Split (1)

train · 28.5M rows

Search is not available for this dataset

text_id stringlengths 22 22	page_url stringlengths 31 389	page_title stringlengths 1 250	section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k	context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k	context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k	media list	hierachy list	category list
projected-00308648-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20Party%20of%20Canada	Progressive Party of Canada	Election results	The Progressive Party of Canada, formally the National Progressive Party, was a federal-level political party in Canada in the 1920s until 1930. It was linked with the provincial United Farmers parties in several provinces, and it spawned the Progressive Party of Saskatchewan, and the Progressive Party of Manitoba, whi...	Does not include MPs elected as United Farmers, Labour, Independent, Independent Progressive or other designations who may have been part of the Progressive Party caucus. (see United Farmers of Alberta) Progressive MP Agnes Macphail was re-elected in the 1935 federal election as a United Farmers of Ontario–Labour cand...	[]	[ "Election results" ]	[ "1920 establishments in Canada", "Agrarian parties in Canada", "Defunct agrarian political parties", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Federal political parties in Canada", "Political movements in Canada", "Political parties established in 1920", "Progressivism in Canada", "Social democratic p...
projected-00308648-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20Party%20of%20Canada	Progressive Party of Canada	1925	The Progressive Party of Canada, formally the National Progressive Party, was a federal-level political party in Canada in the 1920s until 1930. It was linked with the provincial United Farmers parties in several provinces, and it spawned the Progressive Party of Saskatchewan, and the Progressive Party of Manitoba, whi...	Notes: * not applicable – the party was not recognized in the previous election **Robert Henry Halbert was elected as UFO in 1921, ran for re-election as a Progressive in 1925 but was defeated.	[]	[ "Election results", "Combined Progressive/United Farmer/Labour results", "1925" ]	[ "1920 establishments in Canada", "Agrarian parties in Canada", "Defunct agrarian political parties", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Federal political parties in Canada", "Political movements in Canada", "Political parties established in 1920", "Progressivism in Canada", "Social democratic p...
projected-00308648-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20Party%20of%20Canada	Progressive Party of Canada	1926	The Progressive Party of Canada, formally the National Progressive Party, was a federal-level political party in Canada in the 1920s until 1930. It was linked with the provincial United Farmers parties in several provinces, and it spawned the Progressive Party of Saskatchewan, and the Progressive Party of Manitoba, whi...	Notes: * not applicable – the party was not recognized in the previous election x – less than 0.005% of the popular vote	[]	[ "Election results", "Combined Progressive/United Farmer/Labour results", "1926" ]	[ "1920 establishments in Canada", "Agrarian parties in Canada", "Defunct agrarian political parties", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Federal political parties in Canada", "Political movements in Canada", "Political parties established in 1920", "Progressivism in Canada", "Social democratic p...
projected-00308648-011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20Party%20of%20Canada	Progressive Party of Canada	1930	The Progressive Party of Canada, formally the National Progressive Party, was a federal-level political party in Canada in the 1920s until 1930. It was linked with the provincial United Farmers parties in several provinces, and it spawned the Progressive Party of Saskatchewan, and the Progressive Party of Manitoba, whi...	Note: * The party did not nominate candidates in the previous election. ** Beniah Bowman was elected as a UFO MP in 1926 and ran for re-election as a Liberal in 1930 and was defeated.	[]	[ "Election results", "Combined Progressive/United Farmer/Labour results", "1930" ]	[ "1920 establishments in Canada", "Agrarian parties in Canada", "Defunct agrarian political parties", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Federal political parties in Canada", "Political movements in Canada", "Political parties established in 1920", "Progressivism in Canada", "Social democratic p...
projected-00308648-012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20Party%20of%20Canada	Progressive Party of Canada	1935	The Progressive Party of Canada, formally the National Progressive Party, was a federal-level political party in Canada in the 1920s until 1930. It was linked with the provincial United Farmers parties in several provinces, and it spawned the Progressive Party of Saskatchewan, and the Progressive Party of Manitoba, whi...	Notes: * The party did not nominate candidates in the previous election. Progressive MP Agnes Macphail ran for re-election as a UFO-Labour candidate in 1930 and was successful. * The three Labour and Independent Labour MPs, J. S. Woodsworth, Abraham Albert Heaps and Angus MacInnis successfully ran for re-electi...	[]	[ "Election results", "Combined Progressive/United Farmer/Labour results", "1935" ]	[ "1920 establishments in Canada", "Agrarian parties in Canada", "Defunct agrarian political parties", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Federal political parties in Canada", "Political movements in Canada", "Political parties established in 1920", "Progressivism in Canada", "Social democratic p...
projected-00308648-013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20Party%20of%20Canada	Progressive Party of Canada	Historiography	The Progressive Party of Canada, formally the National Progressive Party, was a federal-level political party in Canada in the 1920s until 1930. It was linked with the provincial United Farmers parties in several provinces, and it spawned the Progressive Party of Saskatchewan, and the Progressive Party of Manitoba, whi...	The study of the Progressive Party is almost wholly dominated by one author, W. L. Morton, whose 1950 book, The Progressive Party in Canada, won a Governor General's Award, and had been the principal text on the Progressive Party ever since. A great number of more recently published works on western politics cite only ...	[]	[ "Historiography" ]	[ "1920 establishments in Canada", "Agrarian parties in Canada", "Defunct agrarian political parties", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Federal political parties in Canada", "Political movements in Canada", "Political parties established in 1920", "Progressivism in Canada", "Social democratic p...
projected-00308648-015	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20Party%20of%20Canada	Progressive Party of Canada	Newfoundland	The Progressive Party of Canada, formally the National Progressive Party, was a federal-level political party in Canada in the 1920s until 1930. It was linked with the provincial United Farmers parties in several provinces, and it spawned the Progressive Party of Saskatchewan, and the Progressive Party of Manitoba, whi...	Though not part of the United Farmers movement, or indeed a movement of farmers at all, the Fisherman's Protective Union of Newfoundland provides an interesting case that parallels that of the United Farmers. However Newfoundland was not part of Canada until 1949.	[]	[ "Provincial parties", "Newfoundland" ]	[ "1920 establishments in Canada", "Agrarian parties in Canada", "Defunct agrarian political parties", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Federal political parties in Canada", "Political movements in Canada", "Political parties established in 1920", "Progressivism in Canada", "Social democratic p...
projected-00308648-016	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20Party%20of%20Canada	Progressive Party of Canada	Nova Scotia	The Progressive Party of Canada, formally the National Progressive Party, was a federal-level political party in Canada in the 1920s until 1930. It was linked with the provincial United Farmers parties in several provinces, and it spawned the Progressive Party of Saskatchewan, and the Progressive Party of Manitoba, whi...	The United Farmers of Nova Scotia was formed in January 1920 at meetings that followed the annual convention of the Nova Scotia Farmers' Association. At an April meeting, 300 farmers approved the UFNA's constitution and the publication of a newspaper, United Farmer's Guide. The movement nominated 16 candidates and elec...	[]	[ "Provincial parties", "Nova Scotia" ]	[ "1920 establishments in Canada", "Agrarian parties in Canada", "Defunct agrarian political parties", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Federal political parties in Canada", "Political movements in Canada", "Political parties established in 1920", "Progressivism in Canada", "Social democratic p...
projected-00308648-017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20Party%20of%20Canada	Progressive Party of Canada	New Brunswick	The Progressive Party of Canada, formally the National Progressive Party, was a federal-level political party in Canada in the 1920s until 1930. It was linked with the provincial United Farmers parties in several provinces, and it spawned the Progressive Party of Saskatchewan, and the Progressive Party of Manitoba, whi...	The 1920 provincial election elected 9 United Farmers and 2 Farmer-Labour MLAs who sat together and allowed the incumbent Liberals to maintain confidence in a minority government situation. None of them were re-elected in the 1925 election and no other UF candidates were elected at subsequent elections.	[]	[ "Provincial parties", "New Brunswick" ]	[ "1920 establishments in Canada", "Agrarian parties in Canada", "Defunct agrarian political parties", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Federal political parties in Canada", "Political movements in Canada", "Political parties established in 1920", "Progressivism in Canada", "Social democratic p...
projected-00308648-018	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20Party%20of%20Canada	Progressive Party of Canada	Ontario	The Progressive Party of Canada, formally the National Progressive Party, was a federal-level political party in Canada in the 1920s until 1930. It was linked with the provincial United Farmers parties in several provinces, and it spawned the Progressive Party of Saskatchewan, and the Progressive Party of Manitoba, whi...	In Ontario, the United Farmers of Ontario formed government as a result of the 1919 provincial election with E. C. Drury as Premier. After the government's defeat in 1923 and the formal decision of the UFO to withdraw from electoral politics, most remaining UFO Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) took to calling...	[]	[ "Provincial parties", "Ontario" ]	[ "1920 establishments in Canada", "Agrarian parties in Canada", "Defunct agrarian political parties", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Federal political parties in Canada", "Political movements in Canada", "Political parties established in 1920", "Progressivism in Canada", "Social democratic p...
