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text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 31 389 | page_title stringlengths 1 250 | section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k | context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k | context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k | media list | hierachy list | category list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
projected-00309248-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Model 1871 and derivatives | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | The Mauser Model 1871 was the Mauser brothers' first rifle. It was adopted by the German Empire (except for the Kingdom of Bavaria) as the Gewehr 71 or Infanterie-Gewehr 71 (I.G.Mod.71 was engraved on the rifles). Production began at the Oberndorf factory for the infantry version, which fired a black powder 11×60mm rou... | [
"Infanteriegewehr m-1871 Mauser - Tyskland - kaliber 10,95mm - Armémuseum.jpg"
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"Bolt-action rifles"
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projected-00309248-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Models 1889/90/91 and Experimental Model 92 | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | After the Mauser brothers finished work on the Model 71/84 in 1880, the design team set out to create a small caliber repeater that used smokeless powder. Because of setbacks brought on by Wilhelm Mauser's death, they failed to have the design completed by 1882, and the German Rifle Test Commission (Gewehr-Prüfungskomm... | [
"Gevär försöksmodell 1892 - System Mauser - 8x58R - Armémuseum.jpg"
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"Mauser firearms pre-1945",
"Rifles",
"Models 1889/90/91 and Experimental Model 92"
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"Companies established in 1874",
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"Firearm manufacturers of Germany",
"Defence companies of Germany",
"1874 establishments in Germany",
"Bolt-action rifles"
] |
projected-00309248-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Spanish M93 | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | The Mauser Model 1893 is a bolt-action rifle commonly referred to as the "Spanish Mauser", though the model was adopted by other countries in other calibers, most notably the Ottoman Empire. The M93 introduced a short staggered-column box magazine as standard, holding five smokeless 7×57mm Mauser rounds flush with the ... | [] | [
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"Spanish M93"
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"Companies disestablished in 2004",
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"Firearm manufacturers of Germany",
"Defence companies of Germany",
"1874 establishments in Germany",
"Bolt-action rifles"
] |
projected-00309248-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Swedish M1894 rifle | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | The Swedish army was issued the Model 94. The similar Model 1895 was sold to Mexico, Chile, Uruguay, China, Persia, and the South African states of Transvaal and the Orange Free State (Boers). A safety feature offered by the Model 1895 was a low shoulder at the rear of the receiver, just behind the base of the bolt han... | [
"Karbin m-1894 - 6,5x55mm - Armémuseum.jpg"
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"Swedish M1894 rifle"
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] |
projected-00309248-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Chilean Mauser Model 1895 | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | The Mauser Model 1895 adopted as Fusil Mauser Chileno Mo 1895 by Chilean forces, is a bolt operated magazine fed rifle using the 7×57mm Mauser cartridge. It is the first major modification of the Mauser Model 1893 and was produced by Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken, known as DWM, and Ludwig Loewe Company from 189... | [] | [
"Mauser firearms pre-1945",
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"Chilean Mauser Model 1895"
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"Firearm manufacturers of Germany",
"Defence companies of Germany",
"1874 establishments in Germany",
"Bolt-action rifles"
] |
projected-00309248-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Model 1896 | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | On 3 November 1893, the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway adopted the 6.5×55 mm cartridge. As a result, the Swedes chambered their new service weapons, the m/94 carbine and m/96 rifle, in this round. The rifle action was manufactured relatively unchanged from 1896 to 1944, and the m/94 Carbine, m/96 Rifle, m/38 Shor... | [
"Gevär m-1896 - Modellexemplar tillverkat 1896 - 6,5x55mm - Armemuseum.jpg"
] | [
"Mauser firearms pre-1945",
"Rifles",
"Model 1896"
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"Companies established in 1874",
"Companies disestablished in 2004",
"Mauser firearms",
"Firearm manufacturers of Germany",
"Defence companies of Germany",
"1874 establishments in Germany",
"Bolt-action rifles"
] |
projected-00309248-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Model 1898 | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | In 1898 the German Army purchased a Mauser design, the Model 98, which incorporated improvements introduced in earlier models. The weapon was originally chambered for the Patrone 88 and officially entered German service as the Gew. 98 on April 5, 1898. This remains by far the most successful of the Mauser designs, help... | [
"Mauser m98.jpg"
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"Model 1898"
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"Defence companies of Germany",
"1874 establishments in Germany",
"Bolt-action rifles"
] |
projected-00309248-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | G98 derivatives | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | Many military rifles derive from the M98 design. Some of these were German-made by various contractors other than Mauser:
M1902 & M1936 Mexican in 7×57mm Mauser
M1903 Turkish in 7.65×53mm Argentine
M1907 Chinese in 6.8×57mm
M1904 Portuguese in 6.5×58mm Vergueiro, 7×57mm Mauser and 7.92×57mm Mauser
M1907 and M1908 ... | [] | [
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"Firearm manufacturers of Germany",
"Defence companies of Germany",
"1874 establishments in Germany",
"Bolt-action rifles"
] |
projected-00309248-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Type A, Model B, Model K, Armee-Model C, Africa Model | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | A series of very successful hunting rifles were developed in the first decades of the 20th century. The Special Rifle Type A was the top-of-the-line sporting rifle of the early 20th century. The Model B (B for Büchse) and Model K were sport rifles offered in many configurations. The Model C, made from 1903 to 1930, was... | [] | [
"Mauser firearms pre-1945",
"Rifles",
"Type A, Model B, Model K, Armee-Model C, Africa Model"
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"Bolt-action rifles"
] |
projected-00309248-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Model M and model S | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | The Model M was introduced in 1914. A Model S (S for stutzen or short) was also offered. | [] | [
