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Polands Economic Development in the past 20 years
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A Critical Analysis of Poland’s Economic Development over the Past Two Decades Name of the Student Professor’s Name Abstract The economic turn around of Poland can be traced back to the 1990s. During this period, the country started to pursue a policy of economic liberalization under the Markowitz Government. In fact, the long-term reforms introduced by the Mazowiecki and Buzek Governments helped Poland to avoid the global economic downturn of 2007 to 2008, which affected most of the countries in the EU. The Polish economy has registered a robust over the past two decades. The economic growth of Poland is reflected from its GDP per capita. Over the past two decades, the average growth in GDP per capita across the Polish population has been 6%. As a result, Poland has outperformed most of the countries in Central Europe as per its GDP growth. The present analysis was based on an integration of secondary and primary data. The secondary data was obtained from the evidence-based literature, while the primary data was obtained from www.tradingeconomics.com. The primary data were used to construct a logistic regression model with GDP as the dependent variable and unemployment rate, bank interest rate, and inflation rate, Government debt to GDP, and GDP per capita of Poland from 2008 to 2016 as the independent variables. The appraisal of the logistic regression and historical data reflected that Poland’s economic development is based on strong foundations. However, the Polish Government should take stringent measures in addressing labor shortage and increased wage pressures. Finally, the Polish Government should provide appropriate stimulus for expediting
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Traps that collect plastic pollution from rivers, to make parks and products
Plastic pollution is a global problem, with piles of debris along coastlines, on roads, in landfills, and floating in waterways. Environmentally conscious companies are looking for ways to clean up clutter while looking for methods to recycle plastic waste into other products. A Dutch company, The Recycled Island Foundation (RIF), is tackling both problems with one solution: litter traps.
According to the RIF website, the motivation for the project came from the knowledge that our waterways are part of the global ecosystem, where everyone benefits or pays the consequences of waste management.
"Plastic pollutes our seas and oceans and has a direct and deadly effect on marine life," said the foundation. “Thousands of birds, seals, turtles, whales and other marine animals are killed each year after ingesting plastic or being strangled with it. With plastics breaking down into smaller particles, it also enters the human food chain. "
Knowing that the majority of ocean pollution comes from rivers that flow into the sea, RIF decided to stop plastic waste before it could travel that far. The foundation trash traps are appropriately named. Supplied with plastic they recycled themselves, the traps filter the water, collect the plastic and prevent the plastic from traveling downstream. The collected plastic is made into durable floating playpens, seating elements, building materials, and even more trash traps.
The trash trap's passive design allows it to float on the river, harbor, or harbor, trapping plastic once it floats inside the trap. The system does not depend on any energy source. Once full, the trap is emptied and usable plastic sorted. The plastic is directed to manufacturing, where it is made into a variety of products. This circular system allows the company to collect materials, clean rivers and manufacture products without waste and at minimal cost.
The RIF has been busy collecting plastic from local waterways for some time. Over a year ago, he opened a prototype in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, called Recycled Park. This floating park is made entirely of recycled plastic collected from the nearby Meuse River. You can read more about that project here.
The initial prototype of the park is an example of how recycled plastic can be used to replicate the marine ecosystem, complete with live plants above and below the park that animals such as snails, earthworms, larvae, beetles and fish call home.
What started as a local movement has gone international. New garbage traps are being manufactured to deal with river waste around the world. Belgium and Indonesia were the first countries to adopt the RIF approach, and the organization is now preparing similar projects in Vietnam, France, the Philippines, Brazil and more. As an example of how the mechanism works, a single garbage trap located in Belgium is emptied twice a week, and the average amount of waste collected is 1.5 cubic meters per month.
The goal is to continue expanding the use of garbage traps to divert plastic from the oceans on a large scale. The future for Litter Trap is bright, with plans to make portable trash traps and trash traps that can collect and hold large amounts of plastic before emptying.
Now, in partnership with international companies, RIF hopes to create products that are in high demand in areas where plastic is collected. RIF is working with innovators to turn plastic into a durable, easy-to-assemble housing material. You are also looking for large-scale 3D printing options using marine plastic. For example, the company offers custom sofas made entirely from reclaimed marine plastic that is 3D printed.
RIF feels that knowledge is power in the campaign to reduce plastic, so it has implemented an educational program that includes ways to reduce plastic consumption, information on proper recycling techniques and the opportunity to participate in clean-up efforts. . He hopes to continue inspiring action and raising awareness of the problem by visiting schools and organizing community events.
When it comes to environmental efforts, the more hands involved in projects, the better. RIF has partnered with dozens of agencies with similar goals, creating a village of like-minded companies that hope to lead the way towards better plastic management and creating durable and reusable products.
• The Recycled Island Foundation
Images via The Recycled Island Foundation
Video: Bubble Barrier Stopping Plastic Trash in River Streams (September 2021).
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An unexpected consequence of COVID-19: National Coin shortage
An unexpected consequence of COVID-19: National Coin shortage
The coronavirus pandemic is short-changing the economy. It has created a new nationwide shortage of coin. A growing number of businesses have had to stop giving change in coins. Many are asking customers to use cards or provide exact change whenever possible, while some smaller businesses and franchises have stopped accepting cash altogether.
How did the shortage happen?
The problem is two-pronged: The U.S. Mint significantly reduced its production of coins after implementing safety measures to protect its employees from the coronavirus. Consumers are also depositing fewer coins at the U.S. financial institutions, according to the Federal Reserve.
Due to coronavirus fears, many people have switched to using credit cards and mobile payments to avoid handling money. Meanwhile, the shutdown also forced some businesses to close that would normally help keep coins moving. With establishments like retail shops, bank branches, transit authorities, and laundromats closed, the typical places where coin enters our society have slowed or even stopped the normal circulation of a coin. The shortage is especially troubling for people who are unbanked and rely on cash for everyday purchases. Cash-only businesses are also suffering.
What should consumers do?
While the Fed works to improve the coin inventory and the U.S. Mint churns out more coins, there is one big part of the problem that still needs addressing: consumers. Consumers should consider depositing their coins at a bank or spending them at a local business to get coins back in circulation. According to William Dickens, university distinguished professor of Economics and Social Policy at Northeastern University, instead of being re-circulated, those coins are just sitting in people’s pockets or their dresser drawers—they’re not going back into the system. The challenge will be the biggest for businesses, which are running short on coins and may not be able to get their full order of coins from banks.
When will the coin shortage end?
The Federal Reserve and the U.S. Mint, along with other financial groups, are working to fix the problem. However, it’s unclear when the shortage will end.
Some of the questions the group is mulling over is- Did the pandemic throw a curveball, and do they need to rethink the way coins are stored or delivered? Are there ways to streamline the supply chain to get the coin out now? How do we alter the supply chain to push coin out?
Gurbani Gandhi
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Micromachining Glass With A Laser — Very, Very Slowly
When it comes to machining, the material that springs to mind is likely to be aluminum, steel, or plastic. We don’t necessarily think of glass as a material suitable for machining, at least not in the chuck-it-up-in-the-lathe sense. But glass is a material that needs to be shaped, too, and there are a bunch of different ways to accomplish that. Few, though, are as interesting as micromachining glass with laser-induced plasma bubbles. (Video, embedded below.)
The video below is from [Zachary Tong]. It runs a bit on the longish side, but we found it just chock full of information. The process, formally known as “laser-induced backside wet-etching,” uses a laser to blast away at a tank of copper sulfate. When a piece of glass is suspended on the surface of the solution and the laser is focused through the glass from the top, some interesting things happen.
The first pulse of the laser vaporizes the solution and decomposes the copper sulfate. Copper adsorbs onto the glass surface inside the protective vapor bubble, which lasts long enough for a second laser pulse to come along. That pulse heats up the adsorbed copper and the vapor in the original bubble, enough to melt a tiny bit of the glass. As the process is repeated, small features are slowly etched into the underside of the glass. [Zachary] demonstrates all this in the video, as well as what can go wrong when the settings are a bit off. There’s also some great high-speed footage of the process that’s worth the price of admission alone.
We doubt this process will be a mainstream method anytime soon, not least because it requires a 50-Watt Nd:YAG fiber laser. But it’s an interesting process that reminds us of [Zachary]’s other laser explorations, like using a laser and Kapton to make graphene supercapacitors.
28 thoughts on “Micromachining Glass With A Laser — Very, Very Slowly
1. Depends on what you need those microchannel plates for. Doing this kind of machining significantly raises the background fluorescence of the machined region.
Source: used to build microfludic and nanofluidic devices to trapping single fluorescent molecules.
1. Which process did you use for chip fabrication?
I’m wondering if something like laser assisted wet etching would work better (femtosecond laser process).
I work for a small company that does this sort of thing regularly, particularly for microfluidics.
1. Interesting. Stephan Gotteswinter (a german machinist) put up a video today where he demonstrated machining glass with an ordinary carbide end mill. You had to use fair bit of speed, (but less than I thought) and machine with very light, 200 micron depth of cut, under oil (to control the silica powder if nothing else) It starts about halfway thru, (he was showing off his new cnc toy first). Original technique courtesy a paper published by NASA
https://youtu.be/ GLtdXvL7cpI
1. This is fascinating, thanks for sharing! Gonna have to give this a try! I knew you could do it with burr type tools, more akin to grinding really, but using normal carbide tooling is wild. Opens up a lot of possibilities, definitely more accessible than blapping things with lasers :)
2. Yes I saw that as well, and its a shame he’s still getting microfractures on the top edge of the cut, but it’s suprising it works at all.
