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text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 31 389 | page_title stringlengths 1 250 | section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k | context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k | context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k | media list | hierachy list | category list |
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projected-00308126-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Bayle | Pierre Bayle | Further reading | Pierre Bayle (; 18 November 1647 – 28 December 1706) was a French philosopher, author, and lexicographer. A Huguenot, Bayle fled to the Dutch Republic in 1681 because of religious persecution in France. He is best known for his Historical and Critical Dictionary, whose publication began in 1697. Bayle was a notable ... | Sally Jenkinson, (dir.), Bayle: Political Writings, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Sally Jenkinson, Reflections on Pierre Bayle and Elizabeth Labrousse, and their Huguenot critique of intolerance, Proc. Huguenot Soc., 27: 325–334, 2000.
Elisabeth Labrousse, Pierre Bayle, La Haye: Martinus Nijhoff, 19... | [] | [
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projected-00308129-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Jurieu | Pierre Jurieu | Introduction | Pierre Jurieu (24 December 1637 – 11 January 1713) was a French Protestant leader. | [] | [
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projected-00308129-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Jurieu | Pierre Jurieu | Life | Pierre Jurieu (24 December 1637 – 11 January 1713) was a French Protestant leader. | He was born at Mer, in Orléanais, where his father was a Protestant pastor. He studied at the Academy of Saumur and the Academy of Sedan under his grandfather, Pierre Du Moulin, and under Leblanc de Beaulieu. After completing his studies in the Netherlands and England, Jurieu was ordained as an Anglican priest; return... | [] | [
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projected-00308129-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Jurieu | Pierre Jurieu | Works | Pierre Jurieu (24 December 1637 – 11 January 1713) was a French Protestant leader. | Jurieu did much to help those who suffered by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685). He turned for consolation to the Apocalypse, and succeeded in persuading himself (Accomplissement des propheties, 1686) that the overthrow of the Antichrist (i.e. the Pope) would take place in 1689. HM Baird wrote that "this per... | [
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projected-00308129-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Jurieu | Pierre Jurieu | See also | Pierre Jurieu (24 December 1637 – 11 January 1713) was a French Protestant leader. | Irenicism | [] | [
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projected-00308129-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Jurieu | Pierre Jurieu | References | Pierre Jurieu (24 December 1637 – 11 January 1713) was a French Protestant leader. | See also:
Article in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie
H. M. Baird, The Huguenots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1895)
Category:1637 births
Category:1713 deaths
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Category:17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Category:17th-century French theologians
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projected-00308131-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie%20Mason | Jackie Mason | Introduction | Jackie Mason (born Yacov Moshe Maza; June 9, 1928 – July 24, 2021) was an American stand-up comedian and actor.
His 1986 one-man show The World According to Me! won a Special Tony Award, an Outer Critics Circle Award, an Ace Award, an Emmy Award, and earned a Grammy nomination. Later, his 1988 special Jackie Mason on ... | [] | [
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"American Orthodox rabbis",
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"An... | |
projected-00308134-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Bedell | William Bedell | Introduction | The Rt. Rev. William Bedell, D.D. (; 15717 February 1642), was an Anglican churchman who served as Lord Bishop of Kilmore, as well as Provost of Trinity College Dublin. | [] | [
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projected-00308134-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Bedell | William Bedell | Early life | The Rt. Rev. William Bedell, D.D. (; 15717 February 1642), was an Anglican churchman who served as Lord Bishop of Kilmore, as well as Provost of Trinity College Dublin. | He was born at Black Notley in Essex, and educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he was a pupil of William Perkins. He became a fellow of Emmanuel in 1593, and took orders. In 1607 he was appointed chaplain to Sir Henry Wotton, then English ambassador at Venice, where he remained for four years, acquiring a gre... | [] | [
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projected-00308134-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Bedell | William Bedell | Ireland | The Rt. Rev. William Bedell, D.D. (; 15717 February 1642), was an Anglican churchman who served as Lord Bishop of Kilmore, as well as Provost of Trinity College Dublin. | In 1627, he became Provost of Trinity College Dublin, despite having no prior connection with Ireland. The Provostship paid roughly the same as his Horningsheath rectory and he clung to his living in Suffolk until forced to surrender it on grounds of benefice. Despite his evangelical Protestant wish to advance Irish Re... | [
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projected-00308134-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Bedell | William Bedell | Bibliography | The Rt. Rev. William Bedell, D.D. (; 15717 February 1642), was an Anglican churchman who served as Lord Bishop of Kilmore, as well as Provost of Trinity College Dublin. | A true relation of the life and death of the Right Reverend father in God William Bedell, Lord Bishop of Kilmore in Ireland. Edited by Thomas Wharton Jones. Camden Society, 1872 (online version)
Trasna na dTonnta or A Tale of Three Cities fictionalised biography by Christina Eastwood (Mothers' Companion Publications, 2... | [] | [
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projected-00308137-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics%20software | Avionics software | Introduction | Avionics software is embedded software with legally mandated safety and reliability concerns used in avionics. The main difference between avionic software and conventional embedded software is that the development process is required by law and is optimized for safety.
It is claimed that the process described below i... | [] | [
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projected-00308137-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics%20software | Avionics software | General overview | Avionics software is embedded software with legally mandated safety and reliability concerns used in avionics. The main difference between avionic software and conventional embedded software is that the development process is required by law and is optimized for safety.
It is claimed that the process described below i... | Since most avionics manufacturers see software as a way to add value without adding weight, the importance of embedded software in avionic systems is increasing.
Most modern commercial aircraft with auto-pilots use flight computers and so called flight management systems (FMS) that can fly the aircraft without the pil... | [] | [
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projected-00308137-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics%20software | Avionics software | Regulatory issues | Avionics software is embedded software with legally mandated safety and reliability concerns used in avionics. The main difference between avionic software and conventional embedded software is that the development process is required by law and is optimized for safety.
It is claimed that the process described below i... | Due to safety requirements, most nations regulate avionics, or at least adopt standards in use by a group of allies or a customs union. The three regulatory organizations that most affect international aviation development are the U.S, the E.U. and Russia.