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] |
projected-00309248-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Mauser M1916 | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | The Mauser M1916, or Mauser selbstladekarabiner (self-loading carbine), was a semi-automatic rifle that used a delayed blowback mechanism and fed from 25-round detachable magazine. The process of developing a semi-automatic rifle cost Paul Mauser an eye when a prototype suffered an out-of-battery detonation. The mechan... | [
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"Bolt-action rifles"
] |
projected-00309248-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Mauser 1925 Special range rifle | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | The 1925 Special range rifle was a commercial product introduced in 1925 and sold in the United States. It was intended for high accuracy range shooting. The company also produced a .22 caliber training rifle during this time frame. | [] | [
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"Mauser 1925 Special range rifle"
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] |
projected-00309248-023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Karabiner 98k | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | The Karabiner 98k "Mauser" (often abbreviated "K98k" or "Kar98k"), adopted in the mid- 1930s, became the most common infantry rifle in service in the German Army during World War II. The design was developed from the Karabiner 98b, one of the carbines developed from the Model 1898. The K98k was first adopted by the Weh... | [
"Kar 98K - AM.021488.jpg"
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] |
projected-00309248-024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Mauser KKW cadet rifle | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | The Mauser KKW cadet rifle is a single shot, .22 caliber rifle that was introduced in 1938. It is virtually identical to the Karabiner 98k. These cadet rifles were used by all German military, paramilitary and police organizations, especially the Hitler Youth. | [] | [
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] |
projected-00309248-025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Gewehr 41 | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | The Gewehr 41 rifles, commonly known as the "G41(W)" or "G41(M)", were semi-automatic rifles used by Nazi Germany during World War II. By 1940 the Wehrmacht issued a specification to various manufacturers, and Mauser and Walther submitted prototypes that were very similar. Both Gewehr 41 models used a mechanism known a... | [
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"Bolt-action rifles"
] |
projected-00309248-027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Mauser C78 "zig-zag" Revolver | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | The Mauser C78 zig-zag was a revolver manufactured by Mauser during the late 19th century. It was Paul Mauser's first handgun design. | [
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"Bolt-action rifles"
] |
projected-00309248-028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | C1896 Pistol | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | Mauser branched out into pistol design in 1896, producing the C96, commonly known as "broomhandle," designed by the three brothers Fidel, Friedrich, and Josef Feederle (often erroneously spelled "Federle"). All versions used detachable shoulder stock holsters. Over a million C96s were produced between 1896 and the late... | [
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projected-00309248-029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Mauser 1910 and 1914 pocket pistols | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | The Mauser Model 1910 was a small self-loading pistol chambered for .25 ACP (6.35 mm). It was introduced in 1910; an updated model chambered for .32 ACP (7.65 mm), the Mauser Model 1914, came out in 1914. Most of these were used by the Wehrmacht and the Kriegsmarine. They were also sold commercially. | [
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projected-00309248-030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Mauser Model 1934 pocket pistol | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | This was a small pocket pistol chambered for .32 ACP (7.65 mm) based on the earlier Model 1910/14. The Mauser Model 1934 is virtually identical to the 1914 except for the grip, which has a more curved back. It was used by the Kriegsmarine and was also sold commercially. | [
"1934 Model Mauser pistol, and 9mm Browning.JPG"
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projected-00309248-031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Mauser HSc | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | The Mauser HSc was a self-loading handgun introduced in the 1940s. It was a compact double-action blowback design in .32 ACP. Production ran from 1940 until the end of World War II, and into the 1960s and early 1970s. The post-war models were also available in .380 ACP. | [] | [
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"Bolt-action rifles"
] |
projected-00309248-032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | After 1940 | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | In 1940 the Mauser Company was invited to take part in a competition to re-equip the German Army with a semi-automatic rifle, the Gewehr 41. A number of impractical requirements were specified, including that the design should not use holes drilled into the barrel to take off gas for the operating mechanism, thereby re... | [
"K98kclip.jpg"
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"After 1940"
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"Firearm manufacturers of Germany",
"Defence companies of Germany",
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"Bolt-action rifles"
] |
projected-00309248-033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Mauser ammunition | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | Peter Mauser designed the 7.65×53mm Mauser (1889) and 7×57mm Mauser (1892) rifle cartridges. These cartridges were chambered in military Mauser service rifles and were high-performance service cartridge designs compared to other contemporary smokeless powder service cartridges such as the 8mm Lebel (1886), 8×50mmR Mann... | [] | [
"Mauser ammunition"
] | [
"Companies established in 1874",
"Companies disestablished in 2004",
"Mauser firearms",
"Firearm manufacturers of Germany",
"Defence companies of Germany",
"1874 establishments in Germany",
"Bolt-action rifles"
] |
projected-00309248-034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Mauser firearms after the Second World War | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | Mauser was formally re-established in the 1950s. | [] | [
"Mauser firearms after the Second World War"
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"Companies disestablished in 2004",
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"Firearm manufacturers of Germany",
"Defence companies of Germany",
"1874 establishments in Germany",
"Bolt-action rifles"
] |
projected-00309248-035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | 1960s | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | A rifle design by Walter Gehmann was purchased, and went into production in 1965 as the model 66. Some self-loading pistols were also offered, such as the Mauser HSc.