projected-00308648-019	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20Party%20of%20Canada	Progressive Party of Canada	Manitoba	The Progressive Party of Canada, formally the National Progressive Party, was a federal-level political party in Canada in the 1920s until 1930. It was linked with the provincial United Farmers parties in several provinces, and it spawned the Progressive Party of Saskatchewan, and the Progressive Party of Manitoba, whi...	The Progressive Party of Manitoba had merged with the Manitoba Liberal Party in the 1920s to form a Liberal-Progressive party there. Despite this, in 1942, Manitoba Premier John Bracken, a Progressive, was persuaded to become the leader of the national Conservative Party. As a condition of his accepting the leadership,...	[]	[ "Provincial parties", "Manitoba" ]	[ "1920 establishments in Canada", "Agrarian parties in Canada", "Defunct agrarian political parties", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Federal political parties in Canada", "Political movements in Canada", "Political parties established in 1920", "Progressivism in Canada", "Social democratic p...
projected-00308648-020	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20Party%20of%20Canada	Progressive Party of Canada	Saskatchewan	The Progressive Party of Canada, formally the National Progressive Party, was a federal-level political party in Canada in the 1920s until 1930. It was linked with the provincial United Farmers parties in several provinces, and it spawned the Progressive Party of Saskatchewan, and the Progressive Party of Manitoba, whi...	The Progressive Party of Saskatchewan ran seven candidates and elected six members to the Saskatchewan legislature in the 1921 general election despite the absence of a provincial organization due to the reluctance of the Saskatchewan Grain Growers' Association to break with the Saskatchewan Liberal Party. The Liberals...	[]	[ "Provincial parties", "Saskatchewan" ]	[ "1920 establishments in Canada", "Agrarian parties in Canada", "Defunct agrarian political parties", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Federal political parties in Canada", "Political movements in Canada", "Political parties established in 1920", "Progressivism in Canada", "Social democratic p...
projected-00308648-021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20Party%20of%20Canada	Progressive Party of Canada	Alberta	The Progressive Party of Canada, formally the National Progressive Party, was a federal-level political party in Canada in the 1920s until 1930. It was linked with the provincial United Farmers parties in several provinces, and it spawned the Progressive Party of Saskatchewan, and the Progressive Party of Manitoba, whi...	The United Farmers of Alberta formed was the governing party in Alberta from 1921 until its defeat in 1935. It also elected a number of MPs to the House of Commons of Canada who sat initially as Progressive Party MPs but were re-elected as UFA MPs beginning in 1926 due to a split in the Progressive movement.	[]	[ "Provincial parties", "Alberta" ]	[ "1920 establishments in Canada", "Agrarian parties in Canada", "Defunct agrarian political parties", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Federal political parties in Canada", "Political movements in Canada", "Political parties established in 1920", "Progressivism in Canada", "Social democratic p...
projected-00308648-022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20Party%20of%20Canada	Progressive Party of Canada	See also	The Progressive Party of Canada, formally the National Progressive Party, was a federal-level political party in Canada in the 1920s until 1930. It was linked with the provincial United Farmers parties in several provinces, and it spawned the Progressive Party of Saskatchewan, and the Progressive Party of Manitoba, whi...	List of Progressive/United Farmer MPs United Farmers United Farmers of Quebec Fisherman's Protective Union a similar movement in Newfoundland Labour Party Non-Partisan League Co-operative Commonwealth Federation New Democratic Party List of political parties in Canada Farmers' movement	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "1920 establishments in Canada", "Agrarian parties in Canada", "Defunct agrarian political parties", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Federal political parties in Canada", "Political movements in Canada", "Political parties established in 1920", "Progressivism in Canada", "Social democratic p...
projected-00308649-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Comrades	Three Comrades	Introduction		Three Comrades may refer to: Three Comrades (novel), written in 1938 by Erich Maria Remarque Three Comrades (1938 film), a 1938 adaptation of the novel, made the same year Three Comrades (1935 film), a 1935 Soviet film	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[]
projected-00308650-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford%20Courant	Hartford Courant	Introduction		The Hartford Courant is the largest daily newspaper in the U.S. state of Connecticut, and is considered to be the oldest continuously published newspaper in the United States. A morning newspaper serving most of the state north of New Haven and east of Waterbury, its headquarters on Broad Street in Hartford, Connectic...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Newspapers published in Connecticut", "Mass media in Hartford, Connecticut", "Tribune Publishing", "Companies based in Hartford, Connecticut", "Publications established in 1764", "1764 establishments in Connecticut", "Works involved in plagiarism controversies", "Pulitzer Prize-winning newspapers", ...
projected-00308650-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford%20Courant	Hartford Courant	History	The Hartford Courant is the largest daily newspaper in the U.S. state of Connecticut, and is considered to be the oldest continuously published newspaper in the United States. A morning newspaper serving most of the state north of New Haven and east of Waterbury, its headquarters on Broad Street in Hartford, Connectic...	The Connecticut Courant began as a weekly on October 29, 1764, started by Thomas Green. The word "courant" derives from the French courante nouvellen, indicating current news items, possibly borrowed by way of the Dutch krant. Courant was occasionally a name for English-language newspapers, including the New-England Co...	[ "PostcardHartfordCourant1898to1901.jpg" ]	[ "History" ]	[ "Newspapers published in Connecticut", "Mass media in Hartford, Connecticut", "Tribune Publishing", "Companies based in Hartford, Connecticut", "Publications established in 1764", "1764 establishments in Connecticut", "Works involved in plagiarism controversies", "Pulitzer Prize-winning newspapers", ...
projected-00308650-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford%20Courant	Hartford Courant	Recent history	The Hartford Courant is the largest daily newspaper in the U.S. state of Connecticut, and is considered to be the oldest continuously published newspaper in the United States. A morning newspaper serving most of the state north of New Haven and east of Waterbury, its headquarters on Broad Street in Hartford, Connectic...	The Courant was purchased in 1979 by Times Mirror, the Los Angeles Times parent company for $105.6 million. The first years of out-of-town ownership are described by a former Courant reporter in a book titled Spiked: How Chain Management Corrupted America's Oldest Newspaper. One criticism was that the new owners were ...	[ "The Hartford Courant building in downtown Hartford, seen from I-84 East.jpg" ]	[ "History", "Recent history" ]	[ "Newspapers published in Connecticut", "Mass media in Hartford, Connecticut", "Tribune Publishing", "Companies based in Hartford, Connecticut", "Publications established in 1764", "1764 establishments in Connecticut", "Works involved in plagiarism controversies", "Pulitzer Prize-winning newspapers", ...
projected-00308652-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof%20game	Proof game	Introduction		A proof game is a type of retrograde analysis chess problem. The solver must construct a game starting from the initial chess position, which ends with a given position (thus proving that that position is reachable) after a specified number of moves. A proof game is called a shortest proof game if no shorter solution e...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Chess problems" ]
projected-00308652-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof%20game	Proof game	Example problems	A proof game is a type of retrograde analysis chess problem. The solver must construct a game starting from the initial chess position, which ends with a given position (thus proving that that position is reachable) after a specified number of moves. A proof game is called a shortest proof game if no shorter solution e...	A relatively simple example is given to the right. It is a version by Andrei Frolkin of a problem by Ernest Clement Mortimer, and was published in Shortest Proof Games (1991). It is an SPG in 4.0. It is natural to assume that the solution will involve the white knight leaving g1, capturing the d7 and e7 pawns and the g...	[]	[ "Example problems" ]	[ "Chess problems" ]
projected-00308652-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof%20game	Proof game	Variations	A proof game is a type of retrograde analysis chess problem. The solver must construct a game starting from the initial chess position, which ends with a given position (thus proving that that position is reachable) after a specified number of moves. A proof game is called a shortest proof game if no shorter solution e...	There are a number of variations on SPGs. The problem may carry a stipulation similar to "Find a game with 8.b7-b8=N mate", which simply means a game must be constructed starting from the initial position and ending on the given move number with the given move. Or it may be a one-sided proof game, in which only white m...	[]	[ "Variations" ]	[ "Chess problems" ]
projected-00308652-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof%20game	Proof game	See also	A proof game is a type of retrograde analysis chess problem. The solver must construct a game starting from the initial chess position, which ends with a given position (thus proving that that position is reachable) after a specified number of moves. A proof game is called a shortest proof game if no shorter solution e...	Retrograde analysis	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Chess problems" ]
projected-00308652-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof%20game	Proof game	Further reading	A proof game is a type of retrograde analysis chess problem. The solver must construct a game starting from the initial chess position, which ends with a given position (thus proving that that position is reachable) after a specified number of moves. A proof game is called a shortest proof game if no shorter solution e...	Gerd Wilts and Andrei Frolkin, Shortest Proof Games (1991) – published in Germany but written in English. Includes 170 examples.	[]	[ "Further reading" ]	[ "Chess problems" ]
projected-00308659-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Comrades%20%28novel%29	Three Comrades (novel)	Introduction		Three Comrades () is a 1936 novel by the German author Erich Maria Remarque. It is written in first person by the main character Robert Lohkamp, whose somewhat disillusioned outlook on life is due to his horrifying experiences in the trenches of the First World War's French-German front. He shares these experiences wit...	[ "ThreeComrades.jpg" ]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1936 German novels", "Novels by Erich Maria Remarque", "Novels set in Germany", "Hutchinson (publisher) books", "Little, Brown and Company books", "German novels adapted into films" ]
projected-00308659-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Comrades%20%28novel%29	Three Comrades (novel)	Plot	Three Comrades () is a 1936 novel by the German author Erich Maria Remarque. It is written in first person by the main character Robert Lohkamp, whose somewhat disillusioned outlook on life is due to his horrifying experiences in the trenches of the First World War's French-German front. He shares these experiences wit...	The city, which never is referred to by name (however, it is likely Berlin), is crowded by a growing number of jobless and marked by increasing violence between left and right. The novel starts in the seedy milieu of bars where prostitutes mingle with the hopeless flotsam that the war left behind. While Robert and his ...	[]	[ "Plot" ]	[ "1936 German novels", "Novels by Erich Maria Remarque", "Novels set in Germany", "Hutchinson (publisher) books", "Little, Brown and Company books", "German novels adapted into films" ]
