Taiwan",
"Years of the 20th century in Taiwan"
] |
projected-44498076-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20in%20Taiwan | 1985 in Taiwan | Deaths | Events from the year 1985 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 74 according to the official Republic of China calendar. | 12 March – Yang Kui, former writer.
26 August – Chang Chi-yun, Minister of Education (1954–1958).
2 September – Yu Ching-tang, Vice Premier (1963–1966). | [] | [
"Deaths"
] | [
"1985 in Taiwan",
"Years of the 20th century in Taiwan"
] |
projected-44498076-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20in%20Taiwan | 1985 in Taiwan | References | Events from the year 1985 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 74 according to the official Republic of China calendar. | Category:Years of the 20th century in Taiwan | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1985 in Taiwan",
"Years of the 20th century in Taiwan"
] |
projected-44498085-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Elders | John Elders | Introduction | John Elders (18 December 1930 – 3 May 2015) was an English rugby union player and coach. He played with Leicester Tigers between 1953–1958, scoring the third most tries in the 1950s for his club (38). Elders was also club captain for a number of seasons.
Elders coached the England team between 1972–1974. He guided England to their first ever away win against New Zealand, and also coached England through an unbeaten tour of South Africa. Elders played one game for Barbarian FC in the late 1950s.
Elders was the sports master at the Newcastle Royal Grammar School between 1957–1982. Whilst teaching there he played and coached for Northern FC and (Old) Novocastrians. He joined Old Novocastrians whilst a teacher at the Newcastle Royal Grammar School and was always an advocate for the club, helping bring many players to the club in the 1960s, 70s and 80s. Elders captained Old Novos from 1959–61.
Elders coached the Downlands College First XV. The 1987 team went undefeated, including matches against Sydney's King's, Riverview and St Joseph's colleges. The side included future Wallabies Brett Johnstone, Brett Robinson, Garrick Morgan, Peter Ryan and Tim Horan.
He died on 3 May 2015, aged 84, after a long illness. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1930 births",
"2015 deaths",
"English rugby union coaches",
"Rugby union centres",
"Leicester Tigers players",
"Barbarian F.C. players",
"England national rugby union team coaches"
] | |
projected-44498085-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Elders | John Elders | References | John Elders (18 December 1930 – 3 May 2015) was an English rugby union player and coach. He played with Leicester Tigers between 1953–1958, scoring the third most tries in the 1950s for his club (38). Elders was also club captain for a number of seasons.
Elders coached the England team between 1972–1974. He guided England to their first ever away win against New Zealand, and also coached England through an unbeaten tour of South Africa. Elders played one game for Barbarian FC in the late 1950s.
Elders was the sports master at the Newcastle Royal Grammar School between 1957–1982. Whilst teaching there he played and coached for Northern FC and (Old) Novocastrians. He joined Old Novocastrians whilst a teacher at the Newcastle Royal Grammar School and was always an advocate for the club, helping bring many players to the club in the 1960s, 70s and 80s. Elders captained Old Novos from 1959–61.
Elders coached the Downlands College First XV. The 1987 team went undefeated, including matches against Sydney's King's, Riverview and St Joseph's colleges. The side included future Wallabies Brett Johnstone, Brett Robinson, Garrick Morgan, Peter Ryan and Tim Horan.
He died on 3 May 2015, aged 84, after a long illness. | Category:1930 births
Category:2015 deaths
Category:English rugby union coaches
Category:Rugby union centres
Category:Leicester Tigers players
Category:Barbarian F.C. players
Category:England national rugby union team coaches | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1930 births",
"2015 deaths",
"English rugby union coaches",
"Rugby union centres",
"Leicester Tigers players",
"Barbarian F.C. players",
"England national rugby union team coaches"
] |
projected-17330578-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipiwai | Pipiwai | Introduction | Pipiwai or Pīpīwai is a locality in the Te Horo valley in Northland, New Zealand. Whangarei is about 35 km to the southeast. Titoki is about 16 km to the south.
There are few jobs in the area, and most adults commute to Whangarei or Dargaville. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Whangarei District",
"Populated places in the Northland Region"
] | |
projected-17330578-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipiwai | Pipiwai | Marae | Pipiwai or Pīpīwai is a locality in the Te Horo valley in Northland, New Zealand. Whangarei is about 35 km to the southeast. Titoki is about 16 km to the south.
There are few jobs in the area, and most adults commute to Whangarei or Dargaville. | The local Tau Henare Marae and meeting house are a traditional meeting ground for the Ngāpuhi hapū of Te Orewai and Ngāti Hine. The Omauri marae grounds, located near Pipiwai, are a meeting place for the Ngāpuhi hapū of Ngā Uri o Puhatahi. | [] | [
"Marae"
] | [
"Whangarei District",
"Populated places in the Northland Region"
] |
projected-17330578-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipiwai | Pipiwai | Education | Pipiwai or Pīpīwai is a locality in the Te Horo valley in Northland, New Zealand. Whangarei is about 35 km to the southeast. Titoki is about 16 km to the south.
There are few jobs in the area, and most adults commute to Whangarei or Dargaville. | Te Horo School is a coeducational full primary (years 1–8) school with a decile rating of 2 and a roll of 38.
Tau Henare Marae runs a kohanga reo. | [] | [
"Education"
] | [
"Whangarei District",
"Populated places in the Northland Region"
] |
projected-17330578-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipiwai | Pipiwai | Notable people | Pipiwai or Pīpīwai is a locality in the Te Horo valley in Northland, New Zealand. Whangarei is about 35 km to the southeast. Titoki is about 16 km to the south.
There are few jobs in the area, and most adults commute to Whangarei or Dargaville. | Taurekareka Henare, Reform Party politician | [] | [
"Notable people"
] | [
"Whangarei District",
"Populated places in the Northland Region"
] |
projected-17330578-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipiwai | Pipiwai | Notes | Pipiwai or Pīpīwai is a locality in the Te Horo valley in Northland, New Zealand. Whangarei is about 35 km to the southeast. Titoki is about 16 km to the south.
There are few jobs in the area, and most adults commute to Whangarei or Dargaville. | Category:Whangarei District
Category:Populated places in the Northland Region | [] | [
"Notes"
] | [
"Whangarei District",
"Populated places in the Northland Region"
] |
projected-44498102-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Macnaghten | Ernest Macnaghten | Introduction | Ernest Brander Macnaghten CMG, DSO (1872–1948) was a British Army officer who also served as the chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council from 1930 to 1932. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"History of Shanghai",
"Chairmen of the Shanghai Municipal Council",
"1872 births",
"1948 deaths",
"Royal Artillery officers",
"British Army personnel of World War I",
"British Army personnel of the Second Boer War",
"Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George",
"Companions of the Distingui... | |
projected-44498102-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Macnaghten | Ernest Macnaghten | Early life | Ernest Brander Macnaghten CMG, DSO (1872–1948) was a British Army officer who also served as the chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council from 1930 to 1932. | Macnaghten was born 11 September 1872 in India, the son of William Hay Macnaghten and Alice Ellen Brander. He was educated at Wellington College, Berkshire and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, where he was awarded the Sword of Honour. | [] | [
"Early life"
] | [
"History of Shanghai",
"Chairmen of the Shanghai Municipal Council",
"1872 births",
"1948 deaths",
"Royal Artillery officers",
"British Army personnel of World War I",
"British Army personnel of the Second Boer War",
"Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George",
"Companions of the Distingui... |
projected-44498102-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Macnaghten | Ernest Macnaghten | Military career | Ernest Brander Macnaghten CMG, DSO (1872–1948) was a British Army officer who also served as the chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council from 1930 to 1932. | Macnaghten was commissioned in the Royal Artillery in November 1894. He served in India (1894–1896), West Africa (1898–1899), South Africa (1900–1902), Somaliland (1903–1904), India (1905–1909), England (1910–1914) and in France during World War I where he was awarded two brevets, CMG, DSO, Croix de Guerre and eight mentions in dispatches. He rose to the rank of Colonel. | [] | [
"Military career"
] | [
"History of Shanghai",
"Chairmen of the Shanghai Municipal Council",
"1872 births",
"1948 deaths",
"Royal Artillery officers",
"British Army personnel of World War I",
"British Army personnel of the Second Boer War",
"Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George",
"Companions of the Distingui... |
projected-44498102-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Macnaghten | Ernest Macnaghten | Shanghai | Ernest Brander Macnaghten CMG, DSO (1872–1948) was a British Army officer who also served as the chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council from 1930 to 1932. | After the war, Macnaghten resigned his commission with the honorary rank of Brigadier General.
He joined British American Tobacco in Shanghai, China. From 1930 to 1932 he served as Chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council. He was also President of the United Services Association and the St Andrew's Society. | [
"Richard Feetham and Ernest Macnaghten in Shanghai in 1931.jpg"
] | [
"Shanghai"
] | [
"History of Shanghai",
"Chairmen of the Shanghai Municipal Council",
"1872 births",
"1948 deaths",
"Royal Artillery officers",
"British Army personnel of World War I",
"British Army personnel of the Second Boer War",
"Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George",
"Companions of the Distingui... |
projected-44498102-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Macnaghten | Ernest Macnaghten | Marriage and children | Ernest Brander Macnaghten CMG, DSO (1872–1948) was a British Army officer who also served as the chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council from 1930 to 1932. | Macnaghten married Yvonne Marie Forrester at Windsor, England on 4 October 1906. They had five children, Susan May, Joan Yvonne Marie, Audrey Clarisse and James Steuart (twins) and Garrelle Renee. | [] | [
"Marriage and children"
] | [
"History of Shanghai",
"Chairmen of the Shanghai Municipal Council",
"1872 births",
"1948 deaths",
"Royal Artillery officers",
"British Army personnel of World War I",
"British Army personnel of the Second Boer War",
"Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George",
"Companions of the Distingui... |
projected-44498102-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Macnaghten | Ernest Macnaghten | Retirement and death | Ernest Brander Macnaghten CMG, DSO (1872–1948) was a British Army officer who also served as the chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council from 1930 to 1932. | Macnaghten retired to his house Haygates in Finchampstead, Berkshire. He died on 21 November 1948 in the same town. | [] | [
"Retirement and death"
] | [
"History of Shanghai",
"Chairmen of the Shanghai Municipal Council",
"1872 births",
"1948 deaths",
"Royal Artillery officers",
"British Army personnel of World War I",
"British Army personnel of the Second Boer War",
"Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George",
"Companions of the Distingui... |
projected-44498103-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryodaya%20higher%20secondary%20school | Suryodaya higher secondary school | Introduction | Suryodaya Higher Secondary School is a private, English language school administered by the government of Nepal. It was founded in 2014.
Category:Educational institutions established in 2014
Category:Schools in Nepal
Category:2014 establishments in Nepal | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Educational institutions established in 2014",
"Schools in Nepal",
"2014 establishments in Nepal"
] | |
projected-26722613-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window%20Observational%20Research%20Facility | Window Observational Research Facility | Introduction | The Window Observational Research Facility (WORF) is an experiment rack facility manufactured by the Brazilian Space Agency, which remotely operated payloads and crew members can perform Earth and space science research, including hand held photography, at the U.S. Laboratory Science Window on the International Space Station. WORF is based on an International Standard Payload Rack (ISPR) and utilizes avionics and hardware adapted from the EXPRESS Rack program. The rack provides a payload volume equivalent to , and will be able to support up to three payloads simultaneously, depending on available resources and space available at the window. The WORF will also provide access and equipment for crew Earth observations, such as crew restraints, camera/camcorder brackets, and condensation prevention.
WORF payloads include those focusing on geology, agriculture, ranching, environmental and coastal changes, and education.
The WORF design uses existing EXpedite the PRocessing of Experiments to Space Station (EXPRESS) Rack hardware which includes a Rack Interface Controller (RIC) box for power and data connection, Avionics Air Assembly (AAA) fan for air circulation within the rack, rack fire detection, and appropriate avionics to communicate with the ISS data network. The WORF will maximize the use of this window by providing sensors (cameras, multi-spectral and hyper-spectral scanners, camcorders and other instruments) to capture imagery of the Earth and space.
WORF also provides attachment points for power and data transfer and the capability for multiple instruments to be mounted and used in the window simultaneously. WORF will include a means of preventing the formation of condensation on the interior surface of the window and a retractable bump shield to protect the interior window surface from impacts of loose tools and hardware being used in the area during the set-up and change-out of sensor packages by the crew. The interior of the WORF provides a non-reflective, light-tight environment to minimize stray reflections and glare off the window allowing use to equipment that are sensitive to extremely low energy phenomena such as auroras. An opaque fabric shroud can be attached to the front of the rack to allow crew-members to work in the WORF without the problem of glare from the U.S. Laboratory interior lights.
