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train · 28.5M rows

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text_id stringlengths 22 22	page_url stringlengths 31 389	page_title stringlengths 1 250	section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k	context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k	context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k	media list	hierachy list	category list
projected-00309187-016	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20ancient%20Rome	Women in ancient Rome	Women and the military	Freeborn women in ancient Rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. Because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by Roman historians. But while Roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influen...	Classical texts have little to say about women and the Roman army. Although the Emperor Augustus (reigned 27 BC–AD 14) made marriage by ordinary soldiers unlawful, this probably meant that while soldiers and women in distant provinces and settlements formed relationships and had children, their relationships were not r...	[]	[ "Daily life", "Women and the military" ]	[ "Women in ancient Rome", "Women by culture" ]
projected-00309187-017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20ancient%20Rome	Women in ancient Rome	Religious life	Freeborn women in ancient Rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. Because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by Roman historians. But while Roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influen...	Women were present at most Roman festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their participation might be limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies, though this was less a matter of prohibition than the f...	[ "House of the Vestals 2.jpg", "Arte romana, triade capitolina, 160-180 dc (guidonia montecelio, museo civico archeologico) 01.jpg", "Pompeii - Villa del Cicerone - Mosaic - MAN.jpg" ]	[ "Daily life", "Religious life" ]	[ "Women in ancient Rome", "Women by culture" ]
projected-00309187-018	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20ancient%20Rome	Women in ancient Rome	Social activities	Freeborn women in ancient Rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. Because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by Roman historians. But while Roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influen...	Wealthy women traveled around the city in a litter carried by slaves. Women gathered in the streets on a daily basis to meet with friends, attend religious rites at temples, or to visit the baths. The wealthiest families had private baths at home, but most people went to bath houses not only to wash but to socialize, a...	[ "Casale Bikini.jpg" ]	[ "Daily life", "Social activities" ]	[ "Women in ancient Rome", "Women by culture" ]
projected-00309187-019	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20ancient%20Rome	Women in ancient Rome	Attire and adornment	Freeborn women in ancient Rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. Because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by Roman historians. But while Roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influen...	Women in ancient Rome took great care in their appearance, though extravagance was frowned upon. They wore cosmetics and made different concoctions for their skin. Ovid even wrote a poem about the correct application of makeup. Women used white chalk or arsenic to whiten their faces, or rouge made of lead or carmine to...	[ "Livia Drusila - Paestum (M.A.N. Madrid) 01.jpg", "Matronalivia2.jpg" ]	[ "Daily life", "Attire and adornment" ]	[ "Women in ancient Rome", "Women by culture" ]
projected-00309187-020	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20ancient%20Rome	Women in ancient Rome	Body image	Freeborn women in ancient Rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. Because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by Roman historians. But while Roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influen...	Based on Roman art and literature, small breasts and wide hips were the ideal body type for women considered alluring by Roman men. Roman art from the Augustan period shows idealized women as substantial and fleshy, with a full abdomen and breasts that are rounded, not pendulous. Prostitutes depicted in Roman erotic ar...	[ "Unknown - Mazarin Venus - 54.AA.11.jpg" ]	[ "Daily life", "Attire and adornment", "Body image" ]	[ "Women in ancient Rome", "Women by culture" ]
projected-00309187-021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20ancient%20Rome	Women in ancient Rome	Mos maiorum and the love poets	Freeborn women in ancient Rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. Because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by Roman historians. But while Roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influen...	During the late Republic penalties for sexuality were barely enforced if at all, and a new erotic ideal of romantic relationship emerges. Subverting the tradition of male dominance, the love poets of the late Republic and Augustan era declared their eagerness to submit to "love slavery" (servitium amoris). Catullus add...	[ "Roman mosaic- Love Scene - Centocelle - Rome - KHM - Vienna.jpg" ]	[ "Mos maiorum and the love poets" ]	[ "Women in ancient Rome", "Women by culture" ]
projected-00309187-022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20ancient%20Rome	Women in ancient Rome	Gynecology and medicine	Freeborn women in ancient Rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. Because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by Roman historians. But while Roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influen...	The practices and views in the Hippocratic Corpus regarding women's bodies and their perceived weaknesses were inadequate for addressing the needs of women in the Hellenistic and Roman eras, when women led active lives and more often engaged in family planning. The physiology of women began to be seen as less alien to ...	[ "Wall painting - female painter - Pompeii (VI 1 10) - Napoli MAN 9018.jpg" ]	[ "Gynecology and medicine" ]	[ "Women in ancient Rome", "Women by culture" ]
projected-00309187-023	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20ancient%20Rome	Women in ancient Rome	Slavery	Freeborn women in ancient Rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. Because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by Roman historians. But while Roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influen...	Freedwomen were manumitted slaves. A freed slave owed a period of service, the terms of which might be agreed upon as a precondition of freedom, to her former owner, who became her patron. The patron had obligations in return, such as paying for said services and helping in legal matters. The patron-client relationship...	[]	[ "Slavery" ]	[ "Women in ancient Rome", "Women by culture" ]
projected-00309187-024	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20ancient%20Rome	Women in ancient Rome	Prostitution	Freeborn women in ancient Rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. Because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by Roman historians. But while Roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influen...	Women could turn to prostitution to support themselves, but not all prostitutes had freedom to decide. There is some evidence that even slave prostitutes could benefit from their labor. Although rape was a crime, the law only punished the rape of a slave if it "damaged the goods," because a slave had no legal standing....	[]	[ "Prostitution" ]	[ "Women in ancient Rome", "Women by culture" ]
projected-00309187-025	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20ancient%20Rome	Women in ancient Rome	See also	Freeborn women in ancient Rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. Because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by Roman historians. But while Roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influen...	List of Roman women List of Roman birth and childhood deities Sexuality in ancient Rome Women in ancient Sparta Women in Classical Athens Women in ancient warfare	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Women in ancient Rome", "Women by culture" ]
projected-00309187-027	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20ancient%20Rome	Women in ancient Rome	Bibliography	Freeborn women in ancient Rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. Because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by Roman historians. But while Roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influen...	Daehner, Jens (ed.), The Herculaneum Women: History, Context, Identities (Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum, 2007), Pp. xiv, 178. Gardner, Jane F. 1986. Women in Roman Law and Society. Croom Helm Spaeth, Barbette Stanley. The Roman goddess Ceres, University of Texas Press, 1996.	[]	[ "Bibliography" ]	[ "Women in ancient Rome", "Women by culture" ]