projected-00308659-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Comrades%20%28novel%29	Three Comrades (novel)	Film, TV, and theatrical adaptations	Three Comrades () is a 1936 novel by the German author Erich Maria Remarque. It is written in first person by the main character Robert Lohkamp, whose somewhat disillusioned outlook on life is due to his horrifying experiences in the trenches of the First World War's French-German front. He shares these experiences wit...	The novel was adapted in America as Three Comrades, a 1938 film starring Franchot Tone, Robert Taylor, Robert Young and Margaret Sullavan. Hayao Miyazaki's last film, The Wind Rises, also follows a strikingly similar plot, although set in Japan in the same time period. Flowers from the Victors (1999), directed by Alek...	[]	[ "Film, TV, and theatrical adaptations" ]	[ "1936 German novels", "Novels by Erich Maria Remarque", "Novels set in Germany", "Hutchinson (publisher) books", "Little, Brown and Company books", "German novels adapted into films" ]
projected-00308659-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Comrades%20%28novel%29	Three Comrades (novel)	References	Three Comrades () is a 1936 novel by the German author Erich Maria Remarque. It is written in first person by the main character Robert Lohkamp, whose somewhat disillusioned outlook on life is due to his horrifying experiences in the trenches of the First World War's French-German front. He shares these experiences wit...	Category:1936 German novels Category:Novels by Erich Maria Remarque Category:Novels set in Germany Category:Hutchinson (publisher) books Category:Little, Brown and Company books Category:German novels adapted into films	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "1936 German novels", "Novels by Erich Maria Remarque", "Novels set in Germany", "Hutchinson (publisher) books", "Little, Brown and Company books", "German novels adapted into films" ]
projected-00308662-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chill%C3%A1n	Chillán	Introduction		Chillán () is the capital city of the Ñuble Region in the Diguillín Province of Chile located about south of the country's capital, Santiago, near the geographical center of the country. It is the capital of the new Ñuble Region since 6 September 2015. Within the city are a railway station, an inter-city bus terminal,...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Communes of Chile", "Populated places established in 1580", "Capitals of Chilean regions", "Populated places in Diguillín Province", "1580 establishments in the Captaincy General of Chile" ]
projected-00308662-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chill%C3%A1n	Chillán	History	Chillán () is the capital city of the Ñuble Region in the Diguillín Province of Chile located about south of the country's capital, Santiago, near the geographical center of the country. It is the capital of the new Ñuble Region since 6 September 2015. Within the city are a railway station, an inter-city bus terminal,...	The zone where Chillán was built was previously inhabited by indigenous people called Chiquillanes. Chillán was founded in 1580 at the site of Chillán Viejo as San Bartolomé de Chillán by Martín Ruiz de Gamboa, who was campaigning against the local indigenous peoples at the time, but this moniker did not fare well, an...	[]	[ "History" ]	[ "Communes of Chile", "Populated places established in 1580", "Capitals of Chilean regions", "Populated places in Diguillín Province", "1580 establishments in the Captaincy General of Chile" ]
projected-00308662-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chill%C3%A1n	Chillán	Climate	Chillán () is the capital city of the Ñuble Region in the Diguillín Province of Chile located about south of the country's capital, Santiago, near the geographical center of the country. It is the capital of the new Ñuble Region since 6 September 2015. Within the city are a railway station, an inter-city bus terminal,...	Chillán has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csb). Winters are cool but mild, with a July average of . Most of the precipitation falls during this time of the year, with May to July being the wettest months, averaging over . Summers, though, are dry and warm, with a January average of , and during...	[]	[ "Climate" ]	[ "Communes of Chile", "Populated places established in 1580", "Capitals of Chilean regions", "Populated places in Diguillín Province", "1580 establishments in the Captaincy General of Chile" ]
projected-00308662-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chill%C3%A1n	Chillán	Demographics	Chillán () is the capital city of the Ñuble Region in the Diguillín Province of Chile located about south of the country's capital, Santiago, near the geographical center of the country. It is the capital of the new Ñuble Region since 6 September 2015. Within the city are a railway station, an inter-city bus terminal,...	According to the 2002 census by the National Statistics Institute, the commune of Chillán spans an area of and has 161,953 inhabitants (77,007 men and 84,946 women). Of these, 148,015 (91.4%) lived in urban areas and 13,938 (8.6%) in rural areas. The population grew by 8.3% (12,442 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 c...	[]	[ "Demographics" ]	[ "Communes of Chile", "Populated places established in 1580", "Capitals of Chilean regions", "Populated places in Diguillín Province", "1580 establishments in the Captaincy General of Chile" ]
projected-00308662-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chill%C3%A1n	Chillán	Notable people	Chillán () is the capital city of the Ñuble Region in the Diguillín Province of Chile located about south of the country's capital, Santiago, near the geographical center of the country. It is the capital of the new Ñuble Region since 6 September 2015. Within the city are a railway station, an inter-city bus terminal,...	In addition, Chillán has offered a number of artists. A notable example is Claudio Arrau, a pianist. Additionally, Ramón Vinay is the tenor who played Otello in the 1950s, his recording of the role with Toscanini. He was a regular at the New York City Metropolitan Opera, where he sang both tenor and baritone roles. On...	[ "Claudio Arrau 1 Allan Warren.jpg" ]	[ "Demographics", "Notable people" ]	[ "Communes of Chile", "Populated places established in 1580", "Capitals of Chilean regions", "Populated places in Diguillín Province", "1580 establishments in the Captaincy General of Chile" ]
projected-00308662-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chill%C3%A1n	Chillán	Administration	Chillán () is the capital city of the Ñuble Region in the Diguillín Province of Chile located about south of the country's capital, Santiago, near the geographical center of the country. It is the capital of the new Ñuble Region since 6 September 2015. Within the city are a railway station, an inter-city bus terminal,...	As a commune, Chillán is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde, who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2020 alcalde is Sergio Zarzar Andonie (ILE). Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Chillán is represented in the Chamber of Deputies b...	[]	[ "Administration" ]	[ "Communes of Chile", "Populated places established in 1580", "Capitals of Chilean regions", "Populated places in Diguillín Province", "1580 establishments in the Captaincy General of Chile" ]
projected-00308662-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chill%C3%A1n	Chillán	Transport	Chillán () is the capital city of the Ñuble Region in the Diguillín Province of Chile located about south of the country's capital, Santiago, near the geographical center of the country. It is the capital of the new Ñuble Region since 6 September 2015. Within the city are a railway station, an inter-city bus terminal,...	The city of Chillán is connected to Chile's capital Santiago by both a modern highway and a rebuilt railway system TerraSur that makes the trip in less than five hours. TerraSur, which terminates in Chillán station, and the Alameda-Temuco train both operate on the railway connecting Chillan with Rancagua and Santiago.	[]	[ "Transport" ]	[ "Communes of Chile", "Populated places established in 1580", "Capitals of Chilean regions", "Populated places in Diguillín Province", "1580 establishments in the Captaincy General of Chile" ]
projected-00308662-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chill%C3%A1n	Chillán	See also	Chillán () is the capital city of the Ñuble Region in the Diguillín Province of Chile located about south of the country's capital, Santiago, near the geographical center of the country. It is the capital of the new Ñuble Region since 6 September 2015. Within the city are a railway station, an inter-city bus terminal,...	Termas de Chillán	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Communes of Chile", "Populated places established in 1580", "Capitals of Chilean regions", "Populated places in Diguillín Province", "1580 establishments in the Captaincy General of Chile" ]
projected-00308662-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chill%C3%A1n	Chillán	References	Chillán () is the capital city of the Ñuble Region in the Diguillín Province of Chile located about south of the country's capital, Santiago, near the geographical center of the country. It is the capital of the new Ñuble Region since 6 September 2015. Within the city are a railway station, an inter-city bus terminal,...	Bibliography	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "Communes of Chile", "Populated places established in 1580", "Capitals of Chilean regions", "Populated places in Diguillín Province", "1580 establishments in the Captaincy General of Chile" ]
projected-00308665-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston%20Tower	Euston Tower	Introduction		Euston Tower is a skyscraper located on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. To its east is Hampstead Road.	[ "Euston Tower 2004.jpg" ]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Office buildings completed in 1970", "Skyscrapers in the London Borough of Camden" ]
projected-00308665-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston%20Tower	Euston Tower	History	Euston Tower is a skyscraper located on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. To its east is Hampstead Road.	The site was developed by Joe Levy who bought properties along the north side of Euston Road to enable him to build a complex of two tower blocks with office shops and apartments. The building, which was designed by Sidney Kaye Eric Firmin & Partners in the International style and built by George Wimpey, was completed ...	[]	[ "History" ]	[ "Office buildings completed in 1970", "Skyscrapers in the London Borough of Camden" ]
projected-00308665-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston%20Tower	Euston Tower	References	Euston Tower is a skyscraper located on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. To its east is Hampstead Road.	Category:Office buildings completed in 1970 Category:Skyscrapers in the London Borough of Camden	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "Office buildings completed in 1970", "Skyscrapers in the London Borough of Camden" ]
projected-00308670-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Barrett	Dave Barrett	Introduction		David Barrett (October 2, 1930 – February 2, 2018) was a politician and social worker in British Columbia, Canada. He was the 26th premier of British Columbia from 1972 to 1975.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1930 births", "2018 deaths", "Canadian people of Russian-Jewish descent", "Canadian socialists", "Canadian social workers", "Deaths from Alzheimer's disease", "Neurological disease deaths in British Columbia", "Finance ministers of British Columbia", "Jewish Canadian politicians", "Leaders of the...
