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projected-56565541-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Poland | John Poland | Early life | John Poland (born 21 November 1996) is an Irish rugby union player. He plays as a scrum-half for the New England Free Jacks in Major League Rugby (MLR) in the United States. | Born in Ballinora, County Cork, the second eldest of four children, Poland first played rugby for Sundays Well, where his father had also been a player, and attended Presentation Brothers College, captaining the team during the Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup. He also played hurling and football for Ballinora GAA, where he played on several inter-county development sides. Initially, he played as a fly-half or centre, before converting to scrum-half. Poland has been capped at under-19 and Under-20 level for Ireland, and joined the Munster sub-academy in July 2015. | [] | [
"Early life"
] | [
"Living people",
"1996 births",
"Rugby union players from County Cork",
"People educated at Presentation Brothers College, Cork",
"Irish rugby union players",
"Sundays Well RFC players",
"Cork Constitution players",
"University College Cork RFC players",
"Munster Rugby players",
"New England Free ... |
projected-56565541-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Poland | John Poland | Club rugby | John Poland (born 21 November 1996) is an Irish rugby union player. He plays as a scrum-half for the New England Free Jacks in Major League Rugby (MLR) in the United States. | Poland played his club rugby with Cork Constitution during the 2015–16 and 2016–17 seasons, winning several trophies while there. He moved to UCC ahead of the 2017–18 season and was an integral part of the side that was promoted to the division 1A of the All-Ireland League for the 2018–19 season. | [] | [
"Club rugby"
] | [
"Living people",
"1996 births",
"Rugby union players from County Cork",
"People educated at Presentation Brothers College, Cork",
"Irish rugby union players",
"Sundays Well RFC players",
"Cork Constitution players",
"University College Cork RFC players",
"Munster Rugby players",
"New England Free ... |
projected-56565541-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Poland | John Poland | Munster | John Poland (born 21 November 1996) is an Irish rugby union player. He plays as a scrum-half for the New England Free Jacks in Major League Rugby (MLR) in the United States. | Poland was an integral part of the Munster A team that won the 2016–17 British and Irish Cup. He was used as a replacement in round 1 against London Welsh, missed the round 3 clash against Rotherham Titans due to exam commitments, was used as a replacement again in round 4 against Rotherham, before starting against Doncaster Knights in the rescheduled round 2 and round 5, Ulster A in the quarter-final, Ealing Trailfinders in the semi-final and Jersey Reds in the final. Poland made his senior competitive debut for Munster on 10 February 2018, coming off the bench in the provinces' 33–5 win against Zebre in the 2017–18 Pro14. | [] | [
"Professional career",
"Munster"
] | [
"Living people",
"1996 births",
"Rugby union players from County Cork",
"People educated at Presentation Brothers College, Cork",
"Irish rugby union players",
"Sundays Well RFC players",
"Cork Constitution players",
"University College Cork RFC players",
"Munster Rugby players",
"New England Free ... |
projected-56565541-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Poland | John Poland | New England Free Jacks | John Poland (born 21 November 1996) is an Irish rugby union player. He plays as a scrum-half for the New England Free Jacks in Major League Rugby (MLR) in the United States. | Poland joined American Major League Rugby side New England Free Jacks in October 2019 upon concluding his degree in finance at University College Cork, in time for the sides inaugural season in 2020. He scored four tries in the 5 regular season games and had 4 try assists. Poland scored a brilliant individual try which was awarded try of the week in week 4. | [] | [
"Professional career",
"New England Free Jacks"
] | [
"Living people",
"1996 births",
"Rugby union players from County Cork",
"People educated at Presentation Brothers College, Cork",
"Irish rugby union players",
"Sundays Well RFC players",
"Cork Constitution players",
"University College Cork RFC players",
"Munster Rugby players",
"New England Free ... |
projected-56565541-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Poland | John Poland | Ireland | John Poland (born 21 November 1996) is an Irish rugby union player. He plays as a scrum-half for the New England Free Jacks in Major League Rugby (MLR) in the United States. | Poland was capped for Ireland U20 during the 2016 Six Nations Under 20s Championship, earning the Man-of-the-Match award during the sides opening 35–24 loss to Wales U20 on 5 February 2016. | [] | [
"Ireland"
] | [
"Living people",
"1996 births",
"Rugby union players from County Cork",
"People educated at Presentation Brothers College, Cork",
"Irish rugby union players",
"Sundays Well RFC players",
"Cork Constitution players",
"University College Cork RFC players",
"Munster Rugby players",
"New England Free ... |
projected-56565541-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Poland | John Poland | Munster A | John Poland (born 21 November 1996) is an Irish rugby union player. He plays as a scrum-half for the New England Free Jacks in Major League Rugby (MLR) in the United States. | British and Irish Cup:
Winner (1): 2016–17 | [] | [
"Honours",
"Munster A"
] | [
"Living people",
"1996 births",
"Rugby union players from County Cork",
"People educated at Presentation Brothers College, Cork",
"Irish rugby union players",
"Sundays Well RFC players",
"Cork Constitution players",
"University College Cork RFC players",
"Munster Rugby players",
"New England Free ... |
projected-56565541-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Poland | John Poland | Cork Constitution | John Poland (born 21 November 1996) is an Irish rugby union player. He plays as a scrum-half for the New England Free Jacks in Major League Rugby (MLR) in the United States. | All-Ireland League Division 1A:
Winner (1): 2016–17
Bateman Cup:
Winner (2): 2015–16, 2016–17
Munster Senior Cup:
Winner (2): 2015–16, 2016–17
All Ireland U20 League:
Winner (1): 2016–17 | [] | [
"Honours",
"Cork Constitution"
] | [
"Living people",
"1996 births",
"Rugby union players from County Cork",
"People educated at Presentation Brothers College, Cork",
"Irish rugby union players",
"Sundays Well RFC players",
"Cork Constitution players",
"University College Cork RFC players",
"Munster Rugby players",
"New England Free ... |
projected-56565541-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Poland | John Poland | University College Cork | John Poland (born 21 November 1996) is an Irish rugby union player. He plays as a scrum-half for the New England Free Jacks in Major League Rugby (MLR) in the United States. | All-Ireland League Division 1B:
Winner (1): 2017–18 | [] | [
"Honours",
"University College Cork"
] | [
"Living people",
"1996 births",
"Rugby union players from County Cork",
"People educated at Presentation Brothers College, Cork",
"Irish rugby union players",
"Sundays Well RFC players",
"Cork Constitution players",
"University College Cork RFC players",
"Munster Rugby players",
"New England Free ... |
projected-20466038-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Mushtare | Robert Mushtare | Introduction | Robert Mushtare is an American ten-pin bowler from Carthage, New York who is recognized by the United States Bowling Congress (USBC) for having bowled two perfect 900 series, one on December 3, 2005 and the other on February 19, 2006, both at Pine Plains Bowling Center in Fort Drum, New York. He is also said to have rolled another in league play prior to the aforementioned two; that previous 900 series was not officially recognized by USBC because the league in which he was bowling was not properly certified by USBC on the date his 900 series was rolled. Due to the order of USBC certification procedures, it will never be known if it would have been approved even if his league had been certified at the time. The two 900's for which Mushtare was officially recognized came under great scrutiny because they were pre-bowled, meaning he bowled days before his regular league competition, and was sometimes bowling alone. ESPN's Jeremy Schaap did an investigative report on the controversy which was broadcast on the ESPN program Outside the Lines. Glenn Allison, who bowled an uncertified 900 series in 1982, is skeptical of Robert's achievements, as is pro bowler and Team USA coach Tim Mack.
With this recognition, Mushtare is also officially recognized as the first youth bowler to shoot a certified 900 series, the first bowler (youth or adult) to bowl more than one, and the first bowler from New York state to achieve the feat. The ensuing controversy also led to a change in USBC rules; Rule 118e(8) now reads "Unopposed pre or post bowled scores will be eligible for USBC Awards except High Score Awards [such as a 300 game, 800 series, or 900 series award]"; had this rule been in effect for the 2005-2006 bowling season, Mushtare would not have been officially recognized for either of the 900's for which he is now recognized. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"American ten-pin bowling players",
"Living people",
"People from Carthage, New York",
"Year of birth missing (living people)"
] | |
projected-20466038-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Mushtare | Robert Mushtare | Male Youth High Series | Robert Mushtare is an American ten-pin bowler from Carthage, New York who is recognized by the United States Bowling Congress (USBC) for having bowled two perfect 900 series, one on December 3, 2005 and the other on February 19, 2006, both at Pine Plains Bowling Center in Fort Drum, New York. He is also said to have rolled another in league play prior to the aforementioned two; that previous 900 series was not officially recognized by USBC because the league in which he was bowling was not properly certified by USBC on the date his 900 series was rolled. Due to the order of USBC certification procedures, it will never be known if it would have been approved even if his league had been certified at the time. The two 900's for which Mushtare was officially recognized came under great scrutiny because they were pre-bowled, meaning he bowled days before his regular league competition, and was sometimes bowling alone. ESPN's Jeremy Schaap did an investigative report on the controversy which was broadcast on the ESPN program Outside the Lines. Glenn Allison, who bowled an uncertified 900 series in 1982, is skeptical of Robert's achievements, as is pro bowler and Team USA coach Tim Mack.
With this recognition, Mushtare is also officially recognized as the first youth bowler to shoot a certified 900 series, the first bowler (youth or adult) to bowl more than one, and the first bowler from New York state to achieve the feat. The ensuing controversy also led to a change in USBC rules; Rule 118e(8) now reads "Unopposed pre or post bowled scores will be eligible for USBC Awards except High Score Awards [such as a 300 game, 800 series, or 900 series award]"; had this rule been in effect for the 2005-2006 bowling season, Mushtare would not have been officially recognized for either of the 900's for which he is now recognized. | 900 Robert Mushtare, Fort Drum, N.Y., Dec. 5, 2005
900 Robert Mushtare, Fort Drum, N.Y., Feb. 19, 2006
889 Shane Tetterton, Sinking Springs, Pa., Sept. 24, 2006
888 Brentt Arcement, Kenner, La., Jan. 20, 1990
879 Jacob Peters, Decatur, Ill., April 27, 2005
879 Gary Faulkner Jr., Memphis, June 22, 2008
These scores are from the USBC (United States Bowling Congress) Records and stats page. | [] | [
"Male Youth High Series"
] | [
"American ten-pin bowling players",
"Living people",
"People from Carthage, New York",
"Year of birth missing (living people)"
] |
projected-20466038-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Mushtare | Robert Mushtare | Junior Gold Tournament | Robert Mushtare is an American ten-pin bowler from Carthage, New York who is recognized by the United States Bowling Congress (USBC) for having bowled two perfect 900 series, one on December 3, 2005 and the other on February 19, 2006, both at Pine Plains Bowling Center in Fort Drum, New York. He is also said to have rolled another in league play prior to the aforementioned two; that previous 900 series was not officially recognized by USBC because the league in which he was bowling was not properly certified by USBC on the date his 900 series was rolled. Due to the order of USBC certification procedures, it will never be known if it would have been approved even if his league had been certified at the time. The two 900's for which Mushtare was officially recognized came under great scrutiny because they were pre-bowled, meaning he bowled days before his regular league competition, and was sometimes bowling alone. ESPN's Jeremy Schaap did an investigative report on the controversy which was broadcast on the ESPN program Outside the Lines. Glenn Allison, who bowled an uncertified 900 series in 1982, is skeptical of Robert's achievements, as is pro bowler and Team USA coach Tim Mack.
With this recognition, Mushtare is also officially recognized as the first youth bowler to shoot a certified 900 series, the first bowler (youth or adult) to bowl more than one, and the first bowler from New York state to achieve the feat. The ensuing controversy also led to a change in USBC rules; Rule 118e(8) now reads "Unopposed pre or post bowled scores will be eligible for USBC Awards except High Score Awards [such as a 300 game, 800 series, or 900 series award]"; had this rule been in effect for the 2005-2006 bowling season, Mushtare would not have been officially recognized for either of the 900's for which he is now recognized. | In 2006, Mushtare did not advance to the semi-finals at the United States Bowling Congress Junior Gold championships. Throughout the tournament, Mushtare managed to have met several PBA players and even some higher level coaches in the sport of bowling. Junior team USA coach Rod Ross had stated, "I was very impressed with his physical game. He throws a phenomenal ball and has a nice loose arm swing. He has a lot of raw talent. He can definitely strike and strike a lot, and there's no doubt in my mind that he shot those 900s." And even though the 900 bowler did not make the first cut, Mushtare said the experience was memorable and that it was a great learning experience for him. | [] | [
"Junior Gold Tournament"
] | [
"American ten-pin bowling players",
"Living people",
"People from Carthage, New York",
"Year of birth missing (living people)"
] |
projected-20466038-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Mushtare | Robert Mushtare | Interviews | Robert Mushtare is an American ten-pin bowler from Carthage, New York who is recognized by the United States Bowling Congress (USBC) for having bowled two perfect 900 series, one on December 3, 2005 and the other on February 19, 2006, both at Pine Plains Bowling Center in Fort Drum, New York. He is also said to have rolled another in league play prior to the aforementioned two; that previous 900 series was not officially recognized by USBC because the league in which he was bowling was not properly certified by USBC on the date his 900 series was rolled. Due to the order of USBC certification procedures, it will never be known if it would have been approved even if his league had been certified at the time. The two 900's for which Mushtare was officially recognized came under great scrutiny because they were pre-bowled, meaning he bowled days before his regular league competition, and was sometimes bowling alone. ESPN's Jeremy Schaap did an investigative report on the controversy which was broadcast on the ESPN program Outside the Lines. Glenn Allison, who bowled an uncertified 900 series in 1982, is skeptical of Robert's achievements, as is pro bowler and Team USA coach Tim Mack.