projected-00309187-028	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20ancient%20Rome	Women in ancient Rome	Further reading	Freeborn women in ancient Rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. Because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by Roman historians. But while Roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influen...	Gérard Minaud, Les vies de 12 femmes d’empereur romain - Devoirs, Intrigues & Voluptés , Paris, L’Harmattan, 2012.	[]	[ "Further reading" ]	[ "Women in ancient Rome", "Women by culture" ]
projected-00309189-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jank%C3%B3%20keyboard	Jankó keyboard	Introduction		The Jankó keyboard is a musical keyboard layout for a piano designed by Paul von Jankó, a Hungarian pianist and engineer, in 1882. It was designed to overcome two limitations on the traditional piano keyboard: the large-scale geometry of the keys (stretching beyond a ninth, or even an octave, can be difficult or imposs...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Hungarian inventions", "Musical keyboard layouts" ]
projected-00309189-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jank%C3%B3%20keyboard	Jankó keyboard	See also	The Jankó keyboard is a musical keyboard layout for a piano designed by Paul von Jankó, a Hungarian pianist and engineer, in 1882. It was designed to overcome two limitations on the traditional piano keyboard: the large-scale geometry of the keys (stretching beyond a ninth, or even an octave, can be difficult or imposs...	Isomorphic keyboard Generalized keyboard	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Hungarian inventions", "Musical keyboard layouts" ]
projected-00309190-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch	Fetch	Introduction		Fetch may refer to:	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[]
projected-00309190-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch	Fetch	Books	Fetch may refer to:	Fetch, a 2012 book by Alan MacDonald and David Roberts The Fetch, a 2006 book by Chris Humphreys The Fetch, a 2009 book by Laura Whitcomb The Fetch, a 1991 book by Robert Holdstock Fazbear Frights #2: Fetch, a 2019 book by Scott Cawthon	[]	[ "Books" ]	[]
projected-00309190-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch	Fetch	Music	Fetch may refer to:	Fetch, a 2012 album by Moritz von Oswald Trio Fetch (album), a 2013 album by Melt-Banana The Fetch (album), a 2015 album by Linda Hoyle The Fetch, a 1981 album by Paul Lovens "The Fetch", song by Linda Hoyle from The Fetch	[]	[ "Music" ]	[]
projected-00309190-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch	Fetch	Other	Fetch may refer to:	Wind fetch The length that wind can blow unobstructed over water Fetch TV, an Australian IPTV provider Fetch (folklore), a doppelgänger or double in Irish folklore Fetch (FTP client), a software FTP client Fetch (game), a game played between a human and a pet in which the human throws an object for the pet to retr...	[]	[ "Other" ]	[]
projected-00309191-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration%20of%20the%20Independence%20of%20New%20Zealand	Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand	Introduction		The Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand (), signed by a number of Māori chiefs in 1835, proclaimed the sovereign independence of New Zealand prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Declarations of independence", "Constitution of New Zealand", "Treaty of Waitangi", "1835 in New Zealand", "Political history of New Zealand", "October 1835 events" ]
projected-00309191-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration%20of%20the%20Independence%20of%20New%20Zealand	Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand	Background	The Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand (), signed by a number of Māori chiefs in 1835, proclaimed the sovereign independence of New Zealand prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.	In 1834, a document known as the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand was drafted by 34 northern Māori chiefs – including Tāmati Wāka Nene, Tītore and Bay of Islands brothers; Te Wharerahi, Rewa, and Moka Te Kainga-mataa – together with James Busby, the official British Resident in New Zealand. The document w...	[]	[ "Background" ]	[ "Declarations of independence", "Constitution of New Zealand", "Treaty of Waitangi", "1835 in New Zealand", "Political history of New Zealand", "October 1835 events" ]
projected-00309191-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration%20of%20the%20Independence%20of%20New%20Zealand	Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand	Terms	The Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand (), signed by a number of Māori chiefs in 1835, proclaimed the sovereign independence of New Zealand prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.	The hereditary chiefs and heads of the tribes of the northern parts of New Zealand declared the constitution of an independent state. They agreed to meet in Waitangi each year to frame laws and invited the southern tribes of New Zealand to "lay aside their private animosities" and join them.	[ "Flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand.svg", "UnitedTribesUnofficial.svg", "New Zealand United Tribes flag c.1834.jpg" ]	[ "Terms" ]	[ "Declarations of independence", "Constitution of New Zealand", "Treaty of Waitangi", "1835 in New Zealand", "Political history of New Zealand", "October 1835 events" ]
projected-00309191-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration%20of%20the%20Independence%20of%20New%20Zealand	Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand	Explanation of Māori text	The Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand (), signed by a number of Māori chiefs in 1835, proclaimed the sovereign independence of New Zealand prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.	The Māori text of the Declaration was made by the tino rangatira (hereditary chiefs) of the northern part of New Zealand, uses the term Rangatiratanga to mean independence and declares the country a whenua Rangatira (independent state) that is to be known as The United Tribes of New Zealand (Te Wakaminenga o nga Hapu o...	[]	[ "Terms", "Explanation of Māori text" ]	[ "Declarations of independence", "Constitution of New Zealand", "Treaty of Waitangi", "1835 in New Zealand", "Political history of New Zealand", "October 1835 events" ]
projected-00309191-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration%20of%20the%20Independence%20of%20New%20Zealand	Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand	Impact	The Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand (), signed by a number of Māori chiefs in 1835, proclaimed the sovereign independence of New Zealand prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.	The signatories sent a copy of the document to King William IV (who reigned from 1830 to 1837), asking him to act as the protector of the new state. The King had acknowledged the flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand and now recognised the Declaration in a letter from Lord Glenelg (British Secretary of State for War...	[]	[ "Impact" ]	[ "Declarations of independence", "Constitution of New Zealand", "Treaty of Waitangi", "1835 in New Zealand", "Political history of New Zealand", "October 1835 events" ]
projected-00309191-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration%20of%20the%20Independence%20of%20New%20Zealand	Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand	Legal effects	The Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand (), signed by a number of Māori chiefs in 1835, proclaimed the sovereign independence of New Zealand prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.	Pākehā writers have dismissed the significance of He Whakaputanga as an attempt by James Busby to establish a 'settled form of government', but Māori unity movements looked to the document as the basis for Māori claims to self-determination that reaffirmed tikanga Māori and Māori concepts of power and decision-making. ...	[]	[ "Legal effects" ]	[ "Declarations of independence", "Constitution of New Zealand", "Treaty of Waitangi", "1835 in New Zealand", "Political history of New Zealand", "October 1835 events" ]
projected-00309191-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration%20of%20the%20Independence%20of%20New%20Zealand	Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand	Ngāpuhi Waitangi Tribunal claim (Te Paparahi o te Raki inquiry)	The Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand (), signed by a number of Māori chiefs in 1835, proclaimed the sovereign independence of New Zealand prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.	In 2010, the Waitangi Tribunal began hearing Ngāpuhi's claim that sovereignty was not ceded in their signing of the Treaty of Waitangi. The Tribunal, in their Te Paparahi o te Raki inquiry (Wai 1040) is in the process of considering the Māori and Crown understandings of the Declaration and the Treaty. That aspect of th...	[]	[ "Legal effects", "Ngāpuhi Waitangi Tribunal claim (Te Paparahi o te Raki inquiry)" ]	[ "Declarations of independence", "Constitution of New Zealand", "Treaty of Waitangi", "1835 in New Zealand", "Political history of New Zealand", "October 1835 events" ]
