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projected-00310886-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalgebra | Coalgebra | Sweedler notation | In mathematics, coalgebras or cogebras are structures that are dual (in the category-theoretic sense of reversing arrows) to unital associative algebras. The axioms of unital associative algebras can be formulated in terms of commutative diagrams. Turning all arrows around, one obtains the axioms of coalgebras.
Every c... | When working with coalgebras, a certain notation for the comultiplication simplifies the formulas considerably and has become quite popular. Given an element c of the coalgebra (C, Δ, ε), there exist elements c and c in C such that
Note that neither the number of terms in this sum, nor the exact values of each or , ... | [] | [
"Sweedler notation"
] | [
"Coalgebras"
] |
projected-00310886-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalgebra | Coalgebra | Further concepts and facts | In mathematics, coalgebras or cogebras are structures that are dual (in the category-theoretic sense of reversing arrows) to unital associative algebras. The axioms of unital associative algebras can be formulated in terms of commutative diagrams. Turning all arrows around, one obtains the axioms of coalgebras.
Every c... | A coalgebra is called co-commutative if , where is the K-linear map defined by for all c, d in C. In Sweedler's sumless notation, C is co-commutative if and only if
for all c in C. (It's important to understand that the implied summation is significant here: it is not required that all the summands are pairwise equ... | [] | [
"Further concepts and facts"
] | [
"Coalgebras"
] |
projected-00310886-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalgebra | Coalgebra | See also | In mathematics, coalgebras or cogebras are structures that are dual (in the category-theoretic sense of reversing arrows) to unital associative algebras. The axioms of unital associative algebras can be formulated in terms of commutative diagrams. Turning all arrows around, one obtains the axioms of coalgebras.
Every c... | Cofree coalgebra
Measuring coalgebra
Dialgebra | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Coalgebras"
] |
projected-00310886-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalgebra | Coalgebra | Further reading | In mathematics, coalgebras or cogebras are structures that are dual (in the category-theoretic sense of reversing arrows) to unital associative algebras. The axioms of unital associative algebras can be formulated in terms of commutative diagrams. Turning all arrows around, one obtains the axioms of coalgebras.
Every c... | .
Chapter III, section 11 in | [] | [
"Further reading"
] | [
"Coalgebras"
] |
projected-00310887-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bialgebra | Bialgebra | Introduction | In mathematics, a bialgebra over a field K is a vector space over K which is both a unital associative algebra and a counital coassociative coalgebra. The algebraic and coalgebraic structures are made compatible with a few more axioms. Specifically, the comultiplication and the counit are both unital algebra homomorphi... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Bialgebras",
"Coalgebras",
"Monoidal categories"
] | |
projected-00310887-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bialgebra | Bialgebra | Formal definition | In mathematics, a bialgebra over a field K is a vector space over K which is both a unital associative algebra and a counital coassociative coalgebra. The algebraic and coalgebraic structures are made compatible with a few more axioms. Specifically, the comultiplication and the counit are both unital algebra homomorphi... | (B, ∇, η, Δ, ε) is a bialgebra over K if it has the following properties:
B is a vector space over K;
there are K-linear maps (multiplication) ∇: B ⊗ B → B (equivalent to K-multilinear map ∇: B × B → B) and (unit) η: K → B, such that (B, ∇, η) is a unital associative algebra;
there are K-linear maps (comultiplicati... | [
"Bialgebra2.svg",
"Bialgebra3.svg",
"Bialgebra4a.svg",
"Bialgebra1.svg"
] | [
"Formal definition"
] | [
"Bialgebras",
"Coalgebras",
"Monoidal categories"
] |
projected-00310887-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bialgebra | Bialgebra | Coassociativity and counit | In mathematics, a bialgebra over a field K is a vector space over K which is both a unital associative algebra and a counital coassociative coalgebra. The algebraic and coalgebraic structures are made compatible with a few more axioms. Specifically, the comultiplication and the counit are both unital algebra homomorphi... | The K-linear map Δ: B → B ⊗ B is coassociative if .
The K-linear map ε: B → K is a counit if .
Coassociativity and counit are expressed by the commutativity of the following two diagrams (they are the duals of the diagrams expressing associativity and unit of an algebra): | [
"Bialgebra Diagram.svg"
] | [
"Coassociativity and counit"
] | [
"Bialgebras",
"Coalgebras",
"Monoidal categories"
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projected-00310887-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bialgebra | Bialgebra | Compatibility conditions | In mathematics, a bialgebra over a field K is a vector space over K which is both a unital associative algebra and a counital coassociative coalgebra. The algebraic and coalgebraic structures are made compatible with a few more axioms. Specifically, the comultiplication and the counit are both unital algebra homomorphi... | The four commutative diagrams can be read either as "comultiplication and counit are homomorphisms of algebras" or, equivalently, "multiplication and unit are homomorphisms of coalgebras".
These statements are meaningful once we explain the natural structures of algebra and coalgebra in all the vector spaces involved... | [] | [
"Compatibility conditions"
] | [
"Bialgebras",
"Coalgebras",
"Monoidal categories"
] |
projected-00310887-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bialgebra | Bialgebra | Group bialgebra | In mathematics, a bialgebra over a field K is a vector space over K which is both a unital associative algebra and a counital coassociative coalgebra. The algebraic and coalgebraic structures are made compatible with a few more axioms. Specifically, the comultiplication and the counit are both unital algebra homomorphi... | An example of a bialgebra is the set of functions from a group G (or more generally, any monoid) to , which we may represent as a vector space consisting of linear combinations of standard basis vectors eg for each g ∈ G, which may represent a probability distribution over G in the case of vectors whose coefficients a... | [] | [
"Examples",
"Group bialgebra"
] | [
"Bialgebras",
"Coalgebras",
"Monoidal categories"
] |
projected-00310887-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bialgebra | Bialgebra | Other examples | In mathematics, a bialgebra over a field K is a vector space over K which is both a unital associative algebra and a counital coassociative coalgebra. The algebraic and coalgebraic structures are made compatible with a few more axioms. Specifically, the comultiplication and the counit are both unital algebra homomorphi... | Other examples of bialgebras include the tensor algebra, which can be made into a bialgebra by adding the appropriate comultiplication and counit; these are worked out in detail in that article.
Bialgebras can often be extended to Hopf algebras, if an appropriate antipode can be found. Thus, all Hopf algebras are exam... | [] | [
"Examples",
"Other examples"
] | [
"Bialgebras",
"Coalgebras",
"Monoidal categories"
] |
projected-00310887-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bialgebra | Bialgebra | See also | In mathematics, a bialgebra over a field K is a vector space over K which is both a unital associative algebra and a counital coassociative coalgebra. The algebraic and coalgebraic structures are made compatible with a few more axioms. Specifically, the comultiplication and the counit are both unital algebra homomorphi... | Quasi-bialgebra | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Bialgebras",
"Coalgebras",
"Monoidal categories"
] |
projected-00310887-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bialgebra | Bialgebra | References | In mathematics, a bialgebra over a field K is a vector space over K which is both a unital associative algebra and a counital coassociative coalgebra. The algebraic and coalgebraic structures are made compatible with a few more axioms. Specifically, the comultiplication and the counit are both unital algebra homomorphi... | .