I’ve always seen pcd done under water, so its cool to know standard carbide under oil can work too.
1. Traditional glassblower lathes had a square shaft similar to a threading screw, that powered chucks on both ends. They’re really wild to see. Modern implementations with synchro stepper motors are really neat, too, but it’s a steam engines to diesels comparison.
1. Oh interesting, I’ll have to look into that. I knew longer wavelengths could machine/cut/melt glass (longer IR wavelengths), but didn’t realize that UV could do the same. Presumably you lose pulse power the more you double/triple/quadruple, just from conversion inefficiency or similar? Will do some reading, thanks for the tip!
1. I used to work in ablative laser machining, both excimer (ArF) and doubled Nd-YAG/BBO. The yag machine was a production system used for laser-trimming precision resistors, so there should be a lot of hardware out there for it. The doubling crystals were fairly nonlinear, with the efficiency increasing as some high order product of the photon flux: at lower intensity they were useless, while at their best efficiency (still not the theoretical max of 50% for a doubling) the photon flux was so high it’d damage the crystals. (This was a consequence of the lifetime of the single photon metastable state and absorption of a second exciting photon.)
They’re not impossible to make cheaply (green laser pointers were mostly IR with a doubler at least until 2010, I don’t know about now) but they’re fussy and fragile. You’ve a ton of skill so you’re way more likely to succeed than most people, but expect some frustration.
1. Interesting! I definitely need to do some more reading/learning, I didn’t expect the crystals to perform better as flux increases (but I suppose it makes sense, given how they work). Sorta lol situation that they get better until damage occurs though :)
I do have a nitrogen laser kicking around, was planning it for something else but might be interesting to see if it could do the job instead. I imagine it’s very non-optimal though, with slow repetition rate. And I think i’ve read they have pretty poor beam quality in general? Unsure, it’s new to me so I haven’t had a chance to play with it yet.
Thanks for the extra details! I think I’ll be bugging you in the future with more questions ;)
2. The company I work for just sold off out circuit and wafer trim division. The circuit trim machines are used for trimming resistors on ceramic substrates and wafer trim trimmed stuff like ADCs for calibration. They used 1064 and 532nm lasers from spectra physics.
You can get crystals from china with everything you need to get green light from a pump diode pretty easily, Though this is CW which is pretty useless for most material sciences, you need q-switched or MOPA type lasers to get the peak energy needed to do the real work.
2. Technically you can do it with just green 532 is you have enough pulse energy, thats how they make those images in a block of glass, they focus a pulse in x,y, and z and thats where the bubble forms. But really going to need UV to do much. And its not as simple as putting a crystal in front of a 1064 source. To get 355 you have to use a KTP to get 532+1064 and then use a THG which sums the 532 and 1064 to get 355.
To get 266 you double the 532 though another doubler crystal. Temps, alignment, everything is super critical. It best just to buy a used 355 system and go from there.
2. I’ve done a lot of experiments with glass etching/cutting on an 80-watt laser.
(I needed a 1.5″ by 2″ piece of glass to replace a piece of glass on an antique meter, and thought it would be a good time to experiment with laser glass cutting.)
The engraved line (on glass) you get from a laser is not the same as the line you get from a glass cutter, and the resulting piece of glass cannot be broken along the etched line.
The engraved line (on glass) cannot be deepened to any great extent by using more power, lower speed, or multiple runs.
Trying to cut regular glass on the laser by using high power and low speed won’t work because the thermal stress will cause the glass to crack.
Placing a piece of wet (blank) newspaper over the glass will help the thermal issues somewhat, but cutting/breaking is still very iffy and not repeatable. There is *perhaps* a mode or setup where this is possible, but I couldn’t find it. Maybe someone else will have better luck.
Very thin glass, such as a Gorilla glass phone display cover, can be cut somewhat using wet paper – but the edges are rough and burned and there is still a lot of thermal cracking. (Again, maybe someone else can find a setup or process that is more robust.)
I think using a vaporizing material, such as covering the object in water or solution of other things, would be a productive area for experimentation by hackers. It’s not that hard (soak a piece of paper in solution, place it over material), and could result in really useful results.
1. Yeah, with CO2 once the surface of the glass is etched the beam is scattered and becomes mostly useless.
The company I work for did make a CO2 based machine before I started, massive machine with a 400w and a 200w laser. I dont know anything about it other than helping to take a lot of it apart.
3. Is the thin black plume originating from the target a plume of carbonized materials or just heat diffraction? Also has anyone tried changing the angle of source to target?
1. Video guy here! I’m not positive, but I _think_ it’s just heat diffraction. I have some other footage where the power was very low and you can still see the dark plume/line appearing, but no bubbles or flashes. It might also be the red targeting laser, which is just a cheap red diode laser and might have flicker in the drive circuit. I haven’t figured out how to turn off that targeting laser however, and it’s internal to the machine so you can’t just tape it off easily.
If anyone has ideas how to definitively prove what the dark pulsing line is, I’m all ears! Would love to know myself.
4. Great project, and great presentation. The hand-drawn explanation is a very good way to show it.
What kind of laser is that? Nd:YAG or fiber? Unlikely to be both. if it’s really a 30-100 ns pulse with it sounds like a diode-pumped Nd:YAG, or possibly Ytterbium fiber. In any case, it is a great tool, but you’re dancing with the one you brought to the party: A femtosecond laser is much more suited to this sort of work. Although a fs laser deposits some heat, the ablation process is mostly non-thermal: the pulse is so short and the field strength so high that the molecules themselves are torn apart. A popular demo is to drill a hole in a match head without it igniting.
1. Oh, oops, I was confused in that case! It’s definitely a fiber laser, the pulse length was a guess based on me thinking it was Nd:YAG so we can ignore that. It’s basically a no-name OEM china unit with an JPT fiber laser inside. Hard to say, being chinese unit and all, but after poking around I think it might be a q-switched ytterbium fiber laser? Does that make sense? It’s not a MOPA laser (can’t adjust pulse length), so probably q-switched and thus has a pulse length of ~100ns for this kind of laser?
I’d love to get my hands on a femto, but seems hard to find on secondary market :) I did find a Nature paper on building one but I think it might be a bit out of my capabilties at the moment :)
There are _a lot_ of cool things I stumbled on with a femto though. I saw one paper where they used the femto to alter the properties of glass without ablating, and then those alterations caused the irradiated regions would chemically etch at an accelerated rate. Neat stuff!
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Psychological and Spiritual Dimensions of Persecution and Suffering
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How to Cite
Ghadirian, A.-M. “Psychological and Spiritual Dimensions of Persecution and Suffering”. The Journal of Bahá’í Studies, vol. 6, no. 3, Sept. 1994, pp. 1-26, doi:10.31581/jbs-6.3.1(1994).
At the root of human suffering and persecution, one can often discern the traces of prejudice that have plagued humanity throughout history. Parallel with the waves of oppression and suffering in society, there has been an awakening of human souls not only to the spiritual meanings and mysteries of these adversities but also to their effect on personal development and transformation. Beyond the psychological understanding of persecution is the spiritual realm of this experience. What are the spiritual meanings of suffering and adversity? While confronted with inevitable persecution, torture, and even death, why do some individuals rise with such resilience and radiance? What role does faith and belief play, and what are some of the spiritual responses as compared to the psychological reactions to life crises and religious persecutions? This article cites persecution of the Bahá’ís of Iran as an example of spiritual resilience.
Creative Commons License
Copyright © 1994 Abdu'l-Missagh Ghadirian
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How do you say people in the Philippines?
Filipino, Pilipino, Pinoy, Pilipinas, Philippines – What’s the Difference? Filipino is the Hispanized (or Anglicized) way of referring to both the people and the language in the Philippines. Note that it is also correct to say Filipino for a male and Filipina for a female.
How do we call the people in the Philippines?
The people of the Philippines are called Filipinos.
Is it rude to say Pinoy?
Yes. Pinoy is simply a nickname for Filipino (as a nationality, not as a language). So, there is nothing derogatory about it.
Are Filipinos Chinese?
Chinese Filipino
Hanyu Pinyin Huá Fēi Rén
What kind of person is Filipino?
THIS IS INTERESTING: Does FedEx deliver to Singapore?
What is considered rude in the Philippines?
What is Philippines nickname?
Nickname of the Philippines? Pearl of the Orient Seas (Perlas ng Silanganan), Gems of the East, Emerald Islands, Treasure Islands of the Pacific, Isles of Fear, Isles of Hope, Orphans of the Pacific, Land of the Morning.
What do you call a girl from the Philippines?
What should I avoid in the Philippines?
• Don’t insult the country or its people.
• Don’t disrespect your elders.
• Don’t use first names to address someone older.
• Don’t show much of your valuable things in public.
• Don’t get offended too easily.
• Don’t go without prior research.
Are there pure Filipino?
