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text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 31 389 | page_title stringlengths 1 250 | section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k | context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k | context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k | media list | hierachy list | category list |
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projected-00308198-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20name | Code name | Introduction | A code name, call sign or cryptonym is a code word or name used, sometimes clandestinely, to refer to another name, word, project, or person. Code names are often used for military purposes, or in espionage. They may also be used in industrial counter-espionage to protect secret projects and the like from business riva... | [] | [
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projected-00308198-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20name | Code name | Military origins | A code name, call sign or cryptonym is a code word or name used, sometimes clandestinely, to refer to another name, word, project, or person. Code names are often used for military purposes, or in espionage. They may also be used in industrial counter-espionage to protect secret projects and the like from business riva... | During World War I, names common to the Allies referring to nations, cities, geographical features, military units, military operations, diplomatic meetings, places, and individual persons were agreed upon, adapting pre-war naming procedures in use by the governments concerned. In the British case names were administer... | [] | [
"Military origins"
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projected-00308198-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20name | Code name | German code names | A code name, call sign or cryptonym is a code word or name used, sometimes clandestinely, to refer to another name, word, project, or person. Code names are often used for military purposes, or in espionage. They may also be used in industrial counter-espionage to protect secret projects and the like from business riva... | Ewen Montagu, a British Naval intelligence officer, discloses in Beyond Top Secret Ultra that during World War II, Nazi Germany habitually used ad hoc code names as nicknames which often openly revealed or strongly hinted at their content or function.
Some German code names:
Golfplatz (German for "golf course") – Br... | [] | [
"Military origins",
"German code names"
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"Project management",
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projected-00308198-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20name | Code name | Code names of other powers | A code name, call sign or cryptonym is a code word or name used, sometimes clandestinely, to refer to another name, word, project, or person. Code names are often used for military purposes, or in espionage. They may also be used in industrial counter-espionage to protect secret projects and the like from business riva... | Britain and the United States developed the security policy of assigning code names intended to give no such clues to the uninitiated. For example, the British counter measures against the V-2 was called Operation Crossbow. The atomic bomb project centered in New Mexico was called the Manhattan Project, derived from th... | [] | [
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projected-00308198-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20name | Code name | Aircraft recognition reporting names | A code name, call sign or cryptonym is a code word or name used, sometimes clandestinely, to refer to another name, word, project, or person. Code names are often used for military purposes, or in espionage. They may also be used in industrial counter-espionage to protect secret projects and the like from business riva... | Although German and Italian aircraft were not given code names by their Allied opponents, in 1942, Captain Frank T. McCoy, an intelligence officer of the USAAF, invented a system for the identification of Japanese military aircraft. Initially using short, "hillbilly" boys' names such as "Pete", "Jake", and "Rufe", the ... | [] | [
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projected-00308198-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20name | Code name | Military operations since Churchill | A code name, call sign or cryptonym is a code word or name used, sometimes clandestinely, to refer to another name, word, project, or person. Code names are often used for military purposes, or in espionage. They may also be used in industrial counter-espionage to protect secret projects and the like from business riva... | Throughout the Second World War, the British allocation practice favored one-word code names (Jubilee, Frankton). That of the Americans favored longer compound words, although the name Overlord was personally chosen by Winston Churchill himself. Many examples of both types can be cited, as can exceptions.
Winston Chur... | [] | [
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projected-00308198-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20name | Code name | Project code name | A code name, call sign or cryptonym is a code word or name used, sometimes clandestinely, to refer to another name, word, project, or person. Code names are often used for military purposes, or in espionage. They may also be used in industrial counter-espionage to protect secret projects and the like from business riva... | A project code name is a code name (usually a single word, short phrase or acronym) which is given to a project being developed by industry, academia, government, and other concerns.
Project code names are typically used for several reasons:
To uniquely identify the project within the organization. Code names are fr... | [] | [
"Project code name"
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projected-00308198-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20name | Code name | Military | A code name, call sign or cryptonym is a code word or name used, sometimes clandestinely, to refer to another name, word, project, or person. Code names are often used for military purposes, or in espionage. They may also be used in industrial counter-espionage to protect secret projects and the like from business riva... | Operation Anthropoid – assassination of top Nazi Reinhard Heydrich in Prague
Operation Arc Light – United States Air Force B-52 bombing campaign during the Vietnam War
Operation Barbarossa – German invasion of the Soviet Union
Operation Black Tornado – began on 26 November 2008 and lasted until 29 November when Indi... | [] | [
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projected-00308198-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20name | Code name | Commercial | A code name, call sign or cryptonym is a code word or name used, sometimes clandestinely, to refer to another name, word, project, or person. Code names are often used for military purposes, or in espionage. They may also be used in industrial counter-espionage to protect secret projects and the like from business riva... | AMD have also been naming their CPUs since 90 nm generations under the K8 micro-architecture after the name of cities around the world. For the CPUs under the Phenom brand, the names of stars were used as code names. For Opteron server CPUs and platforms, cities related to the Ferrari Formula One team were used. Mobile... | [] | [
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projected-00308198-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20name | Code name | See also | A code name, call sign or cryptonym is a code word or name used, sometimes clandestinely, to refer to another name, word, project, or person. Code names are often used for military purposes, or in espionage. They may also be used in industrial counter-espionage to protect secret projects and the like from business riva... | Code word (figure of speech)
CIA cryptonyms
Military Operations listed by code name
NATO reporting name
Pseudonym, the term for a code name when applied to a single person
Rainbow Codes
Secret Service codename
Sensitive Compartmented Information
List of Microsoft codenames
Working title | [] | [
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projected-00308199-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20III%2C%20Count%20of%20Tripoli | Raymond III, Count of Tripoli | Introduction | Raymond III (1140 – September/October 1187) was count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187. He was a minor when Assassins murdered his father, Raymond II of Tripoli. Baldwin III of Jerusalem, who was staying in Tripoli, made Raymond's mother, Hodierna of Jerusalem, regent. Raymond spent the following years at the royal court i... | [] | [
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projected-00308199-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20III%2C%20Count%20of%20Tripoli | Raymond III, Count of Tripoli | Early life | Raymond III (1140 – September/October 1187) was count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187. He was a minor when Assassins murdered his father, Raymond II of Tripoli. Baldwin III of Jerusalem, who was staying in Tripoli, made Raymond's mother, Hodierna of Jerusalem, regent. Raymond spent the following years at the royal court i... | Born in 1140, Raymond was the only son of Raymond II of Tripoli () and Hodierna of Jerusalem. He first witnessed a letter of grant of his father in 1151. The letter was also signed by his mother, an influential and active "political agent" of her age similar to her sisters, Queen Melisende of Jerusalem () and Dowager P... | [
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projected-00308199-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20III%2C%20Count%20of%20Tripoli | Raymond III, Count of Tripoli | Minority | Raymond III (1140 – September/October 1187) was count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187. He was a minor when Assassins murdered his father, Raymond II of Tripoli. Baldwin III of Jerusalem, who was staying in Tripoli, made Raymond's mother, Hodierna of Jerusalem, regent. Raymond spent the following years at the royal court i... | Melisende's son Baldwin III of Jerusalem (), who was staying in Tripoli when Raymond II was murdered, recalled the widowed Hodierna to the town. Baldwin held an assembly after the burial at which the nobles of the County of Tripoli paid homage to Hodierna and her two minor children, Raymond and Melisende. Raymond II ha... | [] | [
