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text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 31 389 | page_title stringlengths 1 250 | section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k | context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k | context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k | media list | hierachy list | category list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
projected-26721658-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Open%20Pr%C3%A9vadi%C3%A8s%20%E2%80%93%20Singles | 2009 Open Prévadiès – Singles | References | Christophe Rochus was the defending champion.
Josselin Ouanna won the singles competition, after she won 7–5, 1–6, 6–4, against Adrian Mannarino. | Main Draw
Qualifying Draw
Open Prevadies - Singles
2009 Singles | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"2009 ATP Challenger Tour",
"Saint-Brieuc Challenger"
] |
projected-23574257-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%A1%C5%BEi%C5%A1t%C4%9B | Strážiště | Introduction | Strážiště is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] | |
projected-23574257-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%A1%C5%BEi%C5%A1t%C4%9B | Strážiště | Administrative parts | Strážiště is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. | The village of Kozmice is an administrative part of Strážiště. | [] | [
"Administrative parts"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23574257-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%A1%C5%BEi%C5%A1t%C4%9B | Strážiště | History | Strážiště is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. | The first written mention of Strážiště is from 1400. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23574257-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%A1%C5%BEi%C5%A1t%C4%9B | Strážiště | References | Strážiště is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. | Category:Villages in Mladá Boleslav District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23574261-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tele%C8%99eu | Teleșeu | Introduction | Teleșeu is a village in Orhei District, Moldova. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages of Orhei District"
] | |
projected-23574261-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tele%C8%99eu | Teleșeu | Notable people | Teleșeu is a village in Orhei District, Moldova. | Vladimir Cristi | [] | [
"Notable people"
] | [
"Villages of Orhei District"
] |
projected-23574261-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tele%C8%99eu | Teleșeu | References | Teleșeu is a village in Orhei District, Moldova. | Category:Villages of Orhei District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages of Orhei District"
] |
projected-23574262-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strenice | Strenice | Introduction | Strenice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] | |
projected-23574262-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strenice | Strenice | References | Strenice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants. | Category:Villages in Mladá Boleslav District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23574266-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudom%C4%9B%C5%99 | Sudoměř | Introduction | Sudoměř is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] | |
projected-23574266-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudom%C4%9B%C5%99 | Sudoměř | References | Sudoměř is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. | Category:Villages in Mladá Boleslav District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23574269-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AE%C8%99c%C4%83u%C8%9Bi | Vîșcăuți | Introduction | Vîșcăuți is a village in Orhei District, Moldova. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages of Orhei District",
"Populated places on the Dniester"
] | |
projected-23574269-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AE%C8%99c%C4%83u%C8%9Bi | Vîșcăuți | References | Vîșcăuți is a village in Orhei District, Moldova. | Category:Villages of Orhei District
Category:Populated places on the Dniester | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages of Orhei District",
"Populated places on the Dniester"
] |
projected-23574270-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukorady%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Sukorady (Mladá Boleslav District) | Introduction | Sukorady is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] | |
projected-23574270-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukorady%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Sukorady (Mladá Boleslav District) | Administrative parts | Sukorady is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. | The village of Martinovice is an administrative part of Sukorady. | [] | [
"Administrative parts"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23574270-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukorady%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Sukorady (Mladá Boleslav District) | References | Sukorady is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. | Category:Villages in Mladá Boleslav District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23574272-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C5%99ice | Tuřice | Introduction | Tuřice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] | |
projected-23574272-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C5%99ice | Tuřice | Administrative parts | Tuřice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. | The village of Sobětuchy is an administrative part of Tuřice. | [] | [
"Administrative parts"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23574272-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C5%99ice | Tuřice | Geography | Tuřice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. | Tuřice is located about northeast of Prague. It lies on the right bank of the Jizera river, which forms the eastern municipal border. | [] | [
"Geography"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23574272-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C5%99ice | Tuřice | History | Tuřice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. | The first written mention of Tuřice is from 1194. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-17329484-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Democratic%20Association | Central Democratic Association | Introduction | The Central Democratic Association, also known as the Democratic Association or the Democrats, was a political party of Chartists which was prominent in Sheffield, England in the mid-nineteenth century. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Political parties established in 1846",
"Politics of Sheffield",
"1846 establishments in England"
] | |
projected-17329484-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Democratic%20Association | Central Democratic Association | Establishment | The Central Democratic Association, also known as the Democratic Association or the Democrats, was a political party of Chartists which was prominent in Sheffield, England in the mid-nineteenth century. | Sheffield Town Council was constituted in 1843. While the town had one of the less restrictive electoral franchises, only ratepayers of three years standing were permitted to vote. Tenants of cottages, including many workers in the city, typically paid their rates indirectly through their landlords and were therefore not permitted to vote. This set-up had been unproblematic until the Council was founded, but was now of concern, as the registered voters were generally the wealthier residents. In 1843, only 5,584 people were registered to vote, and this had risen to 8,000 in 1845.
In 1846, a committee of Chartists in the city met to discuss the problem of voter registration. They decided to focus their campaign for registration by putting up two candidates in the November elections: Thomas Briggs, a farmer, in Brightside in the annual election, and Isaac Ironside, an accountant and former support of Robert Owen, in Ecclesall in a by-election held soon afterwards. Briggs was easily elected, while Ironside won narrowly on a record turnout: 397 votes to 317 for his Liberal rival. Voter registration was also up, reaching 11,500 people.
The Liberals dominated the council, and portrayed the Chartists as socialists, and Ironside as a demagogue. The Liberal press in the shape of the Sheffield Independent was initially supportive, but as the group gain success, became increasingly hostile.
In 1847, Ironside was re-elected in Ecclesall, along with another Chartist councillor. Other Chartists were elected in Brightside, St George's, St Philip's and Nether Hallam wards, and by the end of the year they formed a group of nine councillors. In addition, Richard Otley was elected in Ecclesall, but was unseated because he failed to meet the property qualification. This required councillors to have resources worth £1,000 or to occupy property with a rental value above £30 a year. As a result, the Chartist councillors were mostly shopkeepers and craftsmen, with a couple of surgeons and a farmer. This was not representative of their electorate.
The Chartists joined a campaign against Wilson Overend, a local magistrate accused of anti-trade union bias, and later in the year, initiated a campaign in support of former police constable George Bakewell who had been banished from the town by his superintendent after being accused of stealing a pair of trousers. This campaign was supported by Liberal members of the Watch Committee, annoyed that they had not been consulted. | [] | [
"Establishment"
] | [
"Political parties established in 1846",
"Politics of Sheffield",
"1846 establishments in England"
] |
projected-17329484-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Democratic%20Association | Central Democratic Association | Policies and organisation | The Central Democratic Association, also known as the Democratic Association or the Democrats, was a political party of Chartists which was prominent in Sheffield, England in the mid-nineteenth century. | Chartist candidates had to give their broad support to Chartist goals, and in particular had to support universal male suffrage. The group was lightly whipped, a situation much criticised by the Sheffield Independent. Its main planks of policy were opposition to high civic salaries, and opposition to the Sheffield City Police, criticising its organisation and calling for a lower police rate. This was supported by the group's efficient administration of the Ecclesall board of highway surveyors.
In 1848, the Chartists won four of the six wards they contested, and by the end of the year had fifteen councillors. This rose to 22 the following year. They still opted not to run in the Park ward as they lacked registered supporters, but as the voter registration drive gained successes, in 1851 they came a close second to the Liberal, and in 1852 the Liberal association decided to avoid a repeat by adopting the Democrat candidate as official.
By this time, Ironside had become recognised as the leader of the group, and had persuaded the council to set up a health committee and to set up a model farm at Hollow Meadows.
The Chartists set up ward committees which met regularly and were responsible for selecting candidates, canvassing for them and for encouraging supporters to vote. These committees, known as "wardmotes" and open to all "burghers" (loosely defined as the skilled working classes), were inspired by Joshua Toulmin Smith's ideas. In 1851, Ironside formalised the network by launching the Sheffield Free Press as a party newspaper, followed by the Central Democratic Ward Association to co-ordinate the ward committees and decide borough-wide strategy. The Liberals largely failed to imitate these structures.
The Association allowed the wardmotes to select any candidate they chose, and while many were active Democrats, other radicals and independent Chartists were sometimes elected on to their slate. Ironside also saw the wardmotes as a venue for the resolution of local grievances. For example, they took up complaints against pollution and inadequate street maintenance, and even petty crimes. On one occasion, Ironside found five youths disturbing the peace and a wardmote passed a resolution calling for their parents to bring them before the body. When one youth attended the next meeting, he was reprimanded, while the body pressed for summons for the others. Members of the police force and other relevant bodies were also free to attend the wardmotes to justify their actions, and the Democrats were not universally critical of their actions.
By the 1840s, there was a general consensus in the city that a new Act of Parliament was needed to replace the Sheffield Improvement Act 1818. The council opposed the Public Health Act 1848 as centralising, adding expense and placing local boards under central governmental rather than local democratic control. The Chartists also opposed the additional property qualifications it introduced for voters and members of local boards, noting this would disenfranchise many of their supporters.
In 1851, Ironside seconded a council motion to call a public meeting to decide whether a local bill should be applied for that year. The meeting was little-attended, but supported the proposal. The bill claimed for Sheffield a wide range of powers, which would include the absorption of the Church Burgesses and the Town Trustees. These two measures were later dropped in order to minimise Parliamentary opposition. A public meeting was held in December and was dominated by Chartists. They opposed it on the grounds that it did not introduce a universal male franchise for the council, and that it would for the first time impose rates on housing with a rateable value of £7 or less per year. The meeting rejected the bill. Ironside also moved to oppose it, but his change in position alienated both colleagues in favour of it and members who had opposed it from the start. | [] | [
"Policies and organisation"
] | [
"Political parties established in 1846",
"Politics of Sheffield",
"1846 establishments in England"
] |
projected-17329484-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Democratic%20Association | Central Democratic Association | Later activities | The Central Democratic Association, also known as the Democratic Association or the Democrats, was a political party of Chartists which was prominent in Sheffield, England in the mid-nineteenth century. | By 1852, the group was sufficiently successful that six of their candidates were elected without opposition, and a further four in contests, giving the group a total of twenty-six councillors. However, not all councillors stuck to the party line, and as a result, a non-Democrat Mayor of Sheffield was elected.
During the 1850s, the Democrats were easily the main opposition on the council. Under their influence, from 1854 to 1857, the council annually voted a petition for parliamentary reform, and also petitioned the monarch on taxation, the Poor Law and county administration. Ironside was the chair of the city's Highways Board from 1852 to 1854, and led a campaign of street paving and laying deep sewers.
Ironside attempted to get Toulmin Smith to stand for the Parliamentary seat of Sheffield at the 1852 general election, but Smith refused. Ironside also became a shareholder in the Sheffield Consumers Gas Company, which engaged in a rivalry with the established Sheffield Gas-Light Company. Disputes over these actions led some former allies to turn against him. In 1853, two former allies organised a campaign against Ironside, and he lost his seat in Ecclesall. He subsequently took a seat in St George's, but in 1854, only two of the nine Democrat candidates were successful, and Ironside again lost his seat.
The Democrats lost influence on the council, but remained influential on the highway and vestry boards. In 1858, they opposed a new bill, sponsored by George Calvert Holland, essentially a more limited version of the 1851 proposal. Ironside's support for former diplomat David Urquhart lost him further support, and by the 1860s, the group was defunct. | [] | [
"Later activities"
] | [
"Political parties established in 1846",
"Politics of Sheffield",
"1846 establishments in England"
] |
projected-17329484-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Democratic%20Association | Central Democratic Association | See also | The Central Democratic Association, also known as the Democratic Association or the Democrats, was a political party of Chartists which was prominent in Sheffield, England in the mid-nineteenth century. | London Democratic Association
Category:Political parties established in 1846
Category:Politics of Sheffield
Category:1846 establishments in England | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Political parties established in 1846",
"Politics of Sheffield",
"1846 establishments in England"
] |
projected-17329496-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic%20Association | Democratic Association | Introduction | Democratic Association may refer to:
Central Democratic Association
London Democratic Association | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-23574273-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujkovice | Ujkovice | Introduction | Ujkovice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] | |
projected-23574273-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujkovice | Ujkovice | References | Ujkovice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. | Category:Villages in Mladá Boleslav District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-17329502-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallcarca%20i%20els%20Penitents | Vallcarca i els Penitents | Introduction | Vallcarca i els Penitents is a neighbourhood in the northernmost part of Gràcia, a district of Barcelona. Locked between two hills, Putget and El Coll, it grew out of a few scattered settlements, namely L'Hostal de la Farigola, Can Falcó, Can Mas and Can Gomis.
The Parish Church, Virgen de Gracia y San José, popularly known as the “Josepets,” is the location of a Traditional Latin Mass, authorised by bishop Reig Casanova in 2021. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Gràcia",
"Neighbourhoods of Barcelona"
] | |
projected-17329502-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallcarca%20i%20els%20Penitents | Vallcarca i els Penitents | Transportation | Vallcarca i els Penitents is a neighbourhood in the northernmost part of Gràcia, a district of Barcelona. Locked between two hills, Putget and El Coll, it grew out of a few scattered settlements, namely L'Hostal de la Farigola, Can Falcó, Can Mas and Can Gomis.