With this recognition, Mushtare is also officially recognized as the first youth bowler to shoot a certified 900 series, the first bowler (youth or adult) to bowl more than one, and the first bowler from New York state to achieve the feat. The ensuing controversy also led to a change in USBC rules; Rule 118e(8) now reads "Unopposed pre or post bowled scores will be eligible for USBC Awards except High Score Awards [such as a 300 game, 800 series, or 900 series award]"; had this rule been in effect for the 2005-2006 bowling season, Mushtare would not have been officially recognized for either of the 900's for which he is now recognized. | In June 2006, Mushtare had a personal interview with Jim King once King was able to contact the 17-year-old bowler. During his interview Mushtare states that he has bowled three 900 series during his league time and he has bowled two 900 series during practice. Now, after 4 months of deliberation, two of Mushtare's 900 series were approved. Mushtare states that the reasons for his pre-bowls were for school functions and a few bowling tournaments that Mushtare was scheduled to participate in. Mushtare also states that his third 900 series bowled was witnessed by personal friend Jamie Grimm. During this time, Mr. Grimm himself bowled his first 300-game and got a 741 series. Jim King also mentions that there were rumors going around that Mushtare's father is the owner of the bowling alley. Mushtare's response was "No. My father does not own it. It is owned by the government and located on a military base." | [] | [
"Interviews"
] | [
"American ten-pin bowling players",
"Living people",
"People from Carthage, New York",
"Year of birth missing (living people)"
] |
projected-20466057-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Isabel%20Creek | Santa Isabel Creek | Introduction | Santa Isabel Creek is a small stream of water located in Webb County, Texas which runs through Laredo, Texas. The creek is formed 32 miles from Callaghan, Texas and runs southwest for until the creek connects to the Rio Grande. The terrain surrounding the creek is mostly clay. The vegetation surrounding the creek is mostly made up of mesquite, cacti, and grasses. Santa Isabel Creek crosses Three major highways in Laredo, Texas among them are: Farm to Market Road 1472, Texas State Highway 255, and United States Route 83. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Tributaries of the Rio Grande",
"Geography of Laredo, Texas",
"Rivers of Texas"
] | |
projected-20466057-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Isabel%20Creek | Santa Isabel Creek | Coordinates | Santa Isabel Creek is a small stream of water located in Webb County, Texas which runs through Laredo, Texas. The creek is formed 32 miles from Callaghan, Texas and runs southwest for until the creek connects to the Rio Grande. The terrain surrounding the creek is mostly clay. The vegetation surrounding the creek is mostly made up of mesquite, cacti, and grasses. Santa Isabel Creek crosses Three major highways in Laredo, Texas among them are: Farm to Market Road 1472, Texas State Highway 255, and United States Route 83. | Source: Webb County, Texas
Mouth: Rio Grande at Laredo, Texas | [] | [
"Coordinates"
] | [
"Tributaries of the Rio Grande",
"Geography of Laredo, Texas",
"Rivers of Texas"
] |
projected-20466057-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Isabel%20Creek | Santa Isabel Creek | See also | Santa Isabel Creek is a small stream of water located in Webb County, Texas which runs through Laredo, Texas. The creek is formed 32 miles from Callaghan, Texas and runs southwest for until the creek connects to the Rio Grande. The terrain surrounding the creek is mostly clay. The vegetation surrounding the creek is mostly made up of mesquite, cacti, and grasses. Santa Isabel Creek crosses Three major highways in Laredo, Texas among them are: Farm to Market Road 1472, Texas State Highway 255, and United States Route 83. | List of rivers of Texas
List of tributaries of the Rio Grande | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Tributaries of the Rio Grande",
"Geography of Laredo, Texas",
"Rivers of Texas"
] |
projected-20466057-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Isabel%20Creek | Santa Isabel Creek | References | Santa Isabel Creek is a small stream of water located in Webb County, Texas which runs through Laredo, Texas. The creek is formed 32 miles from Callaghan, Texas and runs southwest for until the creek connects to the Rio Grande. The terrain surrounding the creek is mostly clay. The vegetation surrounding the creek is mostly made up of mesquite, cacti, and grasses. Santa Isabel Creek crosses Three major highways in Laredo, Texas among them are: Farm to Market Road 1472, Texas State Highway 255, and United States Route 83. | Category:Tributaries of the Rio Grande
Category:Geography of Laredo, Texas
Category:Rivers of Texas | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Tributaries of the Rio Grande",
"Geography of Laredo, Texas",
"Rivers of Texas"
] |
projected-06900749-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%20Eshed | Eli Eshed | Introduction | Eli Eshed is an Israeli researcher of popular culture. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Comics critics",
"Israeli comics writers",
"Living people",
"Israeli literary critics",
"Bar-Ilan University alumni",
"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev alumni",
"Year of birth missing (living people)"
] | |
projected-06900749-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%20Eshed | Eli Eshed | Literary criticism | Eli Eshed is an Israeli researcher of popular culture. | Eli Eshed writes about Israeli pulp magazines and paperbacks of the 1950s and 1960s with a special focus on the pirated Tarzan books popular among Israeli youth at the time which were published anonymously and without authorization from the estate of Edgar Rice Burroughs. In 2000, Eshed published a limited edition of Tarzan in the Holy Land, a history of Tarzan in Hebrew with illustrations.
In 2002, Eshed published From Tarzan to Zbeng about the pulp literature of Israel. This book became a best seller and earned Eshed the title "Writer of the Year" from Maariv. He also researched the adventures of pulp icons such as Patrick Kim, a fictional Korean CIA agent who uses karate against a variety of enemies worldwide.
In 2003, Eshed co-published The Golem: A Story of an Israeli Comicbook with Israeli comics artist Uri Fink. The Golem is a Hebrew super-hero who works alongside a beautiful woman super-heroine, Lilith.
The book traces the history of the series since the 1940s, when it was drawn by the young comics artist Jack Kirby (Jacob Kurtzberg in that alternative reality), who immigrated to Palestine. The Golem collaborates with real-life Israeli personalities like Yitzhak Rabin, Moshe Dayan and Ariel Sharon, as well as fictional characters like Tarzan and well-known Israeli fictional heroes like Danny Din the invisible boy. Gil Biderman created a song and an animated clip sung by award-winning artist Yasmin Even about the Golem’s adventures. Both imitate the style of the 1970s.
Though imaginary, the book is based on real events and personalities in the world of Hebrew popular culture, featuring Pinchas Sadeh, Asher Dickstein, and Etgar Keret. Israeli literary critic Menachem Ben called it“a master work of Israeli mythology,“ and screenwriter and producer Alon Rozenblum called it "a must-have book in every home." | [] | [
"Literary criticism"
] | [
"Comics critics",
"Israeli comics writers",
"Living people",
"Israeli literary critics",
"Bar-Ilan University alumni",
"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev alumni",
"Year of birth missing (living people)"
] |
projected-06900751-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansembourg | Ansembourg | Introduction | Ansembourg (, ) is a village in the commune of Helperknapp, in western Luxembourg. , the village had a population of 61.
Ansembourg is in part of the Eisch valley known as the Valley of the Seven Castles. The village is the site of two of the seven castles. The New Castle of Ansembourg, located about one kilometre or just over half a mile below the Old Castle, was built by the industrialist Thomas Bidart in 1639 and is now known for its more modern finish and its terraced gardens. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Mersch (canton)",
"Villages in Luxembourg"
] | |
projected-06900751-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansembourg | Ansembourg | References | Ansembourg (, ) is a village in the commune of Helperknapp, in western Luxembourg. , the village had a population of 61.
Ansembourg is in part of the Eisch valley known as the Valley of the Seven Castles. The village is the site of two of the seven castles. The New Castle of Ansembourg, located about one kilometre or just over half a mile below the Old Castle, was built by the industrialist Thomas Bidart in 1639 and is now known for its more modern finish and its terraced gardens. | Category:Mersch (canton)
Category:Villages in Luxembourg | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Mersch (canton)",
"Villages in Luxembourg"
] |
projected-20466066-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porterhouse%20%28horse%29 | Porterhouse (horse) | Introduction | Porterhouse (1951–1971) was an American Champion Thoroughbred racehorse. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1951 racehorse births",
"1971 racehorse deaths",
"Racehorses bred in Kentucky",
"Racehorses trained in the United States",
"American Champion racehorses",
"Whitney racehorses",
"Thoroughbred family 1-w"
] | |
projected-20466066-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porterhouse%20%28horse%29 | Porterhouse (horse) | Background | Porterhouse (1951–1971) was an American Champion Thoroughbred racehorse. | Bred by Liz Person and raced under her Llangollen Farm banner, Porterhouse was a son of the Argentine-bred Endeavour who also sired Corn Husker, Prove It and Pretense, three top runners who each won the Santa Anita Handicap. His dam was Red Stamp, a daughter of the U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Bimelech.
Conditioned for racing by Charlie Whittingham, Porterhouse was the forty-year-old trainer's first stakes winner and first Champion. | [] | [
"Background"
] | [
"1951 racehorse births",
"1971 racehorse deaths",
"Racehorses bred in Kentucky",
"Racehorses trained in the United States",
"American Champion racehorses",
"Whitney racehorses",
"Thoroughbred family 1-w"
] |
projected-20466066-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porterhouse%20%28horse%29 | Porterhouse (horse) | Racing career | Porterhouse (1951–1971) was an American Champion Thoroughbred racehorse. | In 1953, Porterhouse won East Coast races including the National Stallion Stakes and the then most important race for his age group, the Belmont Futurity Stakes. Porterhouse also won the 1953 Saratoga Special Stakes but was disqualified and set back to last.
Porterhouse was voted American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt by the Daily Racing Form and the Thoroughbred Racing Association. The rival poll organized by Turf & Sports Digest magazine was topped by Hasty Road.
In 1954, three-year-old Porterhouse had a sub-par year in racing, with his only important win coming in the Old Knickerbocker Handicap. The colt did not run in either of the first two races of the U.S. Triple Crown series and finished ninth in the Belmont Stakes won by High Gun. During the next three years in racing, Porterhouse returned to his winning ways at racetracks in California. He captured several top events, highlighted by his win over future U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Swaps in the 1956 Californian Stakes and the Hollywood Express Handicap in world record time for five and a half furlongs on dirt at Hollywood Park Racetrack. | [] | [
"Racing career"
] | [
"1951 racehorse births",
"1971 racehorse deaths",
"Racehorses bred in Kentucky",
"Racehorses trained in the United States",
"American Champion racehorses",
"Whitney racehorses",
"Thoroughbred family 1-w"
] |
projected-20466066-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porterhouse%20%28horse%29 | Porterhouse (horse) | Stud career | Porterhouse (1951–1971) was an American Champion Thoroughbred racehorse. | Retired to stud duty, Porterhouse met with reasonable success, siring several good runners including Coaching Club American Oaks winner, Our Cheri Amour, and multiple stakes winners Isle of Greece, Port Wine, and Farwell Party.
Porterhouse died at age twenty in 1971 and was buried a The Stallion Station in Lexington, Kentucky. | [] | [
"Stud career"
] | [
"1951 racehorse births",
"1971 racehorse deaths",
"Racehorses bred in Kentucky",
"Racehorses trained in the United States",
"American Champion racehorses",
"Whitney racehorses",
"Thoroughbred family 1-w"
] |
projected-20466066-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porterhouse%20%28horse%29 | Porterhouse (horse) | References | Porterhouse (1951–1971) was an American Champion Thoroughbred racehorse. | Porterhouse's pedigree and partial racing stats
October 12, 1953 TIME magazine article on Porterhouse's win in the Belmont Futurity
Article on Porterhouse winning the Knickerbocker Handicap in the May 22, 1954 issue of The New Yorker magazine
Category:1951 racehorse births
Category:1971 racehorse deaths
Category:Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Category:Racehorses trained in the United States
Category:American Champion racehorses
Category:Whitney racehorses
Category:Thoroughbred family 1-w | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1951 racehorse births",
"1971 racehorse deaths",
"Racehorses bred in Kentucky",
"Racehorses trained in the United States",
"American Champion racehorses",
"Whitney racehorses",
"Thoroughbred family 1-w"
] |
projected-56565543-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada%20Street | Granada Street | Introduction | Granada Street, also known as Senator Jose O. Vera Street, is a road in Quezon City, Metro Manila, the Philippines. It runs from Nicanor Domingo Street as an extension of Gilmore Avenue to the boundary with San Juan, where it terminates at Bonny Serrano Avenue and becomes Ortigas Avenue. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Streets in Quezon City"
] | |
projected-56565543-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada%20Street | Granada Street | Route description | Granada Street, also known as Senator Jose O. Vera Street, is a road in Quezon City, Metro Manila, the Philippines. It runs from Nicanor Domingo Street as an extension of Gilmore Avenue to the boundary with San Juan, where it terminates at Bonny Serrano Avenue and becomes Ortigas Avenue. | The land on which the street lies on used to be part of an estate owned by the family of Jose O. Vera, founder of Sampaguita Pictures and later Senator from 1946 to 1949. In the late 1950s, Quezon City mayor Norberto S. Amoranto convinced the Vera family to permit construction of the street through their property, part of a project to improve connectivity between Quezon City — at the time the capital of the Philippines — and the surrounding suburbs, particularly those headed to New Manila from Mandaluyong and Pasig. The family sold of land to the Quezon City government at a significant discount to facilitate construction of the road, and its completion enabled direct access to Quezon City from eastern Metro Manila without needing to go through side streets or Epifanio de los Santos Avenue. In 2004, the street was renamed after Vera by the Sangguniang Panlungsod of Quezon City.