In the U.S., avionic and other aircraft components have safet... | [] | [
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projected-00308137-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics%20software | Avionics software | Development process | Avionics software is embedded software with legally mandated safety and reliability concerns used in avionics. The main difference between avionic software and conventional embedded software is that the development process is required by law and is optimized for safety.
It is claimed that the process described below i... | The main difference between avionics software and other embedded systems is that the actual standards are often far more detailed and rigorous than commercial standards, usually described by documents with hundreds of pages. It is usually run on a real time operating system.
Since the process is legally required, most... | [] | [
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projected-00308137-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics%20software | Avionics software | Human interfaces | Avionics software is embedded software with legally mandated safety and reliability concerns used in avionics. The main difference between avionic software and conventional embedded software is that the development process is required by law and is optimized for safety.
It is claimed that the process described below i... | Projects with substantial human interfaces are usually prototyped or simulated. The videotape is usually retained, but the prototype retired immediately after testing, because otherwise senior management and customers can believe the system is complete. A major goal is to find human-interface issues that can affect sa... | [] | [
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projected-00308137-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics%20software | Avionics software | Hazard analysis | Avionics software is embedded software with legally mandated safety and reliability concerns used in avionics. The main difference between avionic software and conventional embedded software is that the development process is required by law and is optimized for safety.
It is claimed that the process described below i... | Safety-critical avionics usually have a hazard analysis. The early stages of the project, already have at least a vague idea of the main parts of the project. An engineer then takes each block of a block diagram and considers the things that could go wrong with that block, and how they affect the system as a whole. ... | [] | [
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projected-00308137-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics%20software | Avionics software | Maintenance manual | Avionics software is embedded software with legally mandated safety and reliability concerns used in avionics. The main difference between avionic software and conventional embedded software is that the development process is required by law and is optimized for safety.
It is claimed that the process described below i... | As soon as the engineering specification is complete, writing the maintenance manual can start. A maintenance manual is essential to repairs, and of course, if the system can't be fixed, it will not be safe.
There are several levels to most standards. A low-safety product such as an in-flight entertainment unit (a f... | [] | [
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projected-00308137-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics%20software | Avionics software | Design and specification documents | Avionics software is embedded software with legally mandated safety and reliability concerns used in avionics. The main difference between avionic software and conventional embedded software is that the development process is required by law and is optimized for safety.
It is claimed that the process described below i... | These are usually much like those in other software development models. A crucial difference is that requirements are usually traced as described above. In large projects, requirements-traceability is such a large expensive task that it requires large, expensive computer programs to manage it. | [] | [
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projected-00308137-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics%20software | Avionics software | Code production and review | Avionics software is embedded software with legally mandated safety and reliability concerns used in avionics. The main difference between avionic software and conventional embedded software is that the development process is required by law and is optimized for safety.
It is claimed that the process described below i... | The code is written, then usually reviewed by a programmer (or group of programmers, usually independently) that did not write it originally (another legal requirement). Special organizations also usually conduct code reviews with a checklist of possible mistakes. When a new type of mistake is found it is added to the ... | [] | [
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projected-00308137-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics%20software | Avionics software | Unit testing | Avionics software is embedded software with legally mandated safety and reliability concerns used in avionics. The main difference between avionic software and conventional embedded software is that the development process is required by law and is optimized for safety.
It is claimed that the process described below i... | "Unit test" code is written to exercise every instruction of the code at least once to get 100% code coverage. A "coverage" tool is often used to verify that every instruction is executed, and then the test coverage is documented as well, for legal reasons.
This test is among the most powerful. It forces detailed re... | [] | [
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projected-00308137-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics%20software | Avionics software | Integration testing | Avionics software is embedded software with legally mandated safety and reliability concerns used in avionics. The main difference between avionic software and conventional embedded software is that the development process is required by law and is optimized for safety.
It is claimed that the process described below i... | As pieces of code become available, they are added to a skeleton of code, and tested in place to make sure each interface works. Usually the built-in-tests of the electronics should be finished first, to begin burn-in and radio emissions tests of the electronics.
Next, the most valuable features of the software are i... | [] | [
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projected-00308137-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics%20software | Avionics software | Black box and acceptance testing | Avionics software is embedded software with legally mandated safety and reliability concerns used in avionics. The main difference between avionic software and conventional embedded software is that the development process is required by law and is optimized for safety.
It is claimed that the process described below i... | Meanwhile, the test engineers usually begin assembling a test rig, and releasing preliminary tests for use by the software engineers. At some point, the tests cover all of the functions of the engineering specification. At this point, testing of the entire avionic unit begins. The object of the acceptance testing is... | [] | [
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projected-00308137-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics%20software | Avionics software | Certification | Avionics software is embedded software with legally mandated safety and reliability concerns used in avionics. The main difference between avionic software and conventional embedded software is that the development process is required by law and is optimized for safety.
It is claimed that the process described below i... | Each step produces a deliverable, either a document, code, or a test report. When the software passes all of its tests (or enough to be sold safely), these are bound into a certification report, that can literally have thousands of pages. The designated engineering representative, who has been striving for completion... | [] | [
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projected-00308137-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics%20software | Avionics software | See also | Avionics software is embedded software with legally mandated safety and reliability concerns used in avionics. The main difference between avionic software and conventional embedded software is that the development process is required by law and is optimized for safety.