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projected-00308199-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20III%2C%20Count%20of%20Tripoli | Raymond III, Count of Tripoli | First years of majority | Raymond III (1140 – September/October 1187) was count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187. He was a minor when Assassins murdered his father, Raymond II of Tripoli. Baldwin III of Jerusalem, who was staying in Tripoli, made Raymond's mother, Hodierna of Jerusalem, regent. Raymond spent the following years at the royal court i... | Raymond reached the age of majority in 1155. In his first extant charter, issued on 11 June 1157, he confirmed his father's diploma about the grant of Tortosa (now Tartus in Syria) to the Knights Templar. Nur ad-Din, the Zengid ruler of Aleppo and Damascus (), ambushed Baldwin III at Jacob's Fort on the Jordan River ei... | [] | [
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projected-00308199-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20III%2C%20Count%20of%20Tripoli | Raymond III, Count of Tripoli | Captivity | Raymond III (1140 – September/October 1187) was count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187. He was a minor when Assassins murdered his father, Raymond II of Tripoli. Baldwin III of Jerusalem, who was staying in Tripoli, made Raymond's mother, Hodierna of Jerusalem, regent. Raymond spent the following years at the royal court i... | The crusader leaders captured at Harim were taken to Aleppo, where they were imprisoned. William of Tyre's report about Raymund's captivity is contradictory. He claimed that Raymond had spent his imprisonment "in beggary and iron", but he also emphasized that Raymond had learnt to read and acquired a high level of educ... | [
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projected-00308199-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20III%2C%20Count%20of%20Tripoli | Raymond III, Count of Tripoli | First regency | Raymond III (1140 – September/October 1187) was count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187. He was a minor when Assassins murdered his father, Raymond II of Tripoli. Baldwin III of Jerusalem, who was staying in Tripoli, made Raymond's mother, Hodierna of Jerusalem, regent. Raymond spent the following years at the royal court i... | Walter of Saint Omer, Prince of Galilee, died in early 1174. Amalric of Jerusalem gave Walter's widow Eschiva of Bures in marriage to Raymond, enabling him to seize a large fief in the kingdom. Their marriage was childless, according to William of Tyre, but Raymond loved his wife and brought up her children by her firs... | [
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projected-00308199-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20III%2C%20Count%20of%20Tripoli | Raymond III, Count of Tripoli | Campaigns | Raymond III (1140 – September/October 1187) was count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187. He was a minor when Assassins murdered his father, Raymond II of Tripoli. Baldwin III of Jerusalem, who was staying in Tripoli, made Raymond's mother, Hodierna of Jerusalem, regent. Raymond spent the following years at the royal court i... | Baldwin IV came of age at his fifteenth birthday on 15 July 1176. With the end of his regency, Raymond returned to Tripoli. Count Philip I of Flanders () landed at Acre at the head of a large army of crusaders from Europe on 1 August 1177. The young king and his advisors made several efforts to persuade him to join a m... | [
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projected-00308199-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20III%2C%20Count%20of%20Tripoli | Raymond III, Count of Tripoli | Dynastic factions | Raymond III (1140 – September/October 1187) was count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187. He was a minor when Assassins murdered his father, Raymond II of Tripoli. Baldwin III of Jerusalem, who was staying in Tripoli, made Raymond's mother, Hodierna of Jerusalem, regent. Raymond spent the following years at the royal court i... | Raymond and Bohemond III mustered their troops and marched to Jerusalem in April 1180. Although they ostensibly came to celebrate Easter in the Holy City, the ailing Baldwin IV feared that they wanted to depose him. He hastily married his sister and heir presumptive, Sibylla, to Guy of Lusignan (a knight who had recent... | [
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projected-00308199-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20III%2C%20Count%20of%20Tripoli | Raymond III, Count of Tripoli | New conflicts | Raymond III (1140 – September/October 1187) was count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187. He was a minor when Assassins murdered his father, Raymond II of Tripoli. Baldwin III of Jerusalem, who was staying in Tripoli, made Raymond's mother, Hodierna of Jerusalem, regent. Raymond spent the following years at the royal court i... | Raymond accompanied the royal army to Oultrejordain. During his absence, troops from the nearby Muslim towns invaded Galilee and captured 500 women. The invaders also seized a fortified cave near Tiberias, with the assistance of the local Christian garrison. The royal army returned to the kingdom's central territories,... | [
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projected-00308199-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20III%2C%20Count%20of%20Tripoli | Raymond III, Count of Tripoli | Second regency | Raymond III (1140 – September/October 1187) was count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187. He was a minor when Assassins murdered his father, Raymond II of Tripoli. Baldwin III of Jerusalem, who was staying in Tripoli, made Raymond's mother, Hodierna of Jerusalem, regent. Raymond spent the following years at the royal court i... | Heraclius (the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem) and the grand masters of the Templars and Hospitallers tried to mediate a reconciliation between Baldwin IV and Guy of Lusignan, but the king did not forgive his brother-in-law. In October 1184, Guy raided the Bedouin tribes who grazed their herds in the royal domain of Deir... | [
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projected-00308199-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20III%2C%20Count%20of%20Tripoli | Raymond III, Count of Tripoli | Towards Hattin | Raymond III (1140 – September/October 1187) was count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187. He was a minor when Assassins murdered his father, Raymond II of Tripoli. Baldwin III of Jerusalem, who was staying in Tripoli, made Raymond's mother, Hodierna of Jerusalem, regent. Raymond spent the following years at the royal court i... | Baldwin V died unexpectedly in Acre during the summer of 1186. Joscelin III convinced Raymond to go to Tiberias to make preparations for a general assembly and let the Templars deliver the young king's body to Jerusalem. Taking advantage of Raymond's absence, Joscelin took control of Acre and seized Beirut. Raymond sum... | [
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projected-00308199-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20III%2C%20Count%20of%20Tripoli | Raymond III, Count of Tripoli | Hattin and its consequences | Raymond III (1140 – September/October 1187) was count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187. He was a minor when Assassins murdered his father, Raymond II of Tripoli. Baldwin III of Jerusalem, who was staying in Tripoli, made Raymond's mother, Hodierna of Jerusalem, regent. Raymond spent the following years at the royal court i... | The king ordered the assembly of the kingdom's troops at Saffuriya. Raymond joined the royal army with all the knights from Galilee, leaving his wife in Tiberias at the head of a small garrison. Knights from the County of Tiberias also came to Saffuriya. On 2 July 1187, Saladin invaded Galilee and besieged the town. Hi... | [] | [
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projected-00308199-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20III%2C%20Count%20of%20Tripoli | Raymond III, Count of Tripoli | Legacy | Raymond III (1140 – September/October 1187) was count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187. He was a minor when Assassins murdered his father, Raymond II of Tripoli. Baldwin III of Jerusalem, who was staying in Tripoli, made Raymond's mother, Hodierna of Jerusalem, regent. Raymond spent the following years at the royal court i... | William of Tyre, who held Raymond in high regard, described him as a man with "much foresight" in politics and warfare. His praise was tempered with criticism, however, and he called Raymond's 1179 escape from the battlefield at Marjayoun "disgraceful". Although William (who was made chancellor and archbishop during Ra... | [] | [
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projected-00308199-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20III%2C%20Count%20of%20Tripoli | Raymond III, Count of Tripoli | See also | Raymond III (1140 – September/October 1187) was count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187. He was a minor when Assassins murdered his father, Raymond II of Tripoli. Baldwin III of Jerusalem, who was staying in Tripoli, made Raymond's mother, Hodierna of Jerusalem, regent. Raymond spent the following years at the royal court i... | Kingdom of Heaven (film) | [] | [
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projected-00308199-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20III%2C%20Count%20of%20Tripoli | Raymond III, Count of Tripoli | Primary sources | Raymond III (1140 – September/October 1187) was count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187. He was a minor when Assassins murdered his father, Raymond II of Tripoli. Baldwin III of Jerusalem, who was staying in Tripoli, made Raymond's mother, Hodierna of Jerusalem, regent. Raymond spent the following years at the royal court i... | The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athīr for the Crusading Period from Al-Kāmil Fī'l-ta'rīkh, Part 2: The years 541-589/1146-1193: The Age of Nur al-Din and Saladin (Translated by D.S. Richards) (2007). Ashgate. . | [] | [
