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text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 31 389 | page_title stringlengths 1 250 | section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k | context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k | context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k | media list | hierachy list | category list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
projected-23575529-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming%20at%20the%202006%20Central%20American%20and%20Caribbean%20Games%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20200%20metre%20individual%20medley | Swimming at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games – Women's 200 metre individual medley | Introduction | The Women's 200m Individual Medley at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games occurred on Friday, July 21, 2006, at the S.U. Pedro de Heredia Aquatic Complex in Cartagena, Colombia.
Records at the time of the event were:
World Record: 2:09.72, Wu Yanyan (China), Shanghai, China, October 17, 1997.
Games Record: 2:19.00, Carolyn Adel (Suriname), 1998 Games in Maracaibo (Aug.13.1998). | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Swimming at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games",
"2006 in women's swimming"
] | |
projected-23575529-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming%20at%20the%202006%20Central%20American%20and%20Caribbean%20Games%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20200%20metre%20individual%20medley | Swimming at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games – Women's 200 metre individual medley | References | The Women's 200m Individual Medley at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games occurred on Friday, July 21, 2006, at the S.U. Pedro de Heredia Aquatic Complex in Cartagena, Colombia.
Records at the time of the event were:
World Record: 2:09.72, Wu Yanyan (China), Shanghai, China, October 17, 1997.
Games Record: 2:19.00, Carolyn Adel (Suriname), 1998 Games in Maracaibo (Aug.13.1998). | Results: 2006 CACs--Swimming: Women's 200 IM--prelims from the official website of the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games; retrieved 2009-07-11.
Results: 2006 CACs--Swimming: Women's 200 IM--finals from the official website of the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games; retrieved 2009-07-11.
Medley, Women's 200m
Category:2006 in women's swimming | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Swimming at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games",
"2006 in women's swimming"
] |
projected-56568283-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond%20Lepelletier | Edmond Lepelletier | Introduction | Edmond Lepelletier (26 June 1846 – 22 July 1913) was a French journalist, a prolific popular novelist and a politician.
He is known for his lifelong friendship with Paul Verlaine.
He was initially a radical, fought for the Paris Commune, and wrote for republican journals.
Later he abandoned his friends and became nationalist and antisemitic. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
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"1913 deaths",
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"Politicians from Paris",
"French nationalists",
"Members of the 8th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic",
"19th-century French poets",
"19th-century French journalists",
"19th-century French novelists"
] | |
projected-56568283-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond%20Lepelletier | Edmond Lepelletier | Early years | Edmond Lepelletier (26 June 1846 – 22 July 1913) was a French journalist, a prolific popular novelist and a politician.
He is known for his lifelong friendship with Paul Verlaine.
He was initially a radical, fought for the Paris Commune, and wrote for republican journals.
Later he abandoned his friends and became nationalist and antisemitic. | Lepelletier was born on 26 June 1846 in Paris.
He was born in the Monceau district of Batignolles.
He received a classical education at the Lycée Bonaparte (now the Lycée Condorcet), then enrolled in the Faculty of Law, where he gained a Bachelor's degree.
He never pleaded as a lawyer, and later became a publicist.
He married, and was the father of the playwright Saint-Georges de Bouhélier and of the wife of René Viviani.
He fought 17 duels, was wounded, and only retained his limbs thanks to the surgeon Jules-Émile Péan.
He defended the surgeon obstinately when he was viciously attacked by the press.
Toward the end of the Second French Empire Lepelletier was condemned for attacks on Baron Haussmann, prefect of the Seine.
In the Sainte-Pélagie Prison he met Louis Charles Delescluze, later military commander of the Paris Commune, the writer Jules Vallès, Raoul Rigault and other future supporters of the Commune.
In 1867 he became a political journalist, writing in the Nain Jaune of Paris.
He contributed to the Peuple souverain, Suffrage universel, Patriote français, Rappel à l'homme libre, Droits de l'homme, Radical, Marseillaise, Mot d'ordre and finally to L'Écho de Paris.
Lepelletier became known for his novels, mainly drawn from dramatic works, including Le Capitaine Angot (1875), Le chien du commissaire (1876), Ivan le nihiliste (1880), L'Amant de cœur (1884) and Laï-tou (1885).
They were written with the same brisk, colorful style that was found in his political articles. | [] | [
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"French nationalists",
"Members of the 8th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic",
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"19th-century French journalists",
"19th-century French novelists"
] |
projected-56568283-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond%20Lepelletier | Edmond Lepelletier | Radical | Edmond Lepelletier (26 June 1846 – 22 July 1913) was a French journalist, a prolific popular novelist and a politician.
He is known for his lifelong friendship with Paul Verlaine.
He was initially a radical, fought for the Paris Commune, and wrote for republican journals.
Later he abandoned his friends and became nationalist and antisemitic. | During the Franco-Prussian War (1870) Lepelletier enlisted in the 69th line regiment, then joined the 110th, and took part in the defense of Paris with his regiment.
He was a delegate to the Council of State of the Paris Commune.
For this, he was arrested after the Commune was repressed and held in preventative detention for a long time before being sentenced to one month's imprisonment.
He wrote later in his history of the Commune, "An idea germinated in the blood-soaked fields of Paris: Paris was to be free and autonomous, it was to practice the dictatorship of example, to serve as model for cities, provinces, states and kingdoms. Paris as a focal point of democracy and the center of social progress was, first of all, to become the capital of the united states of Europe and then to be the Rome of a universal federation of nations."
Lepelletier was a friend of Verlaine until his death, and wrote his biography.
Lepelletier recalled that Paul Verlaine (1844–96) was infatuated with Arthur Rimbaud, a very affected young man, and imposed him on all his friends.
In 1871, the day after Verlaine and Rimbaud had flaunted their relationship in the Odéon Theatre lobby, Lepelletier wrote in his gossip column that, "Paul Verlaine was arm-in-arm with a charming young lady, Mlle. Rimbaut."
At dinner a few days later Rimbaut threatened Lepelletier with a steak knife.
Lepelletier wrote that he threw the boy back into his chair, saying that in the recent war he had not been afraid of Prussians, and now he was not going to be bothered by a little troublemaker like Rimbaud.
He thought Verlaine's addiction to absinthe "undermined his moral and cerebral stamina, and eventually led to his social and even intellectual downfall."
He helped Verlaine in his last moments, and took care of his family.
Le Pelletier held very radical views, but they moderated when he began writing for l'Echo de Paris.
For many years he was an active propagandist of Freemasonry, and held a high rank in this movement.
In January 1882 he founded a Freemasons lodge, Les Droits de l'homme (Human Rights).
This quickly became one of the most brilliant and active lodges in the Grand Orient de France.
In 1888 he was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour.
During a meeting of the Cirque d'Hiver in 1889 he laid the foundations for the great Republican Union movement that defeated Boulangism.
In the legislative elections of 4 October 1889 the Blanquists and Boulangists cooperated, dividing the electoral districts of Paris between the two parties.
Lepelletier ran as Republican candidate for the Seine for the 2nd constituency of the 17th arrondissement of Paris but was defeated in the first round by the Blanquist Ernest Roche, who won 8,953 votes against 7,758 for Lepelletier.
He was an anti-revoluationary candidate again in 1893 in the 2nd constituency of the 17th arrondissement of Paris.
He was again defeated by Ernest Roche.
He was appointed a justice of the peace for the canton of Marly in 1889, but was dismissed in 1899. | [
"Lepelletier, Edmond (And. Gill).jpg"
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"19th-century French poets",
"19th-century French journalists",
"19th-century French novelists"
] |
projected-56568283-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond%20Lepelletier | Edmond Lepelletier | Nationalist | Edmond Lepelletier (26 June 1846 – 22 July 1913) was a French journalist, a prolific popular novelist and a politician.
He is known for his lifelong friendship with Paul Verlaine.
He was initially a radical, fought for the Paris Commune, and wrote for republican journals.
Later he abandoned his friends and became nationalist and antisemitic. | In 1898 Lepelletier completely abandoned the Republican majority to join the Nationalists.
In 1899 he was President of the International Congress of the Press in Rome.
He resigned from Freemasonry, left his political friends and ran successfully in the 1900 Paris municipal election for the Batignolles district as an antisemitic candidate.
As an editor at l'Echo de Paris he strongly opposed review of the Dreyfus trial.
In the municipal council of Paris and the Seine General Council he voted with the Nationalist majority.
On 11 May 1902 he ran for election as a Nationalist Republican in the 2nd constituency of the 17y arondissement of Paris, and was elected in the second round.
He was decisively defeated in the 1906 general elections,
He left office on 31 May 1906.
Lepelletier died on 22 July 1913 in Vittel, Vosges. | [] | [
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"French nationalists",
"Members of the 8th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic",
"19th-century French poets",
"19th-century French journalists",
"19th-century French novelists"
] |
projected-56568283-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond%20Lepelletier | Edmond Lepelletier | Publications | Edmond Lepelletier (26 June 1846 – 22 July 1913) was a French journalist, a prolific popular novelist and a politician.
He is known for his lifelong friendship with Paul Verlaine.
He was initially a radical, fought for the Paris Commune, and wrote for republican journals.
Later he abandoned his friends and became nationalist and antisemitic. | Publications by Edmond Lepelletier include: | [
"Cheret, Jules - Madame Sans-Gene´ in Le Radical, by Edmond Lepelletier.jpg"
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"19th-century French journalists",
"19th-century French novelists"
] |
projected-56568283-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond%20Lepelletier | Edmond Lepelletier | Sources | Edmond Lepelletier (26 June 1846 – 22 July 1913) was a French journalist, a prolific popular novelist and a politician.
He is known for his lifelong friendship with Paul Verlaine.
He was initially a radical, fought for the Paris Commune, and wrote for republican journals.
Later he abandoned his friends and became nationalist and antisemitic. | Category:1846 births
Category:1913 deaths
Category:Writers from Paris
Category:Politicians from Paris
Category:French nationalists
Category:Members of the 8th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Category:19th-century French poets
Category:19th-century French journalists
Category:19th-century French novelists | [] | [
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"19th-century French journalists",
"19th-century French novelists"
] |
projected-56568293-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Worsley%20Staniforth | Thomas Worsley Staniforth | Introduction | Thomas Worsley Staniforth (7 June 1845 – 25 March 1909) was a British hymn writer. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1845 births",
"1909 deaths",
"Writers from Sheffield",
"Church of England hymnwriters"
] | |
projected-56568293-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Worsley%20Staniforth | Thomas Worsley Staniforth | Life | Thomas Worsley Staniforth (7 June 1845 – 25 March 1909) was a British hymn writer. | Thomas was born in Sheffield, England to Thomas Staniforth, a Grinder and Cordelia Worsley. His family lived in the Wicker area of the city. Prior to becoming interested in music, Thomas worked as an Accounting clerk. By the time of the 1871 Census he had relocated to Brighton and is described as an Organist. Thomas primarily worked at St Paul's Church, Brighton as Organist and Choirmaster and later moved onto a position as music master at Highgate School in London.
On 27 February 1872 his hymn O Thou Our Souls was chosen to be performed at St. Paul's Cathedral during a thanksgiving service for the recover of then Prince of Wales Edward VII. Other notable hymns composed by Staniforth include Jerusalem my happy home and St Paul He was also a regular contributor to the Sheffield Telegraph for whom he wrote articles on church history and music.