Today, Granada Street is known for being home to several parol (Christmas lantern) vendors which line both sides of the street, giving it the name "Parol Row". Also known as the Parolan sa San Juan ("Lantern Area on the San Juan"), selling lanterns here began in the 1990s, when Sampaguita Pictures crewmen made lanterns and sold them outside the studio premises to generate extra income. Several vendors sell their lanterns here from September to December every year, with some selling the rest of the year as well. The street is also a culinary destination, having held this distinction since the 1970s. Modern-day dining establishments along the street include Gavino's Donuts, known for their Japanese-style donuts, and Mien-San, known for their Chinese-style steamed brisket and other dishes. | [] | [
"Route description"
] | [
"Streets in Quezon City"
] |
projected-56565543-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada%20Street | Granada Street | References | Granada Street, also known as Senator Jose O. Vera Street, is a road in Quezon City, Metro Manila, the Philippines. It runs from Nicanor Domingo Street as an extension of Gilmore Avenue to the boundary with San Juan, where it terminates at Bonny Serrano Avenue and becomes Ortigas Avenue. | Category:Streets in Quezon City | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Streets in Quezon City"
] |
projected-56565545-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Matthew%27s%20Collegiate%20School | St Matthew's Collegiate School | Introduction | St Matthew's Collegiate School is a state-integrated Anglican girls' secondary school in Pownall Street, Masterton, New Zealand. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Girls' schools in New Zealand",
"Educational institutions established in 1914",
"Masterton",
"Secondary schools in the Wellington Region",
"Schools in the Wairarapa",
"Anglican schools in New Zealand",
"1914 establishments in New Zealand",
"Alliance of Girls' Schools Australasia"
] | |
projected-56565545-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Matthew%27s%20Collegiate%20School | St Matthew's Collegiate School | Notable alumni | St Matthew's Collegiate School is a state-integrated Anglican girls' secondary school in Pownall Street, Masterton, New Zealand. | Julie Paama-Pengelly (born 1964), tā moko artist, painter, commentator, and curator
Katrina Shanks (born 1969), former politician
Lydia Wevers (1950–2021), literary critic, English language literary historian, editor, and book reviewer | [] | [
"Notable alumni"
] | [
"Girls' schools in New Zealand",
"Educational institutions established in 1914",
"Masterton",
"Secondary schools in the Wellington Region",
"Schools in the Wairarapa",
"Anglican schools in New Zealand",
"1914 establishments in New Zealand",
"Alliance of Girls' Schools Australasia"
] |
projected-56565545-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Matthew%27s%20Collegiate%20School | St Matthew's Collegiate School | References | St Matthew's Collegiate School is a state-integrated Anglican girls' secondary school in Pownall Street, Masterton, New Zealand. | Category:Girls' schools in New Zealand
Category:Educational institutions established in 1914
Category:Masterton
Category:Secondary schools in the Wellington Region
Category:Schools in the Wairarapa
Category:Anglican schools in New Zealand
Category:1914 establishments in New Zealand
Category:Alliance of Girls' Schools Australasia | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Girls' schools in New Zealand",
"Educational institutions established in 1914",
"Masterton",
"Secondary schools in the Wellington Region",
"Schools in the Wairarapa",
"Anglican schools in New Zealand",
"1914 establishments in New Zealand",
"Alliance of Girls' Schools Australasia"
] |
projected-20466069-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Nuttall | Tom Nuttall | Introduction | Thomas Albert Bradshaw Nuttall (February 1889 – October 1963) was an English professional football forward who played in the Football League for Southend United, Everton and Manchester United. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1889 births",
"1963 deaths",
"Footballers from Bolton",
"English footballers",
"Association football forwards",
"Heywood United F.C. players",
"Everton F.C. players",
"Manchester United F.C. players",
"English Football League players",
"Northwich Victoria F.C. players",
"Rochdale A.F.C. players... | |
projected-20466069-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Nuttall | Tom Nuttall | Personal life | Thomas Albert Bradshaw Nuttall (February 1889 – October 1963) was an English professional football forward who played in the Football League for Southend United, Everton and Manchester United. | Nuttall served as a lance bombardier in the Royal Garrison Artillery during the First World War. | [] | [
"Personal life"
] | [
"1889 births",
"1963 deaths",
"Footballers from Bolton",
"English footballers",
"Association football forwards",
"Heywood United F.C. players",
"Everton F.C. players",
"Manchester United F.C. players",
"English Football League players",
"Northwich Victoria F.C. players",
"Rochdale A.F.C. players... |
projected-20466069-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Nuttall | Tom Nuttall | References | Thomas Albert Bradshaw Nuttall (February 1889 – October 1963) was an English professional football forward who played in the Football League for Southend United, Everton and Manchester United. | Category:1889 births
Category:1963 deaths
Category:Footballers from Bolton
Category:English footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Heywood United F.C. players
Category:Everton F.C. players
Category:Manchester United F.C. players
Category:English Football League players
Category:Northwich Victoria F.C. players
Category:Rochdale A.F.C. players
Category:St Mirren F.C. players
Category:Scottish Football League players
Category:Southend United F.C. players
Category:Eccles United F.C. players
Category:Chorley F.C. players
Category:British Army personnel of World War I
Category:Royal Garrison Artillery soldiers
Category:Association football inside forwards
Category:Military personnel from Lancashire | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1889 births",
"1963 deaths",
"Footballers from Bolton",
"English footballers",
"Association football forwards",
"Heywood United F.C. players",
"Everton F.C. players",
"Manchester United F.C. players",
"English Football League players",
"Northwich Victoria F.C. players",
"Rochdale A.F.C. players... |
projected-20466095-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsolt%20Aubel | Zsolt Aubel | Introduction | Zsolt Aubel (born 20 May 1972) is a Hungarian footballer who played for BVSC Budapest as striker. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1972 births",
"Living people",
"Hungarian people of German descent",
"Footballers from Budapest",
"Hungarian footballers",
"Hungarian expatriate footballers",
"Association football forwards",
"III. Kerületi TUE footballers",
"Budapesti VSC footballers",
"Expatriate footballers in Switzerland",
... | |
projected-20466095-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsolt%20Aubel | Zsolt Aubel | References | Zsolt Aubel (born 20 May 1972) is a Hungarian footballer who played for BVSC Budapest as striker. | Futballévkönyv 1999 [Football Yearbook 1999], Volume I, pp. 78–82, Aréna 2000 kiadó, Budapest, 2000;
Profile, Nela.hu; Retrieved 16 November 2016.
Category:1972 births
Category:Living people
Category:Hungarian people of German descent
Category:Footballers from Budapest
Category:Hungarian footballers
Category:Hungarian expatriate footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:III. Kerületi TUE footballers
Category:Budapesti VSC footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Switzerland
Category:FC Monthey players
Category:Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1972 births",
"Living people",
"Hungarian people of German descent",
"Footballers from Budapest",
"Hungarian footballers",
"Hungarian expatriate footballers",
"Association football forwards",
"III. Kerületi TUE footballers",
"Budapesti VSC footballers",
"Expatriate footballers in Switzerland",
... |
projected-20466103-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural%20on%20Our%20Street | Mural on Our Street | Introduction | Mural on Our Street is a 1965 American short documentary film directed by Dee Dee Halleck. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1965 films",
"1965 short films",
"1960s short documentary films",
"American short documentary films",
"1960s English-language films",
"1960s American films"
] | |
projected-20466103-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural%20on%20Our%20Street | Mural on Our Street | See also | Mural on Our Street is a 1965 American short documentary film directed by Dee Dee Halleck. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short. | List of American films of 1965 | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1965 films",
"1965 short films",
"1960s short documentary films",
"American short documentary films",
"1960s English-language films",
"1960s American films"
] |
projected-56565563-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataan%20Risers | Bataan Risers | Introduction | The Bataan Risers, also known as 1Bataan Risers-Camaya Coast, are a professional basketball team in the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League. It is owned by the provincial government of Bataan.
They also fielded a team in 3x3 basketball. The Bataan Risers participated as the 1Bataan Risers in the Chooks-to-Go Pilipinas 3x3 and has also participated in the 2019 FIBA 3x3 World Tour as the Balanga Chooks. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Bataan Risers",
"Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League teams",
"2018 establishments in the Philippines",
"Basketball teams established in 2018",
"Chooks-to-Go Pilipinas 3x3 teams"
] | |
projected-56565563-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataan%20Risers | Bataan Risers | History | The Bataan Risers, also known as 1Bataan Risers-Camaya Coast, are a professional basketball team in the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League. It is owned by the provincial government of Bataan.
They also fielded a team in 3x3 basketball. The Bataan Risers participated as the 1Bataan Risers in the Chooks-to-Go Pilipinas 3x3 and has also participated in the 2019 FIBA 3x3 World Tour as the Balanga Chooks. | They joined MPBL on the league's maiden season. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Bataan Risers",
"Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League teams",
"2018 establishments in the Philippines",
"Basketball teams established in 2018",
"Chooks-to-Go Pilipinas 3x3 teams"
] |
projected-56565563-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataan%20Risers | Bataan Risers | All-time roster | The Bataan Risers, also known as 1Bataan Risers-Camaya Coast, are a professional basketball team in the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League. It is owned by the provincial government of Bataan.
They also fielded a team in 3x3 basketball. The Bataan Risers participated as the 1Bataan Risers in the Chooks-to-Go Pilipinas 3x3 and has also participated in the 2019 FIBA 3x3 World Tour as the Balanga Chooks. | Melvin Bangal (2018–present)
Arvie Bringas (2018–present)
Christian Capuli (2018–present)
JP Capuli (2018–present)
Al Carlos (2018–present)
Gary David (2018–present)
Francis Ebidag (2018–present)
Gio Espuelas (2018–present)
Dennis Ignacio (2018–present)
Edward Gallo (2018–present)
Glenn Macalinao (2018–present)
Niño Magno (2018–present)
Khiel Misa (2018–present)
Mark Montes (2018–present)
JC Peñaflor (2018–present)
Jay Sierra (2018–present)
Alfhon Tuazon (2018–present)
Dinmark Villar (2018–present)
Kim Lintag (2018-present) | [] | [
"Current roster",
"All-time roster"
] | [
"Bataan Risers",
"Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League teams",
"2018 establishments in the Philippines",
"Basketball teams established in 2018",
"Chooks-to-Go Pilipinas 3x3 teams"
] |
projected-56565563-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataan%20Risers | Bataan Risers | Season-by-season records | The Bataan Risers, also known as 1Bataan Risers-Camaya Coast, are a professional basketball team in the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League. It is owned by the provincial government of Bataan.
They also fielded a team in 3x3 basketball. The Bataan Risers participated as the 1Bataan Risers in the Chooks-to-Go Pilipinas 3x3 and has also participated in the 2019 FIBA 3x3 World Tour as the Balanga Chooks. | Records from the 2019-20 MPBL season: | [] | [
"Season-by-season records"
] | [
"Bataan Risers",
"Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League teams",
"2018 establishments in the Philippines",
"Basketball teams established in 2018",
"Chooks-to-Go Pilipinas 3x3 teams"
] |
projected-56565563-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataan%20Risers | Bataan Risers | References | The Bataan Risers, also known as 1Bataan Risers-Camaya Coast, are a professional basketball team in the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League. It is owned by the provincial government of Bataan.
They also fielded a team in 3x3 basketball. The Bataan Risers participated as the 1Bataan Risers in the Chooks-to-Go Pilipinas 3x3 and has also participated in the 2019 FIBA 3x3 World Tour as the Balanga Chooks. | Bataan Risers
Category:2018 establishments in the Philippines
Category:Basketball teams established in 2018
Category:Chooks-to-Go Pilipinas 3x3 teams | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Bataan Risers",
"Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League teams",
"2018 establishments in the Philippines",
"Basketball teams established in 2018",
"Chooks-to-Go Pilipinas 3x3 teams"
] |
projected-56565568-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Barclay | Dorothy Barclay | Introduction | Dorothy Barclay (1892 Cape Town - 1940 Cape Town) was a South African botanical illustrator, and the niece of Ethel May Dixie.
The Wild Flower Protection Society had been started by the Mountain Club of South Africa in 1912 and had published 'Nature Notes', edited by Louisa Bolus and illustrated by Dorothy Barclay. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Botanical illustrators"
] | |
projected-56565568-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Barclay | Dorothy Barclay | Works illustrated | Dorothy Barclay (1892 Cape Town - 1940 Cape Town) was a South African botanical illustrator, and the niece of Ethel May Dixie.
The Wild Flower Protection Society had been started by the Mountain Club of South Africa in 1912 and had published 'Nature Notes', edited by Louisa Bolus and illustrated by Dorothy Barclay. | 'Springbok Rympies en Stories' - Willem Versfeld - Townshend, Taylor & Snashall, Cape Town (1911) - Afrikaans translations of Mother Goose rhymes
'A Book of South African Flowers' - Barclay, Bolus and Steer - Juta & Co., Cape Town (1925)
'A Guide to the Flora of the Cape Peninsula' - Margaret Levyns (1929)
'A Second Book of South African Flowers' - Barclay, Bolus and Steer - Juta & Co., Cape Town (1936) | [] | [
"Works illustrated"
] | [
"Botanical illustrators"
] |
projected-56565568-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Barclay | Dorothy Barclay | References | Dorothy Barclay (1892 Cape Town - 1940 Cape Town) was a South African botanical illustrator, and the niece of Ethel May Dixie.
The Wild Flower Protection Society had been started by the Mountain Club of South Africa in 1912 and had published 'Nature Notes', edited by Louisa Bolus and illustrated by Dorothy Barclay. | Category:Botanical illustrators | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Botanical illustrators"
] |
projected-56565577-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verica%20Nedeljkovi%C4%87 | Verica Nedeljković | Introduction | Verica Nedeljković (; born 16 September 1929), née Jovanović (), is a Serbian and Yugoslav chess player who holds the title of Woman Grandmaster (WGM, 1978). She is a six-time winner of the Yugoslav Women's Chess Championship (1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1958, 1965). | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1929 births",
"Living people",
"Serbian female chess players",
"Yugoslav female chess players",
"Chess woman grandmasters",
"Chess Olympiad competitors",
"Sportspeople from Čačak"
] | |
projected-56565577-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verica%20Nedeljkovi%C4%87 | Verica Nedeljković | Biography | Verica Nedeljković (; born 16 September 1929), née Jovanović (), is a Serbian and Yugoslav chess player who holds the title of Woman Grandmaster (WGM, 1978). She is a six-time winner of the Yugoslav Women's Chess Championship (1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1958, 1965). | From the mid-1950s to the late 1960s, she was one of the leading Yugoslav women's chess players. Verica Nedeljković won the Yugoslav Women's Chess Championships six times: 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1958 and 1965. The winner of many international chess women's tournaments, including twice in a row in Belgrade (1961, 1962).