Category:Coalgebras
Category:Monoidal categories | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Bialgebras",
"Coalgebras",
"Monoidal categories"
] |
projected-00310889-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coproduct | Coproduct | Introduction | In category theory, the coproduct, or categorical sum, is a construction which includes as examples the disjoint union of sets and of topological spaces, the free product of groups, and the direct sum of modules and vector spaces. The coproduct of a family of objects is essentially the "least specific" object to which... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Limits (category theory)"
] | |
projected-00310889-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coproduct | Coproduct | Definition | In category theory, the coproduct, or categorical sum, is a construction which includes as examples the disjoint union of sets and of topological spaces, the free product of groups, and the direct sum of modules and vector spaces. The coproduct of a family of objects is essentially the "least specific" object to which... | Let be a category and let and be objects of An object is called the coproduct of and written or or sometimes simply if there exist morphisms and satisfying the following universal property: for any object and any morphisms and there exists a unique morphism such that and That is, the following diagram ... | [
"Coproduct-03.svg",
"Coproduct-01.svg"
] | [
"Definition"
] | [
"Limits (category theory)"
] |
projected-00310889-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coproduct | Coproduct | Examples | In category theory, the coproduct, or categorical sum, is a construction which includes as examples the disjoint union of sets and of topological spaces, the free product of groups, and the direct sum of modules and vector spaces. The coproduct of a family of objects is essentially the "least specific" object to which... | The coproduct in the category of sets is simply the disjoint union with the maps ij being the inclusion maps. Unlike direct products, coproducts in other categories are not all obviously based on the notion for sets, because unions don't behave well with respect to preserving operations (e.g. the union of two groups ne... | [] | [
"Examples"
] | [
"Limits (category theory)"
] |
projected-00310889-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coproduct | Coproduct | Discussion | In category theory, the coproduct, or categorical sum, is a construction which includes as examples the disjoint union of sets and of topological spaces, the free product of groups, and the direct sum of modules and vector spaces. The coproduct of a family of objects is essentially the "least specific" object to which... | The coproduct construction given above is actually a special case of a colimit in category theory. The coproduct in a category can be defined as the colimit of any functor from a discrete category into . Not every family will have a coproduct in general, but if it does, then the coproduct is unique in a strong sense... | [] | [
"Discussion"
] | [
"Limits (category theory)"
] |
projected-00310889-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coproduct | Coproduct | See also | In category theory, the coproduct, or categorical sum, is a construction which includes as examples the disjoint union of sets and of topological spaces, the free product of groups, and the direct sum of modules and vector spaces. The coproduct of a family of objects is essentially the "least specific" object to which... | Product
Limits and colimits
Coequalizer
Direct limit | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Limits (category theory)"
] |
projected-00310890-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatibilism | Incompatibilism | Introduction | Incompatibilism is the view that a deterministic universe is completely at odds with the notion that persons have free will, the latter being defined as the capacity of conscious agents to choose a future course of action among several available physical alternatives. Thus, incompatibilism implies that there is a dich... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Determinism",
"Free will",
"Metaphysical theories",
"Randomness"
] | |
projected-00310890-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatibilism | Incompatibilism | Libertarianism | Incompatibilism is the view that a deterministic universe is completely at odds with the notion that persons have free will, the latter being defined as the capacity of conscious agents to choose a future course of action among several available physical alternatives. Thus, incompatibilism implies that there is a dich... | Metaphysical libertarianism argues that free will is real and that determinism is false. Such philosophical stance risks an infinite regress, however; if any such mind is real, an objection can be raised that free will would be impossible if the choosing is shaped merely by luck or chance.
Libertarian Robert Kane (ed... | [] | [
"Libertarianism"
] | [
"Determinism",
"Free will",
"Metaphysical theories",
"Randomness"
] |
projected-00310890-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatibilism | Incompatibilism | Hard determinism | Incompatibilism is the view that a deterministic universe is completely at odds with the notion that persons have free will, the latter being defined as the capacity of conscious agents to choose a future course of action among several available physical alternatives. Thus, incompatibilism implies that there is a dich... | Those who reject free will and accept determinism are variously known as "hard determinists", hard incompatibilists, free will skeptics, illusionists, or impossibilists. They believe that there is no 'free will' and that any sense of the contrary is an illusion. Of course, hard determinists do not deny that one has des... | [
"Schopenhauer.jpg"
] | [
"Hard determinism"
] | [
"Determinism",
"Free will",
"Metaphysical theories",
"Randomness"
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projected-00310890-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatibilism | Incompatibilism | Moral implications | Incompatibilism is the view that a deterministic universe is completely at odds with the notion that persons have free will, the latter being defined as the capacity of conscious agents to choose a future course of action among several available physical alternatives. Thus, incompatibilism implies that there is a dich... | Since many believe that free will is necessary for moral responsibility, hard determinism may imply disastrous consequences for their theory of ethics, resulting in a domino theory of moral nonresponsibility.
As something of a solution to this predicament, one might embrace the so-called "illusion" of free will. This ... | [] | [
"Hard determinism",
"Moral implications"
] | [
"Determinism",
"Free will",
"Metaphysical theories",
"Randomness"
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projected-00310890-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatibilism | Incompatibilism | Hard incompatibilism | Incompatibilism is the view that a deterministic universe is completely at odds with the notion that persons have free will, the latter being defined as the capacity of conscious agents to choose a future course of action among several available physical alternatives. Thus, incompatibilism implies that there is a dich... | Hard incompatibilism, like hard determinism, is a type of skepticism about free will. 'Hard incompatibilism' is a term coined by Derk Pereboom to designate the view that both determinism and indeterminism are incompatible with having free will and moral responsibility. Like the hard determinist, the hard incompatibilis... | [] | [
"Hard incompatibilism"
] | [
"Determinism",
"Free will",
"Metaphysical theories",
"Randomness"
] |
projected-00310890-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatibilism | Incompatibilism | Experimental research | Incompatibilism is the view that a deterministic universe is completely at odds with the notion that persons have free will, the latter being defined as the capacity of conscious agents to choose a future course of action among several available physical alternatives. Thus, incompatibilism implies that there is a dich... | In recent years researchers in the field of experimental philosophy have been working on determining whether ordinary people, who are not experts in this field, naturally have compatibilist or incompatibilist intuitions about determinism and moral responsibility. Some experimental work has even conducted cross-cultural... | [] | [
"Experimental research"
] | [
"Determinism",
"Free will",
"Metaphysical theories",
"Randomness"
] |
projected-00310890-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatibilism | Incompatibilism | See also | Incompatibilism is the view that a deterministic universe is completely at odds with the notion that persons have free will, the latter being defined as the capacity of conscious agents to choose a future course of action among several available physical alternatives. Thus, incompatibilism implies that there is a dich... | Ability
Daniel Dennett's Freedom Evolves
Daniel Dennett's Elbow Room
Frankfurt cases
Indeterminism
Lucretius' On the Nature of Things
Molinism
Philosophical zombie
Tychism | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Determinism",
"Free will",
"Metaphysical theories",
"Randomness"
] |
projected-00310890-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatibilism | Incompatibilism | References | Incompatibilism is the view that a deterministic universe is completely at odds with the notion that persons have free will, the latter being defined as the capacity of conscious agents to choose a future course of action among several available physical alternatives. Thus, incompatibilism implies that there is a dich... | Category:Determinism
Category:Free will
Category:Metaphysical theories
Category:Randomness | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Determinism",
"Free will",
"Metaphysical theories",
"Randomness"
] |
projected-00310891-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male%20waxing | Male waxing | Introduction | Male waxing is the practice of male pubic hair removal. After the increased popularity of female pubic hair styling or removal, commonly called bikini waxing, male waxing became more common in the 1990s, although the number of practitioners historically and currently is unknown.