It is claimed that the process described below i... | Annex: Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
DO-178B
Software development model
Hazard analysis
The Power of 10: Rules for Developing Safety-Critical Code | [] | [
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projected-00308142-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Introduction | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | [] | [
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projected-00308142-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | History | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | The nomadic Blaan people are the original inhabitants of General Santos, and traces of their early settlement of the area are found in the city's place names, which are derived from their vocabulary. Their name for the city, Dadiangas, is from the thorny Ziziphus spina-christi tree that was once abundant in the area an... | [] | [
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projected-00308142-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Waves of migration | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | Organized under the National Land Settlement Administration (NLSA) of the Commonwealth Government headed by President Manuel L. Quezon, General Paulino Santos led the relocation of 62 Christian settlers from Luzon to the shores of Sarangani Bay aboard the steam ship “Basilan” of Compañia Maritima on February 27, 1939. ... | [
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projected-00308142-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Second World War | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | During World War II, the Municipal District of Buayan become one of the last frontiers between the combined American and Filipino forces and troops from the Empire of Japan. Retreating Imperial Japanese forces made Klaja Karsts Land their last ground for defence, constructing round cement bunkers and tunnels. These bun... | [] | [
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projected-00308142-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Renaming and elevation to city status | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | A year after the Philippines regained full sovereignty from the United States on July 4, 1946, the Municipality of Buayan became a 4th class regular municipality by virtue of the Executive Order Number 82, dated August 18, 1947, by President Manuel Roxas, absorbing the Municipal District of Glan, whose low income brack... | [
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projected-00308142-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Geography | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | General Santos City lies at the southern part of the Philippines. The city is southeast of Manila, southeast of Cebu and southwest of Davao.
The city is bounded by municipalities of Sarangani Province, namely Alabel in the east, and Maasim in the south. General Santos is likewise bounded by the South Cotabato municipa... | [] | [
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projected-00308142-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Climate | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | General Santos City has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification). With an average annual rainfall of less than , it is one of the driest places in the Philippines. | [] | [
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projected-00308142-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Barangays | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | General Santos City is politically subdivided into 26 barangays.
Apopong
Baluan
Batomelong
Buayan
Bula
Calumpang
City Heights
Conel
Dadiangas East
Dadiangas North
Dadiangas South
Dadiangas West
Fatima
Katangawan
Labangal
Lagao (1st & 3rd)
Ligaya
Mabuhay
Olympog
San Isidro (Lagao 2nd)
San Jose
Sig... | [
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projected-00308142-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Demographics | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | There are two major languages spoken in the city, with Cebuano being widely spoken and being used by the local media outlets in the city (television, radio, and newspapers), followed by Hiligaynon, which is used mainly by settlers who came from the provinces of South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, North Cotabato and Maguind... | [] | [
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projected-00308142-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Religion | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | The predominant religion in the city is Christianity, with the largest denomination being the Catholic Church, comprising almost 90% of the population. About 9% of the population belongs to Islam, mostly Sunnites. | [] | [
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projected-00308142-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Economy | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | The city's major economic activity is primarily anchored in two sectors namely the agro-industry and fishing industry.
Agro-industry: Endowed with rich volcanic soil, ample and well distributed rainfall all throughout the year and a typhoon-free climate, General Santos City produces export quality high valued crops suc... | [
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projected-00308142-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Shopping | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | General Santos City is the shopping capital of the Soccksargen region. Residents from nearby towns and provinces visit the city to do shopping and enjoy life and leisure activities. There are several huge shopping malls in the city, notable ones are KCC Mall of Gensan, SM City General Santos, Robinsons Place GenSan, Ga... | [] | [
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projected-00308142-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Infrastructure | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | Communication
Modern and state-of-the-art communication facilities at par with global standards are readily available and are provided in General Santos City by major telecommunication companies in the country. These include voice, data, internet and network solutions, among others, in both wired and mobile forms. | [] | [
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projected-00308142-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Transportation | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | GenSan and the whole of Soccsksargen can be reached by air, land, or sea.
Air transportation
The General Santos International Airport is the largest airport in Mindanao. It has a 3,227-metre concrete runway capable of handling wide-bodied jets like Airbus A340 and Boeing 747. It was also called Rajah Buayan Airport i... | [
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projected-00308142-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Utilities | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | Power Majority of the city's power supply is being serviced by the second district of South Cotabato Electric Cooperative (SOCOTECO-II). The said power distributor acquires the majority of its power needs for the city's consumption from the National Transmission Corporation (TransCo) while other sources are drawn from ... | [] | [
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projected-00308142-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Security and civil defense | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | The Philippine National Police, a military task force has been formed to protect the city from terrorist attacks and other crime. Task Force GenSan is affiliated with the Philippine Army and headed by an army colonel. 8 Police Stations are built on each barangay to keep the safeness and a peaceful order in city. Agenci... | [] | [
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projected-00308142-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Health services | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | The average life expectancy of Gensanon is 70 for females and 65 for males. There are 19 hospitals, with more than 2,200 beds in the city including General Santos Doctors Hospital, St. Elizabeth Hospital , SOCSARGEN County Hospital, Mindanao Medical Center, R.O Diagan Cooperative Hospital, GenSan Medical Center, Sarang... | [] | [
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projected-00308142-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Education | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | Aside from more than 50 Private Schools, such as The Quantum Academy, and more than 100 public schools, General Santos City hosts three universities. These are the Notre Dame of Dadiangas University, Mindanao State University – General Santos City and New Era University – General Santos Branch. It also houses colleges ... | [
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projected-00308142-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Media | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | Notable media publications in the city are the SusStar General Santos, Periodiko Banat, Sapol, and other local newspapers. Brigada Newspaper General Santos is the most popular newspaper company in the city.
There are several television stations in the city that are owned and operated by broadcasting networks—ABS-CBN 3... | [] | [
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projected-00308142-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Notable personalities | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | Sebastian Benedict (Baeby Baste) of Eat Bulaga!, child actor
Gerald Anderson, actor
Ethel Booba, TV personality
Melai Cantiveros, actress
Nonito Donaire, professional boxer
Rolando Navarrete, professional boxer
Jinkee Pacquiao, politician
Manny Pacquiao, professional boxer
Bo Perasol, head coach UAAP basketball... | [] | [
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projected-00308142-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | Local | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | Quezon City, since October 12, 1994
Iloilo City
Naga City, Camarines Sur
Cotabato City | [] | [
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projected-00308142-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | International | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | Canberra, Australia
Jersey City, USA
Monterrey, Mexico
Hadano, Kanagawa, Japan | [] | [
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projected-00308142-024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Santos | General Santos | See also | General Santos, officially known as the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.
