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projected-23576214-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff%20Kinrade | Geoff Kinrade | Introduction | Geoffrey Kenneth Kinrade (born July 29, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He is currently an unrestricted free agent who most recently played under contract with Severstal Cherepovets of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He is a previous member of the SC Bern team of the Swiss Nationaliga A, as well as for HC Plzeň 1929 of the Czech Extraliga and the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League (NHL). Kinrade has played one game in the NHL. He has two brothers, one of whom is Mike Kinrade, the professional free-ride mountain biker. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1985 births",
"Living people",
"Admiral Vladivostok players",
"HC Ambrì-Piotta players",
"SC Bern players",
"Binghamton Senators players",
"Cowichan Valley Capitals players",
"Ice hockey people from British Columbia",
"KHL Medveščak Zagreb players",
"HC Kunlun Red Star players",
"Michigan Tech ... | |
projected-23576214-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff%20Kinrade | Geoff Kinrade | Playing career | Geoffrey Kenneth Kinrade (born July 29, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He is currently an unrestricted free agent who most recently played under contract with Severstal Cherepovets of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He is a previous member of the SC Bern team of the Swiss Nationaliga A, as well as for HC Plzeň 1929 of the Czech Extraliga and the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League (NHL). Kinrade has played one game in the NHL. He has two brothers, one of whom is Mike Kinrade, the professional free-ride mountain biker. | Born in Nelson, British Columbia, Kinrade played junior hockey with the Cowichan Valley Capitals of the British Columbia Hockey League. He then attended Michigan Tech until 2009. He played ten games with the Norfolk Admirals after his college season was over in 2009. He made his NHL debut on April 9, 2009 for Tampa against the Washington Capitals. On July 10, 2009 he signed a one-year, two-way contract with the Ottawa Senators. Kinrade played two seasons with Binghamton after that, capping his time in Binghamton with a Calder Cup championship in 2011.
After the 2010–11 season, Kinrade signed with HC Plzen 1929 of the Czech Extraliga. Mid-season he moved to SC Bern of the Swiss Nationaliga A. In December 2012, Kinrade was a member of Team Canada winning the Spengler Cup in Davos, Switzerland. At the end of the 2012-13 season, SC Bern won the Swiss National Championship.
On June 1, 2017, Kinrade continued his career in the KHL, signing a one-year deal with Chinese outfit, Kunlun Red Star. He made 26 appearances with Kunlun before he left the club in a trade to Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod on November 16, 2017.
As a free agent into the 2018–19 season, Kinrade belatedly signed a one-year contract to continue in the KHL with Severstal Cherepovets on December 27, 2018. | [] | [
"Playing career"
] | [
"1985 births",
"Living people",
"Admiral Vladivostok players",
"HC Ambrì-Piotta players",
"SC Bern players",
"Binghamton Senators players",
"Cowichan Valley Capitals players",
"Ice hockey people from British Columbia",
"KHL Medveščak Zagreb players",
"HC Kunlun Red Star players",
"Michigan Tech ... |
projected-23576214-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff%20Kinrade | Geoff Kinrade | See also | Geoffrey Kenneth Kinrade (born July 29, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He is currently an unrestricted free agent who most recently played under contract with Severstal Cherepovets of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He is a previous member of the SC Bern team of the Swiss Nationaliga A, as well as for HC Plzeň 1929 of the Czech Extraliga and the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League (NHL). Kinrade has played one game in the NHL. He has two brothers, one of whom is Mike Kinrade, the professional free-ride mountain biker. | List of players who played only one game in the NHL | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1985 births",
"Living people",
"Admiral Vladivostok players",
"HC Ambrì-Piotta players",
"SC Bern players",
"Binghamton Senators players",
"Cowichan Valley Capitals players",
"Ice hockey people from British Columbia",
"KHL Medveščak Zagreb players",
"HC Kunlun Red Star players",
"Michigan Tech ... |
projected-20468824-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Sitter%20invariant%20special%20relativity | De Sitter invariant special relativity | Introduction | In mathematical physics, de Sitter invariant special relativity is the speculative idea that the fundamental symmetry group of spacetime is the indefinite orthogonal group SO(4,1), that of de Sitter space. In the standard theory of general relativity, de Sitter space is a highly symmetrical special vacuum solution, which requires a cosmological constant or the stress–energy of a constant scalar field to sustain.
The idea of de Sitter invariant relativity is to require that the laws of physics are not fundamentally invariant under the Poincaré group of special relativity, but under the symmetry group of de Sitter space instead. With this assumption, empty space automatically has de Sitter symmetry, and what would normally be called the cosmological constant in general relativity becomes a fundamental dimensional parameter describing the symmetry structure of spacetime.
First proposed by Luigi Fantappiè in 1954, the theory remained obscure until it was rediscovered in 1968 by Henri Bacry and Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond. In 1972, Freeman Dyson popularized it as a hypothetical road by which mathematicians could have guessed part of the structure of general relativity before it was discovered. The discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe has led to a revival of interest in de Sitter invariant theories, in conjunction with other speculative proposals for new physics, like doubly special relativity. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Special relativity",
"General relativity",
"Physical cosmology",
"Quantum gravity",
"Kinematics",
"Riemannian geometry",
"Group theory"
] | |
projected-20468824-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Sitter%20invariant%20special%20relativity | De Sitter invariant special relativity | Introduction | In mathematical physics, de Sitter invariant special relativity is the speculative idea that the fundamental symmetry group of spacetime is the indefinite orthogonal group SO(4,1), that of de Sitter space. In the standard theory of general relativity, de Sitter space is a highly symmetrical special vacuum solution, which requires a cosmological constant or the stress–energy of a constant scalar field to sustain.
The idea of de Sitter invariant relativity is to require that the laws of physics are not fundamentally invariant under the Poincaré group of special relativity, but under the symmetry group of de Sitter space instead. With this assumption, empty space automatically has de Sitter symmetry, and what would normally be called the cosmological constant in general relativity becomes a fundamental dimensional parameter describing the symmetry structure of spacetime.
First proposed by Luigi Fantappiè in 1954, the theory remained obscure until it was rediscovered in 1968 by Henri Bacry and Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond. In 1972, Freeman Dyson popularized it as a hypothetical road by which mathematicians could have guessed part of the structure of general relativity before it was discovered. The discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe has led to a revival of interest in de Sitter invariant theories, in conjunction with other speculative proposals for new physics, like doubly special relativity. | De Sitter suggested that spacetime curvature might not be due solely to gravity but he did not give any mathematical details of how this could be accomplished. In 1968 Henri Bacry and Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond showed that the de Sitter group was the most general group compatible with isotropy, homogeneity and boost invariance. Later, Freeman Dyson advocated this as an approach to making the mathematical structure of general relativity more self-evident.
Minkowski's unification of space and time within special relativity replaces the Galilean group of Newtonian mechanics with the Lorentz group. This is called a unification of space and time because the Lorentz group is simple, while the Galilean group is a semi-direct product of rotations and Galilean boosts. This means that the Lorentz group mixes up space and time such that they cannot be disentangled, while the Galilean group treats time as a parameter with different units of measurement than space.
An analogous thing can be made to happen with the ordinary rotation group in three dimensions. If you imagine a nearly flat world, one in which pancake-like creatures wander around on a pancake flat world, their conventional unit of height might be the micrometre (μm), since that is how high typical structures are in their world, while their unit of distance could be the metre, because that is their body's horizontal extent. Such creatures would describe the basic symmetry of their world as SO(2), being the known rotations in the horizontal (x–y) plane. Later on, they might discover rotations around the x- and y-axes—and in their everyday experience such rotations might always be by an infinitesimal angle, so that these rotations would effectively commute with each other.
The rotations around the horizontal axes would tilt objects by an infinitesimal amount. The tilt in the x–z plane (the "x-tilt") would be one parameter, and the tilt in the y–z plane (the "y-tilt") another. The symmetry group of this pancake world is then SO(2) semidirect product with R2, meaning that a two-dimensional rotation plus two extra parameters, the x-tilt and the y-tilt. The reason it is a semidirect product is that, when you rotate, the x-tilt and the y-tilt rotate into each other, since they form a vector and not two scalars. In this world, the difference in height between two objects at the same x, y would be a rotationally invariant quantity unrelated to length and width. The z-coordinate is effectively separate from x and y.