When the WORF is not in use, when visiting spacecraft are docking with the International Space Station (ISS), or when the window is exposed to orbital ram conditions during special orientations of the ISS, the research lab window is protected by a metal cover on the outside of the Destiny lab module. This external window shutter pivots on hinges and is rotated open and closed by the crew using controls on the WORF rack. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Science facilities on the International Space Station",
"Destiny (ISS module)"
] | |
projected-26722613-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window%20Observational%20Research%20Facility | Window Observational Research Facility | Delivery | The Window Observational Research Facility (WORF) is an experiment rack facility manufactured by the Brazilian Space Agency, which remotely operated payloads and crew members can perform Earth and space science research, including hand held photography, at the U.S. Laboratory Science Window on the International Space Station. WORF is based on an International Standard Payload Rack (ISPR) and utilizes avionics and hardware adapted from the EXPRESS Rack program. The rack provides a payload volume equivalent to , and will be able to support up to three payloads simultaneously, depending on available resources and space available at the window. The WORF will also provide access and equipment for crew Earth observations, such as crew restraints, camera/camcorder brackets, and condensation prevention.
WORF payloads include those focusing on geology, agriculture, ranching, environmental and coastal changes, and education.
The WORF design uses existing EXpedite the PRocessing of Experiments to Space Station (EXPRESS) Rack hardware which includes a Rack Interface Controller (RIC) box for power and data connection, Avionics Air Assembly (AAA) fan for air circulation within the rack, rack fire detection, and appropriate avionics to communicate with the ISS data network. The WORF will maximize the use of this window by providing sensors (cameras, multi-spectral and hyper-spectral scanners, camcorders and other instruments) to capture imagery of the Earth and space.
WORF also provides attachment points for power and data transfer and the capability for multiple instruments to be mounted and used in the window simultaneously. WORF will include a means of preventing the formation of condensation on the interior surface of the window and a retractable bump shield to protect the interior window surface from impacts of loose tools and hardware being used in the area during the set-up and change-out of sensor packages by the crew. The interior of the WORF provides a non-reflective, light-tight environment to minimize stray reflections and glare off the window allowing use to equipment that are sensitive to extremely low energy phenomena such as auroras. An opaque fabric shroud can be attached to the front of the rack to allow crew-members to work in the WORF without the problem of glare from the U.S. Laboratory interior lights.
When the WORF is not in use, when visiting spacecraft are docking with the International Space Station (ISS), or when the window is exposed to orbital ram conditions during special orientations of the ISS, the research lab window is protected by a metal cover on the outside of the Destiny lab module. This external window shutter pivots on hinges and is rotated open and closed by the crew using controls on the WORF rack. | WORF was delivered by ISS Flight 19A (which was STS-131) . It was launched on April 5, 2010 aboard the NASA Space Shuttle. | [
"STS-131 Crew after landing in front of Discovery.jpg"
] | [
"Delivery"
] | [
"Science facilities on the International Space Station",
"Destiny (ISS module)"
] |
projected-26722613-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window%20Observational%20Research%20Facility | Window Observational Research Facility | Operations | The Window Observational Research Facility (WORF) is an experiment rack facility manufactured by the Brazilian Space Agency, which remotely operated payloads and crew members can perform Earth and space science research, including hand held photography, at the U.S. Laboratory Science Window on the International Space Station. WORF is based on an International Standard Payload Rack (ISPR) and utilizes avionics and hardware adapted from the EXPRESS Rack program. The rack provides a payload volume equivalent to , and will be able to support up to three payloads simultaneously, depending on available resources and space available at the window. The WORF will also provide access and equipment for crew Earth observations, such as crew restraints, camera/camcorder brackets, and condensation prevention.
WORF payloads include those focusing on geology, agriculture, ranching, environmental and coastal changes, and education.
The WORF design uses existing EXpedite the PRocessing of Experiments to Space Station (EXPRESS) Rack hardware which includes a Rack Interface Controller (RIC) box for power and data connection, Avionics Air Assembly (AAA) fan for air circulation within the rack, rack fire detection, and appropriate avionics to communicate with the ISS data network. The WORF will maximize the use of this window by providing sensors (cameras, multi-spectral and hyper-spectral scanners, camcorders and other instruments) to capture imagery of the Earth and space.
WORF also provides attachment points for power and data transfer and the capability for multiple instruments to be mounted and used in the window simultaneously. WORF will include a means of preventing the formation of condensation on the interior surface of the window and a retractable bump shield to protect the interior window surface from impacts of loose tools and hardware being used in the area during the set-up and change-out of sensor packages by the crew. The interior of the WORF provides a non-reflective, light-tight environment to minimize stray reflections and glare off the window allowing use to equipment that are sensitive to extremely low energy phenomena such as auroras. An opaque fabric shroud can be attached to the front of the rack to allow crew-members to work in the WORF without the problem of glare from the U.S. Laboratory interior lights.
When the WORF is not in use, when visiting spacecraft are docking with the International Space Station (ISS), or when the window is exposed to orbital ram conditions during special orientations of the ISS, the research lab window is protected by a metal cover on the outside of the Destiny lab module. This external window shutter pivots on hinges and is rotated open and closed by the crew using controls on the WORF rack. | After transfer into the US Lab, WORF will be installed in the LAB1D3 location over the Destiny Window. The installation process includes attaching light close-outs, removing launch fasteners, connecting to U.S. Laboratory resources and installing mounting brackets.
After installation, WORF will be powered on by crew/ground command and a checkout will be performed to ensure all systems are functioning. After checkout, WORF will be ready to support payload operations. Typical payload operations will include mounting the imaging equipment on the payload shelf, connecting power/data cables, powering payload subsystems and initiating payload software.
WORF Payload operations will consist of crew-tended or automated activities. For crew-tended operations, the WORF hatch will be removed and the crew member can use the payload shroud to block any incoming light from the U.S. Laboratory. For automated operations, the hatch will be installed to protect the payload hardware and commands can be sent to the payload via the ground or WORF laptop computer. | [
"WORF Patch.png"
] | [
"Operations"
] | [
"Science facilities on the International Space Station",
"Destiny (ISS module)"
] |
projected-26722613-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window%20Observational%20Research%20Facility | Window Observational Research Facility | WORF patch and Star Trek | The Window Observational Research Facility (WORF) is an experiment rack facility manufactured by the Brazilian Space Agency, which remotely operated payloads and crew members can perform Earth and space science research, including hand held photography, at the U.S. Laboratory Science Window on the International Space Station. WORF is based on an International Standard Payload Rack (ISPR) and utilizes avionics and hardware adapted from the EXPRESS Rack program. The rack provides a payload volume equivalent to , and will be able to support up to three payloads simultaneously, depending on available resources and space available at the window. The WORF will also provide access and equipment for crew Earth observations, such as crew restraints, camera/camcorder brackets, and condensation prevention.
WORF payloads include those focusing on geology, agriculture, ranching, environmental and coastal changes, and education.
The WORF design uses existing EXpedite the PRocessing of Experiments to Space Station (EXPRESS) Rack hardware which includes a Rack Interface Controller (RIC) box for power and data connection, Avionics Air Assembly (AAA) fan for air circulation within the rack, rack fire detection, and appropriate avionics to communicate with the ISS data network. The WORF will maximize the use of this window by providing sensors (cameras, multi-spectral and hyper-spectral scanners, camcorders and other instruments) to capture imagery of the Earth and space.
WORF also provides attachment points for power and data transfer and the capability for multiple instruments to be mounted and used in the window simultaneously. WORF will include a means of preventing the formation of condensation on the interior surface of the window and a retractable bump shield to protect the interior window surface from impacts of loose tools and hardware being used in the area during the set-up and change-out of sensor packages by the crew. The interior of the WORF provides a non-reflective, light-tight environment to minimize stray reflections and glare off the window allowing use to equipment that are sensitive to extremely low energy phenomena such as auroras. An opaque fabric shroud can be attached to the front of the rack to allow crew-members to work in the WORF without the problem of glare from the U.S. Laboratory interior lights.
When the WORF is not in use, when visiting spacecraft are docking with the International Space Station (ISS), or when the window is exposed to orbital ram conditions during special orientations of the ISS, the research lab window is protected by a metal cover on the outside of the Destiny lab module. This external window shutter pivots on hinges and is rotated open and closed by the crew using controls on the WORF rack. | As an allusion to the fictional character Worf from the science fiction television and movie franchise Star Trek, the mission patch incorporated text written in the Klingon language. The patch's creator contacted Star Trek producer Rick Berman for permission and to ensure correctness. | [] | [
"WORF patch and Star Trek"
] | [
"Science facilities on the International Space Station",
"Destiny (ISS module)"
] |
projected-26722613-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window%20Observational%20Research%20Facility | Window Observational Research Facility | See also | The Window Observational Research Facility (WORF) is an experiment rack facility manufactured by the Brazilian Space Agency, which remotely operated payloads and crew members can perform Earth and space science research, including hand held photography, at the U.S. Laboratory Science Window on the International Space Station. WORF is based on an International Standard Payload Rack (ISPR) and utilizes avionics and hardware adapted from the EXPRESS Rack program. The rack provides a payload volume equivalent to , and will be able to support up to three payloads simultaneously, depending on available resources and space available at the window. The WORF will also provide access and equipment for crew Earth observations, such as crew restraints, camera/camcorder brackets, and condensation prevention.
WORF payloads include those focusing on geology, agriculture, ranching, environmental and coastal changes, and education.
The WORF design uses existing EXpedite the PRocessing of Experiments to Space Station (EXPRESS) Rack hardware which includes a Rack Interface Controller (RIC) box for power and data connection, Avionics Air Assembly (AAA) fan for air circulation within the rack, rack fire detection, and appropriate avionics to communicate with the ISS data network. The WORF will maximize the use of this window by providing sensors (cameras, multi-spectral and hyper-spectral scanners, camcorders and other instruments) to capture imagery of the Earth and space.
WORF also provides attachment points for power and data transfer and the capability for multiple instruments to be mounted and used in the window simultaneously. WORF will include a means of preventing the formation of condensation on the interior surface of the window and a retractable bump shield to protect the interior window surface from impacts of loose tools and hardware being used in the area during the set-up and change-out of sensor packages by the crew. The interior of the WORF provides a non-reflective, light-tight environment to minimize stray reflections and glare off the window allowing use to equipment that are sensitive to extremely low energy phenomena such as auroras. An opaque fabric shroud can be attached to the front of the rack to allow crew-members to work in the WORF without the problem of glare from the U.S. Laboratory interior lights.
When the WORF is not in use, when visiting spacecraft are docking with the International Space Station (ISS), or when the window is exposed to orbital ram conditions during special orientations of the ISS, the research lab window is protected by a metal cover on the outside of the Destiny lab module. This external window shutter pivots on hinges and is rotated open and closed by the crew using controls on the WORF rack. | Scientific research on the ISS
Destiny (ISS module) | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Science facilities on the International Space Station",
"Destiny (ISS module)"
] |
projected-26722613-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window%20Observational%20Research%20Facility | Window Observational Research Facility | Related publications | The Window Observational Research Facility (WORF) is an experiment rack facility manufactured by the Brazilian Space Agency, which remotely operated payloads and crew members can perform Earth and space science research, including hand held photography, at the U.S. Laboratory Science Window on the International Space Station. WORF is based on an International Standard Payload Rack (ISPR) and utilizes avionics and hardware adapted from the EXPRESS Rack program. The rack provides a payload volume equivalent to , and will be able to support up to three payloads simultaneously, depending on available resources and space available at the window. The WORF will also provide access and equipment for crew Earth observations, such as crew restraints, camera/camcorder brackets, and condensation prevention.
WORF payloads include those focusing on geology, agriculture, ranching, environmental and coastal changes, and education.
The WORF design uses existing EXpedite the PRocessing of Experiments to Space Station (EXPRESS) Rack hardware which includes a Rack Interface Controller (RIC) box for power and data connection, Avionics Air Assembly (AAA) fan for air circulation within the rack, rack fire detection, and appropriate avionics to communicate with the ISS data network. The WORF will maximize the use of this window by providing sensors (cameras, multi-spectral and hyper-spectral scanners, camcorders and other instruments) to capture imagery of the Earth and space.
WORF also provides attachment points for power and data transfer and the capability for multiple instruments to be mounted and used in the window simultaneously. WORF will include a means of preventing the formation of condensation on the interior surface of the window and a retractable bump shield to protect the interior window surface from impacts of loose tools and hardware being used in the area during the set-up and change-out of sensor packages by the crew. The interior of the WORF provides a non-reflective, light-tight environment to minimize stray reflections and glare off the window allowing use to equipment that are sensitive to extremely low energy phenomena such as auroras. An opaque fabric shroud can be attached to the front of the rack to allow crew-members to work in the WORF without the problem of glare from the U.S. Laboratory interior lights.