projected-00309191-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration%20of%20the%20Independence%20of%20New%20Zealand	Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand	See also	The Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand (), signed by a number of Māori chiefs in 1835, proclaimed the sovereign independence of New Zealand prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.	Independence of New Zealand	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Declarations of independence", "Constitution of New Zealand", "Treaty of Waitangi", "1835 in New Zealand", "Political history of New Zealand", "October 1835 events" ]
projected-00309200-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian%20%28disambiguation%29	Carpathian (disambiguation)	Introduction		The Carpathians are the Carpathian Mountains, a range of mountains across Central Europe. Carpathian may also refer to:	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[]
projected-00309200-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian%20%28disambiguation%29	Carpathian (disambiguation)	Places	The Carpathians are the Carpathian Mountains, a range of mountains across Central Europe. Carpathian may also refer to:	Carpathian Basin or Pannonian Basin, in Europe Carpathian Military District, a former district of the Soviet Armed Forces	[]	[ "Places" ]	[]
projected-00309200-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian%20%28disambiguation%29	Carpathian (disambiguation)	Fiction	The Carpathians are the Carpathian Mountains, a range of mountains across Central Europe. Carpathian may also refer to:	The Carpathians, a novel by Janet Frame Carpathians (race), fictional characters in Christine Feehan's Dark Series Carpathia, a fictional planet settled by human refugees from Earth in the one-season BBC sci-fi series Outcasts	[]	[ "Fiction" ]	[]
projected-00309200-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian%20%28disambiguation%29	Carpathian (disambiguation)	Other uses	The Carpathians are the Carpathian Mountains, a range of mountains across Central Europe. Carpathian may also refer to:	Carpathian, an Australian hardcore band Carpathian Forest, a Norwegian black metal band RMS Carpathia, the ship that rescued the survivors of the RMS Titanic Carpathian League, a European ice hockey league Carpathian Euroregion, an international association formed in 1993 Carpathian Shepherd Dog, a Romanian sheep d...	[]	[ "Other uses" ]	[]
projected-00309200-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian%20%28disambiguation%29	Carpathian (disambiguation)	See also	The Carpathians are the Carpathian Mountains, a range of mountains across Central Europe. Carpathian may also refer to:	Carpathia (disambiguation) Carpathian Ruthenia (disambiguation) Carpathian Ukraine (disambiguation) Subcarpathian (disambiguation) Ciscarpathian (disambiguation) Transcarpathian (disambiguation) Transylvanian Carpathians (disambiguation) Karpathian, relating to Karpathos, a Greek island	[]	[ "See also" ]	[]
projected-00309205-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Robinson%20%28speechwriter%29	Peter Robinson (speechwriter)	Introduction		Peter Mark Robinson (born April 18, 1957) is an American author, research fellow, television host and former speechwriter for then-Vice President George H. W. Bush and President Ronald Reagan. He is currently the host of Uncommon Knowledge, an interview show by Stanford's Hoover Institution. He is also a research fello...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "American speechwriters", "Dartmouth College alumni", "Living people", "Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni", "1957 births", "People from Vestal, New York", "Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford", "Reagan administration personnel" ]
projected-00309205-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Robinson%20%28speechwriter%29	Peter Robinson (speechwriter)	Early life and education	Peter Mark Robinson (born April 18, 1957) is an American author, research fellow, television host and former speechwriter for then-Vice President George H. W. Bush and President Ronald Reagan. He is currently the host of Uncommon Knowledge, an interview show by Stanford's Hoover Institution. He is also a research fello...	Robinson grew up in Vestal, New York. He attended Dartmouth College from 1975 to 1979, where he was a member of Tri-Kap, and wrote for The Dartmouth. He majored in English and graduated summa cum laude, then continued his studies at Christ Church, Oxford University, pursuing a second Bachelor's degree in Philosophy, Po...	[]	[ "Early life and education" ]	[ "American speechwriters", "Dartmouth College alumni", "Living people", "Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni", "1957 births", "People from Vestal, New York", "Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford", "Reagan administration personnel" ]
projected-00309205-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Robinson%20%28speechwriter%29	Peter Robinson (speechwriter)	Speechwriter	Peter Mark Robinson (born April 18, 1957) is an American author, research fellow, television host and former speechwriter for then-Vice President George H. W. Bush and President Ronald Reagan. He is currently the host of Uncommon Knowledge, an interview show by Stanford's Hoover Institution. He is also a research fello...	After Oxford, Robinson applied for a position at the White House. In an event he describes as a "fluke", he was given a job as the chief speechwriter for Vice President Bush. In what he calls a "second fluke", he was then transferred to President Reagan's staff as a special assistant and speechwriter, where he wrote th...	[ "President Ronald Reagan and Peter Robinson.jpg" ]	[ "Speechwriter" ]	[ "American speechwriters", "Dartmouth College alumni", "Living people", "Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni", "1957 births", "People from Vestal, New York", "Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford", "Reagan administration personnel" ]
projected-00309205-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Robinson%20%28speechwriter%29	Peter Robinson (speechwriter)	Research fellow	Peter Mark Robinson (born April 18, 1957) is an American author, research fellow, television host and former speechwriter for then-Vice President George H. W. Bush and President Ronald Reagan. He is currently the host of Uncommon Knowledge, an interview show by Stanford's Hoover Institution. He is also a research fello...	In the early 1990s, Robinson joined the News Corporation run by Rupert Murdoch, and then served as press secretary to the Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission. In 1993, Robinson became a research fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford's conservative research center. In addition to writing about busine...	[]	[ "Research fellow" ]	[ "American speechwriters", "Dartmouth College alumni", "Living people", "Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni", "1957 births", "People from Vestal, New York", "Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford", "Reagan administration personnel" ]
projected-00309205-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Robinson%20%28speechwriter%29	Peter Robinson (speechwriter)	Personal life and writings	Peter Mark Robinson (born April 18, 1957) is an American author, research fellow, television host and former speechwriter for then-Vice President George H. W. Bush and President Ronald Reagan. He is currently the host of Uncommon Knowledge, an interview show by Stanford's Hoover Institution. He is also a research fello...	Robinson lives in northern California with his wife, Edita, and their five children. Edita's parents left Cuba in 1959 and she was born about 18 months later. In 2003, he published his third book, How Ronald Reagan Changed My Life. He has stated that it is "nothing less than a love story – an account of the profound r...	[]	[ "Personal life and writings" ]	[ "American speechwriters", "Dartmouth College alumni", "Living people", "Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni", "1957 births", "People from Vestal, New York", "Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford", "Reagan administration personnel" ]