It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most ... | List of renamed cities and municipalities of the Philippines | [] | [
"See also"
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"General Santos",
"Cities in South Cotabato",
"Highly urbanized cities in the Philippines",
"Port cities and towns in the Philippines",
"Planned cities in the Philippines",
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projected-00308147-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam%20Ali%20Shrine | Imam Ali Shrine | Introduction | The Sanctuary of Imām 'Alī (), also known as the Mosque of 'Alī (), located in Najaf, Iraq, is a mosque which many Muslims believe contains the tomb of 'Alī ibn Abī Tālib, a cousin, son-in-law and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The Shī'as consider 'Alī as their first Imām, and the Sunnis regard him as the f... | [] | [
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projected-00308147-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam%20Ali%20Shrine | Imam Ali Shrine | History | The Sanctuary of Imām 'Alī (), also known as the Mosque of 'Alī (), located in Najaf, Iraq, is a mosque which many Muslims believe contains the tomb of 'Alī ibn Abī Tālib, a cousin, son-in-law and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The Shī'as consider 'Alī as their first Imām, and the Sunnis regard him as the f... | The Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid built the first structure over the tomb of Imām 'Alī in 786, which included a green dome.
The caliph al-Mutawakkil flooded the site in 850, but Abu'l-Hayja, the Hamdanid ruler of Mosul and Aleppo, rebuilt the shrine in 923, which included a large dome.
In 979–980, the Buyid dynasty ... | [
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projected-00308147-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam%20Ali%20Shrine | Imam Ali Shrine | Independent Iraq | The Sanctuary of Imām 'Alī (), also known as the Mosque of 'Alī (), located in Najaf, Iraq, is a mosque which many Muslims believe contains the tomb of 'Alī ibn Abī Tālib, a cousin, son-in-law and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The Shī'as consider 'Alī as their first Imām, and the Sunnis regard him as the f... | During the uprising of March 1991, following the Persian Gulf War, Saddam Hussein's Republican Guards damaged the shrine, where members of the Shia opposition were cornered, in storming the shrine and massacring virtually all its occupants. Afterwards, the shrine was closed for two years, officially for repairs. Saddam... | [] | [
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projected-00308147-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam%20Ali%20Shrine | Imam Ali Shrine | Religious status and precincts | The Sanctuary of Imām 'Alī (), also known as the Mosque of 'Alī (), located in Najaf, Iraq, is a mosque which many Muslims believe contains the tomb of 'Alī ibn Abī Tālib, a cousin, son-in-law and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The Shī'as consider 'Alī as their first Imām, and the Sunnis regard him as the f... | As the burial site of Shī'a Islam's second most important figure, the shrine of Imām 'Alī is considered by all Shī'a Muslims as the fourth holiest Islamic site. The Boston Globe reports "for the Muslim Shias, Najaf is the fourth holiest city, behind Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia and Al-Aqsa Mosque in Palestine." It ... | [
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projected-00308147-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam%20Ali%20Shrine | Imam Ali Shrine | Architecture and decoration | The Sanctuary of Imām 'Alī (), also known as the Mosque of 'Alī (), located in Najaf, Iraq, is a mosque which many Muslims believe contains the tomb of 'Alī ibn Abī Tālib, a cousin, son-in-law and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The Shī'as consider 'Alī as their first Imām, and the Sunnis regard him as the f... | The Imām 'Alī Mosque is well known for its large dome. Near its main door are two minarets. The big dome is covered in 7777 brick slabs painted in gold, there are also turquoise mosaics that cover the side and back walls.
Entrance to the shrine is through three main monumental portals on the eastern, northern and sout... | [] | [
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projected-00308147-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam%20Ali%20Shrine | Imam Ali Shrine | See also | The Sanctuary of Imām 'Alī (), also known as the Mosque of 'Alī (), located in Najaf, Iraq, is a mosque which many Muslims believe contains the tomb of 'Alī ibn Abī Tālib, a cousin, son-in-law and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The Shī'as consider 'Alī as their first Imām, and the Sunnis regard him as the f... | Tomb of Noah | [] | [
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projected-00308149-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Corfield | Charles Corfield | Introduction | Charles "Nick" Corfield (born 4 May 1959) is a British mathematician, computer programmer, and founder of several startup companies in Silicon Valley, most notably Frame Technology Corporation in 1986, which was acquired by Adobe Systems in 1995. While at Columbia University, Corfield wrote the original version of the... | [] | [
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"People educated at St Albans School, Hertfordshire",
"20th-century British mathematicians",
"21st-century British mathematicians",
"British mountain climbers",
"Summiters of the Seven Summits",
"B... | |
projected-00308152-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic%20function | Quartic function | Introduction | In algebra, a quartic function is a function of the form
where a is nonzero,
which is defined by a polynomial of degree four, called a quartic polynomial.
A quartic equation, or equation of the fourth degree, is an equation that equates a quartic polynomial to zero, of the form
where .
The derivative of a quartic f... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Elementary algebra",
"Equations",
"Polynomial functions"
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projected-00308152-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic%20function | Quartic function | History | In algebra, a quartic function is a function of the form
where a is nonzero,
which is defined by a polynomial of degree four, called a quartic polynomial.
A quartic equation, or equation of the fourth degree, is an equation that equates a quartic polynomial to zero, of the form
where .
The derivative of a quartic f... | Lodovico Ferrari is credited with the discovery of the solution to the quartic in 1540, but since this solution, like all algebraic solutions of the quartic, requires the solution of a cubic to be found, it could not be published immediately. The solution of the quartic was published together with that of the cubic by ... | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Elementary algebra",
"Equations",
"Polynomial functions"
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projected-00308152-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic%20function | Quartic function | Applications | In algebra, a quartic function is a function of the form
where a is nonzero,
which is defined by a polynomial of degree four, called a quartic polynomial.
A quartic equation, or equation of the fourth degree, is an equation that equates a quartic polynomial to zero, of the form
where .
The derivative of a quartic f... | Each coordinate of the intersection points of two conic sections is a solution of a quartic equation. The same is true for the intersection of a line and a torus. It follows that quartic equations often arise in computational geometry and all related fields such as computer graphics, computer-aided design, computer-aid... | [] | [
"Applications"
] | [
"Elementary algebra",
"Equations",
"Polynomial functions"
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projected-00308152-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic%20function | Quartic function | Inflection points and golden ratio | In algebra, a quartic function is a function of the form
where a is nonzero,
which is defined by a polynomial of degree four, called a quartic polynomial.