When the WORF is not in use, when visiting spacecraft are docking with the International Space Station (ISS), or when the window is exposed to orbital ram conditions during special orientations of the ISS, the research lab window is protected by a metal cover on the outside of the Destiny lab module. This external window shutter pivots on hinges and is rotated open and closed by the crew using controls on the WORF rack. | Eppler D, Runco S. Earth Observations Capabilities of the Window Observational Research Facility on Board the International Space Station. American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics. ;AIAA-2001-4915. 2001 | [] | [
"Related publications"
] | [
"Science facilities on the International Space Station",
"Destiny (ISS module)"
] |
projected-20467185-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%20representations%20in%20hip%20hop%20music | LGBT representations in hip hop music | Introduction | LGBT representations in hip hop music have existed since the birth of the genre despite blatant discrimination. Hip hop has long been portrayed as one of the least LGBT-friendly genres of music, with a significant body of the genre containing homophobic views and anti-gay lyrics, with mainstream artists such as Eminem and Tyler, the Creator having used homophobia in their lyrics. Attitudes towards homosexuality in hip hop culture have historically been negative. Slang that uses homosexuality as a punchline such as "sus", "no homo", and "pause" can be heard in hip hop lyrics from some of the industry's biggest artists. However, since the early 2000s there has been a flourishing community of LGBTQ+ hip hop artists, activists, and performers breaking barriers in the mainstream music industry.
Labels such as homo hop or queer hip hop group all artists identifying as members of the LGBTQ+ community into a subgenre of hip hop based solely on their sexuality. These subgenre labels are not marked by any specific production style, as artists within it may simultaneously be associated with virtually any other subgenre of hip hop, or may also make music that falls outside the subgenre entirely. Rather, the terms are defined by a direct engagement with LGBT culture in elements such as the lyrical themes or the artist's visual identity and presentation.
Artists who have been labelled as part of the genre have, however, varied in their acceptance of the terminology. Some have supported the identification of a distinct phenomenon of "LGBTQ+ hip hop" as an important tool for promoting LGBTQ+ visibility in popular music, while others have criticized it for trivializing their music as a "niche" interest that circumscribed their appeal to mainstream music fans.
Many artists have contributed to the increased visibility and social acceptance of the LGBTQ+ community's presence in hip hop music, most notably Frank Ocean, who penned an open letter addressing his sexuality in 2012. There has also been an increased presence of LGBTQ+ supporters in the mainstream hip hop community, such as Jay-Z, Murs, Kanye West, XXXTentacion, Jack Harlow, Kendrick Lamar, Macklemore, and Ryan Lewis. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"LGBT hip hop",
"Criticism of hip-hop"
] | |
projected-20467185-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%20representations%20in%20hip%20hop%20music | LGBT representations in hip hop music | Origins (1970s) | LGBT representations in hip hop music have existed since the birth of the genre despite blatant discrimination. Hip hop has long been portrayed as one of the least LGBT-friendly genres of music, with a significant body of the genre containing homophobic views and anti-gay lyrics, with mainstream artists such as Eminem and Tyler, the Creator having used homophobia in their lyrics. Attitudes towards homosexuality in hip hop culture have historically been negative. Slang that uses homosexuality as a punchline such as "sus", "no homo", and "pause" can be heard in hip hop lyrics from some of the industry's biggest artists. However, since the early 2000s there has been a flourishing community of LGBTQ+ hip hop artists, activists, and performers breaking barriers in the mainstream music industry.
Labels such as homo hop or queer hip hop group all artists identifying as members of the LGBTQ+ community into a subgenre of hip hop based solely on their sexuality. These subgenre labels are not marked by any specific production style, as artists within it may simultaneously be associated with virtually any other subgenre of hip hop, or may also make music that falls outside the subgenre entirely. Rather, the terms are defined by a direct engagement with LGBT culture in elements such as the lyrical themes or the artist's visual identity and presentation.
Artists who have been labelled as part of the genre have, however, varied in their acceptance of the terminology. Some have supported the identification of a distinct phenomenon of "LGBTQ+ hip hop" as an important tool for promoting LGBTQ+ visibility in popular music, while others have criticized it for trivializing their music as a "niche" interest that circumscribed their appeal to mainstream music fans.
Many artists have contributed to the increased visibility and social acceptance of the LGBTQ+ community's presence in hip hop music, most notably Frank Ocean, who penned an open letter addressing his sexuality in 2012. There has also been an increased presence of LGBTQ+ supporters in the mainstream hip hop community, such as Jay-Z, Murs, Kanye West, XXXTentacion, Jack Harlow, Kendrick Lamar, Macklemore, and Ryan Lewis. | Hip-hop was developed in the late 1970s following the popularity of disco. Disco music, which contains origins within Black American culture, had an impact on hip-hop from samples to early hip-hop fashion. The disco scene which was derived from disco music was known for its vibrant nightlife that was considered a haven for those in the LGBTQ+ community, particularly LGBTQ+ youth of color.
Despite these origins, early hip-hop artists expressed anti-LGBTQ+ sentiments and epithets common of the time in their music. Sugarhill Gang's 1979 song "Rapper's Delight", the first hip hop record to become a top 40 hit, referred to fictional character Superman as a "fairy" for wearing a skin-tight garment. | [] | [
"History",
"Origins (1970s)"
] | [
"LGBT hip hop",
"Criticism of hip-hop"
] |
projected-20467185-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%20representations%20in%20hip%20hop%20music | LGBT representations in hip hop music | 1980s-1990s | LGBT representations in hip hop music have existed since the birth of the genre despite blatant discrimination. Hip hop has long been portrayed as one of the least LGBT-friendly genres of music, with a significant body of the genre containing homophobic views and anti-gay lyrics, with mainstream artists such as Eminem and Tyler, the Creator having used homophobia in their lyrics. Attitudes towards homosexuality in hip hop culture have historically been negative. Slang that uses homosexuality as a punchline such as "sus", "no homo", and "pause" can be heard in hip hop lyrics from some of the industry's biggest artists. However, since the early 2000s there has been a flourishing community of LGBTQ+ hip hop artists, activists, and performers breaking barriers in the mainstream music industry.
Labels such as homo hop or queer hip hop group all artists identifying as members of the LGBTQ+ community into a subgenre of hip hop based solely on their sexuality. These subgenre labels are not marked by any specific production style, as artists within it may simultaneously be associated with virtually any other subgenre of hip hop, or may also make music that falls outside the subgenre entirely. Rather, the terms are defined by a direct engagement with LGBT culture in elements such as the lyrical themes or the artist's visual identity and presentation.
Artists who have been labelled as part of the genre have, however, varied in their acceptance of the terminology. Some have supported the identification of a distinct phenomenon of "LGBTQ+ hip hop" as an important tool for promoting LGBTQ+ visibility in popular music, while others have criticized it for trivializing their music as a "niche" interest that circumscribed their appeal to mainstream music fans.
Many artists have contributed to the increased visibility and social acceptance of the LGBTQ+ community's presence in hip hop music, most notably Frank Ocean, who penned an open letter addressing his sexuality in 2012. There has also been an increased presence of LGBTQ+ supporters in the mainstream hip hop community, such as Jay-Z, Murs, Kanye West, XXXTentacion, Jack Harlow, Kendrick Lamar, Macklemore, and Ryan Lewis. | In 1986, the hip hop trio Beastie Boys originally wanted to name their debut album Don't Be A Faggot, but their record label Columbia Records refused to release it under that title, so it changed the title to Licensed to Ill. Years later, the Beastie Boys formally apologized to the LGBT community for the "shitty and ignorant" things they said on their first record.
During what was considered third-wave feminism, there was an infusion of Black feminist thought into hip-hop by way of Black women in the genre who emphasized issues of race, gender, and sexuality. This included Black LGBTQ+ musicians like Meshell Ndegeocello whose 1993 album Plantation Lullabies is considered an example of the evolving attitudes and politics of the hip hop generation, specifically from younger Black feminists. According to Andreana Clay, "Ndegeocello's lyrics are a product of early Black feminism, radical lesbian feminism, and hip-hop feminism."
In her music, Ndegocello has addressed sexuality and Blackness as a Black bisexual woman, garnering a following from LGBTQ+ feminists of color. Her musical content and appearance also drew criticism from certain listeners and radio stations who refused to play her music. The ideas of Black queer and lesbian feminism influenced hip hop during a moment when politics surrounding sexuality, gender, and race were shifting.
Although more radical queer politics were influencing more mainstream areas of music and society, discrimination remained and LGBTQ+ artists continued to face marginalization and barriers in airtime and commercial success. | [] | [
"History",
"1980s-1990s"
] | [
"LGBT hip hop",
"Criticism of hip-hop"
] |
projected-20467185-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%20representations%20in%20hip%20hop%20music | LGBT representations in hip hop music | 2000s-present | LGBT representations in hip hop music have existed since the birth of the genre despite blatant discrimination. Hip hop has long been portrayed as one of the least LGBT-friendly genres of music, with a significant body of the genre containing homophobic views and anti-gay lyrics, with mainstream artists such as Eminem and Tyler, the Creator having used homophobia in their lyrics. Attitudes towards homosexuality in hip hop culture have historically been negative. Slang that uses homosexuality as a punchline such as "sus", "no homo", and "pause" can be heard in hip hop lyrics from some of the industry's biggest artists. However, since the early 2000s there has been a flourishing community of LGBTQ+ hip hop artists, activists, and performers breaking barriers in the mainstream music industry.
Labels such as homo hop or queer hip hop group all artists identifying as members of the LGBTQ+ community into a subgenre of hip hop based solely on their sexuality. These subgenre labels are not marked by any specific production style, as artists within it may simultaneously be associated with virtually any other subgenre of hip hop, or may also make music that falls outside the subgenre entirely. Rather, the terms are defined by a direct engagement with LGBT culture in elements such as the lyrical themes or the artist's visual identity and presentation.
Artists who have been labelled as part of the genre have, however, varied in their acceptance of the terminology. Some have supported the identification of a distinct phenomenon of "LGBTQ+ hip hop" as an important tool for promoting LGBTQ+ visibility in popular music, while others have criticized it for trivializing their music as a "niche" interest that circumscribed their appeal to mainstream music fans.
Many artists have contributed to the increased visibility and social acceptance of the LGBTQ+ community's presence in hip hop music, most notably Frank Ocean, who penned an open letter addressing his sexuality in 2012. There has also been an increased presence of LGBTQ+ supporters in the mainstream hip hop community, such as Jay-Z, Murs, Kanye West, XXXTentacion, Jack Harlow, Kendrick Lamar, Macklemore, and Ryan Lewis. | Kanye West denounced homophobia in hip hop in an August 2005 interview with Sway Calloway for MTV News. He discussed how his environment led him to be homophobic, and how finding out his cousin was gay changed his perspective. This statement was radical at the time; it was the first major statement against homophobia in hip hop by a popular artist.
Further advancements in acceptance of LGBT in hip hop have begun to take place through the mid-2010s and the 2020s. In 2014, rap duo Macklemore and Ryan Lewis joined the United Nations Free & Equal campaign, which aims to advantage equal rights for LGBT people around the world.
In 2017, emo rapper XXXTentacion spoke out during his concert tour against discrimination towards gay people by hate groups, and was praised as a supporter of transgender rights by multiple transgender artists.
In 2018, rapper Eminem made headlines when he apologized for the first time in his career for previously using homophobic slurs, saying that he now realized "[he] was hurting a lot of other people by saying it." Specifically, Eminem said he regretted calling rapper Tyler, the Creator a "faggot" in his diss track, "Fall".
In 2022, rapper Kendrick Lamar received mixed reactions after he released his song "Auntie Diaries", with some praising the track for being pro-transgender. | [] | [
"History",
"2000s-present"
] | [
"LGBT hip hop",
"Criticism of hip-hop"
] |
projected-20467185-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%20representations%20in%20hip%20hop%20music | LGBT representations in hip hop music | Homo hop | LGBT representations in hip hop music have existed since the birth of the genre despite blatant discrimination. Hip hop has long been portrayed as one of the least LGBT-friendly genres of music, with a significant body of the genre containing homophobic views and anti-gay lyrics, with mainstream artists such as Eminem and Tyler, the Creator having used homophobia in their lyrics. Attitudes towards homosexuality in hip hop culture have historically been negative. Slang that uses homosexuality as a punchline such as "sus", "no homo", and "pause" can be heard in hip hop lyrics from some of the industry's biggest artists. However, since the early 2000s there has been a flourishing community of LGBTQ+ hip hop artists, activists, and performers breaking barriers in the mainstream music industry.
Labels such as homo hop or queer hip hop group all artists identifying as members of the LGBTQ+ community into a subgenre of hip hop based solely on their sexuality. These subgenre labels are not marked by any specific production style, as artists within it may simultaneously be associated with virtually any other subgenre of hip hop, or may also make music that falls outside the subgenre entirely. Rather, the terms are defined by a direct engagement with LGBT culture in elements such as the lyrical themes or the artist's visual identity and presentation.
Artists who have been labelled as part of the genre have, however, varied in their acceptance of the terminology. Some have supported the identification of a distinct phenomenon of "LGBTQ+ hip hop" as an important tool for promoting LGBTQ+ visibility in popular music, while others have criticized it for trivializing their music as a "niche" interest that circumscribed their appeal to mainstream music fans.