projected-00309206-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIRail%20Service	AIRail Service	Introduction		AiRail Service is offered by Deutsche Bahn AG in cooperation with Lufthansa, American Airlines and Emirates. It is one example of several a dedicated air-rail alliances currently operating worldwide. AiRail Service is currently offered between Frankfurt (Main) Flughafen Fernbahnhof (the long-distance railway station o...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "High-speed rail in Germany", "Transport in Frankfurt", "Intercity Express" ]
projected-00309206-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIRail%20Service	AIRail Service	See also	AiRail Service is offered by Deutsche Bahn AG in cooperation with Lufthansa, American Airlines and Emirates. It is one example of several a dedicated air-rail alliances currently operating worldwide. AiRail Service is currently offered between Frankfurt (Main) Flughafen Fernbahnhof (the long-distance railway station o...	Air-rail alliance Intermodal passenger transport	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "High-speed rail in Germany", "Transport in Frankfurt", "Intercity Express" ]
projected-00309208-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic%20exercise	Aerobic exercise	Introduction		Aerobic exercise (also known as endurance activities, cardio or cardio-respiratory exercise) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. "Aerobic" is defined as "relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to meet energ...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Aerobic exercise", "Exercise physiology" ]
projected-00309208-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic%20exercise	Aerobic exercise	History	Aerobic exercise (also known as endurance activities, cardio or cardio-respiratory exercise) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. "Aerobic" is defined as "relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to meet energ...	Archibald Hill, a British physiologist, introduced the concepts of maximal oxygen uptake and oxygen debt in 1922. German physician Otto Meyerhof and Hill shared the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their independent work related to muscle energy metabolism. Building on this work, scientists began measurin...	[ "Exercise zones Fox and Haskell.svg" ]	[ "History" ]	[ "Aerobic exercise", "Exercise physiology" ]
projected-00309208-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic%20exercise	Aerobic exercise	Definition	Aerobic exercise (also known as endurance activities, cardio or cardio-respiratory exercise) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. "Aerobic" is defined as "relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to meet energ...	Aerobic exercise comprises innumerable forms. In general, it is performed at a moderate level of intensity over a relatively long period of time. For example, running a long distance at a moderate pace is an aerobic exercise, but sprinting is not. Playing singles tennis, with near-continuous motion, is generally consid...	[]	[ "Definition" ]	[ "Aerobic exercise", "Exercise physiology" ]
projected-00309208-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic%20exercise	Aerobic exercise	Examples	Aerobic exercise (also known as endurance activities, cardio or cardio-respiratory exercise) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. "Aerobic" is defined as "relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to meet energ...	Moderate activities Swimming Dancing Hiking on flat ground Bicycling at less than 10 mph Moderate walking (about 3.5 mph) Downhill skiing Tennis (doubles) Softball Gardening Light yard work Jogging Vigorous activities Brisk walking (about 4.5 mph) Bicycling at more than 10 mph Hiking uphill Cross-count...	[]	[ "Definition", "Examples" ]	[ "Aerobic exercise", "Exercise physiology" ]
projected-00309208-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic%20exercise	Aerobic exercise	Versus anaerobic exercise	Aerobic exercise (also known as endurance activities, cardio or cardio-respiratory exercise) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. "Aerobic" is defined as "relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to meet energ...	Aerobic exercise and fitness can be contrasted with anaerobic exercise, of which strength training and short-distance running are the most salient examples. The two types of exercise differ by the duration and intensity of muscular contractions involved, as well as by how energy is generated within the muscle. New res...	[]	[ "Definition", "Versus anaerobic exercise" ]	[ "Aerobic exercise", "Exercise physiology" ]
projected-00309208-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic%20exercise	Aerobic exercise	Fuel usage	Aerobic exercise (also known as endurance activities, cardio or cardio-respiratory exercise) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. "Aerobic" is defined as "relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to meet energ...	Depending on the intensity of exercise, the body preferentially utilizes certain fuel forms to meet energy demands. The two main fuel sources for aerobic exercise in the body include fat (in the form of adipose tissue) and glycogen. At lower intensity aerobic exercise, the body preferentially uses fat as its main fuel ...	[]	[ "Fuel usage" ]	[ "Aerobic exercise", "Exercise physiology" ]
projected-00309208-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic%20exercise	Aerobic exercise	Health benefits	Aerobic exercise (also known as endurance activities, cardio or cardio-respiratory exercise) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. "Aerobic" is defined as "relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to meet energ...	Among the recognized health benefits of doing regular aerobic exercise are: Strengthens the muscles involved in respiration, to facilitate the flow of air in and out of the lungs Strengthens and enlarges the heart muscle, to improve its pumping efficiency and reduce the resting heart rate, known as aerobic conditionin...	[]	[ "Health benefits" ]	[ "Aerobic exercise", "Exercise physiology" ]
projected-00309208-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic%20exercise	Aerobic exercise	Disadvantages	Aerobic exercise (also known as endurance activities, cardio or cardio-respiratory exercise) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. "Aerobic" is defined as "relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to meet energ...	Some drawbacks of aerobic exercise include: Overuse injuries because of repetitive, high-impact exercise such as distance running Not an effective form of fat loss. Beginners may experience a fast fat loss process but experienced practitioners will combine scientific diets and anaerobic exercise to get the ideal outc...	[]	[ "Disadvantages" ]	[ "Aerobic exercise", "Exercise physiology" ]
projected-00309208-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic%20exercise	Aerobic exercise	For older adults	Aerobic exercise (also known as endurance activities, cardio or cardio-respiratory exercise) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. "Aerobic" is defined as "relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to meet energ...	The National Institute on Aging's Go4Life initiative has a YouTube channel of suggested exercises for older adults. The NIA recommends a number of measures for safety during aerobic exercise: Light activity as a warm up and a cool down. Endurance activities should not cause dizziness, chest pain or pressure, or a fe...	[]	[ "For older adults" ]	[ "Aerobic exercise", "Exercise physiology" ]
projected-00309208-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic%20exercise	Aerobic exercise	Similar activities	Aerobic exercise (also known as endurance activities, cardio or cardio-respiratory exercise) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. "Aerobic" is defined as "relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to meet energ...	Higher intensity exercise, such as High-intensity interval training (HIIT), increases the resting metabolic rate (RMR) in the 24 hours following high intensity exercise, ultimately burning more calories than lower intensity exercise; low intensity exercise burns more calories during the exercise, due to the increased d...	[]	[ "Similar activities" ]	[ "Aerobic exercise", "Exercise physiology" ]
projected-00309208-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic%20exercise	Aerobic exercise	Businesses	Aerobic exercise (also known as endurance activities, cardio or cardio-respiratory exercise) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. "Aerobic" is defined as "relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to meet energ...	Aerobic exercise has long been a popular approach to achieving weight loss and physical fitness, often taking a commercial form. In the 1970s, Judi Sheppard Missett helped create the market for commercial aerobics with her Jazzercise program, at the same time as Jacki Sorensen was expanding her system of aerobic danc...	[]	[ "Businesses" ]	[ "Aerobic exercise", "Exercise physiology" ]