Male waxing is popular in the body buil... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Hair removal",
"Pubic hair"
] | |
projected-00310891-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male%20waxing | Male waxing | Technique | Male waxing is the practice of male pubic hair removal. After the increased popularity of female pubic hair styling or removal, commonly called bikini waxing, male waxing became more common in the 1990s, although the number of practitioners historically and currently is unknown.
Male waxing is popular in the body buil... | The technique of male pubic hair removal is very similar to that used during bikini waxing. Waxing involves the thin spreading of a wax combination over the skin. A cloth or paper strip is then pressed on the top and ripped off with a quick movement against the direction of hair growth. This removes the wax along with ... | [] | [
"Technique"
] | [
"Hair removal",
"Pubic hair"
] |
projected-00310891-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male%20waxing | Male waxing | Benefits | Male waxing is the practice of male pubic hair removal. After the increased popularity of female pubic hair styling or removal, commonly called bikini waxing, male waxing became more common in the 1990s, although the number of practitioners historically and currently is unknown.
Male waxing is popular in the body buil... | There are benefits to waxing compared to other forms of hair removal. Removal of male pubic hair by waxing is a long-lasting method but can be painful if the man is not used to it or doing it for the first time.
Hair in waxed areas will not grow back for three to eight weeks; when the hair does grow back, it is soft a... | [] | [
"Benefits"
] | [
"Hair removal",
"Pubic hair"
] |
projected-00310891-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male%20waxing | Male waxing | Potential dangers | Male waxing is the practice of male pubic hair removal. After the increased popularity of female pubic hair styling or removal, commonly called bikini waxing, male waxing became more common in the 1990s, although the number of practitioners historically and currently is unknown.
Male waxing is popular in the body buil... | Some physicians do not recommend waxing for persons suffering from diabetes or who have varicose veins or poor circulation as they are more susceptible to infection.
Patients on Retin-A, Renova, Differin or isotretinoin have been advised by doctors not to have waxing performed; these medications can weaken the skin, a... | [] | [
"Potential dangers"
] | [
"Hair removal",
"Pubic hair"
] |
projected-00310895-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues%20Magoos | Blues Magoos | Introduction | The Blues Magoos are an American rock group from The Bronx, a borough of New York City, United States. They were at the forefront of the psychedelic music trend, beginning in 1966. They are best known for the hit song "(We Ain't Got) Nothin' Yet". | [
"The Blues Magoos 1967.jpg"
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"Garage rock groups from New York (state)",
"Musical groups established in 1964",
"Psychedelic rock music groups from New York (state)",
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"Musical groups from the Bronx"
] | |
projected-00310895-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues%20Magoos | Blues Magoos | 1964–1971 | The Blues Magoos are an American rock group from The Bronx, a borough of New York City, United States. They were at the forefront of the psychedelic music trend, beginning in 1966. They are best known for the hit song "(We Ain't Got) Nothin' Yet". | The band was formed in 1964 as "The Trenchcoats". The original members were Emil "Peppy" Thielhelm aka "Peppy" Castro (vocals and guitar), Dennis LePore (lead guitar), Ralph Scala (organ and vocals), Ron Gilbert (bass) and Jon Finnegan (drums). The band made a name for itself in various clubs in Greenwich Village. The... | [] | [
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"Musical groups established in 1964",
"Psychedelic rock music groups from New York (state)",
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"Musical groups from the Bronx"
] |
projected-00310895-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues%20Magoos | Blues Magoos | 1972–present | The Blues Magoos are an American rock group from The Bronx, a borough of New York City, United States. They were at the forefront of the psychedelic music trend, beginning in 1966. They are best known for the hit song "(We Ain't Got) Nothin' Yet". | After a stint with the rock musical Hair and recording with Mercury label mate Exuma (Tony McKay), Peppy Castro formed Barnaby Bye with fellow cast members Bobby and Billy Alessi. The group released two albums on Atlantic Records, Room to Grow (1972) and Touch (1973). In 1981, Castro resurfaced again with the group Bal... | [] | [
"History",
"1972–present"
] | [
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"Garage rock groups from New York (state)",
"Musical groups established in 1964",
"Psychedelic rock music groups from New York (state)",
"Mercury Records artists",
"Musical groups from the Bronx"
] |
projected-00310895-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues%20Magoos | Blues Magoos | Albums | The Blues Magoos are an American rock group from The Bronx, a borough of New York City, United States. They were at the forefront of the psychedelic music trend, beginning in 1966. They are best known for the hit song "(We Ain't Got) Nothin' Yet". | Psychedelic Lollipop (1966) (#15 Can.)
Electric Comic Book (1967) (#14 Can.)
Basic Blues Magoos (1968)
Never Goin' Back to Georgia (1969)
Gulf Coast Bound (1970)
Psychedelic Resurrection (2014) | [] | [
"Discography",
"Albums"
] | [
"Acid rock music groups",
"Garage rock groups from New York (state)",
"Musical groups established in 1964",
"Psychedelic rock music groups from New York (state)",
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projected-00310895-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues%20Magoos | Blues Magoos | Re-releases on CD | The Blues Magoos are an American rock group from The Bronx, a borough of New York City, United States. They were at the forefront of the psychedelic music trend, beginning in 1966. They are best known for the hit song "(We Ain't Got) Nothin' Yet". | The original group's output on CD is now complete. Repertoire Records has released their three albums in deluxe digi-packages with detailed liner notes. Each CD has bonus tracks which include mono versions of single releases, fan club exclusives, and obscure early recordings. Additionally, Collectables Records still... | [] | [
"Re-releases on CD"
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"Garage rock groups from New York (state)",
"Musical groups established in 1964",
"Psychedelic rock music groups from New York (state)",
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] |
projected-00310898-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup | Croup | Introduction | Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and r... | [] | [
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] | [
"Animal viral diseases",
"Acute upper respiratory infections",
"Pediatrics",
"Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate",
"Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate (full)",
"Cough"
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projected-00310898-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup | Croup | Signs and symptoms | Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and r... | Croup is characterized by a "barking" cough, stridor, hoarseness, and difficult breathing which usually worsens at night. The "barking" cough is often described as resembling the call of a sea lion. The stridor is worsened by agitation or crying, and if it can be heard at rest, it may indicate critical narrowing of th... | [] | [
"Signs and symptoms"
] | [
"Animal viral diseases",
"Acute upper respiratory infections",
"Pediatrics",
"Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate",
"Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate (full)",
"Cough"
] |
projected-00310898-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup | Croup | Causes | Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and r... | Croup is usually deemed to be due to a viral infection. Others use the term more broadly, to include acute laryngotracheitis (laryngitis and tracheitis together), spasmodic croup, laryngeal diphtheria, bacterial tracheitis, laryngotracheobronchitis, and laryngotracheobronchopneumonitis. The first two conditions involve... | [] | [
"Causes"
] | [
"Animal viral diseases",
"Acute upper respiratory infections",
"Pediatrics",
"Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate",
"Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate (full)",
"Cough"
] |
projected-00310898-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup | Croup | Viral | Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and r... | Viral croup or acute laryngotracheitis is most commonly caused by parainfluenza virus (a member of the paramyxovirus family), primarily types 1 and 2, in 75% of cases. Other viral causes include influenza A and B, measles, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Spasmodic croup is caused by the same group of ... | [] | [
"Causes",
"Viral"
] | [
"Animal viral diseases",
"Acute upper respiratory infections",
"Pediatrics",
"Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate",
"Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate (full)",
"Cough"
] |
projected-00310898-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup | Croup | Bacteria and cocci | Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and r... | Croup caused by a bacterial infection is rare. Bacterial croup may be divided into laryngeal diphtheria, bacterial tracheitis, laryngotracheobronchitis, and laryngotracheobronchopneumonitis. Laryngeal diphtheria is due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae while bacterial tracheitis, laryngotracheobronchitis, and laryngotrac... | [] | [
"Causes",
"Bacteria and cocci"
] | [
"Animal viral diseases",
"Acute upper respiratory infections",
"Pediatrics",
"Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate",
"Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate (full)",
"Cough"
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projected-00310898-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup | Croup | Pathophysiology | Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and r... | The viral infection that causes croup leads to swelling of the larynx, trachea, and large bronchi due to infiltration of white blood cells (especially histiocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophils). Swelling produces airway obstruction which, when significant, leads to dramatically increased work of breathing... | [] | [
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projected-00310898-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup | Croup | Diagnosis | Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and r... | Croup is typically diagnosed based on signs and symptoms. The first step is to exclude other obstructive conditions of the upper airway, especially epiglottitis, an airway foreign body, subglottic stenosis, angioedema, retropharyngeal abscess, and bacterial tracheitis.