The Parish Church, Virgen de Gracia y San José, popularly known as the “Josepets,” is the location of a Traditional Latin Mass, authorised by bishop Reig Casanova in 2021. | Barcelona Metro stations Vallcarca and Penitents, both on L3. | [] | [
"Transportation"
] | [
"Gràcia",
"Neighbourhoods of Barcelona"
] |
projected-17329502-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallcarca%20i%20els%20Penitents | Vallcarca i els Penitents | See also | Vallcarca i els Penitents is a neighbourhood in the northernmost part of Gràcia, a district of Barcelona. Locked between two hills, Putget and El Coll, it grew out of a few scattered settlements, namely L'Hostal de la Farigola, Can Falcó, Can Mas and Can Gomis.
The Parish Church, Virgen de Gracia y San José, popularly known as the “Josepets,” is the location of a Traditional Latin Mass, authorised by bishop Reig Casanova in 2021. | Urban planning of Barcelona
Category:Gràcia
Category:Neighbourhoods of Barcelona | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Gràcia",
"Neighbourhoods of Barcelona"
] |
projected-17329535-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%E2%80%93Bateman%20Farm | Cook–Bateman Farm | Introduction | The Cook–Bateman Farm is a colonial-era farmstead located at the intersection of Fogland, Puncatest Neck (or Neck) and Pond Bridge Roads in Tiverton, Rhode Island. The property was initially purchased in 1700 and reached its largest size, , in the last 25 years of the 18th century. It currently encompasses of rolling farmland.
The focal point of the farmstead is the 2 1/2 story house,, the oldest portion of which dates to c.1730–48, while the north kitchen was constructed or rebuilt c.1812-20. Both are now covered by the Second Empire high mansard rook, which was added c.1870. Also on the property is a gambrel-roofed frame barn dating from the late 19th or early 20th century; a two-story hip-roofed frame structure which might be the oldest building in the farmstead, possibly a heabily-altered original farm building from c.1700; a "farmers house"; and a number of other smaller outbuildings.
The property, which has evidence of earlier Native American occupation, including arrowheads and stone tools found in the fields, was purchased by John Cook in 1700, and remained in the hands of just two families for more than 200 years, until 1977.
The farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. | [
"Cook-Bateman Farm main house, Tiverton.jpg"
] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island",
"Houses in Newport County, Rhode Island",
"Buildings and structures in Tiverton, Rhode Island",
"National Register of Historic Places in Newport County, Rhode Island"
] | |
projected-17329535-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%E2%80%93Bateman%20Farm | Cook–Bateman Farm | See also | The Cook–Bateman Farm is a colonial-era farmstead located at the intersection of Fogland, Puncatest Neck (or Neck) and Pond Bridge Roads in Tiverton, Rhode Island. The property was initially purchased in 1700 and reached its largest size, , in the last 25 years of the 18th century. It currently encompasses of rolling farmland.
The focal point of the farmstead is the 2 1/2 story house,, the oldest portion of which dates to c.1730–48, while the north kitchen was constructed or rebuilt c.1812-20. Both are now covered by the Second Empire high mansard rook, which was added c.1870. Also on the property is a gambrel-roofed frame barn dating from the late 19th or early 20th century; a two-story hip-roofed frame structure which might be the oldest building in the farmstead, possibly a heabily-altered original farm building from c.1700; a "farmers house"; and a number of other smaller outbuildings.
The property, which has evidence of earlier Native American occupation, including arrowheads and stone tools found in the fields, was purchased by John Cook in 1700, and remained in the hands of just two families for more than 200 years, until 1977.
The farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. | National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island",
"Houses in Newport County, Rhode Island",
"Buildings and structures in Tiverton, Rhode Island",
"National Register of Historic Places in Newport County, Rhode Island"
] |
projected-17329548-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger%20Nikelis | Holger Nikelis | Introduction | Holger Nikelis (born 15 January 1978) is a German table tennis player. He won a gold medal in the singles event and a bronze in the team event at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He has also won other medals and championships in disabled table tennis. He was world number one in his category in September 2013. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1978 births",
"Living people",
"German male table tennis players",
"Paralympic table tennis players of Germany",
"Paralympic gold medalists for Germany",
"Paralympic bronze medalists for Germany",
"Paralympic medalists in table tennis",
"Table tennis players at the 2004 Summer Paralympics",
"Table ... | |
projected-56566442-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazzi%20%28singer%29 | Bazzi (singer) | Introduction | Andrew Bazzi (born August 28, 1997), known mononymously by his surname, Bazzi ( ), is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer. His song "Mine", released in October 2017, gained popularity in early 2018 when it became a meme through Musical.ly edits, and the use of a Snapchat lens filter featuring the song. It peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and appeared on several international charts. He released his debut studio album, Cosmic, in 2018, which peaked at number 14 on the Billboard 200 chart. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1997 births",
"American contemporary R&B singers",
"American male pop singers",
"American male singer-songwriters",
"American male rappers",
"American people of Lebanese descent",
"Living people",
"People from Dearborn, Michigan",
"21st-century American singers",
"21st-century American male singe... | |
projected-56566442-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazzi%20%28singer%29 | Bazzi (singer) | Early life and education | Andrew Bazzi (born August 28, 1997), known mononymously by his surname, Bazzi ( ), is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer. His song "Mine", released in October 2017, gained popularity in early 2018 when it became a meme through Musical.ly edits, and the use of a Snapchat lens filter featuring the song. It peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and appeared on several international charts. He released his debut studio album, Cosmic, in 2018, which peaked at number 14 on the Billboard 200 chart. | Bazzi was born on August 28, 1997 in Canton, Michigan. His mother is American and his father is a Lebanese immigrant. He learned to speak Arabic and played the kazoo, oud, and guitar as a child. In 2012, he began posting covers of songs on his YouTube channel. He attended Plymouth-Canton Educational Park, where he also met Jeffrey Lu, Marc "Miller Time" Twinney, Chishti, Showbooo, Peter Bruchnak, and Rajiv Dhall. In November 2014, he moved to the Los Angeles area to pursue a music career. He finished high school at Santa Monica High School in 2015. | [] | [
"Early life and education"
] | [
"1997 births",
"American contemporary R&B singers",
"American male pop singers",
"American male singer-songwriters",
"American male rappers",
"American people of Lebanese descent",
"Living people",
"People from Dearborn, Michigan",
"21st-century American singers",
"21st-century American male singe... |
projected-56566442-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazzi%20%28singer%29 | Bazzi (singer) | Career | Andrew Bazzi (born August 28, 1997), known mononymously by his surname, Bazzi ( ), is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer. His song "Mine", released in October 2017, gained popularity in early 2018 when it became a meme through Musical.ly edits, and the use of a Snapchat lens filter featuring the song. It peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and appeared on several international charts. He released his debut studio album, Cosmic, in 2018, which peaked at number 14 on the Billboard 200 chart. | Bazzi created a Vine account in July 2013. By 2015, he had accrued 1.5 million followers on the site. In September of that year, he became the first artist to release a Vine "Featured Track" which was entitled, "Bring You Home". In 2016, he was featured on the Fancy Cars' track "Fun". Over the course of the next two years, Bazzi released several singles including "Alone" (which was produced in Seoul, South Korea), "Beautiful", "Got Friends", and "Sober". Bazzi has cited artists Justin Timberlake, Bryson Tiller, Duran Duran, Michael Jackson and Guns N' Roses among his influences.
In October 2017, he released the single "Mine". Within days of its release, an A&R executive at Warner Music-affiliated Artist Partner Group had signed him to a deal including his songwriter Henry Fredrickson from Minnesota. The song increased in popularity after becoming an Internet meme, through videos featuring a slideshow of different pictures of the subject of the video with the Snapchat "hearts" filter and overlaying lyrics. In January 2018, the song appeared on the Billboard Hot 100, debuting at number 56. As of April 2018, the song's peak on the list was number 11. Bazzi also released three new singles in 2018, "Why?", "Gone" and "Honest". He is currently working on a collaboration with Marshmello. On March 13, 2018, Bazzi was announced as the special guest on Camila Cabello's Never Be the Same Tour's North American leg. On April 17, 2018, Cosmic debuted at number 35 and later peaked at number 14 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart. Bazzi joined Justin Timberlake's Man of the Woods Tour as the opening act for the European leg. He received a nomination for an MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist. Bazzi collaborated with Camila Cabello on a remix of the song "Beautiful", which was released on August 2, 2018. Bazzi performed "Beautiful" on a float in the 2018 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.
Bazzi worked with K-pop entertainment company SM Entertainment to co-write songs for two of their boy bands, EXO and NCT Dream. With NCT Dream, he co-wrote "We Go Up" with their member Mark for the EP, We Go Up. With EXO, he co-wrote "The Eve" for the studio album The War, and "Ooh La La La" and "Oasis" for the studio album Don’t Mess Up My Tempo. He also co-wrote song "Give Me a Chance" with Chinese singer and Exo member Lay Zhang for his studio album Namanana.
In April 2019, Bazzi released "Caught in the Fire" and "Paradise". On August 8, 2019, he released his debut mixtape Soul Searching, which includes the song "Paradise", as well as "Focus" (featuring 21 Savage) and "I.F.L.Y.".
In 2020 Bazzi released the singles "Young & Alive", "Renee's Song", "I Got You", "I Don't Think I'm Okay", and "Crazy".
In a Billboard interview in 2018, Bazzi mentioned that he did not have any other job experiences before his music career.
On September 16, 2022, Bazzi released the long awaited album "Infinite Dreams". The album includes a total of 19 tracks. "Dlma" is a song featuring LANY and "Only Fan" features Cordae. Bazzi announced his upcoming "Infinite Dreams" tour following the release of his album. The tour will stop in sixteen cities. | [] | [
"Career"
] | [
"1997 births",
"American contemporary R&B singers",
"American male pop singers",
"American male singer-songwriters",
"American male rappers",
"American people of Lebanese descent",
"Living people",
"People from Dearborn, Michigan",
"21st-century American singers",
"21st-century American male singe... |
projected-56566442-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazzi%20%28singer%29 | Bazzi (singer) | Personal life | Andrew Bazzi (born August 28, 1997), known mononymously by his surname, Bazzi ( ), is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer. His song "Mine", released in October 2017, gained popularity in early 2018 when it became a meme through Musical.ly edits, and the use of a Snapchat lens filter featuring the song. It peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and appeared on several international charts. He released his debut studio album, Cosmic, in 2018, which peaked at number 14 on the Billboard 200 chart. | Bazzi lives in Los Angeles. He has talked openly about his struggles with mental health and substance abuse while quarantining during the COVID-19 pandemic. In an open letter on Twitter, he stated that he "let a drug problem get out of hand, I've been drinking my boredom away." He dated Renee Herbert. | [] | [
"Personal life"
] | [
"1997 births",
"American contemporary R&B singers",
"American male pop singers",
"American male singer-songwriters",
"American male rappers",
"American people of Lebanese descent",
"Living people",
"People from Dearborn, Michigan",
"21st-century American singers",
"21st-century American male singe... |
projected-56566442-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazzi%20%28singer%29 | Bazzi (singer) | Tours | Andrew Bazzi (born August 28, 1997), known mononymously by his surname, Bazzi ( ), is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer. His song "Mine", released in October 2017, gained popularity in early 2018 when it became a meme through Musical.ly edits, and the use of a Snapchat lens filter featuring the song. It peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and appeared on several international charts. He released his debut studio album, Cosmic, in 2018, which peaked at number 14 on the Billboard 200 chart. | Opening act
Camila Cabello – Never Be the Same Tour (2018)
Justin Timberlake – Man of the Woods Tour (2018)
Headlining Tour
The Cosmic Tour (2018)
Bazzi Live in Asia (2019)
Infinite Dream Tour (2022) | [] | [
"Tours"
] | [
"1997 births",
"American contemporary R&B singers",
"American male pop singers",
"American male singer-songwriters",
"American male rappers",
"American people of Lebanese descent",
"Living people",
"People from Dearborn, Michigan",
"21st-century American singers",
"21st-century American male singe... |
projected-56566442-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazzi%20%28singer%29 | Bazzi (singer) | See also | Andrew Bazzi (born August 28, 1997), known mononymously by his surname, Bazzi ( ), is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer. His song "Mine", released in October 2017, gained popularity in early 2018 when it became a meme through Musical.ly edits, and the use of a Snapchat lens filter featuring the song. It peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and appeared on several international charts. He released his debut studio album, Cosmic, in 2018, which peaked at number 14 on the Billboard 200 chart. | History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1997 births",
"American contemporary R&B singers",
"American male pop singers",
"American male singer-songwriters",
"American male rappers",
"American people of Lebanese descent",
"Living people",
"People from Dearborn, Michigan",
"21st-century American singers",
"21st-century American male singe... |
projected-23574274-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty%20Shabazz%20International%20Charter%20School | Betty Shabazz International Charter School | Introduction | The Betty Shabazz International Charter School is a charter school in Chicago, Illinois serving students in kindergarten through 12th grade. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1998 establishments in Illinois",
"Charter schools in Chicago",
"Educational institutions established in 1998",
"Public elementary schools in Illinois",
"Public high schools in Chicago",
"Public middle schools in Illinois"
] | |
projected-23574274-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty%20Shabazz%20International%20Charter%20School | Betty Shabazz International Charter School | History | The Betty Shabazz International Charter School is a charter school in Chicago, Illinois serving students in kindergarten through 12th grade. | In early 1997 when charter schools were being introduced into the Chicago Public Schools, the founders began their work to establish a free Afrocentric school. Betty Shabazz International Charter School was founded in 1998 by Robert J. Dale, Anthony Daniels-Halisi, Carol D. Lee, Haki R. Madhubuti, and Soyini Walton.