A quartic equation, or equation of the fourth degree, is an equation that equates a quartic polynomial to zero, of the form
where .
The derivative of a quartic f... | Letting and be the distinct inflection points of the graph of a quartic function, and letting be the intersection of the inflection secant line and the quartic, nearer to than to , then divides into the golden section:
Moreover, the area of the region between the secant line and the quartic below the secant lin... | [] | [
"Inflection points and golden ratio"
] | [
"Elementary algebra",
"Equations",
"Polynomial functions"
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projected-00308152-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic%20function | Quartic function | Nature of the roots | In algebra, a quartic function is a function of the form
where a is nonzero,
which is defined by a polynomial of degree four, called a quartic polynomial.
A quartic equation, or equation of the fourth degree, is an equation that equates a quartic polynomial to zero, of the form
where .
The derivative of a quartic f... | Given the general quartic equation
with real coefficients and the nature of its roots is mainly determined by the sign of its discriminant
This may be refined by considering the signs of four other polynomials:
such that is the second degree coefficient of the associated depressed quartic (see below);
such that... | [] | [
"Solution",
"Nature of the roots"
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"Elementary algebra",
"Equations",
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projected-00308152-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic%20function | Quartic function | General formula for roots | In algebra, a quartic function is a function of the form
where a is nonzero,
which is defined by a polynomial of degree four, called a quartic polynomial.
A quartic equation, or equation of the fourth degree, is an equation that equates a quartic polynomial to zero, of the form
where .
The derivative of a quartic f... | The four roots , , , and for the general quartic equation
with ≠ 0 are given in the following formula, which is deduced from the one in the section on Ferrari's method by back changing the variables (see ) and using the formulas for the quadratic and cubic equations.
where and are the coefficients of the second a... | [
"Quartic Formula.svg"
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projected-00308152-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic%20function | Quartic function | Special cases of the formula | In algebra, a quartic function is a function of the form
where a is nonzero,
which is defined by a polynomial of degree four, called a quartic polynomial.
A quartic equation, or equation of the fourth degree, is an equation that equates a quartic polynomial to zero, of the form
where .
The derivative of a quartic f... | If the value of is a non-real complex number. In this case, either all roots are non-real or they are all real. In the latter case, the value of is also real, despite being expressed in terms of this is casus irreducibilis of the cubic function extended to the present context of the quartic. One may prefer to expre... | [] | [
"Solution",
"General formula for roots",
"Special cases of the formula"
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"Elementary algebra",
"Equations",
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projected-00308152-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic%20function | Quartic function | Reducible quartics | In algebra, a quartic function is a function of the form
where a is nonzero,
which is defined by a polynomial of degree four, called a quartic polynomial.
A quartic equation, or equation of the fourth degree, is an equation that equates a quartic polynomial to zero, of the form
where .
The derivative of a quartic f... | Consider the general quartic
It is reducible if , where and are non-constant polynomials with rational coefficients (or more generally with coefficients in the same field as the coefficients of ). Such a factorization will take one of two forms:
or
In either case, the roots of are the roots of the factors, which ... | [] | [
"Simpler cases",
"Reducible quartics"
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"Elementary algebra",
"Equations",
"Polynomial functions"
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projected-00308152-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic%20function | Quartic function | Biquadratic equation | In algebra, a quartic function is a function of the form
where a is nonzero,
which is defined by a polynomial of degree four, called a quartic polynomial.
A quartic equation, or equation of the fourth degree, is an equation that equates a quartic polynomial to zero, of the form
where .
The derivative of a quartic f... | If then the biquadratic function
defines a biquadratic equation, which is easy to solve.
Let the auxiliary variable .
Then becomes a quadratic in : . Let and be the roots of . Then the roots of our quartic are | [] | [
"Simpler cases",
"Biquadratic equation"
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"Elementary algebra",
"Equations",
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projected-00308152-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic%20function | Quartic function | Quasi-palindromic equation | In algebra, a quartic function is a function of the form
where a is nonzero,
which is defined by a polynomial of degree four, called a quartic polynomial.
A quartic equation, or equation of the fourth degree, is an equation that equates a quartic polynomial to zero, of the form
where .
The derivative of a quartic f... | The polynomial
is almost palindromic, as (it is palindromic if ). The change of variables in produces the quadratic equation . Since , the quartic equation may be solved by applying the quadratic formula twice. | [] | [
"Simpler cases",
"Quasi-palindromic equation"
] | [
"Elementary algebra",
"Equations",
"Polynomial functions"
] |
projected-00308152-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic%20function | Quartic function | Converting to a depressed quartic | In algebra, a quartic function is a function of the form
where a is nonzero,
which is defined by a polynomial of degree four, called a quartic polynomial.
A quartic equation, or equation of the fourth degree, is an equation that equates a quartic polynomial to zero, of the form
where .
The derivative of a quartic f... | For solving purposes, it is generally better to convert the quartic into a depressed quartic by the following simple change of variable. All formulas are simpler and some methods work only in this case. The roots of the original quartic are easily recovered from that of the depressed quartic by the reverse change of va... | [] | [
"Solution methods",
"Converting to a depressed quartic"
] | [
"Elementary algebra",
"Equations",
"Polynomial functions"
] |
projected-00308152-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic%20function | Quartic function | Ferrari's solution | In algebra, a quartic function is a function of the form
where a is nonzero,
which is defined by a polynomial of degree four, called a quartic polynomial.
A quartic equation, or equation of the fourth degree, is an equation that equates a quartic polynomial to zero, of the form
where .
The derivative of a quartic f... | As explained in the preceding section, we may start with the depressed quartic equation
This depressed quartic can be solved by means of a method discovered by Lodovico Ferrari. The depressed equation may be rewritten (this is easily verified by expanding the square and regrouping all terms in the left-hand side) as
... | [] | [
"Solution methods",
"Ferrari's solution"
] | [
"Elementary algebra",
"Equations",
"Polynomial functions"
] |
projected-00308152-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic%20function | Quartic function | Descartes' solution | In algebra, a quartic function is a function of the form
where a is nonzero,
which is defined by a polynomial of degree four, called a quartic polynomial.