A frontal X-ray of the neck is not routinely perf... | [] | [
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projected-00310898-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup | Croup | Severity | Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and r... | The most commonly used system for classifying the severity of croup is the Westley score. It is primarily used for research purposes rather than in clinical practice. It is the sum of points assigned for five factors: level of consciousness, cyanosis, stridor, air entry, and retractions. The points given for each facto... | [] | [
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projected-00310898-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup | Croup | Prevention | Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and r... | Croup is contagious during the first few days of the infection. Basic hygiene including hand washing can prevent transmission. There are no vaccines that have been developed to prevent croup, however, many cases of croup have been prevented by immunization for influenza and diphtheria. At one time, croup referred to a ... | [] | [
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projected-00310898-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup | Croup | Treatment | Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and r... | Most children with croup have mild symptoms and supportive care at home is effective. For children with moderate to severe croup, treatment with corticosteroids and nebulized epinephrine may be suggested. Steroids are given routinely, with epinephrine used in severe cases. Children with oxygen saturation less than 92% ... | [] | [
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projected-00310898-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup | Croup | Supportive care | Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and r... | Supportive care for children with croup includes resting and keeping the child hydrated. Infections that are mild are suggested to be treated at home. Croup is contagious so washing hands is important. Children with croup should generally be kept as calm as possible. Over the counter medications for pain and fever may ... | [] | [
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projected-00310898-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup | Croup | Steroids | Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and r... | Corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone and budesonide, have been shown to improve outcomes in children with all severities of croup, however, the benefits may be delayed. Significant relief may be obtained as early as two hours after administration. While effective when given by injection, or by inhalation, giving the ... | [] | [
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projected-00310898-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup | Croup | Epinephrine | Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and r... | Moderate to severe croup (for example, in the case of severe stridor) may be improved temporarily with nebulized epinephrine. While epinephrine typically produces a reduction in croup severity within 10–30 minutes, the benefits are short-lived and last for only about 2 hours. If the condition remains improved for 2–4 h... | [] | [
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projected-00310898-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup | Croup | Oxygen | Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and r... | More severe cases of croup may require treatment with oxygen. If oxygen is needed, "blow-by" administration (holding an oxygen source near the child's face) is recommended, as it causes less agitation than use of a mask. | [] | [
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projected-00310898-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup | Croup | Other | Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and r... | While other treatments for croup have been studied, none has sufficient evidence to support its use. There is tentative evidence that breathing heliox (a mixture of helium and oxygen) to decrease the work of breathing is useful in those with severe disease, however, there is uncertainty in the effectiveness and the po... | [] | [
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projected-00310898-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup | Croup | Prognosis | Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and r... | Viral croup is usually a self-limiting disease, with half of cases resolving in a day and 80% of cases in two days. It can very rarely result in death from respiratory failure and/or cardiac arrest. Symptoms usually improve within two days, but may last for up to seven days. Other uncommon complications include bacter... | [] | [
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projected-00310898-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup | Croup | Epidemiology | Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and r... | Croup affects about 15% of children, and usually presents between the ages of 6 months and 5–6 years. It accounts for about 5% of hospital admissions in this population. In rare cases, it may occur in children as young as 3 months and as old as 15 years. Males are affected 50% more frequently than are females, and ther... | [] | [
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projected-00310898-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup | Croup | History | Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and r... | The word croup comes from the Early Modern English verb croup, meaning "to cry hoarsely." The noun describing the disease originated in southeastern Scotland and became widespread after Edinburgh physician Francis Home published the 1765 treatise An Inquiry into the Nature, Cause, and Cure of the Croup.
Diphtheritic c... | [] | [
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projected-00310908-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahless | Kahless | Introduction | Kahless the Unforgettable (Klingon: qeylIS'e' lIjlaHbe'bogh vay') is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe. He is portrayed in Star Trek: The Original Series by Robert Herron and in Star Trek: The Next Generation by Kevin Conway. The character is referenced in media relating to the Star Trek fictional univers... | [] | [
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projected-00310908-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahless | Kahless | Pronunciation | Kahless the Unforgettable (Klingon: qeylIS'e' lIjlaHbe'bogh vay') is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe. He is portrayed in Star Trek: The Original Series by Robert Herron and in Star Trek: The Next Generation by Kevin Conway. The character is referenced in media relating to the Star Trek fictional univers... | In the Klingon language, Kahless's name is spelt qeylIS. While Klingon began as fictional language created for the Star Trek universe by creative professionals, it has gained significant popularity in the real world and its exact status has been the subject of disputes in the 21st century. The language of the fictional... | [] | [
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projected-00310908-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahless | Kahless | History of Kahless | Kahless the Unforgettable (Klingon: qeylIS'e' lIjlaHbe'bogh vay') is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe. He is portrayed in Star Trek: The Original Series by Robert Herron and in Star Trek: The Next Generation by Kevin Conway. The character is referenced in media relating to the Star Trek fictional univers... | In the Star Trek science fiction universe, Kahless (pronounced: /keɪ̯.lɛs/ [kay-les] or /keɪ̯.lɪs/ [kay-lis]; pIqaD letters: "qeylIS") is a messianic figure in Klingon history, who unified the Klingon people and became emperor after three centuries without leadership. Kahless said that Klingons should fight not just to... | [] | [
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projected-00310908-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahless | Kahless | Religion | Kahless the Unforgettable (Klingon: qeylIS'e' lIjlaHbe'bogh vay') is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe. He is portrayed in Star Trek: The Original Series by Robert Herron and in Star Trek: The Next Generation by Kevin Conway. The character is referenced in media relating to the Star Trek fictional univers... | In the Star Trek science fiction universe, Klingon warriors will often pray to Kahless for guidance before going into battle. ("Blood Oath") A popular Klingon prayer - often used during the time of Star Trek: Discovery - goes as follows:
"Whom do we seek?"