projected-00308670-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Barrett	Dave Barrett	Early life and career	David Barrett (October 2, 1930 – February 2, 2018) was a politician and social worker in British Columbia, Canada. He was the 26th premier of British Columbia from 1972 to 1975.	Barrett was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, the son of Rose (Hyatt or Hait) and Samuel Barrett, a peddler. His family was Jewish. His mother was from Odessa, and his paternal grandparents were immigrants from Russia. Barrett described his father as a Fabian socialist and his mother as a Communist who voted CCF. ...	[]	[ "Early life and career" ]	[ "1930 births", "2018 deaths", "Canadian people of Russian-Jewish descent", "Canadian socialists", "Canadian social workers", "Deaths from Alzheimer's disease", "Neurological disease deaths in British Columbia", "Finance ministers of British Columbia", "Jewish Canadian politicians", "Leaders of the...
projected-00308670-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Barrett	Dave Barrett	Election to the legislature	David Barrett (October 2, 1930 – February 2, 2018) was a politician and social worker in British Columbia, Canada. He was the 26th premier of British Columbia from 1972 to 1975.	Barrett was first elected to British Columbia's legislature in the 1960 election as a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (soon to become the New Democratic Party of British Columbia) member for the electoral district of Dewdney. He had been fired from his job by the provincial government in 1959 after it became know...	[]	[ "Political career", "Election to the legislature" ]	[ "1930 births", "2018 deaths", "Canadian people of Russian-Jewish descent", "Canadian socialists", "Canadian social workers", "Deaths from Alzheimer's disease", "Neurological disease deaths in British Columbia", "Finance ministers of British Columbia", "Jewish Canadian politicians", "Leaders of the...
projected-00308670-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Barrett	Dave Barrett	Premier	David Barrett (October 2, 1930 – February 2, 2018) was a politician and social worker in British Columbia, Canada. He was the 26th premier of British Columbia from 1972 to 1975.	Barrett led the NDP to its first provincial victory against the stagnating Social Credit government of W. A. C. Bennett in the 1972 election. He became Premier on September 15, 1972. The Barrett government substantially reformed the welfare system, initiated a number of reforms such as establishing the province's Labo...	[]	[ "Political career", "Premier" ]	[ "1930 births", "2018 deaths", "Canadian people of Russian-Jewish descent", "Canadian socialists", "Canadian social workers", "Deaths from Alzheimer's disease", "Neurological disease deaths in British Columbia", "Finance ministers of British Columbia", "Jewish Canadian politicians", "Leaders of the...
projected-00308670-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Barrett	Dave Barrett	Return to Opposition	David Barrett (October 2, 1930 – February 2, 2018) was a politician and social worker in British Columbia, Canada. He was the 26th premier of British Columbia from 1972 to 1975.	Barrett called a snap election in 1975, and was defeated by the Social Credit Party, then led by Bill Bennett, son of the man Barrett had defeated in the previous election. Bennett's campaign focused on attacking the Barrett government's handling of provincial finances. Businesses and other free market supporters had u...	[]	[ "Political career", "Return to Opposition" ]	[ "1930 births", "2018 deaths", "Canadian people of Russian-Jewish descent", "Canadian socialists", "Canadian social workers", "Deaths from Alzheimer's disease", "Neurological disease deaths in British Columbia", "Finance ministers of British Columbia", "Jewish Canadian politicians", "Leaders of the...
projected-00308670-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Barrett	Dave Barrett	Federal politics	David Barrett (October 2, 1930 – February 2, 2018) was a politician and social worker in British Columbia, Canada. He was the 26th premier of British Columbia from 1972 to 1975.	Barrett was elected Member of Parliament for the riding of Esquimalt—Juan de Fuca in 1988. He ran for the leadership of the federal New Democratic Party in 1989, losing narrowly on the fourth ballot to Audrey McLaughlin at the party's leadership convention. Rival candidate Simon De Jong agreed to support Barrett in exc...	[]	[ "Political career", "Federal politics" ]	[ "1930 births", "2018 deaths", "Canadian people of Russian-Jewish descent", "Canadian socialists", "Canadian social workers", "Deaths from Alzheimer's disease", "Neurological disease deaths in British Columbia", "Finance ministers of British Columbia", "Jewish Canadian politicians", "Leaders of the...
projected-00308670-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Barrett	Dave Barrett	Post-political life	David Barrett (October 2, 1930 – February 2, 2018) was a politician and social worker in British Columbia, Canada. He was the 26th premier of British Columbia from 1972 to 1975.	From 1998 to 2000, Barrett chaired two inquiries into the Leaky condo crisis in BC entitled The Commission of Inquiry into the Quality of Condominium Construction in British Columbia. The first of what became known as the "Barrett Commissions" was to investigate the cause of the crisis and make recommendations to preve...	[]	[ "Post-political life" ]	[ "1930 births", "2018 deaths", "Canadian people of Russian-Jewish descent", "Canadian socialists", "Canadian social workers", "Deaths from Alzheimer's disease", "Neurological disease deaths in British Columbia", "Finance ministers of British Columbia", "Jewish Canadian politicians", "Leaders of the...
projected-00308673-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal%20Akerman	Chantal Akerman	Introduction		Chantal Anne Akerman (; 6 June 19505 October 2015) was a Belgian film director, screenwriter, artist, and film professor at the City College of New York. She is best known for Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975), which The New York Times called a "masterpiece". According to film scholar Gwendolyn...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1950 births", "2015 deaths", "20th-century Belgian women artists", "21st-century Belgian women artists", "Artists from Brussels", "Artists who committed suicide", "Belgian contemporary artists", "Belgian people of Polish-Jewish descent", "Belgian Jews", "Belgian expatriates in France", "Belgian...
projected-00308673-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal%20Akerman	Chantal Akerman	Early life and education	Chantal Anne Akerman (; 6 June 19505 October 2015) was a Belgian film director, screenwriter, artist, and film professor at the City College of New York. She is best known for Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975), which The New York Times called a "masterpiece". According to film scholar Gwendolyn...	Akerman was born in Brussels, Belgium, to Holocaust survivors from Poland. She was the older sister of Sylviane Akerman, her only sibling. Her mother, Natalia (Nelly), survived years at Auschwitz, where her own parents were murdered. From a young age, Akerman and her mother were exceptionally close, and she encouraged ...	[]	[ "Early life and education" ]	[ "1950 births", "2015 deaths", "20th-century Belgian women artists", "21st-century Belgian women artists", "Artists from Brussels", "Artists who committed suicide", "Belgian contemporary artists", "Belgian people of Polish-Jewish descent", "Belgian Jews", "Belgian expatriates in France", "Belgian...
projected-00308673-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal%20Akerman	Chantal Akerman	Family	Chantal Anne Akerman (; 6 June 19505 October 2015) was a Belgian film director, screenwriter, artist, and film professor at the City College of New York. She is best known for Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975), which The New York Times called a "masterpiece". According to film scholar Gwendolyn...	Akerman had an extremely close relationship with her mother, captured in some of her films. In News from Home (1976), Akerman's mother's letters outlining mundane family activities serve as a soundtrack throughout. Her 2015 film No Home Movie centers on mother-daughter relationships, largely situated in the kitchen, an...	[]	[ "Family" ]	[ "1950 births", "2015 deaths", "20th-century Belgian women artists", "21st-century Belgian women artists", "Artists from Brussels", "Artists who committed suicide", "Belgian contemporary artists", "Belgian people of Polish-Jewish descent", "Belgian Jews", "Belgian expatriates in France", "Belgian...