Eventually, experiments at large angles would convince the creatures that the symmetry of the world is SO(3). Then they would understand that z is really the same as x and y, since they can be mixed up by rotations. The SO(2) semidirect product R2 limit would be understood as the limit that the free parameter μ, the ratio of the height range μm to the length range m, approaches 0. The Lorentz group is analogous—it is a simple group that turns into the Galilean group when the time range is made long compared to the space range, or where velocities may be regarded as infinitesimal, or equivalently, may be regarded as the limit , where relativistic effects become observable "as good as at infinite velocity".
The symmetry group of special relativity is not entirely simple, due to translations. The Lorentz group is the set of the transformations that keep the origin fixed, but translations are not included. The full Poincaré group is the semi-direct product of translations with the Lorentz group. If translations are to be similar to elements of the Lorentz group, then as boosts are non-commutative, translations would also be non-commutative.
In the pancake world, this would manifest if the creatures were living on an enormous sphere rather than on a plane. In this case, when they wander around their sphere, they would eventually come to realize that translations are not entirely separate from rotations, because if they move around on the surface of a sphere, when they come back to where they started, they find that they have been rotated by the holonomy of parallel transport on the sphere. If the universe is the same everywhere (homogeneous) and there are no preferred directions (isotropic), then there are not many options for the symmetry group: they either live on a flat plane, or on a sphere with a constant positive curvature, or on a Lobachevski plane with constant negative curvature. If they are not living on the plane, they can describe positions using dimensionless angles, the same parameters that describe rotations, so that translations and rotations are nominally unified.
In relativity, if translations mix up nontrivially with rotations, but the universe is still homogeneous and isotropic, the only option is that spacetime has a uniform scalar curvature. If the curvature is positive, the analog of the sphere case for the two-dimensional creatures, the spacetime is de Sitter space and its symmetry group is the de Sitter group rather than the Poincaré group.
De Sitter special relativity postulates that the empty space has de Sitter symmetry as a fundamental law of nature. This means that spacetime is slightly curved even in the absence of matter or energy. This residual curvature implies a positive cosmological constant to be determined by observation. Due to the small magnitude of the constant, special relativity with its Poincaré group is indistinguishable from de Sitter space for most practical purposes.
Modern proponents of this idea, such as S. Cacciatori, V. Gorini and A. Kamenshchik, have reinterpreted this theory as physics, not just mathematics. They postulate that the acceleration of the expansion of the universe is not entirely due to vacuum energy, but at least partly due to the kinematics of the de Sitter group, which would replace the Poincaré group.
A modification of this idea allows to change with time, so that inflation may come from the cosmological constant being larger near the Big Bang than nowadays. It can also be viewed as a different approach to the problem of quantum gravity. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Special relativity",
"General relativity",
"Physical cosmology",
"Quantum gravity",
"Kinematics",
"Riemannian geometry",
"Group theory"
] |
projected-20468824-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Sitter%20invariant%20special%20relativity | De Sitter invariant special relativity | High energy | In mathematical physics, de Sitter invariant special relativity is the speculative idea that the fundamental symmetry group of spacetime is the indefinite orthogonal group SO(4,1), that of de Sitter space. In the standard theory of general relativity, de Sitter space is a highly symmetrical special vacuum solution, which requires a cosmological constant or the stress–energy of a constant scalar field to sustain.
The idea of de Sitter invariant relativity is to require that the laws of physics are not fundamentally invariant under the Poincaré group of special relativity, but under the symmetry group of de Sitter space instead. With this assumption, empty space automatically has de Sitter symmetry, and what would normally be called the cosmological constant in general relativity becomes a fundamental dimensional parameter describing the symmetry structure of spacetime.
First proposed by Luigi Fantappiè in 1954, the theory remained obscure until it was rediscovered in 1968 by Henri Bacry and Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond. In 1972, Freeman Dyson popularized it as a hypothetical road by which mathematicians could have guessed part of the structure of general relativity before it was discovered. The discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe has led to a revival of interest in de Sitter invariant theories, in conjunction with other speculative proposals for new physics, like doubly special relativity. | The Poincaré group contracts to the Galilean group for low-velocity kinematics, meaning that when all velocities are small the Poincaré group "morphs" into the Galilean group. (This can be made precise with İnönü and Wigner's concept of group contraction.)
Similarly, the de Sitter group contracts to the Poincaré group for short-distance kinematics, when the magnitudes of all translations considered are very small compared to the de Sitter radius. In quantum mechanics, short distances are probed by high energies, so that for energies above a very small value related to the cosmological constant, the Poincaré group is a good approximation to the de Sitter group.
In de Sitter relativity, the cosmological constant is no longer a free parameter of the same type; it is determined by the de Sitter radius, a fundamental quantity that determines the commutation relation of translation with rotations/boosts. This means that the theory of de Sitter relativity might be able to provide insight on the value of the cosmological constant, perhaps explaining the cosmic coincidence. Unfortunately, the de Sitter radius, which determines the cosmological constant, is an adjustable parameter in de Sitter relativity, so the theory requires a separate condition to determine its value in relation to the measurement scale.
When a cosmological constant is viewed as a kinematic parameter, the definitions of energy and momentum must be changed from those of special relativity. These changes could significantly modify the physics of the early universe if the cosmological constant was greater back then. Some speculate that a high energy experiment could modify the local structure of spacetime from Minkowski space to de Sitter space with a large cosmological constant for a short period of time, and this might eventually be tested in the existing or planned particle collider. | [] | [
"Introduction",
"High energy"
] | [
"Special relativity",
"General relativity",
"Physical cosmology",
"Quantum gravity",
"Kinematics",
"Riemannian geometry",
"Group theory"
] |
projected-20468824-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Sitter%20invariant%20special%20relativity | De Sitter invariant special relativity | Doubly special relativity | In mathematical physics, de Sitter invariant special relativity is the speculative idea that the fundamental symmetry group of spacetime is the indefinite orthogonal group SO(4,1), that of de Sitter space. In the standard theory of general relativity, de Sitter space is a highly symmetrical special vacuum solution, which requires a cosmological constant or the stress–energy of a constant scalar field to sustain.
The idea of de Sitter invariant relativity is to require that the laws of physics are not fundamentally invariant under the Poincaré group of special relativity, but under the symmetry group of de Sitter space instead. With this assumption, empty space automatically has de Sitter symmetry, and what would normally be called the cosmological constant in general relativity becomes a fundamental dimensional parameter describing the symmetry structure of spacetime.
First proposed by Luigi Fantappiè in 1954, the theory remained obscure until it was rediscovered in 1968 by Henri Bacry and Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond. In 1972, Freeman Dyson popularized it as a hypothetical road by which mathematicians could have guessed part of the structure of general relativity before it was discovered. The discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe has led to a revival of interest in de Sitter invariant theories, in conjunction with other speculative proposals for new physics, like doubly special relativity. | Since the de Sitter group naturally incorporates an invariant length parameter, de Sitter relativity can be interpreted as an example of the so-called doubly special relativity. There is a fundamental difference, though: whereas in all doubly special relativity models the Lorentz symmetry is violated, in de Sitter relativity it remains as a physical symmetry. A drawback of the usual doubly special relativity models is that they are valid only at the energy scales where ordinary special relativity is supposed to break down, giving rise to a patchwork relativity. On the other hand, de Sitter relativity is found to be invariant under a simultaneous re-scaling of mass, energy and momentum, and is consequently valid at all energy scales. A relationship between doubly special relativity, de Sitter space and general relativity is described by Derek Wise. See also MacDowell–Mansouri action. | [] | [
"Introduction",
"Doubly special relativity"
] | [
"Special relativity",
"General relativity",
"Physical cosmology",
"Quantum gravity",
"Kinematics",
"Riemannian geometry",
"Group theory"
] |
projected-20468824-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Sitter%20invariant%20special%20relativity | De Sitter invariant special relativity | Newton–Hooke: de Sitter special relativity in the limit v ≪ c | In mathematical physics, de Sitter invariant special relativity is the speculative idea that the fundamental symmetry group of spacetime is the indefinite orthogonal group SO(4,1), that of de Sitter space. In the standard theory of general relativity, de Sitter space is a highly symmetrical special vacuum solution, which requires a cosmological constant or the stress–energy of a constant scalar field to sustain.
The idea of de Sitter invariant relativity is to require that the laws of physics are not fundamentally invariant under the Poincaré group of special relativity, but under the symmetry group of de Sitter space instead. With this assumption, empty space automatically has de Sitter symmetry, and what would normally be called the cosmological constant in general relativity becomes a fundamental dimensional parameter describing the symmetry structure of spacetime.