"Kahless."
"How do we find him?"
"Together."
"Give us lig... | [] | [
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projected-00310908-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahless | Kahless | Legacy | Kahless the Unforgettable (Klingon: qeylIS'e' lIjlaHbe'bogh vay') is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe. He is portrayed in Star Trek: The Original Series by Robert Herron and in Star Trek: The Next Generation by Kevin Conway. The character is referenced in media relating to the Star Trek fictional univers... | In the Star Trek science fiction universe, the stories of Kahless are the origin myth of the Klingon people. Passed down from generation to generation, these stories remind the Klingon people of their origin and identity. Klingons study these stories for all of their lives; many find new truths in them every time. Many... | [] | [
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projected-00310908-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahless | Kahless | The Story of the Promise | Kahless the Unforgettable (Klingon: qeylIS'e' lIjlaHbe'bogh vay') is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe. He is portrayed in Star Trek: The Original Series by Robert Herron and in Star Trek: The Next Generation by Kevin Conway. The character is referenced in media relating to the Star Trek fictional univers... | When Kahless united the people and gave them the laws of honor, he saw that his work was done. So one night he gathered his belongings and went to the edge of the city to say good-bye. The people wept, they did not want him to go. And Kahless said, "You are Klingons. You need no one but yourselves. I will go now, to St... | [] | [
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projected-00310908-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahless | Kahless | Clone | Kahless the Unforgettable (Klingon: qeylIS'e' lIjlaHbe'bogh vay') is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe. He is portrayed in Star Trek: The Original Series by Robert Herron and in Star Trek: The Next Generation by Kevin Conway. The character is referenced in media relating to the Star Trek fictional univers... | In the Star Trek science fiction universe, the Clone of Kahless was created by a Klingon scientist named Gothmara, with the assistance and aid of materials provided by the Clerics, "The r'tak of Boreth" (ST:DS9 Books The Left Hand of Destiny).
By Lieutenant Worf's design and with the cooperation of Chancellor Gowron, ... | [] | [
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projected-00310908-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahless | Kahless | Novels and opera | Kahless the Unforgettable (Klingon: qeylIS'e' lIjlaHbe'bogh vay') is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe. He is portrayed in Star Trek: The Original Series by Robert Herron and in Star Trek: The Next Generation by Kevin Conway. The character is referenced in media relating to the Star Trek fictional univers... | The non-canon novel Kahless, written by Michael Jan Friedman, gives a different version of Kahless' history. In the novel, Kahless left for Sto-vo-kor with a scroll detailing how he really brought about the creation of the new Klingon Empire. The scroll says that Kahless was a loyal soldier of Molor who killed the son ... | [] | [
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projected-00310908-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahless | Kahless | See also | Kahless the Unforgettable (Klingon: qeylIS'e' lIjlaHbe'bogh vay') is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe. He is portrayed in Star Trek: The Original Series by Robert Herron and in Star Trek: The Next Generation by Kevin Conway. The character is referenced in media relating to the Star Trek fictional univers... | Klingon
Worf
Romulan | [] | [
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projected-00310911-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20Jazz%20Quartet | Modern Jazz Quartet | Introduction | The Modern Jazz Quartet (MJQ) was a jazz combo established in 1952 that played music influenced by classical, cool jazz, blues and bebop. For most of its history the Quartet consisted of John Lewis (piano), Milt Jackson (vibraphone), Percy Heath (double bass), and Connie Kay (drums). The group grew out of the rhythm se... | [] | [
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projected-00310911-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20Jazz%20Quartet | Modern Jazz Quartet | Background, formation, departure of Kenny Clarke, and Prestige recordings (1946–1955) | The Modern Jazz Quartet (MJQ) was a jazz combo established in 1952 that played music influenced by classical, cool jazz, blues and bebop. For most of its history the Quartet consisted of John Lewis (piano), Milt Jackson (vibraphone), Percy Heath (double bass), and Connie Kay (drums). The group grew out of the rhythm se... | Two of the four founding members of the Modern Jazz Quartet, pianist John Lewis and drummer Kenny Clarke, met and first performed together in 1944 while stationed with the US army in France during World War II. In 1946, they reconnected in New York, where Clarke, who had joined his friend Dizzy Gillespie's big band, in... | [] | [
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projected-00310911-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20Jazz%20Quartet | Modern Jazz Quartet | Move to Atlantic Records and international success (1956–1974) | The Modern Jazz Quartet (MJQ) was a jazz combo established in 1952 that played music influenced by classical, cool jazz, blues and bebop. For most of its history the Quartet consisted of John Lewis (piano), Milt Jackson (vibraphone), Percy Heath (double bass), and Connie Kay (drums). The group grew out of the rhythm se... | In 1956, the Modern Jazz Quartet moved to Atlantic Records, which was switching from singles to LPs and began focusing on jazz under the guidance of Nesuhi Ertegun, who signed the group to the company and worked with them as a producer. In that year, they recorded the album Fontessa and had their first formal collabora... | [
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projected-00310911-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20Jazz%20Quartet | Modern Jazz Quartet | Hiatus, reunion, and final years (1974–1997) | The Modern Jazz Quartet (MJQ) was a jazz combo established in 1952 that played music influenced by classical, cool jazz, blues and bebop. For most of its history the Quartet consisted of John Lewis (piano), Milt Jackson (vibraphone), Percy Heath (double bass), and Connie Kay (drums). The group grew out of the rhythm se... | In July 1974, Jackson quit the group, later citing frustration with their finances as his primary reason. He was also unhappy with the group's touring schedule, which by then had become year-round rather than the previous arrangement in which they had vacations during the northern hemisphere summer. Jackson had previou... | [] | [
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projected-00310911-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20Jazz%20Quartet | Modern Jazz Quartet | Style and public image | The Modern Jazz Quartet (MJQ) was a jazz combo established in 1952 that played music influenced by classical, cool jazz, blues and bebop. For most of its history the Quartet consisted of John Lewis (piano), Milt Jackson (vibraphone), Percy Heath (double bass), and Connie Kay (drums). The group grew out of the rhythm se... | The Modern Jazz Quartet played in a cool jazz style that combined bebop and the blues with classical elements. There was a marked contrast in styles between Jackson's rhythmically complex blues-based solos and Lewis's restrained manner of playing and classically influenced pieces. One of the first small jazz combos to ... | [] | [
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projected-00310911-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20Jazz%20Quartet | Modern Jazz Quartet | Honors and legacy | The Modern Jazz Quartet (MJQ) was a jazz combo established in 1952 that played music influenced by classical, cool jazz, blues and bebop. For most of its history the Quartet consisted of John Lewis (piano), Milt Jackson (vibraphone), Percy Heath (double bass), and Connie Kay (drums). The group grew out of the rhythm se... | The Modern Jazz Quartet earned a variety of honors, including the first NAACP award for cultural contributions in the field of music in 1957, top billing on numerous jazz magazine polls, and honorary doctorates from Berklee College. The Modern Folk Quartet, which was most active in the 1960s, took their name as a consc... | [] | [
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projected-00310911-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20Jazz%20Quartet | Modern Jazz Quartet | Discography | The Modern Jazz Quartet (MJQ) was a jazz combo established in 1952 that played music influenced by classical, cool jazz, blues and bebop. For most of its history the Quartet consisted of John Lewis (piano), Milt Jackson (vibraphone), Percy Heath (double bass), and Connie Kay (drums). The group grew out of the rhythm se... | First dates are of recording, in parentheses are dates of release
1952: The Modern Jazz Quartet Quintet recorded 1952 and 1954 (Prestige)
1952 Wizard of the Vibes (10" LP issued 1952, 12" LP as Milt Jackson issued 1956) – session has identical personnel to the Modern Jazz Quartet of the time plus Lou Donaldson.