projected-00309208-012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic%20exercise	Aerobic exercise	See also	Aerobic exercise (also known as endurance activities, cardio or cardio-respiratory exercise) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. "Aerobic" is defined as "relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to meet energ...	5BX, for men XBX, for women Aerobics Anaerobic exercise High-intensity interval training Endurance training Exercise physiology Neurobiological effects of physical exercise Cellular respiration	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Aerobic exercise", "Exercise physiology" ]
projected-00309214-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20supermarket%20chains%20in%20Germany	List of supermarket chains in Germany	Introduction		This is a list of current German supermarket chains.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Lists of supermarket chains by country", "Supermarkets of Germany", "Lists of companies of Germany" ]
projected-00309214-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20supermarket%20chains%20in%20Germany	List of supermarket chains in Germany	See also	This is a list of current German supermarket chains.	List of supermarket chains Indian grocery online in Germany	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Lists of supermarket chains by country", "Supermarkets of Germany", "Lists of companies of Germany" ]
projected-00309214-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20supermarket%20chains%20in%20Germany	List of supermarket chains in Germany	References	This is a list of current German supermarket chains.	Germany Supermarkets	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "Lists of supermarket chains by country", "Supermarkets of Germany", "Lists of companies of Germany" ]
projected-00309216-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogging	Jogging	Introduction		Jogging is a form of trotting or running at a slow or leisurely pace. The main intention is to increase physical fitness with less stress on the body than from faster running but more than walking, or to maintain a steady speed for longer periods of time. Performed over long distances, it is a form of aerobic endurance...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Aerobic exercise", "Physical exercise" ]
projected-00309216-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogging	Jogging	Definition	Jogging is a form of trotting or running at a slow or leisurely pace. The main intention is to increase physical fitness with less stress on the body than from faster running but more than walking, or to maintain a steady speed for longer periods of time. Performed over long distances, it is a form of aerobic endurance...	Jogging is running at a gentle pace; its definition, as compared with running, is not standard. In general, jogging speed is between Running is sometimes defined as requiring a moment of no contact to the ground, whereas jogging often sustains the contact.	[ "HK Ap Lei Chau Wind Tower Park 鴨脷洲風之谷公園 visitors 緩跑徑 Jogging track April-2012.JPG" ]	[ "Definition" ]	[ "Aerobic exercise", "Physical exercise" ]
projected-00309216-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogging	Jogging	History	Jogging is a form of trotting or running at a slow or leisurely pace. The main intention is to increase physical fitness with less stress on the body than from faster running but more than walking, or to maintain a steady speed for longer periods of time. Performed over long distances, it is a form of aerobic endurance...	The word jog originated in England in the mid-16th century. The etymology of the word is unknown, but it may be related to shog or have been a new invention. In 1593, William Shakespeare wrote in Taming of the Shrew, "you may be jogging whiles your boots are green". At that point, it usually meant to leave. The term j...	[ "Villa del Casale - mosaique femme sport.jpeg" ]	[ "History" ]	[ "Aerobic exercise", "Physical exercise" ]
projected-00309216-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogging	Jogging	Exercise	Jogging is a form of trotting or running at a slow or leisurely pace. The main intention is to increase physical fitness with less stress on the body than from faster running but more than walking, or to maintain a steady speed for longer periods of time. Performed over long distances, it is a form of aerobic endurance...	Jogging may also be used as a warm up or cool down for runners, preceding or following a workout or race. It is often used by serious runners as a means of active recovery during interval training. For example, a runner who completes a fast 400 meter repetition at a sub-5-minute mile pace (3 minute km) may drop to an...	[]	[ "Exercise" ]	[ "Aerobic exercise", "Physical exercise" ]
projected-00309216-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogging	Jogging	Benefits	Jogging is a form of trotting or running at a slow or leisurely pace. The main intention is to increase physical fitness with less stress on the body than from faster running but more than walking, or to maintain a steady speed for longer periods of time. Performed over long distances, it is a form of aerobic endurance...	According to a study by Stanford University School of Medicine, jogging is effective in increasing human lifespan, and decreasing the effects of aging, with benefits for the cardiovascular system. Jogging is useful for fighting obesity and staying healthy. The National Cancer Institute has performed studies that sugge...	[ "SÄPO Joggen i Almedalen 2015 (25014840513).jpg", "Jogging - near arakawa river - tokyo japan - 2022 may 3.webm" ]	[ "Benefits" ]	[ "Aerobic exercise", "Physical exercise" ]
projected-00309216-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogging	Jogging	See also	Jogging is a form of trotting or running at a slow or leisurely pace. The main intention is to increase physical fitness with less stress on the body than from faster running but more than walking, or to maintain a steady speed for longer periods of time. Performed over long distances, it is a form of aerobic endurance...	5K run Activewear Jim Fixx Global Running Day Marathon Outline of running Physical exercise Plogging	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Aerobic exercise", "Physical exercise" ]
projected-00309216-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogging	Jogging	Further reading	Jogging is a form of trotting or running at a slow or leisurely pace. The main intention is to increase physical fitness with less stress on the body than from faster running but more than walking, or to maintain a steady speed for longer periods of time. Performed over long distances, it is a form of aerobic endurance...	Bowerman, William J.; Harris, W.E.; Shea, James M. Jogging, New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1967. LCCN 67016154. Fixx, James. The Complete Book of Running (Hardcover), Random House; 1st edition, 12 September 1977. . Fixx, James. Jim Fixx's Second Book of Running (Hardcover), Random House; 1st edition, 12 March 1980. .	[]	[ "Further reading" ]	[ "Aerobic exercise", "Physical exercise" ]
projected-00309217-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20the%20Giant%20Killer	Jack the Giant Killer	Introduction		"Jack the Giant Killer" is a Cornish fairy tale and legend about a young adult who slays a number of bad giants during King Arthur's reign. The tale is characterised by violence, gore and blood-letting. Giants are prominent in Cornish folklore, Breton mythology and Welsh Bardic lore. Some parallels to elements and inci...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Jack the Giant Killer", "1711 books", "Arthurian literature in English", "European fairy tales", "Fiction about shapeshifting", "The Devil in fairy tales" ]
projected-00309217-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20the%20Giant%20Killer	Jack the Giant Killer	Plot	"Jack the Giant Killer" is a Cornish fairy tale and legend about a young adult who slays a number of bad giants during King Arthur's reign. The tale is characterised by violence, gore and blood-letting. Giants are prominent in Cornish folklore, Breton mythology and Welsh Bardic lore. Some parallels to elements and inci...	This plot summary is based on a text published c. 1760 by John Cotton and Joshua Eddowes, which in its turn was based on a chapbook c. 1711, and reprinted in The Classic Fairy Tales by Iona and Peter Opie in 1974. The tale is set during the reign of King Arthur and tells of a young Cornish farmer's son named Jack who ...	[ "Cormoran.png", "St Michael's Mount.jpg" ]	[ "Plot" ]	[ "Jack the Giant Killer", "1711 books", "Arthurian literature in English", "European fairy tales", "Fiction about shapeshifting", "The Devil in fairy tales" ]