Verica Nedeljković four times participated in the Women's World Chess Championship Candidates Tournaments:
In 1955, at Candidates Tournament in Moscow has taken 6th place;
In 1959, at Candidates Tournament in Plovdiv has taken 2nd place;
In 1961, at Candidates Tournament in Vrnjačka Banja shared 4th-6th place;
In 1964, at Candidates Tournament in Sukhumi has taken 9th place;
In 1967, at Candidates Tournament in Subotica has taken 6th place.
Verica Nedeljković played for Yugoslavia in the Women's Chess Olympiads:
In 1963, at second board in the 2nd Chess Olympiad (women) in Split (+12, =0, -0) and won the team silver medal and the gold individual medal,
In 1966, at second board in the 3rd Chess Olympiad (women) in Oberhausen (+4, =4, -2).
In 1954, Verica Nedeljković was awarded the FIDE Woman International Master (WIM) title, but in 1978 she received the honorary title of FIDE Woman Grandmaster (WGM).
After graduation, she was a ship engineer and a candidate for technical sciences. Worked as a lecturer at the University of Belgrade. Been married to a chess player, a chess trainer and a medical doctor by profession - Srećko Nedeljković (1923—2011). | [] | [
"Biography"
] | [
"1929 births",
"Living people",
"Serbian female chess players",
"Yugoslav female chess players",
"Chess woman grandmasters",
"Chess Olympiad competitors",
"Sportspeople from Čačak"
] |
projected-26720883-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-harvest%20losses%20%28vegetables%29 | Post-harvest losses (vegetables) | Introduction | Post-harvest losses of vegetables and fruit occur at all points in the value chain from production in the field to the food being placed on a plate for consumption. Post-harvest activities include harvesting, handling, storage, processing, packaging, transportation and marketing.
Losses of horticultural produce are a major problem in the post-harvest chain. They can be caused by a wide variety of factors, ranging from growing conditions to handling at retail level. Not only are losses clearly a waste of food, but they also represent a similar waste of human effort, farm inputs, livelihoods, investments, and scarce resources such as water. Post-harvest losses for horticultural produce are, however, difficult to measure. In some cases everything harvested by a farmer may end up being sold to consumers. In others, losses or waste may be considerable. Occasionally, losses may be 100%, for example when there is a price collapse and it would cost the farmer more to harvest and market the produce than to plough it back into the ground. Use of average loss figures is thus often misleading. There can be losses in quality, as measured both by the price obtained and the nutritional value, as well as in quantity. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Horticulture",
"Crops",
"Harvest"
] | |
projected-26720883-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-harvest%20losses%20%28vegetables%29 | Post-harvest losses (vegetables) | On-farm causes of loss | Post-harvest losses of vegetables and fruit occur at all points in the value chain from production in the field to the food being placed on a plate for consumption. Post-harvest activities include harvesting, handling, storage, processing, packaging, transportation and marketing.
Losses of horticultural produce are a major problem in the post-harvest chain. They can be caused by a wide variety of factors, ranging from growing conditions to handling at retail level. Not only are losses clearly a waste of food, but they also represent a similar waste of human effort, farm inputs, livelihoods, investments, and scarce resources such as water. Post-harvest losses for horticultural produce are, however, difficult to measure. In some cases everything harvested by a farmer may end up being sold to consumers. In others, losses or waste may be considerable. Occasionally, losses may be 100%, for example when there is a price collapse and it would cost the farmer more to harvest and market the produce than to plough it back into the ground. Use of average loss figures is thus often misleading. There can be losses in quality, as measured both by the price obtained and the nutritional value, as well as in quantity. | There are numerous factors affecting post-harvest losses, from the soil in which the crop is grown to the handling of produce when it reaches the shop. Pre-harvest production practices may seriously affect post-harvest returns. Plants need a continuous supply of water for photosynthesis and transpiration. Damage can be caused by too much rain or irrigation, which can lead to decay; by too little water; and by irregular water supply, which can, for example, lead to growth cracks. Lack of plant food can affect the quality of fresh produce, causing stunted growth or discoloration of leaves, abnormal ripening and a range of other factors. Too much fertilizer can harm the development and post-harvest condition of produce. Good crop husbandry is important for reducing losses. Weeds compete with crops for nutrients and soil moisture. Decaying plant residues in the field are also a major loss factor. | [] | [
"On-farm causes of loss"
] | [
"Horticulture",
"Crops",
"Harvest"
] |
projected-26720883-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-harvest%20losses%20%28vegetables%29 | Post-harvest losses (vegetables) | Causes of loss after harvest | Post-harvest losses of vegetables and fruit occur at all points in the value chain from production in the field to the food being placed on a plate for consumption. Post-harvest activities include harvesting, handling, storage, processing, packaging, transportation and marketing.
Losses of horticultural produce are a major problem in the post-harvest chain. They can be caused by a wide variety of factors, ranging from growing conditions to handling at retail level. Not only are losses clearly a waste of food, but they also represent a similar waste of human effort, farm inputs, livelihoods, investments, and scarce resources such as water. Post-harvest losses for horticultural produce are, however, difficult to measure. In some cases everything harvested by a farmer may end up being sold to consumers. In others, losses or waste may be considerable. Occasionally, losses may be 100%, for example when there is a price collapse and it would cost the farmer more to harvest and market the produce than to plough it back into the ground. Use of average loss figures is thus often misleading. There can be losses in quality, as measured both by the price obtained and the nutritional value, as well as in quantity. | Fruits and vegetables are living parts of plant and contain 65 to 95 percent water. When food and water reserves are exhausted, produce dies and decays. Anything that increases the rate at which a product's food and water reserves are used up increases the likelihood of losses. Increase in normal physiological changes can be caused by high temperature, low atmospheric humidity and physical injury. Such injury often results from careless handling, causing internal bruising, splitting and skin breaks, thus rapidly increasing water loss.
Respiration is a continuing process in a plant and cannot be stopped without damage to the growing plant or harvested produce. It uses stored starch or sugar and stops when reserves of these are exhausted, leading to ageing. Respiration depends on a good air supply. When the air supply is restricted fermentation instead of respiration can occur. Poor ventilation of produce also leads to the accumulation of carbon dioxide. When the concentration of carbon dioxide increases it will quickly ruin produce.
Fresh produce continues to lose water after harvest. Water loss causes shrinkage and loss of weight. The rate at which water is lost varies according to the product. Leafy vegetables lose water quickly because they have a thin skin with many pores. Potatoes, on the other hand, have a thick skin with few pores. But whatever the product, to extend shelf or storage life the rate of water loss must be minimal. The most significant factor is the ratio of the surface area of the fruit or vegetable to its volume. The greater the ratio the more rapid will be the loss of water. The rate of loss is related to the difference between the water vapour pressure inside the produce and in the air. Produce must therefore be kept in a moist atmosphere.
Diseases caused by fungi and bacteria cause losses but virus diseases, common in growing crops, are not a major post-harvest problem. Deep penetration of decay makes infected produce unusable. This is often the result of infection of the produce in the field before harvest. Quality loss occurs when the disease affects only the surface. Skin blemishes may lower the sale price but do not render a fruit or vegetable inedible. Fungal and bacterial diseases are spread by microscopic spores, which are distributed in the air and soil and via decaying plant material. Infection after harvest can occur at any time. It is usually the result of harvesting or handling injuries.
Ripening occurs when a fruit is mature. Ripeness is followed by senescence and breakdown of the fruit. The category “fruit” refers also to products such as aubergine, sweet pepper and tomato. Non-climacteric fruit only ripen while still attached to the parent plant. Their eating quality suffers if they are harvested before fully ripe as their sugar and acid content does not increase further. Examples are citrus, grapes and pineapple. Early harvesting is often carried out for export shipments to minimise loss during transport, but a consequence of this is that the flavour suffers. Climacteric fruit are those that can be harvested when mature but before ripening has begun. These include banana, melon, papaya, and tomato. In commercial fruit marketing the rate of ripening is controlled artificially, thus enabling transport and distribution to be carefully planned. Ethylene gas is produced in most plant tissues and is important in starting off the ripening process. It can be used commercially for the ripening of climacteric fruits. However, natural ethylene produced by fruits can lead to in-storage losses. For example, ethylene destroys the green colour of plants. Leafy vegetables will be damaged if stored with ripening fruit. Ethylene production is increased when fruits are injured or decaying and this can cause early ripening of climacteric fruit during transport. | [] | [
"Causes of loss after harvest"
] | [
"Horticulture",
"Crops",
"Harvest"
] |
projected-26720883-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-harvest%20losses%20%28vegetables%29 | Post-harvest losses (vegetables) | Damage in the marketing chain | Post-harvest losses of vegetables and fruit occur at all points in the value chain from production in the field to the food being placed on a plate for consumption. Post-harvest activities include harvesting, handling, storage, processing, packaging, transportation and marketing.
Losses of horticultural produce are a major problem in the post-harvest chain. They can be caused by a wide variety of factors, ranging from growing conditions to handling at retail level. Not only are losses clearly a waste of food, but they also represent a similar waste of human effort, farm inputs, livelihoods, investments, and scarce resources such as water. Post-harvest losses for horticultural produce are, however, difficult to measure. In some cases everything harvested by a farmer may end up being sold to consumers. In others, losses or waste may be considerable. Occasionally, losses may be 100%, for example when there is a price collapse and it would cost the farmer more to harvest and market the produce than to plough it back into the ground. Use of average loss figures is thus often misleading. There can be losses in quality, as measured both by the price obtained and the nutritional value, as well as in quantity. | Fruits and vegetables are very susceptible to mechanical injury. This can occur at any stage of the marketing chain and can result from poor harvesting practices such as the use of dirty cutting knives; unsuitable containers used at harvest time or during the marketing process, e.g. containers that can be easily squashed or have splintered wood, sharp edges or poor nailing; overpacking or underpacking of containers; and careless handling of containers. Resultant damage can include splitting of fruits, internal bruising, superficial grazing, and crushing of soft produce. Poor handling can thus result in development of entry points for moulds and bacteria, increased water loss, and an increased respiration rate.
Produce can be damaged when exposed to extremes of temperature. Levels of tolerance to low temperatures are importance when cool storage is envisaged. All produce will freeze at temperatures between 0 and -2 degrees Celsius. Although a few commodities are tolerant of slight freezing, bad temperature control in storage can lead to significant losses.
Some fruits and vegetables are also susceptible to contaminants introduced after harvest by use of contaminated field boxes; dirty water used for washing produce before packing; decaying, rejected produce lying around packing houses; and unhealthy produce contaminating healthy produce in the same packages.
Losses directly attributed to transport can be high, particularly in developing countries. Damage occurs as a result of careless handling of packed produce during loading and unloading; vibration (shaking) of the vehicle, especially on bad roads; and poor stowage, with packages often squeezed into the vehicle in order to maximise revenue for the transporters. Overheating leads to decay, and increases the rate of water loss. In transport it can result from using closed vehicles with no ventilation; stacking patterns that block the movement of air; and using vehicles that provide no protection from the sun. Breakdowns of vehicles can be a significant cause of losses in some countries, as perishable produce can be left exposed to the sun for a day or more while repairs are carried out.
At the retail marketing stage losses can be significant, particularly in poorer countries. Poor-quality markets often provide little protection for the produce against the elements, leading to rapid produce deterioration. Sorting of produce to separate the saleable from the unsaleable can result in high percentages being discarded, and there can be high weight loss from the trimming of leafy vegetables. Arrival of fresh supplies in a market may lead to some existing, older stock being discarded, or sold at very low prices. | [
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projected-26720883-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-harvest%20losses%20%28vegetables%29 | Post-harvest losses (vegetables) | Avoiding loss | Post-harvest losses of vegetables and fruit occur at all points in the value chain from production in the field to the food being placed on a plate for consumption. Post-harvest activities include harvesting, handling, storage, processing, packaging, transportation and marketing.
Losses of horticultural produce are a major problem in the post-harvest chain. They can be caused by a wide variety of factors, ranging from growing conditions to handling at retail level. Not only are losses clearly a waste of food, but they also represent a similar waste of human effort, farm inputs, livelihoods, investments, and scarce resources such as water. Post-harvest losses for horticultural produce are, however, difficult to measure. In some cases everything harvested by a farmer may end up being sold to consumers. In others, losses or waste may be considerable. Occasionally, losses may be 100%, for example when there is a price collapse and it would cost the farmer more to harvest and market the produce than to plough it back into the ground. Use of average loss figures is thus often misleading. There can be losses in quality, as measured both by the price obtained and the nutritional value, as well as in quantity. | Losses can be avoided by following good practices as indicated above. There is also a wide range of post-harvest technologies that can be adopted to improve losses throughout the process of pre-harvest, harvest, cooling, temporary storage, transport, handling, and market distribution. Recommended technologies vary depending on the type of loss experienced. In recent years, researchers have developed digital means to monitor, optimize, and make changes in the management, logistic, and post-harvest supply chain processes to improve quality and reduce food losses. This digital technology, known as "digital twin", involves developing a virtual prototype of fresh produce with its natural characteristics. By coupling input-sensed data with already existing mechanistic models, the actionable output of an entire shipment of fresh produce, including shelf life, thermal injury, microbial spoilage, weight loss, and overall product quality can be identified. Although still in its early stages of application in post-harvest technology, digital twin also helps identify when and where these changes occur in the entire food supply chain. However, all interventions must meet the principle of cost-effectiveness. In theory it should be possible to reduce losses substantially but in practice this may be prohibitively expensive. Especially for small farms, for which it is essential to reduce losses, it is difficult to afford expensive and work-intensive technologies. | [] | [
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projected-26720883-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-harvest%20losses%20%28vegetables%29 | Post-harvest losses (vegetables) | Assessing losses | Post-harvest losses of vegetables and fruit occur at all points in the value chain from production in the field to the food being placed on a plate for consumption. Post-harvest activities include harvesting, handling, storage, processing, packaging, transportation and marketing.