Towards the end of the century he retired back to Sheffield. On 5 October 1898 he married Sarah Susannah Nicholson (Denton), a widower at the Wicker Parish church. He died on 25 March 1909 and was buried on 29 March 1909 at City Road Cemetery. | [
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projected-56568293-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Worsley%20Staniforth | Thomas Worsley Staniforth | References | Thomas Worsley Staniforth (7 June 1845 – 25 March 1909) was a British hymn writer. | Category:1845 births
Category:1909 deaths
Category:Writers from Sheffield
Category:Church of England hymnwriters | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1845 births",
"1909 deaths",
"Writers from Sheffield",
"Church of England hymnwriters"
] |
projected-56568296-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iago%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201995%29 | Iago (footballer, born 1995) | Introduction | Iago Sampaio Silva, known as Iago (born 21 May 1995) is a Brazilian football player who plays for Patrocinense. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1995 births",
"Living people",
"Footballers from Rio de Janeiro (city)",
"Brazilian footballers",
"Brazilian expatriate footballers",
"Fluminense FC players",
"Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players",
"Figueirense FC players",
"FC Baltika Kaliningrad players",
"Criciúma Esporte Clube players",
... | |
projected-56568296-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iago%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201995%29 | Iago (footballer, born 1995) | Club career | Iago Sampaio Silva, known as Iago (born 21 May 1995) is a Brazilian football player who plays for Patrocinense. | He made his Campeonato Brasileiro Série A debut for Grêmio on 24 July 2016 in a game against São Paulo.
On 5 January 2018, he signed with the Russian club FC Baltika Kaliningrad on a year-long loan. | [] | [
"Club career"
] | [
"1995 births",
"Living people",
"Footballers from Rio de Janeiro (city)",
"Brazilian footballers",
"Brazilian expatriate footballers",
"Fluminense FC players",
"Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players",
"Figueirense FC players",
"FC Baltika Kaliningrad players",
"Criciúma Esporte Clube players",
... |
projected-56568300-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naumi | Naumi | Introduction | Naumi may refer to:
Naumi Hospitality, a hotel chain headquartered in Singapore
Zarin Tasnim Naumi, a Bangladeshi singer
Ram naumi, a spring festival of Hinduism for celebrating the birthday of Lord Rama | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-23575534-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | Introduction | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Electric multiple units of Japan",
"East Japan Railway Company",
"Train-related introductions in 1993",
"20 kV AC multiple units",
"Kawasaki multiple units"
] | |
projected-23575534-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | Variants | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | 701-0 series: 2/3-car narrow-gauge sets based at Akita Depot
701-100 series: 2/3-car narrow-gauge sets based at Akita and Sendai Depot
701-1000 series: 2/4-car narrow-gauge sets based at Morioka and Sendai Depot
701-1500 series: 2-car narrow-gauge sets based at Sendai Depot
701-5000 series: 2-car standard-gauge sets based at Akita Depot
701-5500 series: 2-car standard-gauge sets based at Yamagata Depot
Aoimori 701 series: 2-car narrow-gauge sets operated by the Aoimori Railway
IGR 7000 series: 2-car narrow-gauge sets operated by the Iwate Galaxy Railway | [] | [
"Variants"
] | [
"Electric multiple units of Japan",
"East Japan Railway Company",
"Train-related introductions in 1993",
"20 kV AC multiple units",
"Kawasaki multiple units"
] |
projected-23575534-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | 701-0 series | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | 89 701-0 series cars were delivered in 1993, formed as three-car sets (N1 to N13) and two-car sets (N14 to N38), all based at Akita Depot. Three two-car sets (N36 to N38) were later modified with some transverse seating, and from 2005, the entire fleet had the original PS104 scissors-type pantographs replaced with PS109 single-arm pantographs. Snowploughs were also added to the front ends at the same time.
These sets are used on the Uetsu Main Line between and , on the Ōu Main Line between and , and on the Tsugaru Line between and . The sets with transverse seating are mainly used on the Ōu Main Line between Shinjō and Akita. | [
"JR-E701 Akita color N18 at Akita Station 201204.jpg"
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"701-0 series"
] | [
"Electric multiple units of Japan",
"East Japan Railway Company",
"Train-related introductions in 1993",
"20 kV AC multiple units",
"Kawasaki multiple units"
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projected-23575534-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | 3-car sets N1-N13 | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | The KuMoHa 701 car is fitted with one pantograph. The KuHa 700 car is fitted with a toilet and wheelchair space. | [] | [
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"3-car sets N1-N13"
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"20 kV AC multiple units",
"Kawasaki multiple units"
] |
projected-23575534-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | 2-car sets N14-N38 | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | The KuMoHa 701 car is fitted with one pantograph. The KuHa 700 car is fitted with a toilet and wheelchair space. | [] | [
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projected-23575534-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | 701-100 series | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | Thirteen 701-100 series cars were delivered in 1994, formed as one 3-car set and five 2-car sets. All sets were initially based at Akita Depot, but four of the 2-car sets were subsequently transferred to Sendai. The Akita-based sets had the original PS104 scissors-type pantographs replaced with PS109 single-arm pantographs between 2007 and 2008. Snowploughs were also added to the front ends at the same time. The Sendai-based sets had the original PS104 scissors-type pantographs replaced with lower-profile PS105 lozenge-type pantographs in 2002 to allow operation through limited-clearance tunnels on the Senzan Line.
The Sendai-based sets are normally used on the Joban Line between and , and on the Tohoku Main Line between Iwanuma and Sendai. They are also available for use on Senzan Line services if required. The Akita-based sets are used interchangeably alongside the 701-0 series sets. | [
"701-100 Koriyama 20070325.jpg"
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"East Japan Railway Company",
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projected-23575534-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | 3-car set N101 | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | The KuMoHa 701 car is fitted with one pantograph. The KuHa 700 car is fitted with a toilet and wheelchair space. | [] | [
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projected-23575534-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | 2-car sets N102 and F2-103–106 | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | The KuMoHa 701 car is fitted with one pantograph. The KuHa 700 car is fitted with a toilet and wheelchair space. | [] | [
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"2-car sets N102 and F2-103–106"
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projected-23575534-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | 701-1000 series | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | 92 701-1000 series cars were delivered between 1994 and 1995 to Morioka and Sendai depots, formed as 2- and 4-car units. As of 2010, 14 cars (seven 2-car sets), 30 cars (fifteen 2-car sets) are based at Morioka, and 36 cars (four 4-car sets and ten 2-car sets) are based at Sendai. Eight of the original 2-car sets were transferred to the Iwate Galaxy Railway Line, becoming IGR 7000-0 series (see below), and one 2-car set was transferred to the Aoimori Railway, becoming Aoimori 700-0 series (see below). On 28 October 1999, one Aomori-based 2-car set (KuMoHa 701-1033 + KuHa 700-1033) was damaged by storm surge at Aomori Station. New bodies were manufactured for this set in 2000, and it was renumbered KuMoHa 701-1508 + KuHa 700-1508 and reallocated to Sendai depot.
A further seven 701-1000 series two-car sets were transferred to the Aoimori Railway during 2010, becoming Aoimori 700-0 series.
The Sendai-based sets are used on the Tohoku Main Line between and , including the branch line to , and on the Senzan Line. The Morioka-based sets are used on the Tohoku Main Line between and , and on the Iwate Galaxy Railway Line between Morioka and . The Aomori-based sets are used on the Tohoku Main Line between and . | [
"JRE 701 1000.jpg",
"701 Morioka 20070310.jpg"
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"701-1000 series"
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"Electric multiple units of Japan",
"East Japan Railway Company",
"Train-related introductions in 1993",
"20 kV AC multiple units",
"Kawasaki multiple units"
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projected-23575534-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | 4-car sets | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | The KuMoHa 701 and MoHa 701 cars are each fitted with one PS105 lozenge-type pantograph. The KuHa 700 car is fitted with a toilet and wheelchair space. | [] | [
"701-1000 series",
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"4-car sets"
] | [
"Electric multiple units of Japan",
"East Japan Railway Company",
"Train-related introductions in 1993",
"20 kV AC multiple units",
"Kawasaki multiple units"
] |
projected-23575534-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | 2-car sets | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | The KuMoHa 701 car is fitted with one PS105 lozenge-type pantograph. The KuHa 700 car is fitted with a toilet and wheelchair space. | [] | [
"701-1000 series",
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"Kawasaki multiple units"
] |
projected-23575534-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | 701-1500 series | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | Eighteen two-car sets (numbered F2-501 to F2-518) were delivered to Sendai depot between 1998 and 2001, including set F2-508, which was rebuilt from an earlier damaged 701-1000 series unit. Sets from F2-509 onward were fitted with wheelchair spaces and ATS-Ps from new. They are used interchangeably with Sendai 701-1000 series sets. | [
"JRE 701 1500.jpg"
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"701-1500 series"
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"East Japan Railway Company",
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"20 kV AC multiple units",
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] |
projected-23575534-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | Formation | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | The KuMoHa 701 car is fitted with one PS105 lozenge-type pantograph. The KuHa 700 car is fitted with a toilet and wheelchair space. | [] | [
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"Electric multiple units of Japan",
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projected-23575534-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | 701-5000 series | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | Ten 2-car sets (numbered N5001 to N5010) were delivered to Akita depot between 1996 and 1997, entering service from 22 March 1997 on the sections of the Tazawako Line between and , and on the Ōu Main Line between Ōmagari and . These sets were based on the earlier 701-1000 series, with some transverse seating, PS106 single-arm pantographs, and ATS-P. | [
"Tazawako 701-5000 Morioka 20070310.jpg"
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"701-5000 series"
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"Electric multiple units of Japan",
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"20 kV AC multiple units",
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projected-23575534-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | Formation | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | The KuMoHa 701 car is fitted with one PS105 lozenge-type pantograph. The KuHa 700 car is fitted with a toilet and wheelchair space. | [] | [
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"Electric multiple units of Japan",
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"20 kV AC multiple units",
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] |
projected-23575534-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | 701-5500 series | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | Nine two-car sets (numbered Z1 to Z9) were delivered to Yamagata depot in 1999, ahead of the opening of the extension of the Yamagata Shinkansen to in November 1999. During 2001, the original PS105 lozenge-type pantographs were replaced with PS106B single-arm pantographs. Snowploughs were added to the front ends at the same time.
The fleet is used on the Ōu Main Line between and .
The fleet of nine trainsets underwent a programme of refurbishment between 2013 and 2016. Improvements included replacement of electrical converters and transformers with similar equipment to that used on the later E721 series trains, as well as new flooring material internally. | [
"Model 701-5500 of Ōu Main Line.jpg"
] | [
"701-5500 series"
] | [
"Electric multiple units of Japan",
"East Japan Railway Company",
"Train-related introductions in 1993",
"20 kV AC multiple units",
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projected-23575534-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | Formation | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | The KuMoHa 701 car is fitted with one PS105 lozenge-type pantograph. The KuHa 700 car is fitted with a toilet and wheelchair space. | [] | [
"701-5500 series",
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] | [
"Electric multiple units of Japan",
"East Japan Railway Company",
"Train-related introductions in 1993",
"20 kV AC multiple units",
"Kawasaki multiple units"
] |
projected-23575534-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | Aoimori 701 series | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | The Aoimori Railway 701 series fleet consists of one 701-0 series set, which was originally a JR East 701-1000 series set transferred from Morioka in December 2002, and a newly built 701-100 series set delivered in September 2002. The 701-100 series set has some transverse seating.