projected-00309217-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20the%20Giant%20Killer	Jack the Giant Killer	Background	"Jack the Giant Killer" is a Cornish fairy tale and legend about a young adult who slays a number of bad giants during King Arthur's reign. The tale is characterised by violence, gore and blood-letting. Giants are prominent in Cornish folklore, Breton mythology and Welsh Bardic lore. Some parallels to elements and inci...	Tales of monsters and heroes are abundant around the world, making the source of "Jack the Giant Killer" difficult to pin down. However, the ascription of Jack's relation to Cornwall suggests a Brythonic (Celtic) origin. The early Welsh tale How Culhwch won Olwen (tentatively dated to c. 1100), set in Arthurian Britai...	[ "Louis Huard - Giant Skrymir and Thor.jpg" ]	[ "Background" ]	[ "Jack the Giant Killer", "1711 books", "Arthurian literature in English", "European fairy tales", "Fiction about shapeshifting", "The Devil in fairy tales" ]
projected-00309217-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20the%20Giant%20Killer	Jack the Giant Killer	Bluebeard	"Jack the Giant Killer" is a Cornish fairy tale and legend about a young adult who slays a number of bad giants during King Arthur's reign. The tale is characterised by violence, gore and blood-letting. Giants are prominent in Cornish folklore, Breton mythology and Welsh Bardic lore. Some parallels to elements and inci...	The Opies observe that "no telling of the tale has been recorded in English oral tradition", and that no mention of the tale is made in sixteenth or seventeenth century literature, lending weight to the probability of the tale originating from the oral traditions of the Cornish (and/or Breton) 'droll teller'. The 17th ...	[]	[ "Background", "Bluebeard" ]	[ "Jack the Giant Killer", "1711 books", "Arthurian literature in English", "European fairy tales", "Fiction about shapeshifting", "The Devil in fairy tales" ]
projected-00309217-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20the%20Giant%20Killer	Jack the Giant Killer	The History of Jack and the Giants	"Jack the Giant Killer" is a Cornish fairy tale and legend about a young adult who slays a number of bad giants during King Arthur's reign. The tale is characterised by violence, gore and blood-letting. Giants are prominent in Cornish folklore, Breton mythology and Welsh Bardic lore. Some parallels to elements and inci...	"The History of Jack and the Giants" (the earliest known edition) was published in two parts by J. White of Newcastle in 1711, the Opies indicate, but was not listed in catalogues or inventories of the period nor was Jack one of the folk heroes in the repertoire of Robert Powel (i.e., Martin Powell), a puppeteer establ...	[ "Newbery-Pocket-Book.jpg" ]	[ "Background", "The History of Jack and the Giants" ]	[ "Jack the Giant Killer", "1711 books", "Arthurian literature in English", "European fairy tales", "Fiction about shapeshifting", "The Devil in fairy tales" ]
projected-00309217-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20the%20Giant%20Killer	Jack the Giant Killer	British giants	"Jack the Giant Killer" is a Cornish fairy tale and legend about a young adult who slays a number of bad giants during King Arthur's reign. The tale is characterised by violence, gore and blood-letting. Giants are prominent in Cornish folklore, Breton mythology and Welsh Bardic lore. Some parallels to elements and inci...	John Matthews writes in Taliesin: Shamanism and the Bardic Mysteries in Britain and Ireland (1992) that giants are very common throughout British folklore, and often represent the "original" inhabitants, ancestors, or gods of the island before the coming of "civilised man", their gigantic stature reflecting their "othe...	[ "Cerne-abbas-giant-2001-cropped.jpg", "Blunderbore.png", "Galligantus - Project Gutenberg eText 17034.jpg" ]	[ "British giants" ]	[ "Jack the Giant Killer", "1711 books", "Arthurian literature in English", "European fairy tales", "Fiction about shapeshifting", "The Devil in fairy tales" ]
projected-00309217-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20the%20Giant%20Killer	Jack the Giant Killer	H. G. Wells	"Jack the Giant Killer" is a Cornish fairy tale and legend about a young adult who slays a number of bad giants during King Arthur's reign. The tale is characterised by violence, gore and blood-letting. Giants are prominent in Cornish folklore, Breton mythology and Welsh Bardic lore. Some parallels to elements and inci...	in the 1904 novel The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth, H. G. Wells depicted the appearance of giants in the concrete reality of early 20th Century Britain. The giants arouse increasing hostility and prejudice, eventually leading to a rabble-rousing politician named Caterham forming an "Anti-Giant Party" and ...	[]	[ "H. G. Wells" ]	[ "Jack the Giant Killer", "1711 books", "Arthurian literature in English", "European fairy tales", "Fiction about shapeshifting", "The Devil in fairy tales" ]
projected-00309217-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20the%20Giant%20Killer	Jack the Giant Killer	1962 film	"Jack the Giant Killer" is a Cornish fairy tale and legend about a young adult who slays a number of bad giants during King Arthur's reign. The tale is characterised by violence, gore and blood-letting. Giants are prominent in Cornish folklore, Breton mythology and Welsh Bardic lore. Some parallels to elements and inci...	In 1962, United Artists released a middle-budget film produced by Edward Small and directed by Nathan H. Juran called Jack the Giant Killer. Kerwin Mathews stars as Jack and Torin Thatcher as the sorcerer Pendragon.	[]	[ "Adaptations", "Films", "1962 film" ]	[ "Jack the Giant Killer", "1711 books", "Arthurian literature in English", "European fairy tales", "Fiction about shapeshifting", "The Devil in fairy tales" ]
projected-00309217-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20the%20Giant%20Killer	Jack the Giant Killer	Jack the Giant Slayer	"Jack the Giant Killer" is a Cornish fairy tale and legend about a young adult who slays a number of bad giants during King Arthur's reign. The tale is characterised by violence, gore and blood-letting. Giants are prominent in Cornish folklore, Breton mythology and Welsh Bardic lore. Some parallels to elements and inci...	The film Jack the Giant Slayer, directed by Bryan Singer and starring Nicholas Hoult was produced by Legendary Pictures and was released on 1 March 2013. It is a very loose adaption of both "Jack and the Beanstalk" and "Jack the Giant Killer".	[]	[ "Adaptations", "Films", "Jack the Giant Slayer" ]	[ "Jack the Giant Killer", "1711 books", "Arthurian literature in English", "European fairy tales", "Fiction about shapeshifting", "The Devil in fairy tales" ]
projected-00309217-011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20the%20Giant%20Killer	Jack the Giant Killer	2013 film	"Jack the Giant Killer" is a Cornish fairy tale and legend about a young adult who slays a number of bad giants during King Arthur's reign. The tale is characterised by violence, gore and blood-letting. Giants are prominent in Cornish folklore, Breton mythology and Welsh Bardic lore. Some parallels to elements and inci...	The direct-to video film Jack the Giant Killer is a 2013 American fantasy film produced by The Asylum and directed by Mark Atkins. A modern take of the fairy tales Jack the Giant Killer and Jack and the Beanstalk, the film stars Ben Cross and Jane March. It is a mockbuster of Jack the Giant Slayer. It was released on D...	[]	[ "Adaptations", "Films", "2013 film" ]	[ "Jack the Giant Killer", "1711 books", "Arthurian literature in English", "European fairy tales", "Fiction about shapeshifting", "The Devil in fairy tales" ]
projected-00309217-012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20the%20Giant%20Killer	Jack the Giant Killer	Video game	"Jack the Giant Killer" is a Cornish fairy tale and legend about a young adult who slays a number of bad giants during King Arthur's reign. The tale is characterised by violence, gore and blood-letting. Giants are prominent in Cornish folklore, Breton mythology and Welsh Bardic lore. Some parallels to elements and inci...	Jack the Giantkiller is a 1982 arcade game developed and published by Cinematronics. It is based on the 19th-century English fairy tale Jack and the Beanstalk. In Japan, the game was released as Treasure Hunt. There were no home console ports.	[]	[ "Video game" ]	[ "Jack the Giant Killer", "1711 books", "Arthurian literature in English", "European fairy tales", "Fiction about shapeshifting", "The Devil in fairy tales" ]
projected-00309217-013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20the%20Giant%20Killer	Jack the Giant Killer	See also	"Jack the Giant Killer" is a Cornish fairy tale and legend about a young adult who slays a number of bad giants during King Arthur's reign. The tale is characterised by violence, gore and blood-letting. Giants are prominent in Cornish folklore, Breton mythology and Welsh Bardic lore. Some parallels to elements and inci...	Jack and the Beanstalk	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Jack the Giant Killer", "1711 books", "Arthurian literature in English", "European fairy tales", "Fiction about shapeshifting", "The Devil in fairy tales" ]