Model 66
Model 66 S
Model 66 P | [] | [
"Mauser firearms after the Second World War",
"1960s"
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projected-00309248-036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | 1970s–1990 | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | Model 77
Model 86 SR
Mauser SP66 – a sniper rifle based on the Model 66. A further upgraded model was the Mauser 86 SR.
Mauser Parabellum | [
"Mauser sp66.JPG"
] | [
"Mauser firearms after the Second World War",
"1970s–1990"
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projected-00309248-037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | 1990–2004 | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | In 1995 the firearms division of Mauser was bought by Rheinmetall Berlin AG; the sale was completed in 1996 and the company is named Mauser-Werke Oberndorf Waffensysteme GmbH. Rheinmetall Berlin AG was renamed Rheinmetall AG in the same year.
In 1999 part of Mauser was sold to Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft (SI... | [] | [
"Mauser firearms after the Second World War",
"1990–2004"
] | [
"Companies established in 1874",
"Companies disestablished in 2004",
"Mauser firearms",
"Firearm manufacturers of Germany",
"Defence companies of Germany",
"1874 establishments in Germany",
"Bolt-action rifles"
] |
projected-00309248-038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | Autocannons | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | Pre–World War II
20 mm FlaK 30/38 cannon
20 mm MG FF cannon—derivative in 1936 by Ikaria Werke Berlin of Swiss Oerlikon FF
20 mm MG 151 cannon/20
20 mm MG 213 cannon—developed during war but not put into production
30 mm MK 108 cannon developed in 1940 by Rheinmetall-Borsig
Post–World War II
27 mm BK-27 cannon
... | [] | [
"Autocannons"
] | [
"Companies established in 1874",
"Companies disestablished in 2004",
"Mauser firearms",
"Firearm manufacturers of Germany",
"Defence companies of Germany",
"1874 establishments in Germany",
"Bolt-action rifles"
] |
projected-00309248-039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | See also | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | Heym Express Magnum
Mauser M18
Antique gun | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Companies established in 1874",
"Companies disestablished in 2004",
"Mauser firearms",
"Firearm manufacturers of Germany",
"Defence companies of Germany",
"1874 establishments in Germany",
"Bolt-action rifles"
] |
projected-00309248-040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser | Mauser | References | Mauser, originally Königlich Württembergische Gewehrfabrik ("Royal Württemberg Rifle Factory"), was a German arms manufacturer. Their line of bolt-action rifles and semi-automatic pistols has been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also e... | Note: The reference from Sportsmansvintagepress is a reprint of the W.H.B. Smith: Mauser Rifles and Pistols | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Companies established in 1874",
"Companies disestablished in 2004",
"Mauser firearms",
"Firearm manufacturers of Germany",
"Defence companies of Germany",
"1874 establishments in Germany",
"Bolt-action rifles"
] |
projected-00309249-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payload%20fraction | Payload fraction | Introduction | In aerospace engineering, payload fraction is a common term used to characterize the efficiency of a particular design. Payload fraction is calculated by dividing the weight of the payload by the takeoff weight of aircraft. Fuel represents a considerable amount of the overall takeoff weight, and for shorter trips it is... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Astrodynamics",
"Aerospace engineering"
] | |
projected-00309249-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payload%20fraction | Payload fraction | Examples | In aerospace engineering, payload fraction is a common term used to characterize the efficiency of a particular design. Payload fraction is calculated by dividing the weight of the payload by the takeoff weight of aircraft. Fuel represents a considerable amount of the overall takeoff weight, and for shorter trips it is... | Note: the above table may incorrectly include the mass of the empty upper stage or stages. | [] | [
"Examples"
] | [
"Astrodynamics",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
projected-00309249-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payload%20fraction | Payload fraction | See also | In aerospace engineering, payload fraction is a common term used to characterize the efficiency of a particular design. Payload fraction is calculated by dividing the weight of the payload by the takeoff weight of aircraft. Fuel represents a considerable amount of the overall takeoff weight, and for shorter trips it is... | Tsiolkovsky rocket equation | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Astrodynamics",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
projected-00309249-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payload%20fraction | Payload fraction | References | In aerospace engineering, payload fraction is a common term used to characterize the efficiency of a particular design. Payload fraction is calculated by dividing the weight of the payload by the takeoff weight of aircraft. Fuel represents a considerable amount of the overall takeoff weight, and for shorter trips it is... | Category:Astrodynamics
Category:Aerospace engineering | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Astrodynamics",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
projected-00309251-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina%20Lynn | Gina Lynn | Introduction | Tanya Mercado (born February 15, 1974), known professionally as Gina Lynn, is an American former pornographic actress, model, and stripper. She was inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame in 2010 and is the Penthouse magazine Penthouse Pet for April 2012. She is also known for appearing with Eminem in the music video for "S... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1974 births",
"American female adult models",
"American female erotic dancers",
"American erotic dancers",
"American pornographic film actresses",
"American people of Dutch descent",
"American people of Italian descent",
"American people of Puerto Rican descent",
"Living people",
"Penthouse Pets"... | |
projected-00309251-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina%20Lynn | Gina Lynn | Early life | Tanya Mercado (born February 15, 1974), known professionally as Gina Lynn, is an American former pornographic actress, model, and stripper. She was inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame in 2010 and is the Penthouse magazine Penthouse Pet for April 2012. She is also known for appearing with Eminem in the music video for "S... | Lynn was born in Puerto Rico, and moved to New Jersey at age five. She was raised in Jackson Township, New Jersey. | [] | [