projected-00308673-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal%20Akerman	Chantal Akerman	Early work and influences	Chantal Anne Akerman (; 6 June 19505 October 2015) was a Belgian film director, screenwriter, artist, and film professor at the City College of New York. She is best known for Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975), which The New York Times called a "masterpiece". According to film scholar Gwendolyn...	Akerman claimed that, at the age of 15, after viewing Jean-Luc Godard's Pierrot le fou (1965), she decided, that same night, to become a filmmaker. In 1971, Akerman's first short film, Saute ma ville, premiered at the International Short Film Festival Oberhausen. That year, she moved to New York City, where she remain...	[]	[ "Work", "Early work and influences" ]	[ "1950 births", "2015 deaths", "20th-century Belgian women artists", "21st-century Belgian women artists", "Artists from Brussels", "Artists who committed suicide", "Belgian contemporary artists", "Belgian people of Polish-Jewish descent", "Belgian Jews", "Belgian expatriates in France", "Belgian...
projected-00308673-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal%20Akerman	Chantal Akerman	Critical recognition	Chantal Anne Akerman (; 6 June 19505 October 2015) was a Belgian film director, screenwriter, artist, and film professor at the City College of New York. She is best known for Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975), which The New York Times called a "masterpiece". According to film scholar Gwendolyn...	Her first feature film, Hotel Monterey (1972), and subsequent short films La Chambre 1 and La Chambre 2 reveal the influence of structural filmmaking through these films' usage of long takes. These protracted shots serve to oscillate images between abstraction and figuration. Akerman's films from this period also signi...	[]	[ "Work", "Critical recognition" ]	[ "1950 births", "2015 deaths", "20th-century Belgian women artists", "21st-century Belgian women artists", "Artists from Brussels", "Artists who committed suicide", "Belgian contemporary artists", "Belgian people of Polish-Jewish descent", "Belgian Jews", "Belgian expatriates in France", "Belgian...
projected-00308673-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal%20Akerman	Chantal Akerman	Philosophy	Chantal Anne Akerman (; 6 June 19505 October 2015) was a Belgian film director, screenwriter, artist, and film professor at the City College of New York. She is best known for Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975), which The New York Times called a "masterpiece". According to film scholar Gwendolyn...	Akerman has acknowledged that her cinematic approach can be explained, in part, through the writings of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. Deleuze and Guattari write about the concept of minor literature as being characterized by the following things: 1. Minor literature is the literature that a minority makes in a maj...	[]	[ "Work", "Philosophy" ]	[ "1950 births", "2015 deaths", "20th-century Belgian women artists", "21st-century Belgian women artists", "Artists from Brussels", "Artists who committed suicide", "Belgian contemporary artists", "Belgian people of Polish-Jewish descent", "Belgian Jews", "Belgian expatriates in France", "Belgian...
projected-00308673-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal%20Akerman	Chantal Akerman	Feminism	Chantal Anne Akerman (; 6 June 19505 October 2015) was a Belgian film director, screenwriter, artist, and film professor at the City College of New York. She is best known for Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975), which The New York Times called a "masterpiece". According to film scholar Gwendolyn...	Akerman has used the setting of a kitchen to explore the intersection between femininity and domesticity. The kitchens in her work provide intimate spaces for connection and conversation, functioning as a backdrop to the dramas of daily life. The kitchens, alongside other domestic spaces, act as self-confining prisons ...	[]	[ "Work", "Feminism" ]	[ "1950 births", "2015 deaths", "20th-century Belgian women artists", "21st-century Belgian women artists", "Artists from Brussels", "Artists who committed suicide", "Belgian contemporary artists", "Belgian people of Polish-Jewish descent", "Belgian Jews", "Belgian expatriates in France", "Belgian...
projected-00308673-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal%20Akerman	Chantal Akerman	Later career	Chantal Anne Akerman (; 6 June 19505 October 2015) was a Belgian film director, screenwriter, artist, and film professor at the City College of New York. She is best known for Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975), which The New York Times called a "masterpiece". According to film scholar Gwendolyn...	In 1991, Akerman was a member of the jury at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival. In 2011, she joined the full-time faculty of the MFA Program in Media Arts Production at the City College of New York as a distinguished lecturer and the first Michael & Irene Ross Visiting Professor of Film/Video & Jewish Studies...	[]	[ "Work", "Later career" ]	[ "1950 births", "2015 deaths", "20th-century Belgian women artists", "21st-century Belgian women artists", "Artists from Brussels", "Artists who committed suicide", "Belgian contemporary artists", "Belgian people of Polish-Jewish descent", "Belgian Jews", "Belgian expatriates in France", "Belgian...
projected-00308673-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal%20Akerman	Chantal Akerman	Exhibitions	Chantal Anne Akerman (; 6 June 19505 October 2015) was a Belgian film director, screenwriter, artist, and film professor at the City College of New York. She is best known for Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975), which The New York Times called a "masterpiece". According to film scholar Gwendolyn...	Important solo exhibitions of Akerman's work have been held at the Museum for Contemporary Art, Antwerp, Belgium (2012), MIT, Cambridge Massachusetts (2008), the Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Israel (2006); Princeton University Art Museum, Princeton, NJ (2006); and the Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris (2003). Akerman participa...	[]	[ "Exhibitions" ]	[ "1950 births", "2015 deaths", "20th-century Belgian women artists", "21st-century Belgian women artists", "Artists from Brussels", "Artists who committed suicide", "Belgian contemporary artists", "Belgian people of Polish-Jewish descent", "Belgian Jews", "Belgian expatriates in France", "Belgian...
projected-00308673-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal%20Akerman	Chantal Akerman	Cinematography	Chantal Anne Akerman (; 6 June 19505 October 2015) was a Belgian film director, screenwriter, artist, and film professor at the City College of New York. She is best known for Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975), which The New York Times called a "masterpiece". According to film scholar Gwendolyn...	Akerman's cinematography is characterized by dry language, a lack of metaphorical associations, composition in a series of discontinuous blocks, and interest in putting a poor, withered syntax and reduced vocabulary in service of a new intensity. Many directors have cited her films as an influence on their work. Kelly ...	[]	[ "Cinematography" ]	[ "1950 births", "2015 deaths", "20th-century Belgian women artists", "21st-century Belgian women artists", "Artists from Brussels", "Artists who committed suicide", "Belgian contemporary artists", "Belgian people of Polish-Jewish descent", "Belgian Jews", "Belgian expatriates in France", "Belgian...
projected-00308673-011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal%20Akerman	Chantal Akerman	Death	Chantal Anne Akerman (; 6 June 19505 October 2015) was a Belgian film director, screenwriter, artist, and film professor at the City College of New York. She is best known for Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975), which The New York Times called a "masterpiece". According to film scholar Gwendolyn...	65-year old Akerman died on 5 October 2015 in Paris; Le Monde reported that she died by suicide. Her last film was the documentary No Home Movie, a series of conversations with her mother shortly before her mother's death; of the film, she said: "I think if I knew I was going to do this, I wouldn't have dared to do it....	[]	[ "Death" ]	[ "1950 births", "2015 deaths", "20th-century Belgian women artists", "21st-century Belgian women artists", "Artists from Brussels", "Artists who committed suicide", "Belgian contemporary artists", "Belgian people of Polish-Jewish descent", "Belgian Jews", "Belgian expatriates in France", "Belgian...
projected-00308673-015	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal%20Akerman	Chantal Akerman	See also	Chantal Anne Akerman (; 6 June 19505 October 2015) was a Belgian film director, screenwriter, artist, and film professor at the City College of New York. She is best known for Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975), which The New York Times called a "masterpiece". According to film scholar Gwendolyn...	List of female film and television directors List of lesbian filmmakers List of LGBT-related films directed by women	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "1950 births", "2015 deaths", "20th-century Belgian women artists", "21st-century Belgian women artists", "Artists from Brussels", "Artists who committed suicide", "Belgian contemporary artists", "Belgian people of Polish-Jewish descent", "Belgian Jews", "Belgian expatriates in France", "Belgian...
projected-00308673-017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal%20Akerman	Chantal Akerman	Further reading	Chantal Anne Akerman (; 6 June 19505 October 2015) was a Belgian film director, screenwriter, artist, and film professor at the City College of New York. She is best known for Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975), which The New York Times called a "masterpiece". According to film scholar Gwendolyn...	Gatti, Ilaria Chantal Akerman. Uno schermo nel deserto Roma, Fefè Editore, 2019. Sultan, Terrie (ed.) Chantal Akerman: Moving through Time and Space. Houston, Tex.: Blaffer Gallery, the Art Museum of the University of Houston ; New York, N.Y.: Distributed by D.A.P./Distributed Art Publishers, 2008. Fabienne Liptay, ...	[]	[ "Further reading" ]	[ "1950 births", "2015 deaths", "20th-century Belgian women artists", "21st-century Belgian women artists", "Artists from Brussels", "Artists who committed suicide", "Belgian contemporary artists", "Belgian people of Polish-Jewish descent", "Belgian Jews", "Belgian expatriates in France", "Belgian...
projected-00308675-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Columbia%20Social%20Credit%20Party	British Columbia Social Credit Party	Introduction		The British Columbia Social Credit Party, whose members are known as Socreds, was the governing provincial political party of British Columbia, Canada, for all but three years between the 1952 provincial election and the 1991 election. For four decades, the party dominated the British Columbian political scene, with th...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1935 establishments in British Columbia", "2013 disestablishments in British Columbia", "Conservative parties in Canada", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Political parties disestablished in 2013", "Political parties established in 1935", "Provincial political parties in British Columbia", "So...