The school began as an elementary school, but began serving high school students in 2005 after Chicago Public Schools approved the school's request to open DuSable Leadership Academy campus inside of DuSable High School. The same year, the school accepted a request from the school district to open the Barbara A. Sizemore Academy campus in the Auburn Gresham community three weeks prior to the start of the academic year. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"1998 establishments in Illinois",
"Charter schools in Chicago",
"Educational institutions established in 1998",
"Public elementary schools in Illinois",
"Public high schools in Chicago",
"Public middle schools in Illinois"
] |
projected-23574274-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty%20Shabazz%20International%20Charter%20School | Betty Shabazz International Charter School | Campus | The Betty Shabazz International Charter School is a charter school in Chicago, Illinois serving students in kindergarten through 12th grade. | The school has three campuses on Chicago's South Side:
Betty Shabazz International Charter School, located at 7823 S. Ellis Ave., serves students in kindergarten through 8th grade;
DuSable Leadership Academy of Betty Shabazz International Charter School, located at 4934 S. Wabash Ave., serves students in 9-12th grades; and
Barbara A. Sizemore Academy of Betty Shabazz International Charter School, located at 6547 S. Stewart Ave., serves students in kindergarten through 8th grades and is named for Barbara Sizemore. This school was formerly the Chicago Public Schools Hermann Raster Elementary School, established in 1910 and named after the famed Chicago editor Hermann Raster. | [] | [
"Campus"
] | [
"1998 establishments in Illinois",
"Charter schools in Chicago",
"Educational institutions established in 1998",
"Public elementary schools in Illinois",
"Public high schools in Chicago",
"Public middle schools in Illinois"
] |
projected-23574274-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty%20Shabazz%20International%20Charter%20School | Betty Shabazz International Charter School | Curriculum | The Betty Shabazz International Charter School is a charter school in Chicago, Illinois serving students in kindergarten through 12th grade. | Betty Shabazz International Charter School teaches a traditional core curriculum as well as a full arts and humanities program. Music, dance and visual arts form the center of the school's interdisciplinary approach to instruction. Through educational programs such as writing, oral tradition, history, art, music, dance, drumming and literature, students can discover and develop their creative gifts or talents.
All the schools have to follow the guidelines of the Illinois State Board of Education and the Chicago Public Schools. Benchmark assessments are conducted regularly to make sure that the teachers are following the necessary guideline for adequate teaching of lesson plans and covering the necessary school subjects. 11% of the school's students test as proficient in reading english. | [] | [
"Curriculum"
] | [
"1998 establishments in Illinois",
"Charter schools in Chicago",
"Educational institutions established in 1998",
"Public elementary schools in Illinois",
"Public high schools in Chicago",
"Public middle schools in Illinois"
] |
projected-23574276-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A9%20V%C5%A1elisy | Velké Všelisy | Introduction | Velké Všelisy is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] | |
projected-23574276-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A9%20V%C5%A1elisy | Velké Všelisy | Administrative parts | Velké Všelisy is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. | Villages of Krušiny, Malé Všelisy and Zamachy are administrative parts of Velké Všelisy. | [] | [
"Administrative parts"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23574276-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A9%20V%C5%A1elisy | Velké Všelisy | References | Velké Všelisy is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. | Category:Villages in Mladá Boleslav District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23574278-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veselice | Veselice | Introduction | Veselice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] | |
projected-23574278-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veselice | Veselice | References | Veselice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. | Category:Villages in Mladá Boleslav District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23574279-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahoreni | Zahoreni | Introduction | Zahoreni is a village in Orhei District, Moldova. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages of Orhei District"
] | |
projected-23574279-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahoreni | Zahoreni | References | Zahoreni is a village in Orhei District, Moldova. | Category:Villages of Orhei District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages of Orhei District"
] |
projected-23574280-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vina%C5%99ice%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Vinařice (Mladá Boleslav District) | Introduction | Vinařice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] | |
projected-23574280-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vina%C5%99ice%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Vinařice (Mladá Boleslav District) | References | Vinařice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. | Category:Villages in Mladá Boleslav District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-56566462-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best%20Selection%20%28Aimer%20album%29 | Best Selection (Aimer album) | Introduction | Best Selection is the title of two compilation albums released by Aimer on May 3, 2017. Each album was released in three versions: a regular CD edition, a limited CD + Blu-ray edition (Type-A), and a limited CD + DVD edition (Type-B). | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Aimer albums",
"2017 albums",
"Japanese-language compilation albums",
"SME Records albums"
] | |
projected-56566462-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best%20Selection%20%28Aimer%20album%29 | Best Selection (Aimer album) | Best Selection "blanc" | Best Selection is the title of two compilation albums released by Aimer on May 3, 2017. Each album was released in three versions: a regular CD edition, a limited CD + Blu-ray edition (Type-A), and a limited CD + DVD edition (Type-B). | Best Selection "blanc" is a compilation of Aimer's soft ballads such as "Kataomoi", "Rokutosei no Yoru", and "Chouchou Musubi", and includes the new songs "March of Time" and "Kachou Fugetsu". The album peaked at #3 on Oricon's Weekly Album Chart on May 15, 2017 and charted for 87 weeks. | [] | [
"Best Selection \"blanc\""
] | [
"Aimer albums",
"2017 albums",
"Japanese-language compilation albums",
"SME Records albums"
] |
projected-56566462-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best%20Selection%20%28Aimer%20album%29 | Best Selection (Aimer album) | Best Selection "noir" | Best Selection is the title of two compilation albums released by Aimer on May 3, 2017. Each album was released in three versions: a regular CD edition, a limited CD + Blu-ray edition (Type-A), and a limited CD + DVD edition (Type-B). | In contrast to the "blanc" album, Best Selection "noir" compiles Aimer's heavier, rock-oriented tracks such as "RE:I AM", "Brave Shine", and "StarRingChild", and includes the new song "zero". The album peaked at #4 on Oricon's Weekly Album Chart on May 15, 2017 and charted for 66 weeks. | [] | [
"Best Selection \"noir\""
] | [
"Aimer albums",
"2017 albums",
"Japanese-language compilation albums",
"SME Records albums"
] |
projected-23574281-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinec%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Vinec (Mladá Boleslav District) | Introduction | Vinec is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] | |
projected-23574281-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinec%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Vinec (Mladá Boleslav District) | References | Vinec is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. | Category:Villages in Mladá Boleslav District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23574284-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlkava | Vlkava | Introduction | Vlkava is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] | |
projected-23574284-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlkava | Vlkava | Administrative parts | Vlkava is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. | The village of Bor is an administrative part of Vlkava. | [] | [
"Administrative parts"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23574284-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlkava | Vlkava | Notable people | Vlkava is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. | Šimon Brixi (1693–1735), composer | [] | [
"Notable people"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23574284-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlkava | Vlkava | References | Vlkava is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. | Category:Villages in Mladá Boleslav District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-56566465-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin%20J%C3%A4ger | Karin Jäger | Introduction | Karin Jäger (born 31 July 1961) is a German former cross-country skier. She competed at the 1980, 1984 and the 1988 Winter Olympics. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1961 births",
"Living people",
"German female cross-country skiers",
"Olympic cross-country skiers of West Germany",
"Cross-country skiers at the 1980 Winter Olympics",
"Cross-country skiers at the 1984 Winter Olympics",
"Cross-country skiers at the 1988 Winter Olympics",
"People from Korbach",
"Sp... | |
projected-56566465-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin%20J%C3%A4ger | Karin Jäger | Cross-country skiing results | Karin Jäger (born 31 July 1961) is a German former cross-country skier. She competed at the 1980, 1984 and the 1988 Winter Olympics. | All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS). | [] | [
"Cross-country skiing results"
] | [
"1961 births",
"Living people",
"German female cross-country skiers",
"Olympic cross-country skiers of West Germany",
"Cross-country skiers at the 1980 Winter Olympics",
"Cross-country skiers at the 1984 Winter Olympics",
"Cross-country skiers at the 1988 Winter Olympics",
"People from Korbach",
"Sp... |
projected-56566465-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin%20J%C3%A4ger | Karin Jäger | Individual podiums | Karin Jäger (born 31 July 1961) is a German former cross-country skier. She competed at the 1980, 1984 and the 1988 Winter Olympics. | 1 podium | [] | [
"Cross-country skiing results",
"World Cup",
"Individual podiums"
] | [
"1961 births",
"Living people",
"German female cross-country skiers",
"Olympic cross-country skiers of West Germany",
"Cross-country skiers at the 1980 Winter Olympics",
"Cross-country skiers at the 1984 Winter Olympics",
"Cross-country skiers at the 1988 Winter Olympics",
"People from Korbach",
"Sp... |
projected-17329552-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%20gunboat%20Marques%20del%20Duero | Spanish gunboat Marques del Duero | Introduction | Marques del Duero was a of the Spanish Navy which fought in the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Gunboats of Spain",
"Ships of the Spanish Navy",
"1875 ships",
"Ships built in France",
"Spanish–American War gunboats of Spain",
"Maritime incidents in 1898",
"Scuttled vessels",
"Shipwrecks of the Spanish–American War",
"Shipwrecks in the South China Sea",
"Shipwrecks of the Philippines"
] | |
projected-17329552-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%20gunboat%20Marques%20del%20Duero | Spanish gunboat Marques del Duero | Technical characteristics | Marques del Duero was a of the Spanish Navy which fought in the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War. | Marques del Duero was a first-class gunboat, or "aviso", built by La Seyne in France. She was laid down on 20 January 1875, launched on 3 May 1875, and completed the same year. She was designed to fight against the Carlists in the Mediterranean and the Bay of Biscay during the Third Carlist War, patrolling off Carlist ports to intercept contraband and blockade the ports, and also providing despatch services between Spanish Navy forces operating off various ports, hence her Spanish designation of aviso, meaning "warning." She had an iron hull with a very prominent ram bow, was coal-fired, was rigged as a schooner, and could carry 89 tons of coal. She was reclassified as a third-class gunboat in 1895. | [] | [
"Technical characteristics"
] | [
"Gunboats of Spain",
"Ships of the Spanish Navy",
"1875 ships",
"Ships built in France",
"Spanish–American War gunboats of Spain",
"Maritime incidents in 1898",
"Scuttled vessels",
"Shipwrecks of the Spanish–American War",
"Shipwrecks in the South China Sea",
"Shipwrecks of the Philippines"
] |
projected-17329552-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%20gunboat%20Marques%20del%20Duero | Spanish gunboat Marques del Duero | Operational history | Marques del Duero was a of the Spanish Navy which fought in the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War. | The Spanish took delivery of Marques del Duero from her French builders at Marseilles, France. She set out on her first operational deployment from Marseilles on 27 July 1875, heading for San Sebastián Bay in northern Spain for blockade, patrol, and despatch duty. She served there beyond the end of the Third Carlist War on 27 February 1876, finally leaving after Spanish naval forces there began to leave for postwar duties after 5 April 1876.
On 29 July 1876, Marques del Duero departed Spain for the Philippines, where she was based at Zamboanga, assigned to the South Division of the Asiatic Squadron.
On 24 July 1880, Marques del Duero left Philippine waters for courtesy visits to the kings of Siam and Annam at Saigon and Singapore.
On 27 September 1895, Marques del Duero captured several pirate launches manned by Moros in Borneo. She later attacked a group of Moro and Tagalog pirates, killing 18 and wounding 30.
Marques del Duero was the oldest member of Rear Admiral Patricio Montojo de Pasaron's Pacific Squadron at Manila in the Philippine Islands when the Spanish–American War broke out in April 1898. She was anchored with the squadron in Cañacao Bay under the lee of the Cavite Peninsula east of Sangley Point, Luzon, eight miles southwest of Manila, when, early on the morning of 1 May 1898, the United States Navy's Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey, found Montojo's anchorage and attacked. In the resulting Battle of Manila Bay, the first major engagement of the Spanish–American War, Marques del Duero took one , one , and about three other shell hits, which wrecked her bow gun, a side gun, and an engine. Her crew scuttled her in shallow water; part of her upper works remained above water, and a boarding crew from the gunboat went aboard and set these on fire at the end of battle.
After the war, a U.S. Navy salvage team raised and repaired Marques del Duero. She served briefly in the U.S. Navy as USS P-17, but was decommissioned and scrapped in 1900. | [] | [
"Operational history"
] | [
"Gunboats of Spain",
"Ships of the Spanish Navy",
"1875 ships",
"Ships built in France",
"Spanish–American War gunboats of Spain",
"Maritime incidents in 1898",
"Scuttled vessels",
"Shipwrecks of the Spanish–American War",
"Shipwrecks in the South China Sea",
"Shipwrecks of the Philippines"
] |
projected-17329552-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%20gunboat%20Marques%20del%20Duero | Spanish gunboat Marques del Duero | References | Marques del Duero was a of the Spanish Navy which fought in the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War. | Chesneau, Roger, and Eugene M. Kolesnik, Eds. Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. New York, New York: Mayflower Books Inc., 1979. .
Nofi, Albert A. The Spanish–American War. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Books Inc., 1996. . | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Gunboats of Spain",
"Ships of the Spanish Navy",
"1875 ships",
"Ships built in France",
"Spanish–American War gunboats of Spain",
"Maritime incidents in 1898",
"Scuttled vessels",
"Shipwrecks of the Spanish–American War",
"Shipwrecks in the South China Sea",
"Shipwrecks of the Philippines"
] |
projected-23574286-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy%20%28composer%29 | Fuzzy (composer) | Introduction | Jens Vilhelm Pedersen, also known as Fuzzy, (23 February 1939 – 13 October 2022) was a Danish composer and musician. A student of Per Nørgård, Karlheinz Stockhausen, György Ligeti, and Jan Bark, he taught music history and theory at the Royal Academy of Music in Aarhus until 1978.