In terms of genome and anthropological studies and research the “pure Filipino” does not exist. … The use of the term “Filipino” in the Philippines started during the Spanish colonial period. The original meaning was “a person of Spanish descent born in the Philippines.”
THIS IS INTERESTING: Does tourism have a negative impact on social and environmental factors in Singapore?
Is Philippines a third world country?
What makes a genuine Filipino?
What is Filipino known for?
What is Filipino behavior?
Pleasantness and friendliness are emphasized along with guardedness against criticism and ridicule by others. Guthrie (1961) notes: “Filipinos practice extreme cleanliness with respect to their bodies, their clothes and their personal environment.
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Example sentences for: s-tail
How can you use “s-tail” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
• Cat's-tail , also timothy grass, was a name formerly given because the shape of the grass flowerhead resembles that caudal appendage.
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David SimsEssays
A Misleading Article About Race in Scientific American
by David Sims
RACE ISN’T A social construct. It is a physical, biological reality. It’s the result of differences in inherited genes. It’s a fact, not an opinion.
A social construct is something that doesn’t really exist, except by agreement, by common assent.
One example of a social construct is human dignity. We agree — some of us, anyway — to treat each other as if we each had human dignity. But it doesn’t really exist apart from that agreement. If you think otherwise, try telling the next threat to your life, whether it is a human enemy, a wild animal, or a force of nature, that he/she/it may not mistreat you because you have ‘human dignity,’ and let us all know how it works out for you.
But race exists apart from consensus. It has observable effects that don’t depend on whether you believe that race exists. Race is one of those parts of reality that will deal with you, if you refuse to deal with it. You can pretend that race isn’t real, but you usually can’t ignore the consequences of doing so.
[Added on 10 February 2016. The racial categories are indeed ‘social constructs’ because categories don’t exist apart from a categorizer. However, this particular truth is trivial and it doesn’t conflict with anything that racists believe. A chair is a physical object, but the idea that it is something to sit in is a social construct. Just so, the racial categories are social constructs, but the racial genetic variation itself is a physical reality. Perhaps the categories could be refined though research in genetics and racial morphology, but to dispense with racial categories entirely would be as large a mistake as to dispense with the color categories (red, yellow, green, blue, violet) in light or in pigments.]
Even white liberals know better than to live, work, recreate, or educate their kids where blacks form the dominant presence. However, they insist, most hypocritically, that common whites must, for moral reasons, do what they won’t do. So that ‘social progress’ can be made. (Isn’t it about time that those who have been profiting from these modern gladiatorial games be ushered into the arena as the final contestants?)
Furthermore, scientists generally come down on the side of race being biological reality, and any presentation that holds forth to the contrary is merely leftist propaganda pretending to be biology in the same sense and manner that creationism pretends to be cosmology. Racial egalitarianism has the same kind of quasi-religious pseudo-scientific support structure that creationism does. The only significant difference is with whom the myths are popular.
The primary pushers of the ‘race is a social construct’ (or ‘there’s only ONE race the HUMAN race’) meme is the Jews, who don’t really believe it themselves. Go to Israel and see how much support for racial equality you see there. Even if an African black converts to Judaism, or has been Jewish his entire life, he isn’t welcome to immigrate to Israel. The Ashkenazi Jews, whose subrace forms the majority of that country’s population, refer to black Jews as ‘schvartzes’ (Yiddish for our censored N-word) and find excuses to deport them back to Africa.
Which isn’t a bad idea, assuming that keeping their country of, by, and for themselves is their goal. The evil that the Jews do, they do to us, here, in our country, by preventing us from exercising the same wisdom that they do in Israel. There, racial solidarity for Jews is a GOOD thing. Here, racial solidarity among whites is a BAD thing. In the political sense. And the reason it’s politically incorrect here is that the Jews run the press, the television networks, and all of the major movie production companies, which they’ve used to create propaganda-loaded fare continuously for the past 70 years.
The reason the government takes the Jews’ side and serves as the muscle backing the Jewish voice is that the banking system, from which our government acquires its money, is controlled by Jews, and they can cut the government off. So the government serves them, and it only pretends to us that we get anything other than lip service.
And that, again, is why there’s so much bogus ‘science’ regarding race. The scientific establishments are corrupted because the people who administrate them have chosen to serve their status and their paychecks instead of the truth about race. Men calling themselves ‘scientists’ want to be popular, and they want to keep their jobs, and they don’t want to end up like James Watson. And what is a little lie, a false endorsement of the ‘race is a social construct’ meme, if it saves them so much trouble?
Of course, not all science is corrupted. Some branches of science are quite reliable. Mathematics is complicated, and the fact that it is complicated is what enables political tricksters to use it to deceive people who don’t understand the details of mathematical reasoning. But math per se isn’t corrupt at all. If you have a leftist or a Jewish professor teaching you math, or physics, or chemistry, then you will probably get very good instruction from him.
On the other hand, if your leftist Jewish professor is teaching you psychology, anthropology, history, human evolutionary biology, or social science, then you had best wear your ugliest boots to the classroom because the shit will be deep in there.
We can all agree that the races differ. We wouldn’t know anything of race if that weren’t so. The leftists will tell you, pursuant to their ‘race is a social construct’ meme, that the visible differences, the unimportant differences that we notice immediately, are the only differences between races.
However, it would be very strange if nature, which brought about all of the heritable racial differences, had taken special care, with humans, such that evolution resulted only in “cosmetic” racial differences, and didn’t permit any differences between races of which a modern leftist might disapprove. But that’s what the leftists are telling us. They’re essentially either saying that God exists and He is a Marxist, or else they’re saying that their views are correct despite some very unlikely odds — not to mention the abundant evidence that their views are wrong.
On the contrary, I think that it is much more likely that the racial gaps in IQ test scores mean exactly what they seem to mean. I think that blacks do less well than whites on math tests in school for the same reason. The black race might have its strengths, but those strong points are not as relevant to, or as compatible with, life in sophisticated, technically advanced cultures. They don’t belong here. They belong in an environment that gives their racial advantages more traction.
And having non-whites among whites is certainly bad for the whites. Despite the likelihood that the Jews who run the mass media probably nix 90% of the news stories that prove this point, enough gets through their censorship to prove it anyway.
Indeed, the reason the immigration of non-whites into white countries leads to so much lessening of the culture and the standard of living is that these non-whites are working as hard as they can to convert the culture to which they’ve come into one that makes their adaptive advantages efficacious. They milk the white culture until that culture dies, and then the only result is that a larger portion of the Earth’s land surface is occupied by the immigrants’ lower culture, the same culture that they’d fled from a century or so earlier.
To the Point, Now
A misleading article, published in Scientific American for February 2016, prompted this posting. The author, Megan Gannon, puts her thematic falsehood right in her title: “Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue.”
Gannon uses partial tellings of the truth as a means of deception. A significant quote:
“What the study of complete genomes from different parts of the world has shown is that even between Africa and Europe, for example, there is not a single absolute genetic difference, meaning no single variant where all Africans have one variant and all Europeans another one, even when recent migration is disregarded,” [biologist Svante] Pääbo, told Live Science. “It is all a question of differences in how frequent different variants are on different continents and in different regions.”
That’s quite correct. The races share alleles, or gene variants, because they weren’t products of an entirely separate evolution. What differs is the allele frequencies.
However, it was never necessary for racists to prove that all of the good genes are here, and all of the bad genes are there. No. That fact of there being MORE of the good genes here, and FEWER of them there, is quite sufficient to prove the racist argument. Whereas the all-here-none-there argument is false, the more-here-less-there argument is true.
And that’s what these leftist damage-control articles such as Gannon’s seek to cover up. Leftists don’t acknowledge errors. They just continue chanting long-ago disproved slogans, quite as if no one had ever found out the lies in them.
No one, including the racists, has ever said that blacks and whites (for example) are the product of entirely separate evolution. No one has denied that all races hold genes in common. A very common propagandists’ trick involves answering questions that were never asked as a way to imply that an opponents’ arguments depend on something that they don’t really depend on. That’s what’s going on with this article by Megan Gannon in this month’s Scientific American.
Why do they bother clinging to disproved ideas? Leftists are subversives, inherently counter-culture, having as their primary aim the leveling of human condition. That requires them to oppose excellence in human quality by every means they can, including cleverly worded lies and nice-sounding, but false and ultimately harmful, ideas.
Imagine that you are a white woman trying to figure out why she should choose a white husband, instead of marrying a black man. Is it at all important whether her children will probably get genes for high IQs and grow up to do well in life (or at least have a chance to do so), or whether they are more likely to become criminal adults partly because of an uncompetitively low intelligence? I daresay that it probably has some importance.
Because whether or not you acknowledge that race is a reality, the genes that determine the intelligence of your children will be inherited by them from yourself and from your mate in roughly equal amounts. If you marry someone with a low IQ, especially if your partner’s recessive genes (i.e. his race) also conduce toward a low IQ, then you necessarily shift the mean in the distribution of your children’s IQ downward. And that’s bad. And that badness will have its effect in the real world regardless of whether or not you think that race is a ‘social construct.’
The idea that race is a social construct arose from a 1972 article by Harvard geneticist Richard Lewontin, in which he gave an opinion that nobody working with genetic information alone could predict how someone would classify himself racially, and therefore race had no scientific importance.