1953... | [] | [
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"African-American musical groups",
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"Apple Records artists",
"Prestige Records artists",
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"Musical groups established in 1952",
"Musical ... |
projected-00310911-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20Jazz%20Quartet | Modern Jazz Quartet | Compilations | The Modern Jazz Quartet (MJQ) was a jazz combo established in 1952 that played music influenced by classical, cool jazz, blues and bebop. For most of its history the Quartet consisted of John Lewis (piano), Milt Jackson (vibraphone), Percy Heath (double bass), and Connie Kay (drums). The group grew out of the rhythm se... | Dates are of first release.
Plays for Lovers (Prestige, 1960)
The Modern Jazz Quartet (Prestige, 1972)[2LP]
The Art of The Modern Jazz Quartet – The Atlantic Years (Atlantic, 1973)
A Proper Introduction to the Modern Jazz Quartet: La Ronde (Past Perfect, 2002)
The Complete Modern Jazz Quartet Prestige & Pablo Reco... | [] | [
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"Compilations"
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"Jazz fusion ensembles",
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"African-American musical groups",
"Atlantic Records artists",
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"Prestige Records artists",
"American jazz ensembles from New York City",
"Musical groups established in 1952",
"Musical ... |
projected-00310911-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20Jazz%20Quartet | Modern Jazz Quartet | Filmography | The Modern Jazz Quartet (MJQ) was a jazz combo established in 1952 that played music influenced by classical, cool jazz, blues and bebop. For most of its history the Quartet consisted of John Lewis (piano), Milt Jackson (vibraphone), Percy Heath (double bass), and Connie Kay (drums). The group grew out of the rhythm se... | 2005: The Modern Jazz Quartet: 35th Anniversary Tour
2007: 40 Years of MJQ
2008: Django | [] | [
"Filmography"
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"Prestige Records artists",
"American jazz ensembles from New York City",
"Musical groups established in 1952",
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projected-00310912-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%27leth | Bat'leth | Introduction | The bat'leth (Klingon: , rough pronunciation: ; plural , ) is a double-sided scimitar/hook sword/lujiaodao hybrid-edged weapon with a curved blade, four points, and three handholds on the back. It was designed and created by Star Trek: The Next Generation visual effects producer Dan Curry for the Star Trek franchise, w... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Star Trek devices",
"Klingons",
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] | |
projected-00310912-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%27leth | Bat'leth | Description | The bat'leth (Klingon: , rough pronunciation: ; plural , ) is a double-sided scimitar/hook sword/lujiaodao hybrid-edged weapon with a curved blade, four points, and three handholds on the back. It was designed and created by Star Trek: The Next Generation visual effects producer Dan Curry for the Star Trek franchise, w... | A bat'leth is a curved blade approximately long, with two spiked protrusions at each end and three handholds along the back which can be used to twist and spin the blade rapidly.
Dan Curry created the bat'leth in 1990 for Worf, the character played by Michael Dorn in Star Trek: The Next Generation, after receiving ap... | [] | [
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] | [
"Star Trek devices",
"Klingons",
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projected-00310912-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%27leth | Bat'leth | Use in Star Trek | The bat'leth (Klingon: , rough pronunciation: ; plural , ) is a double-sided scimitar/hook sword/lujiaodao hybrid-edged weapon with a curved blade, four points, and three handholds on the back. It was designed and created by Star Trek: The Next Generation visual effects producer Dan Curry for the Star Trek franchise, w... | In Star Trek lore, the Klingon Kahless created the bat'leth around A.D. 625. According to Klingon mythology, he formed the blade by dropping a length of his hair into some lava from inside the Kri'stak Volcano, then cooling, shaping, and hardening it in the lake of Lursor. He then united Qo'noS, the Klingon homeworld, ... | [] | [
"Use in Star Trek"
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"Star Trek devices",
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projected-00310912-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%27leth | Bat'leth | Cultural legacy | The bat'leth (Klingon: , rough pronunciation: ; plural , ) is a double-sided scimitar/hook sword/lujiaodao hybrid-edged weapon with a curved blade, four points, and three handholds on the back. It was designed and created by Star Trek: The Next Generation visual effects producer Dan Curry for the Star Trek franchise, w... | The bat'leth is considered an iconic image of the Star Trek universe. Replicas are widespread and are considered collectibles by some and a part of Klingon costume. A number of outlets, including replica merchants, weapons dealers, and pawn shops sell them. Ronald D. Moore, who has worked on Star Trek and Battlestar Ga... | [
"Klingon trekkie armed.jpg"
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"Cultural legacy"
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"Star Trek devices",
"Klingons",
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projected-00310912-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%27leth | Bat'leth | Legality | The bat'leth (Klingon: , rough pronunciation: ; plural , ) is a double-sided scimitar/hook sword/lujiaodao hybrid-edged weapon with a curved blade, four points, and three handholds on the back. It was designed and created by Star Trek: The Next Generation visual effects producer Dan Curry for the Star Trek franchise, w... | Replicas of the bat'leth are often made of metal and can be dangerous. Media reports documenting instances of replica bat'leths being used in crimes have referred to the weapon as a "double-pointed Klingon crescent-shaped sword", a "Klingon-type sword", a "Star Trek Klingon-type sword" or as a "double-pointed scimitar"... | [] | [
"Legality"
] | [
"Star Trek devices",
"Klingons",
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projected-00310912-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%27leth | Bat'leth | United Kingdom | The bat'leth (Klingon: , rough pronunciation: ; plural , ) is a double-sided scimitar/hook sword/lujiaodao hybrid-edged weapon with a curved blade, four points, and three handholds on the back. It was designed and created by Star Trek: The Next Generation visual effects producer Dan Curry for the Star Trek franchise, w... | In the United Kingdom, it is legal to possess a bat'leth on private property; however, they may be seized if they are considered to be "potential evidence of a criminal lifestyle." They are classed as weapons, which makes it illegal to carry one in a public place. In 2009, a man from Billingham, County Durham, was a... | [] | [
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projected-00310912-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%27leth | Bat'leth | United States | The bat'leth (Klingon: , rough pronunciation: ; plural , ) is a double-sided scimitar/hook sword/lujiaodao hybrid-edged weapon with a curved blade, four points, and three handholds on the back. It was designed and created by Star Trek: The Next Generation visual effects producer Dan Curry for the Star Trek franchise, w... | The legality of the bat'leth in the United States differs between states. In 2009, a small double bladed knife shaped like a bat'leth was used in Colorado Springs, Colorado, in two armed robberies. The Colorado Springs Police Department said that it was a deadly weapon. In New Jersey, bat'leths are considered weapons a... | [] | [
"Legality",
"United States"
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"Star Trek devices",
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projected-00310914-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge%20star%20operator | Hodge star operator | Introduction | In mathematics, the Hodge star operator or Hodge star is a linear map defined on the exterior algebra of a finite-dimensional oriented vector space endowed with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form. Applying the operator to an element of the algebra produces the Hodge dual of the element. This map was introduced b... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Differential forms",
"Riemannian geometry",
"Duality theories"
] | |
projected-00310914-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge%20star%20operator | Hodge star operator | Formal definition for k-vectors | In mathematics, the Hodge star operator or Hodge star is a linear map defined on the exterior algebra of a finite-dimensional oriented vector space endowed with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form. Applying the operator to an element of the algebra produces the Hodge dual of the element. This map was introduced b... | Let be an -dimensional oriented vector space with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form , referred to here as an inner product. This induces an inner product on k-vectors for , by defining it on decomposable -vectors and to equal the Gram determinant
extended to through linearity.