His music spanned a wide range of genres from jazz, over film music, to experimental electronic music.
In 1972, he composed the music for the Rainer Werner Fassbinder TV series Eight Hours Don't Make a Day under the pseudonym Jean Gepoint.
Fuzzy died on 13 October 2022, at the age of 83. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1939 births",
"2022 deaths",
"Danish composers",
"Male composers",
"Danish jazz musicians",
"People from Roskilde"
] | |
projected-26721671-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C3%BC | Bengü | Introduction | Bengü Erden (born 2 April 1979) is a Turkish singer. She became first familiar with music during her time at the İzmir State Symphony Orchestra. In İzmir, she was cast in a leading role in the musical "Oliver Twist". She later took singing lessons with İzmir State Conservatory's general manager, Müfit Bayraş. In 1998, by performing a song by Müfit Bayşara, she ranked second at the competition Pop Show '98, organized by Mü-Yap and Show TV. She then studied music at Istanbul Academy. She worked as a backing vocalist for Kenan Doğulu for three years. In 2007, Bengü became the winner of Show TV's singing competition Bak Kim Dans Ediyor. Her first album, Hoş Geldin, was produced by Kenan Doğulu and Ozan Doğulu and released in July 2000. Her second studio album, Bağlasan Durmam, was released in 2005.
After two years, she released her third studio album, Taktik. With the song "Korkma Kalbim" from this album, she received a digital certification from Mü-Yap and the album became one of the best-selling albums of the year.
In 2009, Bengü released İki Melek. The album sold 125,000 copies and received a gold certification. By ranking number-one on Türkçe Top 20 for seven weeks, she became one of 2009's Turkish artists who topped the music charts for a long period of time.
In 2011, she released the album Dört Dörtlük. With its lead single, "Aşkım", she succeeded in attracting the attention of fans and critics. The song was the most-searched song on Google in Turkey in 2011. In the same year, Bengü became the "most followed artist" in Turkey.
In 2012, her maxi single "Anlatacaklarım Var" was released. The song "Yaralı" form this maxi single ranked number-one on Turkey's official music charts for seven weeks. Her 2013 single "Saygımdan" also topped 'Türkçe Top 20' in 2014 for five weeks. In 2014, Bengü's single "Yaralı" won the "Most Played Song" award at the Turkey Music Awards.
Bengü's seventh studio album, İkinci Hal, was released in October 2014. Its lead single, "Sahici", ranked third on Türkçe Top 20 and then remained number-one for five weeks.
By topping the official music charts in Turkey for 10 weeks, she became 2014's second artist with the most number of number-one singles. According to TelifMetre, Bengü was 2014's Turkish female artist with the most number of streams on TV. Her other song from İkinci Hal, titled "Feveran", became successful on digital platforms and received a gold certification from DMC.
From 2000, many of her songs, including "Korkumdan Ağladım", "Korkma Kalbim", "Unut Beni", "Ağla Kalbim", "Gezegen", "İki Melek", "Kocaman Öpüyorum", "Aşkım", "Saat 03:00", "Haberin Olsun", "Yaralı", "Saygımdan", "Sahici", "Feveran", "Hodri Meydan" and "Sığamıyorum" have become hits. To this day she has released eight studio albums and six singles and has received various awards and nominations for her works. Among her nominations are four Turkey Music Awards and two Balkan Music Awards. She has also won one Turkey Music Award, one Mü-Yap Music Award and one TTNET Music Award. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1979 births",
"Living people",
"Turkish pop singers",
"Turkish singer-songwriters",
"21st-century Turkish singers",
"Turkish_women_singers",
"21st-century Turkish women singers"
] | |
projected-26721671-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C3%BC | Bengü | 2000–2008: Hoş Geldin, Bağlasan Durmam, Taktik and Gezegen | Bengü Erden (born 2 April 1979) is a Turkish singer. She became first familiar with music during her time at the İzmir State Symphony Orchestra. In İzmir, she was cast in a leading role in the musical "Oliver Twist". She later took singing lessons with İzmir State Conservatory's general manager, Müfit Bayraş. In 1998, by performing a song by Müfit Bayşara, she ranked second at the competition Pop Show '98, organized by Mü-Yap and Show TV. She then studied music at Istanbul Academy. She worked as a backing vocalist for Kenan Doğulu for three years. In 2007, Bengü became the winner of Show TV's singing competition Bak Kim Dans Ediyor. Her first album, Hoş Geldin, was produced by Kenan Doğulu and Ozan Doğulu and released in July 2000. Her second studio album, Bağlasan Durmam, was released in 2005.
After two years, she released her third studio album, Taktik. With the song "Korkma Kalbim" from this album, she received a digital certification from Mü-Yap and the album became one of the best-selling albums of the year.
In 2009, Bengü released İki Melek. The album sold 125,000 copies and received a gold certification. By ranking number-one on Türkçe Top 20 for seven weeks, she became one of 2009's Turkish artists who topped the music charts for a long period of time.
In 2011, she released the album Dört Dörtlük. With its lead single, "Aşkım", she succeeded in attracting the attention of fans and critics. The song was the most-searched song on Google in Turkey in 2011. In the same year, Bengü became the "most followed artist" in Turkey.
In 2012, her maxi single "Anlatacaklarım Var" was released. The song "Yaralı" form this maxi single ranked number-one on Turkey's official music charts for seven weeks. Her 2013 single "Saygımdan" also topped 'Türkçe Top 20' in 2014 for five weeks. In 2014, Bengü's single "Yaralı" won the "Most Played Song" award at the Turkey Music Awards.
Bengü's seventh studio album, İkinci Hal, was released in October 2014. Its lead single, "Sahici", ranked third on Türkçe Top 20 and then remained number-one for five weeks.
By topping the official music charts in Turkey for 10 weeks, she became 2014's second artist with the most number of number-one singles. According to TelifMetre, Bengü was 2014's Turkish female artist with the most number of streams on TV. Her other song from İkinci Hal, titled "Feveran", became successful on digital platforms and received a gold certification from DMC.
From 2000, many of her songs, including "Korkumdan Ağladım", "Korkma Kalbim", "Unut Beni", "Ağla Kalbim", "Gezegen", "İki Melek", "Kocaman Öpüyorum", "Aşkım", "Saat 03:00", "Haberin Olsun", "Yaralı", "Saygımdan", "Sahici", "Feveran", "Hodri Meydan" and "Sığamıyorum" have become hits. To this day she has released eight studio albums and six singles and has received various awards and nominations for her works. Among her nominations are four Turkey Music Awards and two Balkan Music Awards. She has also won one Turkey Music Award, one Mü-Yap Music Award and one TTNET Music Award. | Bengü's first album, Hoş Geldin, was released in July 2000 after a preparation process of about three and a half years. Kenan Doğulu, Şehrazat, Ümit Sayın, and Yıldız Tilbe were among the musicians who helped with its preparations. It featured nine songs and one remix. All of the songs were composed by Ozan Doğulu. Cihan Okan and Sıla were the vocalists whose voice was featured on the album. All the photographs for the album were shot by Koray Kasap. Bengü performed at nearly 300 concerts both inside and outside of the country with this album.
Bengü's main breakthrough came in 2005 with the release of her second studio album, Bağlasan Durmam. After 5 years of searching, she signed a contract with Dokuz Sekiz Müzik and under Suat Aydoğan's direction, she collaborated with Serdar Ortaç, Gökhan Şahin, Sibel Alaş and Hakkı Yalçın on this new album. The songs "Korkumdan Ağladım", "Gel Gel", "Ciddi Ciddi" were written and composed by Bengü herself, and alongside the songs "Müjde" and "Bağlasan Durmam", they were all turned into music videos. At the Turkey Music Awards, she was nominated for the "Best Female Pop Singer" award. The album Bağlasan Durmam became one of the best-selling albums of the year and sold 52,000 copies by the end of the year. NTV chose Bağlasan Durmam as one 2000's best Turkish albums.
In 2007, the album Taktik took Bengü's career into another level. The likes of Serdar Ortaç, Adnan Fırat, Kutsi, Alper Narman, and Fettah Can worked on it. Bengü also included the song "Yolcu", which she had written and composed herself, in the album. The first music video form the album was "Korkma Kalbim", written by Serdar Ortaç and composed by Suat Aydoğan. It eventually became a massive hit inside Turkey. With its success, the song received a digital certification from Mü-Yap. With 136,430 downloads, it became 2007's 13th most downloaded song. The second song that was turned into a music video was "Unut Beni", written by Adnan Fırat. It also achieved great success. The song "Ağla Kalbim", which was featured beforehand as a demo on Hande Yener's album, met special interest from the fans and was used on the soundtrack of the popular series Doktorlar. Despite lacking a music video, it has become one of the classic works of Turkish popular music. Taktik sold 100,000 copies and became one of the best-selling albums of the year.
In 2008, she released her fourth studio album, Gezegen, which received positive comments from fans and critics. The works of Serdar Ortaç, Adnan Fırat, Altan Çetin and İlhan Şeşen were featured on this album. The first music video for this album was released for the song "Gezegen", written by Serdar Ortaç and composed by Suat Aydoğan. It was directed by Murat Küçük. The song was chosen by critics, radio programs and DJs as one of the best songs of 2008. Her appearance as sexy girl wandering in the desert and taking revenge on her man in the music video was discussed in the tabloids for a long time. The album sold 35,000 copies by the end of the year. | [] | [
"Career",
"2000–2008: Hoş Geldin, Bağlasan Durmam, Taktik and Gezegen"
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"1979 births",
"Living people",
"Turkish pop singers",
"Turkish singer-songwriters",
"21st-century Turkish singers",
"Turkish_women_singers",
"21st-century Turkish women singers"
] |
projected-26721671-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C3%BC | Bengü | 2009–2012: İki Melek, Dört Dörtlük and "Anlatacaklarım Var" | Bengü Erden (born 2 April 1979) is a Turkish singer. She became first familiar with music during her time at the İzmir State Symphony Orchestra. In İzmir, she was cast in a leading role in the musical "Oliver Twist". She later took singing lessons with İzmir State Conservatory's general manager, Müfit Bayraş. In 1998, by performing a song by Müfit Bayşara, she ranked second at the competition Pop Show '98, organized by Mü-Yap and Show TV. She then studied music at Istanbul Academy. She worked as a backing vocalist for Kenan Doğulu for three years. In 2007, Bengü became the winner of Show TV's singing competition Bak Kim Dans Ediyor. Her first album, Hoş Geldin, was produced by Kenan Doğulu and Ozan Doğulu and released in July 2000. Her second studio album, Bağlasan Durmam, was released in 2005.
After two years, she released her third studio album, Taktik. With the song "Korkma Kalbim" from this album, she received a digital certification from Mü-Yap and the album became one of the best-selling albums of the year.
In 2009, Bengü released İki Melek. The album sold 125,000 copies and received a gold certification. By ranking number-one on Türkçe Top 20 for seven weeks, she became one of 2009's Turkish artists who topped the music charts for a long period of time.
In 2011, she released the album Dört Dörtlük. With its lead single, "Aşkım", she succeeded in attracting the attention of fans and critics. The song was the most-searched song on Google in Turkey in 2011. In the same year, Bengü became the "most followed artist" in Turkey.
In 2012, her maxi single "Anlatacaklarım Var" was released. The song "Yaralı" form this maxi single ranked number-one on Turkey's official music charts for seven weeks. Her 2013 single "Saygımdan" also topped 'Türkçe Top 20' in 2014 for five weeks. In 2014, Bengü's single "Yaralı" won the "Most Played Song" award at the Turkey Music Awards.
Bengü's seventh studio album, İkinci Hal, was released in October 2014. Its lead single, "Sahici", ranked third on Türkçe Top 20 and then remained number-one for five weeks.
By topping the official music charts in Turkey for 10 weeks, she became 2014's second artist with the most number of number-one singles. According to TelifMetre, Bengü was 2014's Turkish female artist with the most number of streams on TV. Her other song from İkinci Hal, titled "Feveran", became successful on digital platforms and received a gold certification from DMC.
From 2000, many of her songs, including "Korkumdan Ağladım", "Korkma Kalbim", "Unut Beni", "Ağla Kalbim", "Gezegen", "İki Melek", "Kocaman Öpüyorum", "Aşkım", "Saat 03:00", "Haberin Olsun", "Yaralı", "Saygımdan", "Sahici", "Feveran", "Hodri Meydan" and "Sığamıyorum" have become hits. To this day she has released eight studio albums and six singles and has received various awards and nominations for her works. Among her nominations are four Turkey Music Awards and two Balkan Music Awards. She has also won one Turkey Music Award, one Mü-Yap Music Award and one TTNET Music Award. | In 2009, her fifth studio album, İki Melek, was released by Avrupa Müzik. Serdar Ortaç, Şehrazat, Sinan Akçıl and Yalın were among the artists who worked on the album. One of the best albums of the year, its songs "İki Melek" and "Kocaman Öpüyorum" ranked number-one on Billboard Türkiye and topped the charts for 7 weeks. In 2009, she won the "Best Female Pop Artists" award at the 13th Istanbul FM Music Awards. In the same year, Siyaset Magazine Awards named her the "Singer of the Year" and her album was chosen as the "Album of the Year" by many organizations and universities. İki Melek ranked 6th on Hürriyet list of "2009's Top 20 Albums". The album sold 125,000 copied by the end of the year and earned Bengü a gold certification.