A quartic equation, or equation of the fourth degree, is an equation that equates a quartic polynomial to zero, of the form
where .
The derivative of a quartic f... | Descartes introduced in 1637 the method of finding the roots of a quartic polynomial by factoring it into two quadratic ones. Let
By equating coefficients, this results in the following system of equations:
This can be simplified by starting again with the depressed quartic , which can be obtained by substituting fo... | [] | [
"Solution methods",
"Descartes' solution"
] | [
"Elementary algebra",
"Equations",
"Polynomial functions"
] |
projected-00308152-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic%20function | Quartic function | Euler's solution | In algebra, a quartic function is a function of the form
where a is nonzero,
which is defined by a polynomial of degree four, called a quartic polynomial.
A quartic equation, or equation of the fourth degree, is an equation that equates a quartic polynomial to zero, of the form
where .
The derivative of a quartic f... | A variant of the previous method is due to Euler. Unlike the previous methods, both of which use some root of the resolvent cubic, Euler's method uses all of them. Consider a depressed quartic . Observe that, if
,
and are the roots of ,
and are the roots of ,
then
the roots of are , , , and ,
,
.
Therefore, ... | [] | [
"Solution methods",
"Euler's solution"
] | [
"Elementary algebra",
"Equations",
"Polynomial functions"
] |
projected-00308152-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic%20function | Quartic function | Solving by Lagrange resolvent | In algebra, a quartic function is a function of the form
where a is nonzero,
which is defined by a polynomial of degree four, called a quartic polynomial.
A quartic equation, or equation of the fourth degree, is an equation that equates a quartic polynomial to zero, of the form
where .
The derivative of a quartic f... | The symmetric group on four elements has the Klein four-group as a normal subgroup. This suggests using a whose roots may be variously described as a discrete Fourier transform or a Hadamard matrix transform of the roots; see Lagrange resolvents for the general method. Denote by , for from to , the four roots of . ... | [] | [
"Solution methods",
"Solving by Lagrange resolvent"
] | [
"Elementary algebra",
"Equations",
"Polynomial functions"
] |
projected-00308152-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic%20function | Quartic function | Solving with algebraic geometry | In algebra, a quartic function is a function of the form
where a is nonzero,
which is defined by a polynomial of degree four, called a quartic polynomial.
A quartic equation, or equation of the fourth degree, is an equation that equates a quartic polynomial to zero, of the form
where .
The derivative of a quartic f... | There is an alternative solution using algebraic geometry In brief, one interprets the roots as the intersection of two quadratic curves, then finds the three reducible quadratic curves (pairs of lines) that pass through these points (this corresponds to the resolvent cubic, the pairs of lines being the Lagrange resolv... | [] | [
"Solution methods",
"Solving with algebraic geometry"
] | [
"Elementary algebra",
"Equations",
"Polynomial functions"
] |
projected-00308154-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace%20of%20Pressburg | Peace of Pressburg | Introduction | Peace of Pressburg or Treaty of Pressburg may refer to:
Peace of Pressburg (1271), a treaty settling territorial claims between Bohemia and Hungary
Peace of Pressburg (1491), between Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire over Lower Austria and the Hungarian succession
Peace of Pressburg (1626), between Gabriel Bethlen o... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-00308154-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace%20of%20Pressburg | Peace of Pressburg | See also | Peace of Pressburg or Treaty of Pressburg may refer to:
Peace of Pressburg (1271), a treaty settling territorial claims between Bohemia and Hungary
Peace of Pressburg (1491), between Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire over Lower Austria and the Hungarian succession
Peace of Pressburg (1626), between Gabriel Bethlen o... | List of treaties
cs:Prešpurský mír
pt:Paz de Pressburg
tr:Pressburg Barışı | [] | [
"See also"
] | [] |
projected-00308158-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum%20energy | Vacuum energy | Introduction | Vacuum energy is an underlying background energy that exists in space throughout the entire Universe. The vacuum energy is a special case of zero-point energy that relates to the quantum vacuum.
The effects of vacuum energy can be experimentally observed in various phenomena such as spontaneous emission, the Casimir e... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Dark energy",
"Energy (physics)",
"Quantum field theory",
"Vacuum"
] | |
projected-00308158-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum%20energy | Vacuum energy | Origin | Vacuum energy is an underlying background energy that exists in space throughout the entire Universe. The vacuum energy is a special case of zero-point energy that relates to the quantum vacuum.
The effects of vacuum energy can be experimentally observed in various phenomena such as spontaneous emission, the Casimir e... | Quantum field theory states that all fundamental fields, such as the electromagnetic field, must be quantized at each and every point in space. A field in physics may be envisioned as if space were filled with interconnected vibrating balls and springs, and the strength of the field is like the displacement of a ball f... | [] | [
"Origin"
] | [
"Dark energy",
"Energy (physics)",
"Quantum field theory",
"Vacuum"
] |
projected-00308158-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum%20energy | Vacuum energy | Implications | Vacuum energy is an underlying background energy that exists in space throughout the entire Universe. The vacuum energy is a special case of zero-point energy that relates to the quantum vacuum.
The effects of vacuum energy can be experimentally observed in various phenomena such as spontaneous emission, the Casimir e... | Vacuum energy has a number of consequences. In 1948, Dutch physicists Hendrik B. G. Casimir and Dirk Polder predicted the existence of a tiny attractive force between closely placed metal plates due to resonances in the vacuum energy in the space between them. This is now known as the Casimir effect and has since been ... | [] | [
"Implications"
] | [
"Dark energy",
"Energy (physics)",
"Quantum field theory",
"Vacuum"
] |
projected-00308158-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum%20energy | Vacuum energy | History | Vacuum energy is an underlying background energy that exists in space throughout the entire Universe. The vacuum energy is a special case of zero-point energy that relates to the quantum vacuum.