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projected-00308199-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20III%2C%20Count%20of%20Tripoli | Raymond III, Count of Tripoli | Further reading | Raymond III (1140 – September/October 1187) was count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187. He was a minor when Assassins murdered his father, Raymond II of Tripoli. Baldwin III of Jerusalem, who was staying in Tripoli, made Raymond's mother, Hodierna of Jerusalem, regent. Raymond spent the following years at the royal court i... | Category:1140 births
Category:1187 deaths
Category:12th-century people of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Category:12th-century viceregal rulers
Category:Counts of Tripoli
Category:Princes of Galilee
Category:Regents of Jerusalem | [] | [
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projected-00308205-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardour%20Street | Wardour Street | Introduction | Wardour Street () is a street in Soho, City of Westminster, London. It is a one-way street that runs north from Leicester Square, through Chinatown, across Shaftesbury Avenue to Oxford Street. Throughout the 20th century the street became a centre for the British film industry and the popular music scene. | [] | [
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"Streets in the City of Westminster",
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projected-00308205-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardour%20Street | Wardour Street | History | Wardour Street () is a street in Soho, City of Westminster, London. It is a one-way street that runs north from Leicester Square, through Chinatown, across Shaftesbury Avenue to Oxford Street. Throughout the 20th century the street became a centre for the British film industry and the popular music scene. | There has been a thoroughfare on the site of Wardour Street on maps and plans since they were first printed, the earliest being Elizabethan. In 1585, to settle a legal dispute, a plan of what is now the West End was prepared. The dispute was about a field roughly where Broadwick Street is today. The plan was very accur... | [
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projected-00308205-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardour%20Street | Wardour Street | 20th century | Wardour Street () is a street in Soho, City of Westminster, London. It is a one-way street that runs north from Leicester Square, through Chinatown, across Shaftesbury Avenue to Oxford Street. Throughout the 20th century the street became a centre for the British film industry and the popular music scene. | During this period, it became a centre of the British film industry, with the big production and distribution companies having their headquarters in the street. By the end of the century most of the big film companies had moved elsewhere, leaving some smaller independent production houses and post-production companies ... | [
"Film House 142 Wardour Street London Redvers.jpg"
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projected-00308205-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardour%20Street | Wardour Street | 21st century | Wardour Street () is a street in Soho, City of Westminster, London. It is a one-way street that runs north from Leicester Square, through Chinatown, across Shaftesbury Avenue to Oxford Street. Throughout the 20th century the street became a centre for the British film industry and the popular music scene. | The street is home to more than 30 restaurants and bars north of Shaftesbury Avenue. South of Shaftesbury Avenue there are many well-known Chinese restaurants including the large Wong Kei at 41–43. A London County Council blue plaque on Wong Kei's commemorates costume designer and wigmaker Willy Clarkson whose business... | [
"Willy Clarksons Wardour Street.jpg"
] | [
"21st century"
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"Streets in the City of Westminster",
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projected-00308205-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardour%20Street | Wardour Street | See also | Wardour Street () is a street in Soho, City of Westminster, London. It is a one-way street that runs north from Leicester Square, through Chinatown, across Shaftesbury Avenue to Oxford Street. Throughout the 20th century the street became a centre for the British film industry and the popular music scene. | List of eponymous roads in London
Wardour Street English | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Streets in the City of Westminster",
"Restaurant districts and streets in England",
"Streets in Soho"
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projected-00308206-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax%20reform | Tax reform | Introduction | Tax reform is the process of changing the way taxes are collected or managed by the government and is usually undertaken to improve tax administration or to provide economic or social benefits. Tax reform can include reducing the level of taxation of all people by the government, making the tax system more progressive ... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Tax reform"
] | |
projected-00308206-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax%20reform | Tax reform | Australia | Tax reform is the process of changing the way taxes are collected or managed by the government and is usually undertaken to improve tax administration or to provide economic or social benefits. Tax reform can include reducing the level of taxation of all people by the government, making the tax system more progressive ... | Tax reform was an increasingly significant issue on the Australian political agenda. Combined annual deficits of the Commonwealth and State and territory governments will rise from 1.9% of gross domestic product in 2011–12 to 5.9% of GDP by 2049–50. Widespread, wholesale tax reform in Australia has not occurred since t... | [] | [
"Australia"
] | [
"Tax reform"
] |
projected-00308206-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax%20reform | Tax reform | United States | Tax reform is the process of changing the way taxes are collected or managed by the government and is usually undertaken to improve tax administration or to provide economic or social benefits. Tax reform can include reducing the level of taxation of all people by the government, making the tax system more progressive ... | There have been many movements in the United States to reform the collection and management of taxes.
During the late 19th century, American economist Henry George started a global movement for tax reform. The aim of the movement was the abolition of all forms of taxation other than the Single Tax on land value. The e... | [
"Revenuereform.jpg"
] | [
"United States"
] | [
"Tax reform"
] |
projected-00308206-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax%20reform | Tax reform | Tax choice | Tax reform is the process of changing the way taxes are collected or managed by the government and is usually undertaken to improve tax administration or to provide economic or social benefits. Tax reform can include reducing the level of taxation of all people by the government, making the tax system more progressive ... | Tax choice is the theory that taxpayers should have more control with how their individual taxes are allocated. If taxpayers could choose which government organizations received their taxes, opportunity cost decisions would integrate their partial knowledge. For example, a taxpayer who allocated more of his taxes on p... | [] | [
"Tax choice"
] | [
"Tax reform"
] |
projected-00308206-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax%20reform | Tax reform | See also | Tax reform is the process of changing the way taxes are collected or managed by the government and is usually undertaken to improve tax administration or to provide economic or social benefits. Tax reform can include reducing the level of taxation of all people by the government, making the tax system more progressive ... | Organizations
Americans For Fair Taxation
Americans for Tax Reform
Americans Standing for the Simplification of the Estate Tax
FreedomWorks
Peterson Institute for International Economics, Tax Reforms in Advanced Economies.
Proposals
FairTax
Flat tax
Hall-Rabushka flat tax
Land value tax
OneTax
9–9–9 Plan
Automated Paym... | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Tax reform"
] |
projected-00308206-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax%20reform | Tax reform | Further reading | Tax reform is the process of changing the way taxes are collected or managed by the government and is usually undertaken to improve tax administration or to provide economic or social benefits. Tax reform can include reducing the level of taxation of all people by the government, making the tax system more progressive ... | Rao, S. (2014). Tax reform: Topic guide. Birmingham, UK: GSDRC, University of Birmingham.
Anderson, J. E. (2005). Fiscal Reform and its Firm-Level Effects in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series wp800, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan. | [] | [
"Further reading"
] | [
"Tax reform"
] |
projected-00308208-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans%20for%20Tax%20Reform | Americans for Tax Reform | Introduction | Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) is a politically conservative U.S. advocacy group whose stated goal is "a system in which taxes are simpler, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today." According to ATR, "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should b... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
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"Political advocacy groups in the United States",
"Tax reform in the United States",
"New Right organizations (United States)",
"Taxpayer groups",
"Conservative organizations in the United States",
"1985 establishments in Washington, D.C."