In summer of 2010, her new maxi single, "Sırada Sen Varsın", was released. For this song, Bengü won the "Best Single" award at the 14th Istanbul FM Golden Awards. Within 25 days of its release, the single sold 40,000 copies and made a huge contribution to Bengü's career.
In early 2011, Bengü was featured on Suat Ateşdağlı's album and performed the song "Artık Sevmeyeceğim".
For her own 2011 album, titled Dört Dörtlük, she worked with the likes of Sinan Akçıl, Şehrazat, and Ersay Üner. Its lead single, "Aşkım", received great acclaim. It went on Twitter's trends list in Turkey. With the success of "Aşkım", Bengü became the most searched artist and singer of the year on Google in Turkey in 2011.
Before the release of the second video from Dört Dörtlük, "Saat 03:00", many promo photos were released, which were met with great interest. Bengü chose "Kalbi Olan Ağlıyor", written by Sinan Akçıl, as the third song from the album to be turned into a music video by director Salih Singin. According to Mü-Yap, by the end of the year the album sold 25,000 copies.
In the final months of 2012 Bengü released "Anlatacaklarım Var". She finished her work with Avrupa Müzik, and started her own production company known as BNG Müzik. At the same time, she signed a new contract with DMC. The single featured two songs by Zeki Güner: "Haberin Olsun" and "Yaralı". With the inclusion of different versions for the two songs, a total of seven songs arranged by Mustafa Ceceli were released. "Haberin Olsun" was turned into a music video by Nihat Odabaşı. The second song to become a music video was "Yaralı". In the summer months, "Yaralı" topped Türkçe Top 20 for seven weeks and became the third-most streamed song of the year. The single was chosen as the "Best Single" at the 19th Siyaset Magazine Awards. "Yaralı" also earned the "Most Played Song of 2014" award at the Turkey Music Awards. | [] | [
"Career",
"2009–2012: İki Melek, Dört Dörtlük and \"Anlatacaklarım Var\""
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"1979 births",
"Living people",
"Turkish pop singers",
"Turkish singer-songwriters",
"21st-century Turkish singers",
"Turkish_women_singers",
"21st-century Turkish women singers"
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projected-26721671-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C3%BC | Bengü | 2013–2016: "Saygımdan", İkinci Hal, "Hodri Meydan" and "Sığamıyorum" | Bengü Erden (born 2 April 1979) is a Turkish singer. She became first familiar with music during her time at the İzmir State Symphony Orchestra. In İzmir, she was cast in a leading role in the musical "Oliver Twist". She later took singing lessons with İzmir State Conservatory's general manager, Müfit Bayraş. In 1998, by performing a song by Müfit Bayşara, she ranked second at the competition Pop Show '98, organized by Mü-Yap and Show TV. She then studied music at Istanbul Academy. She worked as a backing vocalist for Kenan Doğulu for three years. In 2007, Bengü became the winner of Show TV's singing competition Bak Kim Dans Ediyor. Her first album, Hoş Geldin, was produced by Kenan Doğulu and Ozan Doğulu and released in July 2000. Her second studio album, Bağlasan Durmam, was released in 2005.
After two years, she released her third studio album, Taktik. With the song "Korkma Kalbim" from this album, she received a digital certification from Mü-Yap and the album became one of the best-selling albums of the year.
In 2009, Bengü released İki Melek. The album sold 125,000 copies and received a gold certification. By ranking number-one on Türkçe Top 20 for seven weeks, she became one of 2009's Turkish artists who topped the music charts for a long period of time.
In 2011, she released the album Dört Dörtlük. With its lead single, "Aşkım", she succeeded in attracting the attention of fans and critics. The song was the most-searched song on Google in Turkey in 2011. In the same year, Bengü became the "most followed artist" in Turkey.
In 2012, her maxi single "Anlatacaklarım Var" was released. The song "Yaralı" form this maxi single ranked number-one on Turkey's official music charts for seven weeks. Her 2013 single "Saygımdan" also topped 'Türkçe Top 20' in 2014 for five weeks. In 2014, Bengü's single "Yaralı" won the "Most Played Song" award at the Turkey Music Awards.
Bengü's seventh studio album, İkinci Hal, was released in October 2014. Its lead single, "Sahici", ranked third on Türkçe Top 20 and then remained number-one for five weeks.
By topping the official music charts in Turkey for 10 weeks, she became 2014's second artist with the most number of number-one singles. According to TelifMetre, Bengü was 2014's Turkish female artist with the most number of streams on TV. Her other song from İkinci Hal, titled "Feveran", became successful on digital platforms and received a gold certification from DMC.
From 2000, many of her songs, including "Korkumdan Ağladım", "Korkma Kalbim", "Unut Beni", "Ağla Kalbim", "Gezegen", "İki Melek", "Kocaman Öpüyorum", "Aşkım", "Saat 03:00", "Haberin Olsun", "Yaralı", "Saygımdan", "Sahici", "Feveran", "Hodri Meydan" and "Sığamıyorum" have become hits. To this day she has released eight studio albums and six singles and has received various awards and nominations for her works. Among her nominations are four Turkey Music Awards and two Balkan Music Awards. She has also won one Turkey Music Award, one Mü-Yap Music Award and one TTNET Music Award. | After the success of "Yaralı", which topped Türkçe Top 20 for seven weeks, Bengü started to work on a new single. In November 2013, she released the single "Saygımdan", which was well received by fans and critics. The song was written by Zeki Güner and composed by Mustafa Ceceli. Its music video was directed by Burak Ertaş. It was produced by her own company BNG Müzik and DMC. At the final weeks of 2013, the song ranked second on Turkey's official music charts and at the beginning of 2014 it topped the charts for five weeks. It was included in most radio and TV's top lists. Due to the success of "Saygımdan" and "Yaralı", Bengü was nominated for the "Best Female Artist" award at the Turkey Music Awards.
For the album İkinci Hal, she worked with Deniz Erten and Serkan Kavuşan, who wrote the songs, and Murat Yeter, Barış Özesener, Erdem Kınay and Çağatay Şen, who arranged and composed them. The album also features Bengü's song "Kadar" from her 2011 album, Dört Dörtlük. It was turned into a duet with Emre Aydın as a new version. Bengü also included the singles "Yaralı" and "Saygımdan", which had previously earned her numerous awards and nominations, in the album as well.
The album ranked among the top 5 on the list of best-selling albums. TTNET Müzik also chose it as the "Album of the Year".
"Hodri Meydan", Bengü's fifth single, was released on 4 March 2016 by DMC. It was written by Deniz Erten and composed by Toylan Kaya, while Erdem Kınay arranged it. It was released on digital platforms on 7 March. Actress Demet Özdemir appears in the music video for the song. The music video was shot in an old cable factory in the Ümraniye plateaus and in five different places. It was directed by Gülşen Aybaba. On its first week of release, it ranked number-one on TTNET Müzik's list of 100 Most Played Songs. It was also released in the form of CD on 25 March and, on its first week, topped D&R's list of best songs. It also became the number-one song on many radio and music channels.
Another single, "Sığamıyorum", was released on 28 June on digital platforms and as a music video on YouTube. It was written by Zeki Güner and arranged by Mustafa Ceceli. The video garnered 5 million views on its first week of release. After three weeks, the song ranked third on Turkey's official music charts. | [] | [
"Career",
"2013–2016: \"Saygımdan\", İkinci Hal, \"Hodri Meydan\" and \"Sığamıyorum\""
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"1979 births",
"Living people",
"Turkish pop singers",
"Turkish singer-songwriters",
"21st-century Turkish singers",
"Turkish_women_singers",
"21st-century Turkish women singers"
] |
projected-26721671-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C3%BC | Bengü | 2017–present: Altın Çağ and "Yazık" | Bengü Erden (born 2 April 1979) is a Turkish singer. She became first familiar with music during her time at the İzmir State Symphony Orchestra. In İzmir, she was cast in a leading role in the musical "Oliver Twist". She later took singing lessons with İzmir State Conservatory's general manager, Müfit Bayraş. In 1998, by performing a song by Müfit Bayşara, she ranked second at the competition Pop Show '98, organized by Mü-Yap and Show TV. She then studied music at Istanbul Academy. She worked as a backing vocalist for Kenan Doğulu for three years. In 2007, Bengü became the winner of Show TV's singing competition Bak Kim Dans Ediyor. Her first album, Hoş Geldin, was produced by Kenan Doğulu and Ozan Doğulu and released in July 2000. Her second studio album, Bağlasan Durmam, was released in 2005.
After two years, she released her third studio album, Taktik. With the song "Korkma Kalbim" from this album, she received a digital certification from Mü-Yap and the album became one of the best-selling albums of the year.
In 2009, Bengü released İki Melek. The album sold 125,000 copies and received a gold certification. By ranking number-one on Türkçe Top 20 for seven weeks, she became one of 2009's Turkish artists who topped the music charts for a long period of time.
In 2011, she released the album Dört Dörtlük. With its lead single, "Aşkım", she succeeded in attracting the attention of fans and critics. The song was the most-searched song on Google in Turkey in 2011. In the same year, Bengü became the "most followed artist" in Turkey.
In 2012, her maxi single "Anlatacaklarım Var" was released. The song "Yaralı" form this maxi single ranked number-one on Turkey's official music charts for seven weeks. Her 2013 single "Saygımdan" also topped 'Türkçe Top 20' in 2014 for five weeks. In 2014, Bengü's single "Yaralı" won the "Most Played Song" award at the Turkey Music Awards.
Bengü's seventh studio album, İkinci Hal, was released in October 2014. Its lead single, "Sahici", ranked third on Türkçe Top 20 and then remained number-one for five weeks.
By topping the official music charts in Turkey for 10 weeks, she became 2014's second artist with the most number of number-one singles. According to TelifMetre, Bengü was 2014's Turkish female artist with the most number of streams on TV. Her other song from İkinci Hal, titled "Feveran", became successful on digital platforms and received a gold certification from DMC.
From 2000, many of her songs, including "Korkumdan Ağladım", "Korkma Kalbim", "Unut Beni", "Ağla Kalbim", "Gezegen", "İki Melek", "Kocaman Öpüyorum", "Aşkım", "Saat 03:00", "Haberin Olsun", "Yaralı", "Saygımdan", "Sahici", "Feveran", "Hodri Meydan" and "Sığamıyorum" have become hits. To this day she has released eight studio albums and six singles and has received various awards and nominations for her works. Among her nominations are four Turkey Music Awards and two Balkan Music Awards. She has also won one Turkey Music Award, one Mü-Yap Music Award and one TTNET Music Award. | Bengü's eighth studio album, Altın Çağ, was released by DMC on 31 May 2017. The songs "Kuzum", "Sanki", "Geçmiş Olsun", and "Altın Çağ" were the pieces from this album for which separate music videos were released.
Her new single, "Yazık", was released on 15 February 2019 together with a music video directed by Elif Demiralp. The lyrics of the song were written by Ersay Üner and Volga Tamöz served as the arranger for the single. In the same year, she collaborated with Bilal Sonses on the song "İçimden Gelmiyor", which was released as a duet together with a music video in April 2019. By the end of November 2019, Bengü's new single "Günaydın" was released by DMC. Its music video was directed by Ulaş Elgin and the song itself was written and composed by Melda Gürbey. | [] | [
"Career",
"2017–present: Altın Çağ and \"Yazık\""
] | [
"1979 births",
"Living people",
"Turkish pop singers",
"Turkish singer-songwriters",
"21st-century Turkish singers",
"Turkish_women_singers",
"21st-century Turkish women singers"
] |
projected-26721671-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C3%BC | Bengü | Discography | Bengü Erden (born 2 April 1979) is a Turkish singer. She became first familiar with music during her time at the İzmir State Symphony Orchestra. In İzmir, she was cast in a leading role in the musical "Oliver Twist". She later took singing lessons with İzmir State Conservatory's general manager, Müfit Bayraş. In 1998, by performing a song by Müfit Bayşara, she ranked second at the competition Pop Show '98, organized by Mü-Yap and Show TV. She then studied music at Istanbul Academy. She worked as a backing vocalist for Kenan Doğulu for three years. In 2007, Bengü became the winner of Show TV's singing competition Bak Kim Dans Ediyor. Her first album, Hoş Geldin, was produced by Kenan Doğulu and Ozan Doğulu and released in July 2000. Her second studio album, Bağlasan Durmam, was released in 2005.
After two years, she released her third studio album, Taktik. With the song "Korkma Kalbim" from this album, she received a digital certification from Mü-Yap and the album became one of the best-selling albums of the year.
In 2009, Bengü released İki Melek. The album sold 125,000 copies and received a gold certification. By ranking number-one on Türkçe Top 20 for seven weeks, she became one of 2009's Turkish artists who topped the music charts for a long period of time.
In 2011, she released the album Dört Dörtlük. With its lead single, "Aşkım", she succeeded in attracting the attention of fans and critics. The song was the most-searched song on Google in Turkey in 2011. In the same year, Bengü became the "most followed artist" in Turkey.
In 2012, her maxi single "Anlatacaklarım Var" was released. The song "Yaralı" form this maxi single ranked number-one on Turkey's official music charts for seven weeks. Her 2013 single "Saygımdan" also topped 'Türkçe Top 20' in 2014 for five weeks. In 2014, Bengü's single "Yaralı" won the "Most Played Song" award at the Turkey Music Awards.