projected-00309217-016	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20the%20Giant%20Killer	Jack the Giant Killer	Further reading	"Jack the Giant Killer" is a Cornish fairy tale and legend about a young adult who slays a number of bad giants during King Arthur's reign. The tale is characterised by violence, gore and blood-letting. Giants are prominent in Cornish folklore, Breton mythology and Welsh Bardic lore. Some parallels to elements and inci...	Green, Thomas. “Tom Thumb and Jack the Giant-Killer: Two Arthurian Fairytales?” In: Folklore 118 (2007): 123-140. DOI:10.1080/00155870701337296 Weiss, Harry B. "The Autochthonal Tale of Jack the Giant Killer." The Scientific Monthly 28, no. 2 (1929): 126-33. Accessed June 30, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/14578.	[]	[ "Further reading" ]	[ "Jack the Giant Killer", "1711 books", "Arthurian literature in English", "European fairy tales", "Fiction about shapeshifting", "The Devil in fairy tales" ]
projected-00309218-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petitioner	Petitioner	Introduction		A petitioner is a person who pleads with governmental institution for a legal remedy or a redress of grievances, through use of a petition.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Common law legal terminology", "Judicial legal terminology", "Civil law legal terminology" ]
projected-00309218-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petitioner	Petitioner	In the courts	A petitioner is a person who pleads with governmental institution for a legal remedy or a redress of grievances, through use of a petition.	The petitioner may seek a legal remedy if the state or another private person has acted unlawfully. In this case, the petitioner, often called a plaintiff, will submit a plea to a court to resolve the dispute.	[]	[ "In the courts" ]	[ "Common law legal terminology", "Judicial legal terminology", "Civil law legal terminology" ]
projected-00309218-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petitioner	Petitioner	To the government	A petitioner is a person who pleads with governmental institution for a legal remedy or a redress of grievances, through use of a petition.	On the other hand, the petitioner may be complaining against the law it to "... make no law... abridging... the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for redress of grievances". A petitioner need not seek a change to an existing law. Often, petitioners speak against (or in support o...	[]	[ "To the government" ]	[ "Common law legal terminology", "Judicial legal terminology", "Civil law legal terminology" ]
projected-00309218-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petitioner	Petitioner	The Whig party	A petitioner is a person who pleads with governmental institution for a legal remedy or a redress of grievances, through use of a petition.	A group of 17th century English politicians became known as Petitioners, due to their support of the Exclusion Bill, a bill which would prevent the succession to the throne of the Catholic James, Duke of York, the heir apparent of King Charles II. After the House of Commons passed the Bill, Charles dissolved Parliament...	[]	[ "The Whig party" ]	[ "Common law legal terminology", "Judicial legal terminology", "Civil law legal terminology" ]
projected-00309218-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petitioner	Petitioner	See also	A petitioner is a person who pleads with governmental institution for a legal remedy or a redress of grievances, through use of a petition.	Petition Special Leave Petitions in India Old Order German Baptist Brethren, also called "Petitioners" Category:Common law legal terminology Category:Judicial legal terminology Category:Civil law legal terminology	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Common law legal terminology", "Judicial legal terminology", "Civil law legal terminology" ]
projected-00309219-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora	Sora	Introduction		Sora or SORA may refer to:	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[]
projected-00309219-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora	Sora	People	Sora or SORA may refer to:	Sora (Japanese given name), a unisex Japanese given name Sora (Korean given name), a feminine Korean given name Lembu Sora (), Indonesian warlord Mihai Șora, Romanian philosopher Sora people, an Indian ethnic group	[]	[ "People" ]	[]
projected-00309219-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora	Sora	Places	Sora or SORA may refer to:	Sora, Chile Sora, Boyacá, Central Boyacá Province, Colombia Sora (Klipphausen), Meißen, Saxony, Germany Sora (Wilthen), Bautzen, Saxony, Germany Sora, Lazio, Italy Sorá, Chame District, Panama Sora, Medvode, Slovenia Sora (river), in Upper Carniola, Slovenia Sora-myeon, Yeosu, South Jeolla, South Korea Sora, B...	[]	[ "Places" ]	[]
projected-00309219-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora	Sora	Entertainment	Sora or SORA may refer to:	Sora (album), a 2007 album by Japanese singer Yui Aragaki Sora (Kingdom Hearts), the protagonist in the Kingdom Hearts series Sora Ltd., a Japanese video game developer Project Sora, a subsidiary of Japanese video game developer Nintendo Soap opera rapid aging syndrome, a plot device in television dramas	[]	[ "Entertainment" ]	[]
projected-00309219-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora	Sora	SORA	Sora or SORA may refer to:	Sapporo Convention Center, also known as SORA Southern Rails Cooperative, with reporting mark "SORA"	[]	[ "SORA" ]	[]
projected-00309219-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora	Sora	Other uses	Sora or SORA may refer to:	Cycling apparel brand in Turkey Sora Cycling Sora (bird), a small waterbird of the family Rallidae Sora language, spoken in India ACS-100 Sora, a Brazilian light sports aircraft A.S.D. G.C. Sora, an Italian association football club Shimano Sora, an entry level road bicycle component groupset by Shimano Selective...	[]	[ "Other uses" ]	[]
projected-00309219-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora	Sora	See also	Sora or SORA may refer to:	Sola (disambiguation)	[]	[ "See also" ]	[]
projected-00309220-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau%20Tekong	Pulau Tekong	Introduction		{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2611322", "title": "Pulau Tekong" } Pulau Tekong, also known colloquially as Tekong or Tekong Island, is the second-largest of Singapore's outlying islands after Jurong Island. Tekong is located off Singapore's northeastern coast, east of Pulau Ubin. Si...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Pulau Tekong", "Islands of Singapore", "North-Eastern Islands", "Hakka culture in Singapore" ]
projected-00309220-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau%20Tekong	Pulau Tekong	Etymology	{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2611322", "title": "Pulau Tekong" } Pulau Tekong, also known colloquially as Tekong or Tekong Island, is the second-largest of Singapore's outlying islands after Jurong Island. Tekong is located off Singapore's northeastern coast, east of Pulau Ubin. Si...	Pulau Tekong appears in the Franklin and Jackson's 1828 map as Po. Tukang. The early name could have arisen because the island served as a trading station for both residents of Pulau Ubin and the state of Johor. Tukang means merchants in this case. Tekong means "an obstacle", so-called because the island blocks the mo...	[]	[ "Etymology" ]	[ "Pulau Tekong", "Islands of Singapore", "North-Eastern Islands", "Hakka culture in Singapore" ]
projected-00309220-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau%20Tekong	Pulau Tekong	Civilian era	{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2611322", "title": "Pulau Tekong" } Pulau Tekong, also known colloquially as Tekong or Tekong Island, is the second-largest of Singapore's outlying islands after Jurong Island. Tekong is located off Singapore's northeastern coast, east of Pulau Ubin. Si...	The island was once home to 5000 inhabitants, the last of which moved out in 1987. 60 percent of the inhabitants were Chinese, out of which 70 percent were Hakkas and 30 percent were Teochews, and 40 percent were Malays. There were a few Indians as well. The reason for Hakka being the majority of the Chinese populatio...	[]	[ "History", "Civilian era" ]	[ "Pulau Tekong", "Islands of Singapore", "North-Eastern Islands", "Hakka culture in Singapore" ]
projected-00309220-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau%20Tekong	Pulau Tekong	Military era	{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2611322", "title": "Pulau Tekong" } Pulau Tekong, also known colloquially as Tekong or Tekong Island, is the second-largest of Singapore's outlying islands after Jurong Island. Tekong is located off Singapore's northeastern coast, east of Pulau Ubin. Si...	On 29 May 1990, national servicemen spotted a family of three Indian elephants which had swum across the Straits of Johor. The Singapore Zoo worked with the Malaysian Wildlife Department's Elephant Capture and Translocation Unit to help in its plan to recapture the runaway elephants. On 10 June, all three elephants we...	[]	[ "History", "Military era" ]	[ "Pulau Tekong", "Islands of Singapore", "North-Eastern Islands", "Hakka culture in Singapore" ]