First proposed by Luigi Fantappiè in 1954, the theory remained obscure until it was rediscovered in 1968 by Henri Bacry and Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond. In 1972, Freeman Dyson popularized it as a hypothetical road by which mathematicians could have guessed part of the structure of general relativity before it was discovered. The discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe has led to a revival of interest in de Sitter invariant theories, in conjunction with other speculative proposals for new physics, like doubly special relativity. | In the limit as , the de Sitter group contracts to the Newton–Hooke group. This has the effect that in the nonrelativistic limit, objects in de Sitter space have an extra "repulsion" from the origin: objects have a tendency to move away from the center with an outward pointing fictitious force proportional to their distance from the origin.
While it looks as though this might pick out a preferred point in space—the center of repulsion, it is more subtly isotropic. Moving to the uniformly accelerated frame of reference of an observer at another point, all accelerations appear to have a repulsion center at the new point.
What this means is that in a spacetime with non-vanishing curvature, gravity is modified from Newtonian gravity. At distances comparable to the radius of the space, objects feel an additional linear repulsion from the center of coordinates. | [] | [
"Introduction",
"Newton–Hooke: de Sitter special relativity in the limit v ≪ c"
] | [
"Special relativity",
"General relativity",
"Physical cosmology",
"Quantum gravity",
"Kinematics",
"Riemannian geometry",
"Group theory"
] |
projected-20468824-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Sitter%20invariant%20special%20relativity | De Sitter invariant special relativity | History of de Sitter invariant special relativity | In mathematical physics, de Sitter invariant special relativity is the speculative idea that the fundamental symmetry group of spacetime is the indefinite orthogonal group SO(4,1), that of de Sitter space. In the standard theory of general relativity, de Sitter space is a highly symmetrical special vacuum solution, which requires a cosmological constant or the stress–energy of a constant scalar field to sustain.
The idea of de Sitter invariant relativity is to require that the laws of physics are not fundamentally invariant under the Poincaré group of special relativity, but under the symmetry group of de Sitter space instead. With this assumption, empty space automatically has de Sitter symmetry, and what would normally be called the cosmological constant in general relativity becomes a fundamental dimensional parameter describing the symmetry structure of spacetime.
First proposed by Luigi Fantappiè in 1954, the theory remained obscure until it was rediscovered in 1968 by Henri Bacry and Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond. In 1972, Freeman Dyson popularized it as a hypothetical road by which mathematicians could have guessed part of the structure of general relativity before it was discovered. The discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe has led to a revival of interest in de Sitter invariant theories, in conjunction with other speculative proposals for new physics, like doubly special relativity. | "de Sitter relativity" is the same as the theory of "projective relativity" of Luigi Fantappiè and Giuseppe Arcidiacono first published in 1954 by Fantappiè and the same as another independent discovery in 1976.
In 1968 Henri Bacry and Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond published a paper on possible kinematics
In 1972 Freeman Dyson further explored this.
In 1973 Eliano Pessa described how Fantappié–Arcidiacono projective relativity relates to earlier conceptions of projective relativity and to Kaluza Klein theory.
R. Aldrovandi, J.P. Beltrán Almeida and J.G. Pereira have used the terms "de Sitter special relativity" and "de Sitter relativity" starting from their 2007 paper "de Sitter special relativity". This paper was based on previous work on amongst other things: the consequences of a non-vanishing cosmological constant, on doubly special relativity and on the Newton–Hooke group and early work formulating special relativity with a de Sitter space
In 2008 S. Cacciatori, V. Gorini and A. Kamenshchik published a paper about the kinematics of de Sitter relativity.
Papers by other authors include: dSR and the fine structure constant; dSR and dark energy; dSR Hamiltonian Formalism; and De Sitter Thermodynamics from Diamonds's Temperature, Triply special relativity from six dimensions, Deformed General Relativity and Torsion. | [] | [
"Introduction",
"History of de Sitter invariant special relativity"
] | [
"Special relativity",
"General relativity",
"Physical cosmology",
"Quantum gravity",
"Kinematics",
"Riemannian geometry",
"Group theory"
] |
projected-20468824-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Sitter%20invariant%20special%20relativity | De Sitter invariant special relativity | Quantum de Sitter special relativity | In mathematical physics, de Sitter invariant special relativity is the speculative idea that the fundamental symmetry group of spacetime is the indefinite orthogonal group SO(4,1), that of de Sitter space. In the standard theory of general relativity, de Sitter space is a highly symmetrical special vacuum solution, which requires a cosmological constant or the stress–energy of a constant scalar field to sustain.
The idea of de Sitter invariant relativity is to require that the laws of physics are not fundamentally invariant under the Poincaré group of special relativity, but under the symmetry group of de Sitter space instead. With this assumption, empty space automatically has de Sitter symmetry, and what would normally be called the cosmological constant in general relativity becomes a fundamental dimensional parameter describing the symmetry structure of spacetime.
First proposed by Luigi Fantappiè in 1954, the theory remained obscure until it was rediscovered in 1968 by Henri Bacry and Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond. In 1972, Freeman Dyson popularized it as a hypothetical road by which mathematicians could have guessed part of the structure of general relativity before it was discovered. The discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe has led to a revival of interest in de Sitter invariant theories, in conjunction with other speculative proposals for new physics, like doubly special relativity. | There are quantized or quantum versions of de Sitter special relativity.
Early work on formulating a quantum theory in a de Sitter space includes: | [] | [
"Introduction",
"Quantum de Sitter special relativity"
] | [
"Special relativity",
"General relativity",
"Physical cosmology",
"Quantum gravity",
"Kinematics",
"Riemannian geometry",
"Group theory"
] |
projected-20468824-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Sitter%20invariant%20special%20relativity | De Sitter invariant special relativity | See also | In mathematical physics, de Sitter invariant special relativity is the speculative idea that the fundamental symmetry group of spacetime is the indefinite orthogonal group SO(4,1), that of de Sitter space. In the standard theory of general relativity, de Sitter space is a highly symmetrical special vacuum solution, which requires a cosmological constant or the stress–energy of a constant scalar field to sustain.
The idea of de Sitter invariant relativity is to require that the laws of physics are not fundamentally invariant under the Poincaré group of special relativity, but under the symmetry group of de Sitter space instead. With this assumption, empty space automatically has de Sitter symmetry, and what would normally be called the cosmological constant in general relativity becomes a fundamental dimensional parameter describing the symmetry structure of spacetime.
First proposed by Luigi Fantappiè in 1954, the theory remained obscure until it was rediscovered in 1968 by Henri Bacry and Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond. In 1972, Freeman Dyson popularized it as a hypothetical road by which mathematicians could have guessed part of the structure of general relativity before it was discovered. The discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe has led to a revival of interest in de Sitter invariant theories, in conjunction with other speculative proposals for new physics, like doubly special relativity. | Noncommutative geometry
Quantum field theory in curved spacetime | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Special relativity",
"General relativity",
"Physical cosmology",
"Quantum gravity",
"Kinematics",
"Riemannian geometry",
"Group theory"
] |
projected-20468824-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Sitter%20invariant%20special%20relativity | De Sitter invariant special relativity | Further reading | In mathematical physics, de Sitter invariant special relativity is the speculative idea that the fundamental symmetry group of spacetime is the indefinite orthogonal group SO(4,1), that of de Sitter space. In the standard theory of general relativity, de Sitter space is a highly symmetrical special vacuum solution, which requires a cosmological constant or the stress–energy of a constant scalar field to sustain.
The idea of de Sitter invariant relativity is to require that the laws of physics are not fundamentally invariant under the Poincaré group of special relativity, but under the symmetry group of de Sitter space instead. With this assumption, empty space automatically has de Sitter symmetry, and what would normally be called the cosmological constant in general relativity becomes a fundamental dimensional parameter describing the symmetry structure of spacetime.