In the circles of the American intelligentsia, this idea became known as “The Lewontin Hypothesis,” and it prompted the creation of a number of leftist chants and placard slogans, including “Race Is A Social Construct” and “There Is Only ONE Race The Human Race.”
Unfortunately for them, the Lewontin Hypothesis was proved wrong by the late 1990s with the rise of genetic fingerprinting by DNA analysis. The Lewontin Hypothesis held scientific tenability for only ~20 years. Ever since geneticists discovered that the races clustered into an allele space defined by genetic markers, it has been clear that race isn’t merely a social construct.
Working with genetic information alone, it is possible to tell whether someone is white, black, Amerindian, Asian, and so on. It’s even possible to extract details about whether a white person is mostly French, mostly German, mostly Russian, etc.
In February 2005, geneticists Tang, Quertermous, Rodriguez, et al, published their article “Genetic structure, self-identified race/ethnicity, and confounding in case-control association studies” in the American Journal of Human Genetics. I link here to that paper.
The article is the published report of an experiment involving 3,636 test subjects, including whites, blacks, Asians, and Hispanics. Using genetic information alone, the researchers were able to predict how each subject would classify himself racially in about 99.9% of cases.
Like it or not, the racists are right. The racists have always been right. The Marxist lefties have had it wrong ever since they closed their minds to evidence from the real world, the world of natural laws, and began clinging instead to their nice-nice egalitarian fantasies.
Watch this video:
The author of that video doesn’t mean, by ‘social construct,’ what most of the leftists mean.
The leftists are trying to say that race is a concept arising from erroneous consensus (among evil white people), that really there are only people of the same kind except for different colors of skin, and that all other differences are imaginary.
The leftists are wrong. Those ‘other’ differences, including variations in average intelligence and in the per capita rates of violent behavior, are just as real as the differences in skin color are, and the differences tend to run in correlated bundles, exactly as the racists have always said.
The author of that video is saying that social constructs are the categories into which we assign real things, rather than being the real things themselves. Which is true, though (as the author himself acknowledges) trivially so.
The best point he makes is that the general FST among humans is about the same as that for Asian dogs, for European wildcats, or for North American coyotes, and although the leftists have no problem at all in accepting the idea of subspecies (or races) among these other animals, they do have a problem accepting the idea of race among humans.
That problem, obviously, is a political problem.
However reasonable it might be to acknowledge that race is as real in the human species as it is in other animal species, the idea runs contrary to the leftist-Marxist equality dogma. The dogma is wrong, but since when has error ever stopped the faithful believer from persisting in his beliefs?
No, the only way to change the world, at least until such time as humans have, on average, a substantially higher IQ, is to wait until all the deluded power-mongers have died, and then pick up the pieces of the world and try to put them together in a better way.
Of course, if the day of deliverance can be hastened, then so much the better.
Genetics-wise leftists commonly make expositions that are intended to invite skepticism to the idea of DNA identification of race in humans. They proceed either by using too few genetic markers to clearly separate the races in allele space (e.g. California Newsreel’s “RACE: The Power of an Illusion”), or else they go to the extreme by using only ONE gene and saying that you can find “any gene variant” in any race. Which is true.
What isn’t true, and what they won’t tell you, is that you will find some variants more commonly in one race than in another. They also won’t tell you that the more alleles you use as genetic markers, the more reliable your racial identification becomes.
When you use only one genetic marker, you might be wrong about a person’s race 40% of the time.
When you use 100 alleles as markers, you’ll be right about 97% of the time.
When you use 1000 alleles, you’ll almost never be wrong.
* * *
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H. Millard
H. Millard
3 August, 2016 9:39 am
Nice. I would only add a couple of things for clarity for those not steeped in the subject. Genes are not really things. They are sections of the DNA code found at certain locations on the double helix. The DNA code–comprised of appx. 3 billion pairs of the four chemicals of DNA that are abbreviated as A,T,C,G–is where the real focus needs to be (and science is starting to learn this), since there are extra-gene elements found in it and its shape, etc. that make us, us. At the DNA code level, the chemicals are the same in all life that we are aware of, A, T, C, G are the same in Whites as they are in mice and oranges and Blacks, et al. It is the shuffle that… Read more »
Reply to H. Millard
20 November, 2019 1:15 am
I believe they are a thing because if your rh negative you have the rh section missing. You can tell your race by the type of bacteria in your mouth even. Smart
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climate change discussion post. environmental science homework help
Write a paper that describes how teams are developed, health and medicine homework help
September 12, 2021
Discussion week 6Substance abuse as a community health problem.
September 12, 2021
There is no question that the Earth is warmer than it was just a few decades ago. Most scientists believe that it is human induced, and some politicians believe that it is all natural. Whether it is the result of our actions, or is exclusively natural, we are seeing numerous consequences as a result of this warming. Discuss a change that has resulted already from climate change. Be sure to mention the impact of the consequence and what we can do to counteract it. Alternatively, you may choose a change that is predicted to occur in the future and what we can do to prevent it. You must choose general events, such as increased storms or sea level rise, but specific consequences.
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is a site dedicated to providing a full history of Royal Mint including the British, Canadian and Australian Royal mints.
On this site you will discover how The Royal Mint was founded, the minting process, timelines, most popular Royal Mint coins and more.
From origins within the Tower of London to colonel expansion and the British Royal Mints relocation to Wales, is your guide to the history of the Royal Mint.
A Brief History
The Royal Mint has roots dating back to the second century BC when coins were first struck for circulation in Britain. Although the use of coins grew rapidly, the minting of them was managed locally and there was no central issuing mint.
In 650 AD there was as many as 30 mints recorded across Britain with one being established in London. There was a constant battle between tribes over territory and therefore, control of these mints.
The King of Wessex, Alfred the Great, recaptured London and started issuing silver pennies with his portrait. This is considered the origin, which then went on to form the history of the Royal Mint.
It was not until 1279 that the British mints were unified in the Tower of London. Mints outside of London were reduced.
By the early 16th century, England had excessive government spending and financial problems, wars with France and Scotland led to currency debasement, reducing the amount of precious metal in each coin.
In 1603, England and Scotland created a partial union of the two kingdom’s currencies. Due to Scotland heavily debasing their silver coins, the Scots mark was worth less than an English mark. Unauthorised minters across the country produced unofficial supplementary token coins (usually made from lead), to bridge the difference between the two values of the Scottish and English mark.
To regain some control, The Royal Mint hired English courtier and politician John Harington (Lord Harington), who started producing copper farthings under licence.
By 1672, The Royal Mint took over the production of copper coinage.
In 1688, parliament took over control of the mint from the crown. Until that point the crown allowed the mint to act as an independent body producing coins on behalf of the government.
By this time there were growing problems with counterfeiting, forgeries accounted for 10% of the country’s coinage. By 1696 the value of the silver in coins had surpassed their face value.
King William III ordered all coins to be removed from circulation.
Recoinage mints were established. These mints were in York, Norwich, Exeter, Chester and Bristol. Coins were then valued by weight, not the face value.
In 1707, England and Scotland united into one country. London took over the production of Scotland’s currency. Edinburgh’s mint closed and the English pound sterling replaced the Pound Scots.
The British empire expanded rapidly and so too did the supply of its coinage. Due to this expansion, the Tower of London was no longer fit for purpose, so in 1812 the mint was moved to a new purpose-built mint on Tower Hill, opposite the Tower of London.
However, by the late 1850s there were noticeable irregularities in minted coins’ fineness and weight.
To increase the accuracy of weights, more precise weighing equipment was ordered and the tolerance was revised to 0.10 oz for silver and 0.01 oz for gold.
It was discovered there was a loss of gold during the manufacturing process.
Along with this, the mint had also came under increased scrutiny in terms of how it dealt with unrefined gold that had started to enter the country.
To address these issues, it was recommended by a Royal commission that the refinery process be outsourced to an external agency.
British financier and a member of the prominent Rothschild banking family, Anthony de Rothschild, took this opportunity in order to secure a lease from the government in January 1852, purchasing equipment and premises adjacent to the Royal Mint under the name of Royal Mint Refinery.
Royal Australian Mint
Britain continued its colonial expansion which created a greater need for currency.
This eventually led to the Royal Mint’s first overseas branch in Sydney Australia, which opened in 1854.
This success led to opening the Melbourne Mint in 1872 and the Perth Mint in 1899.
Britain continued to own these mints until 1970 until finally the mints became statutory authorities of the Western Australian Government.
Royal Canadian Mint
Canada had been under British rule since 1763. By 1858 the Canadian dollar was established and London produced the coins.
As Canada’s gold mines expanded and the country prospered, a new mint was built in Ottawa and opened in 1908.
The Government of Canada eventually gained control of the mint, renaming it the Royal Canadian Mint in 1931.
First and Second World War
During the First World War, the British government began to issue £1 and 10 shilling Treasury notes. These were used to replace gold coins which would, therefore, be removed from circulation to help pay for the war.
This led to Britain leaving the gold standard in 1931.
The mint played a key role during the Second World War, and it was the first time that women were accepted for employment at the mint.