] | |
projected-00308208-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans%20for%20Tax%20Reform | Americans for Tax Reform | Structure | Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) is a politically conservative U.S. advocacy group whose stated goal is "a system in which taxes are simpler, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today." According to ATR, "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should b... | Americans for Tax Reform is a 501(c)(4) organization with 14 employees, finances of $3,912,958, and a membership of 60,000 (as of 2004). It was founded by Grover Norquist in 1985.
The associated educational wing is the Americans for Tax Reform Foundation, which is classified as a 501(c)(3) research and educational org... | [] | [
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"Tax reform in the United States",
"New Right organizations (United States)",
"Taxpayer groups",
"Conservative organizations in the United States",
"1985 establishments in Washington, D.C."
] |
projected-00308208-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans%20for%20Tax%20Reform | Americans for Tax Reform | Affiliated organizations | Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) is a politically conservative U.S. advocacy group whose stated goal is "a system in which taxes are simpler, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today." According to ATR, "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should b... | Americans for Tax Reform is an associate member of the State Policy Network, a U.S. national network of free-market oriented think tanks. Americans for Tax Reform is a grantee of the Donors Trust, a nonprofit donor-advised fund. | [] | [
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"Taxpayer groups",
"Conservative organizations in the United States",
"1985 establishments in Washington, D.C."
] |
projected-00308208-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans%20for%20Tax%20Reform | Americans for Tax Reform | Taxpayer Protection Pledge | Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) is a politically conservative U.S. advocacy group whose stated goal is "a system in which taxes are simpler, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today." According to ATR, "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should b... | Since 1986, ATR has sponsored the Taxpayer Protection Pledge, a written promise by legislators and candidates for office that commits them to oppose tax increases. All candidates for state and federal office, and all incumbents are offered the Pledge. Nearly 1,400 elected officials, from state representatives, to gover... | [] | [
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"Tax reform in the United States",
"New Right organizations (United States)",
"Taxpayer groups",
"Conservative organizations in the United States",
"1985 establishments in Washington, D.C."
] |
projected-00308208-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans%20for%20Tax%20Reform | Americans for Tax Reform | Ronald Reagan Legacy Project | Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) is a politically conservative U.S. advocacy group whose stated goal is "a system in which taxes are simpler, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today." According to ATR, "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should b... | Created in 1997, ATR's Ronald Reagan Legacy Project, has worked toward seeing each county in the United States commemorate the former president in a "significant" and "public" way, such as the naming of a public building. The project has also supported efforts to place Reagan on the ten-dollar bill. The project has als... | [] | [
"Projects",
"Ronald Reagan Legacy Project"
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"Tax reform in the United States",
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"Taxpayer groups",
"Conservative organizations in the United States",
"1985 establishments in Washington, D.C."
] |
projected-00308208-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans%20for%20Tax%20Reform | Americans for Tax Reform | Center for Fiscal Accountability | Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) is a politically conservative U.S. advocacy group whose stated goal is "a system in which taxes are simpler, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today." According to ATR, "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should b... | Since 2008, ATR has sought to encourage transparency and accountability in government through the Center for Fiscal Accountability. The organization's mission includes supporting the creation of searchable online databases of government spending, among other initiatives. | [] | [
"Projects",
"Center for Fiscal Accountability"
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"Tax reform in the United States",
"New Right organizations (United States)",
"Taxpayer groups",
"Conservative organizations in the United States",
"1985 establishments in Washington, D.C."
] |
projected-00308208-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans%20for%20Tax%20Reform | Americans for Tax Reform | Cost of Government Day | Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) is a politically conservative U.S. advocacy group whose stated goal is "a system in which taxes are simpler, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today." According to ATR, "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should b... | ATR sponsors the calculation of "Cost of Government Day", the day on which, by its calculations, "Americans stop working to pay the costs of taxation, deficit spending, and regulations by federal and state governments." Since 2008 the event has been sponsored by the Center for Fiscal Accountability. | [] | [
"Projects",
"Cost of Government Day"
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"Tax reform in the United States",
"New Right organizations (United States)",
"Taxpayer groups",
"Conservative organizations in the United States",
"1985 establishments in Washington, D.C."
] |
projected-00308208-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans%20for%20Tax%20Reform | Americans for Tax Reform | Property Rights Alliance | Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) is a politically conservative U.S. advocacy group whose stated goal is "a system in which taxes are simpler, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today." According to ATR, "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should b... | The Property Rights Alliance is a project of Americans for Tax Reform. It produces the International Property Rights Index annually, ranking individual rights to own private property in countries worldwide. The index focuses on three main factors. These include: Legal and Political environment (LP), Physical Property R... | [] | [
"Projects",
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"Conservative organizations in the United States",
"1985 establishments in Washington, D.C."
] |
projected-00308208-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans%20for%20Tax%20Reform | Americans for Tax Reform | Failure of IRS to protect confidential tax information | Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) is a politically conservative U.S. advocacy group whose stated goal is "a system in which taxes are simpler, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today." According to ATR, "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should b... | In October 2014 the ATR said that a report by the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA) found that the IRS has not been safeguarding federal tax information properly. The tax information is gathered by the IRS from the tax returns filed in the United States.
The IRS provides confidential informati... | [] | [
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"1985 establishments in Washington, D.C."
] |
projected-00308208-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans%20for%20Tax%20Reform | Americans for Tax Reform | Other projects | Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) is a politically conservative U.S. advocacy group whose stated goal is "a system in which taxes are simpler, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today." According to ATR, "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should b... | ATR has several special project lines dedicated to specific issues including The American Shareholders Association (ASA), Alliance for Worker Freedom (AWF), and The Media Freedom Project (MFP).
In October 2010 ATR began mailing fliers to voters in Florida directing them to call Florida governor and Independent candida... | [] | [
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"Other projects"
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"Conservative organizations in the United States",
"1985 establishments in Washington, D.C."
] |
projected-00308208-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans%20for%20Tax%20Reform | Americans for Tax Reform | Wednesday meetings | Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) is a politically conservative U.S. advocacy group whose stated goal is "a system in which taxes are simpler, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today." According to ATR, "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should b... | Shortly after Bill Clinton's 1992 election, ATR headquarters became the site of a weekly, off-the-record get-together of conservatives to coordinate activities and strategy. The "Wednesday Meeting" of the Leave Us Alone Coalition soon became an important hub of conservative political organizing. Participants each week ... | [] | [
"Wednesday meetings"
] | [
"501(c)(4) nonprofit organizations",
"Political advocacy groups in the United States",
"Tax reform in the United States",
"New Right organizations (United States)",
"Taxpayer groups",
"Conservative organizations in the United States",
"1985 establishments in Washington, D.C."
] |
projected-00308208-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans%20for%20Tax%20Reform | Americans for Tax Reform | Political positions | Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) is a politically conservative U.S. advocacy group whose stated goal is "a system in which taxes are simpler, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today." According to ATR, "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should b... | The primary policy goal of Americans for Tax Reform is to reduce the percentage of the GDP consumed by the government. ATR states that it "opposes all tax increases as a matter of principle." Americans for Tax Reform seeks to curtail government spending by supporting Taxpayer Bill of Rights (TABOR) legislation and tran... | [] | [
"Political positions"
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"501(c)(4) nonprofit organizations",
"Political advocacy groups in the United States",
"Tax reform in the United States",
"New Right organizations (United States)",
"Taxpayer groups",
"Conservative organizations in the United States",
"1985 establishments in Washington, D.C."
] |
projected-00308208-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans%20for%20Tax%20Reform | Americans for Tax Reform | Legislation | Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) is a politically conservative U.S. advocacy group whose stated goal is "a system in which taxes are simpler, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today." According to ATR, "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should b... | ATR supported the American Research and Competitiveness Act of 2014 (H.R. 4438; 113th Congress), a bill that would amend the Internal Revenue Code to modify the calculation method and the rate for the tax credit for qualified research expenses that expired at the end of 2013 and would make that modified credit permanen... | [] | [
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"Legislation"
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"Conservative organizations in the United States",
"1985 establishments in Washington, D.C."