The unit -vector is defined ... | [] | [
"Formal definition for k-vectors"
] | [
"Differential forms",
"Riemannian geometry",
"Duality theories"
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projected-00310914-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge%20star%20operator | Hodge star operator | Geometric explanation | In mathematics, the Hodge star operator or Hodge star is a linear map defined on the exterior algebra of a finite-dimensional oriented vector space endowed with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form. Applying the operator to an element of the algebra produces the Hodge dual of the element. This map was introduced b... | The Hodge star is motivated by the correspondence between a subspace of and its orthogonal subspace (with respect to the inner product), where each space is endowed with an orientation and a numerical scaling factor. Specifically, a non-zero decomposable -vector corresponds by the Plücker embedding to the subspace ... | [] | [
"Geometric explanation"
] | [
"Differential forms",
"Riemannian geometry",
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projected-00310914-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge%20star%20operator | Hodge star operator | Two dimensions | In mathematics, the Hodge star operator or Hodge star is a linear map defined on the exterior algebra of a finite-dimensional oriented vector space endowed with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form. Applying the operator to an element of the algebra produces the Hodge dual of the element. This map was introduced b... | In two dimensions with the normalized Euclidean metric and orientation given by the ordering , the Hodge star on -forms is given by
On the complex plane regarded as a real vector space with the standard sesquilinear form as the metric, the Hodge star has the remarkable property that it is invariant under holomorphic c... | [] | [
"Examples",
"Two dimensions"
] | [
"Differential forms",
"Riemannian geometry",
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projected-00310914-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge%20star%20operator | Hodge star operator | Three dimensions | In mathematics, the Hodge star operator or Hodge star is a linear map defined on the exterior algebra of a finite-dimensional oriented vector space endowed with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form. Applying the operator to an element of the algebra produces the Hodge dual of the element. This map was introduced b... | A common example of the Hodge star operator is the case , when it can be taken as the correspondence between vectors and bivectors. Specifically, for Euclidean R3 with the basis of one-forms often used in vector calculus, one finds that
The Hodge star relates the exterior and cross product in three dimensions: Appl... | [] | [
"Examples",
"Three dimensions"
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"Differential forms",
"Riemannian geometry",
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projected-00310914-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge%20star%20operator | Hodge star operator | Four dimensions | In mathematics, the Hodge star operator or Hodge star is a linear map defined on the exterior algebra of a finite-dimensional oriented vector space endowed with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form. Applying the operator to an element of the algebra produces the Hodge dual of the element. This map was introduced b... | In case , the Hodge star acts as an endomorphism of the second exterior power (i.e. it maps 2-forms to 2-forms, since ). If the signature of the metric tensor is all positive, i.e. on a Riemannian manifold, then the Hodge star is an involution. If the signature is mixed, i.e., pseudo-Riemannian, then application twice ... | [] | [
"Examples",
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"Differential forms",
"Riemannian geometry",
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projected-00310914-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge%20star%20operator | Hodge star operator | Conformal invariance | In mathematics, the Hodge star operator or Hodge star is a linear map defined on the exterior algebra of a finite-dimensional oriented vector space endowed with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form. Applying the operator to an element of the algebra produces the Hodge dual of the element. This map was introduced b... | The Hodge star is conformally invariant on n forms on a 2n dimensional vector space V, i.e. if is a metric on and , then the induced Hodge stars
are the same. | [] | [
"Examples",
"Conformal invariance"
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"Differential forms",
"Riemannian geometry",
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projected-00310914-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge%20star%20operator | Hodge star operator | Example: Derivatives in three dimensions | In mathematics, the Hodge star operator or Hodge star is a linear map defined on the exterior algebra of a finite-dimensional oriented vector space endowed with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form. Applying the operator to an element of the algebra produces the Hodge dual of the element. This map was introduced b... | The combination of the operator and the exterior derivative generates the classical operators , , and on vector fields in three-dimensional Euclidean space. This works out as follows: takes a 0-form (a function) to a 1-form, a 1-form to a 2-form, and a 2-form to a 3-form (and takes a 3-form to zero). For a 0-form ,... | [] | [
"Examples",
"Example: Derivatives in three dimensions"
] | [
"Differential forms",
"Riemannian geometry",
"Duality theories"
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projected-00310914-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge%20star%20operator | Hodge star operator | Duality | In mathematics, the Hodge star operator or Hodge star is a linear map defined on the exterior algebra of a finite-dimensional oriented vector space endowed with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form. Applying the operator to an element of the algebra produces the Hodge dual of the element. This map was introduced b... | Applying the Hodge star twice leaves a -vector unchanged except for its sign: for in an -dimensional space , one has
where is the parity of the signature of the inner product on , that is, the sign of the determinant of the matrix of the inner product with respect to any basis. For example, if and the signature of ... | [] | [
"Duality"
] | [
"Differential forms",
"Riemannian geometry",
"Duality theories"
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projected-00310914-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge%20star%20operator | Hodge star operator | On manifolds | In mathematics, the Hodge star operator or Hodge star is a linear map defined on the exterior algebra of a finite-dimensional oriented vector space endowed with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form. Applying the operator to an element of the algebra produces the Hodge dual of the element. This map was introduced b... | For an n-dimensional oriented pseudo-Riemannian manifold M, we apply the construction above to each cotangent space and its exterior powers , and hence to the differential k-forms , the global sections of the bundle . The Riemannian metric induces an inner product on at each point . We define the Hodge dual of a k-fo... | [] | [
"On manifolds"
] | [
"Differential forms",
"Riemannian geometry",
"Duality theories"
] |
projected-00310914-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge%20star%20operator | Hodge star operator | Computation in index notation | In mathematics, the Hodge star operator or Hodge star is a linear map defined on the exterior algebra of a finite-dimensional oriented vector space endowed with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form. Applying the operator to an element of the algebra produces the Hodge dual of the element. This map was introduced b... | We compute in terms of tensor index notation with respect to a (not necessarily orthonormal) basis in a tangent space and its dual basis in , having the metric matrix and its inverse matrix . The Hodge dual of a decomposable k-form is:
Here is the Levi-Civita symbol with , and we implicitly take the sum over all ... | [] | [
"On manifolds",
"Computation in index notation"
] | [
"Differential forms",
"Riemannian geometry",
"Duality theories"
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projected-00310914-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge%20star%20operator | Hodge star operator | Codifferential | In mathematics, the Hodge star operator or Hodge star is a linear map defined on the exterior algebra of a finite-dimensional oriented vector space endowed with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form. Applying the operator to an element of the algebra produces the Hodge dual of the element. This map was introduced b... | The most important application of the Hodge star on manifolds is to define the codifferential on k-forms. Let
where is the exterior derivative or differential, and for Riemannian manifolds. Then
while
The codifferential is not an antiderivation on the exterior algebra, in contrast to the exterior derivative.