Many artists have contributed to the increased visibility and social acceptance of the LGBTQ+ community's presence in hip hop music, most notably Frank Ocean, who penned an open letter addressing his sexuality in 2012. There has also been an increased presence of LGBTQ+ supporters in the mainstream hip hop community, such as Jay-Z, Murs, Kanye West, XXXTentacion, Jack Harlow, Kendrick Lamar, Macklemore, and Ryan Lewis. | The homo hop movement first emerged in the 1990s as an underground movement spearheaded by the hip-hop group Rainbow Flava, particularly in California, in part as a reaction to the widespread acceptance of homophobia in the lyrics of mainstream hip hop performers such as Eminem. Lyrics in songs such as "Criminal" on The Marshall Mathers LP demonstrate this homophobia. Initially coined by Tim'm T. West of Deep Dickollective, the term "homo hop" was not meant to signify a distinct genre of music, but simply to serve as a community building tool and promotional hook for LGBTQ+ artists. According to West:
West's bandmate Juba Kalamka offered a similar assessment:
In a 2001 interview with SFGate.com, West elaborated on the movement's goals:
The genre received a mainstream publicity boost in 2002 and 2003 when Caushun was widely reported as the first openly LGBTQ+ rapper to be signed to a major label, although Caushun was later revealed to have been a publicity stunt engineered by heterosexual musician Ivan Matias.
Notable events in the 2000s included the PeaceOUT World Homo Hop Festival, which was founded in 2001 and mounted annually until 2008, and the 2006 documentary film Pick Up the Mic. However, some music critics in this era dismissed the genre as too often sacrificing musical quality in favour of a "didactic" political agenda.
The most commercially successful LGBTQ+ rapper in the 2000s was Cazwell, who emerged as a popular artist in gay dance clubs, and has scored at least six top 40 hits on Billboard'''s Hot Dance Club Songs chart, with a hybrid pop-rap style which he has described as "if Biggie Smalls ate Donna Summer for breakfast". Cazwell described his philosophy of music as "create your own space, your own music and have people come to you," and has noted in interviews that he achieved much greater success by "breaking" the rules of the hip hop industry than he ever did in his earlier attempts to pursue mainstream success with the 1990s hip hop duo Morplay.
One of the first mainstream artists to speak out publicly against anti-gay discrimination in hip hop was Kanye West in a 2004 interview with Sway Calloway on MTV News. In the interview Kanye says, "Hip-hop does discriminate against gay people. I want to just come on TV and tell my rappers, my friends, just stop it, fam. Seriously, that's really discrimination". Kanye criticized the hip-hop community, saying, "Hip-hop seemed like it was about fighting for your rights in the beginning, about speaking your mind, and breaking down barriers or whatever, but everybody in hip-hop discriminates against gay people. To me, that's one of the standards in hip-hop is to be like, 'You fag, you gay'".
Later negative representations
In Byron Hurt's 2006 documentary Hip-Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes, Hurt explores the nuanced relationships between hip-hop, masculinity, misogyny, and homophobia. Recognizing the presence of these issues in hip-hop, a genre he loves, Hurt felt a sense of hypocrisy and began working on the film. In the documentary Hurt travels around the country and interviews rap and hip hop artists, academics, and fans about their perceptions on these issues in the culture. After conducting dozens of interviews, Hurt sees a continued pattern of homophobia linked to the need to prove one's masculinity.
Through the objectification of women and domination of other men to assert another person's masculinity, a pattern of homophobia occurs in the hip hop and rap community. Rapper Busta Rhymes walks out of his interview when he is asked a question about homophobia in the rap community. Rhymes says, "I can't partake in that conversation," followed by, "With all due respect, I ain't trying to offend nobody. . . What I represent culturally doesn't condone [homosexuality] whatsoever." This reaction from Rhymes exemplifies part of the negative perception of homosexuality in the hip-hop community.
Rapper Boosie Badazz has faced criticism for his remarks directed towards artist Lil Nas X on Twitter. Boosie Badazz has repeatedly made homophobic remarks about Lil Nas X since his rise to superstardom.
Song lyrics
Ice-T stated on his autobiography that record-label executive Seymour Stein took exception to a line in his song "409": "Guys grab a girl, girls grab a guy / If a guy wants a guy, please take it outside". Ice-T later became one of the first rappers to condemn homophobia on raps such as Straight Up Nigga and The Tower in his album O.G. Original Gangster (1991).
Many songs by rapper Eminem have been considered homophobic for his frequent use of anti-gay slurs, especially the song "Criminal" from his third album The Marshall Mathers LP (2000), which contains lines like: "My words are like a dagger with a jagged edge, That'll stab you in the head, whether you're a fag or les', Or a homosex, hermaph or a trans-a-vest, Pants or dress, hate fags? The answer's 'yes'". In an interview with Anderson Cooper on 60 Minutes, Eminem denied being homophobic and explained the frequent use of the term "faggot" in his lyrics, that this word was "thrown around constantly" in battle rap, and that he does not use it to refer to gay people.The Marshall Mathers LP was nominated for Album of the Year at the Grammy Awards 2001, which led to protests due to the album's controversial content. At the show, Eminem performed "Stan" with openly gay musician Elton John in response. Eminem experienced more backlash in 2018, after he released his surprise album Kamikaze. On December 11, 2017, rapper Tyler, The Creator tweeted "dear god this song is horrible sheesh how the fuck", which fans quickly realised was directed at Eminem's new single at the time, "Walk On Water". On the track "Fall" from Kamikaze, Eminem responded to Tyler, The Creator's criticisms, where he raps "Tyler create nothin', I see why you call yourself a faggot, bitch / It's not because you lack attention, it's because you worship D12's balls, you're sacreligeous".
This is most likely in relation to Tyler's sexuality being a major spectacle within his fanbase, with a lot of his lyrics hinting at homosexuality. Before the album was released, however, the slur was censored. Eminem joined Sway Calloway in a series of interviews after Kamikaze's release, where he explained that he regretted using the slur against Tyler. "In my quest to hurt him, I realised that I was hurting a lot of other people by saying it. At the time, I was so mad, it was just whatever...", "...it was one of the things I kept going back to, going 'I don't feel right with this.'" Justin Vernon, who provided the chorus for "Fall", publicly condemned Eminem's language on the song, tweeting "Was not in the studio for the Eminem track... came from a session with BJ Burton and Mike Will. Not a fan of the message, it's tired. Asked them to change the track, wouldn't do it...".
In 2020, Eminem released his album Music To Be Murdered By, in which he collaborated on a song with openly queer New York rapper Young M.A. In 2010, while being interviewed by Anderson Cooper for 60 Minutes, Eminem was challenged about his homophobic lyrics, to which he said: "The scene that I came up in, that word was thrown around so much. You know? 'Faggot', it was thrown around constantly to each other, like, in battling." When Anderson Cooper asked Eminem if he 'didn't like gay people', Eminem replied: "I don't have any problem with nobody [sic]."
In 2020, rappers Insane Clown Posse denounced past use of homophobic slurs in their lyrics, saying that their producer Mike E. Clark is gay, and that "We wanted to be like gangsta rap, and gangsta rap said it all the time" but "There was never a time when we had a problem with gay people."
In the lyrics of one song on rapper Trick-Trick's 2008 album The Villain, he refers to Ellen DeGeneres and Rosie O'Donnell as "dyke bitches" and says that he will send a "scud missile right through their fucking cruise ship". Trick-Trick expressed his dislike towards homosexuals in an interview with music site AllHipHop: "Faggots hate me and I don't give a fuck. I don't want your faggot money any goddam way."
The phrase "No Homo" is often used in today's hip hop lyrics and Black culture. It means "no gay things" or "nothing gay". One example of the term's usage is in the Jay-Z song, "Run This Town". Kanye West, one of the featured artists on the song, stated, "It's crazy how you can go from being Joe Blow / to everybody on your dick...no homo."
Evolution
By the early 2010s, a new wave of openly LGBTQ+ hip hop musicians began to emerge, spurred in part by the increased visibility and social acceptance of LGBTQ+ people, the coming out of mainstream hip hop stars such as Azealia Banks and Frank Ocean, and the release of LGBT-positive songs by heterosexual artists such as Murs, Macklemore, and Ryan Lewis.
Although inspired and empowered by the homo hop movement, this newer generation of artists garnered more mainstream media coverage and were able to make greater use of social media tools to build their audience, and thus did not need to rely on the old homo hop model of community building. Many of these artists were also strongly influenced by the LGBTQ+ African American ball culture, an influence not widely seen in the first wave of homo hop, and many began as performance art projects and incorporated the use of drag. Accordingly, many of the newer artists were identified in media coverage with the newer "queer hip hop" label instead of "homo hop".
In 2008, Jipsta released the single "Middle of the Dancefloor" which spent a total of 14 weeks (peaking at #6 for two consecutive weeks) on the Billboard Dance Club Play chart. This achievement was noteworthy for LGBTQ+ hip-hop as it marked the first time an openly gay White rapper earned a Top 10 single on the Billboard Club Play chart. The following year, Jipsta released a cover of the George Michael song "I Want Your Sex", which rose to the #4 position on the Billboard Dance Club Play chart in only 4 weeks time, resulting in the first Top 5 Billboard charting record by an LGBTQ+ hip-hop artist.
In March 2012, Carrie Battan of Pitchfork profiled Mykki Blanco, Le1f, Zebra Katz and House of Ladosha in an article titled "We Invented Swag: NYC Queer Rap" about "a group of NYC artists [who] are breaking down ideas of hip-hop identity".
In October 2012, Details profiled several LGBTQ+ hip hop artists "indelibly changing the face—and sound—of rap".
In March 2014, the online magazine Norient.com published a first overview of queer hip hop videos worldwide. The article talks about topics, aesthetics and challenges of LGBTQ+ hip hop in Angola, Argentina, Cuba, Germany, Israel, Serbia, South Africa and the USA."
Increasingly, focus on the development of Queer voices in the international hip-hop community has gained more precedent with articles published looking at how Queer rappers use the art-form as a type of therapy. A Winter 2016 article from Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education looked at how utilizing the art-form helped challenge traditional notions of hip hop and sexual identity.
In December 2016, Los Angeles-based rapper Thed Jewel, who raps "My skin is black, sexuality is Fuchsia" said: "There are a lot of rappers that are homosexuals and their day to be open with it will come one way or another".
In August 2018, openly gay member of Brockhampton, Kevin Abstract voiced his efforts to change hip hop's issue with homophobia in an interview with the BBC by stating: "I have to exist in a homophobic space in order to make change and that homophobic space would be the hip hop community. So me just existing and being myself is making change and making things easier for other young queer kids".
In June 2019, Lil Nas X, who performed the hit song "Old Town Road", took the opportunity to publicly come out during Pride Month, making him one of the most visible Black queer male singers to do so, especially in country or hip hop genres, which emphasize machismo and "historically snubbed queer artists". Black queer male artists in hip hop gaining mainstream acceptance are relatively new—preceding Nas X by less than a decade—including Frank Ocean (with his 2012 album Channel Orange), Tyler, the Creator, ILoveMakonnen, Brockhampton frontman Kevin Abstract and Steve Lacy. Black queer female artists have been accepted more readily; while the underground queer hip hop movement goes back to the 1990s.
Criticism
Some artists have criticized the genre as an arbitrary label that can potentially limit the artist's audience and may not actually correspond to their artistic goals or career aspirations. In 2013, Brooke Candy told The Guardian:
One unspecified artist declined to be interviewed for the Guardian feature at all, stating that he preferred to be known as a rapper rather than as a "gay rapper". Eric Shorey, author of "Queer Rap is Not Queer Rap", contests "queer rap" labeling, arguing that "comparisons between gay and straight rap (as if they were two distinct genres) simply doesn't make sense without implied bigotry". As Shorey writes, this subversive genre is steeped in racism and homophobia in and of itself, and merely serves to further marginalize the identities and narratives it allegedly gives a voice to.
Though Western society has a predisposition to impose socially construed labels and binaries, Shorey dismisses the notion of heteronormative categorical identification, insisting that listeners ignore these sexuality-based hip hop classifications and listen more closely to the quality of music being produced. He also suggests that queer artists should be booked alongside straight artists, showing that they are equally talented, and deserve the same amount of recognition.
Despite criticism, others have been more circumspect about the dichotomy. British rapper RoxXxan told the Guardian that "I want to be perceived as 'RoxXxan,' but if people label me as 'gay rapper RoxXxan' I'm not offended." Nicky Da B told Austinist'' that "Basically, I perform for a LGBTQ+ crowd but also for everyone. A lot of the bounce rappers that are rapping and touring at the moment are all gay. The LGBTQ+ community just capitalizes on that I guess, from us being gay, and they support us on it, so that's how it goes I guess." | [] | [
"History",
"Homo hop"
] | [
"LGBT hip hop",
"Criticism of hip-hop"
] |
projected-20467185-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%20representations%20in%20hip%20hop%20music | LGBT representations in hip hop music | Commercialization | LGBT representations in hip hop music have existed since the birth of the genre despite blatant discrimination. Hip hop has long been portrayed as one of the least LGBT-friendly genres of music, with a significant body of the genre containing homophobic views and anti-gay lyrics, with mainstream artists such as Eminem and Tyler, the Creator having used homophobia in their lyrics. Attitudes towards homosexuality in hip hop culture have historically been negative. Slang that uses homosexuality as a punchline such as "sus", "no homo", and "pause" can be heard in hip hop lyrics from some of the industry's biggest artists. However, since the early 2000s there has been a flourishing community of LGBTQ+ hip hop artists, activists, and performers breaking barriers in the mainstream music industry.