"Early life"
] | [
"1974 births",
"American female adult models",
"American female erotic dancers",
"American erotic dancers",
"American pornographic film actresses",
"American people of Dutch descent",
"American people of Italian descent",
"American people of Puerto Rican descent",
"Living people",
"Penthouse Pets"... |
projected-00309251-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina%20Lynn | Gina Lynn | Career | Tanya Mercado (born February 15, 1974), known professionally as Gina Lynn, is an American former pornographic actress, model, and stripper. She was inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame in 2010 and is the Penthouse magazine Penthouse Pet for April 2012. She is also known for appearing with Eminem in the music video for "S... | In June 2000, Lynn signed a one-year exclusive performing contract with Pleasure Productions. In 2002, she made a cameo in Analyze That as a stripper. That same year, she appeared with Eminem in the music video for "Superman". From the fourth season of The Sopranos, Lynn made periodic appearances as a stripper in the "... | [] | [
"Career"
] | [
"1974 births",
"American female adult models",
"American female erotic dancers",
"American erotic dancers",
"American pornographic film actresses",
"American people of Dutch descent",
"American people of Italian descent",
"American people of Puerto Rican descent",
"Living people",
"Penthouse Pets"... |
projected-00309252-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorescence | Phosphorescence | Introduction | Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter wavelength, a phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately reemit the radiation ... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Luminescence",
"Phosphors and scintillators",
"Spectroscopy"
] | |
projected-00309252-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorescence | Phosphorescence | Etymology | Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter wavelength, a phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately reemit the radiation ... | The term phosphorescence comes from the ancient Greek word φῶς (phos), meaning "light", and the Greek suffix -φόρος (-phoros), meaning "to bear", combined with the Latin suffix -escentem, meaning "becoming of", "having a tendency towards", or "with the essence of". Thus, phosphorescence literally means "having a tenden... | [] | [
"Etymology"
] | [
"Luminescence",
"Phosphors and scintillators",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
projected-00309252-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorescence | Phosphorescence | Introduction | Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter wavelength, a phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately reemit the radiation ... | In simple terms, phosphorescence is a process in which energy absorbed by a substance is released relatively slowly in the form of light. This is in some cases the mechanism used for glow-in-the-dark materials which are "charged" by exposure to light. Unlike the relatively swift reactions in fluorescence, such as those... | [
"JablonskiSimple.png"
] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Luminescence",
"Phosphors and scintillators",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
projected-00309252-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorescence | Phosphorescence | Triplet phosphorescence | Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter wavelength, a phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately reemit the radiation ... | Most photoluminescent events, in which a chemical substrate absorbs and then re-emits a photon of light, are fast, in the order of 10 nanoseconds. Light is absorbed and emitted at these fast time scales in cases where the energy of the photons involved matches the available energy states and allowed transitions of the ... | [
"Electronic Processes Involving Light.png"
] | [
"Triplet phosphorescence"
] | [
"Luminescence",
"Phosphors and scintillators",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
projected-00309252-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorescence | Phosphorescence | Equation | Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter wavelength, a phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately reemit the radiation ... | where S is a singlet and T a triplet whose subscripts denote states (0 is the ground state, and 1 the excited state). Transitions can also occur to higher energy levels, but the first excited state is denoted for simplicity. | [] | [
"Triplet phosphorescence",
"Equation"
] | [
"Luminescence",
"Phosphors and scintillators",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
projected-00309252-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorescence | Phosphorescence | Persistent phosphorescence | Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter wavelength, a phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately reemit the radiation ... | Solid materials typically come in two main types: crystalline and amorphous. In either case, a lattice or network of atoms and molecules form. In crystals, the lattice is a very neat, uniform assembly. However, nearly all crystals have defects in the stacking sequence of these molecules and atoms. A vacancy defect, whe... | [
"Fused silica phosphorescence from a 24 million watt flash.jpg",
"MoS2 vacancies.jpg"
] | [
"Persistent phosphorescence"
] | [
"Luminescence",
"Phosphors and scintillators",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
projected-00309252-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorescence | Phosphorescence | Chemiluminescence | Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter wavelength, a phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately reemit the radiation ... | Some examples of glow-in-the-dark materials do not glow by phosphorescence. For example, glow sticks glow due to a chemiluminescent process which is commonly mistaken for phosphorescence. In chemiluminescence, an excited state is created via a chemical reaction. The light emission tracks the kinetic progress of the und... | [] | [
"Chemiluminescence"
] | [
"Luminescence",
"Phosphors and scintillators",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
projected-00309252-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorescence | Phosphorescence | Materials | Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter wavelength, a phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately reemit the radiation ... | Common pigments used in phosphorescent materials include zinc sulfide and strontium aluminate. Use of zinc sulfide for safety related products dates back to the 1930s.