First proposed by Luigi Fantappiè in 1954, the theory remained obscure until it was rediscovered in 1968 by Henri Bacry and Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond. In 1972, Freeman Dyson popularized it as a hypothetical road by which mathematicians could have guessed part of the structure of general relativity before it was discovered. The discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe has led to a revival of interest in de Sitter invariant theories, in conjunction with other speculative proposals for new physics, like doubly special relativity. | Category:Special relativity
Category:General relativity
Category:Physical cosmology
Category:Quantum gravity
Category:Kinematics
Category:Riemannian geometry
Category:Group theory | [] | [
"Further reading"
] | [
"Special relativity",
"General relativity",
"Physical cosmology",
"Quantum gravity",
"Kinematics",
"Riemannian geometry",
"Group theory"
] |
projected-23576215-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara%20Jo%C5%A1ava | Stara Jošava | Introduction | Stara Jošava is a village in north-eastern Slavonia, situated in municipality town of Orahovica, Virovitica-Podravina County, Croatia. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Populated places in Virovitica-Podravina County"
] | |
projected-23576215-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara%20Jo%C5%A1ava | Stara Jošava | Population | Stara Jošava is a village in north-eastern Slavonia, situated in municipality town of Orahovica, Virovitica-Podravina County, Croatia. | In the 1981 census, one uninhabited part of Stara Jošava settlement was separated, and became part of settlement Feričanci. | [] | [
"Population"
] | [
"Populated places in Virovitica-Podravina County"
] |
projected-23576215-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara%20Jo%C5%A1ava | Stara Jošava | References | Stara Jošava is a village in north-eastern Slavonia, situated in municipality town of Orahovica, Virovitica-Podravina County, Croatia. | CD-rom: "Naselja i stanovništvo RH od 1857-2001. godine", Izdanje Državnog zavoda za statistiku Republike Hrvatske, Zagreb, 2005.
Category:Populated places in Virovitica-Podravina County | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Populated places in Virovitica-Podravina County"
] |
projected-23576249-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichocentrum%20fuscum | Trichocentrum fuscum | Introduction | Trichocentrum fuscum, commonly known as the dark trichocentrum, is a species of orchid found from Mexico to Central America. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Trichocentrum",
"Orchids of Mexico",
"Orchids of Central America"
] | |
projected-23576259-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%20Road%2C%20Chennai | Smith Road, Chennai | Introduction | Smith Road in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India branches off from Anna Salai, Chennai's arterial road near Spencer Plaza from the TVS Junction to join Whites Road near Hobart Muslim Girls Higher Secondary School.
Major companies and organizations located at this road includes
TVS Motors
Data Software Research Company | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Roads in Chennai"
] | |
projected-23576259-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%20Road%2C%20Chennai | Smith Road, Chennai | References | Smith Road in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India branches off from Anna Salai, Chennai's arterial road near Spencer Plaza from the TVS Junction to join Whites Road near Hobart Muslim Girls Higher Secondary School.
Major companies and organizations located at this road includes
TVS Motors
Data Software Research Company | Category:Roads in Chennai | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Roads in Chennai"
] |
projected-26724173-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311%20Purdue%20Boilermakers%20men%27s%20basketball%20team | 2010–11 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team | Introduction | The 2010–11 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team represented Purdue University. The head coach was Matt Painter, in his sixth season with the Boilers. The team played its home games in Mackey Arena in West Lafayette, Indiana, and was a member of the Big Ten Conference.
Purdue finished the season 26–8, 14–4 in Big Ten play to finish in second place. As the No. 2 seed in the Big Ten tournament, they lost to Michigan State in the quarterfinals. They received a bid to the NCAA tournament as No. 3 seed in the Southwest Region. They defeated Saint Peter's in the Second Round before losing to eventual Final Four participant VCU in the Third Round. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"2010–11 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season",
"Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball seasons",
"2011 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament participants",
"2010 in sports in Indiana",
"2011 in sports in Indiana"
] | |
projected-26724173-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311%20Purdue%20Boilermakers%20men%27s%20basketball%20team | 2010–11 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team | Season notes | The 2010–11 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team represented Purdue University. The head coach was Matt Painter, in his sixth season with the Boilers. The team played its home games in Mackey Arena in West Lafayette, Indiana, and was a member of the Big Ten Conference.
Purdue finished the season 26–8, 14–4 in Big Ten play to finish in second place. As the No. 2 seed in the Big Ten tournament, they lost to Michigan State in the quarterfinals. They received a bid to the NCAA tournament as No. 3 seed in the Southwest Region. They defeated Saint Peter's in the Second Round before losing to eventual Final Four participant VCU in the Third Round. | After initially entering their names into the 2010 NBA draft, both E'Twaun Moore and JaJuan Johnson removed their names from consideration on May 8, 2010, and announced their intentions to return for their senior seasons.
On October 4, 2010, Robbie Hummel, Moore, and Johnson were named to the John R. Wooden Award Pre-Season watch list. Purdue was the only school with three individuals recognized on the list of 50 possible candidates.
On October 16, Hummel re-tore the same ACL that he had injured the previous season during team practice and will miss the season. Hummel has stated that he plans to take a medical redshirt and prepare for the 2011–12 season.
Johnson was named a Preseason First-Team All-American by the Associated Press and ESPN.
Both Moore and Johnson were named to the Preseason First-Team All-Big Ten Team.
Junior John Hart received a fracture in his foot in early December. He returned against West Virginia on January 16.
E'Twaun Moore became the program's career record holder for minutes played, three point field goals made, and most starts.
E'Twaun Moore scored a career high 38 points against Ohio State, the most points in a game by a Boiler since Glenn Robinson in 1994.
E'Twaun Moore scored his 2,000th career point against Ohio State on February 20, 2011.
JaJuan Johnson scored a career high 31 points against Indiana State.
E'Twaun Moore made a career high 7 three-point field goals multiple times against Northwestern and Ohio State.
Junior Ryne Smith was named Big Ten Co-Player of the Week, averaging 19 points and shooting 11–14 beyond the arc in wins against Penn State and Iowa.
JaJuan Johnson was named a Sporting News Midseason First-Team All-American
Purdue defeated back-to-back top ten teams at home for the first time in school history (#10 Wisconsin, #2 Ohio State)
JaJuan Johnson tied a career high 7 blocks against Michigan State on February 27, 2011. In the same contest, he tallied a career high 17 rebounds.
Purdue went undefeated at home, going 16–0, for the first time since the 1968–1969 season.
At the conclusion of the regular season, JaJuan Johnson was named the Big Ten Conference Player of the Year, as well as the Big Ten Conference Defensive Player of the Year.
Matt Painter was named consecutive Big Ten Conference Coach of the Year honors.
E'Twaun Moore was named First Team-All Big Ten for consecutive seasons.
Kelsey Barlow was suspended on March 15, three days before the Boilermakers played their second-round game against St. Peter's. | [] | [
"Season notes"
] | [
"2010–11 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season",
"Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball seasons",
"2011 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament participants",
"2010 in sports in Indiana",
"2011 in sports in Indiana"
] |
projected-26724173-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311%20Purdue%20Boilermakers%20men%27s%20basketball%20team | 2010–11 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team | Schedule and results | The 2010–11 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team represented Purdue University. The head coach was Matt Painter, in his sixth season with the Boilers. The team played its home games in Mackey Arena in West Lafayette, Indiana, and was a member of the Big Ten Conference.
Purdue finished the season 26–8, 14–4 in Big Ten play to finish in second place. As the No. 2 seed in the Big Ten tournament, they lost to Michigan State in the quarterfinals. They received a bid to the NCAA tournament as No. 3 seed in the Southwest Region. They defeated Saint Peter's in the Second Round before losing to eventual Final Four participant VCU in the Third Round. | |- | [] | [
"Schedule and results"
] | [
"2010–11 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season",
"Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball seasons",
"2011 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament participants",
"2010 in sports in Indiana",
"2011 in sports in Indiana"
] |
projected-26724173-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311%20Purdue%20Boilermakers%20men%27s%20basketball%20team | 2010–11 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team | 2011 Signing Class | The 2010–11 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team represented Purdue University. The head coach was Matt Painter, in his sixth season with the Boilers. The team played its home games in Mackey Arena in West Lafayette, Indiana, and was a member of the Big Ten Conference.
Purdue finished the season 26–8, 14–4 in Big Ten play to finish in second place. As the No. 2 seed in the Big Ten tournament, they lost to Michigan State in the quarterfinals. They received a bid to the NCAA tournament as No. 3 seed in the Southwest Region. They defeated Saint Peter's in the Second Round before losing to eventual Final Four participant VCU in the Third Round. | The 2011 recruiting class was weak compared to Purdue's recent history recruiting. The class brought in two power forwards. Donnie Hale was ranked the #25 power forward in this recruiting class. Hale committed to Purdue June 23, 2009. He transferred his sophomore year to the Bellarmine Knights. Jacob Lawson was the #31 ranked power forward. He committed to Purdue on April 28, 2011. | [] | [
"2011 Signing Class"
] | [
"2010–11 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season",
"Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball seasons",
"2011 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament participants",
"2010 in sports in Indiana",
"2011 in sports in Indiana"
] |
projected-26724173-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311%20Purdue%20Boilermakers%20men%27s%20basketball%20team | 2010–11 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team | See also | The 2010–11 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team represented Purdue University. The head coach was Matt Painter, in his sixth season with the Boilers. The team played its home games in Mackey Arena in West Lafayette, Indiana, and was a member of the Big Ten Conference.