projected-00309220-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau%20Tekong	Pulau Tekong	Current usage	{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2611322", "title": "Pulau Tekong" } Pulau Tekong, also known colloquially as Tekong or Tekong Island, is the second-largest of Singapore's outlying islands after Jurong Island. Tekong is located off Singapore's northeastern coast, east of Pulau Ubin. Si...	Pulau Tekong is used exclusively as a training base for the Singapore Army. Pulau Tekong Besar is one of the islands that is a training base for the various Singapore Army with other islands, including Pulau Sudong, Pulau Pawai and Pulau Senang. The Basic Military Training Centre is based here, where recruits to the S...	[ "Changi Beach Park 2, Aug 06.JPG" ]	[ "History", "Current usage" ]	[ "Pulau Tekong", "Islands of Singapore", "North-Eastern Islands", "Hakka culture in Singapore" ]
projected-00309220-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau%20Tekong	Pulau Tekong	Coastal protection	{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2611322", "title": "Pulau Tekong" } Pulau Tekong, also known colloquially as Tekong or Tekong Island, is the second-largest of Singapore's outlying islands after Jurong Island. Tekong is located off Singapore's northeastern coast, east of Pulau Ubin. Si...	The National Biodiversity Centre (NBC) and National Parks Board (NParks) has conducted coastal protection and restoration works at the north-eastern coastline of Pulau Tekong to prevent further coastal erosion. The NBC stated that the erosion had resulted from extensive movements of ships and strong waves in the area. ...	[]	[ "History", "Coastal protection" ]	[ "Pulau Tekong", "Islands of Singapore", "North-Eastern Islands", "Hakka culture in Singapore" ]
projected-00309220-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau%20Tekong	Pulau Tekong	In popular culture	{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2611322", "title": "Pulau Tekong" } Pulau Tekong, also known colloquially as Tekong or Tekong Island, is the second-largest of Singapore's outlying islands after Jurong Island. Tekong is located off Singapore's northeastern coast, east of Pulau Ubin. Si...	In Singaporean folklore, the island is deemed to be extremely haunted. The Singapore Broadcasting Corporation (now Mediacorp) Channel 8 drama "Son of Pulau Tekong" portrayed the lives of the inhabitants of Pulau Tekong before it was turned into a training area for the Singapore Armed Forces. It is unclear whether th...	[]	[ "In popular culture" ]	[ "Pulau Tekong", "Islands of Singapore", "North-Eastern Islands", "Hakka culture in Singapore" ]
projected-00309220-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau%20Tekong	Pulau Tekong	Works cited	{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q2611322", "title": "Pulau Tekong" } Pulau Tekong, also known colloquially as Tekong or Tekong Island, is the second-largest of Singapore's outlying islands after Jurong Island. Tekong is located off Singapore's northeastern coast, east of Pulau Ubin. Si...	Victor R Savage, Brenda S A Yeoh (2003), Toponymics - A Study of Singapore Street Names, Eastern Universities Press,	[]	[ "Works cited" ]	[ "Pulau Tekong", "Islands of Singapore", "North-Eastern Islands", "Hakka culture in Singapore" ]
projected-00309221-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubrication	Lubrication	Introduction		Lubrication is the process or technique of using a lubricant to reduce friction and wear and tear in a contact between two surfaces. The study of lubrication is a discipline in the field of tribology. Lubrication mechanisms such as fluid-lubricated systems are designed so that the applied load is partially or complete...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Lubrication", "Tribology", "Lubricants" ]
projected-00309221-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubrication	Lubrication	Fluid-lubricated systems	Lubrication is the process or technique of using a lubricant to reduce friction and wear and tear in a contact between two surfaces. The study of lubrication is a discipline in the field of tribology. Lubrication mechanisms such as fluid-lubricated systems are designed so that the applied load is partially or complete...	As the load increases on the contacting surfaces, distinct situations can be observed with respect to the mode of lubrication, which are called lubrication regimes: Fluid film lubrication is the lubrication regime in which, through viscous forces, the load is fully supported by the lubricant within the space or gap be...	[]	[ "Lubrication mechanisms", "Fluid-lubricated systems" ]	[ "Lubrication", "Tribology", "Lubricants" ]
projected-00309222-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer%20Rupp	Rainer Rupp	Introduction		Rainer Rupp (born September 21, 1945 in Saarlouis, Germany) is a former top spy who worked under the codenames Mosel and later Topaz for the East German intelligence service HVA (General Reconnaissance Administration) in the NATO headquarters in Brussels from 1977 until 1989, releasing documents of the highest importan...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1945 births", "Living people", "West German spies for East Germany", "People convicted of spying for East Germany", "NATO personnel" ]
projected-00309222-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer%20Rupp	Rainer Rupp	Biography	Rainer Rupp (born September 21, 1945 in Saarlouis, Germany) is a former top spy who worked under the codenames Mosel and later Topaz for the East German intelligence service HVA (General Reconnaissance Administration) in the NATO headquarters in Brussels from 1977 until 1989, releasing documents of the highest importan...	Rupp grew up in West Germany with strong leftist political leanings. In 1968, as a student in Mainz, employment as a spy for the GDR was suggested to him, and he agreed out of conviction. He continued his studies in Brussels, was trained as a spy in East Berlin and was hired by NATO in 1977. He rose quickly in the rank...	[]	[ "Biography" ]	[ "1945 births", "Living people", "West German spies for East Germany", "People convicted of spying for East Germany", "NATO personnel" ]
projected-00309222-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer%20Rupp	Rainer Rupp	Averted atomic war claim	Rainer Rupp (born September 21, 1945 in Saarlouis, Germany) is a former top spy who worked under the codenames Mosel and later Topaz for the East German intelligence service HVA (General Reconnaissance Administration) in the NATO headquarters in Brussels from 1977 until 1989, releasing documents of the highest importan...	Rupp claims that his activities may have averted a nuclear war in the fall of 1983, a claim that is not entirely unfounded according to American experts. In an interview for the Channel 4 programme "1983: The Brink of Apocalypse", about exercise Able Archer 83, broadcast in the UK on 5 January 2008, he said that he had...	[]	[ "Averted atomic war claim" ]	[ "1945 births", "Living people", "West German spies for East Germany", "People convicted of spying for East Germany", "NATO personnel" ]
projected-00309222-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer%20Rupp	Rainer Rupp	References	Rainer Rupp (born September 21, 1945 in Saarlouis, Germany) is a former top spy who worked under the codenames Mosel and later Topaz for the East German intelligence service HVA (General Reconnaissance Administration) in the NATO headquarters in Brussels from 1977 until 1989, releasing documents of the highest importan...	Category:1945 births Category:Living people Category:West German spies for East Germany Category:People convicted of spying for East Germany Category:NATO personnel	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "1945 births", "Living people", "West German spies for East Germany", "People convicted of spying for East Germany", "NATO personnel" ]
projected-00309225-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthurlie%20F.C.	Arthurlie F.C.	Introduction		Arthurlie Football Club are a Scottish football club from Barrhead, East Renfrewshire. Based at Dunterlie Park, they play in the West of Scotland Football League. The club played in the Scottish Football League in two spells, 1901 to 1915 and 1923 to 1929. They have won the Scottish Junior Cup twice, in 1937 and 1998.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Arthurlie F.C.", "Association football clubs established in 1874", "Football clubs in Scotland", "Scottish Junior Football Association clubs", "Football in East Renfrewshire", "Scottish Football League teams", "1874 establishments in Scotland", "Barrhead", "West of Scotland Football League teams" ]