The effects of vacuum energy can be experimentally observed in various phenomena such as spontaneous emission, the Casimir e... | In 1934, Georges Lemaître used an unusual perfect-fluid equation of state to interpret the cosmological constant as due to vacuum energy. In 1948, the Casimir effect provided an experimental method for a verification of the existence of vacuum energy; in 1955, however, Evgeny Lifshitz offered a different origin for the... | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Dark energy",
"Energy (physics)",
"Quantum field theory",
"Vacuum"
] |
projected-00308158-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum%20energy | Vacuum energy | Vacuum energy in fiction | Vacuum energy is an underlying background energy that exists in space throughout the entire Universe. The vacuum energy is a special case of zero-point energy that relates to the quantum vacuum.
The effects of vacuum energy can be experimentally observed in various phenomena such as spontaneous emission, the Casimir e... | Arthur C. Clarke's novel The Songs of Distant Earth features a starship powered by a "quantum drive" based on aspects of this theory.
In the Sci-Fi television/film franchise Stargate, a Zero Point Module (ZPM) is a power source that extracts zero-point energy from a micro parallel universe.
The book Star Trek: Deep S... | [] | [
"Vacuum energy in fiction"
] | [
"Dark energy",
"Energy (physics)",
"Quantum field theory",
"Vacuum"
] |
projected-00308158-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum%20energy | Vacuum energy | See also | Vacuum energy is an underlying background energy that exists in space throughout the entire Universe. The vacuum energy is a special case of zero-point energy that relates to the quantum vacuum.
The effects of vacuum energy can be experimentally observed in various phenomena such as spontaneous emission, the Casimir e... | Dark energy
False vacuum
Vacuum state
Zero-point field
Normal ordering | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Dark energy",
"Energy (physics)",
"Quantum field theory",
"Vacuum"
] |
projected-00308158-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum%20energy | Vacuum energy | External articles and references | Vacuum energy is an underlying background energy that exists in space throughout the entire Universe. The vacuum energy is a special case of zero-point energy that relates to the quantum vacuum.
The effects of vacuum energy can be experimentally observed in various phenomena such as spontaneous emission, the Casimir e... | Free PDF copy of The Structured Vacuum – thinking about nothing by Johann Rafelski and Berndt Muller (1985); .
Saunders, S., & Brown, H. R. (1991). The Philosophy of Vacuum. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press.
Poincaré Seminar, Duplantier, B., & Rivasseau, V. (2003). "Poincaré Seminar 2002: vacuum energy-renormalizati... | [] | [
"External articles and references"
] | [
"Dark energy",
"Energy (physics)",
"Quantum field theory",
"Vacuum"
] |
projected-00308159-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA%20certification | RIAA certification | Introduction | In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Other countries have similar awards (see music recording certification). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Recording Industry Association of America",
"Music recording certifications"
] | |
projected-00308159-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA%20certification | RIAA certification | Description and qualifications | In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Other countries have similar awards (see music recording certification). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the... | A Gold record is a song or album that sells 500,000 units (records, tapes, and compact discs). The award was launched in 1958; originally, the requirement for a Gold single was one million units sold and a Gold album represented $1 million in sales (at wholesale value, around a third of the list price). In 1975, the ad... | [
"Madonna platinum record 2.png"
] | [
"Description and qualifications"
] | [
"Recording Industry Association of America",
"Music recording certifications"
] |
projected-00308159-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA%20certification | RIAA certification | Records | In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Other countries have similar awards (see music recording certification). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the... | 500,000 units: Gold album
1,000,000 units: Platinum album
2,000,000+(in increments of 1,000,000 thereafter) units: Multi-Platinum album
10,000,000 units: Diamond album
Starting from February 1, 2016, each album unit may be one of the following:
One digital or physical album sold or shipped;
10 tracks from the alb... | [] | [
"List of certifications",
"Records"
] | [
"Recording Industry Association of America",
"Music recording certifications"
] |
projected-00308159-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA%20certification | RIAA certification | Multi-disc | In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Other countries have similar awards (see music recording certification). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the... | Multi-disc albums are counted once for each disc within the album if it is over 100 minutes in length or is from the vinyl era. For example, the Smashing Pumpkins' Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness (running time of 121:39) and OutKast's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below (running time of 134:56), both double albums, were... | [] | [
"List of certifications",
"Records",
"Multi-disc"
] | [
"Recording Industry Association of America",
"Music recording certifications"
] |
projected-00308159-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA%20certification | RIAA certification | Spanish | In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Other countries have similar awards (see music recording certification). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the... | Since 2000, the RIAA also awards Los Premios de Oro y De Platino (Gold and Platinum Awards in Spanish) to Latin albums which are defined by the RIAA as a type of product that features at least 51% of content in Spanish.
As of December 20, 2013, the award levels for Latin certifications are:
30,000 units: Disco de O... | [] | [
"List of certifications",
"Records",
"Spanish"
] | [
"Recording Industry Association of America",
"Music recording certifications"
] |
projected-00308159-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA%20certification | RIAA certification | Singles | In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Other countries have similar awards (see music recording certification). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the... | Standard singles are certified:
Gold when it ships 500,000 copies
Platinum when it ships 1,000,000 copies
Multi-Platinum when it ships at least 2,000,000 copies
Note: The number of sales required to qualify for Gold and Platinum discs was higher prior to January 1, 1989. The thresholds were previously 1,000,000 uni... | [] | [
"Singles"
] | [
"Recording Industry Association of America",
"Music recording certifications"
] |
projected-00308159-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA%20certification | RIAA certification | Video Longform | In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Other countries have similar awards (see music recording certification). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the... | Along with albums, digital albums, and singles there is another classification of music release called "Video Longform." This release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria are slightly different from other styles.