Purdue finished the season 26–8, 14–4 in Big Ten play to finish in second place. As the No. 2 seed in the Big Ten tournament, they lost to Michigan State in the quarterfinals. They received a bid to the NCAA tournament as No. 3 seed in the Southwest Region. They defeated Saint Peter's in the Second Round before losing to eventual Final Four participant VCU in the Third Round. | 2011 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament
2010-11 NCAA Division I men's basketball season
2010-11 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings
List of NCAA Division I institutions | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"2010–11 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season",
"Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball seasons",
"2011 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament participants",
"2010 in sports in Indiana",
"2011 in sports in Indiana"
] |
projected-26724173-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311%20Purdue%20Boilermakers%20men%27s%20basketball%20team | 2010–11 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team | References | The 2010–11 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team represented Purdue University. The head coach was Matt Painter, in his sixth season with the Boilers. The team played its home games in Mackey Arena in West Lafayette, Indiana, and was a member of the Big Ten Conference.
Purdue finished the season 26–8, 14–4 in Big Ten play to finish in second place. As the No. 2 seed in the Big Ten tournament, they lost to Michigan State in the quarterfinals. They received a bid to the NCAA tournament as No. 3 seed in the Southwest Region. They defeated Saint Peter's in the Second Round before losing to eventual Final Four participant VCU in the Third Round. | Purdue
Category:Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball seasons
Purdue
Purd
Purd | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"2010–11 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season",
"Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball seasons",
"2011 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament participants",
"2010 in sports in Indiana",
"2011 in sports in Indiana"
] |
projected-23576279-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ume%C4%91e | Šumeđe | Introduction | Šumeđe is a village in north-eastern Slavonia, situated in municipality town of Orahovica, Virovitica-Podravina County, Croatia. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Populated places in Virovitica-Podravina County"
] | |
projected-23576279-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ume%C4%91e | Šumeđe | References | Šumeđe is a village in north-eastern Slavonia, situated in municipality town of Orahovica, Virovitica-Podravina County, Croatia. | CD-rom: "Naselja i stanovništvo RH od 1857-2001. godine", Izdanje Državnog zavoda za statistiku Republike Hrvatske, Zagreb, 2005.
Category:Populated places in Virovitica-Podravina County | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Populated places in Virovitica-Podravina County"
] |
projected-26724175-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frithjof%20Lorentzen | Frithjof Lorentzen | Introduction | Frithjof Lorentzen (7 September 1896 – 13 July 1965) was a Norwegian épée and foil fencer. He competed at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1896 births",
"1965 deaths",
"Norwegian male épée fencers",
"Olympic fencers of Norway",
"Fencers at the 1924 Summer Olympics",
"Fencers at the 1928 Summer Olympics",
"Sportspeople from Newcastle, New South Wales",
"Norwegian male foil fencers"
] | |
projected-26724176-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20bondarevi | Conus bondarevi | Introduction | Conus bondarevi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1992"
] | |
projected-26724176-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20bondarevi | Conus bondarevi | Description | Conus bondarevi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | The size of the shell varies between 29 mm and 43 mm. | [] | [
"Description"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1992"
] |
projected-26724176-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20bondarevi | Conus bondarevi | Distribution | Conus bondarevi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | This marine species occurs off Northern Somalia and in the Mozambique Channel
. | [] | [
"Distribution"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1992"
] |
projected-26724176-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20bondarevi | Conus bondarevi | References | Conus bondarevi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp.
Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23 | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1992"
] |
projected-26724181-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20borgesi | Conus borgesi | Introduction | Conus borgesi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1979",
"Gastropods of Cape Verde",
"Endemic fauna of Cape Verde"
] | |
projected-26724181-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20borgesi | Conus borgesi | Description | Conus borgesi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | The size of the shell varies between 19 mm and 35 mm. | [] | [
"Description"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1979",
"Gastropods of Cape Verde",
"Endemic fauna of Cape Verde"
] |
projected-26724181-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20borgesi | Conus borgesi | Distribution | Conus borgesi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off the island of Boa Vista, Cape Verde. | [] | [
"Distribution"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1979",
"Gastropods of Cape Verde",
"Endemic fauna of Cape Verde"
] |
projected-26724181-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20borgesi | Conus borgesi | References | Conus borgesi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp
Cossignani & Fiadeiro, Malacologia Mostra Mondiale vol. 86 p. 18; 2015
Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23 | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1979",
"Gastropods of Cape Verde",
"Endemic fauna of Cape Verde"
] |
projected-26724190-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudolilliconus%20boschorum | Pseudolilliconus boschorum | Introduction | Conus boschorum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Pseudolilliconus",
"Gastropods described in 1993"
] | |
projected-26724190-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudolilliconus%20boschorum | Pseudolilliconus boschorum | Description | Conus boschorum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | The size of the shell varies between 4 mm and 13 mm. | [] | [
"Description"
] | [
"Pseudolilliconus",
"Gastropods described in 1993"
] |
projected-26724190-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudolilliconus%20boschorum | Pseudolilliconus boschorum | Distribution | Conus boschorum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | This marine species occurs off Masirah Island, Oman. | [] | [
"Distribution"
] | [
"Pseudolilliconus",
"Gastropods described in 1993"
] |
projected-26724190-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudolilliconus%20boschorum | Pseudolilliconus boschorum | References | Conus boschorum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp.
Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23 | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Pseudolilliconus",
"Gastropods described in 1993"
] |
projected-26724193-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Chapel | Old Chapel | Introduction | Old Chapel may refer to:
Old Chapel (Amherst, Massachusetts), also known as Old Chapel Library, a 19th-century building on the campus of the University of Massachusetts Amherst
Old Chapel (Millwood, Virginia), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Clarke County, Virginia
Old Chapel (Indianola, Iowa), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Warren County, Iowa
Fulwood Old Chapel, Sheffield, England | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-26724198-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conasprella%20boucheti | Conasprella boucheti | Introduction | Conasprella boucheti is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conasprella, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Conasprella",
"Gastropods described in 1983"
] | |
projected-26724198-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conasprella%20boucheti | Conasprella boucheti | Description | Conasprella boucheti is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conasprella, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | The size of the shell varies between 14 mm and 39 mm. | [] | [
"Description"
] | [
"Conasprella",
"Gastropods described in 1983"
] |
projected-26724198-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conasprella%20boucheti | Conasprella boucheti | Distribution | Conasprella boucheti is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conasprella, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | This marine species occurs off New Caledonia. | [] | [
"Distribution"
] | [
"Conasprella",
"Gastropods described in 1983"
] |
projected-26724198-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conasprella%20boucheti | Conasprella boucheti | References | Conasprella boucheti is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conasprella, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | Richard, G., 1983. Two new species of Conus from New Caledonia: Conus boucheti sp. nov. and Conus kanakinus sp. nov. (Neogastropoda: Conidae). Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia 6(1–2): 53–58
Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp.
Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23 | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Conasprella",
"Gastropods described in 1983"
] |
projected-26724204-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conasprella%20bozzettii | Conasprella bozzettii | Introduction | Conasprella bozzettii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conasprella, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Endemic fauna of Somalia",
"Conasprella",
"Gastropods described in 1991"
] | |
projected-26724204-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conasprella%20bozzettii | Conasprella bozzettii | Description | Conasprella bozzettii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conasprella, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | The size of the shell varies between 30 mm and 65 mm. | [] | [
"Description"
] | [
"Endemic fauna of Somalia",
"Conasprella",
"Gastropods described in 1991"
] |
projected-26724204-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conasprella%20bozzettii | Conasprella bozzettii | Distribution | Conasprella bozzettii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conasprella, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | This marine species occurs off Northern Somalia. | [] | [
"Distribution"
] | [
"Endemic fauna of Somalia",
"Conasprella",
"Gastropods described in 1991"
] |
projected-26724204-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conasprella%20bozzettii | Conasprella bozzettii | References | Conasprella bozzettii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conasprella, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | Lauer, J. M. 1991. Description of a new species of Conus (Mollusca, Prosobranchia: Conidae) from eastern Somalia. Apex 6(2):33–50, 14 figs.
Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp.
Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23 | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Endemic fauna of Somalia",
"Conasprella",
"Gastropods described in 1991"
] |
projected-26724208-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20brianhayesi | Conus brianhayesi | Introduction | Conus brianhayesi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 2002"
] | |
projected-26724208-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20brianhayesi | Conus brianhayesi | Description | Conus brianhayesi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | The size of the shell varies between 17 mm and 25 mm. | [] | [
"Description"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 2002"
] |
projected-26724208-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20brianhayesi | Conus brianhayesi | Distribution | Conus brianhayesi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | This marine species occurs off North Transkei, South Africa. | [] | [
"Distribution"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 2002"
] |
projected-26724208-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20brianhayesi | Conus brianhayesi | References | Conus brianhayesi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp.
Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23 | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 2002"
] |
projected-26724210-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20broderipii | Conus broderipii | Introduction | Conus broderipii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1844"
] | |
projected-26724210-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20broderipii | Conus broderipii | Description | Conus broderipii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | The size of the shell varies between 25 mm and 50 mm. | [] | [
"Description"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1844"
] |
projected-26724210-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20broderipii | Conus broderipii | Distribution | Conus broderipii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | This marine species occurs in the Indian Ocean off Madagascar; off the Moluccas, Indonesia and in the Sulu Sea, Philippines | [] | [
"Distribution"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1844"
] |
projected-26724210-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20broderipii | Conus broderipii | References | Conus broderipii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp.
Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23 | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1844"
] |
projected-26724213-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Customshouse | Old Customshouse | Introduction | Old Custom House or similar may refer to:
Old Custom House (Cairo, Illinois)
Old Custom House (Yorktown, Virginia)
Old Custom House, Montreal
Old Customs House (Bangkok)
Old Customs House (Knoxville, Tennessee)
Old Customs House, Fremantle, Western Australia
Old Customhouse (Monterey, California)
Old Customshouse (Erie, Pennsylvania)
Old Customshouse (Wilmington, Delaware)
United States Customhouse and Post Office (Wiscasset, Maine), sometimes called Old Customhouse | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-26724213-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Customshouse | Old Customshouse | See also | Old Custom House or similar may refer to:
Old Custom House (Cairo, Illinois)
Old Custom House (Yorktown, Virginia)
Old Custom House, Montreal
Old Customs House (Bangkok)
Old Customs House (Knoxville, Tennessee)
Old Customs House, Fremantle, Western Australia
Old Customhouse (Monterey, California)
Old Customshouse (Erie, Pennsylvania)
Old Customshouse (Wilmington, Delaware)
United States Customhouse and Post Office (Wiscasset, Maine), sometimes called Old Customhouse | Custom House (disambiguation)
Customhouse (disambiguation)
Old Customs Buildings, Mexico City | [] | [
"See also"
] | [] |
projected-26724214-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20bruguieri | Conus bruguieri | Introduction | Conus bruguieri is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of poisoning humans. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1848"
] | |
projected-26724214-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20bruguieri | Conus bruguieri | Description | Conus bruguieri is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of poisoning humans. | The size of the shell varies between 22 mm and 38 mm. | [] | [
"Description"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1848"
] |
projected-26724214-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20bruguieri | Conus bruguieri | Distribution | Conus bruguieri is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of poisoning humans. | This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off Senegal. | [] | [
"Distribution"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1848"
] |
projected-26724214-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20bruguieri | Conus bruguieri | References | Conus bruguieri is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of poisoning humans. | Kiener L.C. 1844–1850. Spécies général et iconographie des coquilles vivantes. Vol. 2. Famille des Enroulées. Genre Cone (Conus, Lam.), pp. 1–379, pl. 1-111 [pp. 1–48 (1846); 49–160 (1847); 161–192 (1848); 193–240 (1849); 241-[379](assumed to be 1850); plates 4,6 (1844); 2–3, 5, 7–32, 34–36, 38, 40–50 (1845); 33, 37, 39, 51–52, 54–56, 57–68, 74–77 (1846); 1, 69–73, 78–103 (1847); 104–106 (1848); 107 (1849); 108–111 (1850)]. Paris, Rousseau & J.B. Baillière
Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23 | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1848"
] |
projected-26724220-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20brunneofilaris | Conus brunneofilaris | Introduction | Conus brunneofilaris is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1990"
] | |
projected-26724220-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20brunneofilaris | Conus brunneofilaris | Distribution | Conus brunneofilaris is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | This species occurs in the Caribbean Sea off Panama | [] | [
"Distribution"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1990"
] |
projected-26724220-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20brunneofilaris | Conus brunneofilaris | Description | Conus brunneofilaris is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | The maximum recorded shell length is 14 mm. | [] | [
"Description"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1990"
] |
projected-26724220-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20brunneofilaris | Conus brunneofilaris | Habitat | Conus brunneofilaris is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | Minimum recorded depth is 65 m. Maximum recorded depth is 65 m. | [] | [
"Habitat"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1990"
] |
projected-26724220-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20brunneofilaris | Conus brunneofilaris | References | Conus brunneofilaris is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | Petuch, E. J. 1990. A new molluscan faunule from the Caribbean coast of Panama. Nautilus 104: 57–70.
Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp
Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23 | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1990"
] |
projected-26724222-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20brunneus | Conus brunneus | Introduction | Conus brunneus, common name Wood's brown cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans; therefore, live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1828"
] | |
projected-26724222-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20brunneus | Conus brunneus | Description | Conus brunneus, common name Wood's brown cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans; therefore, live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | The size of the shell varies between 16 mm and 65 mm. The short spire is conical and tuberculate. The color of the shell is chestnut-brown, lineated with chocolate, with sometimes longitudinal white maculations forming a broad central interrupted band, and a few additional maculations on other portions of the surface. The base of the shell is subgranularly striate. | [] | [
"Description"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1828"
] |
projected-26724222-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20brunneus | Conus brunneus | Distribution | Conus brunneus, common name Wood's brown cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans; therefore, live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off Southwest Baja California, Mexico to Ecuador; and off the Galápagos Islands. | [] | [
"Distribution"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1828"
] |
projected-26724222-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20brunneus | Conus brunneus | References | Conus brunneus, common name Wood's brown cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans; therefore, live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2013) Illustrated catalog of the living cone shells. 517 pp. Wellington, Florida: MdM Publishing.
Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23 | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1828"
] |
projected-44500711-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers%20family | Villiers family | Introduction | The Villiers family ( ) is one of the United Kingdom's preeminent aristocratic families. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villiers family",
"Noble families of the United Kingdom"
] | |
projected-44500711-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers%20family | Villiers family | Descent | The Villiers family ( ) is one of the United Kingdom's preeminent aristocratic families. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children. | The Villiers family was settled at Brooksby, Leicestershire, from at least 1235. In the early 13th century, the tenant of Brooksby, Gilbert de Seis, married a member of the Villiers family, a line of minor gentry of Norman descent. The estate remained in Villiers hands for the next 500 years. At this time Brooksby consisted of the hall, the nearby Church of St Michael and All Angels, Brooksby, a small number of peasants' houses and a field system with common land.
In the 16th century, the family was represented by George Villiers († 1606), a minor gentleman who is said to have been a "prosperous sheep farmer". He was High Sheriff of Leicestershire in 1591, and a Knight of the shire for the county from 1604 until his death. He was knighted in 1593.
Sir George Villiers was married twice, and left nine surviving children. Among the children from his first marriage were the eldest son, Sir William Villiers, 1st Baronet († 1629), who became the ancestor of the Villiers baronets; Edward († 1626), who became Master of the Mint and President of Munster; a daughter who married into the Boteler family; and another who married into the Washington family. Among the children from Sir George Villiers' second marriage to Mary (née Beaumont, † 1632) were George († 1628), the favourite of King James I of England who was eventually created Duke of Buckingham, and his sister Susan († 1652), who married the 1st Earl of Denbigh. According to Thomson, Sir George Villiers is an ancestor of sixteen British prime ministers, from the 3rd Duke of Grafton to David Cameron. | [] | [
"History",
"Descent"
] | [
"Villiers family",
"Noble families of the United Kingdom"
] |
projected-44500711-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers%20family | Villiers family | Rise to wealth and influence | The Villiers family ( ) is one of the United Kingdom's preeminent aristocratic families. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children. | In August 1614, the then twenty-one-year-old George Villiers became the favourite of King James I of England, and remained in this position until the king's death in 1625. Under James's patronage, Villers advanced rapidly through the ranks of the nobility. In 1615 he was knighted as a Gentleman of the Bedchamber, and in 1616 elevated to the peerage as Baron Whaddon and Viscount Villiers. He was made Earl of Buckingham in 1617, then Marquess of Buckingham in 1618, and eventually Earl of Coventry and Duke of Buckingham in 1623. Buckingham was the king's constant companion and closest advisor. Even after James I's death, Buckingham remained at the height of royal favour under Charles I, until he was assassinated in 1628. Buckingham was buried in Westminster Abbey, while his titles passed to his son George (1628–1687), upon whose death they became extinct. | [] | [
"History",
"Rise to wealth and influence"
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"Villiers family",
"Noble families of the United Kingdom"
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projected-44500711-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers%20family | Villiers family | Continuing influence | The Villiers family ( ) is one of the United Kingdom's preeminent aristocratic families. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children. | As a royal favourite during the reigns of James I and Charles I, Buckingham used his enormous political influence to prodigiously enrich his relatives and advance their social positions, which soured public opinion towards him. Under his influence, several members of his immediate family were made knights, baronets and peers. His half-brother Edward († 1626) was knighted in 1616, while his mother was created Countess of Buckingham in her own right in 1618 and his eldest half-brother William († 1629) was created a baronet in 1619. Two of Buckingham's other brothers were similarly honoured when John († 1658) was created Baron Villiers of Stoke and Viscount Purbeck in 1619, and Christopher († 1630) was created Baron Villiers of Daventry and Earl of Anglesey in 1623.