A further seven two-car (former 701-1000 series) sets were transferred from JR East during 2010 ahead of the transfer of passenger operations from JR East on the section from Hachinohe to Aomori when the Tohoku Shinkansen extension to Shin-Aomori opened in December 2010. These units are modified with the addition of some transverse seating. The Aoimori Railway fleet was repainted into a new lighter blue livery incorporating the railway's "Mori" mascot logo. | [
"Aoi mori701.jpg",
"AoimoriRailway 700-1 Misawa 110717.jpg"
] | [
"Aoimori 701 series"
] | [
"Electric multiple units of Japan",
"East Japan Railway Company",
"Train-related introductions in 1993",
"20 kV AC multiple units",
"Kawasaki multiple units"
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projected-23575534-023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | Formation | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | The Aoimori 701 car is fitted with a PS105 lozenge-type pantograph. The Aoimori 700 car is fitted with a toilet and wheelchair space. | [] | [
"Aoimori 701 series",
"Formation"
] | [
"Electric multiple units of Japan",
"East Japan Railway Company",
"Train-related introductions in 1993",
"20 kV AC multiple units",
"Kawasaki multiple units"
] |
projected-23575534-024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | IGR 7000 series | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | The Iwate Galaxy Railway Line 7000 series fleet consists of four 7000-0 series sets, which were originally JR East 701-1000 series sets transferred from Morioka in December 2002, and three newly built 7000-100 series sets delivered in September 2002. The 7000-100 series sets have some transverse seating. | [
"IGR7000-1.jpg"
] | [
"IGR 7000 series"
] | [
"Electric multiple units of Japan",
"East Japan Railway Company",
"Train-related introductions in 1993",
"20 kV AC multiple units",
"Kawasaki multiple units"
] |
projected-23575534-026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | IGR 7000-0 series | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | The IGR 7001 car is fitted with a PS105 lozenge-type pantograph. The IGR 7000 car is fitted with a toilet and wheelchair space. | [] | [
"IGR 7000 series",
"Formations",
"IGR 7000-0 series"
] | [
"Electric multiple units of Japan",
"East Japan Railway Company",
"Train-related introductions in 1993",
"20 kV AC multiple units",
"Kawasaki multiple units"
] |
projected-23575534-027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701%20series | 701 series | IGR 7000-100 series | The is an AC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Aoimori Railway, and Iwate Galaxy Railway (IGR) in Japan. The design is derived from the 209 series commuter EMU, and was intended to replace locomotive-hauled trains formed of coaches in the north of Japan. | The IGR 7001 car is fitted with a PS105 lozenge-type pantograph. The IGR 7000 car is fitted with a toilet and wheelchair space. | [] | [
"IGR 7000 series",
"Formations",
"IGR 7000-100 series"
] | [
"Electric multiple units of Japan",
"East Japan Railway Company",
"Train-related introductions in 1993",
"20 kV AC multiple units",
"Kawasaki multiple units"
] |
projected-23575535-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupp%20%28given%20name%29 | Jupp (given name) | Introduction | Jupp is a German masculine given name, short for Joseph. Notable people with the name include:
Jupp Derwall (1927–2007), German footballer and coach
Jupp Heynckes (born 1945), German football coach
Jupp Kapellmann (born 1949), German footballer
Category:German masculine given names | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"German masculine given names"
] | |
projected-23575546-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falus | Falus | Introduction | The falus was a bronze/copper currency of Morocco.
Minted between 1672–1901, denominations of , , 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 falus are recorded in the Standard Catalogue. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Economic history of Morocco",
"Currencies of Africa",
"Numismatics",
"Coins of Morocco",
"17th-century establishments in Morocco",
"20th-century disestablishments in Morocco"
] | |
projected-23575546-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falus | Falus | Identification | The falus was a bronze/copper currency of Morocco.
Minted between 1672–1901, denominations of , , 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 falus are recorded in the Standard Catalogue. | They are typically denominated by size rather than by inscription, and can be difficult to identify precisely. | [] | [
"Identification"
] | [
"Economic history of Morocco",
"Currencies of Africa",
"Numismatics",
"Coins of Morocco",
"17th-century establishments in Morocco",
"20th-century disestablishments in Morocco"
] |
projected-23575546-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falus | Falus | Depreciation | The falus was a bronze/copper currency of Morocco.
Minted between 1672–1901, denominations of , , 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 falus are recorded in the Standard Catalogue. | From 1862, the falus was allowed to float, while the exchange rate for the silver dirham was fixed: this resulted in currency speculation and depreciation, with effectively two parallel currencies. | [] | [
"Depreciation"
] | [
"Economic history of Morocco",
"Currencies of Africa",
"Numismatics",
"Coins of Morocco",
"17th-century establishments in Morocco",
"20th-century disestablishments in Morocco"
] |
projected-23575546-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falus | Falus | See also | The falus was a bronze/copper currency of Morocco.
Minted between 1672–1901, denominations of , , 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 falus are recorded in the Standard Catalogue. | Fils (currency)
Category:Economic history of Morocco
Category:Currencies of Africa
Category:Numismatics
Category:Coins of Morocco
Category:17th-century establishments in Morocco
Category:20th-century disestablishments in Morocco | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Economic history of Morocco",
"Currencies of Africa",
"Numismatics",
"Coins of Morocco",
"17th-century establishments in Morocco",
"20th-century disestablishments in Morocco"
] |
projected-23575568-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupp%20%28surname%29 | Jupp (surname) | Introduction | Jupp is a surname, originating in the English county of Sussex and may refer to:
In music
Eric Jupp (1922–2003), British musician
Mickey Jupp (born 1944), English musician
Richard Jupp (musician) (21st century), British drummer
In sport
Duncan Jupp (born 1975), Scottish footballer
Gabrielle Jupp (born 1997), British gymnast
George Jupp (cricketer, born 1845) (1845–1930), English cricketer
George Jupp (cricketer, born 1875) (1875–1938), English cricketer
Harry Jupp (1841–1889), English cricketer
Vallance Jupp (1891–1960), English cricketer
Other
Alex Jupp (born 1927), Canadian politician
James Jupp (born 1932), British-Australian political scientist
Miles Jupp (born 1979), British actor
Richard Jupp (1728–1799), English architect
Roger Jupp (born 1956), English bishop
Simon Jupp (born 1985), British politician
Category:Surnames
Category:English-language surnames
Category:Surnames of English origin
Category:Surnames of British Isles origin | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Surnames",
"English-language surnames",
"Surnames of English origin",
"Surnames of British Isles origin"
] | |
projected-23575574-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Shepstone%20railway%20station | Port Shepstone railway station | Introduction | Port Shepstone railway station is a railway station located in Port Shepstone, South Africa.
The station serves as both the southern terminus of Cape Gauge (3' 6"/1067mm) line from to Durban, as well as the southern coastal terminus of the narrow gauge Alfred County Railway to Harding, KwaZulu-Natal. Opened for operations in 1917, it also served the port facilities of the local docks.
After the standard gauge Transnet passenger services shut in 1986, the ACR continued operations until 2005, when the famous Banana Express ceased operation.
Today, the station purely acts as turning/shunting point for the thrice-weekly Transnet Freight Rail limestone traffic to Saiccor. As a result, the station still houses a diesel shunter. It also acts as the storage point for the unused carriages of the Blue Train, which have been vandalised through a lack of permanent staffing of the site. In May 2014, the KwaZulu-Natal government allocated R200 million for the refurbishment of the Port Shepstone railway. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Railway stations in South Africa",
"Transport in KwaZulu-Natal",
"Ugu District Municipality"
] | |
projected-23575574-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Shepstone%20railway%20station | Port Shepstone railway station | References | Port Shepstone railway station is a railway station located in Port Shepstone, South Africa.
The station serves as both the southern terminus of Cape Gauge (3' 6"/1067mm) line from to Durban, as well as the southern coastal terminus of the narrow gauge Alfred County Railway to Harding, KwaZulu-Natal. Opened for operations in 1917, it also served the port facilities of the local docks.
After the standard gauge Transnet passenger services shut in 1986, the ACR continued operations until 2005, when the famous Banana Express ceased operation.
Today, the station purely acts as turning/shunting point for the thrice-weekly Transnet Freight Rail limestone traffic to Saiccor. As a result, the station still houses a diesel shunter. It also acts as the storage point for the unused carriages of the Blue Train, which have been vandalised through a lack of permanent staffing of the site. In May 2014, the KwaZulu-Natal government allocated R200 million for the refurbishment of the Port Shepstone railway. | Category:Railway stations in South Africa
Category:Transport in KwaZulu-Natal
Category:Ugu District Municipality | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Railway stations in South Africa",
"Transport in KwaZulu-Natal",
"Ugu District Municipality"
] |
projected-23575585-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Ward%20Doubleday | Stephen Ward Doubleday | Introduction | Stephen Ward Doubleday (January 6, 1845 – September 27, 1926) was an American banker. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1845 births",
"1926 deaths",
"People from Staten Island",
"American bankers",
"Union Army officers",
"People of New York (state) in the American Civil War"
] | |
projected-23575585-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Ward%20Doubleday | Stephen Ward Doubleday | Early life and education | Stephen Ward Doubleday (January 6, 1845 – September 27, 1926) was an American banker. | Stephen Ward Doubleday was born January 6, 1845 to Mary Augusta Ward and Colonel Thomas D. Doubleday. He was a nephew of General Abner Doubleday and grandson of Jacksonian Congressman and newspaper publisher Ulysses F. Doubleday. Stephen was named after Stephen Ward, patriot of the Revolutionary War, who attended the provincial congress, was a presidential elector, a Westchester county judge, and was elected to congress.
Doubleday enlisted in the Civil War at 17, was mustered in as a second lieutenant and served with the 4th New York Heavy Artillery. | [] | [
"Biography",
"Early life and education"
] | [
"1845 births",
"1926 deaths",
"People from Staten Island",
"American bankers",
"Union Army officers",
"People of New York (state) in the American Civil War"
] |
projected-23575585-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Ward%20Doubleday | Stephen Ward Doubleday | Career | Stephen Ward Doubleday (January 6, 1845 – September 27, 1926) was an American banker. | An investment banker, Doubleday was a senior partner of Miller & Doubleday, where he began working in 1888; later he was a partner of Noble, Mestre & Doubleday. He served as Governor of the New York Stock Exchange in 1898–1899.
He traveled and lived abroad from 1900 to 1912 in Monaco and Berlin and was an avid golfer. He won golf tournaments in Berlin, Germany (1911) and Cannes, France (organized by the Czar's brother Grand Duke Michael)(1901). Doubleday was a member of the Apawamis Golf Club, the New York Stock Exchange, and the Union League Club of New York. | [] | [
"Biography",
"Career"
] | [
"1845 births",
"1926 deaths",
"People from Staten Island",
"American bankers",
"Union Army officers",
"People of New York (state) in the American Civil War"
] |
projected-23575585-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Ward%20Doubleday | Stephen Ward Doubleday | Marriage and children | Stephen Ward Doubleday (January 6, 1845 – September 27, 1926) was an American banker. | Doubleday married Angelica Barraclough Cushman, daughter of Don Alonzo Cushman, in 1875. The couple had three children and the family lived in Manhattan and Rye, New York. He was widowed by Angelica's death on March 6, 1915. His daughter Angelica Cushman Doubleday Tropp and her husband Simeon became the principal financial backers of Wilhelm Reich during his years in America. | [] | [
"Biography",
"Marriage and children"
] | [
"1845 births",
"1926 deaths",
"People from Staten Island",
"American bankers",
"Union Army officers",
"People of New York (state) in the American Civil War"
] |
projected-23575585-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Ward%20Doubleday | Stephen Ward Doubleday | Death and funeral | Stephen Ward Doubleday (January 6, 1845 – September 27, 1926) was an American banker. | Stephen Ward Doubleday died following a stroke on September 27, 1926. His funeral was held September 29, 1926 at the Church of the Transfiguration. | [] | [
"Biography",
"Death and funeral"
] | [
"1845 births",
"1926 deaths",
"People from Staten Island",
"American bankers",
"Union Army officers",
"People of New York (state) in the American Civil War"
] |
projected-23575585-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Ward%20Doubleday | Stephen Ward Doubleday | References | Stephen Ward Doubleday (January 6, 1845 – September 27, 1926) was an American banker. | Category:1845 births
Category:1926 deaths
Category:People from Staten Island
Category:American bankers
Category:Union Army officers
Category:People of New York (state) in the American Civil War | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1845 births",
"1926 deaths",
"People from Staten Island",
"American bankers",
"Union Army officers",
"People of New York (state) in the American Civil War"
] |
projected-23575590-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gornja%20Pi%C5%A1tana | Gornja Pištana | Introduction | Gornja Pištana is a village in north-eastern Slavonia, situated in municipality town of Orahovica, Virovitica-Podravina County, Croatia. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Populated places in Virovitica-Podravina County"
] | |
projected-23575590-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gornja%20Pi%C5%A1tana | Gornja Pištana | References | Gornja Pištana is a village in north-eastern Slavonia, situated in municipality town of Orahovica, Virovitica-Podravina County, Croatia. | CD-rom: "Naselja i stanovništvo RH od 1857-2001. godine", Izdanje Državnog zavoda za statistiku Republike Hrvatske, Zagreb, 2005.