projected-00308675-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Columbia%20Social%20Credit%20Party	British Columbia Social Credit Party	Pre-1952	The British Columbia Social Credit Party, whose members are known as Socreds, was the governing provincial political party of British Columbia, Canada, for all but three years between the 1952 provincial election and the 1991 election. For four decades, the party dominated the British Columbian political scene, with th...	Prior to 1952, the social credit movement in British Columbia was divided between various factions. The Social Credit League of British Columbia nominated candidates for the first time in the 1937 election, but did not do so in the 1941 election. In the 1945 election, these factions formed an alliance to field 16 cand...	[]	[ "History", "Pre-1952" ]	[ "1935 establishments in British Columbia", "2013 disestablishments in British Columbia", "Conservative parties in Canada", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Political parties disestablished in 2013", "Political parties established in 1935", "Provincial political parties in British Columbia", "So...
projected-00308675-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Columbia%20Social%20Credit%20Party	British Columbia Social Credit Party	W. A. C. Bennett era	The British Columbia Social Credit Party, whose members are known as Socreds, was the governing provincial political party of British Columbia, Canada, for all but three years between the 1952 provincial election and the 1991 election. For four decades, the party dominated the British Columbian political scene, with th...	For the 1952 provincial election, the coalition government between the British Columbia Liberal Party and British Columbia Conservative Party reformed the electoral system from first past the post to the alternative vote. The coalition was nervous about the growing popularity of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation...	[]	[ "History", "W. A. C. Bennett era" ]	[ "1935 establishments in British Columbia", "2013 disestablishments in British Columbia", "Conservative parties in Canada", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Political parties disestablished in 2013", "Political parties established in 1935", "Provincial political parties in British Columbia", "So...
projected-00308675-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Columbia%20Social%20Credit%20Party	British Columbia Social Credit Party	Bill Bennett era	The British Columbia Social Credit Party, whose members are known as Socreds, was the governing provincial political party of British Columbia, Canada, for all but three years between the 1952 provincial election and the 1991 election. For four decades, the party dominated the British Columbian political scene, with th...	W. A. C. Bennett's son, Bill Bennett, took over the leadership of the party in 1973. The younger Bennett modernized the party and abandoned populism. Instead, the party became a coalition of federal Liberals, Christian conservatives from the province's Bible Belt, and fiscal conservatives from the corporate sector with...	[]	[ "History", "Bill Bennett era" ]	[ "1935 establishments in British Columbia", "2013 disestablishments in British Columbia", "Conservative parties in Canada", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Political parties disestablished in 2013", "Political parties established in 1935", "Provincial political parties in British Columbia", "So...
projected-00308675-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Columbia%20Social%20Credit%20Party	British Columbia Social Credit Party	Bill Vander Zalm era	The British Columbia Social Credit Party, whose members are known as Socreds, was the governing provincial political party of British Columbia, Canada, for all but three years between the 1952 provincial election and the 1991 election. For four decades, the party dominated the British Columbian political scene, with th...	Bennett retired in 1986 and was succeeded by Bill Vander Zalm. Under his watch, social conservatives took control of the party; Vander Zalm himself was a member of the social conservative wing. Vander Zalm easily led the Socreds to a fourth consecutive term in government in the election later that year. Although it wa...	[]	[ "History", "Bill Vander Zalm era" ]	[ "1935 establishments in British Columbia", "2013 disestablishments in British Columbia", "Conservative parties in Canada", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Political parties disestablished in 2013", "Political parties established in 1935", "Provincial political parties in British Columbia", "So...
projected-00308675-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Columbia%20Social%20Credit%20Party	British Columbia Social Credit Party	Decline	The British Columbia Social Credit Party, whose members are known as Socreds, was the governing provincial political party of British Columbia, Canada, for all but three years between the 1952 provincial election and the 1991 election. For four decades, the party dominated the British Columbian political scene, with th...	Vander Zalm was forced to resign in a conflict of interest scandal in 1991, and was succeeded as party leader and premier by Deputy Premier Rita Johnston, who became the first female head of government at the provincial or federal level in Canada. Johnston then defeated McCarthy in the subsequent leadership election an...	[]	[ "History", "Decline" ]	[ "1935 establishments in British Columbia", "2013 disestablishments in British Columbia", "Conservative parties in Canada", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Political parties disestablished in 2013", "Political parties established in 1935", "Provincial political parties in British Columbia", "So...
projected-00308675-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Columbia%20Social%20Credit%20Party	British Columbia Social Credit Party	Party leaders	The British Columbia Social Credit Party, whose members are known as Socreds, was the governing provincial political party of British Columbia, Canada, for all but three years between the 1952 provincial election and the 1991 election. For four decades, the party dominated the British Columbian political scene, with th...	Andrew Henry Jukes, 1937–48, leader of the Union of Electors faction, 1948-49. No leader as such of the Social Credit Party/Social Credit League emerged until the 1952 election. However, Eric Martin and Lyle Wicks were the most obvious figures of a collective leadership. At the 1952 party convention Wicks, W.A.C. Benne...	[]	[ "Party leaders" ]	[ "1935 establishments in British Columbia", "2013 disestablishments in British Columbia", "Conservative parties in Canada", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Political parties disestablished in 2013", "Political parties established in 1935", "Provincial political parties in British Columbia", "So...
projected-00308675-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Columbia%20Social%20Credit%20Party	British Columbia Social Credit Party	Other prominent Socred politicians	The British Columbia Social Credit Party, whose members are known as Socreds, was the governing provincial political party of British Columbia, Canada, for all but three years between the 1952 provincial election and the 1991 election. For four decades, the party dominated the British Columbian political scene, with th...	Kim Campbell Garde Gardom Pat McGeer Rafe Mair Phil Gaglardi Tom Northcott, a prominent singer, stood unsuccessfully for the provincial legislature.	[]	[ "Other prominent Socred politicians" ]	[ "1935 establishments in British Columbia", "2013 disestablishments in British Columbia", "Conservative parties in Canada", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Political parties disestablished in 2013", "Political parties established in 1935", "Provincial political parties in British Columbia", "So...
projected-00308675-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Columbia%20Social%20Credit%20Party	British Columbia Social Credit Party	Electoral results	The British Columbia Social Credit Party, whose members are known as Socreds, was the governing provincial political party of British Columbia, Canada, for all but three years between the 1952 provincial election and the 1991 election. For four decades, the party dominated the British Columbian political scene, with th...	In the 1937 election, the British Columbia Social Credit League endorsed candidates, but none were elected. In the 1941 election, no candidates ran under the social credit banner. In the 1945 election, an alliance of social credit groups nominated candidates. None were elected. In the 1949 election, three different ...	[]	[ "Electoral results" ]	[ "1935 establishments in British Columbia", "2013 disestablishments in British Columbia", "Conservative parties in Canada", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Political parties disestablished in 2013", "Political parties established in 1935", "Provincial political parties in British Columbia", "So...
projected-00308675-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Columbia%20Social%20Credit%20Party	British Columbia Social Credit Party	See also	The British Columbia Social Credit Party, whose members are known as Socreds, was the governing provincial political party of British Columbia, Canada, for all but three years between the 1952 provincial election and the 1991 election. For four decades, the party dominated the British Columbian political scene, with th...	British Columbia Conservative Party British Columbia Liberal Party British Columbia Social Credit Party leadership elections Canadian social credit movement List of British Columbia general elections List of British Columbia political parties Social Credit	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "1935 establishments in British Columbia", "2013 disestablishments in British Columbia", "Conservative parties in Canada", "Defunct political parties in Canada", "Political parties disestablished in 2013", "Political parties established in 1935", "Provincial political parties in British Columbia", "So...
projected-00308676-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Breillat	Catherine Breillat	Introduction		Catherine Breillat (; born 13 July 1948) is a French filmmaker, novelist and professor of auteur cinema at the European Graduate School. In the film business for over 40 years, Catherine Breillat chooses to normalize previously taboo subjects in cinema. Taking advantage of the medium of cinema, Breillat juxtaposes diff...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1948 births", "Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres", "Feminist filmmakers", "French expatriates in Switzerland", "French film directors", "French-language film directors", "20th-century French screenwriters", "21st-century French screenwriters", "French women film directors", "French...
projected-00308676-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Breillat	Catherine Breillat	Life and career	Catherine Breillat (; born 13 July 1948) is a French filmmaker, novelist and professor of auteur cinema at the European Graduate School. In the film business for over 40 years, Catherine Breillat chooses to normalize previously taboo subjects in cinema. Taking advantage of the medium of cinema, Breillat juxtaposes diff...	Breillat was born in Bressuire, Deux-Sèvres, but grew up in Niort. She decided to become a writer and director at the age of twelve after watching Ingmar Bergman's Gycklarnas afton, believing she had found her "fictional body" in Harriet Andersson's character, Anna. She started her career after studying acting at Yves...	[]	[ "Life and career" ]	[ "1948 births", "Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres", "Feminist filmmakers", "French expatriates in Switzerland", "French film directors", "French-language film directors", "20th-century French screenwriters", "21st-century French screenwriters", "French women film directors", "French...