The development of strontium aluminate pigments in 1993 was spurred on by the need to find a substitute for glow-in-the-dark materials with high lumina... | [] | [
"Materials"
] | [
"Luminescence",
"Phosphors and scintillators",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
projected-00309252-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorescence | Phosphorescence | Uses | Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter wavelength, a phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately reemit the radiation ... | In 1974 Becky Schroeder was given a US patent for her invention of the "Glow Sheet" which used phosphorescent lines under writing paper to help people write in low-light conditions.
Glow in the dark material is added to the plastic blend used in injection molds to make some disc golf discs, which allow the game to be ... | [
"Phosphoreszierendes.Ziffernblatt.Arbanduhr.P1105849.jpg"
] | [
"Uses"
] | [
"Luminescence",
"Phosphors and scintillators",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
projected-00309252-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorescence | Phosphorescence | Shadow wall | Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter wavelength, a phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately reemit the radiation ... | A shadow wall is created when a light flashes upon a person or object in front of a phosphorescent screen which temporarily captures the shadow. The screen or wall is painted with a glow-in-the-dark product that contains phosphorescent compounds. Publicly, these shadow walls can be found at certain science museums. | [] | [
"Shadow wall"
] | [
"Luminescence",
"Phosphors and scintillators",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
projected-00309252-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorescence | Phosphorescence | See also | Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter wavelength, a phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately reemit the radiation ... | Luminous gemstones
Luminous paint
Microsphere
Persistent luminescence
Phosphor
Phosphoroscope
Tritium | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Luminescence",
"Phosphors and scintillators",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
projected-00309255-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules%20Harlow | Jules Harlow | Introduction | Jules Harlow (born June 28, 1931) is a Conservative Jewish rabbi and liturgist; son of Henry and Lena Lipman Harlow. He was born in Sioux City, Iowa.
In 1952 at Morningside College in Sioux City he earned a B.A., and from there went to New York City to study in the Jewish Theological Seminary of America; here he becam... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1931 births",
"Living people",
"Morningside University alumni",
"Jewish Theological Seminary of America alumni",
"American Conservative rabbis",
"20th-century American rabbis",
"21st-century American rabbis"
] | |
projected-00309255-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules%20Harlow | Jules Harlow | See also | Jules Harlow (born June 28, 1931) is a Conservative Jewish rabbi and liturgist; son of Henry and Lena Lipman Harlow. He was born in Sioux City, Iowa.
In 1952 at Morningside College in Sioux City he earned a B.A., and from there went to New York City to study in the Jewish Theological Seminary of America; here he becam... | Conservative Judaism | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1931 births",
"Living people",
"Morningside University alumni",
"Jewish Theological Seminary of America alumni",
"American Conservative rabbis",
"20th-century American rabbis",
"21st-century American rabbis"
] |
projected-00309257-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | Introduction | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
] | |
projected-00309257-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | History | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | The Whistler Valley is located around the pass between the headwaters of the Green River and the upper-middle reaches of the Cheakamus. It is flanked by glaciated mountains on both sides; the Garibaldi Ranges on the side that contains the ski mountains, and a group of ranges with no collective name but that are part of... | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
] |
projected-00309257-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | Indigenous settlement | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | Before Whistler was founded, it was the shared ancestral territories of the indigenous Squamish people (Sk̲wx̲wú7mesh), known in English as the Squamish Nation, and L̓il̓wat7úl, known in English as Lil'wat First Nation (originally Srap7úl). Their history is tied to the rivers, lakes, and mountains that were used as ref... | [] | [
"History",
"Indigenous settlement"
] | [
"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
] |
projected-00309257-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | European settlement | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | The first British survey by the Royal Navy took place in the 1860s. These surveyors named the mountain London Mountain because of the heavy fog and cloud typically gathering around the mountain, but the area informally acquired the name "Whistler" due to the call of the hoary marmot. In the late 19th century, a trail w... | [] | [
"History",
"European settlement"
] | [
"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
] |
projected-00309257-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | Demographics | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, Whistler had a population of 13,982 living in 5,597 of its 10,065 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 11,746. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021. | [] | [
"Demographics"
] | [
"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
] |
projected-00309257-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | Insignia | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | The resort town was granted heraldic symbols by the Canadian Heraldic Authority in January 2016. | [] | [
"Insignia"
] | [
"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
] |
projected-00309257-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | Activities | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | Whistler is known for its skiing and snowboarding in the winter and mountain biking and hiking in the summer. Other winter activities that are enjoyed in Whistler are cross country skiing, skate skiing, ice skating, snowshoeing, backcountry skiing, telemark skiing, and tobogganing. Summer activities enjoyed in Whistler... | [] | [
"Activities"
] | [
"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
] |
projected-00309257-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | 1968 and 1976 Winter Olympic bids | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | Until the 1960s, this quiet area was without basic infrastructure. There were no sewage facilities, water, or electricity, and no road from Squamish or Vancouver. In 1962, four Vancouver businessmen began to explore the area with the intent of building a ski resort and bidding for the 1968 Winter Olympics. Garibaldi Li... | [] | [
"1968 and 1976 Winter Olympic bids"
] | [
"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
] |