Losses of horticultural produce are a major problem in the post-harvest chain. They can be caused by a wide variety of factors, ranging from growing conditions to handling at retail level. Not only are losses clearly a waste of food, but they also represent a similar waste of human effort, farm inputs, livelihoods, investments, and scarce resources such as water. Post-harvest losses for horticultural produce are, however, difficult to measure. In some cases everything harvested by a farmer may end up being sold to consumers. In others, losses or waste may be considerable. Occasionally, losses may be 100%, for example when there is a price collapse and it would cost the farmer more to harvest and market the produce than to plough it back into the ground. Use of average loss figures is thus often misleading. There can be losses in quality, as measured both by the price obtained and the nutritional value, as well as in quantity. | There are no reliable methods for evaluating post-harvest losses of fresh produce although techniques for this have been improving in recent years. Any assessment can only refer to a particular value chain on a particular occasion and, even then, it is difficult to account for quality loss or to differentiate between unavoidable moisture loss and losses due to poor post-harvest handling and other factors described above. Accurate records of losses at various stages of the marketing chain are rarely kept, particularly in tropical countries where losses can be highest, making reliable assessment of the potential cost-effectiveness of interventions at different stages of the chain virtually impossible. The lack of such information may lead to misplaced interventions by governments and donors. | [] | [
"Assessing losses"
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projected-26720883-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-harvest%20losses%20%28vegetables%29 | Post-harvest losses (vegetables) | See also | Post-harvest losses of vegetables and fruit occur at all points in the value chain from production in the field to the food being placed on a plate for consumption. Post-harvest activities include harvesting, handling, storage, processing, packaging, transportation and marketing.
Losses of horticultural produce are a major problem in the post-harvest chain. They can be caused by a wide variety of factors, ranging from growing conditions to handling at retail level. Not only are losses clearly a waste of food, but they also represent a similar waste of human effort, farm inputs, livelihoods, investments, and scarce resources such as water. Post-harvest losses for horticultural produce are, however, difficult to measure. In some cases everything harvested by a farmer may end up being sold to consumers. In others, losses or waste may be considerable. Occasionally, losses may be 100%, for example when there is a price collapse and it would cost the farmer more to harvest and market the produce than to plough it back into the ground. Use of average loss figures is thus often misleading. There can be losses in quality, as measured both by the price obtained and the nutritional value, as well as in quantity. | Food waste
Post-harvest losses (grains) | [] | [
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projected-56565598-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20the%20Annunciation%20%28Moh%C3%A1cs%29 | Church of the Annunciation (Mohács) | Introduction | The Nagyasszonya temple (Our Lady of Hungarians), also known as the Roman Catholic Memorial Church, the Votive Church, or the Battlefield Memorial Church, is a 20th-century Roman Catholic church in Mohács, Hungary. It is located on the main square (Széchenyi tér) and belongs to the Diocese of Pécs. The church was dedicated to Virgin Mary on the 29. of August 1940.
The dome is 30 meters high and 20 meters wide. The floor area of 1,227 square meters can accommodate 3,600 visitors. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Roman Catholic churches in Hungary"
] | |
projected-56565598-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20the%20Annunciation%20%28Moh%C3%A1cs%29 | Church of the Annunciation (Mohács) | References | The Nagyasszonya temple (Our Lady of Hungarians), also known as the Roman Catholic Memorial Church, the Votive Church, or the Battlefield Memorial Church, is a 20th-century Roman Catholic church in Mohács, Hungary. It is located on the main square (Széchenyi tér) and belongs to the Diocese of Pécs. The church was dedicated to Virgin Mary on the 29. of August 1940.
The dome is 30 meters high and 20 meters wide. The floor area of 1,227 square meters can accommodate 3,600 visitors. | Category:Roman Catholic churches in Hungary | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Roman Catholic churches in Hungary"
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projected-26720899-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine%20Valley | Rhine Valley | Introduction | Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal) is the valley, or any section of it, of the river Rhine in Europe.
Particular valleys of the Rhine or any of its sections:
Alpine Rhine Valley
Chur Rhine Valley (or Grisonian Rhine Valley; , or sometimes Bündner Rheintal) between Reichenau and Sargans, East Switzerland
St. Gallen Rhine Valley (also: St. Gall Rhine Valley; , however commonly known as Rheintal) between Sargans and Lake Constance, East Switzerland
High Rhine Valley
Upper Rhine Valley (or Upper Rhine Plain, also known as Rhine Rift Valley; ), a rift valley between Basel and Bingen am Rhein, Germany
Middle Rhine Valley ()
Lower Rhine Valley | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-26720899-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine%20Valley | Rhine Valley | See also | Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal) is the valley, or any section of it, of the river Rhine in Europe.
Particular valleys of the Rhine or any of its sections:
Alpine Rhine Valley
Chur Rhine Valley (or Grisonian Rhine Valley; , or sometimes Bündner Rheintal) between Reichenau and Sargans, East Switzerland
St. Gallen Rhine Valley (also: St. Gall Rhine Valley; , however commonly known as Rheintal) between Sargans and Lake Constance, East Switzerland
High Rhine Valley
Upper Rhine Valley (or Upper Rhine Plain, also known as Rhine Rift Valley; ), a rift valley between Basel and Bingen am Rhein, Germany
Middle Rhine Valley ()
Lower Rhine Valley | Oberrheintal (translation: "Upper Rhine Valley", but not to be confused with the Upper Rhine Valley), a former district in the Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland, part of the St. Gallen Rhine Valley
Unterrheintal (translation: "Lower Rhine Valley"), a former district in the Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland, part of the St. Gallen Rhine Valley | [] | [
"See also"
] | [] |
projected-20466111-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Vaux%2C%204th%20Baron%20Vaux%20of%20Harrowden | Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden | Introduction | Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden (13 September 1588 – 8 September 1661) was an English peer. He was the son of George Vaux (1564–1594) and his wife Elizabeth Vaux (daughter of John Roper, 1st Baron Teynham, born about 1564), and the grandson and heir of William Vaux, 3rd Baron Vaux of Harrowden. He succeeded his grandfather as Baron Vaux of Harrowden in August 1595, just before his seventh birthday. | [] | [
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projected-20466111-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Vaux%2C%204th%20Baron%20Vaux%20of%20Harrowden | Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden | Early life and religion | Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden (13 September 1588 – 8 September 1661) was an English peer. He was the son of George Vaux (1564–1594) and his wife Elizabeth Vaux (daughter of John Roper, 1st Baron Teynham, born about 1564), and the grandson and heir of William Vaux, 3rd Baron Vaux of Harrowden. He succeeded his grandfather as Baron Vaux of Harrowden in August 1595, just before his seventh birthday. | The Vaux and Roper families were Catholics, and the third Baron Vaux was convicted of recusancy several times during the reign of Elizabeth I. As a minor heir to a barony, Edward Vaux became a ward of the queen on his grandfather's death. His widowed mother, known as the "Dowager of Harrowden" or (incorrectly, as her husband was never Lord Vaux) as the "Dowager Lady Vaux", devastated by the loss of her beloved husband, vowed to never remarry and devoted the rest of her life to religion. During a remodelling of the family estate at Great Harrowden in young Edward's name, she incorporated hidden rooms for the harbouring of Catholic priests including her confessor, the dashing Jesuit John Gerard. Her activities were closely watched by the authorities, and both Edward and his mother were investigated in the aftermath of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. Edward felt it prudent to go abroad for some years.
He returned to England in 1611, apparently to intercede for his mother, who had been arrested for recusancy. For refusing to take the 1606 Oath of Allegiance to James I, entailing a denial of the pope's authority over the king, Edward was committed to the Fleet prison. He was sentenced in the Kings Bench to perpetual imprisonment and loss of property on 1 March 1612, but he was transferred to the custody of the Dean of Westminster and had a grant of his forfeited lands in October 1612. He had already saved some of the family estates by conveying them in trust to five of his Protestant neighbours, even though such a transaction was strictly forbidden by law. He was later released on surety of £1000. | [] | [
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projected-20466111-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Vaux%2C%204th%20Baron%20Vaux%20of%20Harrowden | Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden | Military career | Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden (13 September 1588 – 8 September 1661) was an English peer. He was the son of George Vaux (1564–1594) and his wife Elizabeth Vaux (daughter of John Roper, 1st Baron Teynham, born about 1564), and the grandson and heir of William Vaux, 3rd Baron Vaux of Harrowden. He succeeded his grandfather as Baron Vaux of Harrowden in August 1595, just before his seventh birthday. | On 3 January 1621, Vaux was summoned to the Parliament which James reluctantly called to raise funds for the military assistance of his son-in-law Frederick V, Elector Palatine. When Parliament instead demanded abandonment of the planned Spanish Match for Charles, Prince of Wales and war with Spain, James dissolved Parliament and pursued the Spanish bride for his son with renewed vigor. The king supported a request by the Spanish ambassador to allow volunteers to be recruited for service in the Spanish Army of Flanders, which relied heavily on foreign mercenaries, and suspended the statute that required volunteers in foreign service to take the Oath of Allegiance before leaving the country. In 1622 Edward Vaux was licensed to raise a regiment of English Catholics for the Spanish service, but at the Siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, he was dismayed to find his regiment facing English Protestant troops despite Spanish promises to the contrary, and many of his men deserted rather than engage their fellow-countrymen.
Vaux paid £300 to purge his personal attendance on Charles I at York in March 1639 for the military expedition into Scotland known as the First Bishops' War. | [] | [
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projected-20466111-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Vaux%2C%204th%20Baron%20Vaux%20of%20Harrowden | Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden | Marriage and estate | Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden (13 September 1588 – 8 September 1661) was an English peer. He was the son of George Vaux (1564–1594) and his wife Elizabeth Vaux (daughter of John Roper, 1st Baron Teynham, born about 1564), and the grandson and heir of William Vaux, 3rd Baron Vaux of Harrowden. He succeeded his grandfather as Baron Vaux of Harrowden in August 1595, just before his seventh birthday. | When Edward was seventeen, his mother sought to arrange his marriage to Elizabeth Howard, daughter of Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk, but the marriage negotiations were abandoned as hopeless in the wake of the Gunpowder Plot, and Elizabeth was married to William Knollys, 1st Earl of Banbury who was some 40 years her senior on 23 December 1605. Nevertheless, Edward and Elizabeth Howard seem to have fallen in love, for they were married in June 1632 within five weeks of her first husband's death. The marriage produced no children, but Elizabeth's two sons, Edward (1627–1645) and Nicolas (1631–1674), born in the life-time of her elderly first husband, were widely presumed to be the illegitimate sons of Edward Vaux. Neither son is mentioned in the earl's will, but in 1641 the law courts decided that Edward was Earl of Banbury, and when he was slain in an argument aged 18 (before June 1645), his brother Nicholas, who had used the surname "Vaux", took the title. On 19 October 1646, Edward Vaux settled the whole of his estates on Nicholas, speaking of him as "now Earl of Banbury, heretofore called Nicholas Vaux" to the total exclusion of his own lawful heirs. However, in the Convention Parliament of 1660 the House of Lords questioned Nicolas's right to the title and through Nicholas and his descendants arose a long contest for the Banbury peerage (see Knollys family).
Edward Vaux's wife Elizabeth died 17 April 1658, aged 71. Vaux died 8 September 1661, aged 74. Both were buried at Dorking, Surrey.
On Edward's death without legitimate issue, the Barony of Vaux of Harrowden was inherited by his brother Henry who died without issue in 1663.
In 1632, he added to his property in the area by purchasing the Manor of Little Harrowden from John Sanderson, his wife Cecily and John Sanderson junior. | [] | [
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projected-20466111-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Vaux%2C%204th%20Baron%20Vaux%20of%20Harrowden | Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden | References | Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden (13 September 1588 – 8 September 1661) was an English peer. He was the son of George Vaux (1564–1594) and his wife Elizabeth Vaux (daughter of John Roper, 1st Baron Teynham, born about 1564), and the grandson and heir of William Vaux, 3rd Baron Vaux of Harrowden. He succeeded his grandfather as Baron Vaux of Harrowden in August 1595, just before his seventh birthday. | Fraser, Antonia, Faith and Treason: The Story of the Gunpowder Plot, Nan Talese/Doubleday, 1996, .
Kenyon, J.P. The Popish Plot, Phoenix Press, reissue 2000
Manning, Roger B, An Apprenticeship in Arms: The Origins of the British Army 1585–1702, Oxford University Press, 2006, , excerpted at Google Books
Category:1588 births
Category:1661 deaths
Category:16th-century English nobility
Category:17th-century English nobility
Category:17th-century English military personnel
Category:17th-century Spanish military personnel
Category:Barons Vaux of Harrowden
Category:English Roman Catholics
Edward | [] | [
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projected-23573915-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester%20Rows | Chester Rows | Introduction | Chester Rows are a set of structures in each of the four main streets of Chester, in the United Kingdom, consisting of a series of covered walkways on the first floor behind which are entrances to shops and other premises. At street level is another set of shops and other premises, many of which are entered by going down a few steps. .
Dating from the medieval era, the Rows may have been built on top of rubble remaining from the ruins of Roman buildings, but their origin is still subject to speculation. In some places the continuity of the Rows has been blocked by enclosure or by new buildings, but in others modern buildings have retained the Rows in their designs. Undercrofts or "crypts" were constructed beneath the buildings in the Rows. The undercrofts were in stone while most of the buildings in the Rows were in timber.