projected-00308676-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Breillat	Catherine Breillat	Common themes in Breillat's films	Catherine Breillat (; born 13 July 1948) is a French filmmaker, novelist and professor of auteur cinema at the European Graduate School. In the film business for over 40 years, Catherine Breillat chooses to normalize previously taboo subjects in cinema. Taking advantage of the medium of cinema, Breillat juxtaposes diff...	Through film, Breillat attempts to redefine the female narrative in cinema by showing female characters who undergo similar experiences as their male counterparts. Many of Breillat's films explore the transition between girlhood and adulthood. The females of her films attempt to escape their adolescence by seeking indi...	[]	[ "Common themes in Breillat's films" ]	[ "1948 births", "Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres", "Feminist filmmakers", "French expatriates in Switzerland", "French film directors", "French-language film directors", "20th-century French screenwriters", "21st-century French screenwriters", "French women film directors", "French...
projected-00308676-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Breillat	Catherine Breillat	Stage plays	Catherine Breillat (; born 13 July 1948) is a French filmmaker, novelist and professor of auteur cinema at the European Graduate School. In the film business for over 40 years, Catherine Breillat chooses to normalize previously taboo subjects in cinema. Taking advantage of the medium of cinema, Breillat juxtaposes diff...	Les Vêtements de mer	[]	[ "Works", "Stage plays" ]	[ "1948 births", "Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres", "Feminist filmmakers", "French expatriates in Switzerland", "French film directors", "French-language film directors", "20th-century French screenwriters", "21st-century French screenwriters", "French women film directors", "French...
projected-00308676-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Breillat	Catherine Breillat	Bibliography	Catherine Breillat (; born 13 July 1948) is a French filmmaker, novelist and professor of auteur cinema at the European Graduate School. In the film business for over 40 years, Catherine Breillat chooses to normalize previously taboo subjects in cinema. Taking advantage of the medium of cinema, Breillat juxtaposes diff...	Abus de faiblesse Pornocratie Le Soupirail L'homme facile Tapage Nocturne	[]	[ "Works", "Bibliography" ]	[ "1948 births", "Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres", "Feminist filmmakers", "French expatriates in Switzerland", "French film directors", "French-language film directors", "20th-century French screenwriters", "21st-century French screenwriters", "French women film directors", "French...
projected-00308676-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Breillat	Catherine Breillat	Further reading	Catherine Breillat (; born 13 July 1948) is a French filmmaker, novelist and professor of auteur cinema at the European Graduate School. In the film business for over 40 years, Catherine Breillat chooses to normalize previously taboo subjects in cinema. Taking advantage of the medium of cinema, Breillat juxtaposes diff...	Anne-Élisabeth Blateau, « Une vieille maîtresse sans Breillat » (A Last Mistress without Breillat), in Carré d'Art by Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Anagramme, Paris, 2008 (pp. 143–149). Douglas Keesey, Catherine Breillat, Manchester University Press, coll. « French film directors », 2009.	[]	[ "Further reading" ]	[ "1948 births", "Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres", "Feminist filmmakers", "French expatriates in Switzerland", "French film directors", "French-language film directors", "20th-century French screenwriters", "21st-century French screenwriters", "French women film directors", "French...
projected-00308680-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphisbaenia	Amphisbaenia	Introduction		Amphisbaenia (called amphisbaenians or worm lizards) is a group of usually legless squamates, comprising over 200 extant species. Amphisbaenians are characterized by their long bodies, the reduction or loss of the limbs, and rudimentary eyes. As many species have a pink body and scales arranged in rings, they have a s...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Amphisbaenians", "Tetrapod suborders", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray", "Extant Santonian first appearances" ]
projected-00308680-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphisbaenia	Amphisbaenia	Description	Amphisbaenia (called amphisbaenians or worm lizards) is a group of usually legless squamates, comprising over 200 extant species. Amphisbaenians are characterized by their long bodies, the reduction or loss of the limbs, and rudimentary eyes. As many species have a pink body and scales arranged in rings, they have a s...	Despite a superficial resemblance to some primitive snakes, amphisbaenians have many unique features that distinguish them from other reptiles. Internally, their right lung is reduced in size to fit their narrow bodies, whereas in snakes, it is always the left lung. Their skeletal structure and skin are also different ...	[ "Amphisbaenia 1.jpg", "Blanus skull by Nick Longrich.jpg" ]	[ "Description" ]	[ "Amphisbaenians", "Tetrapod suborders", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray", "Extant Santonian first appearances" ]
projected-00308680-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphisbaenia	Amphisbaenia	Distribution	Amphisbaenia (called amphisbaenians or worm lizards) is a group of usually legless squamates, comprising over 200 extant species. Amphisbaenians are characterized by their long bodies, the reduction or loss of the limbs, and rudimentary eyes. As many species have a pink body and scales arranged in rings, they have a s...	Amphisbaenians are found in North America, Europe, Africa, South America, the Middle East, and the Caribbean, a surprisingly large distribution despite being small subterranean animals that rarely ever leave their burrows. Initially, this large distribution was thought to be due to vicariance, or the result of the brea...	[]	[ "Distribution" ]	[ "Amphisbaenians", "Tetrapod suborders", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray", "Extant Santonian first appearances" ]
projected-00308680-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphisbaenia	Amphisbaenia	Evolution	Amphisbaenia (called amphisbaenians or worm lizards) is a group of usually legless squamates, comprising over 200 extant species. Amphisbaenians are characterized by their long bodies, the reduction or loss of the limbs, and rudimentary eyes. As many species have a pink body and scales arranged in rings, they have a s...	The oldest stem group amphisbaenian, the limbed Slavoia darevskii is known from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Mongolia. The oldest known modern amphisbaenians are members of Rhineuridae and the extinct family Oligodontosauridae from the Paleocene of North America. Modern amphisbaenians likely originated in North A...	[]	[ "Evolution" ]	[ "Amphisbaenians", "Tetrapod suborders", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray", "Extant Santonian first appearances" ]
projected-00308680-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphisbaenia	Amphisbaenia	Taxonomy	Amphisbaenia (called amphisbaenians or worm lizards) is a group of usually legless squamates, comprising over 200 extant species. Amphisbaenians are characterized by their long bodies, the reduction or loss of the limbs, and rudimentary eyes. As many species have a pink body and scales arranged in rings, they have a s...	Taxonomic classification of amphisbaenians was traditionally based on morphological characters, such as the number of preanal pores, body annuli, tail annuli, and skull shape. Such characters are vulnerable to convergent evolution; in particular, the loss of the forelimbs and the evolution of specialized shovel-headed ...	[]	[ "Taxonomy" ]	[ "Amphisbaenians", "Tetrapod suborders", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray", "Extant Santonian first appearances" ]
projected-00308680-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphisbaenia	Amphisbaenia	Families	Amphisbaenia (called amphisbaenians or worm lizards) is a group of usually legless squamates, comprising over 200 extant species. Amphisbaenians are characterized by their long bodies, the reduction or loss of the limbs, and rudimentary eyes. As many species have a pink body and scales arranged in rings, they have a s...	Six families of amphisbaenians are currently recognised: Amphisbaenidae Gray, 1865 – Amphisbaenids, tropical worm lizards of South America, some Caribbean islands, and Sub-Saharan Africa. (12 genera, 182 species) Bipedidae Taylor, 1951 – Only in Mexico and commonly called ajolotes, but not to be confused with axolotls ...	[]	[ "Taxonomy", "Families" ]	[ "Amphisbaenians", "Tetrapod suborders", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray", "Extant Santonian first appearances" ]
projected-00308680-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphisbaenia	Amphisbaenia	Phylogeny	Amphisbaenia (called amphisbaenians or worm lizards) is a group of usually legless squamates, comprising over 200 extant species. Amphisbaenians are characterized by their long bodies, the reduction or loss of the limbs, and rudimentary eyes. As many species have a pink body and scales arranged in rings, they have a s...	The following cladogram shows the relationships between the six amphisbaenian families determined in the phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genes by Vidal et al. (2008).	[]	[ "Taxonomy", "Phylogeny" ]	[ "Amphisbaenians", "Tetrapod suborders", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray", "Extant Santonian first appearances" ]
projected-00308680-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphisbaenia	Amphisbaenia	Further reading	Amphisbaenia (called amphisbaenians or worm lizards) is a group of usually legless squamates, comprising over 200 extant species. Amphisbaenians are characterized by their long bodies, the reduction or loss of the limbs, and rudimentary eyes. As many species have a pink body and scales arranged in rings, they have a s...	Branch, Bill. 2004. Field Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Third Revised edition, Second Impression. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp. . (Suborder Amphisbaenia, pp. 201–202.) Gans, C. 2005. Checklist and Bibliography of the Amphisbaenia of the World. Bull. American Mus. Nat. His...	[]	[ "Further reading" ]	[ "Amphisbaenians", "Tetrapod suborders", "Taxa named by John Edward Gray", "Extant Santonian first appearances" ]
projected-00308682-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20polymerization	Living polymerization	Introduction		In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been removed. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Chain termination and chain transfer reactions are absent and the rate of chain initiation is also much larger t...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Polymerization reactions" ]
projected-00308682-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20polymerization	Living polymerization	History	In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been removed. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Chain termination and chain transfer reactions are absent and the rate of chain initiation is also much larger t...	Living polymerization was demonstrated by Michael Szwarc in 1956 in the anionic polymerization of styrene with an alkali metal / naphthalene system in tetrahydrofuran (THF). Szwarc showed that electron transfer occurred from radical anion of naphthalene to styrene. The initial radical anion of styrene converts to a di...	[]	[ "History" ]	[ "Polymerization reactions" ]