projected-00309257-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | 2010 Winter Olympics | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | Whistler was the Host Mountain Resort of the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympic Games, the first time the International Olympic Committee has bestowed that designation on a community. Whistler hosted the alpine technical and speed events, the sliding events at Fitzsimmons Creek, the Nordic events in the near... | [
"2009-0605-Ilanaaq-2010Oly-Whistler.jpg",
"Whistler Olympic Cauldron 2010.jpg"
] | [
"2010 Winter Olympics"
] | [
"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
] |
projected-00309257-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | Transportation | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | Whistler is located on British Columbia Highway 99, also known as the "Sea to Sky Highway", approximately north of Squamish, and 125 km (76 mi) from Vancouver. The highway connects Whistler to the British Columbia Interior via Pemberton-Mount Currie to Lillooet and connections beyond to the Trans-Canada and Cariboo Hi... | [] | [
"Transportation"
] | [
"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
] |
projected-00309257-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | Vancouver International Airport | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | Vancouver International Airport is the main international airport for Whistler residents and tourists and is located south. | [] | [
"Transportation",
"Vancouver International Airport"
] | [
"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
] |
projected-00309257-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | Pemberton Regional Airport | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | Pemberton Regional Airport is a public airport serving Pemberton and Whistler. It is the closest airport for fixed-wing non-amphibious aircraft and is 38 minutes north of Whistler. There are no scheduled flights but three charter services operate out of the airport. | [] | [
"Transportation",
"Pemberton Regional Airport"
] | [
"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
] |
projected-00309257-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | Whistler (Municipal) Heliport | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | Whistler (Municipal) Heliport is a public heliport operated by the Whistler Heliport Society. Currently there are no scheduled flights but charter services to/from Vancouver International Airport, Vancouver/Harbour (Public) Heliport and Victoria Harbour (Camel Point) Heliport are available. | [] | [
"Transportation",
"Whistler (Municipal) Heliport"
] | [
"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
] |
projected-00309257-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | Whistler/Green Lake Water Aerodrome | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | Whistler/Green Lake Water Aerodrome is a public floatplane base owned and operated by Harbour Air Group and Whistler Air. Seasonal scheduled flights are provided by Harbour Air Seaplanes and West Coast Air to Victoria Inner Harbour Airport and Vancouver Harbour Water Airport. The seaplane base is located at the Nickla... | [] | [
"Transportation",
"Whistler/Green Lake Water Aerodrome"
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"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
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projected-00309257-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | Directions | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | Whistler is located on the Sea to Sky Highway (Highway 99), which goes from the Peace Arch Border Crossing in Surrey, British Columbia to the Cariboo Highway (Highway 97) north of Cache Creek, British Columbia. North of Whistler is Pemberton, British Columbia, which is about north of the mountain village. Also north ... | [] | [
"Directions"
] | [
"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
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projected-00309257-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | Climate | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | Whistler has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) or an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) depending on the isotherm used. It has cold wet winters, and drier, warm summers. On average Whistler receives approximately 11 days with temperatures over , and approximately 24 days on average with temperat... | [] | [
"Climate"
] | [
"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
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projected-00309257-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | Flora | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | Whistler is a collection of microclimates ranging from coniferous mixed forest on the valley floor, to slightly drier slopes, to Alpine tundra in the alpine.
The wet West Coast marine temperate climate in the valley floor is characterized by a coniferous mixed forest, with a preponderance of western red cedar—a contin... | [] | [
"Climate",
"Flora"
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"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
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projected-00309257-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | Education | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | The School District 48 Sea to Sky operates public schools in Whistler. There are two elementary schools, Myrtle Phillip Elementary and Spring Creek Elementary. There is one high school in the community, it is named Whistler Secondary School.
The Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique operates one Fran... | [] | [
"Education"
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"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
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projected-00309257-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | Print media | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | Whistler has one weekly newspaper, Pique Newsmagazine, published every Thursday. The Whistler Answer was published intermittently from 1977 to the 1990s. The Lost Duck is a monthly events guide and calendar that lists what is happening in the resort. Other tourist-oriented, print media such as FAQ, Visitors Choice and ... | [] | [
"Media",
"Print media"
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"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
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projected-00309257-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | Radio | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | An internet radio site for the community exists It is designed to be a community radio station showcasing local music talent and interests of relative importance. History: 28 November 2003, "Feds shut down local pirate radio station... frequency 105.5 FM in the Whistler area, received a visit from Industry Canada and l... | [] | [
"Media",
"Radio"
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"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
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projected-00309257-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | Television | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | The incumbent cable television provider in Whistler is Shaw Cable. Additional service providers covering Whistler include Telus TV (Optik IPTV service and Telus Satellite TV), Shaw Direct (satellite), and Bell Satellite TV (satellite).