Category:Populated places in Virovitica-Podravina County | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Populated places in Virovitica-Podravina County"
] |
projected-44499113-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida%20Eddies | Haida Eddies | Introduction | Haida Eddies are episodic, clockwise rotating ocean eddies that form during the winter off the west coast of British Columbia’s Haida Gwaii and Alaska’s Alexander Archipelago. These eddies are notable for their large size, persistence, and frequent recurrence. Rivers flowing off the North American continent supply the continental shelf in the Hecate Strait with warmer, fresher, and nutrient-enriched water. Haida eddies are formed every winter when this rapid outflow of water through the strait wraps around Cape St. James at the southern tip of Haida Gwaii, and meets with the cooler waters of the Alaska Current. This forms a series of plumes which can merge into large eddies that are shed into the northeast Pacific Ocean by late winter, and may persist for up to two years.
Haida eddies can be more than 250 km in diameter, and transport a mass of coastal water approximately the volume of Lake Michigan over 1,000 km offshore into the lower nutrient waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean. These "warm-core rings" transport heat out to sea, supplying nutrients (particularly nitrate and iron) to nutrient depleted areas of lower productivity. Consequently, primary production in Haida eddies is up to three times higher than in ambient waters, supporting vast phytoplankton-based communities, as well as influencing zooplankton and icthyoplankton community compositions.
The Haida name is derived from the Haida people native to the region, centered on the islands of Haida Gwaii (formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands). | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Bodies of water of Alaska",
"Bodies of water of British Columbia"
] | |
projected-44499113-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida%20Eddies | Haida Eddies | Historical observations | Haida Eddies are episodic, clockwise rotating ocean eddies that form during the winter off the west coast of British Columbia’s Haida Gwaii and Alaska’s Alexander Archipelago. These eddies are notable for their large size, persistence, and frequent recurrence. Rivers flowing off the North American continent supply the continental shelf in the Hecate Strait with warmer, fresher, and nutrient-enriched water. Haida eddies are formed every winter when this rapid outflow of water through the strait wraps around Cape St. James at the southern tip of Haida Gwaii, and meets with the cooler waters of the Alaska Current. This forms a series of plumes which can merge into large eddies that are shed into the northeast Pacific Ocean by late winter, and may persist for up to two years.
Haida eddies can be more than 250 km in diameter, and transport a mass of coastal water approximately the volume of Lake Michigan over 1,000 km offshore into the lower nutrient waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean. These "warm-core rings" transport heat out to sea, supplying nutrients (particularly nitrate and iron) to nutrient depleted areas of lower productivity. Consequently, primary production in Haida eddies is up to three times higher than in ambient waters, supporting vast phytoplankton-based communities, as well as influencing zooplankton and icthyoplankton community compositions.
The Haida name is derived from the Haida people native to the region, centered on the islands of Haida Gwaii (formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands). | Due to their large size, it was not until the satellite era that scientists were able to observe the full scale and life cycles of Haida eddies. Their extent is such that an ocean liner can move through the eddy without observing its borders, so accurate records did not exist until the late 1980s.
Between 1985-1990, the first US research mission to study changes in sea surface height using radar altimetry (an instrument used to measure the ocean surface height using a radar pulse in reference to a geoid), was conducted by the US Navy using the Geodetic/Geophysical Satellite (GEOSAT). The primary focus was to study fronts, eddies, winds, waves, and tides; each of these processes produce a change in sea surface height of several meters. In 1986, researchers Gower and Tabata observed clockwise eddies in the Gulf of Alaska using GEOSAT - the first satellite observation of Haida eddies. In 1987, the Ocean Storms program deployed 50 drifters to examine intertidal oscillations and mixing during fall storms and observed eddies propagating westward. Also in 1987, researchers Richard Thomson, Paul LeBlond, and William Emery observed that ocean drifters deployed in the Gulf of Alaska at 100–120 meters below the surface had stopped their eastward motion and actually began to move westward counter to the predominant current. The researchers attributed the unexpected motion to eddies dragging the buoys westward from their path at approximately 1.5 cm/s.
In 1992, Haida eddies were observed by researchers Meyers and Basu as positive sea surface height anomalies using TOPEX-POSEIDON, an altimetry-based satellite platform (like GEOSAT). They specifically noted an increase in the number of Haida eddies during the 1997/1998 El Niño winter. Haida eddy altimetry observations were further supplemented by European Remote Sensing satellites, ERS1 and ERS2. In 1995 Richard Thomson, together with James Gower at the Institute of Ocean Sciences in British Columbia, discovered the first clear evidence of eddies along the entire continental margin using temperature maps from infrared observations using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites. Satellite observations coupled with drifter observations have allowed scientists to resolve physical and biogeochemical structures of Haida eddies. | [
"Haida Eddy.png"
] | [
"Historical observations"
] | [
"Bodies of water of Alaska",
"Bodies of water of British Columbia"
] |
projected-44499113-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida%20Eddies | Haida Eddies | General circulation | Haida Eddies are episodic, clockwise rotating ocean eddies that form during the winter off the west coast of British Columbia’s Haida Gwaii and Alaska’s Alexander Archipelago. These eddies are notable for their large size, persistence, and frequent recurrence. Rivers flowing off the North American continent supply the continental shelf in the Hecate Strait with warmer, fresher, and nutrient-enriched water. Haida eddies are formed every winter when this rapid outflow of water through the strait wraps around Cape St. James at the southern tip of Haida Gwaii, and meets with the cooler waters of the Alaska Current. This forms a series of plumes which can merge into large eddies that are shed into the northeast Pacific Ocean by late winter, and may persist for up to two years.
Haida eddies can be more than 250 km in diameter, and transport a mass of coastal water approximately the volume of Lake Michigan over 1,000 km offshore into the lower nutrient waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean. These "warm-core rings" transport heat out to sea, supplying nutrients (particularly nitrate and iron) to nutrient depleted areas of lower productivity. Consequently, primary production in Haida eddies is up to three times higher than in ambient waters, supporting vast phytoplankton-based communities, as well as influencing zooplankton and icthyoplankton community compositions.
The Haida name is derived from the Haida people native to the region, centered on the islands of Haida Gwaii (formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands). | Ocean circulation in the region begins with the transport of waters eastward along the North Pacific Current, also known as the "West Wind Drift", which forms the northern branch of the anticyclonic (clockwise rotation of fluids in Northern Hemisphere) North Pacific subtropical gyre. The North Pacific current approaches the continental US and bifurcates into the southward flowing California Current and the northward flowing Alaska Current. The latitude of this bifurcation is dependent on changes in the midlatitude (30-60° latitude) westerly atmospheric wind patterns, which is the primary forcing on the ocean's circulation in this region. These westerly winds oscillate around 45°N and can have variable wind speeds. Changes in these winds are based on the large-scale atmospheric circulation which has seasonal (summer/winter), interannual (ENSO), and decadal (Pacific Decadal Oscillation, or PDO) variability. The northwestward Alaska Current then feeds into the westward Alaskan Coastal Current, and eventually into the Alaskan Stream; together these make up the cyclonic (counterclockwise rotating) subpolar Alaskan gyre, where Haida eddies are found.
In winter, the location of the North Pacific Current bifurcation is approximately 45°N, which is 5° south of where it bifurcates in the summer at approximately 50°N. This has implications as to what water is moved into the Alaskan subpolar gyre. In winter, when the splitting of the current is more south, fresh, warmer waters from river input from the Columbia (47°N) and Fraser (49°N) rivers are transported north. This shift in the North Pacific current location leads to winter currents transporting relatively warmer water poleward from a lower latitude than in the summer. Although the northern branch of the subtropical gyre shifts south in the winter, the subpolar gyre does not shift location, but intensifies in its circulation. This intensification brings a greater volume of water from the south into the subpolar gyre, which again is dependent on the magnitude of atmospheric circulation. For example: the Aleutian Low is a persistent low pressure system over the Gulf of Alaska that can fluctuate on decadal timescales, producing the PDO. If this system is relatively strong during winter, there will be an increase in northward transport of waters along the Alaskan current from southerly winds. Haida eddies have been documented to form predominantly in the winter when bifurcation is south, and favorable atmospheric conditions are met to intensify the subpolar gyre. With these conditions, Haida eddy formation has also been documented to occur from baroclinic instabilities from alongshore wind reversals, equatorial Kelvin waves, and bottom topography. Baroclinic instabilities form when tilting or sloping of isopycnals (horizontal lines of constant density) form. Baroclinic instabilities from alongshore wind reversals occur when a persistent wind along the coast changes direction. For example: in the Gulf of Alaska average winds travel from the south, poleward (termed southerly winds), but during a wind reversal the winds will abruptly shift to a northwesterly wind (coming from the northwest), and the coastal current that was being pushed north will now be pushed south. This change in direction causes rotation in an originally northward flowing current, which results in tilting isopyncals. Kelvin waves that form along the equator are able to travel along the west coast of North America to the Gulf of Alaska, where their presence can cause disruptions in the poleward current and form baroclinic instabilities. Bottom topography, the third formation process of Haida eddies, can occur because the Alaska current will interact with hills or rock formations below the surface, and this can cause baroclinic instabilities. | [
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projected-44499113-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida%20Eddies | Haida Eddies | General physical attributes | Haida Eddies are episodic, clockwise rotating ocean eddies that form during the winter off the west coast of British Columbia’s Haida Gwaii and Alaska’s Alexander Archipelago. These eddies are notable for their large size, persistence, and frequent recurrence. Rivers flowing off the North American continent supply the continental shelf in the Hecate Strait with warmer, fresher, and nutrient-enriched water. Haida eddies are formed every winter when this rapid outflow of water through the strait wraps around Cape St. James at the southern tip of Haida Gwaii, and meets with the cooler waters of the Alaska Current. This forms a series of plumes which can merge into large eddies that are shed into the northeast Pacific Ocean by late winter, and may persist for up to two years.
Haida eddies can be more than 250 km in diameter, and transport a mass of coastal water approximately the volume of Lake Michigan over 1,000 km offshore into the lower nutrient waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean. These "warm-core rings" transport heat out to sea, supplying nutrients (particularly nitrate and iron) to nutrient depleted areas of lower productivity. Consequently, primary production in Haida eddies is up to three times higher than in ambient waters, supporting vast phytoplankton-based communities, as well as influencing zooplankton and icthyoplankton community compositions.
The Haida name is derived from the Haida people native to the region, centered on the islands of Haida Gwaii (formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands). | Haida eddies possess common physical characteristics that are dependent on the attributes of the water that is being transported, and how that influences the overall structure. Haida eddies are characterized as relatively long-lived, transient (departure from the average ocean current along the coast), medium-sized (mesoscale) ocean eddies that rotate clockwise (anti-cyclonic), and possess a warm, less-saline core, relative to the surrounding waters. These warm waters within the eddy are attributed to the baroclinic clockwise motion that results in a piling up of water near the center, and a downward displacement of surface water to depth (downwelling). This phenomenon is referred to as Ekman pumping, resulting from a conservation of mass, vertical velocity, and the Coriolis force. Downwelling of water from convergence produces what is called 'dynamic height anomalies' between the center and the surrounding waters. The anomaly is calculated by taking the difference between the surface of interest, for example the middle of a Haida eddy, and a reference point (in oceanography it is in reference to the geopotential surface, or the geoid). Haida eddies are capable of producing dynamic height anomalies between the center and the surrounding waters of 0.12-0.35 m.