] |
projected-00308208-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans%20for%20Tax%20Reform | Americans for Tax Reform | Opposition to free automatic tax return filing and other efforts to make tax filing easier | Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) is a politically conservative U.S. advocacy group whose stated goal is "a system in which taxes are simpler, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today." According to ATR, "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should b... | Tax preparation in the United States is different from that of many other countries in the world, in that the United States does not provide for taxes to be automatically filed by the tax authority. When it comes time to file taxes, the taxpayer must do it themselves personally, or pay to engage the services of a third... | [] | [
"Political positions",
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"Taxpayer groups",
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"1985 establishments in Washington, D.C."
] |
projected-00308208-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans%20for%20Tax%20Reform | Americans for Tax Reform | CARES Act | Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) is a politically conservative U.S. advocacy group whose stated goal is "a system in which taxes are simpler, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today." According to ATR, "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should b... | During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the group received assistance between $150,000 and $350,000 in federally backed small business loans from PNC Bank as part of the Paycheck Protection Program. The group stated it would allow them to retain 33 jobs. Their loan was seen as notable, since they (and especially Norquist) c... | [] | [
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"CARES Act"
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"Tax reform in the United States",
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"Taxpayer groups",
"Conservative organizations in the United States",
"1985 establishments in Washington, D.C."
] |
projected-00308208-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans%20for%20Tax%20Reform | Americans for Tax Reform | Involvement with Jack Abramoff | Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) is a politically conservative U.S. advocacy group whose stated goal is "a system in which taxes are simpler, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today." According to ATR, "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should b... | According to an investigative report from the Senate Indian Affairs Committee on the Jack Abramoff scandal, released in June 2006, ATR served as a "conduit" for funds that flowed from Abramoff's clients to finance surreptitiously grass-roots lobbying campaigns. Records show that donations from the Choctaw and Kickapoo ... | [] | [
"Involvement with Jack Abramoff"
] | [
"501(c)(4) nonprofit organizations",
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"1985 establishments in Washington, D.C."
] |
projected-00308208-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans%20for%20Tax%20Reform | Americans for Tax Reform | See also | Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) is a politically conservative U.S. advocacy group whose stated goal is "a system in which taxes are simpler, flatter, more visible, and lower than they are today." According to ATR, "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should b... | Americans for Fair Taxation
Balanced budget
Citizens for Tax Justice
Fiscal conservatism
National Taxpayers Union
Tax Foundation
Americans Standing for the Simplification of the Estate Tax | [] | [
"See also"
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"Tax reform in the United States",
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"Taxpayer groups",
"Conservative organizations in the United States",
"1985 establishments in Washington, D.C."
] |
projected-00308210-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanite | Tanzanite | Introduction | Tanzanite is the blue and violet variety of the mineral zoisite (a calcium aluminium hydroxyl sorosilicate), caused by small amounts of vanadium. Tanzanite belongs to the epidote mineral group. Tanzanite is only found in Simanjiro District of Manyara Region in Tanzania, in a very small mining area (approximately long ... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Epidote group",
"Gemstones",
"Orthorhombic minerals",
"Minerals in space group 62"
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projected-00308210-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanite | Tanzanite | Geology | Tanzanite is the blue and violet variety of the mineral zoisite (a calcium aluminium hydroxyl sorosilicate), caused by small amounts of vanadium. Tanzanite belongs to the epidote mineral group. Tanzanite is only found in Simanjiro District of Manyara Region in Tanzania, in a very small mining area (approximately long ... | Tanzanite was formed around 585 million years ago during the mid-Ediacaran Period by massive plate tectonic activity and intense heat in the area that would later become Mount Kilimanjaro. The mineral is located in a relatively complex geological environment. Deposits are typically found in the "hinge" of isoclinal fol... | [] | [
"Geology"
] | [
"Epidote group",
"Gemstones",
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projected-00308210-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanite | Tanzanite | Commercial history | Tanzanite is the blue and violet variety of the mineral zoisite (a calcium aluminium hydroxyl sorosilicate), caused by small amounts of vanadium. Tanzanite belongs to the epidote mineral group. Tanzanite is only found in Simanjiro District of Manyara Region in Tanzania, in a very small mining area (approximately long ... | In July 1967, Manuel de Souza, a Goan tailor and part-time gold prospector living in Arusha (Tanzania), found transparent fragments of blue and blue-purple gem crystals on a ridge near Mererani, some southeast of Arusha. He assumed that the mineral was olivine (peridot) but, after soon realizing it was not, he conclud... | [
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projected-00308210-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanite | Tanzanite | Tanzanite mining developments | Tanzanite is the blue and violet variety of the mineral zoisite (a calcium aluminium hydroxyl sorosilicate), caused by small amounts of vanadium. Tanzanite belongs to the epidote mineral group. Tanzanite is only found in Simanjiro District of Manyara Region in Tanzania, in a very small mining area (approximately long ... | In 1990, the Tanzanian government split the tanzanite mines into four sections: Blocks A, B, C and D. Blocks A and C were awarded to large operators, while Blocks B and D were reserved for the local miners. In 2005 the government renewed the lease of Block C mine to TanzaniteOne, who paid US$40 million for their lease ... | [] | [
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projected-00308210-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanite | Tanzanite | Factors affecting value: grading | Tanzanite is the blue and violet variety of the mineral zoisite (a calcium aluminium hydroxyl sorosilicate), caused by small amounts of vanadium. Tanzanite belongs to the epidote mineral group. Tanzanite is only found in Simanjiro District of Manyara Region in Tanzania, in a very small mining area (approximately long ... | There is no universally accepted method of grading colored gemstones. TanzaniteOne, a major commercial player in the tanzanite market, through its non-profit subsidiary, the Tanzanite Foundation, has introduced its own color-grading system. The new system's color-grading scales divide tanzanite colors into a range of h... | [] | [
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projected-00308210-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanite | Tanzanite | Heat treatment | Tanzanite is the blue and violet variety of the mineral zoisite (a calcium aluminium hydroxyl sorosilicate), caused by small amounts of vanadium. Tanzanite belongs to the epidote mineral group. Tanzanite is only found in Simanjiro District of Manyara Region in Tanzania, in a very small mining area (approximately long ... | Tanzanite forms as a brownish crystal and is trichroic, which means it shows three colors – brown, blue and violet – concurrently. Heating, either underground naturally by metamorphic processes, or artificially, removes the brown or burgundy color component to produce a stronger violet-blue color and makes the stone "... | [
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projected-00308210-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanite | Tanzanite | Pleochroism in Tanzanite | Tanzanite is the blue and violet variety of the mineral zoisite (a calcium aluminium hydroxyl sorosilicate), caused by small amounts of vanadium. Tanzanite belongs to the epidote mineral group. Tanzanite is only found in Simanjiro District of Manyara Region in Tanzania, in a very small mining area (approximately long ... | Pleochroism has a physical property in which the gemstone will appear to have multiple colors based on the angle of the light hitting the stone. Tanzanite is a pleochroic gemstone. Most Tanzanite are blue when viewed from one direction but can vary from violet to red when seeing from a different angle.