Bengü's seventh studio album, İkinci Hal, was released in October 2014. Its lead single, "Sahici", ranked third on Türkçe Top 20 and then remained number-one for five weeks.
By topping the official music charts in Turkey for 10 weeks, she became 2014's second artist with the most number of number-one singles. According to TelifMetre, Bengü was 2014's Turkish female artist with the most number of streams on TV. Her other song from İkinci Hal, titled "Feveran", became successful on digital platforms and received a gold certification from DMC.
From 2000, many of her songs, including "Korkumdan Ağladım", "Korkma Kalbim", "Unut Beni", "Ağla Kalbim", "Gezegen", "İki Melek", "Kocaman Öpüyorum", "Aşkım", "Saat 03:00", "Haberin Olsun", "Yaralı", "Saygımdan", "Sahici", "Feveran", "Hodri Meydan" and "Sığamıyorum" have become hits. To this day she has released eight studio albums and six singles and has received various awards and nominations for her works. Among her nominations are four Turkey Music Awards and two Balkan Music Awards. She has also won one Turkey Music Award, one Mü-Yap Music Award and one TTNET Music Award. | Hoş Geldin (2000)
Bağlasan Durmam (2005)
Taktik (2007)
Gezegen (2008)
İki Melek (2009)
Dört Dörtlük (2011)
İkinci Hal (2014)
Altın Çağ (2017) | [] | [
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projected-26721690-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis%20Ekkart | Cornelis Ekkart | Introduction | Cornelis Ekkart (1 August 1892 – 30 June 1975) was a Dutch fencer. He competed at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. | [] | [
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projected-23574288-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20the%20Method%20of%20Dealing%20with%20the%20Rebellious%20Peoples%20of%20Valdichiana | On the Method of Dealing with the Rebellious Peoples of Valdichiana | Introduction | On the method of dealing with the Rebellious Peoples of Valdichiana () is a 1503 work by Niccolò Machiavelli.
A short excerpt in English may be found in Allan Gilbert's Machiavelli Volume One.
In 1503, one year after his missions to Cesare Borgia, Machiavelli wrote a short work, Del modo di trattare i sudditi della Val di Chiana ribellati (On the Way to Deal with the Rebel Subjects of the Valdichiana). in this work, he contrasts the errors of Florence with the wisdom of the Ancient Romans. Machiavelli declares that when dealing with rebellious peoples, such as in Valdichiana, the ruler must either placate them or eliminate them.
Machiavelli also witnessed the bloody vengeance taken by Borgia on his mutinous captains at the town of Sinigaglia (December 31, 1502), later writing a famous account. In much of his early writings, Machiavelli argues that “one should not offend a prince and later put faith in him.” | [] | [
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projected-23574288-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20the%20Method%20of%20Dealing%20with%20the%20Rebellious%20Peoples%20of%20Valdichiana | On the Method of Dealing with the Rebellious Peoples of Valdichiana | References | On the method of dealing with the Rebellious Peoples of Valdichiana () is a 1503 work by Niccolò Machiavelli.
A short excerpt in English may be found in Allan Gilbert's Machiavelli Volume One.
In 1503, one year after his missions to Cesare Borgia, Machiavelli wrote a short work, Del modo di trattare i sudditi della Val di Chiana ribellati (On the Way to Deal with the Rebel Subjects of the Valdichiana). in this work, he contrasts the errors of Florence with the wisdom of the Ancient Romans. Machiavelli declares that when dealing with rebellious peoples, such as in Valdichiana, the ruler must either placate them or eliminate them.
Machiavelli also witnessed the bloody vengeance taken by Borgia on his mutinous captains at the town of Sinigaglia (December 31, 1502), later writing a famous account. In much of his early writings, Machiavelli argues that “one should not offend a prince and later put faith in him.” | Category:Works by Niccolò Machiavelli
Category:1503 books | [] | [
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"Works by Niccolò Machiavelli",
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projected-17329566-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%20NHK%20Trophy | 1995 NHK Trophy | Introduction | The 1995 NHK Trophy was the final event of five in the 1995–96 ISU Champions Series, a senior-level international invitational competition series. This was the inaugural year of that series. It was held in Nagoya on December 7–10. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 1995–96 Champions Series Final. | [] | [
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] | [
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"NHK Trophy"
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projected-44496752-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Wolfers | Arnold Wolfers | Introduction | Arnold Oscar Wolfers (June 14, 1892July 16, 1968) was a Swiss-American lawyer, economist, historian, and international relations scholar, most known for his work at Yale University and for being a pioneer of classical international relations realism.
Educated in his native Switzerland and in Germany, Wolfers was a lecturer at the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik in Berlin in the late 1920s and then became its director in the early 1930s. Initially having some sympathies with the ideas of Nazi Germany, he left that country to become a visiting professor at Yale in 1933, stayed there, and became a U.S. citizen in 1939. In 1935 he was co-founder of the influential Yale Institute of International Studies. As master of Pierson College at Yale, he played a significant role during World War II by recruiting for the Office of Strategic Services. In 1957 he left Yale and became director of the Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research at Johns Hopkins University, where he served in that role until his retirement in 1965.
Wolfers' two most known works are Britain and France Between Two Wars (1940), a study of two foreign policies during the interwar period, and Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics (1962), a collection of papers on international relations theory. | [] | [
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projected-44496752-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Wolfers | Arnold Wolfers | Early life and education | Arnold Oscar Wolfers (June 14, 1892July 16, 1968) was a Swiss-American lawyer, economist, historian, and international relations scholar, most known for his work at Yale University and for being a pioneer of classical international relations realism.
Educated in his native Switzerland and in Germany, Wolfers was a lecturer at the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik in Berlin in the late 1920s and then became its director in the early 1930s. Initially having some sympathies with the ideas of Nazi Germany, he left that country to become a visiting professor at Yale in 1933, stayed there, and became a U.S. citizen in 1939. In 1935 he was co-founder of the influential Yale Institute of International Studies. As master of Pierson College at Yale, he played a significant role during World War II by recruiting for the Office of Strategic Services. In 1957 he left Yale and became director of the Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research at Johns Hopkins University, where he served in that role until his retirement in 1965.
Wolfers' two most known works are Britain and France Between Two Wars (1940), a study of two foreign policies during the interwar period, and Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics (1962), a collection of papers on international relations theory. | Arnold Oskar Wolfers (the spelling of the middle name later changed to Oscar) was born on June 14, 1892, in St. Gallen, Switzerland, to parents Otto Gustav Wolfers (1860–1945) and the former Clara Eugenie Hirschfeld (1869–1950). His father was a New York merchant who emigrated and became a naturalized Swiss citizen in 1905, while his mother was from a Jewish family in St. Gallen. Arnold grew up in St. Gallen and attended the gymnasium secondary school there, gaining his Abitur qualification.
Wolfers studied law at the University of Lausanne, University of Munich, and University of Berlin beginning in 1912, gaining a certificate (Zeugnis) from the last of these. He served as a first lieutenant in the infantry of the Swiss Army, with some of the service taking place from May 1914 to March 1915, part of which included Switzerland's maintaining a state of armed neutrality during World War I. He first began studying at the University of Zurich in the summer of 1915. He graduated summa cum laude from there with a J.U.D. degree, in both civil and church law,<ref name="whos-66">Who's Who in America 1966–1967, p. 2339.</ref> in April 1917.
Admitted to the bar in Switzerland in 1917, Wolfers practiced law in St. Gallen from 1917 to 1919. His observing of the war, and of the difficulties the Geneva-based League of Nations faced in the aftermath of the war, enhanced his natural Swiss skepticism and led him towards a conservative view regarding the ability of countries to avoid armed conflict. On the other hand, his Swiss background did provide to him an example of how a multi-lingual federation of cantons could prosper.
In 1918, Wolfers married Doris Emmy Forrer. She was the daughter of the Swiss politician Robert Forrer, who as a member of the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland from St. Gallen had been elected to the National Council in the 1908 Swiss federal election, retaining that seat until 1924 and chairing the radical-democratic group (1918–1924). She studied art, attending the École des Beaux-Arts in Geneva as well as the University of Geneva, and spent a year at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich during the early stages of World War I.
Wolfers studied economics and political science at the Universities of Zurich and Berlin from 1920 to 1924, with his study at the University of Zurich concluding with a certificate in April 1920. He received a Ph.D. from the University of Giessen in Germany in 1924.
During this time, Wolfers' abilities with languages allowed him to act as an interpreter in some situations. He first traveled to the United States in 1924 and delivered lectures to various audiences.
Academic career in Germany
By one later account, Wolfers emigrated to Germany following the conclusion of World War I, while another had him living in Germany starting in 1921. Contemporary newspaper stories published in the United States portray Wolfers as a Swiss citizen through at least 1926. In 1933, stories describe him as Swiss-German or a native Swiss and naturalized German. But in 1940 he is described as having been a Swiss before being naturalized as an American, something that a later historical account also states.
From 1924 to 1930, Wolfers was a lecturer in political science at the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik (Institute of Politics) in Berlin. Headed by Ernst Jaeckh, it was considered Berlin's best school for the study of political behavior. In 1927, he took on the additional duties of being studies supervisor. Wolfers was one of the early people in the circle around Lutheran theologian Paul Tillich, with he and Doris giving much-needed economic support to Tillich in Berlin during the hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic period. As such Wolfers might have been considered a religious socialist. The Hochschule attracted many religious socialists, who were interested in combining spiritual development with social reform in an effort to provide an attractive alternative to Marxism.
Wolfers became the director of the Hochschule für Politik from 1930 until 1933, with Jaeckh as president and chair. Wolfers and Jaeckh both gave lecture tours in America, made contacts there, and secured funding for the Hochschule's library and publications from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the Rockefeller Foundation. Two endowed visiting lectureships were sponsored by Carnegie, one of which would be held by Hajo Holborn. In a period where there was considerable student unrest, Wolfers led popular classroom discussion sessions regarding the state of world affairs.
Between 1929 and 1933, Wolfers was a privatdozent (roughly, assistant professor) in economics at the University of Berlin. He was active in the International Student Service and presided over their annual conference in 1931, held in the midst of the Great Depression, at Mount Holyoke College in the United States. In his address before them, Wolfers urged more financial help from Great Britain and the United States to Continental Europe: "What Europe needs is not general declarations for peace and cooperation – people are getting sick of them. We need proposals to help overcome concrete pressing difficulties."
Wolfers, like other German academics, witnessed first-hand the demise of the Weimar Republic and the rise to power of the Nazi Party.Korenblat, "A School for the Republic?", p. 413. While some of the academics perceived immediately the reality of the Nazis, Wolfers, along with Jaeckh, did not. Wolfers had a belief in the great man theory, extended to the role of great nations, and was drawn to the notion of spectacular actions in international relations; as such he found some Nazi rhetoric appealing. In this manner Wolfers tended to be in agreement with some of the foreign policy objectives of the Nazi regime, especially in the East, thinking that those objectives could play a part in restoring the European balance of power. As for other aspects of the Nazis, Wolfers failed to comprehend the amount of racism and authoritarianism essential to Nazi ideology. In a November 1932 article in the journal International Affairs, Wolfers prophesied that "Hitler, with all his anti-democratic tendencies, is caught by the fact that he leads a mass movement... He may therefore become, against his own original programme, a force making for democracy. ... The further we go, the more this character of his movement as a safeguard against social reaction is likely to come to the fore."
Hitler seized control in the Machtergreifung in January 1933. At some point, Wolfers, a "half-Jew" (Halbjude) in the language of the Third Reich, was classified as "undesirable" (unerwünscht) by the new regime. In late April 1933, Wolfers was offered a position as a visiting professor of international relations at Yale University, and in late May, the appointment was publicly announced by Yale, with Wolfers being assigned to Yale's graduate school, where he was to lecture on world economics and European governments. Also in May, Wolfers served as general rapporteur to that year's International Studies Conference in London.
Master at Yale
Wolfers traveled to the United States on the SS Albert Ballin, arriving on August 11, 1933. He commented that Europeans generally felt threatened by U.S. monetary policy, but that people in Germany were sympathetic to U.S. leadership in trying to overcome the Depression.
In a November 1933 address at Yale, Wolfers described Hitler as saying that Germany would return to the League of Nations if reparations-based discrimination against her ended and that France and Germany could be allied against the Bolshevik threat from the east. Wolfers added, "Hitler's policy is not only an outgrowth of dire necessity. His party's emphasis is on domestic affairs. The 'militant' energies of Germany's soldier-like citizens are at last finding a field of action at home that satisfies all needs." In a February 1934 speech before the Foreign Policy Association in New York, Wolfers said, "The cause of present unrest is France's extravagant demands. ... Germany has lost her territorial cohesion; she has been forced to live in conflict with her Eastern neighbors, and is deprived of the most meager of self-defense." In 1934 the German embassy in Washington expressed satisfaction with the contents of Wolfers' lectures in the United States.
The contradictions inherent in the Nazi government's classification of Wolfers, compared to the Nazis' and Wolfers' somewhat complimentary views of each other at this time, have been noted by the German political scientist Rainer Eisfeld. Wolfers destroyed his personal and work files several times over the course of his career and thus it is difficult to know if his leaving Germany was for academic or political reasons or exactly what his thinking was at the time.