UK banknotes were under threat because of forged banknotes flooding the country to try and collapse the economy.
By 1943, the mint had to almost double its output, while at the same time fend off the continuing threat of being bombed.
During this time, an additional mint was set up in Buckinghamshire in Pinewood Studios and operated throughout the World War II.
When the war ended, Britain began to rebuild and the demand for coins continued to grow. Technology and productivity increased into the 1960s.
1960s to present
The British government announced its plans to decimalise the nation’s currency in 1966. This would mean the minting of millions of new coins.
Because of this announcement, the then current site of the mint on Tower Hill was deemed unsuitable for this high demand of coins.
There would be a huge task ahead to ensure readiness for decimalisation in 1971, while still providing products for overseas customers.
A new mint on a new site would be needed.
After many years and much debate, government eventually decided on the location for the new mint in Llantrisant, Wales, UK, adhering to government policy of transferring industry from the capital to developmental areas around the UK.
The first phase of the mint was formally opened by the Queen in 1968, and the minting of coins gradually moved to the new site in Wales. The last coin struck in London was a gold sovereign in 1975.
The Royal Mint still operates in Llantrisant, Wales to this day, as a government company.
The current site has some of the most advanced coining machinery in the world and is the location of the ‘Royal Mint Experience’.
The Royal Mint Experience is a visitors centre that includes more than 80,000 artefacts, an education centre, an interactive museum, and even a view onto the factory floor.
The Royal Mint brand is recognised around the world and has a proud heritage. It is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of coins.
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Thanks to the variety of ion sources at its disposal, GSI is unique among research facilities worldwide in that it can generate positively charged ions of many different naturally occurring element. These range from “simple” hydrogen ions to ions of uranium. GSI’s area of special expertise is heavy ions. The type of ions produced, and their charge state, depends on the requirements of the scientists who are currently conducting experiments. The scientists decide whether they require a large number of ions, highly charged ions or very fast ions.
The accelerators at GSI have three injectors that can host six different types of ion sources. Two of the injectors are at the head of the UNILAC linear accelerator, one in the middle. This means that not only several experiments with different ions can be conducted in parallel but also different methods can be employed to vary beam properties:
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Week 2 home learning
Look at the poster below to remind yourself about column method. Then answer the questions.
Follow each section everyday. Practice grammar or sentence skill then apply it in your big write on a Friday.
Please find enclose the spellings for this week- Remember you can also use Spelling Frame games to help you. Just type Spelling frames into google.
Have a go at drawing King Tut. All you have to do is follow the instructions.
History - Animal worship
Read the text then draw and write about a good animal.
Read each text and answer the questions in full sentences.
Friday Focus to practice and improve Inference Skills
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Home > News > Specification and Application of Composite Geomembrane
Specification and Application of Composite Geomembrane
Common specifications of composite geomembrane
1. One cloth one film base cloth: 100-1000g / m film thickness 0.1-1.5mm
2. Two cloths and one film base cloth: 80-600g / m film thickness: 0.2-1.5mm
3. One-cloth, two-film base fabric: 100-1000 / m film thickness: 0.1-0.8mm composite geomembrane function, role: wholesale textured geomembrane uses geotextile (woven geotextile or plastic woven geotextile) in addition to geotextile In addition to the functions of isolation, drainage, reinforcement, etc., it also has the function of sealing (seepage prevention), which can be widely used in many fields such as hydraulic dams, road construction, airports, drainage, housing, environmental protection, etc., and it is mainly used for seepage prevention and protection, Reinforcement and so on.
Mainly used
1. Urban municipal environmental protection, sanitation and anti-seepage projects (such as domestic waste landfills, sewage treatment, toxic and hazardous materials treatment sites, dangerous goods warehouses, industrial waste, construction, and blasting garbage, etc.)
2. Water conservancy and anti-seepage projects (such as anti-seepage, plugging, reinforcement, drainage canals, vertical core walls, slope protection, etc. of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, dams, etc.)
3. Municipal engineering anti-seepage and waterproof engineering (subway, underground engineering of buildings and roof cisterns, seepage prevention of roof gardens, the lining of sewage pipes, etc.)
4. Anti-seepage project for garden greening waterscape (artificial lake, pond, pond lining of the golf course, slope protection, etc.)
5. Anti-seepage and anti-corrosion projects in the metallurgical and petrochemical industries (chemical plants, oil refineries, gas storage tanks, chemical reaction tanks, linings of sedimentation tanks, secondary linings, etc.)
6. Anti-seepage and anti-corrosion projects in the mining industry (washing tank, heap leaching tank, ash yard, dissolution pond, sedimentation pond, storage yard, low-line anti-seepage of tailings, etc.)
7. Impervious engineering of transportation infrastructure (highway foundation reinforcement, culvert imperviousness)
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Attitudes in self organization
Attitudes in Self Organization
We need a positive attitude to stay focused and organized. Our attitude is ones personal expressions that determine how we think of ourselves and others. Attitudes could determine what other people see in you. When people develop negative attitudes, it is often due to stress, peer pressure, negative influences, and so on. In order for that person to reorganize his train of thought, hed have to adapt to positive socialization habits. Our thoughts, feelings, actions and behaviors will reflect on others. We have many ways to change our attitude and build our self-organizational skills.
Optimistic thinkers usually thrive to make constructive changes that lead them to success. The influence of positive thinking encourages us to use affirmatives, which leads us to organizing our life. The motivation from developing a winning attitude convinces us to continue organizing our life to reach the future ahead.
Some of the best ways to build a positive attitude is to use affirmatives. Affirmatives build hope. You will need this hope to stay organized. In spite of everything, we need to have our goals visualized in our mind otherwise; you will not see the steps you must take to reach the goal line. How does mental imaging work? Visualizations develop from dreams, hallucinations, apparitions, ideas, mental pictures, images, and so on. Therefore, we can consider ideas, dreams, mental pictures, images, revelations, and the like to understand how visualizations work to achieve goal and change the attitude to a positive reflector.
After you have adjusted your attitude, you can focus on building your self-organization skills. It will become easier to develop these skills, since you will have a positive outlook in sight. The positive outlook will carry you forward, which you can walk through the process of development through self-organization.
What a great way to improve your life. Attitudes are strong influences that we must examine often. Self-examination will keep us in check, so that we dont lose sight of our self-organizing skills. You develop strength from a winning attitude. building strength of mind and character provides you the necessary tools to rummage through the obstacles to discover ways to challenge the impediments. You stay prepared. You will move ahead, rather than allowing the obstacles to get in the way of your progress.
Now is the time to start building your self-organizational skills. These skills are essentially needed in these days. Since, the world is rushing toward the Super Informational Highway, going online to do business, it makes sense that our future will become one big Web of chaos if we do not prepare and build our self-organizational skills today.
Use the Internet to find the latest information on self-development and organization. Online you will find valuable articles that offer you hints, tips and new ideas. You will also find information that informs you of the oldest techniques that have lead to the improvement of millions, or billions of lives over the years. Some of these techniques include meditation and yoga.
Over the years, millions of people have used these techniques and found dramatic improvement in their life. This included their attitude, or outlook on life. Lately, meditation is one of the largest promoted techniques on the Internet. Not only will you cultivate a new outlook on life while building self-organization skills, you will also manipulate through the complete process of self-development. Become the champion that you are by taking some time out today and study the benefits of meditation. You will learn to relax through meditation, or yoga. The world is at your beck and call, so take time to discover what is waiting for you.
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Hans Hedtoft and Titanic An Eerie Coincidence
Not open for further replies.
T. Eric Brown
Jun 5, 2005
This story seems to have struck me more than most people. The number of similarities is unbelievable. They both were on their maiden voyage, struck an iceberg and sank with a heavy loss of life. There wasn't a single survivor from the Hedtoft. Both ships were also thought to have been unsinkable. This topic may have been mentioned before but I feel that it needs to be resurrected and discussed further because I don't think it is as widely known as it should be.
Bob Godfrey
Nov 22, 2002
I don't see the loss of the HH as an amazing coincidence. Damage and sinkings due to icebergs are not uncommon, especially in an area where ice is present more often than not and rough seas and poor visibility are to be expected. Though technically still on its maiden voyage, the HH sank on the return run from Greenland back to Copenhagen. It wasn't a giant liner or cruise ship, but a small freighter equipped to carry a few dozen passengers for extra revenue.
A great many vessels of this general type and size were built in the 1950s mainly for use in the North Sea. I have experience of them in the '60s, and I can't believe anybody at the time could have regarded a vessel of that size as unsinkable even in those waters, let alone in the high risk area of the far North Atlantic off Greenland. The HH had been strengthened for use in arctic waters (and as a possible naval auxiliary) but there was nothing in its design which would prevent it from going down with two or more compartments flooded.
I recall that ships of this general type were not designed with much thought for the comfort and convenience of the few passengers on board. They generally carried about 100 people (passengers and crew), and had just one small lifeboat on each side. Theoretically sufficient, but it's not hard to envisage a total-loss scenario. A side impact, for instance, which holed one of these boats and caused a heavy list which made it difficult to launch the other. In the North Sea help is never very far away, but there were no busy shipping lanes in the waters off Greenland, and if help didn't arrive soon it would be too late to be any help at all.