The physical ch... | [] | [
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"Pleochroism in Tanzanite"
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"Epidote group",
"Gemstones",
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projected-00308210-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanite | Tanzanite | Imitation and cobalt-coated tanzanite | Tanzanite is the blue and violet variety of the mineral zoisite (a calcium aluminium hydroxyl sorosilicate), caused by small amounts of vanadium. Tanzanite belongs to the epidote mineral group. Tanzanite is only found in Simanjiro District of Manyara Region in Tanzania, in a very small mining area (approximately long ... | , tanzanite has never been successfully synthesized in a laboratory, so all genuine tanzanite is naturally occurring. However, because of its rarity and market demand, tanzanite has been imitated in several ways. Among the materials used for this are cubic zirconia, synthetic spinel, yttrium aluminium garnet, and color... | [] | [
"Imitation and cobalt-coated tanzanite"
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"Epidote group",
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projected-00308210-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanite | Tanzanite | See also | Tanzanite is the blue and violet variety of the mineral zoisite (a calcium aluminium hydroxyl sorosilicate), caused by small amounts of vanadium. Tanzanite belongs to the epidote mineral group. Tanzanite is only found in Simanjiro District of Manyara Region in Tanzania, in a very small mining area (approximately long ... | Manyara Region
Arusha Region | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Epidote group",
"Gemstones",
"Orthorhombic minerals",
"Minerals in space group 62"
] |
projected-00308211-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20best-selling%20albums%20in%20the%20United%20States | List of best-selling albums in the United States | Introduction | This is a list of the best-selling albums in the United States based on RIAA certification and Nielsen SoundScan sales tracking. The criteria are that the album must have been published (including self-publishing by the artist), and the album must have achieved at least a diamond certification from the RIAA. The albums... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"American music industry",
"Lists of best-selling albums"
] | |
projected-00308211-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20best-selling%20albums%20in%20the%20United%20States | List of best-selling albums in the United States | See also | This is a list of the best-selling albums in the United States based on RIAA certification and Nielsen SoundScan sales tracking. The criteria are that the album must have been published (including self-publishing by the artist), and the album must have achieved at least a diamond certification from the RIAA. The albums... | Album era
List of best-selling albums
List of highest-certified music artists in the United States
List of best-selling music artists
Lists of best-selling albums by country
List of best-selling singles
Best-selling albums in the United States since Nielsen SoundScan tracking began
Best-selling albums by year in... | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"American music industry",
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projected-00308212-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%20Norquist | Grover Norquist | Introduction | Grover Glenn Norquist (born October 19, 1956) is an American political activist and tax reduction advocate who is founder and president of Americans for Tax Reform, an organization that opposes all tax increases. A Republican, he is the primary promoter of the Taxpayer Protection Pledge, a pledge signed by lawmakers wh... | [] | [
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projected-00308212-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%20Norquist | Grover Norquist | Early life and education | Grover Glenn Norquist (born October 19, 1956) is an American political activist and tax reduction advocate who is founder and president of Americans for Tax Reform, an organization that opposes all tax increases. A Republican, he is the primary promoter of the Taxpayer Protection Pledge, a pledge signed by lawmakers wh... | Norquist was born in Sharon, Pennsylvania and grew up in Weston, Massachusetts. He is the son of Carol (née Lutz) and Warren Elliott Norquist, a vice president of Polaroid Corporation, and is of Swedish ancestry. His brother, David Norquist, has served in senior posts in Republican administrations at both the United St... | [] | [
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projected-00308212-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%20Norquist | Grover Norquist | Early career | Grover Glenn Norquist (born October 19, 1956) is an American political activist and tax reduction advocate who is founder and president of Americans for Tax Reform, an organization that opposes all tax increases. A Republican, he is the primary promoter of the Taxpayer Protection Pledge, a pledge signed by lawmakers wh... | Early in his career, Norquist was executive director of both the National Taxpayers Union and the national College Republicans, holding both positions until 1983. He served as Economist and Chief Speechwriter at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce from 1983 to 1984.
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projected-00308212-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%20Norquist | Grover Norquist | Americans for Tax Reform | Grover Glenn Norquist (born October 19, 1956) is an American political activist and tax reduction advocate who is founder and president of Americans for Tax Reform, an organization that opposes all tax increases. A Republican, he is the primary promoter of the Taxpayer Protection Pledge, a pledge signed by lawmakers wh... | Norquist founded Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) in 1985, which he says was done at the request of then-President Ronald Reagan. Referring to Norquist's activities as head of ATR, Steve Kroft, in a 60 Minutes episode that aired on November 20, 2011, claimed that "Norquist has been responsible, more than anyone else, for... | [] | [
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projected-00308212-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%20Norquist | Grover Norquist | Taxpayer Protection Pledge | Grover Glenn Norquist (born October 19, 1956) is an American political activist and tax reduction advocate who is founder and president of Americans for Tax Reform, an organization that opposes all tax increases. A Republican, he is the primary promoter of the Taxpayer Protection Pledge, a pledge signed by lawmakers wh... | Prior to the November 2012 election, 238 of 242 House Republicans and 41 out of 47 Senate Republicans had signed ATR's "Taxpayer Protection Pledge", in which the pledger promises to "oppose any and all efforts to increase the marginal income tax rate for individuals and business; and to oppose any net reduction or elim... | [] | [
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projected-00308212-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%20Norquist | Grover Norquist | National politics | Grover Glenn Norquist (born October 19, 1956) is an American political activist and tax reduction advocate who is founder and president of Americans for Tax Reform, an organization that opposes all tax increases. A Republican, he is the primary promoter of the Taxpayer Protection Pledge, a pledge signed by lawmakers wh... | Norquist was listed as one of the five primary leaders of the post-Goldwater conservative movement by Nina Easton in her 2000 book, Gang of Five. Working with eventual Speaker Newt Gingrich, Norquist was one of the co-authors of the 1994 Contract with America, and helped to rally grassroots efforts, which Norquist late... | [
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projected-00308212-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%20Norquist | Grover Norquist | Involvement with Jack Abramoff | Grover Glenn Norquist (born October 19, 1956) is an American political activist and tax reduction advocate who is founder and president of Americans for Tax Reform, an organization that opposes all tax increases. A Republican, he is the primary promoter of the Taxpayer Protection Pledge, a pledge signed by lawmakers wh... | According to a 2011 memoir by former lobbyist Jack Abramoff, Norquist was one of Abramoff's first major Republican party contacts. Norquist and Americans for Tax Reform were also mentioned in Senate testimony relating to the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal which resulted in a 2006 guilty plea by Abramoff to three... | [] | [
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projected-00308212-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%20Norquist | Grover Norquist | State and local politics | Grover Glenn Norquist (born October 19, 1956) is an American political activist and tax reduction advocate who is founder and president of Americans for Tax Reform, an organization that opposes all tax increases. A Republican, he is the primary promoter of the Taxpayer Protection Pledge, a pledge signed by lawmakers wh... | Norquist's national strategy has included recruiting state and local politicians to support ATR's stance on taxes. Norquist has helped to set up regular meetings for conservatives in many states. These meetings are modeled after his Wednesday meetings in Washington, with the goal of creating a nationwide network of con... | [
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projected-00308212-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%20Norquist | Grover Norquist | Boards and other activities | Grover Glenn Norquist (born October 19, 1956) is an American political activist and tax reduction advocate who is founder and president of Americans for Tax Reform, an organization that opposes all tax increases. A Republican, he is the primary promoter of the Taxpayer Protection Pledge, a pledge signed by lawmakers wh... | Time'''s Person of the Year]]. In business, Norquist was a co-founder of the Merritt Group, later renamed Janus-Merritt Strategies. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Norquist signed the Madrid Charter, a document drafted by the conservative Spanish political party Vox that describes left-wing groups a... | [] | [
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projected-00308216-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Antonio%20Flecha | Juan Antonio Flecha | Introduction | Juan Antonio Flecha Giannoni (born 17 September 1977) is an Argentine-born Spanish former professional road bicycle racer, who competed as a professional between 2000 and 2013. Flecha had a reputation of being a Classics specialist and to ride with an aggressive style as he was keen on participating in breakaways. His ... | [] | [