Labels such as homo hop or queer hip hop group all artists identifying as members of the LGBTQ+ community into a subgenre of hip hop based solely on their sexuality. These subgenre labels are not marked by any specific production style, as artists within it may simultaneously be associated with virtually any other subgenre of hip hop, or may also make music that falls outside the subgenre entirely. Rather, the terms are defined by a direct engagement with LGBT culture in elements such as the lyrical themes or the artist's visual identity and presentation.
Artists who have been labelled as part of the genre have, however, varied in their acceptance of the terminology. Some have supported the identification of a distinct phenomenon of "LGBTQ+ hip hop" as an important tool for promoting LGBTQ+ visibility in popular music, while others have criticized it for trivializing their music as a "niche" interest that circumscribed their appeal to mainstream music fans.
Many artists have contributed to the increased visibility and social acceptance of the LGBTQ+ community's presence in hip hop music, most notably Frank Ocean, who penned an open letter addressing his sexuality in 2012. There has also been an increased presence of LGBTQ+ supporters in the mainstream hip hop community, such as Jay-Z, Murs, Kanye West, XXXTentacion, Jack Harlow, Kendrick Lamar, Macklemore, and Ryan Lewis. | Another criticism arises from the perceived commercialization of LGBTQ+ representation by hip hop artists. A good example of this is with Nicki Minaj and her approach to presenting sexuality and sexual orientation. She often presents queerness in her music videos and lyrics. This approach has been analyzed by critics of Nicki as "strategic queerness". Fly Young Red went viral on YouTube for his song "Throw That Boy Pussy" in 2014. Other artists, such as Azealia Banks, Angel Haze, and Young M.A. have openly discussed their sexuality in their lyrics and expression of style. | [] | [
"History",
"Commercialization"
] | [
"LGBT hip hop",
"Criticism of hip-hop"
] |
projected-20467185-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%20representations%20in%20hip%20hop%20music | LGBT representations in hip hop music | Notable artists | LGBT representations in hip hop music have existed since the birth of the genre despite blatant discrimination. Hip hop has long been portrayed as one of the least LGBT-friendly genres of music, with a significant body of the genre containing homophobic views and anti-gay lyrics, with mainstream artists such as Eminem and Tyler, the Creator having used homophobia in their lyrics. Attitudes towards homosexuality in hip hop culture have historically been negative. Slang that uses homosexuality as a punchline such as "sus", "no homo", and "pause" can be heard in hip hop lyrics from some of the industry's biggest artists. However, since the early 2000s there has been a flourishing community of LGBTQ+ hip hop artists, activists, and performers breaking barriers in the mainstream music industry.
Labels such as homo hop or queer hip hop group all artists identifying as members of the LGBTQ+ community into a subgenre of hip hop based solely on their sexuality. These subgenre labels are not marked by any specific production style, as artists within it may simultaneously be associated with virtually any other subgenre of hip hop, or may also make music that falls outside the subgenre entirely. Rather, the terms are defined by a direct engagement with LGBT culture in elements such as the lyrical themes or the artist's visual identity and presentation.
Artists who have been labelled as part of the genre have, however, varied in their acceptance of the terminology. Some have supported the identification of a distinct phenomenon of "LGBTQ+ hip hop" as an important tool for promoting LGBTQ+ visibility in popular music, while others have criticized it for trivializing their music as a "niche" interest that circumscribed their appeal to mainstream music fans.
Many artists have contributed to the increased visibility and social acceptance of the LGBTQ+ community's presence in hip hop music, most notably Frank Ocean, who penned an open letter addressing his sexuality in 2012. There has also been an increased presence of LGBTQ+ supporters in the mainstream hip hop community, such as Jay-Z, Murs, Kanye West, XXXTentacion, Jack Harlow, Kendrick Lamar, Macklemore, and Ryan Lewis. | 070 Shake
Abdu Ali
Angel Haze
Anye Elite
Backxwash
Azealia Banks
Bali Baby
BbyMutha
Big Dipper
Big Freedia
Big Momma
Brooke Candy
Cakes da Killa
Cazwell
Mike E. Clark
D. Smith
Deadlee
Deep Dickollective
D'Lo
Drebae
Drew Mason
Fly Young Red
Frank Ocean
God-Des and She
House of Ladosha
ILoveMakonnen
Jai'Rouge
Jay Dillinger (aka Marlon Williams)
Jesse Dangerously
Jipsta
Jonny Makeup
Jonny McGovern
Juba Kalamka
Katastrophe
Kae Tempest
Katey Red
Kaytranada
Kehlani
Kevin Abstract
K.Flay
Lady Sovereign
Le1f
Lil Darkie
Lil Nas X
Lil Peep
Lil Phag
Lucas Charlie Rose
Melange Lavonne
Mykki Blanco
Nicky da B
Oliver Twixt
ppcocaine
Princess Nokia
QBoy
Queen Pen
Rainbow Flava
Rainbow Noise
RoxXxan
Samantha Ronson
Saucy Santana
Saul Williams
Sissy Nobby
Sasha Sathya
Shorty Roc
Snow Tha Product
Soce, the elemental wizard
Solomon
Steve Lacy
Syd tha Kid
Taylor Bennett
Tim'm T. West
Titica
Tori Fixx
TT the Artist
Tyler, the Creator
Willow Smith
Will Sheridan
Yo Majesty
Young M.A.
Yves Tumor
Zebra Katz | [] | [
"Notable artists"
] | [
"LGBT hip hop",
"Criticism of hip-hop"
] |
projected-20467185-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%20representations%20in%20hip%20hop%20music | LGBT representations in hip hop music | See also | LGBT representations in hip hop music have existed since the birth of the genre despite blatant discrimination. Hip hop has long been portrayed as one of the least LGBT-friendly genres of music, with a significant body of the genre containing homophobic views and anti-gay lyrics, with mainstream artists such as Eminem and Tyler, the Creator having used homophobia in their lyrics. Attitudes towards homosexuality in hip hop culture have historically been negative. Slang that uses homosexuality as a punchline such as "sus", "no homo", and "pause" can be heard in hip hop lyrics from some of the industry's biggest artists. However, since the early 2000s there has been a flourishing community of LGBTQ+ hip hop artists, activists, and performers breaking barriers in the mainstream music industry.
Labels such as homo hop or queer hip hop group all artists identifying as members of the LGBTQ+ community into a subgenre of hip hop based solely on their sexuality. These subgenre labels are not marked by any specific production style, as artists within it may simultaneously be associated with virtually any other subgenre of hip hop, or may also make music that falls outside the subgenre entirely. Rather, the terms are defined by a direct engagement with LGBT culture in elements such as the lyrical themes or the artist's visual identity and presentation.
Artists who have been labelled as part of the genre have, however, varied in their acceptance of the terminology. Some have supported the identification of a distinct phenomenon of "LGBTQ+ hip hop" as an important tool for promoting LGBTQ+ visibility in popular music, while others have criticized it for trivializing their music as a "niche" interest that circumscribed their appeal to mainstream music fans.
Many artists have contributed to the increased visibility and social acceptance of the LGBTQ+ community's presence in hip hop music, most notably Frank Ocean, who penned an open letter addressing his sexuality in 2012. There has also been an increased presence of LGBTQ+ supporters in the mainstream hip hop community, such as Jay-Z, Murs, Kanye West, XXXTentacion, Jack Harlow, Kendrick Lamar, Macklemore, and Ryan Lewis. | African-American culture and sexual orientation
Homophobia in ethnic minority communities
Misogyny in rap music | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"LGBT hip hop",
"Criticism of hip-hop"
] |
projected-20467185-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%20representations%20in%20hip%20hop%20music | LGBT representations in hip hop music | References | LGBT representations in hip hop music have existed since the birth of the genre despite blatant discrimination. Hip hop has long been portrayed as one of the least LGBT-friendly genres of music, with a significant body of the genre containing homophobic views and anti-gay lyrics, with mainstream artists such as Eminem and Tyler, the Creator having used homophobia in their lyrics. Attitudes towards homosexuality in hip hop culture have historically been negative. Slang that uses homosexuality as a punchline such as "sus", "no homo", and "pause" can be heard in hip hop lyrics from some of the industry's biggest artists. However, since the early 2000s there has been a flourishing community of LGBTQ+ hip hop artists, activists, and performers breaking barriers in the mainstream music industry.
Labels such as homo hop or queer hip hop group all artists identifying as members of the LGBTQ+ community into a subgenre of hip hop based solely on their sexuality. These subgenre labels are not marked by any specific production style, as artists within it may simultaneously be associated with virtually any other subgenre of hip hop, or may also make music that falls outside the subgenre entirely. Rather, the terms are defined by a direct engagement with LGBT culture in elements such as the lyrical themes or the artist's visual identity and presentation.
Artists who have been labelled as part of the genre have, however, varied in their acceptance of the terminology. Some have supported the identification of a distinct phenomenon of "LGBTQ+ hip hop" as an important tool for promoting LGBTQ+ visibility in popular music, while others have criticized it for trivializing their music as a "niche" interest that circumscribed their appeal to mainstream music fans.
Many artists have contributed to the increased visibility and social acceptance of the LGBTQ+ community's presence in hip hop music, most notably Frank Ocean, who penned an open letter addressing his sexuality in 2012. There has also been an increased presence of LGBTQ+ supporters in the mainstream hip hop community, such as Jay-Z, Murs, Kanye West, XXXTentacion, Jack Harlow, Kendrick Lamar, Macklemore, and Ryan Lewis. | Category:Criticism of hip-hop | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"LGBT hip hop",
"Criticism of hip-hop"
] |
projected-26722620-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Ludwig%20Michel | Henry Ludwig Michel | Introduction | Henry Ludwig Michel (1925-2001) was a civil engineer and chairman of Parsons Brinckerhoff. He was responsible for the planning and management of public infrastructure projects, having received international acclaim for his management of worldwide transportation projects. In 2000, Michel was honored with the Pupin Medal conferred by Columbia University in memory of Michael Pupin. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni",
"Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering",
"2001 deaths",
"1925 births"
] | |
projected-26722620-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Ludwig%20Michel | Henry Ludwig Michel | Early life and career | Henry Ludwig Michel (1925-2001) was a civil engineer and chairman of Parsons Brinckerhoff. He was responsible for the planning and management of public infrastructure projects, having received international acclaim for his management of worldwide transportation projects. In 2000, Michel was honored with the Pupin Medal conferred by Columbia University in memory of Michael Pupin. | Henry Michel was born in Frankfurt, Germany in 1925. In 1949, Michel earned a B.A. in civil engineering from Columbia University. After graduation, he participated in a project that sought to upgrade British fighter bomber bases in the Cold War era.
Michel later left England, moving to Rome where he started an engineering company that became a contractor at sites in Iran, Iraq, Kenya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia. He helped to develop the University of Baghdad, the Nigerian Parliament in Lagos, Tunis University and the World Health Organization headquarters in Geneva. | [] | [
"Early life and career"
] | [
"Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni",
"Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering",
"2001 deaths",
"1925 births"
] |
projected-26722620-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Ludwig%20Michel | Henry Ludwig Michel | Parsons Brinckerhoff | Henry Ludwig Michel (1925-2001) was a civil engineer and chairman of Parsons Brinckerhoff. He was responsible for the planning and management of public infrastructure projects, having received international acclaim for his management of worldwide transportation projects. In 2000, Michel was honored with the Pupin Medal conferred by Columbia University in memory of Michael Pupin. | Michel, upon returning to New York City in 1965, joined the engineering planning and construction company Parsons Brinckerhoff. He became the company's partner in 1969 and in 1975 reorganized the traditional partnership into an employee-owned corporation. He became the first chief executive and chairman of the newly formed corporation in 1990.
During his tenure, the engineering firm went international, setting up six offices overseas. Employment grew drastically from 500 to 4,000 employees. Under Michel's leadership, Parsons Brinckerhoff became one of the most reputed construction contractors in the United States. The company would later be contracted to manage Boston's mega transportation project known as the Big Dig. | [] | [
"Parsons Brinckerhoff"
] | [
"Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni",
"Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering",
"2001 deaths",
"1925 births"
] |
projected-26722620-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Ludwig%20Michel | Henry Ludwig Michel | Later life | Henry Ludwig Michel (1925-2001) was a civil engineer and chairman of Parsons Brinckerhoff. He was responsible for the planning and management of public infrastructure projects, having received international acclaim for his management of worldwide transportation projects. In 2000, Michel was honored with the Pupin Medal conferred by Columbia University in memory of Michael Pupin. | After stepping down as chairman in 1994, Michel continued to speak on the company's behalf. He then joined a new trouble-shooting venture, Global Construction Solutions, in Princeton, New Jersey, while also becoming a co-owner of Pegasus Consulting.