Ekman pumping of surface waters, coupled with northward transport of warm waters (from location of bifurcation), dampens the temperature gradient from the surface down to 300 m, so that water temperature within the eddy is warmer below the surface than typical conditions. Stratification increases between these warmer, less-saline vortices and the surrounding waters by effectively depressing background lines of constant temperature (isotherms) and salinity (isohalines) (shown in figure). This makes them an ideal vehicle to transport coastal water properties into the Gulf of Alaska because of reduced mixing with surrounding waters.
As Haida eddies break away from the coast into the subpolar gyre, they transport water properties such as temperature, salinity and kinetic energy. A common water mass in the area is the Pacific Subarctic Upper Water (PSUW) mass with conservative (constant through time and space) properties of salinity (32.6-33.6 psu) and temperature (3-15 °C). PSUW moves into the Alaska Current from the North Pacific Current and may be mixed via Haida eddies into the subpolar gyre. Fresh (low salinity) water from rivers are mixed into Haida eddies. They are also able to exchange potential energy and momentum from the coastal mean current, a process that takes energy away from the coastal current and advects it toward the middle of the gyre. On average, the Gulf of Alaska experiences 5.5 Haida eddies per year, with a typical eddy characterized by a dynamical height of approximately 0.179 m, propagation speed of 2 km per day, average core diameter of 97 km, total volume of approximately 3,000 to 6,000 km3, and a duration of 30 weeks. | [] | [
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projected-44499113-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida%20Eddies | Haida Eddies | Biogeochemical and nutrient dynamics | Haida Eddies are episodic, clockwise rotating ocean eddies that form during the winter off the west coast of British Columbia’s Haida Gwaii and Alaska’s Alexander Archipelago. These eddies are notable for their large size, persistence, and frequent recurrence. Rivers flowing off the North American continent supply the continental shelf in the Hecate Strait with warmer, fresher, and nutrient-enriched water. Haida eddies are formed every winter when this rapid outflow of water through the strait wraps around Cape St. James at the southern tip of Haida Gwaii, and meets with the cooler waters of the Alaska Current. This forms a series of plumes which can merge into large eddies that are shed into the northeast Pacific Ocean by late winter, and may persist for up to two years.
Haida eddies can be more than 250 km in diameter, and transport a mass of coastal water approximately the volume of Lake Michigan over 1,000 km offshore into the lower nutrient waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean. These "warm-core rings" transport heat out to sea, supplying nutrients (particularly nitrate and iron) to nutrient depleted areas of lower productivity. Consequently, primary production in Haida eddies is up to three times higher than in ambient waters, supporting vast phytoplankton-based communities, as well as influencing zooplankton and icthyoplankton community compositions.
The Haida name is derived from the Haida people native to the region, centered on the islands of Haida Gwaii (formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands). | Biogeochemical dynamics in Haida eddies are typically characterized by highly productive, yet relatively nutrient depleted surface waters, that may be replenished by diffusion and mixing from nutrient abundant sub-surface core waters. This nutrient exchange is also often facilitated by seasonal fluctuations in the surface mixed layer depth (~20 m in winter, up to 100 m in summer), bringing the low-nutrient surface waters in contact with the nutrient-rich core waters as the mixed layer deepens. Upon eddy formation in winter, surface water concentrations are high in nutrients including nitrate, carbon, iron, and others that are important for biological production. However, they are quickly consumed by phytoplankton through spring and summer, until fall when the now reduced nutrient concentrations can be slowly replenished by mixing with the sub-surface core waters. The net effect of Haida eddies on macronutrients and trace metal micronutrients is that of offshore transport of materials from coastal waters to open ocean, increasing offshore primary productivity inside the eddy formation site. | [] | [
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projected-44499113-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida%20Eddies | Haida Eddies | Dissolved iron | Haida Eddies are episodic, clockwise rotating ocean eddies that form during the winter off the west coast of British Columbia’s Haida Gwaii and Alaska’s Alexander Archipelago. These eddies are notable for their large size, persistence, and frequent recurrence. Rivers flowing off the North American continent supply the continental shelf in the Hecate Strait with warmer, fresher, and nutrient-enriched water. Haida eddies are formed every winter when this rapid outflow of water through the strait wraps around Cape St. James at the southern tip of Haida Gwaii, and meets with the cooler waters of the Alaska Current. This forms a series of plumes which can merge into large eddies that are shed into the northeast Pacific Ocean by late winter, and may persist for up to two years.
Haida eddies can be more than 250 km in diameter, and transport a mass of coastal water approximately the volume of Lake Michigan over 1,000 km offshore into the lower nutrient waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean. These "warm-core rings" transport heat out to sea, supplying nutrients (particularly nitrate and iron) to nutrient depleted areas of lower productivity. Consequently, primary production in Haida eddies is up to three times higher than in ambient waters, supporting vast phytoplankton-based communities, as well as influencing zooplankton and icthyoplankton community compositions.
The Haida name is derived from the Haida people native to the region, centered on the islands of Haida Gwaii (formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands). | The southeast and central Gulf of Alaska tends to be iron-limited, and Haida eddies deliver large quantities of iron-rich coastal waters into these regions. In High-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll (HNLC) areas, iron tends to limit phytoplankton growth more than macronutrients, so the delivery of iron plays an important role in stimulating biological activity. While surface waters within the eddy are similar to that of ambient HNLC waters, waters in the eddy core are highly iron-enriched. Iron is delivered upward to the surface from the eddy core as a result of physical transport properties as the eddy decays or interacts with other eddies. This iron flux into the photic zone (where light is abundant to support growth), is associated with an increase in spring and summer primary production, and drawdown of macronutrients as they are consumed by phytoplankton. Increased iron concentrations have been observed to persist in the core of the eddy up to 16 months after eddy formation. Physical transport properties retain a supply of iron to the surface from the still iron-rich eddy core for the lifetime of the eddy. Because of the large vertical iron transport, Haida eddies contribute a significant portion of the total iron available for biological use.
Total dissolved iron concentrations in Haida eddies are approximately 28 times higher than open ocean waters of the Alaska gyre. The daily average supply of iron upwelled from the eddy core is 39 times higher than the iron introduced by average daily dust deposition in the northeast Pacific. Despite the fact that seasonal shallowing and strengthening of the thermocline may inhibit mixing between the surface layer and enriched waters below (reducing iron exchange between the two by as much as 73%), concentrations are still an order of magnitude higher than ambient waters, delivering an estimated 4.6 x 106 moles of iron annually to the Gulf of Alaska. This loading is comparable to the total iron delivery from atmospheric dust or major volcanic eruptions. Thus, the arrival of Haida eddies may introduce anywhere from 5–50% of the annual dissolved iron supply in the upper 1,000 m of the Gulf of Alaska.
In the summer of 2012, an iron fertilization experiment deposited 100 tons of finely-ground iron oxides into a Haida eddy in an effort to increase salmon returns through an attempt to increase primary production. This resulted in the highest chlorophyll concentrations measured within an eddy, and the most intense phytoplankton bloom in the last ten years in the northeast Pacific. However, the impact of this bloom on higher trophic organisms such as zooplankton and fish is not known. | [] | [
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projected-44499113-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida%20Eddies | Haida Eddies | Carbon | Haida Eddies are episodic, clockwise rotating ocean eddies that form during the winter off the west coast of British Columbia’s Haida Gwaii and Alaska’s Alexander Archipelago. These eddies are notable for their large size, persistence, and frequent recurrence. Rivers flowing off the North American continent supply the continental shelf in the Hecate Strait with warmer, fresher, and nutrient-enriched water. Haida eddies are formed every winter when this rapid outflow of water through the strait wraps around Cape St. James at the southern tip of Haida Gwaii, and meets with the cooler waters of the Alaska Current. This forms a series of plumes which can merge into large eddies that are shed into the northeast Pacific Ocean by late winter, and may persist for up to two years.
Haida eddies can be more than 250 km in diameter, and transport a mass of coastal water approximately the volume of Lake Michigan over 1,000 km offshore into the lower nutrient waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean. These "warm-core rings" transport heat out to sea, supplying nutrients (particularly nitrate and iron) to nutrient depleted areas of lower productivity. Consequently, primary production in Haida eddies is up to three times higher than in ambient waters, supporting vast phytoplankton-based communities, as well as influencing zooplankton and icthyoplankton community compositions.
The Haida name is derived from the Haida people native to the region, centered on the islands of Haida Gwaii (formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands). | Concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and nitrate (NO3−), which are important macronutrients for photosynthesis, are quickly depleted in Haida eddy surface waters through most of their first year due to uptake by biological primary production. This uptake of nutrients, which is largely carried out by phytoplankton, leads to observable increases in chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations. In summer, a large portion of the DIC pool is consumed due to increased production of coccolithophores, which are phytoplankton that use bicarbonate ion to build their calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shells, releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) in the process. This process also leads to a summertime reduction in total alkalinity, which is a measure of the capacity of seawater to neutralize acids, and is largely determined by bicarbonate and carbonate ion concentrations. Surrounding surface waters show similar, or even slightly higher concentrations of DIC, total alkalinity, and nitrates, and may at times exchange surface waters with Haida eddies, as witnessed when Haida-2000 merged with Haida-2001. Although some nutrient exchange takes place at the surface, export of organic carbon out of the eddy is not enhanced, and there is little change in organic carbon concentrations at depth, suggesting that the organic carbon formed through primary production is largely being recycled within the eddies.
In February, surface concentrations of CO2 (as quantified by ƒCO2), in the eddy center and edges start out relatively oversaturated relative to atmospheric CO2 concentrations, but quickly drop, partially due to biological production. By June, ƒCO2 becomes undersaturated relative to atmospheric concentrations, but increases slightly again through summer, aided by warming temperatures. In the eddy center, ƒCO2 usually reaches near equilibrium with the atmosphere by fall (depending on timing of the mixed layer deepening), when vertical entrainment and mixing from below can replenish ƒCO2, as well as the now-depleted DIC and nitrate concentrations. Lower ƒCO2 tends to persist through summer in edge waters however, most likely due to the presence of enhanced biological production, as suggested by the presence of higher Chl-a concentrations. Ambient waters typically reach parity with atmospheric CO2 by spring, after a smaller initial decrease early in the year. Net atmospheric CO2 removal by Haida eddies is estimated to be 0.8-1.2 x 106 tons per year, underscoring the important role they play in the Gulf of Alaska. | [] | [
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projected-44499113-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida%20Eddies | Haida Eddies | Other trace metals | Haida Eddies are episodic, clockwise rotating ocean eddies that form during the winter off the west coast of British Columbia’s Haida Gwaii and Alaska’s Alexander Archipelago. These eddies are notable for their large size, persistence, and frequent recurrence. Rivers flowing off the North American continent supply the continental shelf in the Hecate Strait with warmer, fresher, and nutrient-enriched water. Haida eddies are formed every winter when this rapid outflow of water through the strait wraps around Cape St. James at the southern tip of Haida Gwaii, and meets with the cooler waters of the Alaska Current. This forms a series of plumes which can merge into large eddies that are shed into the northeast Pacific Ocean by late winter, and may persist for up to two years.
Haida eddies can be more than 250 km in diameter, and transport a mass of coastal water approximately the volume of Lake Michigan over 1,000 km offshore into the lower nutrient waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean. These "warm-core rings" transport heat out to sea, supplying nutrients (particularly nitrate and iron) to nutrient depleted areas of lower productivity. Consequently, primary production in Haida eddies is up to three times higher than in ambient waters, supporting vast phytoplankton-based communities, as well as influencing zooplankton and icthyoplankton community compositions.