Today about 20 of the stone undercrofts still exist, but at the level of the Rows very little medieval fabric remains. Many of the buildings containing portions of the Rows are listed and some are recorded in the English Heritage Archive. The premises on the street and Row levels are used for a variety of purposes; most are shops, but there are also offices, restaurants, cafés, and meeting rooms. Chester Rows are one of the city's main tourist attractions. | [] | [
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projected-23573915-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester%20Rows | Chester Rows | Description | Chester Rows are a set of structures in each of the four main streets of Chester, in the United Kingdom, consisting of a series of covered walkways on the first floor behind which are entrances to shops and other premises. At street level is another set of shops and other premises, many of which are entered by going down a few steps. .
Dating from the medieval era, the Rows may have been built on top of rubble remaining from the ruins of Roman buildings, but their origin is still subject to speculation. In some places the continuity of the Rows has been blocked by enclosure or by new buildings, but in others modern buildings have retained the Rows in their designs. Undercrofts or "crypts" were constructed beneath the buildings in the Rows. The undercrofts were in stone while most of the buildings in the Rows were in timber.
Today about 20 of the stone undercrofts still exist, but at the level of the Rows very little medieval fabric remains. Many of the buildings containing portions of the Rows are listed and some are recorded in the English Heritage Archive. The premises on the street and Row levels are used for a variety of purposes; most are shops, but there are also offices, restaurants, cafés, and meeting rooms. Chester Rows are one of the city's main tourist attractions. | At street level the shops and other premises are similar to those found in other towns and cities, although many of the premises are entered by going down a few steps. On the first floor level are more shops and other premises, set back from the street, in front of which is a continuous walkway. The storey above this overlaps the walkway, which makes it a covered walkway, and this constitutes what is known as the "Row". On the street side of the walkways are railings and an area which was used as shelves or stalls for the display of goods. The floors above the level of the Rows are used for commercial or domestic purposes, or for storage. The Rows are present, to a greater or lesser degree, in all the streets radiating from Chester Cross, namely Watergate Street, Northgate Street, Eastgate Street and Upper Bridge Street. They are continuous on both sides of Upper Bridge Street, along most of Watergate and Eastgate Street, but only for a short stretch along the east side of Northgate Street. Originally there were also Rows in Lower Bridge Street but these were blocked during the 17th and 18th centuries.
As the ground floor buildings are usually lower than the street level, they are sometime known as "crypts". However, as the architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner points out, this is not a strictly accurate description because the level of the floors of the buildings is a half-storey rather than a full-storey level below the street. | [
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projected-23573915-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester%20Rows | Chester Rows | Origins | Chester Rows are a set of structures in each of the four main streets of Chester, in the United Kingdom, consisting of a series of covered walkways on the first floor behind which are entrances to shops and other premises. At street level is another set of shops and other premises, many of which are entered by going down a few steps. .
Dating from the medieval era, the Rows may have been built on top of rubble remaining from the ruins of Roman buildings, but their origin is still subject to speculation. In some places the continuity of the Rows has been blocked by enclosure or by new buildings, but in others modern buildings have retained the Rows in their designs. Undercrofts or "crypts" were constructed beneath the buildings in the Rows. The undercrofts were in stone while most of the buildings in the Rows were in timber.
Today about 20 of the stone undercrofts still exist, but at the level of the Rows very little medieval fabric remains. Many of the buildings containing portions of the Rows are listed and some are recorded in the English Heritage Archive. The premises on the street and Row levels are used for a variety of purposes; most are shops, but there are also offices, restaurants, cafés, and meeting rooms. Chester Rows are one of the city's main tourist attractions. | Rows were built in the four main streets leading from Chester Cross, each of which originated during the settlement's early development. In the Roman period the main street, now Watergate Street and Eastgate Street, lay on an east–west axis. It was joined at what is now Chester Cross by the main road from the south, present-day Bridge Street. During the Saxon period a road to the north was added, now called Northgate Street. Dendrochronological evidence shows that the Rows go back as far as the 13th century, but it is unlikely that they originated before 1200. The first record of the Rows appears in 1293, although it is uncertain whether it refers to a Row as it would be recognised today. The "earliest unambiguous instance" of the use of the term for an elevated walkway is in 1356.
Because the Chester Rows are unique and their precise origins are unknown, they have been the subject of speculation. Chester has suffered from a series of fires. In 1278 the fire was so severe that almost the entire town within the walls was destroyed. It has been suggested that following this fire, the owners were ordered to make their ground floors fireproof, leading to the stone-lined undercrofts. From this, the suggestion has been made that there was "a general undertaking by the citizens of Chester ... to improve the commercial potential of their property by providing two-level access for customers".
Daniel Defoe, writing around 1724 in A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain, describes the Rows of Chester as “long galleries, up one pair of stairs, which run along the side of the streets, before all the houses, though joined to them, and is pretended, they are to keep the people dry in walking along. This they do effectually, but then they...make the shops themselves dark, and the way in them is dark, dirty, and uneven.”
The 19th-century writer George Borrow makes the following claim in his book Wild Wales, published in 1862: "All the best shops in Chester are to be found in the rows. These rows, which you ascend by stairs up narrow passages, were originally built for the security of the wares of the principal merchants against the Welsh. Should the mountaineers break into the town, as they frequently did, they might rifle some of the common shops, where their booty would be slight, but those which contained the most costly articles would be beyond their reach; for at the first alarm the doors of the passages, up which the stairs led, would be closed, and all access to the upper streets cut off, from the open arches of which missiles of all kinds, kept ready for such occasions, could be discharged upon the intruders, who would soon be glad to beat a retreat."
Another theory links the Rows with the debris left from the Roman occupation of Chester. The rubble from the Roman buildings which had fallen into ruin was piled up alongside the streets. One theory suggests that in the medieval period buildings were constructed along the top of this debris. The buildings were set back from the street, a footpath passed in front of them, and wheeled vehicles passed along the street below. In time, the properties were improved and, possibly during the 13th century, cellars or undercrofts were excavated in the debris beneath them. When the buildings were further improved, upper stories were built which overlapped the lower storey, providing a covered walkway. Stalls or shelves were added on the street side of the walkway for the display of goods, and so the system of Rows was developed. In a few places, for example at the corner of Eastgate Street and Northgate Street, another building was constructed between the walkway and the street. It is thought that, apart from a relatively small number of later buildings, the system of the Rows had reached its full extent by about 1350. | [
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"History of Chester",
"Shopping arcades in England",
"Tourist attractions in Cheshire",
"Timber framed buildings in Cheshire",
"Retail formats"
] |
projected-23573915-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester%20Rows | Chester Rows | Medieval period | Chester Rows are a set of structures in each of the four main streets of Chester, in the United Kingdom, consisting of a series of covered walkways on the first floor behind which are entrances to shops and other premises. At street level is another set of shops and other premises, many of which are entered by going down a few steps. .
Dating from the medieval era, the Rows may have been built on top of rubble remaining from the ruins of Roman buildings, but their origin is still subject to speculation. In some places the continuity of the Rows has been blocked by enclosure or by new buildings, but in others modern buildings have retained the Rows in their designs. Undercrofts or "crypts" were constructed beneath the buildings in the Rows. The undercrofts were in stone while most of the buildings in the Rows were in timber.
Today about 20 of the stone undercrofts still exist, but at the level of the Rows very little medieval fabric remains. Many of the buildings containing portions of the Rows are listed and some are recorded in the English Heritage Archive. The premises on the street and Row levels are used for a variety of purposes; most are shops, but there are also offices, restaurants, cafés, and meeting rooms. Chester Rows are one of the city's main tourist attractions. | During the medieval period the Rows gave access to living accommodation. The doorway led into a hall, which was usually at right angles to the street. In some cases the front portion of the hall was used as a separate shop, and in other cases the whole hall was the shop. In the storey above the hall was the solar, a room providing private accommodation for the residents. In some cases, where the hall was larger, there were several shops on its frontage. Below the Rows, at street level, were crypts or undercrofts. Many of these were stone-lined with ribbed vaults, and they were used for storage or for selling more valuable goods. Behind the hall, on the level of the Rows, was more domestic accommodation. Normally the kitchen was a separate building in the yard behind the house. The back yard was also used for cesspits and for the disposal of rubbish. | [] | [
"Medieval period"
] | [
"Buildings and structures in Chester",
"History of Chester",
"Shopping arcades in England",
"Tourist attractions in Cheshire",
"Timber framed buildings in Cheshire",
"Retail formats"
] |
projected-23573915-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester%20Rows | Chester Rows | Subsequent development | Chester Rows are a set of structures in each of the four main streets of Chester, in the United Kingdom, consisting of a series of covered walkways on the first floor behind which are entrances to shops and other premises. At street level is another set of shops and other premises, many of which are entered by going down a few steps. .
Dating from the medieval era, the Rows may have been built on top of rubble remaining from the ruins of Roman buildings, but their origin is still subject to speculation. In some places the continuity of the Rows has been blocked by enclosure or by new buildings, but in others modern buildings have retained the Rows in their designs. Undercrofts or "crypts" were constructed beneath the buildings in the Rows. The undercrofts were in stone while most of the buildings in the Rows were in timber.
Today about 20 of the stone undercrofts still exist, but at the level of the Rows very little medieval fabric remains. Many of the buildings containing portions of the Rows are listed and some are recorded in the English Heritage Archive. The premises on the street and Row levels are used for a variety of purposes; most are shops, but there are also offices, restaurants, cafés, and meeting rooms. Chester Rows are one of the city's main tourist attractions. | Although many of the Rows are still continuous, in some areas they have been blocked. In Lower Bridge Street there was originally a continuous Row; the first building to break the sequence was at the north end of the street, the public house now known as The Falcon. In the 17th century this was the town house of the Grosvenor family. It was rebuilt in 1626, maintaining its section of the Row. However, in 1643, during the Civil War siege of Chester, Sir Richard Grosvenor moved his family there from his country estate at Eaton Hall. In order to increase the size of the house he gained permission to enclose the Row. This set the fashion for other houses in Lower Bridge Street to enclose their sections of the Row. Later, completely new houses were constructed which did not incorporate the Row. One of these was Bridge House, built by Lady Calveley in 1676; it was the first house in Chester to be designed in neoclassical style. In 1699 John Mather, a lawyer, gained permission to build a new house at 51 Lower Bridge Street, which also resulted in the loss of part of the Row. In 1728 Roger Ormes, rather than building a new house, enclosed the Row at his home, Tudor House, making it into an additional room.
During the Georgian era more sections of the Rows were blocked, especially by commercial development on the north side of Watergate Street. In 1808 Thomas Harrison designed the Commercial Coffee Room in Northgate Street in neoclassical style, with an arcade at the ground-floor level, rather than continuing the Row on the first floor. In 1859–60 Chester Bank was built in Eastgate Street, again obliterating its part of the Row. However other architects continued the tradition of maintaining the Rows in their designs; examples include the Georgian Booth Mansion of 1700 in Watergate Street, T. M. Penson's Gothic Revival Crypt Chambers of 1858 in Eastgate Street, and buildings in modern style constructed in Watergate Street in the 1960s. | [] | [
"Subsequent development"
] | [
"Buildings and structures in Chester",
"History of Chester",
"Shopping arcades in England",
"Tourist attractions in Cheshire",
"Timber framed buildings in Cheshire",
"Retail formats"
] |
projected-23573915-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester%20Rows | Chester Rows | Today | Chester Rows are a set of structures in each of the four main streets of Chester, in the United Kingdom, consisting of a series of covered walkways on the first floor behind which are entrances to shops and other premises. At street level is another set of shops and other premises, many of which are entered by going down a few steps. .
Dating from the medieval era, the Rows may have been built on top of rubble remaining from the ruins of Roman buildings, but their origin is still subject to speculation. In some places the continuity of the Rows has been blocked by enclosure or by new buildings, but in others modern buildings have retained the Rows in their designs. Undercrofts or "crypts" were constructed beneath the buildings in the Rows. The undercrofts were in stone while most of the buildings in the Rows were in timber.
Today about 20 of the stone undercrofts still exist, but at the level of the Rows very little medieval fabric remains. Many of the buildings containing portions of the Rows are listed and some are recorded in the English Heritage Archive. The premises on the street and Row levels are used for a variety of purposes; most are shops, but there are also offices, restaurants, cafés, and meeting rooms. Chester Rows are one of the city's main tourist attractions. | About 20 stone undercrofts still exist, some of them vaulted, dating from the 13th or early 14th century. One of the finest is Cowper House at No. 12 Bridge Street, with an undercroft of six bays built in sandstone rubble. It has plain rib-vaulting on plain corbels; the ribs are single-chamfered.
On the other side of Bridge Street, at No. 15, is another undercroft, this one having two double-chamfered arches. The Falcon, in Lower Bridge Street, has an undercroft which formerly had three bays but which has now been divided into two chambers. At No. 11 Watergate Street is a two-naved undercroft with four bays. Also in Watergate Street are undercrofts at Nos. 23 and 37, the latter having 5½ bays. Crypt Chambers, at No. 28 Eastgate Street, has a four-bay undercroft.
At the Row level, the medieval building was usually built in timber, and few examples remain. One which does remain is the building known as Three Old Arches. Consisting of three arches, the frontage of this shop is stone and is probably the earliest identified shopfront in England. The building also retains its undercroft and hall, the latter also built in stone.
According to the records in the English Heritage Archive, 14 buildings incorporate sections of Chester Rows. The records in the National Heritage List for England show that at least 95 of the buildings containing sections of the Rows are listed; 9 of these are listed as Grade I, 20 as Grade II*, and 66 as Grade II. The National Heritage List for England records the uses made by the premises at street level and in the Rows. Most of these are shops, but other uses include offices, restaurants and cafés, and private dwellings. The building at No. 1 Bridge Street has shops at both street and Row levels. A department store occupies the street and Row levels (and the storey above) of Crypt Chambers. Bishop Lloyd's House in Watergate Street has a shop at the street level and above this there are meeting rooms, and the office of Chester Civic Trust. As of 2010, Booth Mansion, also in Watergate Street, contains a solicitors' office. The former St Michael's Church, which is now a heritage centre, includes part of Bridge Street Row in the lowest stage of its tower. A remaining example of a section of a Row with a building between the walkway and the street is No. 22 Eastgate Street.