Mr. Michel was a founding member and former president of the Civil Engineering Research Foundation. In his mid and late career, Michel traveled extensively lecturing universities including MIT and Columbia. He is the recipient of many awards such as Columbia's Pupin and Egleston Medal. In 1995, Michel was elected into the prestigious National Academy of Engineering.
The American Society of Civil Engineers named its Henry L. Michel Award for Industry Advancement of Research, presented at the annual CERF Global Innovation Awards Dinner, in honor of Henry Michel. | [] | [
"Later life"
] | [
"Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni",
"Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering",
"2001 deaths",
"1925 births"
] |
projected-26722620-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Ludwig%20Michel | Henry Ludwig Michel | See also | Henry Ludwig Michel (1925-2001) was a civil engineer and chairman of Parsons Brinckerhoff. He was responsible for the planning and management of public infrastructure projects, having received international acclaim for his management of worldwide transportation projects. In 2000, Michel was honored with the Pupin Medal conferred by Columbia University in memory of Michael Pupin. | Columbia University
Columbia Engineering
Big Dig
Parsons Brinckerhoff
Ivy League
Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni",
"Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering",
"2001 deaths",
"1925 births"
] |
projected-26722640-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Empress%20Wu%20Tse-tien%20%281939%20film%29 | The Empress Wu Tse-tien (1939 film) | Introduction | The Empress Wu Tse-Tien () is a 1939 Chinese historical film based on the life of Wu Zetian, the only female emperor in Chinese history. Directed by Fang Peilin, the film starred Gu Lanjun as the titular character. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1939 films",
"1939 drama films",
"1930s Mandarin-language films",
"Chinese black-and-white films",
"Films set in 7th-century Tang dynasty",
"Films set in 8th-century Tang dynasty",
"Works about Wu Zetian",
"Cultural depictions of Wu Zetian",
"Chinese drama films"
] | |
projected-26722640-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Empress%20Wu%20Tse-tien%20%281939%20film%29 | The Empress Wu Tse-tien (1939 film) | Cast | The Empress Wu Tse-Tien () is a 1939 Chinese historical film based on the life of Wu Zetian, the only female emperor in Chinese history. Directed by Fang Peilin, the film starred Gu Lanjun as the titular character. | Gu Lanjun
Yin Xiucen
Huang Naishuang
Li Ming
Liang Xin
Bai Hong | [] | [
"Cast"
] | [
"1939 films",
"1939 drama films",
"1930s Mandarin-language films",
"Chinese black-and-white films",
"Films set in 7th-century Tang dynasty",
"Films set in 8th-century Tang dynasty",
"Works about Wu Zetian",
"Cultural depictions of Wu Zetian",
"Chinese drama films"
] |
projected-26722646-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitaea%20asteria | Melitaea asteria | Introduction | Melitaea asteria, the little fritillary, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Alps of Europe.
The larva feeds on Plantago alpina. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Melitaea",
"Butterflies of Europe",
"Butterflies described in 1828"
] | |
projected-26722652-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton%20Philharmonic%20Choir | Southampton Philharmonic Choir | Introduction | The Southampton Philharmonic Choir is a large choral society based in Southampton, England. It has around 170 members and also benefits from collaborating with the students of the Southampton University Philharmonic Choir. The choir regularly performs with a professional orchestra, the New London Sinfonia, and is directed by David Gibson.
The choir is also known as Southampton Philharmonic Society and is a registered charity. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"English choirs",
"Musical groups from Southampton",
"Musical groups established in 1860",
"1860 establishments in England",
"Choral societies"
] | |
projected-26722652-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton%20Philharmonic%20Choir | Southampton Philharmonic Choir | History | The Southampton Philharmonic Choir is a large choral society based in Southampton, England. It has around 170 members and also benefits from collaborating with the students of the Southampton University Philharmonic Choir. The choir regularly performs with a professional orchestra, the New London Sinfonia, and is directed by David Gibson.
The choir is also known as Southampton Philharmonic Society and is a registered charity. | The choir was founded in 1860, making it Southampton's longest-established music society. It performs works from the baroque and classical repertoire and also contemporary works. The choir has several "first performances in Southampton" to its name and sometimes commissions new works. In 1985, the choir received an Enterprise Award from the National Federation of Music Societies, now Making Music, in recognition of its varied programme and regular inclusion of contemporary works.
For the Millennium, Southampton Philharmonic Choir, jointly with Leeds Festival Chorus, commissioned a new oratorio The Fall of Jerusalem by Dominic Muldowney, with libretto by James Fenton. Both choirs performed the work, separately, in March 2000, the premiere being in Leeds.
The choir performs major concerts three times a year. Its main venue is Southampton Guildhall. It also regularly performs in Winchester Cathedral and the Turner Sims Concert Hall, Southampton.
The choir celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2010 with a concert on 24 April in Southampton Guildhall, performing Dominic Muldowney's The Fall of Jerusalem (see above) and Mozart's Requiem. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"English choirs",
"Musical groups from Southampton",
"Musical groups established in 1860",
"1860 establishments in England",
"Choral societies"
] |
projected-26722652-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton%20Philharmonic%20Choir | Southampton Philharmonic Choir | Recent performances | The Southampton Philharmonic Choir is a large choral society based in Southampton, England. It has around 170 members and also benefits from collaborating with the students of the Southampton University Philharmonic Choir. The choir regularly performs with a professional orchestra, the New London Sinfonia, and is directed by David Gibson.
The choir is also known as Southampton Philharmonic Society and is a registered charity. | In the 2010-2011 season the choir performed the complete score of Peer Gynt, composed by Grieg as the incidental music to Ibsen's play Peer Gynt. The choir commissioned a complete English translation of the score, given its first performance at this concert, narrated by actor Samuel West. This finished off a memorable concert, which had opened with Mendelssohn's Hebrides Overture and Delius' Songs of Farewell. The remainder of the season included an accomplished Winchester Cathedral performance of Mozart's Symphony No 29, Solemn Vespers and Mass in C Minor, completed by a summer concert of choral and orchestral music by Elgar, Vaughan Williams and Parry, with the City of Southampton Orchestra .
The 2011-2012 season featured a performance of Handel's Messiah with the New London Sinfonia. The Southampton Echo described it as an "evening to remember," praising every aspect of the performance. Other performances included The Bells, along with Vocalise and Piano Concerto No 2 by Rachmaninov, and Poulenc's Gloria, and Haydn's The Creation. | [] | [
"Recent performances"
] | [
"English choirs",
"Musical groups from Southampton",
"Musical groups established in 1860",
"1860 establishments in England",
"Choral societies"
] |
projected-26722652-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton%20Philharmonic%20Choir | Southampton Philharmonic Choir | 2012-2013 Season | The Southampton Philharmonic Choir is a large choral society based in Southampton, England. It has around 170 members and also benefits from collaborating with the students of the Southampton University Philharmonic Choir. The choir regularly performs with a professional orchestra, the New London Sinfonia, and is directed by David Gibson.
The choir is also known as Southampton Philharmonic Society and is a registered charity. | During the 2012-2013 season the choir has performed Bach's Christmas Oratorio, and will follow it with Verdi's Requiem (which will be sung from memory so that the full range and power of this work can be heard), and a joint concert with the City of Southampton Orchestra, comprising Walton's Belshazzar's Feast and Te Deum, along with Elgar's Enigma Variations. | [] | [
"2012-2013 Season"
] | [
"English choirs",
"Musical groups from Southampton",
"Musical groups established in 1860",
"1860 establishments in England",
"Choral societies"
] |
projected-44498116-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392%20Bristol%20City%20F.C.%20season | 1991–92 Bristol City F.C. season | Introduction | During the 1991–92 English football season, Bristol City F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Bristol City F.C. seasons",
"1991–92 Football League Second Division by team"
] | |
projected-44498116-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392%20Bristol%20City%20F.C.%20season | 1991–92 Bristol City F.C. season | Season summary | During the 1991–92 English football season, Bristol City F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division. | In the 1991–92 season, Bristol City made a bright start to the campaign and by 9 November after 17 games, the Robins sat 1 point of the play-off places and looked as though they would challenge for a play-off spot but afterwards, a poor run of form which saw Bristol City win only 1 from their next 18 league matches and as a result slipped to the relegation zone with only Port Vale below them and it seemed the Robins were favourites to go down following a huge collapse of form but an 8-game unbeaten run which include 5 wins, kept them up and the Robins finished in 17th place. | [] | [
"Season summary"
] | [
"Bristol City F.C. seasons",
"1991–92 Football League Second Division by team"
] |
projected-44498116-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392%20Bristol%20City%20F.C.%20season | 1991–92 Bristol City F.C. season | Results | During the 1991–92 English football season, Bristol City F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division. | Bristol City's score comes first | [] | [
"Results"
] | [
"Bristol City F.C. seasons",
"1991–92 Football League Second Division by team"
] |
projected-44498116-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392%20Bristol%20City%20F.C.%20season | 1991–92 Bristol City F.C. season | References | During the 1991–92 English football season, Bristol City F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division. | Category:Bristol City F.C. seasons
Bristol City | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Bristol City F.C. seasons",
"1991–92 Football League Second Division by team"
] |
projected-44498153-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny%20Shabayev | Yevgeny Shabayev | Introduction | Yevgeny Yevgenyevich Shabayev (; 24 April 1973 – 5 August 1998; alternate transliterations Yevgeni, Evgeny, Evgeni, Chabaev) was a Russian artistic gymnast. He won a silver with his team at the 1994 Team World Championships, and he was the bronze medalist in the all-around at the 1995 World Championships. He was only the alternate to Russia's 1996 Olympic team due to a shoulder injury that required surgery. Injuries also kept him off the team for the 1997 World Championships.
Shabayev died of a heart attack on 5 August 1998. His funeral was held six days later, and gymnasts Alexei Nemov, Nikolai Kryukov, Elena Grosheva and Roza Galieva were in attendance. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1973 births",
"1998 deaths",
"Gymnasts from Moscow",
"Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships",
"Russian male artistic gymnasts"
] | |
projected-17330598-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Atkinson%20%28musician%29 | Will Atkinson (musician) | Introduction | Will Atkinson (31 January 1908 – 30 July 2003) was a noted traditional musician from northern Northumberland. He started off as a player of the English diatonic accordion, but was best known as a harmonica or moothie player. His playing was distinguished by a very clear sense of rhythm, with a definite lilt. He was a major figure in Northumbrian music. He was also the composer of several tunes that have entered the tradition and are played at gatherings and sessions. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"English folk musicians",
"1908 births",
"2003 deaths"
] | |
projected-17330598-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Atkinson%20%28musician%29 | Will Atkinson (musician) | Biography | Will Atkinson (31 January 1908 – 30 July 2003) was a noted traditional musician from northern Northumberland. He started off as a player of the English diatonic accordion, but was best known as a harmonica or moothie player. His playing was distinguished by a very clear sense of rhythm, with a definite lilt. He was a major figure in Northumbrian music. He was also the composer of several tunes that have entered the tradition and are played at gatherings and sessions. | Atkinson was born in Crookham, Northumberland in 1908. He worked as a shepherd and as a rabbit-catcher until his retirement, also working at times maintaining road signs.
From his youth, until the end of his long life, he was very active and influential in traditional music circles, on both sides of the Border. He had twin sons, of whom George, who died in 1987 aged 53, was also a musician, a noted Northumbrian piper. Will died on 30 July 2003. | [] | [
"Biography"
] | [
"English folk musicians",
"1908 births",
"2003 deaths"
] |
projected-17330598-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Atkinson%20%28musician%29 | Will Atkinson (musician) | Musical life | Will Atkinson (31 January 1908 – 30 July 2003) was a noted traditional musician from northern Northumberland. He started off as a player of the English diatonic accordion, but was best known as a harmonica or moothie player. His playing was distinguished by a very clear sense of rhythm, with a definite lilt. He was a major figure in Northumbrian music. He was also the composer of several tunes that have entered the tradition and are played at gatherings and sessions. | He came from a musical family - his maternal uncle Geordie Armstrong was, according to Will's cousin Willy Taylor, 'the best fiddler around'. After Will's father was killed in France in 1916, Will and his mother lived with Armstrong, her brother. The musical tradition continued in the family - Will's son George, who died before him, was widely respected as a player of the Northumbrian smallpipes.
In the 1930s he began playing melodeon for dances with Geordie Armstrong and Joe Davidson playing fiddles.
He was a founder member of the Alnwick Branch of the Northumbrian Pipers' Society in the 1930s; the Alnwick branch later became the Alnwick Pipers' Society, and Will was its president for many years.