The Haida name is derived from the Haida people native to the region, centered on the islands of Haida Gwaii (formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands). | Transport and delivery of other trace metals in the Gulf of Alaska are also enhanced by Haida eddies and may result in increased burial of trace metals in marine sediments where they can no longer be used to support biological growth. Evidence suggests Haida eddies may be an important source of dissolved silver ions, with eddy surface water concentrations three to four times higher compared to ambient waters. Silicate uptake rates by marine diatoms in Haida eddies are three times that observed in ambient waters, suggesting strong diatom population growth. Haida eddies are important sources of silver for diatom production, as silver is incorporated into the silicate shells of diatoms and the transport of silver associated with Haida eddies promotes diatom growth. Silver is sequestered by this production and eventually transported to depth by sinking particles of organic matter, linking silver to the marine silicate cycle.
Large quantities of dissolved aluminum and manganese ions are also supplied to the Gulf of Alaska via eddy transport of coastal waters enriched from riverine inputs. The quantity transported is also comparable to that deposited by atmospheric dust. This supply of trace metals impacts the rate of dissolved iron removal because the particles tend to aggregate together and sink to the seafloor, a process which may account for 50-60% of dissolved aluminum and manganese removal. Additionally, there is evidence for enhanced delivery of cadmium and copper to the Gulf of Alaska by Haida eddies. | [] | [
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"Other trace metals"
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projected-44499113-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida%20Eddies | Haida Eddies | Macronutrients | Haida Eddies are episodic, clockwise rotating ocean eddies that form during the winter off the west coast of British Columbia’s Haida Gwaii and Alaska’s Alexander Archipelago. These eddies are notable for their large size, persistence, and frequent recurrence. Rivers flowing off the North American continent supply the continental shelf in the Hecate Strait with warmer, fresher, and nutrient-enriched water. Haida eddies are formed every winter when this rapid outflow of water through the strait wraps around Cape St. James at the southern tip of Haida Gwaii, and meets with the cooler waters of the Alaska Current. This forms a series of plumes which can merge into large eddies that are shed into the northeast Pacific Ocean by late winter, and may persist for up to two years.
Haida eddies can be more than 250 km in diameter, and transport a mass of coastal water approximately the volume of Lake Michigan over 1,000 km offshore into the lower nutrient waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean. These "warm-core rings" transport heat out to sea, supplying nutrients (particularly nitrate and iron) to nutrient depleted areas of lower productivity. Consequently, primary production in Haida eddies is up to three times higher than in ambient waters, supporting vast phytoplankton-based communities, as well as influencing zooplankton and icthyoplankton community compositions.
The Haida name is derived from the Haida people native to the region, centered on the islands of Haida Gwaii (formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands). | Haida eddies can produce low silicate and high nitrate, chlorophyll, and sedimentation events offshore.
Eddies that form nearshore in the Gulf of Alaska carry shelf nutrients west into the High-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll (HNLC) and oligotrophic (low-nutrient) waters of the northeast Pacific, or south into seasonally nitrate-depleted waters. If eddies head southward from the Gulf of Alaska toward British Columbia, waters in the eddy become enriched in nutrients at the expense of the seawater they are capturing nutrients from, leaving coastal waters relatively nutrient poor. If eddies head west into the HNLC waters of the central Gulf of Alaska basin, they transport particulate matter and supply the photic zone with nitrate that is up to three times greater than typical seasonal transport, increasing spring productivity.
The timing of advection from the eddy has important seasonal implications on the delivery of nutrients. The high-nutrient and high-iron coastal water is carried into the Gulf of Alaska from either the core of the eddy or the outer ring. The core of the eddy contains warm, fresh, nutrient-rich waters formed in winter, and with the addition of sunlight, produces strong spring blooms of primary productivity offshore. As the eddy drifts westward in late spring and summer, the outer ring mixes coastal and deep ocean waters in large arcs around the eddy edge. This process has an effect hundreds of kilometers offshore, and facilitates the exchange of nutrients between shelf to deep ocean from late winter to the following autumn. | [] | [
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"Macronutrients"
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projected-44499113-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida%20Eddies | Haida Eddies | Biology | Haida Eddies are episodic, clockwise rotating ocean eddies that form during the winter off the west coast of British Columbia’s Haida Gwaii and Alaska’s Alexander Archipelago. These eddies are notable for their large size, persistence, and frequent recurrence. Rivers flowing off the North American continent supply the continental shelf in the Hecate Strait with warmer, fresher, and nutrient-enriched water. Haida eddies are formed every winter when this rapid outflow of water through the strait wraps around Cape St. James at the southern tip of Haida Gwaii, and meets with the cooler waters of the Alaska Current. This forms a series of plumes which can merge into large eddies that are shed into the northeast Pacific Ocean by late winter, and may persist for up to two years.
Haida eddies can be more than 250 km in diameter, and transport a mass of coastal water approximately the volume of Lake Michigan over 1,000 km offshore into the lower nutrient waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean. These "warm-core rings" transport heat out to sea, supplying nutrients (particularly nitrate and iron) to nutrient depleted areas of lower productivity. Consequently, primary production in Haida eddies is up to three times higher than in ambient waters, supporting vast phytoplankton-based communities, as well as influencing zooplankton and icthyoplankton community compositions.
The Haida name is derived from the Haida people native to the region, centered on the islands of Haida Gwaii (formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands). | Nutrients trapped and transported by Haida eddies support more biological growth compared to surrounding, low-nutrient ocean water.
Elevated measurements of chlorophyll in eddy centers, as compared to surrounding water, indicate that eddies increase primary production, and can support multiple phytoplankton blooms within a single year. These blooms are not only caused by increased nutrients, but also the eddy's ability to transport biota from the coast into the eddy. Spring blooms are caused by sufficient light reaching the warm, nutrient-rich water contained in the middle of the eddy, due to anticyclonic rotation. A second bloom can occur once the eddy has moved closer to the deep ocean, when the outer reaches of the eddy can gather nutrient-rich water from either the coast or from an adjacent eddy. Coastal water transported by this outer ring advection can move from the coast into the eddy in six days which also allows for the rapid transport of coastal algae into the nutrient-rich eddy waters. A late summer bloom can occur if storms produce vertical convection of the mixed layer, causing it to deepen and trap nutrients from below into the region of primary production.
High eddy kinetic energy (EKE) may also increase chlorophyll concentration in eddies. Northern Gulf of Alaska and Haida eddy regions have more chlorophyll when EKE was higher, which can be caused by storms, producing higher mixing of the mixed layer and introducing nutrients from below. Because of the correlation, research suggests that EKE could be used to predict chlorophyll blooms.
Haida eddies affect zooplankton distribution by transporting nearshore species into the deep ocean. During the first summer that an eddy moves offshore, nearshore species often dominate zooplankton communities, but decline after one or two years as the eddy dissipates. Species that perform diel vertical migration can remain in the eddy core for longer periods of time.
The influence of Haida eddies on larger organisms remains poorly understood. They are thought to influence winter feeding habits of northern fur seals by providing food at a low energy expense. Ichthyoplankton composition within eddies is significantly different than that of surrounding ocean water. The species composition is based on where an eddy forms, and thus what coastal species it acquired. Fish larval species richness correlates with distance from an eddy center, with higher richness closer to the core. The icthyoplankton communities also change depending on the age of the eddy. | [] | [
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projected-44499113-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida%20Eddies | Haida Eddies | See also | Haida Eddies are episodic, clockwise rotating ocean eddies that form during the winter off the west coast of British Columbia’s Haida Gwaii and Alaska’s Alexander Archipelago. These eddies are notable for their large size, persistence, and frequent recurrence. Rivers flowing off the North American continent supply the continental shelf in the Hecate Strait with warmer, fresher, and nutrient-enriched water. Haida eddies are formed every winter when this rapid outflow of water through the strait wraps around Cape St. James at the southern tip of Haida Gwaii, and meets with the cooler waters of the Alaska Current. This forms a series of plumes which can merge into large eddies that are shed into the northeast Pacific Ocean by late winter, and may persist for up to two years.
Haida eddies can be more than 250 km in diameter, and transport a mass of coastal water approximately the volume of Lake Michigan over 1,000 km offshore into the lower nutrient waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean. These "warm-core rings" transport heat out to sea, supplying nutrients (particularly nitrate and iron) to nutrient depleted areas of lower productivity. Consequently, primary production in Haida eddies is up to three times higher than in ambient waters, supporting vast phytoplankton-based communities, as well as influencing zooplankton and icthyoplankton community compositions.
The Haida name is derived from the Haida people native to the region, centered on the islands of Haida Gwaii (formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands). | Mesoscale ocean eddies
Baroclinity
Ekman transport
Aleutian Low | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Bodies of water of Alaska",
"Bodies of water of British Columbia"
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projected-44499113-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida%20Eddies | Haida Eddies | References | Haida Eddies are episodic, clockwise rotating ocean eddies that form during the winter off the west coast of British Columbia’s Haida Gwaii and Alaska’s Alexander Archipelago. These eddies are notable for their large size, persistence, and frequent recurrence. Rivers flowing off the North American continent supply the continental shelf in the Hecate Strait with warmer, fresher, and nutrient-enriched water. Haida eddies are formed every winter when this rapid outflow of water through the strait wraps around Cape St. James at the southern tip of Haida Gwaii, and meets with the cooler waters of the Alaska Current. This forms a series of plumes which can merge into large eddies that are shed into the northeast Pacific Ocean by late winter, and may persist for up to two years.
Haida eddies can be more than 250 km in diameter, and transport a mass of coastal water approximately the volume of Lake Michigan over 1,000 km offshore into the lower nutrient waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean. These "warm-core rings" transport heat out to sea, supplying nutrients (particularly nitrate and iron) to nutrient depleted areas of lower productivity. Consequently, primary production in Haida eddies is up to three times higher than in ambient waters, supporting vast phytoplankton-based communities, as well as influencing zooplankton and icthyoplankton community compositions.
The Haida name is derived from the Haida people native to the region, centered on the islands of Haida Gwaii (formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands). | Category:Bodies of water of Alaska
Category:Bodies of water of British Columbia | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Bodies of water of Alaska",
"Bodies of water of British Columbia"
] |
projected-44499135-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20K.%20Stuller | Jennifer K. Stuller | Introduction | Jennifer K. Stuller (born July 14, 1975 in Marin County, California) is an American writer, editor, popular culture critic, and historian best known for her work on female representation in comic books, TV, and movies. She is the author of Ink-Stained Amazons and Cinematic Warriors: Superwomen in Modern Mythology and a frequent contributor to Bitch Magazine as well as Co-Founder and Director Emeritus of Programming and Events for GeekGirlCon.
Stuller received her bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from the University of Washington in the Program in the Comparative History of Ideas where she later offered a survey course on the history of comic books. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1975 births",
"American editors",
"21st-century American historians",
"University of Washington alumni",
"Living people"
] | |
projected-44499135-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20K.%20Stuller | Jennifer K. Stuller | References | Jennifer K. Stuller (born July 14, 1975 in Marin County, California) is an American writer, editor, popular culture critic, and historian best known for her work on female representation in comic books, TV, and movies. She is the author of Ink-Stained Amazons and Cinematic Warriors: Superwomen in Modern Mythology and a frequent contributor to Bitch Magazine as well as Co-Founder and Director Emeritus of Programming and Events for GeekGirlCon.
Stuller received her bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from the University of Washington in the Program in the Comparative History of Ideas where she later offered a survey course on the history of comic books. | Category:1975 births
Category:American editors
Category:21st-century American historians
Category:University of Washington alumni
Category:Living people | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1975 births",
"American editors",
"21st-century American historians",
"University of Washington alumni",
"Living people"
] |
projected-23575620-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittington%20Low%20Level%20railway%20station | Whittington Low Level railway station | Introduction | Whittington Low Level railway station is a disused station and was one of two former railway stations in the village of Whittington, Shropshire, England. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Disused railway stations in Shropshire",
"Former Great Western Railway stations",
"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848",
"Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1960"
] | |
projected-23575620-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittington%20Low%20Level%20railway%20station | Whittington Low Level railway station | History | Whittington Low Level railway station is a disused station and was one of two former railway stations in the village of Whittington, Shropshire, England. | Whittington Low Level was a minor station on the GWR's Paddington to Birkenhead main line. Today this is part of the Shrewsbury to Chester Line. An automatic level crossing lies just to the north of the old station site.