Gold: 50,000 copies
Platinum: ... | [] | [
"Video Longform"
] | [
"Recording Industry Association of America",
"Music recording certifications"
] |
projected-00308159-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA%20certification | RIAA certification | Video Single | In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Other countries have similar awards (see music recording certification). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the... | For Video Single certification, the title must contain no more than two songs and must have a running time of no more than 15 minutes. The certification criteria are:
Gold: 25,000 copies
Platinum: 50,000 copies
Multi-Platinum: 100,000 copies
, the titles certified the most Video Single awards are "Here Without You" ... | [] | [
"Video Single"
] | [
"Recording Industry Association of America",
"Music recording certifications"
] |
projected-00308159-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA%20certification | RIAA certification | Video Box Set | In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Other countries have similar awards (see music recording certification). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the... | The Video Box Set (or Multi-Box Music Video Set) award is a classification for video compilations that include three or more videos that are grouped and marketed together as a set. Like Video Longform, this includes DVD and VHS releases and the certification criteria are the same. Each individual video within set is co... | [] | [
"Video Box Set"
] | [
"Recording Industry Association of America",
"Music recording certifications"
] |
projected-00308159-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA%20certification | RIAA certification | Master Ringtone | In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Other countries have similar awards (see music recording certification). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the... | Master Ringtone (mastertone) awards were introduced in 2006. Certification levels are identical to those of singles, 500,000 for Gold and 1,000,000 for Platinum and Multi-Platinum.
Many Master Ringtone certifications were awarded until 2009, but since then only ten certifications were awarded in 2010, three in 2012 an... | [] | [
"Master Ringtone"
] | [
"Recording Industry Association of America",
"Music recording certifications"
] |
projected-00308159-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA%20certification | RIAA certification | Records | In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Other countries have similar awards (see music recording certification). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the... | Lists from RIAA site showing current status holders of RIAA Certifications:
List of highest-certified music artists in the United States
List of best-selling albums in the United States
List of best-selling singles in the United States
List of best-selling Latin albums in the United States | [] | [
"Records"
] | [
"Recording Industry Association of America",
"Music recording certifications"
] |
projected-00308159-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA%20certification | RIAA certification | Most Platinum | In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Other countries have similar awards (see music recording certification). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the... | This list show the artists with at least 10 platinum albums (excluding compilations) | [] | [
"Artists with the most album certifications",
"Most Platinum"
] | [
"Recording Industry Association of America",
"Music recording certifications"
] |
projected-00308159-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA%20certification | RIAA certification | Most Platinum | In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Other countries have similar awards (see music recording certification). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the... | This table tracks artists with some number of singles that have received at least 10 digital platinum certifications (excluding features). | [] | [
"Artists with the most single certifications",
"Most Platinum"
] | [
"Recording Industry Association of America",
"Music recording certifications"
] |
projected-00308159-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA%20certification | RIAA certification | Most Diamond | In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Other countries have similar awards (see music recording certification). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the... | This table tracks artists with some number of singles that have received at least 2 Diamond certifications.
Note: The RIAA provides the Detailed List of Artists with Most Singles Certified Units | [] | [
"Artists with the most single certifications",
"Most Diamond"
] | [
"Recording Industry Association of America",
"Music recording certifications"
] |
projected-00308159-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA%20certification | RIAA certification | RIAA Diamond certifications | In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Other countries have similar awards (see music recording certification). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the... | Diamond (10+ million) certified albums and singles | [] | [
"RIAA Diamond certifications"
] | [
"Recording Industry Association of America",
"Music recording certifications"
] |
projected-00308159-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA%20certification | RIAA certification | RIAA Diamante Latin certifications | In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Other countries have similar awards (see music recording certification). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the... | Diamante certified Latin albums and singles (1+ million for Latin albums certified before December 2013 and 600,000+ for Latin albums and singles certified after December 2013) | [] | [
"RIAA Diamante Latin certifications"
] | [
"Recording Industry Association of America",
"Music recording certifications"
] |
projected-00308159-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA%20certification | RIAA certification | See also | In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Other countries have similar awards (see music recording certification). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the... | List of best-selling albums
List of best-selling music artists
List of best-selling singles worldwide | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Recording Industry Association of America",
"Music recording certifications"
] |
projected-00308160-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Coia | Paul Coia | Introduction | Paul Coia (born 19 June 1955 in Glasgow) is a Scottish television presenter and continuity announcer who was the first voice to be heard on Channel 4 on its launch in 1982. His career originally began in the late 1970s as a DJ and in the early 1980s he became an announcer. He has presented television shows including Pe... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1955 births",
"Living people",
"Mass media people from Glasgow",
"Scottish radio personalities",
"Scottish television presenters",
"Scottish people of Italian descent",
"Scottish game show hosts",
"Alumni of the University of Glasgow",
"People educated at St Aloysius' College, Glasgow",
"BBC Radi... | |
projected-00308160-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Coia | Paul Coia | Early life and career | Paul Coia (born 19 June 1955 in Glasgow) is a Scottish television presenter and continuity announcer who was the first voice to be heard on Channel 4 on its launch in 1982. His career originally began in the late 1970s as a DJ and in the early 1980s he became an announcer. He has presented television shows including Pe... | Coia was educated at Merrylee Convent, John Ogilvie Hall and St Aloysius' College and then at the University of Glasgow and Paisley College Of Technology (now University of the West of Scotland), before going into hospital radio and eventually getting a job as a disc jockey at Radio Clyde. He and his twin Gerard were b... | [] | [
"Early life and career"
] | [
"1955 births",
"Living people",
"Mass media people from Glasgow",
"Scottish radio personalities",
"Scottish television presenters",
"Scottish people of Italian descent",
"Scottish game show hosts",
"Alumni of the University of Glasgow",
"People educated at St Aloysius' College, Glasgow",
"BBC Radi... |
projected-00308160-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Coia | Paul Coia | Personal life | Paul Coia (born 19 June 1955 in Glasgow) is a Scottish television presenter and continuity announcer who was the first voice to be heard on Channel 4 on its launch in 1982. His career originally began in the late 1970s as a DJ and in the early 1980s he became an announcer. He has presented television shows including Pe... | Coia lives in London with his wife, former Miss Great Britain and QVC presenter Debbie Greenwood. They have two daughters, Annalie and Luisa. He has a twin brother Gerard, and a sister and brother, Denise and Martin, who are also twins. | [] | [
"Personal life"
] | [
"1955 births",
"Living people",
"Mass media people from Glasgow",
"Scottish radio personalities",
"Scottish television presenters",
"Scottish people of Italian descent",
"Scottish game show hosts",
"Alumni of the University of Glasgow",
"People educated at St Aloysius' College, Glasgow",
"BBC Radi... |