Intellectually, Wolfers' early work on international politics and economics was influenced by European conflicts and their effect upon the world and revealed something of a Realpolitik point of view. However he was not as heavily devoted to this perspective as was his colleague Nicholas J. Spykman. In terms of economics, Wolfers spoke somewhat favorably of New Deal initiatives such as the National Recovery Administration that sought to manage some competitive forces.
In 1935, Wolfers was named as professor of international relations at Yale. In taking the position, Wolfers was essentially proclaiming his lack of desire to return to Germany under Nazi rule. As part of gaining the position, Wolfers received an honorary A.M. from Yale in 1935, a standard practice at Yale when granting full professorships to scholars who did not previously have a Yale degree.
Also in 1935, Wolfers was appointed master of Pierson College at Yale, succeeding Alan Valentine. The college system had just been created at Yale two years earlier and masterships were sought after by faculty for the extra stipend and larger living environment they allotted. A master was expected to provide a civilizing influence to the resident students and much of that role was filled by Doris Wolfers. She decorated with eighteenth century Swiss furniture, played the host with enthusiasm, and together the couple made the Master's House at Pierson a center for entertaining on the campus second only to the house of the president of the university. When diplomats visited the campus, it was the Wolferses who provided the entertainment.
The couple collected art and in 1936 loaned some of their modern art to an exhibit at the Yale Gallery of the Fine Arts. Doris Wolfers became a frequent attendee or patroness at tea dances and other events to celebrate debutantes. He would accompany her to some university dances.
One former Yale undergraduate later said that he had lived in Pierson and that as head of the hall, Wolfers had been wiser and more useful regarding the practical issues of foreign policy than any of the faculty in political science. Veterans returning after the war would express how much they had missed Doris.
Another development in 1935 was that the Yale Institute of International Studies was created, with Wolfers as one of three founding members along with Frederick S. Dunn and Nicholas J. Spykman with Spykman as the first director. The new entity sought to use a "realistic" perspective to produce scholarly but useful research that would be useful to government decision makers. Wolfers was one of the senior academics who gave both the institute and Yale as a whole gravitas in the area and the nickname of the "Power School". The members of the institute launched a weekly seminar called "Where Is the World Going?" at which various current issues would be discussed, and from this Wolfers developed small study groups to address problems sent from the U.S. Department of State. Wolfers traveled to the State Department in Washington frequently and also discussed these matters with his friend and Yale alumnus Dean Acheson. Wolfers gained campus renown for his lectures on global interests and strategy.
Politically, Wolfers styled himself a "Tory-Liberal", perhaps making reference to the Tory Liberal coalition in Britain of that time.
Wolfers had a distinctive image on campus: tall and well-dressed with an aristocratic demeanor and a crisp voice that rotated between people in conversation "rather like a searchlight" in the words of one observer.
Whatever appeal the Nazis had held for Wolfers was had ended by the conclusion of the 1930s, and in 1939, Wolfers was naturalized as an American citizen. His 1940 book Britain and France Between Two Wars, a study of the foreign policies of the two countries in the interwar period, became influential. An assessment in The New York Times Book Review by Edgar Packard Dean said that the book was a "substantial piece of work" and that Wolfers handled his descriptions with "extraordinary impartiality" but that his analysis of French policy was stronger than of British policy. Another review in the same publication referred to Britain and France Between Two Wars as "a most excellent and carefully documented study" by an "eminent Swiss scholar".
World War II involvements
Wolfers actively assisted the U.S. war effort during World War II. From 1942 to 1944 he served as a special advisor and lecturer at the School of Military Government in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he conveyed his knowledge of Germany's society and government to those taking training courses to become part of a future occupying force. He served as an expert consultant to the Office of Provost Marshal General, also from 1942 to 1944. He was also a consultant to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in 1944 and 1945.
The masters at Yale served as contact points for recruiting appropriate students into the intelligence services, and according to the historian Robin Winks, none did so more than Wolfers, who made excellent use of his connections in Washington through the Yale Institute of International Studies. Overall a disproportionate number of intelligence workers came from Pierson College; in addition to Wolfers, other Pierson fellows who did recruiting included Wallace Notestein and C. Bradford Welles. Pierson College residents who later became intelligence figures included James Jesus Angleton, who often spent time in Wolfers' living room listening to poets such as Robert Frost that Wolfers brought in to read. Other attendees to these sessions included a future U.S. Poet Laureate, Reed Whittemore. Wolfers liked the young Angleton and kept in touch with him in subsequent years. Another protégé of Wolfers was Robert I. Blum, who became one of the early core members of the X-2 Counter Espionage Branch of the OSS, which provided liaison with the British in the exploitation of Ultra signals intelligence.
Wolfers had worked on a study of American diplomatic communications, including telecommunications and codes and ciphers. He thus became one of the few people to have a professional-level interest in intelligence matters before the war.
In addition, Anita Forrer, Doris's sister, became an OSS agent and conducted secret and dangerous operations in Switzerland on behalf of Allen Dulles. Before that, she had been a correspondent of poet Rainer Maria Rilke.
In June 1944, Wolfers was among a group of ten prominent Protestant clergy and laymen organized by the Commission on a Just and Durable Peace who issued a signed statement advocating a way of dealing with Germany after war. The statement said that Germany should not be left economically destitute or subjected to excessive reparations, as "an impoverished Germany will continue to be a menace to the peace of the world," and that punishment for German extermination campaigns against Jews and war crimes against those in occupied territories should be limited to those responsible and not extended to those just carrying out orders. A month after V-E Day, Wolfers had a letter published wherein he remarked upon "the shocking revelations" of Nazi concentration camps but still recommended "stern but humane rules" for directing the future of the German people.
Later Yale years
Wolfers was one of the contributors to Bernard Brodie's landmark 1946 volume The Absolute Weapon: Atomic Power and World Order, which focused on the effect of the new atomic bomb on U.S.-Soviet relations.
He worked with Basil Duke Henning, the master of Saybrook College, on a study of what Soviet leaders would judge American foreign policy options to be if they used the European press for their information.
Wolfers continued to serve as a recruiter for the Central Intelligence Agency when it was formed after the war.
He was a strong influence on John A. McCone, who later became Director of Central Intelligence (1961–65).
A distinguishing feature of Wolfers' career was his familiarity with power and his policy-oriented focus, which assumed that academia should try to shape the policies of government. A noted American international relations academic, Kenneth W. Thompson, subsequently wrote that Wolfers, as the most policy-oriented of the Yale institute's scholars, "had an insatiable yearning for the corridors of power" and because of that may have compromised his scholarly detachment and independence.
Wolfers was a member of the resident faculty of the National War College in 1947 and a member of its board of consultants from 1947 to 1951. He was a consultant to the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs during 1951 and served as President of the World Peace Foundation during 1953. In 1953 he was named a member of the board of the Woodrow Wilson Foundation.
The Wolferses, who had spent summers in Switzerland in the prewar years, considered moving back to Switzerland after the war, but decided to stay in the United States.
In 1947 the couple commissioned a summer home on a Naskeag Point bluff in Brooklin, Maine. Designed by Walter Gropius and The Architect's Collective, the innovative Bauhaus-influenced design incorporated a gull-wing roof and large overhangs; the adventuresome design reflected the couple's artistic nature and cosmopolitan outlook. The home was featured in House & Garden magazine in 1948 (and would be featured again in Portland Monthly Magazine in 2013).
Wolfers was named a Sterling professor of international relations in 1949, which remains Yale's highest level of academic rank. He was, as one author later stated, "a revered doyen in the field of international relations". He was also named to direct two new entities at Yale, the Division of Social Sciences and the Social Science Planning Center. He stepped down as master of Pierson College at that time; President of Yale Charles Seymour said, "I regret exceedingly that we must take from Pierson College a master who has conducted its affairs with wisdom and understanding for fourteen years." The Wolferses continued to reside in New Haven.
In 1950 and 1951, the Yale Institute of International Studies ran into conflict with a new President of Yale University, A. Whitney Griswold, who felt that scholars should conduct research as individuals rather than in cooperative groups and that the institute should do more historical, detached analysis rather than focus on current issues and recommendations on policy. Most of the institute's scholars left Yale, with many of them going to Princeton University and founding the Center of International Studies there in 1951, but Wolfers remained at Yale for several more years.
In May 1954, Wolfers attended the Conference on International Politics, sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation and convened in Washington, D.C., which brought together Hans Morgenthau, Reinhold Niebuhr, Walter Lippmann, Paul Nitze, Kenneth W. Thompson, Kenneth Waltz, Dean Rusk, and others. The conference has since been seen as an attempt to define an international relations theory through modern realism.
Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research
Wolfers left Yale in 1957, at the age of 65, but retained an emeritus title there. He was appointed director of the Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research at Johns Hopkins University. This was a new institute founded by Paul Nitze, who wanted to create a center within the School of Advanced International Studies that would join academics and policymakers. Unsettled by some feuding going on at Yale regarding the future of international relations study there, Wolfers was willing to leave Yale and move to Washington to take on the new position.
At the Washington Center, Wolfers brought academics and government officials together to discuss national security policy. Nitze would later say that Wolfers had been an asset in running discussions wherein members were encouraged to bring forth their ideas and defend them while others kept an open mind. Wolfers was willing to question prevailing academic opinions and ideologies and, in Nitze's words, "brought a wind of fresh air to what had been a fairly stodgy and opinionated group. He was a joy to work with." Wolfers' own thoughts at the time still revolved around classical balance of power relationships. Overall, the directorship of Wolfers added an academic prestige to the center that it had previously not had.
Wolfers consulted for the Institute for Defense Analyses in 1960 and 1961 and was a consultant to the State Department from 1960 on. He also consulted for the U.S. Department of the Army.
A 1962 book from Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics, presented sixteen essays on international relations theory, most of which had already been published in some form but some of which were completely new. Many of the essays had been influential when first published, and the book came to be viewed as a classic. In a foreword, Reinhold Niebuhr said that Wolfers was more of political philosopher than a political scientist who nonetheless sought empirical verification of his theories and suppositions.
Wolfers belonged to a number of academic organizations and clubs, including the International Institute for Strategic Studies (for which he was a member of the international advisory council), the American Political Science Association, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Century Association, and the Cosmos Club.
Final years
Wolfers retired from the Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research in 1965 but remained affiliated to it with the status of special adviser.
Wolfers destroyed his files on three occasions when undergoing changes of position, in 1949, 1957, and 1966.
Beginning in 1958, the Wolferses spent more time at their Maine house, even though he officially still lived in Washington. They entertained in Maine often, bringing in guests of all different political persuasions and artistic endeavors.
Encouraged by the Wolferses' acquaintance Carl Jung, who thought that Doris had a greater creative instinct than her role as Arnold's secretary and amanuensis made use of, she had resumed her career as an artist in the early-to-mid 1950s. She specialized in embroidery-based textual montages. Beginning in 1960, she had her work exhibited at galleries in Washington, New York, Rhode Island, and Maine.
Wolfers died on July 16, 1968, in a hospital in Blue Hill, Maine. Doris focused even more on her artistic endeavors after he was gone and would live until 1987.
Awards and honors
Wolfers received an honorary Litt.D. from Mount Holyoke College in 1934. He had a long relationship with that school, including giving the Founder's Day address in 1933, conducting public assemblies in 1941, and delivering a commencement address in 1948. Wolfers was also granted an honorary LL.D. from the University of Rochester in 1945.
An endowed chair, the Arnold Wolfers Professor of Political Science, was created at Yale following Wolfers' death, funded by a $600,000 gift from Arthur K. Watson of IBM. Watson's gift was subsequently increased to $1 million.
Legacy
Two Festschrift volumes were published in tribute to Wolfers. The first, Foreign Policy in the Sixties: The Issues and the Instruments: Essays in Honor of Arnold Wolfers, edited by Roger Hilsman and Robert C. Good, came out in 1965 during Wolfers' lifetime. It largely featured contributions from his former students, including ones from Raymond L. Garthoff, Laurence W. Martin, Lucian W. Pye, W. Howard Wriggins, Ernest W. Lefever, and the editors. The second, Discord and Collaboration in a New Europe: Essays in Honor of Arnold Wolfers, edited by Douglas T. Stuart and Stephen F. Szabo, came out in 1994 based on a 1992 conference at Dickinson College. It featured contributions from Martin again, Catherine McArdle Kelleher, Vojtech Mastny, and others, as well as the editors.
In terms of international relations theory, the editors of the second Festschrift characterize Wolfers as "the reluctant realist".
Wolfers could be categorized as belonging to "progressive realists", figures who often shared legal training, left-leaning traits in their thinking, and institutionally reformist goals. Wolfers' focus on morality and ethics in international relations, which he viewed as something that could transcend demands for security depending upon circumstances, is also unusual for a realist. Martin views Wolfers as having "swam against the tide" within the realist school, taking "a middle line that makes him seem in retrospect a pioneer revisionist of realism." But Wolfers did not subscribe to alternative explanations for international relations, such as behaviorism or quantification, instead preferring to rely upon, as he said, "history, personal experience, introspection, common sense and the gift of logical reason".
The progressive, democratic reputation that the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik enjoyed for decades became diminished as a result of scholarly research performed in the latter part of the twentieth century which showed that the Hochschule's relationship with the Nazi Party was not the one of pure opposition that had been portrayed. With those findings, Wolfers' reputation in connection to his role there suffered somewhat as well. By one account, it took six decades for any of Wolfers' former students in the United States to concede that Wolfers, even after having left Germany and finding a secure position at Yale, had still during the 1930s shown some ideological sympathies with the Nazi regime.