Later he formed a band The Northumbrian Minstrels with Jack Armstrong playing fiddle and smallpipes, Jack Thompson on fiddle, Bob Clark on drums and Peggy Clark on piano. This group made some broadcasts for the BBC, including one from Alnwick in 1942 - a press cutting relating to this is at Woodhorn Museum website, where he is shown with a melodeon. They made some recordings at Powburn in 1944 - since rereleased in a compilation by Saydisc SDL 252, together with the piping of Jack Armstrong. These Powburn recordings, together with later recordings, are also available on the FARNE archive.
In the 1950s, Atkinson played with other musicians near Alnwick forming The Cheviot Ranters, a noted dance band in northern Northumberland, but left the group some time later. He also bought a good mouth organ at this time, intending it to be for his son, but liked it so much he kept it himself. He also refined his mouth organ technique after hearing Larry Adler's playing, and mostly played mouth organ subsequently. In 1974 he was one of the artists recorded by Topic, playing mouth organ, on Bonny North Tyne - Northumbrian Country Music. In later life, he recorded many times, chiefly with producer Geoff Heslop. The first release, with his friends Joe Hutton (piper) and Willy Taylor, collectively known as The Shepherds, was Harthope Burn, next came a compilation of Northumbrian Music and Poetry, From Sewingshields to Glendale (with Kathryn Tickell, Alistair Anderson, Mike Tickell, Hutton and Atkinson, etc.) and in 1989 Heslop and Alistair Anderson recorded him in a solo album called simply Will Atkinson - Mouthorgan. This included tunes from various sources, including five of his own compositions. Several recordings of him playing at folk clubs are available on the FARNE archive. When compiling the multi-album anthology The Voice of the People, Reg Hall selected several recordings of Will, which appeared on the record Ranting and Reeling - these included some of the recordings made for Bonny North Tyne, as well as later recordings made with The Shepherds. | [] | [
"Musical life"
] | [
"English folk musicians",
"1908 births",
"2003 deaths"
] |
projected-17330598-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Atkinson%20%28musician%29 | Will Atkinson (musician) | Partial list of compositions | Will Atkinson (31 January 1908 – 30 July 2003) was a noted traditional musician from northern Northumberland. He started off as a player of the English diatonic accordion, but was best known as a harmonica or moothie player. His playing was distinguished by a very clear sense of rhythm, with a definite lilt. He was a major figure in Northumbrian music. He was also the composer of several tunes that have entered the tradition and are played at gatherings and sessions. | Sharon Davis USA (jig)
Alistair Anderson's Favourite (reel)
The Early Morning Reel
Kyloe Burn (reel)
Pippa Sandford (jig)
The Glen Aln Hornpipe
Anthony Robb (hornpipe)
The Redeside Hornpipe
93 Not Out (jig)
The Inspiration Waltz (waltz) | [] | [
"Partial list of compositions"
] | [
"English folk musicians",
"1908 births",
"2003 deaths"
] |
projected-17330598-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Atkinson%20%28musician%29 | Will Atkinson (musician) | Recordings | Will Atkinson (31 January 1908 – 30 July 2003) was a noted traditional musician from northern Northumberland. He started off as a player of the English diatonic accordion, but was best known as a harmonica or moothie player. His playing was distinguished by a very clear sense of rhythm, with a definite lilt. He was a major figure in Northumbrian music. He was also the composer of several tunes that have entered the tradition and are played at gatherings and sessions. | Jack Armstrong -Celebrated Minstrel Saydisc SDL 252 (1944)
Bonny North Tyne - Northumbrian Country Music, Topic 12TS245 (1974)
Harthope Burn MWM Records 1024 (1983)
From Sewingshields to Glendale MWM Records MWM 1033 (1986)
Will Atkinson - Mouthorgan Common Ground CGRCD002 (1989) | [] | [
"Recordings"
] | [
"English folk musicians",
"1908 births",
"2003 deaths"
] |
projected-17330598-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Atkinson%20%28musician%29 | Will Atkinson (musician) | References | Will Atkinson (31 January 1908 – 30 July 2003) was a noted traditional musician from northern Northumberland. He started off as a player of the English diatonic accordion, but was best known as a harmonica or moothie player. His playing was distinguished by a very clear sense of rhythm, with a definite lilt. He was a major figure in Northumbrian music. He was also the composer of several tunes that have entered the tradition and are played at gatherings and sessions. | Tony Wilson's biographical notes in Bonny North Tyne.
Will Atkinson's obituary
Reg Hall's notes to Ranting and Reeling.
FARNE archive
Interview with Willy Taylor and Will Atkinson on FARNE | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"English folk musicians",
"1908 births",
"2003 deaths"
] |
projected-44498154-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden%20of%20Eden%20%28Venice%29 | Garden of Eden (Venice) | Introduction | The Garden of Eden, also known as the Eden Garden () is a villa with a famous garden, on the island of Giudecca in Venice, Italy. It is named after an Englishman, Frederic Eden, who designed the garden in 1884 and owned the property for a long time. From 1927 it was owned by Princess Aspasia Manos and her daughter Queen Alexandra of Yugoslavia. Between 1979 and 2000, it was owned by the Austrian painter and architect Friedensreich Hundertwasser, who abandoned the garden to nature. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Buildings and structures in Venice",
"Villas in Veneto",
"Gardens in Veneto"
] | |
projected-44498154-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden%20of%20Eden%20%28Venice%29 | Garden of Eden (Venice) | History | The Garden of Eden, also known as the Eden Garden () is a villa with a famous garden, on the island of Giudecca in Venice, Italy. It is named after an Englishman, Frederic Eden, who designed the garden in 1884 and owned the property for a long time. From 1927 it was owned by Princess Aspasia Manos and her daughter Queen Alexandra of Yugoslavia. Between 1979 and 2000, it was owned by the Austrian painter and architect Friedensreich Hundertwasser, who abandoned the garden to nature. | In 1884, Frederic Eden, a great-uncle of the British Prime Minister Anthony Eden, and his wife Caroline, sister of the garden designer Gertrude Jekyll, bought an area of six acres on the Venetian island of Giudecca. It contained a former outbuilding of the convent of the Sisters of Santa Croce. The property was later expanded by two acres when the Venetian authorities enlarged the island. The couple created Venice's largest private garden, an English landscape garden symbolic of the British presence in Venice, containing statues, roses and animals. It was frequented by many figures from the world of the arts, including Marcel Proust, Rainer Maria Rilke, Walter Sickert, Henry James, Eleonora Duse and Baron Corvo.
The garden featured a large number of willow pergolas covered in roses, and extensive plantings of Madonna lily as well as other English flowers. Paths around the garden were surfaced with local seashells. There were lawns, courts and a walk lined with cypresses. In 1903, Eden published A Garden in Venice, a short book describing his creation of the garden.
Frederic Eden died in 1916 and his wife Caroline survived him until 1928. A year before her death, she sold the Garden of Eden to Princess Aspasia Manos, the widow of King Alexander of Greece. She acquired the villa thanks to the financial support of her friend Sir James Horlick. The Princess lived in the villa with her daughter Alexandra until 1940, when the Greco-Italian war erupted. Damaged during World War II, the villa was rebuilt by Aspasia when peace returned. In 1945, the Garden of Eden was designated a Monumento Nazionale.
Aspasia lived in the villa until her death in 1972 and the Garden of Eden passed to her daughter. Alexandra made some suicide attempts on the property. In 1979, she sold it to the Austrian painter Friedensreich Hundertwasser. Hundertwasser allowed the flowering plants to die and encouraged wild vegetation. He died in 2000, leaving the property to the ownership of a foundation. It is not open to the public. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Buildings and structures in Venice",
"Villas in Veneto",
"Gardens in Veneto"
] |
projected-44498154-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden%20of%20Eden%20%28Venice%29 | Garden of Eden (Venice) | In literature | The Garden of Eden, also known as the Eden Garden () is a villa with a famous garden, on the island of Giudecca in Venice, Italy. It is named after an Englishman, Frederic Eden, who designed the garden in 1884 and owned the property for a long time. From 1927 it was owned by Princess Aspasia Manos and her daughter Queen Alexandra of Yugoslavia. Between 1979 and 2000, it was owned by the Austrian painter and architect Friedensreich Hundertwasser, who abandoned the garden to nature. | The Garden of Eden is mentioned in Gabriele D'Annunzio's novel The Flame (Il fuoco, 1900)
It was mentioned by Jean Cocteau in the poem Souvenir d'un soir d'automne au jardin Eden (1909) | [] | [
"In literature"
] | [
"Buildings and structures in Venice",
"Villas in Veneto",
"Gardens in Veneto"
] |
projected-44498154-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden%20of%20Eden%20%28Venice%29 | Garden of Eden (Venice) | Bibliography | The Garden of Eden, also known as the Eden Garden () is a villa with a famous garden, on the island of Giudecca in Venice, Italy. It is named after an Englishman, Frederic Eden, who designed the garden in 1884 and owned the property for a long time. From 1927 it was owned by Princess Aspasia Manos and her daughter Queen Alexandra of Yugoslavia. Between 1979 and 2000, it was owned by the Austrian painter and architect Friedensreich Hundertwasser, who abandoned the garden to nature. | Frederic Eden, A Garden in Venice, Kessinger Publishing, 2010 (facsimile of the 1903 original),
John Hall, "The Garden of Eden", Hortus, no. 67, autumn 2003
Alexandra of Yugoslavia, Pour l'amour de mon roi, Paris, Gallimard, 1957, ASIN B004LXRKPK | [] | [
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"Buildings and structures in Venice",
"Villas in Veneto",
"Gardens in Veneto"
] |
projected-17330632-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1563%20No%C3%ABl | 1563 Noël | Introduction | 1563 Noël, provisional designation , is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 March 1943, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, and named after his son. | [] | [
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"Named minor planets",
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] | |
projected-17330632-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1563%20No%C3%ABl | 1563 Noël | Orbit and classification | 1563 Noël, provisional designation , is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 March 1943, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, and named after his son. | Noël is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0–2.4 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,185 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. Noël was first identified as at the Crimean Simeiz Observatory in 1930, extending its observation arc by 13 years prior to its official discovery observation. | [] | [
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] |
projected-17330632-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1563%20No%C3%ABl | 1563 Noël | Physical characteristics | 1563 Noël, provisional designation , is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 March 1943, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, and named after his son. | The S-type asteroid is characterized as a transitional Sa-subtype on the SMASS taxonomic scheme. | [] | [
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"Discoveries by Sylvain Arend",
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projected-17330632-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1563%20No%C3%ABl | 1563 Noël | Rotation period | 1563 Noël, provisional designation , is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 March 1943, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, and named after his son. | Between April 2008 and June 2015, five rotational lightcurves were obtained from photometric observations by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at the Ondřejov Observatory near Prague. All lightcurves show a well-defined rotation period between 3.548 and 3.550 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 to 0.18 in magnitude ().
In April 2008, a photometric observation by astronomer Julian Oey at the Kingsgrove Observatory, Australia, gave a concurring period of hours and an amplitude of 0.14 (). | [] | [
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] |
projected-17330632-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1563%20No%C3%ABl | 1563 Noël | Diameter and albedo | 1563 Noël, provisional designation , is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 March 1943, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, and named after his son. | According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Noël measures 7.2 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.37, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the family's principal body and namesake – and calculates a larger diameter of 9.0 kilometers. | [] | [
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] |
projected-17330632-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1563%20No%C3%ABl | 1563 Noël | Naming | 1563 Noël, provisional designation , is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 March 1943, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, and named after his son. | This minor planet was named in honor of the discoverer's son, Emanuel Arend (). | [] | [
"Naming"
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"Discoveries by Sylvain Arend",
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"Named minor planets",
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projected-20467208-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Payne | Max Payne | Introduction | Max Payne is a neo-noir third-person shooter video game series developed by Remedy Entertainment (Max Payne and Max Payne 2) and Rockstar Studios (Max Payne 3). The series is named after its protagonist, Max Payne, a New York City police detective turned vigilante after his family was murdered by drug addicts. The series' first and second installments were written by Sam Lake, while Max Payne 3 was primarily written by Rockstar Games' Dan Houser.
The first game of the series, Max Payne, was released in 2001 for Microsoft Windows and in 2002 for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Apple Macintosh; a different version of the game was released for the Game Boy Advance in 2003. A sequel entitled Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne was released in 2003 for PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows. In 2008, a movie adaption, loosely based on the original game, entitled Max Payne, was released, starring Mark Wahlberg and Mila Kunis in the roles of Max Payne and Mona Sax, respectively. Max Payne 3 was developed by Rockstar Studios and released on May 15, 2012 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and on June 1, 2012 for Microsoft Windows.
On November 15, 2021, Microsoft announced that in celebration of 20 years of Xbox, they would be adding over 70 more games to their backwards compatibility program. Headlining these games was the Max Payne trilogy, making the games available to play on Microsoft's Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S consoles.