Whistler was previously served by CBUWT-TV channel 13, a CBC Television repeater of... | [] | [
"Media",
"Television"
] | [
"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
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projected-00309257-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | In Media | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | The television show Whistler takes place in Whistler. Whistler, the series is a Canadian television drama centering on the aftermath of the mysterious death of a local snowboard legend. The series was set in the ski resort of the same name and aired for two seasons from 2006 to 2008. It was created by Kelly Senecal and... | [] | [
"Media",
"In Media"
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"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
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projected-00309257-023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | Movies | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | The Whistler Film Festival is produced by the Whistler Film Festival Society (WFFS). It is held over five days from the first weekend of December.
The Crash Reel, a 2013 documentary and reality film, directed by Academy Award Nominee Lucy Walker, was filmed on location in Whistler. It features top-ranked American snow... | [] | [
"Media",
"Movies"
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"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
] |
projected-00309257-025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%2C%20British%20Columbia | Whistler, British Columbia | See also | Whistler (Ucwalmícwts: Cwitima, ; Sḵwx̱wú7mesh: Sḵwiḵw, ) is a resort municipality in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, approximately north of Vancouver and south of Pemberton. It has a permanent population of approxima... | List of neighbourhoods in Whistler, British Columbia
Blackcomb Peak
Mount Cayley volcanic field
Garibaldi Lake volcanic field | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Whistler, British Columbia",
"Resort municipalities in British Columbia",
"Populated places in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District",
"1914 establishments in British Columbia"
] |
projected-00309261-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Introduction | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] | |
projected-00309261-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Related linear decomposition methods | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Independent component analysis (ICA)
Principal component analysis (PCA) - also called Karhunen–Loève theorem KLT
Singular value decomposition (SVD)
Factor analysis | [] | [
"Related linear decomposition methods"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Applications of NLDR | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Consider a dataset represented as a matrix (or a database table), such that each row represents a set of attributes (or features or dimensions) that describe a particular instance of something. If the number of attributes is large, then the space of unique possible rows is exponentially large. Thus, the larger the dime... | [
"Plot of two-dimensional points resulting from NLDR algorithm.jpg",
"Letters pca.png"
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"Applications of NLDR"
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"Dimension reduction"
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projected-00309261-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Sammon's mapping | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Sammon's mapping is one of the first and most popular NLDR techniques. | [
"SOMsPCA.PNG"
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"Important concepts",
"Sammon's mapping"
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"Dimension reduction"
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projected-00309261-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Self-organizing map | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | The self-organizing map (SOM, also called Kohonen map) and its probabilistic variant generative topographic mapping (GTM) use a point representation in the embedded space to form a latent variable model based on a non-linear mapping from the embedded space to the high-dimensional space. These techniques are related to ... | [] | [
"Important concepts",
"Self-organizing map"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Kernel principal component analysis | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Perhaps the most widely used algorithm for dimensional reduction is kernel PCA. PCA begins by computing the covariance matrix of the matrix
It then projects the data onto the first k eigenvectors of that matrix. By comparison, KPCA begins by computing the covariance matrix of the data after being transformed into a ... | [] | [
"Important concepts",
"Kernel principal component analysis"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
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projected-00309261-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Principal curves and manifolds | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Principal curves and manifolds give the natural geometric framework for nonlinear dimensionality reduction and extend the geometric interpretation of PCA by explicitly constructing an embedded manifold, and by encoding using standard geometric projection onto the manifold. This approach was originally proposed by Trevo... | [
"SlideQualityLife.png"
] | [
"Important concepts",
"Principal curves and manifolds"
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"Dimension reduction"
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projected-00309261-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Laplacian eigenmaps | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Laplacian eigenmaps uses spectral techniques to perform dimensionality reduction. This technique relies on the basic assumption that the data lies in a low-dimensional manifold in a high-dimensional space. This algorithm cannot embed out-of-sample points, but techniques based on Reproducing kernel Hilbert space regula... | [] | [
"Important concepts",
"Laplacian eigenmaps"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
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projected-00309261-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Isomap | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Isomap is a combination of the Floyd–Warshall algorithm with classic Multidimensional Scaling. Classic Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) takes a matrix of pair-wise distances between all points and computes a position for each point. Isomap assumes that the pair-wise distances are only known between neighboring points, a... | [] | [
"Important concepts",
"Isomap"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Locally-linear embedding | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Locally-Linear Embedding (LLE) was presented at approximately the same time as Isomap. It has several advantages over Isomap, including faster optimization when implemented to take advantage of sparse matrix algorithms, and better results with many problems. LLE also begins by finding a set of the nearest neighbors of ... | [] | [
"Important concepts",
"Locally-linear embedding"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Hessian Locally-Linear Embedding (Hessian LLE) | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Like LLE, Hessian LLE is also based on sparse matrix techniques. It tends to yield results of a much higher quality than LLE. Unfortunately, it has a very costly computational complexity, so it is not well-suited for heavily sampled manifolds. It has no internal model. | [] | [
"Important concepts",
"Locally-linear embedding",