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projected-00308216-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Antonio%20Flecha | Juan Antonio Flecha | Early life | Juan Antonio Flecha Giannoni (born 17 September 1977) is an Argentine-born Spanish former professional road bicycle racer, who competed as a professional between 2000 and 2013. Flecha had a reputation of being a Classics specialist and to ride with an aggressive style as he was keen on participating in breakaways. His ... | Flecha spent his early years in Argentina. His father died in a car accident when he was four years of age. He moved to Spain with his mother when he was eleven, where they lived in Sitges, near Barcelona. | [] | [
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projected-00308216-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Antonio%20Flecha | Juan Antonio Flecha | Early years | Juan Antonio Flecha Giannoni (born 17 September 1977) is an Argentine-born Spanish former professional road bicycle racer, who competed as a professional between 2000 and 2013. Flecha had a reputation of being a Classics specialist and to ride with an aggressive style as he was keen on participating in breakaways. His ... | He gained fame in 2003 when he became the first rider born in Argentina to win a Tour de France stage while riding for . As he rode across the finish line he performed a unique victory salute: he pantomimed releasing an arrow from a bow in homage to his family name ("Flecha" is the Spanish word for "arrow"). Although h... | [] | [
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projected-00308216-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Antonio%20Flecha | Juan Antonio Flecha | 2005 | Juan Antonio Flecha Giannoni (born 17 September 1977) is an Argentine-born Spanish former professional road bicycle racer, who competed as a professional between 2000 and 2013. Flecha had a reputation of being a Classics specialist and to ride with an aggressive style as he was keen on participating in breakaways. His ... | The following season with Fassa Bortolo in 2005 saw Flecha involved in a controversial finish at Gent–Wevelgem, where he had to settle for second. Nico Mattan of attacked the leading group with left in the race and only Flecha and Baden Cooke () had the resources to follow. Flecha then placed an attack of his own and... | [
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projected-00308216-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Antonio%20Flecha | Juan Antonio Flecha | 2008 | Juan Antonio Flecha Giannoni (born 17 September 1977) is an Argentine-born Spanish former professional road bicycle racer, who competed as a professional between 2000 and 2013. Flecha had a reputation of being a Classics specialist and to ride with an aggressive style as he was keen on participating in breakaways. His ... | In the Vuelta a España, Flecha displayed his sense of humor as he stole the "Elk Man"'s American flag and rode playfully with it for 200 meters. In October, he grabbed his first victory since joining the team in the four-stage race Circuit Franco-Belge. He was fourth at 18 seconds before heading in to the final stage,... | [] | [
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projected-00308216-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Antonio%20Flecha | Juan Antonio Flecha | 2009 | Juan Antonio Flecha Giannoni (born 17 September 1977) is an Argentine-born Spanish former professional road bicycle racer, who competed as a professional between 2000 and 2013. Flecha had a reputation of being a Classics specialist and to ride with an aggressive style as he was keen on participating in breakaways. His ... | Flecha took the third step of the podium in the Omloop Het Nieuwsblad, formerly known as the Omloop Het Volk. He was part of a group of chasers who caught the two escapees Heinrich Haussler () and Sebastian Langeveld () in the final meters, as the duet didn't want to cooperate. Haussler's teammate Thor Hushovd won the ... | [] | [
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projected-00308216-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Antonio%20Flecha | Juan Antonio Flecha | 2010 | Juan Antonio Flecha Giannoni (born 17 September 1977) is an Argentine-born Spanish former professional road bicycle racer, who competed as a professional between 2000 and 2013. Flecha had a reputation of being a Classics specialist and to ride with an aggressive style as he was keen on participating in breakaways. His ... | In 2010, he joined . At the beginning of the season, he participated in his squad's victory at the Team time trial of the Tour of Qatar. He got his first major one-day race victory with his new team in the Omloop Het Nieuwsblad, becoming the first Spanish rider to win the event. He counter-attacked Philippe Gilbert on ... | [] | [
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projected-00308216-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Antonio%20Flecha | Juan Antonio Flecha | 2011 | Juan Antonio Flecha Giannoni (born 17 September 1977) is an Argentine-born Spanish former professional road bicycle racer, who competed as a professional between 2000 and 2013. Flecha had a reputation of being a Classics specialist and to ride with an aggressive style as he was keen on participating in breakaways. His ... | At the very short prologue of the Tour of Qatar, Flecha survived a scare when a gust of wind knocked down some steel barriers as he was sprinting for the line. He managed to stay upright after skillfully negotiating the steel bars, with his back wheel slipping on the metallic surface. Despite the incident, he took the... | [
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projected-00308216-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Antonio%20Flecha | Juan Antonio Flecha | 2012 | Juan Antonio Flecha Giannoni (born 17 September 1977) is an Argentine-born Spanish former professional road bicycle racer, who competed as a professional between 2000 and 2013. Flecha had a reputation of being a Classics specialist and to ride with an aggressive style as he was keen on participating in breakaways. His ... | At the beginning of the year, Flecha took the third place overall at the Tour of Qatar, thanks to a good placing on the fourth stage, as it was the only stage that didn't conclude in a mass sprint apart from the short team time trial. Back in Europe, he finished third in the Omloop Het Nieuwsblad, signing a podium fini... | [
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projected-00308216-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Antonio%20Flecha | Juan Antonio Flecha | 2013 | Juan Antonio Flecha Giannoni (born 17 September 1977) is an Argentine-born Spanish former professional road bicycle racer, who competed as a professional between 2000 and 2013. Flecha had a reputation of being a Classics specialist and to ride with an aggressive style as he was keen on participating in breakaways. His ... | Flecha's first significant result of the 2013 campaign came in the Gent–Wevelgem race, where he attacked early with to cover. He was joined and was part of the lead group when Peter Sagan soloed to victory, and he took the 5th place in the ensuing sprint containing 9 riders. He once again finished in the top 10 of Par... | [] | [
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projected-00308216-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Antonio%20Flecha | Juan Antonio Flecha | Television career | Juan Antonio Flecha Giannoni (born 17 September 1977) is an Argentine-born Spanish former professional road bicycle racer, who competed as a professional between 2000 and 2013. Flecha had a reputation of being a Classics specialist and to ride with an aggressive style as he was keen on participating in breakaways. His ... | Flecha is often featured as a co-host to Eurosport's Grand Tours extra programming, sometimes riding the key points of the course by bike, prior to the riders, with an integrated camera and stopping along the way to share his comments. He also interviews riders after the race. | [] | [
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projected-00308216-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Antonio%20Flecha | Juan Antonio Flecha | Major results | Juan Antonio Flecha Giannoni (born 17 September 1977) is an Argentine-born Spanish former professional road bicycle racer, who competed as a professional between 2000 and 2013. Flecha had a reputation of being a Classics specialist and to ride with an aggressive style as he was keen on participating in breakaways. His ... | 2001
1st Stage 4 Vuelta a Aragon
1st Stage 3 Euskal Bizikleta
2002
4th Klasika Primavera
2003
1st Stage 11 Tour de France
3rd Giro del Lazio
2004
1st Züri–Metzgete
1st Giro del Lazio
5th UCI World Cup
5th Overall Tour of Luxembourg
7th Gent–Wevelgem
7th Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
2005
1st Stage 4 Volta a la Com... | [
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projected-00308221-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipil%20people | Pipil people | Introduction | The Nahua people, also academically referred to as Pipil, are an indigenous group of Mesoamerican people inhabiting the western and central areas of present-day El Salvador. Although very few speakers are now left, they speak the Nawat language, which belongs to the Nahuan language branch. Indigenous accounts recorded ... | [] | [
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projected-00308221-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipil%20people | Pipil people | Language, etymology, and synonymy | The Nahua people, also academically referred to as Pipil, are an indigenous group of Mesoamerican people inhabiting the western and central areas of present-day El Salvador. Although very few speakers are now left, they speak the Nawat language, which belongs to the Nahuan language branch. Indigenous accounts recorded ... | The term Nahua is a cultural and ethnic term used by Mesoamerican natives for Nahuan-speaking groups. The name Pipil is the most commonly encountered term in the anthropological and linguistic literature. This exonym derives from the closely related Nahuatl word pil (meaning "boy"). The Spanish translated the term pipi... | [
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projected-00308221-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipil%20people | Pipil people | History | The Nahua people, also academically referred to as Pipil, are an indigenous group of Mesoamerican people inhabiting the western and central areas of present-day El Salvador. Although very few speakers are now left, they speak the Nawat language, which belongs to the Nahuan language branch. Indigenous accounts recorded ... | A cohesive group sharing a central Mexican culture migrated to Central American during the Late Classic and Early Postclassic period. Archaeological research suggests these migrants were ethnically and culturally related to the Toltecs.