The franchise is notable for its use of "bullet time" in action sequences, as well as being positively received by critics, although Max Payne 2s sales were considered underwhelming. , the Max Payne franchise has sold over 7.5 million copies. The film rendition received negative reviews but was commercially successful.
On April 6, 2022, Remedy announced that a remake of Max Payne and Max Payne 2 is in development, in a development agreement with Rockstar Games. The two games will be released as a single title. | [] | [
"Introduction"
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"Max Payne",
"Rockstar Games franchises",
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"Video game franchises",
"Video game franchises introduced in 2001"
] | |
projected-20467208-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Payne | Max Payne | Max Payne | Max Payne is a neo-noir third-person shooter video game series developed by Remedy Entertainment (Max Payne and Max Payne 2) and Rockstar Studios (Max Payne 3). The series is named after its protagonist, Max Payne, a New York City police detective turned vigilante after his family was murdered by drug addicts. The series' first and second installments were written by Sam Lake, while Max Payne 3 was primarily written by Rockstar Games' Dan Houser.
The first game of the series, Max Payne, was released in 2001 for Microsoft Windows and in 2002 for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Apple Macintosh; a different version of the game was released for the Game Boy Advance in 2003. A sequel entitled Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne was released in 2003 for PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows. In 2008, a movie adaption, loosely based on the original game, entitled Max Payne, was released, starring Mark Wahlberg and Mila Kunis in the roles of Max Payne and Mona Sax, respectively. Max Payne 3 was developed by Rockstar Studios and released on May 15, 2012 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and on June 1, 2012 for Microsoft Windows.
On November 15, 2021, Microsoft announced that in celebration of 20 years of Xbox, they would be adding over 70 more games to their backwards compatibility program. Headlining these games was the Max Payne trilogy, making the games available to play on Microsoft's Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S consoles.
The franchise is notable for its use of "bullet time" in action sequences, as well as being positively received by critics, although Max Payne 2s sales were considered underwhelming. , the Max Payne franchise has sold over 7.5 million copies. The film rendition received negative reviews but was commercially successful.
On April 6, 2022, Remedy announced that a remake of Max Payne and Max Payne 2 is in development, in a development agreement with Rockstar Games. The two games will be released as a single title. | Renegade DEA agent and former NYPD officer Max Payne attempts to hunt down the ones responsible for murdering his wife and child, as well as framing him for the murder of his NYPD partner, Alex Balder. As the story unfolds, he gains a number of "allies", including Vladimir Lem (a suave, old-fashioned Russian mobster) and Mona Sax (a vigilante who is out to avenge the death of her twin sister) and uncovers a major conspiracy involving the trafficking of a narcotic called V, or Valkyr—after the mythological figures in Norse mythology—which is somehow connected to the death of Max's family. | [] | [
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"Max Payne",
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projected-20467208-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Payne | Max Payne | Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne | Max Payne is a neo-noir third-person shooter video game series developed by Remedy Entertainment (Max Payne and Max Payne 2) and Rockstar Studios (Max Payne 3). The series is named after its protagonist, Max Payne, a New York City police detective turned vigilante after his family was murdered by drug addicts. The series' first and second installments were written by Sam Lake, while Max Payne 3 was primarily written by Rockstar Games' Dan Houser.
The first game of the series, Max Payne, was released in 2001 for Microsoft Windows and in 2002 for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Apple Macintosh; a different version of the game was released for the Game Boy Advance in 2003. A sequel entitled Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne was released in 2003 for PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows. In 2008, a movie adaption, loosely based on the original game, entitled Max Payne, was released, starring Mark Wahlberg and Mila Kunis in the roles of Max Payne and Mona Sax, respectively. Max Payne 3 was developed by Rockstar Studios and released on May 15, 2012 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and on June 1, 2012 for Microsoft Windows.
On November 15, 2021, Microsoft announced that in celebration of 20 years of Xbox, they would be adding over 70 more games to their backwards compatibility program. Headlining these games was the Max Payne trilogy, making the games available to play on Microsoft's Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S consoles.
The franchise is notable for its use of "bullet time" in action sequences, as well as being positively received by critics, although Max Payne 2s sales were considered underwhelming. , the Max Payne franchise has sold over 7.5 million copies. The film rendition received negative reviews but was commercially successful.
On April 6, 2022, Remedy announced that a remake of Max Payne and Max Payne 2 is in development, in a development agreement with Rockstar Games. The two games will be released as a single title. | Two years after the first game, Max Payne has rejoined the NYPD and has been cleared of the charges for his killing spree thanks to his connection to Senator Alfred Woden, the leader of a secret society called the Inner Circle. During a routine murder investigation, Max finds himself face-to-face with the fugitive Mona Sax, who reluctantly joins him in his investigation. As the two work together to uncover the truth, they begin to develop feelings for each other, and come across another major conspiracy, which this time involves Vladmir Lem, the Italian Mob, and the Inner Circle. | [] | [
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"Max Payne",
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projected-20467208-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Payne | Max Payne | Max Payne 3 | Max Payne is a neo-noir third-person shooter video game series developed by Remedy Entertainment (Max Payne and Max Payne 2) and Rockstar Studios (Max Payne 3). The series is named after its protagonist, Max Payne, a New York City police detective turned vigilante after his family was murdered by drug addicts. The series' first and second installments were written by Sam Lake, while Max Payne 3 was primarily written by Rockstar Games' Dan Houser.
The first game of the series, Max Payne, was released in 2001 for Microsoft Windows and in 2002 for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Apple Macintosh; a different version of the game was released for the Game Boy Advance in 2003. A sequel entitled Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne was released in 2003 for PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows. In 2008, a movie adaption, loosely based on the original game, entitled Max Payne, was released, starring Mark Wahlberg and Mila Kunis in the roles of Max Payne and Mona Sax, respectively. Max Payne 3 was developed by Rockstar Studios and released on May 15, 2012 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and on June 1, 2012 for Microsoft Windows.
On November 15, 2021, Microsoft announced that in celebration of 20 years of Xbox, they would be adding over 70 more games to their backwards compatibility program. Headlining these games was the Max Payne trilogy, making the games available to play on Microsoft's Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S consoles.
The franchise is notable for its use of "bullet time" in action sequences, as well as being positively received by critics, although Max Payne 2s sales were considered underwhelming. , the Max Payne franchise has sold over 7.5 million copies. The film rendition received negative reviews but was commercially successful.
On April 6, 2022, Remedy announced that a remake of Max Payne and Max Payne 2 is in development, in a development agreement with Rockstar Games. The two games will be released as a single title. | Nine years after the second game, Max Payne has left New York and is working on a private security detail in São Paulo, Brazil. When the wife of his employer is kidnapped by a local street gang, Max and his old friend Raul Passos join forces in an attempt to rescue her, igniting a war that will lead them to confront a larger conspiracy. | [] | [
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projected-20467208-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Payne | Max Payne | Additional titles | Max Payne is a neo-noir third-person shooter video game series developed by Remedy Entertainment (Max Payne and Max Payne 2) and Rockstar Studios (Max Payne 3). The series is named after its protagonist, Max Payne, a New York City police detective turned vigilante after his family was murdered by drug addicts. The series' first and second installments were written by Sam Lake, while Max Payne 3 was primarily written by Rockstar Games' Dan Houser.
The first game of the series, Max Payne, was released in 2001 for Microsoft Windows and in 2002 for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Apple Macintosh; a different version of the game was released for the Game Boy Advance in 2003. A sequel entitled Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne was released in 2003 for PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows. In 2008, a movie adaption, loosely based on the original game, entitled Max Payne, was released, starring Mark Wahlberg and Mila Kunis in the roles of Max Payne and Mona Sax, respectively. Max Payne 3 was developed by Rockstar Studios and released on May 15, 2012 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and on June 1, 2012 for Microsoft Windows.
On November 15, 2021, Microsoft announced that in celebration of 20 years of Xbox, they would be adding over 70 more games to their backwards compatibility program. Headlining these games was the Max Payne trilogy, making the games available to play on Microsoft's Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S consoles.
The franchise is notable for its use of "bullet time" in action sequences, as well as being positively received by critics, although Max Payne 2s sales were considered underwhelming. , the Max Payne franchise has sold over 7.5 million copies. The film rendition received negative reviews but was commercially successful.
On April 6, 2022, Remedy announced that a remake of Max Payne and Max Payne 2 is in development, in a development agreement with Rockstar Games. The two games will be released as a single title. | Remedy, with funding from Rockstar who holds the rights to the series, announced plans to remake Max Payne and Max Payne 2 for personal computers, PlayStation 5, and Xbox Series X and Series S in April 2022. At the time of the announcement, the remakes were at an early development state, and no planned release date was announced. It was confirmed that the two games will be released as a single title. | [] | [
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"Max Payne",
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projected-20467208-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Payne | Max Payne | Film adaptation | Max Payne is a neo-noir third-person shooter video game series developed by Remedy Entertainment (Max Payne and Max Payne 2) and Rockstar Studios (Max Payne 3). The series is named after its protagonist, Max Payne, a New York City police detective turned vigilante after his family was murdered by drug addicts. The series' first and second installments were written by Sam Lake, while Max Payne 3 was primarily written by Rockstar Games' Dan Houser.
The first game of the series, Max Payne, was released in 2001 for Microsoft Windows and in 2002 for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Apple Macintosh; a different version of the game was released for the Game Boy Advance in 2003. A sequel entitled Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne was released in 2003 for PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows. In 2008, a movie adaption, loosely based on the original game, entitled Max Payne, was released, starring Mark Wahlberg and Mila Kunis in the roles of Max Payne and Mona Sax, respectively. Max Payne 3 was developed by Rockstar Studios and released on May 15, 2012 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and on June 1, 2012 for Microsoft Windows.
On November 15, 2021, Microsoft announced that in celebration of 20 years of Xbox, they would be adding over 70 more games to their backwards compatibility program. Headlining these games was the Max Payne trilogy, making the games available to play on Microsoft's Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S consoles.
The franchise is notable for its use of "bullet time" in action sequences, as well as being positively received by critics, although Max Payne 2s sales were considered underwhelming. , the Max Payne franchise has sold over 7.5 million copies. The film rendition received negative reviews but was commercially successful.
On April 6, 2022, Remedy announced that a remake of Max Payne and Max Payne 2 is in development, in a development agreement with Rockstar Games. The two games will be released as a single title. | Early in 2003, it was confirmed that 20th Century Fox had bought the rights to adapt the game to film. The Max Payne movie went into production in 2008 and was directed by John Moore. The movie was produced by Collision Entertainment and Firm Films in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Mark Wahlberg and Mila Kunis play the roles of Max Payne and Mona Sax respectively. Beau Bridges, Chris O'Donnell, Nelly Furtado and Ludacris have roles as B.B. Hensley, Jason Colvin, Christa Balder and Jim Bravura respectively. On July 10, 2008, a teaser trailer was released, featuring an instrumental version of the Marilyn Manson song, "If I Was Your Vampire". The film was released to theaters in the U.S. on October 17, 2008 with a PG-13 rating. While it was ranked first on its opening weekend, grossing US$18 million at the box office, the film received mainly negative reviews, having a 16% rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 129 reviews. In June 2022, 20th Century Studios announced that a Max Payne reboot movie is in development. | [] | [
"Film adaptation"
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"Max Payne",
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"Video game franchises introduced in 2001"
] |
projected-20467208-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Payne | Max Payne | Characters | Max Payne is a neo-noir third-person shooter video game series developed by Remedy Entertainment (Max Payne and Max Payne 2) and Rockstar Studios (Max Payne 3). The series is named after its protagonist, Max Payne, a New York City police detective turned vigilante after his family was murdered by drug addicts. The series' first and second installments were written by Sam Lake, while Max Payne 3 was primarily written by Rockstar Games' Dan Houser.
The first game of the series, Max Payne, was released in 2001 for Microsoft Windows and in 2002 for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Apple Macintosh; a different version of the game was released for the Game Boy Advance in 2003. A sequel entitled Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne was released in 2003 for PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows. In 2008, a movie adaption, loosely based on the original game, entitled Max Payne, was released, starring Mark Wahlberg and Mila Kunis in the roles of Max Payne and Mona Sax, respectively. Max Payne 3 was developed by Rockstar Studios and released on May 15, 2012 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and on June 1, 2012 for Microsoft Windows.
On November 15, 2021, Microsoft announced that in celebration of 20 years of Xbox, they would be adding over 70 more games to their backwards compatibility program. Headlining these games was the Max Payne trilogy, making the games available to play on Microsoft's Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S consoles.
The franchise is notable for its use of "bullet time" in action sequences, as well as being positively received by critics, although Max Payne 2s sales were considered underwhelming. , the Max Payne franchise has sold over 7.5 million copies. The film rendition received negative reviews but was commercially successful.
On April 6, 2022, Remedy announced that a remake of Max Payne and Max Payne 2 is in development, in a development agreement with Rockstar Games. The two games will be released as a single title. | Note: A gray cell indicates that the character does not appear in that medium. | [] | [
"Characters"
] | [
"Max Payne",
"Rockstar Games franchises",
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