Since 1995 access to the Rows has been improved by a pedestrianisation scheme, which affects all the streets containing Rows. Most vehicles are prohibited from using the area between 08:00 and 18:00, although unloading is allowed until 10:30 and from 16:30. Chester Rows are a major tourist attraction in the city because of their unique nature, their attractive appearance and the covered shopping they provide.
On 7 July 2010 it was announced that Chester Rows were being considered as an applicant for the new United Kingdom Tentative List for World Heritage status by the Department of Culture Media and Sport. | [
"Three Old Arches, Chester.jpg"
] | [
"Today"
] | [
"Buildings and structures in Chester",
"History of Chester",
"Shopping arcades in England",
"Tourist attractions in Cheshire",
"Timber framed buildings in Cheshire",
"Retail formats"
] |
projected-23573915-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester%20Rows | Chester Rows | See also | Chester Rows are a set of structures in each of the four main streets of Chester, in the United Kingdom, consisting of a series of covered walkways on the first floor behind which are entrances to shops and other premises. At street level is another set of shops and other premises, many of which are entered by going down a few steps. .
Dating from the medieval era, the Rows may have been built on top of rubble remaining from the ruins of Roman buildings, but their origin is still subject to speculation. In some places the continuity of the Rows has been blocked by enclosure or by new buildings, but in others modern buildings have retained the Rows in their designs. Undercrofts or "crypts" were constructed beneath the buildings in the Rows. The undercrofts were in stone while most of the buildings in the Rows were in timber.
Today about 20 of the stone undercrofts still exist, but at the level of the Rows very little medieval fabric remains. Many of the buildings containing portions of the Rows are listed and some are recorded in the English Heritage Archive. The premises on the street and Row levels are used for a variety of purposes; most are shops, but there are also offices, restaurants, cafés, and meeting rooms. Chester Rows are one of the city's main tourist attractions. | Grade I listed buildings in Cheshire West and Chester
Loggia: a similar Italian architectural element | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Buildings and structures in Chester",
"History of Chester",
"Shopping arcades in England",
"Tourist attractions in Cheshire",
"Timber framed buildings in Cheshire",
"Retail formats"
] |
projected-23573915-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester%20Rows | Chester Rows | References | Chester Rows are a set of structures in each of the four main streets of Chester, in the United Kingdom, consisting of a series of covered walkways on the first floor behind which are entrances to shops and other premises. At street level is another set of shops and other premises, many of which are entered by going down a few steps. .
Dating from the medieval era, the Rows may have been built on top of rubble remaining from the ruins of Roman buildings, but their origin is still subject to speculation. In some places the continuity of the Rows has been blocked by enclosure or by new buildings, but in others modern buildings have retained the Rows in their designs. Undercrofts or "crypts" were constructed beneath the buildings in the Rows. The undercrofts were in stone while most of the buildings in the Rows were in timber.
Today about 20 of the stone undercrofts still exist, but at the level of the Rows very little medieval fabric remains. Many of the buildings containing portions of the Rows are listed and some are recorded in the English Heritage Archive. The premises on the street and Row levels are used for a variety of purposes; most are shops, but there are also offices, restaurants, cafés, and meeting rooms. Chester Rows are one of the city's main tourist attractions. | Notes
Citations
Sources
Category:Buildings and structures in Chester
Category:History of Chester
Category:Shopping arcades in England
Category:Tourist attractions in Cheshire
Category:Timber framed buildings in Cheshire
Category:Retail formats | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Buildings and structures in Chester",
"History of Chester",
"Shopping arcades in England",
"Tourist attractions in Cheshire",
"Timber framed buildings in Cheshire",
"Retail formats"
] |
projected-56565633-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM%20790%20Duke | KTM 790 Duke | Introduction | The KTM 790 Duke is a naked parallel-twin motorcycle, manufactured by KTM from 2017. The Duke's liquid cooled eight-valve DOHC engine uses a 285° crankshaft in order to mimic KTM's 75° V-Twins. Its power output is 105 bhp.
The Duke is KTM's first parallel-twin bike; previously the factory had produced only singles and V-twins. Released in 2018 for the European market, KTM propose to release the Duke as a 2019 model to the US market in late 2018. Starting in 2021, this new model will be produced in China. It appears that no changes will be made to KTM's warranty, which covers the lesser of two years or twenty-four thousand miles, and guarantees the frame, swingarm, ignition system, engine parts inside the crankcase.
The Duke is also the first middleweight naked with an inertial measurement unit within its electronics that include ride-by-wire, fuel modes, and multi-level traction control. It also includes a bi-directional quickshifter. With a dry weight of 169 kg, the pared-down design is said to make the Duke the lightest bike in the middleweight naked market. KTM cooperated with Maxxis to develop special tyres for the Duke. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"KTM motorcycles",
"Motorcycles powered by straight-twin engines",
"Motorcycles introduced in 2018",
"Standard motorcycles"
] | |
projected-56565633-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM%20790%20Duke | KTM 790 Duke | Reception | The KTM 790 Duke is a naked parallel-twin motorcycle, manufactured by KTM from 2017. The Duke's liquid cooled eight-valve DOHC engine uses a 285° crankshaft in order to mimic KTM's 75° V-Twins. Its power output is 105 bhp.
The Duke is KTM's first parallel-twin bike; previously the factory had produced only singles and V-twins. Released in 2018 for the European market, KTM propose to release the Duke as a 2019 model to the US market in late 2018. Starting in 2021, this new model will be produced in China. It appears that no changes will be made to KTM's warranty, which covers the lesser of two years or twenty-four thousand miles, and guarantees the frame, swingarm, ignition system, engine parts inside the crankcase.
The Duke is also the first middleweight naked with an inertial measurement unit within its electronics that include ride-by-wire, fuel modes, and multi-level traction control. It also includes a bi-directional quickshifter. With a dry weight of 169 kg, the pared-down design is said to make the Duke the lightest bike in the middleweight naked market. KTM cooperated with Maxxis to develop special tyres for the Duke. | The KTM Duke has received positive reviews.
In Motor Cycle News, senior bike tester Michael Neeves wrote that the KTM "manages to combine the best bits of its rivals", with "the speed and electronic sophistication of the Triumph Street Triple R, the punch and simplicity of the MT-07 and the cheekiness of the MT-09 ... with a dash of crazy 1290 Super Duke R". Neeves praises the KTM's riding position and comfort, but points out that wind protection is non-existent. His overall verdict: "Its engine is a peach, the chassis balanced and it's topped off with superbike-spec electronics". | [] | [
"Reception"
] | [
"KTM motorcycles",
"Motorcycles powered by straight-twin engines",
"Motorcycles introduced in 2018",
"Standard motorcycles"
] |
projected-20466124-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiolestes | Zodiolestes | Introduction | Zodiolestes is a genus of mustelids, now extinct, which existed during the Miocene period.
The genus was first described in 1942, by E. S. Riggs, who identified the sister genus Promartes at the same time, and assigned to the family Procyonidae. In 1998 it was assigned to the subfamily Oligobuninae of the family Mustelidae. Two species have been identified in the genus: Z. daimonelixensis and Z. freundi.
Z. daimonelixensis showed digging adaptations, and one fossil was found curled up in the "corkscrew" burrow of the Miocene beaver, Palaeocastor. Zodiolestes was most likely a predator of these fossorial beavers.
This situation was analogous to the modern day prairie dog (genus Cynomys) and its predator the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes). | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Prehistoric mustelids",
"Miocene mustelids",
"Prehistoric mammals of North America",
"Prehistoric carnivoran genera"
] | |
projected-20466124-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiolestes | Zodiolestes | References | Zodiolestes is a genus of mustelids, now extinct, which existed during the Miocene period.
The genus was first described in 1942, by E. S. Riggs, who identified the sister genus Promartes at the same time, and assigned to the family Procyonidae. In 1998 it was assigned to the subfamily Oligobuninae of the family Mustelidae. Two species have been identified in the genus: Z. daimonelixensis and Z. freundi.
Z. daimonelixensis showed digging adaptations, and one fossil was found curled up in the "corkscrew" burrow of the Miocene beaver, Palaeocastor. Zodiolestes was most likely a predator of these fossorial beavers.
This situation was analogous to the modern day prairie dog (genus Cynomys) and its predator the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes). | Category:Prehistoric mustelids
Category:Miocene mustelids
Category:Prehistoric mammals of North America
Category:Prehistoric carnivoran genera | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Prehistoric mustelids",
"Miocene mustelids",
"Prehistoric mammals of North America",
"Prehistoric carnivoran genera"
] |
projected-26720918-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential%20%28Pet%20Shop%20Boys%20album%29 | Essential (Pet Shop Boys album) | Introduction | Essential is a 1998 compilation album by Pet Shop Boys, released as a limited edition in the United States by EMI/Capitol and in Japan by Toshiba/EMI. Produced for only six months, early promotional versions of the album had the title Early, as the tracks featured were part of Pet Shop Boys' early catalogue. The album contained remixes as well as album tracks and B-sides. The CD booklet contains an essay written by music journalist and Pet Shop Boys biographer Chris Heath.
While several of the selections had not been available on compact disc prior to its original release, as of 2018, it remains the only official CD appearance of the 7" version of "That's My Impression" (all other reissues and compilations using the "Disco" mix.) | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Pet Shop Boys compilation albums",
"1998 compilation albums"
] | |
projected-26720918-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential%20%28Pet%20Shop%20Boys%20album%29 | Essential (Pet Shop Boys album) | References | Essential is a 1998 compilation album by Pet Shop Boys, released as a limited edition in the United States by EMI/Capitol and in Japan by Toshiba/EMI. Produced for only six months, early promotional versions of the album had the title Early, as the tracks featured were part of Pet Shop Boys' early catalogue. The album contained remixes as well as album tracks and B-sides. The CD booklet contains an essay written by music journalist and Pet Shop Boys biographer Chris Heath.
While several of the selections had not been available on compact disc prior to its original release, as of 2018, it remains the only official CD appearance of the 7" version of "That's My Impression" (all other reissues and compilations using the "Disco" mix.) | Category:Pet Shop Boys compilation albums
Category:1998 compilation albums | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Pet Shop Boys compilation albums",
"1998 compilation albums"
] |
projected-56565654-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawada%20City%20Police | Vijayawada City Police | Introduction | The 'Vijayawada City Police ,is the local law enforcement agency for the city of Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh and is headed by the city police commissioner. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Government of Vijayawada",
"Metropolitan law enforcement agencies of India",
"Andhra Pradesh Police",
"1983 establishments in Andhra Pradesh",
"Government agencies established in 1983"
] | |
projected-56565654-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawada%20City%20Police | Vijayawada City Police | Organizational structure | The 'Vijayawada City Police ,is the local law enforcement agency for the city of Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh and is headed by the city police commissioner. | The Vijayawada Police Commissionerate is headed by Commissioner of Police and Two Deputy commissioner of Police and Assistant Commissioner of Police with particular number of police stations. | [] | [
"Organizational structure"
] | [
"Government of Vijayawada",
"Metropolitan law enforcement agencies of India",
"Andhra Pradesh Police",
"1983 establishments in Andhra Pradesh",
"Government agencies established in 1983"
] |
projected-56565654-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawada%20City%20Police | Vijayawada City Police | Current structure | The 'Vijayawada City Police ,is the local law enforcement agency for the city of Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh and is headed by the city police commissioner. | The Vijayawada City Police control the following zones:
East Zone
West Zone
Central Zone
South Zone
North Zone
Traffic Zone | [] | [
"Current structure"
] | [
"Government of Vijayawada",
"Metropolitan law enforcement agencies of India",
"Andhra Pradesh Police",
"1983 establishments in Andhra Pradesh",
"Government agencies established in 1983"
] |
projected-56565654-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawada%20City%20Police | Vijayawada City Police | Command Control Center | The 'Vijayawada City Police ,is the local law enforcement agency for the city of Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh and is headed by the city police commissioner. | Vijayawada Police has a Command Control Center. With the help of this center, the city police can monitor the whole city. | [] | [
"Command Control Center"
] | [
"Government of Vijayawada",
"Metropolitan law enforcement agencies of India",
"Andhra Pradesh Police",
"1983 establishments in Andhra Pradesh",
"Government agencies established in 1983"
] |
projected-56565654-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawada%20City%20Police | Vijayawada City Police | See also | The 'Vijayawada City Police ,is the local law enforcement agency for the city of Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh and is headed by the city police commissioner. | Andhra Pradesh Police
Visakhapatnam City Police | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Government of Vijayawada",
"Metropolitan law enforcement agencies of India",
"Andhra Pradesh Police",
"1983 establishments in Andhra Pradesh",
"Government agencies established in 1983"
] |
projected-56565654-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawada%20City%20Police | Vijayawada City Police | References | The 'Vijayawada City Police ,is the local law enforcement agency for the city of Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh and is headed by the city police commissioner. | Category:Government of Vijayawada
Category:Metropolitan law enforcement agencies of India
Category:Andhra Pradesh Police
Category:1983 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
Category:Government agencies established in 1983 | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Government of Vijayawada",
"Metropolitan law enforcement agencies of India",
"Andhra Pradesh Police",
"1983 establishments in Andhra Pradesh",
"Government agencies established in 1983"
] |
projected-23573917-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%20ICF%20Canoe%20Slalom%20World%20Championships | 1967 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships | Introduction | The 1967 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Lipno nad Vltavou, Czechoslovakia under the auspices of International Canoe Federation. It was the 10th edition. The mixed C2 team event was not held after having been done so at the previous championships. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1967 in Czechoslovak sport",
"ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships",
"International sports competitions hosted by Czechoslovakia",
"1967 in canoeing"
] | |
projected-23573919-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctim%C4%9B%C5%99ice | Ctiměřice | Introduction | Ctiměřice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] | |
projected-23573919-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctim%C4%9B%C5%99ice | Ctiměřice | References | Ctiměřice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. | Category:Villages in Mladá Boleslav District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23573924-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cachovice | Čachovice | Introduction | Čachovice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] | |
projected-23573924-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cachovice | Čachovice | Administrative parts | Čachovice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants. | The village of Struhy is an administrative part of Čachovice. | [] | [
"Administrative parts"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23573924-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cachovice | Čachovice | Notable people | Čachovice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants. | František Čáp (1913–1972), film director | [] | [
"Notable people"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23573925-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cist%C3%A1%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Čistá (Mladá Boleslav District) | Introduction | Čistá is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] | |
projected-23573925-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cist%C3%A1%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Čistá (Mladá Boleslav District) | References | Čistá is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants. | Category:Villages in Mladá Boleslav District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23573926-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrixspermum%20centipeda | Thrixspermum centipeda | Introduction | Thrixspermum centipeda, commonly called the centipede thrixspermum, is a species of orchid widespread across southern China, the Himalayas, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Thrixspermum",
"Orchids of Asia",
"Plants described in 1790"
] | |
projected-23573926-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrixspermum%20centipeda | Thrixspermum centipeda | References | Thrixspermum centipeda, commonly called the centipede thrixspermum, is a species of orchid widespread across southern China, the Himalayas, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. | centipeda
Category:Orchids of Asia
Category:Plants described in 1790 | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Thrixspermum",
"Orchids of Asia",
"Plants described in 1790"
] |
projected-17329097-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/81st%20Fighter%20Squadron | 81st Fighter Squadron | Introduction | The 81st Fighter Squadron (81 FS) is a training squadron of the United States Air Force's Air Education and Training Command (AETC), stationed at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. It is a Geographically Separate Unit of the 14th Operations Group, 14th Flying Training Wing at Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi, and operates the A-29B Super Tucano aircraft conducting close air support training for allied nations. The 81st FS is AETC's only combat mission ready fighter squadron. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force",
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Army Air Forces"
] | |
projected-17329097-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/81st%20Fighter%20Squadron | 81st Fighter Squadron | World War II | The 81st Fighter Squadron (81 FS) is a training squadron of the United States Air Force's Air Education and Training Command (AETC), stationed at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. It is a Geographically Separate Unit of the 14th Operations Group, 14th Flying Training Wing at Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi, and operates the A-29B Super Tucano aircraft conducting close air support training for allied nations. The 81st FS is AETC's only combat mission ready fighter squadron. | The squadron was first activated on 15 January 1942, at Key Field, Mississippi, as the 81st Pursuit Squadron flying the P-40 Warhawk. The squadron was assigned to the 50th Fighter Group to replace the 11th Pursuit Squadron, which had been transferred after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor to reinforce the air defenses of Alaska. In May 1942 the 50th Group was assigned to the Fighter Command School of the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics and the 81st became the 81st Fighter Squadron (Special).