Sir Edward Villiers († 1626) married Barbara St John, daughter of Sir John St John († 1594) of Lydiard Tregoze, Wiltshire, by whom he had ten children. Villiers' wife was the niece of Oliver St John, who was created Viscount Grandison in 1623. Grandison had no issue, so the Duke of Buckingham arranged for his half-brother's sons to inherit that title. Sir Edward Villiers's eldest son, William († 1643), thus succeeded as second Viscount Grandison in 1630. He was the father of Barbara Villiers († 1709), one of the mistresses of King Charles II, by whom she had five children, and who was created Duchess of Cleveland in 1670.
Sir Edward Villiers's second and third sons, John († c.1661) and George († 1699), succeeded as 3rd and 4th Viscounts Grandison, while the fourth son, Sir Edward Villiers († 1689), was father of Edward Villiers († 1711), who was created both Baron Villiers and Viscount Villiers in 1691 as well as Earl of Jersey in 1697. The 1st Earl of Jersey's sister, Elizabeth Villiers († 1733), was the presumed mistress of King William III of England from 1680 until 1695. Thomas Villiers († 1786), the second son of the 2nd Earl of Jersey, was created Baron Hyde and Earl of Clarendon in 1776.
On the death of the 4th Viscount Grandison in 1699, the title passed to his grandson, the 5th Viscount. He was the son of Brigadier-General the Hon. Edward Villiers († 1693), eldest son of the 4th Viscount. In 1721 the 5th Viscount Grandison was created Earl Grandison. Upon his death in 1766, the earldom became extinct while the viscountcy passed to his second cousin William Villiers, 3rd Earl of Jersey, who became the 6th Viscount Grandison. In 1746 Elizabeth Mason, daughter of the 1st Earl Grandison, was created Viscountess Grandison, and in 1767 she was made Viscountess Villiers and Countess Grandison. All three titles became extinct on the death of the 2nd Earl Grandison in 1800.
Theresa Villiers (born 1968), a British Conservative Party politician and former Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, is a descendant of Edward Ernest Villiers (1806–1843), a son of George Villiers († 1827) and brother of George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon. | [] | [
"History",
"Continuing influence"
] | [
"Villiers family",
"Noble families of the United Kingdom"
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projected-44500711-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers%20family | Villiers family | Earls of Buckingham (1618) | The Villiers family ( ) is one of the United Kingdom's preeminent aristocratic families. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children. | Mary Villiers, Countess of Buckingham (1570–1632) | [] | [
"Members of the family",
"Earls of Buckingham (1618)"
] | [
"Villiers family",
"Noble families of the United Kingdom"
] |
projected-44500711-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers%20family | Villiers family | Villiers baronets (1619) | The Villiers family ( ) is one of the United Kingdom's preeminent aristocratic families. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children. | Sir William Villiers, 1st Baronet (–1629)
Sir George Villiers, 2nd Baronet (1620–1682)
Sir William Villiers, 3rd Baronet (1645–1712) | [] | [
"Members of the family",
"Villiers baronets (1619)"
] | [
"Villiers family",
"Noble families of the United Kingdom"
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projected-44500711-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers%20family | Villiers family | Viscounts Purbeck (1619) | The Villiers family ( ) is one of the United Kingdom's preeminent aristocratic families. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children. | John Villiers, 1st Viscount Purbeck (c. 1591–1658) | [] | [
"Members of the family",
"Viscounts Purbeck (1619)"
] | [
"Villiers family",
"Noble families of the United Kingdom"
] |
projected-44500711-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers%20family | Villiers family | Viscounts Grandison (1623) | The Villiers family ( ) is one of the United Kingdom's preeminent aristocratic families. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children. | Oliver St John, 1st Viscount Grandison (–1630)
William Villiers, 2nd Viscount Grandison (1614–1643)
John Villiers, 3rd Viscount Grandison (died )
George Villiers, 4th Viscount Grandison (–1699)
John Villiers, 5th Viscount Grandison, 1st Earl Grandison (1692–1766), after whom the title passed to the 3rd Earl of Jersey
William Villiers, 6th Viscount Grandison, 3rd Earl of Jersey (died 1769), after which the title remained merged with that of Earl of Jersey | [
"Oliver St John.jpg"
] | [
"Members of the family",
"Viscounts Grandison (1623)"
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"Villiers family",
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projected-44500711-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers%20family | Villiers family | Earls of Anglesey (1623) | The Villiers family ( ) is one of the United Kingdom's preeminent aristocratic families. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children. | Christopher Villiers, 1st Earl of Anglesey (d. 1630)
Charles Villiers, 2nd Earl of Anglesey (d. 1661) | [] | [
"Members of the family",
"Earls of Anglesey (1623)"
] | [
"Villiers family",
"Noble families of the United Kingdom"
] |
projected-44500711-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers%20family | Villiers family | Dukes of Buckingham (1623) | The Villiers family ( ) is one of the United Kingdom's preeminent aristocratic families. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children. | George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628)
George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham (1628–1687) | [] | [
"Members of the family",
"Dukes of Buckingham (1623)"
] | [
"Villiers family",
"Noble families of the United Kingdom"
] |
projected-44500711-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers%20family | Villiers family | Dukes of Cleveland (1670) | The Villiers family ( ) is one of the United Kingdom's preeminent aristocratic families. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children. | Barbara Villiers, 1st Duchess of Cleveland (1641–1709)
Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland (1662–1730)
William FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Cleveland (1698–1774) | [] | [
"Members of the family",
"Dukes of Cleveland (1670)"
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"Villiers family",
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projected-44500711-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers%20family | Villiers family | Earls of Jersey (1697) | The Villiers family ( ) is one of the United Kingdom's preeminent aristocratic families. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children. | Edward Villiers, 1st Earl of Jersey (1656–1711)
William Villiers, 2nd Earl of Jersey (d. 1721)
William Villiers, 3rd Earl of Jersey (d. 1769)
George Bussy Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey (1735–1805)
George Child Villiers, 5th Earl of Jersey (1773–1859)
George Augustus Frederick Child Villiers, 6th Earl of Jersey (1808–1859)
Victor Albert George Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey (1845–1915)
George Henry Robert Child Villiers, 8th Earl of Jersey (1873–1923)
George Francis Child Villiers, 9th Earl of Jersey (1910–1998)
(George Francis) William Child Villiers, 10th Earl of Jersey (b. 1976) | [
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projected-44500711-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers%20family | Villiers family | Earls Grandison (1746) | The Villiers family ( ) is one of the United Kingdom's preeminent aristocratic families. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children. | Elizabeth Mason, 1st Countess Grandison (died 1782)
George Mason-Villiers, 2nd Earl Grandison (1751–1800) | [] | [
"Members of the family",
"Earls Grandison (1746)"
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"Villiers family",
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projected-44500711-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers%20family | Villiers family | Earls of Clarendon (1776) | The Villiers family ( ) is one of the United Kingdom's preeminent aristocratic families. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children. | Thomas Villiers, 1st Earl of Clarendon (1709–1786)
Thomas Villiers, 2nd Earl of Clarendon (1753–1824)
John Charles Villiers, 3rd Earl of Clarendon (1757–1838)
George William Frederick Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon (1800–1870)
Edward Hyde Villiers, 5th Earl of Clarendon (1846–1914)
George Herbert Hyde Villiers, 6th Earl of Clarendon (1877–1955)
George Frederick Laurence Hyde Villiers, 7th Earl of Clarendon (1933–2009)
George Edward Laurence Villiers, 8th Earl of Clarendon (b. 1976) | [
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projected-44500711-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers%20family | Villiers family | Notable marriages | The Villiers family ( ) is one of the United Kingdom's preeminent aristocratic families. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children. | Edith Villiers became Countess Lytton and the Vicereine of India.