In 1924 Whittington gained its "Low Level" suffix in order to distinguish it from Whittington High Level on the Oswestry to Whitchurch line of the Cambrian Railways. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Disused railway stations in Shropshire",
"Former Great Western Railway stations",
"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848",
"Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1960"
] |
projected-23575620-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittington%20Low%20Level%20railway%20station | Whittington Low Level railway station | Historical services | Whittington Low Level railway station is a disused station and was one of two former railway stations in the village of Whittington, Shropshire, England. | Express trains did not call at Whittington Low Level, only local services, though some travelled long distances and most gave good connections to places such as , and .
In 1922 passenger services calling at Whittington Low Level were at their most intensive:
On Sundays two Down (northbound) trains called:
both called at most stations to , with good onward connections to several northern cities.
they were balanced by two Up (southbound) services calling at many stations to , taking nearly three hours.
On Mondays to Saturdays five Down trains called:
three stopping trains to , and
two stopping trains which continued beyond Wrexham to Chester.
there were only four Up workings, three to Shrewsbury and one going through to Birmingham Snow Hill.
Local goods traffic remained significant until the expansion in road haulage from the 1950s. According to the Official Handbook of Stations the following classes of traffic were being handled at this station in 1956: G, P, F, H & C and there was a one-ton crane. | [] | [
"Historical services"
] | [
"Disused railway stations in Shropshire",
"Former Great Western Railway stations",
"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848",
"Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1960"
] |
projected-44499150-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20A.%20Reinhold | H. A. Reinhold | Introduction | Hans Ansgar Reinhold (1897–1968) was a Roman Catholic priest born in Hamburg, Germany. Reinhold took part in the Roman Catholic resistance to the Nazi regime until taking refuge in the United States. He was a prominent liturgical reformer whose work was influential in shaping the changes to the Mass made at the Second Vatican Council. Reinhold was also a prominent advocate for the introduction of modernist architectural ideas to the construction of Catholic churches in the United States. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Liturgists",
"1897 births",
"1968 deaths"
] | |
projected-44499150-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20A.%20Reinhold | H. A. Reinhold | Books | Hans Ansgar Reinhold (1897–1968) was a Roman Catholic priest born in Hamburg, Germany. Reinhold took part in the Roman Catholic resistance to the Nazi regime until taking refuge in the United States. He was a prominent liturgical reformer whose work was influential in shaping the changes to the Mass made at the Second Vatican Council. Reinhold was also a prominent advocate for the introduction of modernist architectural ideas to the construction of Catholic churches in the United States. | The American Parish and the Roman Liturgy: An Essay in seven chapters (Macmillan, 1958),
Bringing the Mass to the people (Helicon Press, 1960),
The dynamics of liturgy (Macmillan, 1961),
Speaking of liturgical architecture (Daughters of St. Paul, 1961),
H.A.R.: The Autobiography of Father Reinhold (Herder and Herder, 1968)
[Edited compilation]The Soul Afire: Revelations of the Mystics (Image Books, 1973),
Literatur: Gerhard Besier, Peter Schmidt-Eppendorf (Hrsg,) Hans Ansgar Reinhold, Schriften und Briefwechsel, 588 S.,Aschendorf Münster 2011 | [] | [
"Books"
] | [
"Liturgists",
"1897 births",
"1968 deaths"
] |
projected-44499150-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20A.%20Reinhold | H. A. Reinhold | References | Hans Ansgar Reinhold (1897–1968) was a Roman Catholic priest born in Hamburg, Germany. Reinhold took part in the Roman Catholic resistance to the Nazi regime until taking refuge in the United States. He was a prominent liturgical reformer whose work was influential in shaping the changes to the Mass made at the Second Vatican Council. Reinhold was also a prominent advocate for the introduction of modernist architectural ideas to the construction of Catholic churches in the United States. | Category:Liturgists
Category:1897 births
Category:1968 deaths | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Liturgists",
"1897 births",
"1968 deaths"
] |
projected-23575622-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rednal%20and%20West%20Felton%20railway%20station | Rednal and West Felton railway station | Introduction | Rednal & West Felton railway station was a minor station on the GWR's Paddington to Birkenhead main line. Today this is part of the Shrewsbury to Chester line. The distinctive red brick station building (now a private house) can still be seen on the west side of the line. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Disused railway stations in Shropshire",
"Former Great Western Railway stations",
"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848",
"Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1960"
] | |
projected-23575622-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rednal%20and%20West%20Felton%20railway%20station | Rednal and West Felton railway station | History | Rednal & West Felton railway station was a minor station on the GWR's Paddington to Birkenhead main line. Today this is part of the Shrewsbury to Chester line. The distinctive red brick station building (now a private house) can still be seen on the west side of the line. | Express trains did not call at Rednal & West Felton, only local services.
On 7 June 1865 it was the site of a rail crash which killed 13 and injured 30. The driver of a heavy excursion train from Birkenhead to Shrewsbury failed to see a warning flag for track maintenance approaching the station and derailed.
According to the Official Handbook of Stations the following classes of traffic were being handled at this station in 1956: G, P, F, L, H & C and there was a three-ton crane. | [
"Fatal railway accident at Rednall. Wellcome M0015647.jpg"
] | [
"History"
] | [
"Disused railway stations in Shropshire",
"Former Great Western Railway stations",
"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848",
"Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1960"
] |
projected-44499154-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadfields%20United%20F.C. | Broadfields United F.C. | Introduction | Broadfields United Football Club is a football club based in Harrow, Greater London, England. They are currently members of the and play at Rayners Lane's Tithe Farm Sports & Social Club. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Football clubs in England",
"Football clubs in London",
"Sport in the London Borough of Harrow",
"Association football clubs established in 1993",
"1993 establishments in England",
"Middlesex County Football League",
"Spartan South Midlands Football League"
] | |
projected-44499154-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadfields%20United%20F.C. | Broadfields United F.C. | History | Broadfields United Football Club is a football club based in Harrow, Greater London, England. They are currently members of the and play at Rayners Lane's Tithe Farm Sports & Social Club. | The club was established in 1993, and joined the Southern Olympian League. They were Division Four champions in 1994–95, after which they joined Division One of the Middlesex County League. The following season it was renamed the Senior Division, and Broadfields were champions, earning promotion to the Premier Division. Despite finishing bottom of the Premier Division in 1998–99, they were not relegated.
However, in 2003–04 the club finished bottom of the Premier Division again and subsequently left the league. They returned in 2007, joining Division One West. Despite finishing second-from-bottom of the division, they were promoted to the Premier Division for the 2008–09 season. They withdrew from the league towards the end of the 2009–10 season, resulting in their record being expunged, but returned to the Premier Division for the 2010–11 season.
In 2011–12 Broadfields won the Premier Division Cup, retaining it the following season. In 2014–15 they finished fourth in the Premier Division, allowing the club to be promoted to Division One of the Spartan South Midlands League. The club were Division One runners-up in 2018–19, earning promotion to the Premier Division. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Football clubs in England",
"Football clubs in London",
"Sport in the London Borough of Harrow",
"Association football clubs established in 1993",
"1993 establishments in England",
"Middlesex County Football League",
"Spartan South Midlands Football League"
] |
projected-44499154-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadfields%20United%20F.C. | Broadfields United F.C. | Honours | Broadfields United Football Club is a football club based in Harrow, Greater London, England. They are currently members of the and play at Rayners Lane's Tithe Farm Sports & Social Club. | Spartan South Midlands League Challenge Trophy
Winners: 2017-18
Middlesex Premier Cup
Winners: 2016–17, 2017–18
Middlesex County League
Senior Division Champions 1996–97
Alec Smith Premier Division Cup Winners 2011–12, 2012–13
Southern Olympian League
Division Four Champions 1994–95 | [] | [
"Honours"
] | [
"Football clubs in England",
"Football clubs in London",
"Sport in the London Borough of Harrow",
"Association football clubs established in 1993",
"1993 establishments in England",
"Middlesex County Football League",
"Spartan South Midlands Football League"
] |
projected-44499154-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadfields%20United%20F.C. | Broadfields United F.C. | Records | Broadfields United Football Club is a football club based in Harrow, Greater London, England. They are currently members of the and play at Rayners Lane's Tithe Farm Sports & Social Club. | Best FA Cup performance: Second qualifying round, 2021–22
Best FA Vase performance: Second round, 2016–17 | [] | [
"Records"
] | [
"Football clubs in England",
"Football clubs in London",
"Sport in the London Borough of Harrow",
"Association football clubs established in 1993",
"1993 establishments in England",
"Middlesex County Football League",
"Spartan South Midlands Football League"
] |
projected-44499154-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadfields%20United%20F.C. | Broadfields United F.C. | See also | Broadfields United Football Club is a football club based in Harrow, Greater London, England. They are currently members of the and play at Rayners Lane's Tithe Farm Sports & Social Club. | Broadfields United F.C. players | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Football clubs in England",
"Football clubs in London",
"Sport in the London Borough of Harrow",
"Association football clubs established in 1993",
"1993 establishments in England",
"Middlesex County Football League",
"Spartan South Midlands Football League"
] |
projected-23575625-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baschurch%20railway%20station | Baschurch railway station | Introduction | Baschurch railway station was a minor station located about ten miles north of Shrewsbury on the GWR's Paddington to Birkenhead main line. Today this is part of the Shrewsbury to Chester line. The station building (now a private house) can be seen on the west side of the line adjacent Baschurch level crossing; it was designed by Thomas Mainwaring Penson. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Disused railway stations in Shropshire",
"Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1960",
"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848",
"Former Great Western Railway stations",
"Thomas Mainwaring Penson railway stations"
] | |
projected-23575625-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baschurch%20railway%20station | Baschurch railway station | Historical services | Baschurch railway station was a minor station located about ten miles north of Shrewsbury on the GWR's Paddington to Birkenhead main line. Today this is part of the Shrewsbury to Chester line. The station building (now a private house) can be seen on the west side of the line adjacent Baschurch level crossing; it was designed by Thomas Mainwaring Penson. | Express trains did not call at Baschurch, only local services.
According to the Official Handbook of Stations the following classes of traffic were being handled at this station in 1956: G, P, F, L, H & C and there was a three-ton crane.
Although the station was closed the line has continued in use for through trains. | [] | [
"Historical services"
] | [
"Disused railway stations in Shropshire",
"Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1960",
"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848",
"Former Great Western Railway stations",
"Thomas Mainwaring Penson railway stations"
] |
projected-23575625-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baschurch%20railway%20station | Baschurch railway station | Accidents and incidents | Baschurch railway station was a minor station located about ten miles north of Shrewsbury on the GWR's Paddington to Birkenhead main line. Today this is part of the Shrewsbury to Chester line. The station building (now a private house) can be seen on the west side of the line adjacent Baschurch level crossing; it was designed by Thomas Mainwaring Penson. | On 13 February 1961, an express passenger train was in collision with a freight train that was being shunted at the station. The accident was due to a signalman's error. Three people were killed and two were injured. | [] | [
"Accidents and incidents"
] | [
"Disused railway stations in Shropshire",
"Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1960",
"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848",
"Former Great Western Railway stations",
"Thomas Mainwaring Penson railway stations"
] |
projected-23575625-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baschurch%20railway%20station | Baschurch railway station | Campaign for reopening | Baschurch railway station was a minor station located about ten miles north of Shrewsbury on the GWR's Paddington to Birkenhead main line. Today this is part of the Shrewsbury to Chester line. The station building (now a private house) can be seen on the west side of the line adjacent Baschurch level crossing; it was designed by Thomas Mainwaring Penson. | In September 2009, a local group was formed to campaign for the station to be reopened. An initial public meeting was attended by 250 people, and Arriva Trains Wales the franchise operator for the line agreed to re-examine the feasibility of trains stopping at Baschurch.