Jul 9, 2000
Easley South Carolina
>>I don't think it is as widely known as it should be.<<
Perhaps not, but then the accident itself isn't all that remarkable and beyond the fact that both the Titanic and The Hans Hedtoft were killed by icebergs on their maiden voyages, there really aren't any parallels. The Hedtoft ran into her iceberg in stormy seas on the return leg of her maiden voyage and had *no* survivors. Titanic's berg was met in a dead flat calm and at least one out of every three lived to talk about it.
As to this claim of Unsinkablility that keeps coming up, I'd sure like to know what the source of that one is. It keeps coming up in the media reports but it doesn't seem to be coming from the shipping lines themselves.
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World Hemophilia Day 2021: Everything we need to know on hemophilia and how to effectively manage it
April 17, 2021 5:20 PM
What is World Haemophilia Day - History, Significance and Important Facts: Hemophilia is an inherited single gene disorder with an incidence of 1 per 10,000 births; affecting men (women are only carriers) in which the blood doesn't clot normally.
World Haemophilia Day 2021, What is World Haemophilia DayHemophilia symptoms include excessive bleeding and easy bruising.
Dr. Suresh Hanagvadi
World Haemophilia Day 2021 History and Significance: The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted people with rare disorders, especially patients with hemophilia. During these unprecedented times, when the healthcare infrastructure is already stressed, these patients have faced constant challenges in accessing treatments.
According to the World Federation of Hemophilia, with more than 1 lakh cases, India ranks second on the list of countries with the highest number of hemophilia patients. In the last few years, hemophilia care has come a long way in our country, with the latest step forward being our Government releasing the first national policy on rare diseases. However, still more than 80% Indians with this serious bleeding disorder are undiagnosed due to various reasons including low awareness and lack of adequate diagnostic facilities.
What is Hemophilia?
Hemophilia is an inherited single gene disorder with an incidence of 1 per 10,000 births; affecting men (women are only carriers) in which the blood doesn’t clot normally. Blood contains many proteins called clotting factors that help stop bleeding. People with hemophilia (PwH) have low levels of either factor VIII (8) or factor IX (9). The severity of hemophilia that a person has is determined by the amount of factor in the blood. The lower the amount of the factor, the more likely it is that bleeding will occur which can lead to serious health problems. This means the person tends to bleed for a longer time after an injury, and they are more susceptible to internal bleeding. This bleeding can be fatal if it occurs within a vital organ. There are several different types of hemophilia. The following two are the most common:
• Hemophilia A: caused by a lack or decrease of clotting factor VIII.
• Hemophilia B: caused by a lack or decrease of clotting factor IX.
• Bleeding can occur externally or internally.
• Any wound, cut, bite, or dental injury can lead to excessive external bleeding.
• Spontaneous nosebleeds are common.
• There may be prolonged or continued bleeding after bleeding previously ceased.
• Signs of excessive internal bleeding include blood in the urine or stools, and large, deep bruises.
• Bleeding can also happen within joints, like knees and elbows, causing them to become swollen, hot to the touch, and painful to move.
• A person with hemophilia may experience internal bleeding in the brain following a bump on the head.
• Symptoms of brain bleeding can include headaches, vomiting, lethargy, behavioral changes, clumsiness, vision problems, paralysis, and seizures.
Early diagnosis is imperative
Early diagnosis plays a critical role in hemophilia management. Many hemophilia cases with complications are treated as cases of arthritis, and many are treated surgically because they have been misdiagnosed as cases of appendicitis. Unfortunately, diagnosis of hemophilia is not suspected in certain situations. Most young populations are tested without checking their coagulation ability and sometimes, hemophilia is only suspected after 2-3 days of surgery when bleeding still continues.
In the first 6 months of a baby’s life, it’s difficult to identify this condition as they still haven’t learned to walk and therefore don’t fall as often. However, post crawling if parents start seeing bumps, bruises, bleeding near the joint, it is important to discuss it with your doctor and get necessary tests done.
Diagnostic tests also need to be performed at extremely specialized coagulation laboratories, as those not equipped and experienced enough to perform them may fail to diagnose the disease or diagnose it incorrectly. This may lead to several complications, including resistance to treatment and viral infections from human clotting factors, along with damage to joints, muscles, and other body parts.
Options for screening and treatment options
Screening tests such as Complete Blood Count (CBC), activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time and fibrinogen help detect if the blood is clotting properly. clotting factor tests are carried to diagnose a bleeding disorder, type of hemophilia and its severity.
With the ongoing second wave of COVID-19, PRICE therapy (Protection, Rest, Ice Application, Compression and Limb Elevation) commenced at the earliest hint of a bleed is recommended for home management.
The present treatment options include Factor VIII replacement therapies, bypassing agents for people who develop inhibitors and Factor VIII mimic. The older method of giving factor replacement was called ‘on demand.’ This means when a patient suffers from a swelling of the joint or has an injury, after the problem occurs injections of the factor are given. A better way of treatment is called prophylaxis; or simply put preventative as opposed to on demand. In these regular small doses of factor are given to the patient before a joint bleed. The end result of treatment is much better in prophylaxis v/s on-demand.
Lastly, there is no cure for such rare disorders. However, you can manage this condition effectively by early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Patients need to ensure regular check-ups, especially if they have a family history of this disease, regular sessions with physiotherapists, as physiotherapy plays a crucial role in treating hemophilia patients with pain reduction as well as in restoring joint mobility. This helps them to have an active and near to normal life.
(The author is MD Pathology, President of Karnataka Hemophilia Society, and Professor of Pathology, JJM Medical College, Davangere. The article is for informational purposes only. Please consult experts and medical professionals before starting any therapy or medication. Views expressed are personal and do not reflect the official position or policy of the Financial Express Online.)
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Kick-off Seed Explorations
Students identify fruit that contains seeds/no seeds, gather seeds from fruit, explain the importance of seeds and explain that seeds grow into plants like their parent fruit.
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Next Article in Journal
Regulation of Apoptosis during Flavivirus Infection
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Investigations of Pro- and Anti-Apoptotic Factors Affecting African Swine Fever Virus Replication and Pathogenesis
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Evaluation of Taterapox Virus in Small Animals
Are We Prepared in Case of a Possible Smallpox-Like Disease Emergence?
Department of Genomic Research and Development of DNA Diagnostics of Poxviruses, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, 630559 Novosibirsk Region, Russia
Department of Molecular Biology, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editors: Hermann Meyer, Jônatas Abrahão and Erna Geessien Kroon
Viruses 2017, 9(9), 242;
Received: 20 July 2017 / Revised: 22 August 2017 / Accepted: 23 August 2017 / Published: 27 August 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smallpox and Emerging Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses: What Is Coming Next?)
Smallpox was the first human disease to be eradicated, through a concerted vaccination campaign led by the World Health Organization. Since its eradication, routine vaccination against smallpox has ceased, leaving the world population susceptible to disease caused by orthopoxviruses. In recent decades, reports of human disease from zoonotic orthopoxviruses have increased. Furthermore, multiple reports of newly identified poxviruses capable of causing human disease have occurred. These facts raise concerns regarding both the opportunity for these zoonotic orthopoxviruses to evolve and become a more severe public health issue, as well as the risk of Variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox) to be utilized as a bioterrorist weapon. The eradication of smallpox occurred prior to the development of the majority of modern virological and molecular biological techniques. Therefore, there is a considerable amount that is not understood regarding how this solely human pathogen interacts with its host. This paper briefly recounts the history and current status of diagnostic tools, vaccines, and anti-viral therapeutics for treatment of smallpox disease. The authors discuss the importance of further research to prepare the global community should a smallpox-like virus emerge.
Keywords: smallpox; Variola virus; antivirals; vaccine smallpox; Variola virus; antivirals; vaccine
1. Introduction
Implementation of the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Smallpox Eradication Program culminated in the last natural smallpox case, which was recorded 40 years ago in October of 1977. The subsequent efforts of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication allowed the complete eradication of this disease to be stated [1]. The success of this program was first and foremost determined by the fact that Variola virus (VARV) is a solely human pathogen combined with the existence of an efficacious vaccine; live Vaccinia virus (VACV) vaccination provided reliable protection against this infection [1,2].
On 8 May 1980, the World Health Assembly declared smallpox eradicated. This is the first and still singular victory of the world community over a dangerous human infectious disease. Taking into account that the vaccination against smallpox in a proportion of the population had severe side effects, the WHO recommended a stop to widespread smallpox vaccinations in all countries after eradication [1]. As the result of this decision, humankind has lost immunity not only to smallpox, but also to other zoonotic, orthopoxvirus-caused human infections. In addition, remarkable advances in synthetic biology make it possible to de novo construct an Orthopoxvirus, as demonstrated recently with Horsepox virus [3], which increases the likelihood that VARV can be reconstructed for use in bioterrorist attacks. This fact, in combination with the increase in the rate of human infection with zoonotic orthopoxviruses observed recently [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24], reinforces the importance of developing state-of-the-art methods for rapid and reliable, species-level identification of orthopoxviruses, designing safer smallpox vaccines, and characterizing antiviral chemotherapeutics addressed to different molecular targets.