Two of Wolfers' formulations have often been repeated. The first provides a metaphor for one model of who the participants are in international relations: states-as-actors behaving as billiard balls that collide with one another. The second provides two components for the notion of national security; Wolfers wrote that "security, in an objective sense, measures the absence of threats to acquired values, in a subjective sense, the absence of fear that such values will be attacked."
Wolfers found composition difficult and his written output was small, with Britain and France Between Two Wars and Discord and Collaboration being his two major works. Much of his influence lay in how he brought people and discussions together in productive ways and bridged gaps between theory and practice.
But what Wolfers did write found an audience; by 1994, Discord and Collaboration was in its eighth printing, twenty-five years after his death. In the introduction to the second Festschrift, Douglas T. Stuart wrote,
"The book stands the test of time for two reasons. First, the author addresses enduring aspects of international relations and offers insightful recommendations about the formulation and execution of foreign policy. Second, Wolfers's writings are anchored in a sophisticated theory of situational ethics that is valid for any historical period, but that is arguably more relevant today than it was when Wolfers was writing."
Nevertheless, Wolfers' name is often not remembered as well as it might. In a 2008 interview, Robert Jervis, the Adlai E. Stevenson Professor of International Politics at Columbia University, listed international relations scholars who had influenced him, and he concluded by saying, "then there is one scholar who's not as well known as he should be: Arnold Wolfers, who was I think the most sophisticated, subtle, and well-grounded of the early generation of Realists." In his 2011 book, political theorist William E. Scheuerman posits three "towering figures" of mid-twentieth century classical realism – E. H. Carr, Hans J. Morgenthau, Reinhold Niebuhr – and next includes Wolfers, along with John H. Herz and Frederick L. Schuman, in a group of "prominent postwar US political scientists, relatively neglected today but widely respected at mid century".
On the other hand, in a 2011 remark the British international relations scholar Michael Cox mentioned Wolfers as one of the "giants" of international relations theory, along with Hans Morgenthau, Paul Nitze, William T. R. Fox, and Reinhold Niebuhr.
In the 2011 Encyclopedia of Power, Douglas T. Stuart wrote that "More than 40 years after his death, Arnold Wolfers remains one of the most influential experts in the field of international relations."
Published works
Die Verwaltungsorgane der Aktiengesellschaft nach schweizerischem Recht unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Verhältnisses von Verwaltungsrat und Direktion (Sauerländer, 1917) (Zürcher Beiträge zur Rechtswissenschaft 66).
Die Aufrichtung der Kapitalherrschaft in der abendländischen Geschichte (1924, thesis).
"Über monopolistische und nichtmonopolistische Wirtschaftsverbände", Archiv für Sozialwissenschaften und Sozialpolitik 59 (1928), 291–321.
"Ueberproduktion, fixe Kosten und Kartellierung", Archiv für Sozialwissenschaften und Sozialpolitik 60 (1928), 382–395.
Amerikanische und deutsche Löhne: eine Untersuchung über die Ursachen des hohen Lohnstandes in den Vereinigten Staaten (Julius Springer, 1930).
Das Kartellproblem im Licht der deutschen Kartellliteratur (Duncker & Humblot, 1931).
"Germany and Europe", Journal of the Royal Institute of International Affairs 9 (1930), 23–50.
"The Crisis of the Democratic Régime in Germany", International Affairs 11 (1932), 757–783.
Britain and France Between Two Wars: Conflicting Strategies of Peace Since Versailles (Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1940); revised edition (W. W. Norton, 1966)
The Absolute Weapon: Atomic Power and World Order (Harcourt Brace, 1946) [co-author with Bernard Brodie, Frederick Sherwood Dunn, William T. R. Fox, Percy Ellwood Corbett]
The Anglo-American Tradition in Foreign Affairs (Yale University Press, 1956) [co-editor with Laurence W. Martin]
Alliance Policy in the Cold War (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1959) [editor]
Developments in Military Technology and Their Impact on United States Strategy and Foreign Policy (Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research for U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 1959) [co-author with Paul Nitze and James E. King]
Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962) | [
"Prof Wolfers reading list Political Science 37a Fall 1948.jpg"
] | [
"Early life and education"
] | [
"1892 births",
"1968 deaths",
"University of Zurich alumni",
"University of Giessen alumni",
"Humboldt University of Berlin faculty",
"20th-century Swiss lawyers",
"Swiss military officers",
"Swiss emigrants to Germany",
"Swiss economists",
"Swiss political scientists",
"Swiss emigrants to the U... |
projected-44496760-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoppen | Hoppen | Introduction | Hoppen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Dave Hoppen (born 1964), American basketball player
Kelly Hoppen (born 1959), British interior designer, writer, and entrepreneur
Larry Hoppen (1951–2012), American musician | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-44496760-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoppen | Hoppen | See also | Hoppen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Dave Hoppen (born 1964), American basketball player
Kelly Hoppen (born 1959), British interior designer, writer, and entrepreneur
Larry Hoppen (1951–2012), American musician | Hopper (surname)
Joppen | [] | [
"See also"
] | [] |
projected-23574289-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C3%A1tno | Vrátno | Introduction | Vrátno is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] | |
projected-23574289-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C3%A1tno | Vrátno | References | Vrátno is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants. | Category:Villages in Mladá Boleslav District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23574290-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A1ejany | Všejany | Introduction | Všejany is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] | |
projected-23574290-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A1ejany | Všejany | Administrative parts | Všejany is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants. | The village of Vanovice is an administrative part of Všejany. | [] | [
"Administrative parts"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-23574290-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A1ejany | Všejany | References | Všejany is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants. | Category:Villages in Mladá Boleslav District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Mladá Boleslav District"
] |
projected-17329587-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide%20universal%20IDentifier | Nucleotide universal IDentifier | Introduction | The nucleotide universal IDentifier (nuID) in molecular biology, is designed to uniquely and globally identify oligonucleotide microarray probes. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Microarrays"
] | |
projected-17329587-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide%20universal%20IDentifier | Nucleotide universal IDentifier | Background | The nucleotide universal IDentifier (nuID) in molecular biology, is designed to uniquely and globally identify oligonucleotide microarray probes. | Oligonucleotide probes of microarrays that are sequence identical may have different identifiers between manufacturers and even between different versions of the same company's microarray; and sometimes the same identifier is reused and represents a completely different oligonucleotide, resulting in ambiguity and potentially mis-identification of the genes hybridizing to that probe. This also makes data interpretation and integration of different batches of data difficult. nuID was designed to solve these problems. It is a unique, non-degenerate encoding scheme that can be used as a universal representation to identify an oligonucleotide across manufacturers. The design of nuID was inspired by the fact that the raw sequence of the oligonucleotide is the true definition of identity for a probe, the encoding algorithm uniquely and non-degenerately transforms the sequence itself into a compact identifier (a lossless compression). In addition, a redundancy check (checksum) was added to validate the integrity of the identifier. These two steps, encoding plus checksum, result in an nuID, which is a unique, non-degenerate, permanent, robust and efficient representation of the probe sequence. For commercial applications that require the sequence identity to be confidential, encryption schema can also be added for nuID. The utility of nuIDs has been implemented for the annotation of Illumina microarrays, which can be downloaded from Bioconductor website . It also has universal applicability as a source-independent naming convention for oligomers.
The nuID schema has three significant advantages over using the oligo sequence directly as an identifier: first it is more compact due to the base-64 encoding; second, it has a built-in error detection and self-identification; and third, it can be encrypted in cases where the sequences are preferred not to be disclosed. For more details, please refer to the nuID paper. The implementation nuID encoding and decoding algorithms can be found in the lumi package or at | [] | [
"Background"
] | [
"Microarrays"
] |
projected-17329587-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide%20universal%20IDentifier | Nucleotide universal IDentifier | See also | The nucleotide universal IDentifier (nuID) in molecular biology, is designed to uniquely and globally identify oligonucleotide microarray probes. | Illumina Inc. and its beadArray technology
lumi Bioconductor package of processing Illumina expression microarray | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Microarrays"
] |
projected-44496783-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C.%20Bridgnorth | A.F.C. Bridgnorth | Introduction | AFC Bridgnorth is a football club based in the town of Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England. They are currently members of the and play at Crown Meadow.
The club badge depicts the town hall in Bridgnorth's high town. | [] | [
"Introduction"
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"Southern Football League clubs",
"Midland Foo... | |
projected-44496783-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C.%20Bridgnorth | A.F.C. Bridgnorth | Bridgnorth Town | AFC Bridgnorth is a football club based in the town of Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England. They are currently members of the and play at Crown Meadow.
The club badge depicts the town hall in Bridgnorth's high town. | A Bridgnorth Town existed in the 19th century, joining the Shropshire & District League in 1899. Another club by the same name was formed in July 1938 and joined the Worcestershire Combination for the 1938–39 season. However, the club folded after one season due to the outbreak of World War II.
After being refounded, in 1968 the club moved up to the Worcestershire Combination, which had just been renamed the Midland Combination, joining Division One. In 1970–71 the club became one of a small number of English clubs to win the Welsh Amateur Cup, beating Welshpool 2–1 in the final. They were runners-up in 1976–77 and won the league title in 1979–80. After finishing as runners-up again the following season, the club won a second Division One title in 1982–83, earning promotion to the Midland Division of the Southern League.
After thirteen seasons in the Southern League Midland Division, Bridgnorth finished bottom of the table in Southern League and were relegated to the Midland Alliance. They remained in the Alliance until finishing bottom of the league in 2004–05, after which they were relegated to the Premier Division of the Midland Combination. After a season in the Combination the club transferred laterally to the Premier Division of the West Midlands (Regional) League. They were league champions in 2007–08 and were promoted back to the Midland Alliance. Despite finishing seventh in the league in 2012–13, the club folded due to financial problems. | [] | [
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"Bridgnorth Town"
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"Association football clubs established in 2013",
"2013 establishments in England",
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"Midland Football Combination",
"Southern Football League clubs",
"Midland Foo... |
projected-44496783-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C.%20Bridgnorth | A.F.C. Bridgnorth | AFC Bridgnorth | AFC Bridgnorth is a football club based in the town of Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England. They are currently members of the and play at Crown Meadow.
The club badge depicts the town hall in Bridgnorth's high town. | After Bridgnorth Town folded, AFC Bridgnorth were established as a replacement. The new club started two levels lower, in Division One of the West Midlands (Regional) League. They won Division One at the first attempt, earning promotion to the Premier Division. In 2014–15 they were Premier Division runners-up, a feat matched the following season. At the end of the 2020–21 season the club were transferred to Division One of the Midland League when the Premier Division of the West Midlands (Regional) League lost its status as a step six division. | [] | [
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"AFC Bridgnorth"
] | [
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"Football clubs in Shropshire",
"Association football clubs established in 2013",
"2013 establishments in England",
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"Midland Foo... |
projected-44496783-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C.%20Bridgnorth | A.F.C. Bridgnorth | Bridgnorth Town | AFC Bridgnorth is a football club based in the town of Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England. They are currently members of the and play at Crown Meadow.
The club badge depicts the town hall in Bridgnorth's high town. | Midland Combination
Champions 1979–80, 1982–83
West Midlands (Regional) League
Premier Division champions 2007–08
Welsh Amateur Cup
Winners 1970–71
Shropshire Senior Cup
Winners 1985–86 | [] | [
"Honours",
"Bridgnorth Town"
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"A.F.C. Bridgnorth",
"Football clubs in England",
"Football clubs in Shropshire",
"Association football clubs established in 2013",
"2013 establishments in England",
"Bridgnorth",
"Phoenix clubs (association football)",
"Midland Football Combination",
"Southern Football League clubs",
"Midland Foo... |
projected-44496783-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C.%20Bridgnorth | A.F.C. Bridgnorth | AFC Bridgnorth | AFC Bridgnorth is a football club based in the town of Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England. They are currently members of the and play at Crown Meadow.
The club badge depicts the town hall in Bridgnorth's high town. | West Midlands (Regional) League
Division One champions 2013–14 | [] | [
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"AFC Bridgnorth"
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"Association football clubs established in 2013",
"2013 establishments in England",
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"Phoenix clubs (association football)",
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"Midland Foo... |
projected-44496783-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C.%20Bridgnorth | A.F.C. Bridgnorth | Bridgnorth Town | AFC Bridgnorth is a football club based in the town of Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England. They are currently members of the and play at Crown Meadow.
The club badge depicts the town hall in Bridgnorth's high town. | Best FA Cup performance: Third qualifying round, 1983–84, 1984–85
Best FA Trophy performance: Second qualifying round, 1994–95
Best FA Vase performance: Fifth round, 1975–76, 1993–94 | [] | [
"Records",
"Bridgnorth Town"
] | [
"A.F.C. Bridgnorth",
"Football clubs in England",
"Football clubs in Shropshire",
"Association football clubs established in 2013",
"2013 establishments in England",
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"Phoenix clubs (association football)",
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"Southern Football League clubs",
"Midland Foo... |
projected-44496783-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C.%20Bridgnorth | A.F.C. Bridgnorth | AFC Bridgnorth | AFC Bridgnorth is a football club based in the town of Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England. They are currently members of the and play at Crown Meadow.
The club badge depicts the town hall in Bridgnorth's high town. | Best FA Cup performance: Preliminary round, 2015–16
Best FA Vase performance: Second round, 2015–16 | [] | [
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"AFC Bridgnorth"
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"Football clubs in England",
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"Association football clubs established in 2013",
"2013 establishments in England",
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"Phoenix clubs (association football)",
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