"Hessian Locally-Linear Embedding (Hessian LLE)"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Modified Locally-Linear Embedding (MLLE) | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Modified LLE (MLLE) is another LLE variant which uses multiple weights in each neighborhood to address the local weight matrix conditioning problem which leads to distortions in LLE maps. Loosely speaking the multiple weights are the local orthogonal projection of the original weights produced by LLE. The creators of t... | [] | [
"Important concepts",
"Locally-linear embedding",
"Modified Locally-Linear Embedding (MLLE)"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Local tangent space alignment | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | LTSA is based on the intuition that when a manifold is correctly unfolded, all of the tangent hyperplanes to the manifold will become aligned. It begins by computing the k-nearest neighbors of every point. It computes the tangent space at every point by computing the d-first principal components in each local neighbo... | [] | [
"Local tangent space alignment"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Maximum variance unfolding | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Maximum Variance Unfolding, Isomap and Locally Linear Embedding share a common intuition relying on the notion that if a manifold is properly unfolded, then variance over the points is maximized. Its initial step, like Isomap and Locally Linear Embedding, is finding the k-nearest neighbors of every point. It then seeks... | [] | [
"Maximum variance unfolding"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Autoencoders | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | An autoencoder is a feed-forward neural network which is trained to approximate the identity function. That is, it is trained to map from a vector of values to the same vector. When used for dimensionality reduction purposes, one of the hidden layers in the network is limited to contain only a small number of network u... | [] | [
"Autoencoders"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Gaussian process latent variable models | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Gaussian process latent variable models (GPLVM) are probabilistic dimensionality reduction methods that use Gaussian Processes (GPs) to find a lower dimensional non-linear embedding of high dimensional data. They are an extension of the Probabilistic formulation of PCA. The model is defined probabilistically and the la... | [] | [
"Gaussian process latent variable models"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) is widely used. It is one of a family of stochastic neighbor embedding methods. The algorithm computes the probability that pairs of datapoints in the high-dimensional space are related, and then chooses low-dimensional embeddings which produce a similar distribution. | [] | [
"t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Relational perspective map | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Relational perspective map is a multidimensional scaling algorithm. The algorithm finds a configuration of data points on a manifold by simulating a multi-particle dynamic system on a closed manifold, where data points are mapped to particles and distances (or dissimilarity) between data points represent a repulsive fo... | [] | [
"Other algorithms",
"Relational perspective map"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Contagion maps | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Contagion maps use multiple contagions on a network to map the nodes as a point cloud. In the case of the Global cascades model the speed of the spread can be adjusted with the threshold parameter . For the contagion map is equivalent to the Isomap algorithm. | [] | [
"Other algorithms",
"Contagion maps"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Curvilinear component analysis | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Curvilinear component analysis (CCA) looks for the configuration of points in the output space that preserves original distances as much as possible while focusing on small distances in the output space (conversely to Sammon's mapping which focus on small distances in original space).
It should be noticed that CCA, as... | [] | [
"Other algorithms",
"Curvilinear component analysis"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Curvilinear distance analysis | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | CDA trains a self-organizing neural network to fit the manifold and seeks to preserve geodesic distances in its embedding. It is based on Curvilinear Component Analysis (which extended Sammon's mapping), but uses geodesic distances instead. | [] | [
"Other algorithms",
"Curvilinear distance analysis"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Diffeomorphic dimensionality reduction | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Diffeomorphic Dimensionality Reduction or Diffeomap learns a smooth diffeomorphic mapping which transports the data onto a lower-dimensional linear subspace. The methods solves for a smooth time indexed vector field such that flows along the field which start at the data points will end at a lower-dimensional linear su... | [] | [
"Other algorithms",
"Diffeomorphic dimensionality reduction"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Manifold alignment | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Manifold alignment takes advantage of the assumption that disparate data sets produced by similar generating processes will share a similar underlying manifold representation. By learning projections from each original space to the shared manifold, correspondences are recovered and knowledge from one domain can be tran... | [] | [
"Other algorithms",
"Manifold alignment"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Diffusion maps | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Diffusion maps leverages the relationship between heat diffusion and a random walk (Markov Chain); an analogy is drawn between the diffusion operator on a manifold and a Markov transition matrix operating on functions defined on the graph whose nodes were sampled from the manifold. In particular, let a data set be repr... | [] | [
"Other algorithms",
"Diffusion maps"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Local multidimensional scaling | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Local Multidimensional Scaling performs multidimensional scaling in local regions, and then uses convex optimization to fit all the pieces together. | [] | [
"Other algorithms",
"Local multidimensional scaling"
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"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Nonlinear PCA | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Nonlinear PCA (NLPCA) uses backpropagation to train a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) to fit to a manifold. Unlike typical MLP training, which only updates the weights, NLPCA updates both the weights and the inputs. That is, both the weights and inputs are treated as latent values. After training, the latent inputs are a ... | [] | [
"Other algorithms",
"Nonlinear PCA"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |
projected-00309261-028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20dimensionality%20reduction | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | Data-driven high-dimensional scaling | High-dimensional data, meaning data that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be difficult to interpret. One approach to simplification is to assume that the data of interest lies within lower-dimensional space. If the data of interest is of low enough dimension, the data can be visualised in t... | Data-Driven High Dimensional Scaling (DD-HDS) is closely related to Sammon's mapping and curvilinear component analysis except that (1) it simultaneously penalizes false neighborhoods and tears by focusing on small distances in both original and output space, and that (2) it accounts for concentration of measure phenom... | [] | [
"Other algorithms",
"Data-driven high-dimensional scaling"
] | [
"Dimension reduction"
] |