2. Can a Smallpox-Like Disease Emerge?
VARV, a strictly human pathogen with a mortality rate in humans up to 40%, belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus within the family Poxviridae. This genus also includes the following zoonotic viruses capable of causing infection within humans: Monkeypox virus (MPXV) [6,7,8,9], Cowpox virus (CPXV) [10,11,12], Vaccinia virus (VACV) [19,20,21], Buffalopox virus (BPXV, a subspecies of VACV) [16,17], and Camelpox virus (CMLV) [23].
MPXV causes the human infection that, in its clinical manifestations, resembles smallpox and has a case fatality rate of up to 10% [6,7,25]. The major difference between monkeypox in humans and smallpox is a low efficiency of person-to-person transmission, which so far has prevented expansion of local outbreaks to epidemics. However, recent studies suggest an increasing efficiency of MPXV spreading in the human population [8], causing concern for medical services in Central Africa, where the disease is enzootic.
Other zoonotic Orthopoxvirus species typically cause rare human infections (small outbreaks), mainly ending in a benign manner in healthy adults. However, CPXV infection in humans with immunodeficiency conditions can cause development of a generalized disease similar to smallpox with a lethal outcome [5,26,27]. Similarly, VACV infection can cause severe complications in persons with certain dermatologic conditions [1,2]. Although not traditionally considered a human pathogen, viable CMLV has recently been isolated from at least one infected camel herder [28].
The eradication of smallpox brought into question whether natural evolution could lead to the transformation of existing zoonotic orthopoxviruses to VARV. The first step in the attempt to answer this question consisted of genome sequencing and comprehensive analysis of various VARV [29,30,31,32,33,34,35], MPXV [36,37,38], CPXV [39,40,41], VACV [42,43], and CMLV [44,45] strains. As has emerged, the CPXV genome is the largest and comprises all genes characteristic of the other Orthopoxvirus species [39]. Orthologs of several genes in the genomes of the remaining species of orthopoxviruses are either truncated or deleted, so that they differ in the set of the retained genes [2,37,39,46,47,48,49]. These data favor the concept of a reductive evolution of orthopoxviruses, implying that gene loss plays an important role in the evolutionary adaptation of an ancestor virus to a particular environmental niche (host) and the emergence of new virus species [50,51]. VARV, the virus most pathogenic for humans, has the smallest genome of all orthopoxviruses [2,37]. Thus, it is theoretically possible for a VARV-like virus to emerge via natural evolution from the currently existing zoonotic orthopoxviruses that have a larger genome [4,52].
Orthopoxviruses contain double stranded DNA genomes which do not mutate as quickly as RNA viruses (e.g., influenza) but are known to evolve over time. Phylogenetic analysis of the genomes of a large set of VARV strains isolated between 1944–1977 shows that the VARV isolates from South America and West Africa are distinct from each other but cluster in a common clade considerably different from the remaining examined VARV isolates that originated from other geographical regions [53]. This suggests that the West African VARV variants were imported to South America and allowed dating to be introduced to phylogenetic analysis and the rate of poxvirus molecular evolution to be assessed [54,55,56,57]. Recent genomic sequencing of one VARV isolate from a mummy of the 17th century suggests an abbreviated timescale of VARV evolution [58].
One hypothesis proposes smallpox could have repeatedly emerged by way of evolutionary changes of an ancestral zoonotic virus and disappeared because of insufficient population density due to the separated ancient civilizations. This hypothesis was formulated based on the available archival records concerning smallpox epidemics, historical data on ancient civilizations, and newer data on evolutionary relationships of orthopoxviruses [52]. There are no fundamental prohibitions for the emergence of smallpox or a similar human disease through natural evolution of currently existing zoonotic orthopoxviruses. Thus, it is necessary to develop and widely adopt state-of-the-art methods for efficient and rapid, species-specific diagnosis of all orthopoxviruses that are pathogenic for humans, VARV included. It is also necessary to develop new, safe methods for the prevention and therapy of human Orthopoxvirus infections. Two WHO Collaborating Centers that are authorized as repositories of VARV—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, and State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology (VECTOR), Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russian Federation—play key roles in research for preparation should a smallpox-like disease emerge.
3. Methods for Species-Specific Diagnosis of Orthopoxviruses
A multicomponent strategy of surveillance and containment is recommended in the case of a smallpox outbreak [1]. A critical component of this strategy is the early detection of a smallpox case. A delay in detection is likely to have a considerable impact on the overall control strategy. Orthopoxvirus infections cause clinically distinctive skin lesions, yet they can be misdiagnosed. Resources available on WHO [59] and CDC [60] websites provide guidance to clinicians in recognizing smallpox disease, yet the clinical descriptions and photographs have limitations for training. The likelihood of misdiagnosis only increases as time elapses since the last case of smallpox. Very few practicing clinicians today have ever seen patients with smallpox lesions. To improve early detection, the main requirements for laboratory diagnostic tests are rapid results with high sensitivity and specificity.
The advent of DNA fragment amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [61,62] formed the background for designing various techniques appropriate for rapid identification of orthopoxviruses. PCR-based DNA fragment amplification makes it possible to recover the specific DNA fragments from trace quantities of genetic material in clinical samples without the need to cultivate the virus. This rapid direct diagnostic method is especially important to limit manipulations of samples containing highly pathogenic strains.
Determination of the genome nucleotide sequences for a number of strains of several Orthopoxvirus species [29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45] revealed species-specific differences at certain loci, allowing development of new methods for virus identification. The very first PCR-based diagnostic assays for the detection of orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans utilized oligonucleotide primers directed against conserved regions of the genes encoding hemagglutinin [63], type-A inclusion body protein [64], or the homolog of tumor necrosis factor receptor [65]. In all these studies, the DNA fragments produced by PCR were hydrolyzed by specific restriction endonucleases and separated by electrophoresis (PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)), which allowed for species-specific identification of orthopoxviruses according to the pattern of subfragments. However, analysis of a sufficiently large set of isolates of an Orthopoxvirus species (especially CPXV) demonstrated their heterogeneity in the set of produced subfragments, making the data interpretation rather ambiguous.
Multiplex PCR analysis of the human-pathogenic orthopoxviruses, an alternative to the PCR-RFLP approach, makes it possible to increase the degree of specificity. In this method, unique oligonucleotide primers for the genetic loci individual for each orthopoxvirus species allow for species-specific identification in one stage. All five pairs of primers (for VARV, MPXV, CPXV, and VACV, as well as one genus-generic pair) are used in one PCR reaction generating the products of different sizes characteristic of each species [66].
Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assays allow identification of the amplified products with the help of fluorescent dyes. Exclusion of electrophoresis makes the assay more rapid, and considerably decreases the potential for contamination of samples. Various RT-PCR combinations were used in the design of the methods for the detection and species-specific identification of orthopoxviruses. A large set of methods providing the detection of orthopoxviruses have been elaborated so far; mainly, they utilize TaqMan and LightCycler (Roche Indianapolis, IN, USA) variants of RT-PCR [67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85]. Several of these assays have undergone review by regulatory agencies for diagnostic use. Within the United States, two RT-PCR assays which detect VARV and one RT-PCR assay, which detects Orthopoxvirus, excluding VARV, have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Note that these procedures are able to identify viruses to a genus level and differentiate only one of the Orthopoxvirus species: VARV, MPXV, CPXV, or VACV. However, a method allowing simultaneous differentiation of VARV, MPXV, CPXV, and VACV in the same RT-PCR reaction mixture has been recently developed. A kit using this more universal approach, with a high potential for wide application [86], was officially approved in Russia for clinical use in 2016.
As technology advances, diagnostic techniques must adapt and improve. One technologic enhancement has been the development of a portable real-time PCR platform, allowing diagnostic assays to be conducted in endemic areas. The GeneXpert platform (Cepheid Sunnyvale, CA, USA) is currently being used for diagnosis of monkeypox within surveillance specimens from the Democratic Republic of Congo. The multiplex assay includes a MPXV-specific assay, orthopoxvirus-generic assay, and an internal control within the same cartridge [87]. The methodology decreases manipulations of the samples, thereby also limiting opportunities for contamination. A deployable, point-of-care diagnostic assay will minimize the time for the confirmation of human infections of Orthopoxvirus disease, a crucial component should an outbreak occur.
Another advancement is the oligonucleotide microarray, which utilizes PCR with subsequent species identification by hybridization of fluorescently labeled, amplified products to specific oligonucleotides immobilized in a certain order on a carrier. By analogy to classic PCR, this method is able to detect trace quantities of the analyzed DNA in a sample and has been utilized to design a set of microarrays for species-specific identification of orthopoxviruses [88,89,90,91]. One of the advantages of oligonucleotide microarrays over other PCR-based diagnostic methods is the possibility to simultaneously analyze many loci, which considerably increases confidence in diagnosis based on the microarray method. The technology of DNA microarrays is promising for clinical diagnosis aimed at identification and differentiation of infectious agents. However, the equipment and technology for microarrays are still only available in advanced research laboratories, being out of reach for ordinary diagnostic laboratories.