As of October 2011 the campaign continued, with the commissioning of new research into the feasibility of the reopening proposal. Funding for the study was declined by Shropshire Council, but now campaigners are to fund it themselves. | [] | [
"Campaign for reopening"
] | [
"Disused railway stations in Shropshire",
"Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1960",
"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848",
"Former Great Western Railway stations",
"Thomas Mainwaring Penson railway stations"
] |
projected-23575625-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baschurch%20railway%20station | Baschurch railway station | See also | Baschurch railway station was a minor station located about ten miles north of Shrewsbury on the GWR's Paddington to Birkenhead main line. Today this is part of the Shrewsbury to Chester line. The station building (now a private house) can be seen on the west side of the line adjacent Baschurch level crossing; it was designed by Thomas Mainwaring Penson. | Listed buildings in Baschurch | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Disused railway stations in Shropshire",
"Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1960",
"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848",
"Former Great Western Railway stations",
"Thomas Mainwaring Penson railway stations"
] |
projected-44499167-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston%20F.C. | Aston F.C. | Introduction | Aston Football Club is a football club based in England. The club are currently members of the . | [
"AstonFClogo.gif"
] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Football clubs in England",
"Football clubs in Birmingham, West Midlands",
"Football clubs in the West Midlands (county)",
"2006 establishments in England",
"Association football clubs established in 2006",
"Midland Football Combination",
"Midland Football League",
"Birmingham & District Football Lea... | |
projected-44499167-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston%20F.C. | Aston F.C. | History | Aston Football Club is a football club based in England. The club are currently members of the . | The club was established in 2006 and joined Division Three of the Midland Combination from the Birmingham AFA. They were promoted to Division Two at the end of their first season after finishing as runners-up. Another runners-up finish in 2011–12 led to the club being promoted to Division One. When the Midland Combination merged with the Midland Alliance in 2014, Aston were placed in Division Two of the new league. They made their FA Vase début in 2014 and were briefly confused for Premier League team Aston Villa by Soccerbase.
Aston left the league after the 2014–15 season and dropped back into the renamed Birmingham & District League. The club were champions of Division Six in 2016–17, after which they were promoted to Division Four. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Football clubs in England",
"Football clubs in Birmingham, West Midlands",
"Football clubs in the West Midlands (county)",
"2006 establishments in England",
"Association football clubs established in 2006",
"Midland Football Combination",
"Midland Football League",
"Birmingham & District Football Lea... |
projected-44499167-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston%20F.C. | Aston F.C. | Honours | Aston Football Club is a football club based in England. The club are currently members of the . | Birmingham & District League
Division Six champions 2017–18 | [] | [
"Honours"
] | [
"Football clubs in England",
"Football clubs in Birmingham, West Midlands",
"Football clubs in the West Midlands (county)",
"2006 establishments in England",
"Association football clubs established in 2006",
"Midland Football Combination",
"Midland Football League",
"Birmingham & District Football Lea... |
projected-44499167-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston%20F.C. | Aston F.C. | Records | Aston Football Club is a football club based in England. The club are currently members of the . | Best FA Vase performance: First Round 2014–15 | [] | [
"Records"
] | [
"Football clubs in England",
"Football clubs in Birmingham, West Midlands",
"Football clubs in the West Midlands (county)",
"2006 establishments in England",
"Association football clubs established in 2006",
"Midland Football Combination",
"Midland Football League",
"Birmingham & District Football Lea... |
projected-23575630-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaton%20railway%20station | Leaton railway station | Introduction | Leaton railway station was a minor station located about six miles north of Shrewsbury on the GWR's Paddington to Birkenhead main line. Today this is part of the Shrewsbury to Chester line. It was at the top of the long climb up Hencote bank out of Shrewsbury. The station opened on 12 October 1848 and closed on 12 September 1960. The station building (now a private house) can still be seen on the north side of the adjacent Leaton level crossing on the east side of the line. A small industrial estate now exists at the former railway sidings. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Disused railway stations in Shropshire",
"Former Great Western Railway stations",
"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848",
"Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1960"
] | |
projected-23575630-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaton%20railway%20station | Leaton railway station | Historical services | Leaton railway station was a minor station located about six miles north of Shrewsbury on the GWR's Paddington to Birkenhead main line. Today this is part of the Shrewsbury to Chester line. It was at the top of the long climb up Hencote bank out of Shrewsbury. The station opened on 12 October 1848 and closed on 12 September 1960. The station building (now a private house) can still be seen on the north side of the adjacent Leaton level crossing on the east side of the line. A small industrial estate now exists at the former railway sidings. | Express trains did not call at Leaton, only local services. It closed to passenger traffic in 1960.
According to the Official Handbook of Stations the following classes of traffic were being handled at this station in 1956: G, P & L, and there was no crane. | [] | [
"Historical services"
] | [
"Disused railway stations in Shropshire",
"Former Great Western Railway stations",
"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848",
"Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1960"
] |
projected-23575631-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Weber%20%28disambiguation%29 | Joseph Weber (disambiguation) | Introduction | Joseph Weber (1919–2000) was an American physicist.
Josef, Jozef, Joseph or Joe Weber may also refer to:
Joe Weber (baseball) (1862–1921), Canadian outfielder
Joe Weber (vaudevillian) (1867–1942), American comedian
Josef Weber (1898–1970), German footballer
Josef Weber (1908–1985), German peace activist, recipient of 1983–84 Lenin Peace Prize
Gerald Joseph Weber (1914–1989), American judge
Joseph 'Jup' Weber (born 1950), Luxembourgian Green and Liberal politician
Jozef Weber (born 1970), Czech footballer | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-23575631-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Weber%20%28disambiguation%29 | Joseph Weber (disambiguation) | Characters | Joseph Weber (1919–2000) was an American physicist.
Josef, Jozef, Joseph or Joe Weber may also refer to:
Joe Weber (baseball) (1862–1921), Canadian outfielder
Joe Weber (vaudevillian) (1867–1942), American comedian
Josef Weber (1898–1970), German footballer
Josef Weber (1908–1985), German peace activist, recipient of 1983–84 Lenin Peace Prize
Gerald Joseph Weber (1914–1989), American judge
Joseph 'Jup' Weber (born 1950), Luxembourgian Green and Liberal politician
Jozef Weber (born 1970), Czech footballer | Josef Weber, key persona in 2013's The Storyteller (Picoult novel) | [] | [
"Characters"
] | [] |
projected-23575631-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Weber%20%28disambiguation%29 | Joseph Weber (disambiguation) | See also | Joseph Weber (1919–2000) was an American physicist.
Josef, Jozef, Joseph or Joe Weber may also refer to:
Joe Weber (baseball) (1862–1921), Canadian outfielder
Joe Weber (vaudevillian) (1867–1942), American comedian
Josef Weber (1898–1970), German footballer
Josef Weber (1908–1985), German peace activist, recipient of 1983–84 Lenin Peace Prize
Gerald Joseph Weber (1914–1989), American judge
Joseph 'Jup' Weber (born 1950), Luxembourgian Green and Liberal politician
Jozef Weber (born 1970), Czech footballer | Joe Webber (born 1993), New Zealand rugby player | [] | [
"See also"
] | [] |
projected-44499171-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillellus%20comptus | Suillellus comptus | Introduction | Suillellus comptus is a species of bolete fungus found in Europe. Originally described as a species of Boletus in 1993, it was transferred to Suillellus in 2014. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Suillellus",
"Fungi described in 1993",
"Fungi of Europe"
] | |
projected-23575653-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows%20of%20the%20Past%20%281991%20film%29 | Shadows of the Past (1991 film) | Introduction | Shadows of the Past is a 1991 Canadian suspense thriller TV film directed by Gabriel Pelletier and starring Nicholas Campbell and Erika Anderson. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1991 television films",
"1991 films",
"English-language Canadian films",
"1991 thriller films",
"Canadian thriller films",
"Films directed by Gabriel Pelletier",
"Canadian thriller television films",
"1990s Canadian films"
] | |
projected-23575653-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows%20of%20the%20Past%20%281991%20film%29 | Shadows of the Past (1991 film) | Plot | Shadows of the Past is a 1991 Canadian suspense thriller TV film directed by Gabriel Pelletier and starring Nicholas Campbell and Erika Anderson. | After a mysterious car accident, photo journalist Jackie Delaney (Erika Anderson) wakes up in the hospital
with amnesia. Haunted by flashbacks of the accident, she checks out of the hospital determined to unravel the mystery
behind her recent past. Who was in the car with her, and who is following her now? After an attempt on her life, Jackie is assigned police protection and detective Sean MacFern (Nicholas Campbell) enters her life. Together, they will solve a mystery that goes beyond a mere accident and that enters the shady world of
internationals arms smuggling. | [] | [
"Plot"
] | [
"1991 television films",
"1991 films",
"English-language Canadian films",
"1991 thriller films",
"Canadian thriller films",
"Films directed by Gabriel Pelletier",
"Canadian thriller television films",
"1990s Canadian films"
] |
projected-23575663-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Bethune%20%28bishop%29 | Alexander Bethune (bishop) | Introduction | Alexander Neil Bethune (August 28, 1800 – February 3, 1879) was a Church of England clergyman and bishop. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Anglican bishops of Toronto",
"1800 births",
"1879 deaths",
"People from Grimsby, Ontario"
] | |
projected-23575663-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Bethune%20%28bishop%29 | Alexander Bethune (bishop) | Early and Family Life | Alexander Neil Bethune (August 28, 1800 – February 3, 1879) was a Church of England clergyman and bishop. | The son of the Reverend John Bethune of Williamstown, Ontario, the founding Church of Scotland minister for Upper Canada, Alexander Neil Bethune married Jane Eliza Crooks (1809–1861), the daughter of the Hon. James Crooks (1778–1860) and Jane Cummings (1791–1861). Alexander and Eliza had ten children. They included Robert Henry Bethune, a noted banker with the Dominion Bank. He brother John, also a clergyman, was acting principal of McGill University from 1835 to 1846. Other notable brothers included businessman James Gray, fur trader Angus and politician Donald. The family was part of the Family Compact, the political clique which ran Upper Canada for decades. | [] | [
"Early and Family Life"
] | [
"Anglican bishops of Toronto",
"1800 births",
"1879 deaths",
"People from Grimsby, Ontario"
] |
projected-23575663-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Bethune%20%28bishop%29 | Alexander Bethune (bishop) | Career | Alexander Neil Bethune (August 28, 1800 – February 3, 1879) was a Church of England clergyman and bishop. | Alexander Neil Bethune was ordained in 1824 and took charge of the parish at Grimsby, Ontario. In 1867, after a long and successful career, he was consecrated as bishop of the Diocese of Toronto by the Reverend John Strachan.
Rt. Rev. Bethune inherited a diocese quite fragmented from methods and policies attributed to Strachan and/or the Family Compact. These circumstances made his episcopate appear less successful. He was a humble man and some saw this as a weakness causing his message to be lost his generation. | [] | [
"Career"
] | [
"Anglican bishops of Toronto",
"1800 births",
"1879 deaths",
"People from Grimsby, Ontario"
] |
projected-23575663-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Bethune%20%28bishop%29 | Alexander Bethune (bishop) | Death and legacy | Alexander Neil Bethune (August 28, 1800 – February 3, 1879) was a Church of England clergyman and bishop. | Bethune died in Toronto in 1879, shortly before the North-West Rebellion, and was succeeded as bishop by Arthur Sweatman. One of his sons, Alexander Bethune, continued the clergy family tradition, serving at Trinity Church. | [] | [
"Death and legacy"
] | [
"Anglican bishops of Toronto",
"1800 births",
"1879 deaths",
"People from Grimsby, Ontario"
] |