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projected-00308221-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipil%20people | Pipil people | Spanish conquest | The Nahua people, also academically referred to as Pipil, are an indigenous group of Mesoamerican people inhabiting the western and central areas of present-day El Salvador. Although very few speakers are now left, they speak the Nawat language, which belongs to the Nahuan language branch. Indigenous accounts recorded ... | In the early 16th century, the Spanish conquistadores ventured into Central America from Mexico, then known as the Spanish colony of New Spain. After subduing the highland Mayan city-states through battle and cooptation, the Spanish sought to extend their dominion to the lower pacific region of the Nahua, then dominate... | [] | [
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projected-00308221-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipil%20people | Pipil people | Modern Nahua Culture | The Nahua people, also academically referred to as Pipil, are an indigenous group of Mesoamerican people inhabiting the western and central areas of present-day El Salvador. Although very few speakers are now left, they speak the Nawat language, which belongs to the Nahuan language branch. Indigenous accounts recorded ... | Popular accounts of the Nahuas have had a strong influence on the national oral histories of El Salvador, with a large portion of the population claiming ancestry from the Pipil and other groups. Some 86% of today's Salvadorans self-report as mestizos (people of mixed Amerindian and European descent). A small percentag... | [] | [
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projected-00308221-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipil%20people | Pipil people | Notable Nahuas of El Salvador | The Nahua people, also academically referred to as Pipil, are an indigenous group of Mesoamerican people inhabiting the western and central areas of present-day El Salvador. Although very few speakers are now left, they speak the Nawat language, which belongs to the Nahuan language branch. Indigenous accounts recorded ... | Anastasio Aquino (1792–1833), Tagateku Nonualco war chief
Prudencia Ayala (1885–1936), indigenous rights activist
Feliciano Ama (1881–1932), Izalco chief
Francisco "Chico" Sánchez, Juayua Chief
Nantzin Paula López Witzapan, poet and Nawat linguist (1959-2016)
Alicia Maria Siu, muralist.
Atunal (tit... | [] | [
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projected-00308221-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipil%20people | Pipil people | See also | The Nahua people, also academically referred to as Pipil, are an indigenous group of Mesoamerican people inhabiting the western and central areas of present-day El Salvador. Although very few speakers are now left, they speak the Nawat language, which belongs to the Nahuan language branch. Indigenous accounts recorded ... | El Mozote massacre (1981), perpetrated by the Salvadoran Army during the Salvadoran Civil War
La Matanza (1932), an indigenous resistance ending in the Republic Army executing and murdering between 10,000 and 40,000 Pipil
Annals of the Cakchiquels (1571), a manuscript written in the indigenous Kaqchikel language
Pipi... | [] | [
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projected-00308221-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipil%20people | Pipil people | Bibliography | The Nahua people, also academically referred to as Pipil, are an indigenous group of Mesoamerican people inhabiting the western and central areas of present-day El Salvador. Although very few speakers are now left, they speak the Nawat language, which belongs to the Nahuan language branch. Indigenous accounts recorded ... | Bierhorst, John. The Mythology of Mexico and Central America. William Morrow, New York, 1990. .
Carrasco, David, Editor in chief. The Oxford encyclopedia of Mesoamerican cultures: the civilizations of Mexico and Central America, in four volumes. Oxford University Press, New York, 2001. (set).
Campbell, Lyle. (1978).... | [] | [
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projected-00308224-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Peterson | David Peterson | Introduction | David Robert Peterson (born December 28, 1943) is a Canadian lawyer and former politician who served as the 20th premier of Ontario from 1985 to 1990. He was the first Liberal officeholder in 42 years, ending the so-called Tory dynasty. | [] | [
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projected-00308224-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Peterson | David Peterson | Background | David Robert Peterson (born December 28, 1943) is a Canadian lawyer and former politician who served as the 20th premier of Ontario from 1985 to 1990. He was the first Liberal officeholder in 42 years, ending the so-called Tory dynasty. | Peterson was born in Toronto, Ontario, to Clarence Marwin Peterson (1913–2009) and Laura Marie Scott (1913–2015), and has two siblings, former MPP Tim Peterson and former MP Jim Peterson. His parents were both born in Saskatchewan. His father was born to Norwegian immigrant farmers who had previously homesteaded in Nor... | [] | [
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projected-00308224-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Peterson | David Peterson | Politics | David Robert Peterson (born December 28, 1943) is a Canadian lawyer and former politician who served as the 20th premier of Ontario from 1985 to 1990. He was the first Liberal officeholder in 42 years, ending the so-called Tory dynasty. | Peterson was elected as the Liberal Member of Provincial Parliament for London Centre in the 1975 provincial election. Less than one year later, he campaigned for the leadership of the party following Robert Nixon's resignation. Despite his inexperience, Peterson nevertheless came within 45 votes of defeating Stuart S... | [] | [
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projected-00308224-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Peterson | David Peterson | Liberal leader | David Robert Peterson (born December 28, 1943) is a Canadian lawyer and former politician who served as the 20th premier of Ontario from 1985 to 1990. He was the first Liberal officeholder in 42 years, ending the so-called Tory dynasty. | Peterson worked to pay off the party's debt from the 1981 election and accomplished that by the end of the year and was working on long-term debt. Peterson performed well as opposition leader and was popular in the press. The party started to use him as a label rather than 'Liberal' referring to 'David Peterson's Ontar... | [] | [
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projected-00308224-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Peterson | David Peterson | Leadership style | David Robert Peterson (born December 28, 1943) is a Canadian lawyer and former politician who served as the 20th premier of Ontario from 1985 to 1990. He was the first Liberal officeholder in 42 years, ending the so-called Tory dynasty. | The Liberals and NDP defeated Miller's government on June 18, 1985, on a motion of no confidence on the speech from the throne. Peterson was sworn in as Premier of Ontario eight days later. Peterson's top three cabinet ministers were Robert Nixon as Treasurer, Sean Conway, and Ian Scott as Attorney General.
After the ... | [] | [
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projected-00308224-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Peterson | David Peterson | Domestic policy | David Robert Peterson (born December 28, 1943) is a Canadian lawyer and former politician who served as the 20th premier of Ontario from 1985 to 1990. He was the first Liberal officeholder in 42 years, ending the so-called Tory dynasty. | Peterson's government introduced several pieces of progressive legislation. It eliminated "extra billing" by doctors, brought in pay equity provisions, and reformed the province's rent review and labour negotiation laws. His government also brought in pension reform, expanded housing construction, and resolved a long... | [] | [
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