George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham († 1628), son of Sir George Villiers († 1606), married in 1620, against her father's objections, Lady Katherine Manners, later suo jure Baroness de Ros, daughter of the 6th Earl of Rutland.
Elizabeth Villiers († 1654), daughter of Sir George Villiers († 1606), married John Boteler, 1st Baron Boteler of Brantfield.
Anne Villiers († 1588), daughter of Sir George Villiers († 1606), married Sir William Washington (1590-1648), brother of Lawrence Washington, great-great-grandfather of George Washington.
John Villiers, 1st Viscount Purbeck († 1658), son of Sir George Villiers († 1606), married Frances Coke, daughter of Sir Edward Coke by his second wife, Elizabeth Cecil, daughter of Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter.
Susan Villiers († 1652), daughter of Sir George Villiers († 1606), married William Feilding, 1st Earl of Denbigh, parents-in-law to James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton.
William Villiers, 2nd Viscount Grandison († 1643), married Mary Bayning, daughter and heiress of Paul Bayning, 1st Viscount Bayning.
Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland († 1709), daughter of William Villiers, 2nd Viscount Grandison, married in 1659, against his family's wishes, Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine.
Elizabeth Villiers († 1733), daughter of Sir Edward Villiers († 1689), married in 1695 George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney.
George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon († 1870) married Lady Katherine Foster-Barham, daughter of James Grimston, 1st Earl of Verulam.
Constance Villiers († 1922), daughter of George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon, married Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby.
Alice Villiers († 1897), daughter of George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon, married Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, 1st Earl of Lathom.
Emily Theresa Villiers († 1927), daughter of George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon, married Odo Russell, 1st Baron Ampthill.
Henry Montagu Villiers († 1908), son of Henry Montagu Villiers, married firstly Victoria Russell, daughter of John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, and secondly Charlotte Louisa Emily Cadogan, granddaughter of both George Cadogan, 3rd Earl Cadogan and Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey.
Gertrude Villiers († 1906), daughter of Henry Montagu Villiers, married Berkeley Paget, a great-grandson of Henry Bayly Paget, 1st Earl of Uxbridge. | [
"Edith Villiers, later Countess of Lytton by George Frederic Watts.jpg"
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projected-44500711-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers%20family | Villiers family | Other notable members | The Villiers family ( ) is one of the United Kingdom's preeminent aristocratic families. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children. | Edward Villiers († 1693), eldest son of George Villiers, 4th Viscount Grandison and his wife Mary, daughter of Francis Leigh, 1st Earl of Chichester. In 1677, he married the heiress Katherine FitzGerald, through whom he gained substantial property in County Waterford. He adopted the surname FitzGerald-Villiers to reflect this inheritance. Their children included John, later 5th Viscount and 1st Earl Grandison, and Harriet, who married Robert Pitt and was the mother of William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham.
George Villiers († 1827), politician. He was the third son of Thomas Villiers, 1st Earl of Clarendon.
Thomas Hyde Villiers († 1832), politician. He was a son of George Villiers († 1827).
Henry Montagu Villiers († 1861), Bishop of Carlisle in 1856 and Bishop of Durham from 1860 to 1861. He was a son of George Villiers († 1827).
Charles Pelham Villiers († 1898) politician. He was a son of George Villiers († 1827).
James Villiers (1933–1998), actor. The grandson of Sir Francis Hyde Villiers and great-grandson of George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon; his mother was descended from Earl Talbot.
Theresa Villiers (born 1968), politician, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland (2012–2016). She is a direct male-line descendant of George Villiers († 1827).
Christopher Villiers (born 1960), actor. Descendant of Henry Montagu Villiers. | [
"Theresa Villiers Official.jpg"
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projected-44500711-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers%20family | Villiers family | Members of the Order of the Garter | The Villiers family ( ) is one of the United Kingdom's preeminent aristocratic families. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children. | Several members of the Villiers family have also been knights of the Order of the Garter. The following is a list is of all Villiers members of this order, across all branches of the family, along with their year of investiture.
1616 – George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
1649 – George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham
1849 – George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon
1937 – George Villiers, 6th Earl of Clarendon | [] | [
"Members of the Order of the Garter"
] | [
"Villiers family",
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projected-44500711-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers%20family | Villiers family | References | The Villiers family ( ) is one of the United Kingdom's preeminent aristocratic families. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children. | Category:Noble families of the United Kingdom | [] | [
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projected-26724224-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20bruuni | Conus bruuni | Introduction | Conus bruuni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
These snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | [] | [
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projected-26724224-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20bruuni | Conus bruuni | Description | Conus bruuni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
These snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | The size of the shell varies between 33 mm and 61 mm. | [] | [
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projected-26724224-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20bruuni | Conus bruuni | Distribution | Conus bruuni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
These snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | This marine species occurs off New Zealand (Kermadec Islands) and off New Caledonia. | [] | [
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projected-26724224-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20bruuni | Conus bruuni | References | Conus bruuni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
These snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp.
Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23 | [] | [
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"Conus",
"Gastropods of New Zealand",
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projected-26724232-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20bulbus | Conus bulbus | Introduction | Conus bulbus, common name the onion cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Endemic fauna of Angola",
"Conus",
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projected-26724232-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20bulbus | Conus bulbus | Description | Conus bulbus, common name the onion cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | The size of the shell varies between 15 mm and 45 mm. | [] | [
"Description"
] | [
"Endemic fauna of Angola",
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1843"
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projected-26724232-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20bulbus | Conus bulbus | Distribution | Conus bulbus, common name the onion cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off Angola | [] | [
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projected-26724232-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20bulbus | Conus bulbus | References | Conus bulbus, common name the onion cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | Gofas, S.; Afonso, J.P.; Brandào, M. (Ed.). (S.a.). Conchas e Moluscos de Angola = Coquillages et Mollusques d'Angola. [Shells and molluscs of Angola]. Universidade Agostinho / Elf Aquitaine Angola: Angola. 140 pp.
Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23 | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Endemic fauna of Angola",
"Conus",
"Gastropods described in 1843"
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projected-26724235-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20First%20Church | Old First Church | Introduction | Old First Church may refer to:
Old First Church (Huntington, New York), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Suffolk County, New York
Old First Church (Sandusky, Ohio), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Erie County, Ohio
First Church of Christ, Congregational (Springfield, Massachusetts), also known as Old First Church, listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Springfield, Massachusetts
First Congregational Church of Bennington, also known as the Old First Church | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-20468835-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20Drug | Block Drug | Introduction | Block Drug Company was a pharmaceutical company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, that specialized in dental care products. Its most popular products included Polident denture cleanser, Poli-Grip denture adhesive, Dentu-Creme denture toothpaste, Nytol sleeping pill, Tegrin medicated shampoo for psoriasis, Lava hand soaps (acquired from Procter & Gamble), Beano and Phazyme anti-gas products, Balmex diaper rash ointments, and Sensodyne desensitizing toothpaste.
GlaxoSmithKline purchased the company for $1.24 billion in 2001. | [
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projected-20468835-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20Drug | Block Drug | History | Block Drug Company was a pharmaceutical company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, that specialized in dental care products. Its most popular products included Polident denture cleanser, Poli-Grip denture adhesive, Dentu-Creme denture toothpaste, Nytol sleeping pill, Tegrin medicated shampoo for psoriasis, Lava hand soaps (acquired from Procter & Gamble), Beano and Phazyme anti-gas products, Balmex diaper rash ointments, and Sensodyne desensitizing toothpaste.
GlaxoSmithKline purchased the company for $1.24 billion in 2001. | The company was founded in 1907 by Alexander Block, a Russian immigrant who had a small drugstore on Fulton Street in Brooklyn, New York. He turned the company into a wholesaler in 1915, then became a drug manufacturer in 1925, acquiring a 50 percent interest in Wernet's Dental Manufacturing Company.
Block Drug moved its headquarters to Jersey City, New Jersey in 1938. It later moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1945.
Although Alexander Block built the company largely through acquisitions, he developed the Polident brand internally during the 1930s. In 1948, Block Drug rolled out the Ammi-i-Dent tooth powder, and in the early 1950s, the company developed Nytol. After Alexander Block's death in 1953, his son Leonard N. Block (1911–2005) took over, eventually becoming the company's chairman. The last major new product the company introduced was Tegrin, in 1964. | [] | [
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