projected-00308682-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20polymerization	Living polymerization	Fast rate of initiation: low polydispersity	In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been removed. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Chain termination and chain transfer reactions are absent and the rate of chain initiation is also much larger t...	One of the key characteristics of a living polymerization is that the chain termination and transfer reactions are essentially eliminated from the four elementary reactions of chain-growth polymerization leaving only initiation and (chain) propagation reactions. A key characteristic of living polymerization is that th...	[ "Nonlivingpolymanimation.gif", "living polymerization animation.gif" ]	[ "Fast rate of initiation: low polydispersity" ]	[ "Polymerization reactions" ]
projected-00308682-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20polymerization	Living polymerization	Living anionic polymerization	In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been removed. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Chain termination and chain transfer reactions are absent and the rate of chain initiation is also much larger t...	As early as 1936, Karl Ziegler proposed that anionic polymerization of styrene and butadiene by consecutive addition of monomer to an alkyl lithium initiator occurred without chain transfer or termination. Twenty years later, living polymerization was demonstrated by Szwarc through the anionic polymerization of styrene...	[]	[ "Techniques", "Living anionic polymerization" ]	[ "Polymerization reactions" ]
projected-00308682-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20polymerization	Living polymerization	Living α-olefin polymerization	In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been removed. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Chain termination and chain transfer reactions are absent and the rate of chain initiation is also much larger t...	α-olefins can be polymerized through an anionic coordination polymerization in which the metal center of the catalyst is considered the counter cation for the anionic end of the alkyl chain (through a M-R coordination). Ziegler-Natta initiators were developed in the mid-1950s and are heterogeneous initiators used in th...	[ "ACp initiators.png", "Alphadiiminechelateinitiator.png" ]	[ "Techniques", "Living anionic polymerization", "Living α-olefin polymerization" ]	[ "Polymerization reactions" ]
projected-00308682-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20polymerization	Living polymerization	Living cationic polymerization	In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been removed. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Chain termination and chain transfer reactions are absent and the rate of chain initiation is also much larger t...	Monomers for living cationic polymerization are electron-rich alkenes such as vinyl ethers, isobutylene, styrene, and N-vinylcarbazole. The initiators are binary systems consisting of an electrophile and a Lewis acid. The method was developed around 1980 with contributions from Higashimura, Sawamoto and Kennedy. Typic...	[ "Wiki Cation.png" ]	[ "Living cationic polymerization" ]	[ "Polymerization reactions" ]
projected-00308682-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20polymerization	Living polymerization	Living ring-opening metathesis polymerization	In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been removed. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Chain termination and chain transfer reactions are absent and the rate of chain initiation is also much larger t...	Given the right reaction conditions ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) can be rendered living. The first such systems were described by Robert H. Grubbs in 1986 based on norbornene and Tebbe's reagent and in 1978 Grubbs together with Richard R. Schrock describing living polymerization with a tungsten carbene...	[ "Wiki LivingROMP2.png" ]	[ "Living ring-opening metathesis polymerization" ]	[ "Polymerization reactions" ]
projected-00308682-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20polymerization	Living polymerization	"Living" free radical polymerization	In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been removed. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Chain termination and chain transfer reactions are absent and the rate of chain initiation is also much larger t...	Starting in the 1970s several new methods were discovered which allowed the development of living polymerization using free radical chemistry. These techniques involved catalytic chain transfer polymerization, iniferter mediated polymerization, stable free radical mediated polymerization (SFRP), atom transfer radical p...	[ "reversible trapping.png", "radical degenerative transfer.png" ]	[ "\"Living\" free radical polymerization" ]	[ "Polymerization reactions" ]
projected-00308682-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20polymerization	Living polymerization	Living chain-growth polycondensations	In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been removed. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Chain termination and chain transfer reactions are absent and the rate of chain initiation is also much larger t...	Chain growth polycondensation polymerizations were initially developed under the premise that a change in substituent effects of the polymer, relative to the monomer, causes the polymers end group to be more reactive this has been referred to as "reactive intermediate polycondensation". The essential result is monomers...	[]	[ "Living chain-growth polycondensations" ]	[ "Polymerization reactions" ]
projected-00308682-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20polymerization	Living polymerization	Catalyst-transfer polycondensation	In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been removed. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Chain termination and chain transfer reactions are absent and the rate of chain initiation is also much larger t...	Catalyst transfer polycondensation (CTP) is a chain-growth polycondensation mechanism in which the monomers do not directly react with one another and instead the monomer will only react with the polymer end group through a catalyst-mediated mechanism. The general process consists of the catalyst activating the polymer...	[ "CTP scheme.png", "CTP general scheme.png" ]	[ "Living chain-growth polycondensations", "Catalyst-transfer polycondensation" ]	[ "Polymerization reactions" ]
projected-00308682-011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20polymerization	Living polymerization	Living group-transfer polymerization	In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been removed. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Chain termination and chain transfer reactions are absent and the rate of chain initiation is also much larger t...	Group-transfer polymerization also has characteristics of living polymerization. It is applied to alkylated methacrylate monomers and the initiator is a silyl ketene acetal. New monomer adds to the initiator and to the active growing chain in a Michael reaction. With each addition of a monomer group the trimethylsilyl ...	[]	[ "Living group-transfer polymerization" ]	[ "Polymerization reactions" ]
projected-00308682-012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20polymerization	Living polymerization	Applications	In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been removed. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Chain termination and chain transfer reactions are absent and the rate of chain initiation is also much larger t...	Living polymerizations are used in the commercial synthesis of many polymers.	[]	[ "Applications" ]	[ "Polymerization reactions" ]
projected-00308682-013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20polymerization	Living polymerization	Copolymer synthesis and applications	In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been removed. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Chain termination and chain transfer reactions are absent and the rate of chain initiation is also much larger t...	Copolymers are polymers consisting of multiple different monomer species, and can be arranged in various orders, three of which are seen in the figure below. While there exist others (alternating copolymers, graft copolymers, and stereoblock copolymers), these three are more common in the scientific literature. In add...	[ "Copolymer forms.png" ]	[ "Applications", "Copolymer synthesis and applications" ]	[ "Polymerization reactions" ]
projected-00308683-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnage	Tonnage	Introduction		Tonnage is a measure of the cargo-carrying capacity of a ship, and is commonly used to assess fees on commercial shipping. The term derives from the taxation paid on tuns or casks of wine. In modern maritime usage, "tonnage" specifically refers to a calculation of the volume or cargo volume of a ship. Although tonnage ...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Volume", "Mass", "Nautical terminology", "Ship measurements" ]
projected-00308683-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnage	Tonnage	Tonnage measurements	Tonnage is a measure of the cargo-carrying capacity of a ship, and is commonly used to assess fees on commercial shipping. The term derives from the taxation paid on tuns or casks of wine. In modern maritime usage, "tonnage" specifically refers to a calculation of the volume or cargo volume of a ship. Although tonnage ...	Tonnage measurements are governed by an IMO Convention (International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969 (London-Rules)), which initially applied to all ships built after July 1982, and to older ships from July 1994. Gross tonnage (GT) is a function of the volume of all of a ship's enclosed spaces (from ...	[]	[ "Tonnage measurements" ]	[ "Volume", "Mass", "Nautical terminology", "Ship measurements" ]
projected-00308683-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnage	Tonnage	Non-maritime usage of the term tonnage	Tonnage is a measure of the cargo-carrying capacity of a ship, and is commonly used to assess fees on commercial shipping. The term derives from the taxation paid on tuns or casks of wine. In modern maritime usage, "tonnage" specifically refers to a calculation of the volume or cargo volume of a ship. Although tonnage ...	Tonnage can refer to the quantity of a mineral or the mineral ore extracted from a mine. It may refer to the production of any commodity that is normally expressed in tons or tonnes. The term can also apply to the total weight drawn by a railway locomotive, or the total weight of freight passing over a railway line or ...	[]	[ "Non-maritime usage of the term tonnage" ]	[ "Volume", "Mass", "Nautical terminology", "Ship measurements" ]
projected-00308683-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnage	Tonnage	Origins	Tonnage is a measure of the cargo-carrying capacity of a ship, and is commonly used to assess fees on commercial shipping. The term derives from the taxation paid on tuns or casks of wine. In modern maritime usage, "tonnage" specifically refers to a calculation of the volume or cargo volume of a ship. Although tonnage ...	Historically, tonnage was the tax on tuns (casks) of wine by King Edward I that held of wine and weighed . This suggests that the unit of weight measurement, the long ton (1,016 kg or 2,240 lb), and tonnage share the same etymology. The confusion between weight-based terms (deadweight and displacement) stems from this...	[]	[ "Origins" ]	[ "Volume", "Mass", "Nautical terminology", "Ship measurements" ]