Night fighter combat over the skies of England made the Army Air Forces aware of the need for night air defense training and tactics development. The Air Defense Operational Training Unit had been established on 26 March. Later it was renamed the Fighter Command School. The 81st Fighter Squadron became responsible for night fighter training, using Douglas P-70 Havocs. The 81st was assigned the "daunting task" of training sufficient crews to man seventeen night fighter squadrons within twelve months, initially " [w]ith no trained instructor pilots or [radar operator]s, no aircraft, no radar, and no communications equipment" The original night fighter crews were recruited from 27 pilots from the 50th Group who were qualified to fly twin-engine aircraft. They attended transition training school at Williams Field, Arizona before returning to Florida.
In October 1942 the 81st moved to Orlando Army Air Field Florida. By the end of September, the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics Night Fighter Department had been activated and the 81st Fighter Squadron was detached from the 50th Group and placed under the Department for training and operations. In October 1942, the personnel and equipment of the 81st squadron provided the manpower and equipment for the newly formed 348th and 349th Night Fighter Squadrons, and the squadron was remanned.
The 81st helped test procedures and equipment, seeking better ways to manage the huge efforts required to supply troops and maintain aircraft fighting overseas. In 1943 the 81st moved to Cross City Army Air Field, Florida, while the 50th Fighter Group remained headquartered at Orlando. Each of the 50th Fighter Group's detached squadrons (including the 81st) returned to Orlando AAF in January 1944. The squadron continued to train and teach at Orlando AAF while preparing to ship out to England.
In March 1944, the 81st was re-equipped the P-47 Thunderbolt and shipped to England with the 9th Air Force. Between April 1944 and the V-E Day in May 1945, the unit flew hundreds of fighter escort, close air support, and interdiction missions, taking part in the D-Day invasion and operating from numerous advanced landing bases in Europe while covering the US Army's advance. The squadron received two Distinguished Unit Citations for combat, was credited with 30 aerial victories, and produced the 50th Fighter Group's only ace, Major Robert D. Johnston.
The unit was inactivated on 7 November 1945 at La Junta Army Air Field, Colorado. | [] | [
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projected-17329097-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/81st%20Fighter%20Squadron | 81st Fighter Squadron | Reserve operations | The 81st Fighter Squadron (81 FS) is a training squadron of the United States Air Force's Air Education and Training Command (AETC), stationed at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. It is a Geographically Separate Unit of the 14th Operations Group, 14th Flying Training Wing at Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi, and operates the A-29B Super Tucano aircraft conducting close air support training for allied nations. The 81st FS is AETC's only combat mission ready fighter squadron. | It was reactivated at McChord Field, Washington in July 1947, where the 81st tested a number of different aircraft. | [] | [
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projected-17329097-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/81st%20Fighter%20Squadron | 81st Fighter Squadron | European Service | The 81st Fighter Squadron (81 FS) is a training squadron of the United States Air Force's Air Education and Training Command (AETC), stationed at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. It is a Geographically Separate Unit of the 14th Operations Group, 14th Flying Training Wing at Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi, and operates the A-29B Super Tucano aircraft conducting close air support training for allied nations. The 81st FS is AETC's only combat mission ready fighter squadron. | On 1 January 1953 the 81st was established at Clovis Air Force Base, New Mexico where it briefly flew the F-51 Mustang before transitioning to the F-86 Sabre in the spring of 1953. In August 1953, the squadron relocated to Hahn Air Base, Germany.
In July 1956, the 81st moved to Toul-Rosières Air Base, France, converting to the F-100 Super Sabre in July 1958. One year later, it returned to Hahn Air Base and in December 1966, re-equipped with the F-4 Phantom II. The squadron took their Phantoms to Zweibrücken Air Base, Germany, in June 1971 to fill the vacancy left by the departure of the Canadian Forces.
In 1973, the 81st moved to the 52d Tactical Fighter Wing at Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany, where it took on the Wild Weasel mission of defense suppression. As NATO's only defense suppression squadron, the 81st received the first 24 F-4G advanced Wild Weasels equipped with the APR-38 Radar Attack and Warning System. In 1984, the 81st FS transitioned to a mixed F-4G and F-4E hunter/killer team, using the AGM-88 HARM and AGM-45 Shrike, as the 52d TFW became the only defense suppression wing in NATO.
The 81st converted its F-4E aircraft to the F-16 Fighting Falcon in January 1988, becoming a member of the only wing in the U.S. Air Force to fly two different aircraft in the same combat element. In June 1988 the squadron upgraded its F-4G with the APR-47. The 81st FS crews flew the F-4G and F-16C in the hunter/killer role until December 1993, when the unit again became an all-F-4G squadron. It served until 31 December 1993, where they racked up 113 radar kills, flew more than 12,000 combat sorties and 25,000 hours over Iraq.
The last F-4G left Spangdahlem Air Base 18 February 1994. The 81st then became an A/OA-10 squadron and replaced the 510th Fighter Squadron at Spangdahlem Air Base. During this period, the squadron continuously deployed to Aviano Air Base, Italy in support of Operation Deny Flight, enforcing a no-fly zone over Bosnia and Herzegovina. In September 1997, it became the first U.S. Air Forces Europe squadron to participate in Operation Southern Watch, enforcing the United Nations imposed no-fly zone in southern Iraq.
Members of the 81st again deployed to Aviano Air Base in October 1998, supporting NATO air presence during the crisis in Kosovo, Yugoslavia. The 81st FS returned to Aviano Air Base in January 1999 for a regular contingency rotation, but then stayed to support Operation Allied Force. The squadron supported air operations from Aviano Air Base until 11 April 1999, when it moved to Gioia del Colle, Italy. From there, the unit flew more than 1,400 combat missions throughout Operation Allied Force and led the first large force packages in A-10 history. The 81st also led the first two successful combat search and rescue task force missions, which involved coordinating all rescue assets resulting in the rescue of downed F-117 and F-16 pilots.
In September 2000, the 81st deployed 12 aircraft to Southwest Asia for Operation Southern Watch, accumulating more than 700 combat and training sorties. Immediately following the deployment, the 81st FS was additionally tasked to participate in Croatian Phiblex 2000. The squadron generated and deployed their remaining 6 A/OA-10s and 183 people to Split, Croatia, to aid U.S. Marine and U.S. Navy forces in a joint amphibious landing exercise with Croatian military forces and support another real-world contingency.
The squadron deployed several times to Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan to provide close air support to coalition ground forces during Operation Enduring Freedom in June 2003, September 2004, and most recently May 2006. During the 2006 deployment the squadron performed an intensive regimen of combat patrols to find, fix and destroy elusive, guerrilla-type enemy combatants in support of ground forces, flying in excess of 2,000 combat sorties and 7,600 combat hours. The 81st employed over 109,000 rounds of 30mm, dropped 350 guided and conventional bombs, and fired over 325 rockets in support of 260 Coalition force operations. As a direct result of the combat action in the 2006 deployment two pilots in the 81st won the prestigious Mackay Trophy and the Daedalian Exceptional Pilot Awards.
The first A-10C arrived in May 2009, after receiving the Precision Engagement upgrade, which significantly increased the Warthog's already impressive precision and lethality with a digital stores system, integration of advanced targeting pods, hands on throttle and stick (HOTAS) functionality and Situational Awareness Data-Link (SADL). The Panthers returned to Afghanistan with the A-10C in May 2010, this time to Kandahar AB in the south. Despite the heat, wind and dust, the 81 FS flew over 9,500 hours on over 2,100 sorties and employed over 70,000 rounds of 30mm, 159 precision weapons and 141 rockets while again providing precision close air support to OEF and ISAF operations.
The 81st has earned the 1991, 1996, and 2006 USAFE Commander's Trophy.
On 18 June 2013, the squadron was inactivated at Spangdahlem Air Base as the last A-10 squadron permanently stationed in Europe. | [
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projected-17329097-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/81st%20Fighter%20Squadron | 81st Fighter Squadron | Light attack training | The 81st Fighter Squadron (81 FS) is a training squadron of the United States Air Force's Air Education and Training Command (AETC), stationed at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. It is a Geographically Separate Unit of the 14th Operations Group, 14th Flying Training Wing at Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi, and operates the A-29B Super Tucano aircraft conducting close air support training for allied nations. The 81st FS is AETC's only combat mission ready fighter squadron. | The squadron was reactivated at Moody Air Force Base on 1 October 2014 as part of the 14th Flying Training Wing flying the A-29 Super Tucano. By December 2014 the initial cadre of pilot and maintenance trainers and three A-29s were in place.
The A-29s, designed for light air support, were be used to support the Afghan training mission at Moody. The final Afghan Air Force class graduated at Moody AFB on 13 November 2020, with the program having produced more than 30 pilots and 70 maintenance technicians across a span of five years.
From September 2020 to September 2021, the 81st Fighter Squadron hosted training classes for pilots and ground personnel of the Nigerian Air Force's 407th Air Combat Training Group. The training familiarized the Nigerian airmen with the operation of the A-29 Super Tucano, after the Nigerian government procured 12 such aircraft.
From January to June 2022, pilots from the 81st Fighter Squadron were loaned out to Air Combat Command's 23rd Wing and operated two AT-6E Wolverine aircraft, also on loan to the wing. They took part in a collaboration between the USAF and partner forces from Colombia, Nigeria, Thailand, and Tunisia in order to develop procedures for countering "violent extremist organizations". | [
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projected-17329097-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/81st%20Fighter%20Squadron | 81st Fighter Squadron | Lineage | The 81st Fighter Squadron (81 FS) is a training squadron of the United States Air Force's Air Education and Training Command (AETC), stationed at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. It is a Geographically Separate Unit of the 14th Operations Group, 14th Flying Training Wing at Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi, and operates the A-29B Super Tucano aircraft conducting close air support training for allied nations. The 81st FS is AETC's only combat mission ready fighter squadron. | Constituted as the 81st Pursuit Squadron (Interceptor) on 6 January 1942
Activated on 15 January 1942
Redesignated 81st Fighter Squadron on 15 May 1942
Redesignated 81st Fighter Squadron (Special) on 28 May 1942
Redesignated 81st Fighter Squadron (Single Engine) on 21 January 1944
Redesignated 81st Fighter Squadron, Single Engine on 28 February 1944
Inactivated on 7 November 1945
Redesignated 81st Fighter Squadron (All Weather) on 13 May 1947
Activated in the Reserve on 12 July 1947
Redesignated 81st Fighter Squadron, Jet on 20 June 1949
Redesignated 81st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 1 March 1950
Ordered to active service on 1 June 1951
Inactivated on 2 June 1951
Redesignated 81st Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 15 November 1952
Activated on 1 January 1953
Redesignated 81st Tactical Fighter Squadron on 8 July 1958
Redesignated 81st Fighter Squadron on 1 October 1991.
Inactivated on 18 June 2013
Activated on 1 October 2014 | [] | [
"Lineage"
] | [
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force",
"Fighter squadrons of the United States Army Air Forces"
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