Th... | [] | [
"On manifolds",
"Codifferential"
] | [
"Differential forms",
"Riemannian geometry",
"Duality theories"
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projected-00310914-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge%20star%20operator | Hodge star operator | References | In mathematics, the Hodge star operator or Hodge star is a linear map defined on the exterior algebra of a finite-dimensional oriented vector space endowed with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form. Applying the operator to an element of the algebra produces the Hodge dual of the element. This map was introduced b... | David Bleecker (1981) Gauge Theory and Variational Principles. Addison-Wesley Publishing. . Chpt. 0 contains a condensed review of non-Riemannian differential geometry.
Charles W. Misner, Kip S. Thorne, John Archibald Wheeler (1970) Gravitation. W.H. Freeman. . A basic review of differential geometry in the special ... | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Differential forms",
"Riemannian geometry",
"Duality theories"
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projected-00310917-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starflight | Starflight | Introduction | Starflight is a space exploration, combat, and trading role-playing video game created by Binary Systems and published by Electronic Arts in 1986. Originally developed for IBM PC compatibles, it was later ported to the Amiga, Atari ST, Macintosh, and Commodore 64. A fully revamped version of the game was released for t... | [] | [
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"DOS games",
"Electronic Arts games",
"Games commercially released with DOSBox",
"Open-world video games",
"Science fiction v... | |
projected-00310917-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starflight | Starflight | Gameplay | Starflight is a space exploration, combat, and trading role-playing video game created by Binary Systems and published by Electronic Arts in 1986. Originally developed for IBM PC compatibles, it was later ported to the Amiga, Atari ST, Macintosh, and Commodore 64. A fully revamped version of the game was released for t... | The player begins inside a space station called Starport orbiting the planet Arth. Here they buy and sell minerals, Endurium (fuel), and artifacts, recruit and train crew members, and upgrade parts of the ship. The player hires a crew from five species to man the ship's six posts: navigator, science officer, engineer, ... | [] | [
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"Games commercially released with DOSBox",
"Open-world video games",
"Science fiction v... |
projected-00310917-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starflight | Starflight | Setting | Starflight is a space exploration, combat, and trading role-playing video game created by Binary Systems and published by Electronic Arts in 1986. Originally developed for IBM PC compatibles, it was later ported to the Amiga, Atari ST, Macintosh, and Commodore 64. A fully revamped version of the game was released for t... | The galaxy is composed of eight space-faring races, five of which can be hired as part of the player's crew. Humans only exist on Arth and are not found among the stars. Other species include Veloxi, large insects who demand bribes from ships that violate their space; Mechan, androids left over from the days of the Old... | [] | [
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projected-00310917-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starflight | Starflight | Plot | Starflight is a space exploration, combat, and trading role-playing video game created by Binary Systems and published by Electronic Arts in 1986. Originally developed for IBM PC compatibles, it was later ported to the Amiga, Atari ST, Macintosh, and Commodore 64. A fully revamped version of the game was released for t... | The story begins on the planet Arth, a haven for the survivors of the Old Empire. Due to heavy radiation, the inhabitants have been forced to live beneath the planet's crust for centuries. In recent times, the radiation has finally dissipated from the surface, allowing the population to unearth long-lost technology bel... | [
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"Games commercially released with DOSBox",
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projected-00310917-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starflight | Starflight | Development | Starflight is a space exploration, combat, and trading role-playing video game created by Binary Systems and published by Electronic Arts in 1986. Originally developed for IBM PC compatibles, it was later ported to the Amiga, Atari ST, Macintosh, and Commodore 64. A fully revamped version of the game was released for t... | Starflight was developed by Binary Systems, a five-man team consisting of Rod McConnell, Greg Johnson (lead designer), Alec Kercso (programming), Tim C. Lee (graphics and programming), and Bob Gonsalves (sound). Then-vice president of Electronic Arts Joe Ybarra was also closely involved as producer. The original idea ... | [
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projected-00310917-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starflight | Starflight | Reception | Starflight is a space exploration, combat, and trading role-playing video game created by Binary Systems and published by Electronic Arts in 1986. Originally developed for IBM PC compatibles, it was later ported to the Amiga, Atari ST, Macintosh, and Commodore 64. A fully revamped version of the game was released for t... | By December 1987 Starflight sold over 100,000 copies, and it eventually went on to sell over a million copies. Critical response to Starflight upon its release was extremely positive. Hartley and Patricia Lesser complimented the game in their "The Role of Computers" column in the December 1986 issue of Dragon, calling ... | [] | [
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"Adventure games set in space",
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"Commodore 64 games",
"DOS games",
"Electronic Arts games",
"Games commercially released with DOSBox",
"Open-world video games",
"Science fiction v... |
projected-00310917-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starflight | Starflight | Legacy | Starflight is a space exploration, combat, and trading role-playing video game created by Binary Systems and published by Electronic Arts in 1986. Originally developed for IBM PC compatibles, it was later ported to the Amiga, Atari ST, Macintosh, and Commodore 64. A fully revamped version of the game was released for t... | Starflight had a 1989 sequel, Starflight 2: Trade Routes of the Cloud Nebula.
Reiche was inspired by the game to create Star Control, with Johnson coding three of the alien species in the game; Computer Gaming World called Star Control II a spiritual successor to Starflight. Mass Effect director Casey Hudson tweeted i... | [] | [
"Legacy"
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projected-00310918-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joensuu | Joensuu | Introduction | Joensuu (; ; ) is a city and municipality in North Karelia, Finland, located on the northern shore of Lake Pyhäselkä (northern part of Lake Saimaa) at the mouth of the Pielinen River (Pielisjoki). It was founded in 1848. The population of Joensuu is (), and the economic region of Joensuu has a population of 115,000. I... | [] | [
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"Populated places established in 1848",
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projected-00310918-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joensuu | Joensuu | Heraldry | Joensuu (; ; ) is a city and municipality in North Karelia, Finland, located on the northern shore of Lake Pyhäselkä (northern part of Lake Saimaa) at the mouth of the Pielinen River (Pielisjoki). It was founded in 1848. The population of Joensuu is (), and the economic region of Joensuu has a population of 115,000. I... | The explanation of the coat of arms of Joensuu reads: ”shield twice blocked with upper moat and lower corrugated; fields in red, silver and black.” The wave bar of the subject refers to the location of the city along the Pielinen River and the position of the moat near the eastern border of Finland, while its colors bl... | [] | [
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projected-00310918-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joensuu | Joensuu | History | Joensuu (; ; ) is a city and municipality in North Karelia, Finland, located on the northern shore of Lake Pyhäselkä (northern part of Lake Saimaa) at the mouth of the Pielinen River (Pielisjoki). It was founded in 1848. The population of Joensuu is (), and the economic region of Joensuu has a population of 115,000. I... | The city of Joensuu, founded by the Czar Nicholas I of Russia in 1848, is the regional centre and the capital of North Karelia. During the 19th century Joensuu was a city of manufacture and commerce. When in 1860 the city received dispensation rights to initiate commerce, former restrictions against industry were remov... | [] | [
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