The emergence of new Orthopoxvirus isolates presents an ever-present complication for the reliable determination of which Orthopoxvirus species is causing an infection. In recent years, new orthopoxviruses pathogenic to humans have been reported [92,93]. Akhmeta virus was isolated in cattle herders within Georgia and a novel Orthopoxvirus was isolated from an Alaskan resident. Rapid development of sequencing technologies now allows for a full genomic sequence to be obtained from these isolates quickly. These new species may confound current diagnostic assays thought to be species-specific [40,83,92], reinforcing the need to be ever vigilant in validation of current diagnostic techniques. These studies demonstrate that it is necessary to continue the improvement of laboratory diagnosis for Orthopoxvirus infections and epidemiologic surveillance. The human-pathogenic zoonotic orthopoxviruses circulating in nature require comprehensive study; monitoring of the emergence of new species [92,93] is also necessary, since their appearance in the background of ceased vaccination against smallpox can theoretically lead to the emergence of Orthopoxvirus variants highly pathogenic for humans.
4. Modern Vaccines Against Smallpox
The vaccine used to eradicate smallpox was a “first-generation” vaccine consisting of a VACV preparation produced by reproducing the virus on the skin of calves or other animals [1], a crude method of preparation which would not satisfy regulatory authorities today. First generation vaccines were known to cause serious adverse events in certain individuals during the eradication era [1,2]. Therefore, considerable focus centered on developing safer vaccines against smallpox. Currently, VACV vaccine strains are reproduced in mammalian cell cultures; these preparations are regarded as second-generation vaccines against smallpox [94].
The first-generation vaccine preparations were heterogeneous [95,96,97], while the homogeneous second-generation vaccines contain clonal isolates of VACV. The clonal variants for the production of second-generation vaccines should be selected from heterogeneous preparations with several characteristics compared in parallel, such as the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine clone. Since smallpox has been eradicated and an animal model that replicates human disease is not available (see Section 6), the assessment of the efficacy of these second-generation vaccines must rely upon other measures. One method to test the vaccine efficacy relative to the traditional first-generation vaccines against smallpox uses various smallpox surrogate animal models; in particular, mousepox in laboratory mice infected with Ectromelia virus (ECTV), rabbitpox in rabbits infected with Rabbitpox virus (RPXV, a VACV subspecies), or monkeypox in nonhuman primates infected with MPXV. An independent approach is a comparative assessment of the ability of virus-neutralizing antibodies to inactivate orthopoxviruses, including in vitro confirmation of VARV neutralization [98].
To generate the ACAM2000 (Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France) clonal vaccine, licensed in the United States in 2007, 30 ampoules of the smallpox vaccine Dryvax (Wyeth, Philadelphia, PA, USA) from three production batches were pooled and cloned in the MRC-5 cell line; six independent clones were obtained [99]. Further experiments demonstrated that only three clones of these six induced characteristic lesions on the rabbit skin comparable to Dryvax and displayed comparable or reduced neurovirulence after intracerebral administration of virus to adult mice. Candidate clone ACAM1000 demonstrated decreased virulence compared with Dryvax, yet ACAM1000 and Dryvax displayed comparable results on immunogenicity in animals and humans [96]. The MRC-5 cell line demonstrated a low efficiency in virus production so the Vero cell line on microcarriers in bioreactors with a serum-free medium was used for the vaccine production of ACAM1000; the final product was named ACAM2000 [100,101]. Further clinical trials demonstrated that, although ACAM2000 had decreased neurovirulence in animals, vaccination still induced a high rate of side effects in vaccinees (similar to Dryvax), including myocarditis at a rate of one case per 145 primary vaccinees [102,103]. Thus, although cell culture-based manufacture of vaccines meets modern standards, the second-generation vaccines can nonetheless cause serious post-vaccination side effects similar to the first-generation vaccines and, thus, their use is limited [103].
To achieve safer vaccines, third-generation-attenuated vaccines against smallpox are created by multiple passages of a certain VACV strain in a heterologous host cell culture. For example, Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA), the best-studied third-generation smallpox vaccine, was obtained by 572 passages of the VACV strain Ankara in chick embryo fibroblast culture. Numerous mutations and extended deletions relative to the initial strain emerged in the MVA genome. Characteristic of MVA is its inability to replicate in most mammalian cells, including human cells [104]. So far, the vaccine based on VACV strain MVA (Imvanex/Imvamune) produced by Bavarian Nordic (Kvistgaard, Denmark) has passed 19 clinical trials involving a total of 7676 volunteers, including 1070 atopic dermatitis and HIV positive subjects [105,106,107,108]. The vaccine induces the profile of antibodies analogous to that induced by the classic first-generation vaccine and protects against zoonotic orthopoxviruses. This has been shown in various laboratory animal models, such as MPXV-infected rhesus macaques, RPXV-infected rabbits, and VACV-infected mice [109,110,111]. Imvanex/Imvamune has been licensed for exposure to smallpox in 32 countries, including all European countries and Canada. Data, to include the in vitro VARV neutralization ability of vaccinee sera, are being generated for submission to the Food and Drug Administration for licensure within the United States. The first and foremost intended use of MVA would be for the primary vaccination of individuals with contraindications to the first- and second-generation smallpox vaccines.
Another third-generation vaccine against smallpox, LC16m8 (Kaketsuken, Kumamoto, Japan), is licensed in Japan. LC16m8 vaccine was produced by passaging the VACV strain Lister 45 times in primary rabbit kidney cell culture at a decreased temperature (30 °C). Clinical trials have demonstrated a considerable decrease in the rate of side effects as compared with the traditional vaccine involving VACV strain Lister [112]. A mutation (deletion) in the B5R gene, encoding a protein on the Extracellular Enveloped Virus (EEV—one of the two infectious forms of orthopoxviruses progeny), is the major factor explaining attenuation of LC16m8 [112,113]. The protective effect of LC16m8, as comparable to the parental VACV strain Lister, has been demonstrated in manifold experiments with both immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice [114], rabbits [115], and nonhuman primates [116].
A novel approach to producing the fourth-generation attenuated vaccine against smallpox consists of introducing directed deletions/insertions interfering with the viral immunomodulatory genes, such as those that control the host’s protection against viral infection, and the range of sensitive hosts. The VACV strain NYVAC is the best-studied example, having a block of 12 genes deleted in its genome and an additional six genes impaired [117]. As has been shown, NYVAC induces lower levels of neutralizing antibodies in humans as compared with the classic VACV Lister strain-based vaccine or Dryvax. NYVAC is unable to induce A27-specific neutralizing antibodies, which are necessary for efficient neutralization of Intracellular Mature Virus (IMV—one of the two infectious forms of orthopoxviruses progeny) [118].
Research continues to identify directed mutations that will provide a safe and efficacious vaccine. A highly attenuated VACV strain was obtained in Russia by successive introduction of directed deletions/insertions in five individual genes of the LIVP (Lister strain variant of Institute for Vaccine Preparations, Moscow, Russia) strain [119]. An additional directed deletion introduced into the A35R gene of the LIVP genome gave a highly immunogenic-attenuated strain, VACdelta6 [120], which is now undergoing preclinical trials as a fourth-generation vaccine candidate.
5. Anti-Smallpox Chemotherapeutics
The primary objective of preparedness is to save lives if smallpox somehow emerges. The limited historic reports that smallpox vaccination post-exposure was able to prevent smallpox have been challenged by more recent animal studies [121]. Thus, the development of antiviral therapies is important for outbreak response efforts as well as in disease treatment. Currently there are no drugs approved for use in the treatment of poxvirus infections, and this is an area of active research and development [122]. Ideally, multiple compounds targeting distinct mechanisms of the Orthopoxvirus life cycle would be incorporated into the treatment regimen to minimize morbidity and mortality.
A multitude of compounds have been evaluated for their ability to halt Orthopoxvirus replication. These include compounds which target host tyrosine kinases [123], viral DNA replication [124,125], viral transcription [126,127], and viral morphogenesis [128,129,130,131,132,133]. Amongst these compounds, two are at late stages of development.
The first is an inhibitor of poxvirus egress, the experimental drug tecovirimat (TPOXX®-formerly known as ST-246, SIGA Technologies, Inc., New York, NY, USA). Considerable in vitro and in vivo experimentation has demonstrated its effectiveness against orthopoxviruses, including VARV and MPXV infections of non-human primates [128,129,132,134]. A similar chemically synthesized compound NIOCH-14 (Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia) has shown equivalent protection of marmots challenged with MPXV and SCID mice challenged with VARV compared to TPOXX® [133]. Clinical trials have shown TPOXX® to have a strong safety profile [135] and, in fact, the compound has been used investigationally in the treatment of human smallpox (vaccinia) vaccine-adverse events in the United States [136,137].
The second compound in late stages of development is the DNA polymerase inhibitor. Brincidofovir (Chimerix, Durham, NC, USA), the orally bioavailable derivative of cidofovir, has increased potency with no evidence of the nephrotoxicity seen with cidofovir treatment [138]. Similar to TPOXX®, brincidofovir has considerable in vitro and in vivo data to support anti-orthopoxvirus activity, particularly against RPXV and ECTV in vivo [139,140]. Brincidofovir is unique in that it targets multiple DNA viruses and is in development for treatment of infections with cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, and orthopoxviruses [138,141]. Initial Phase I clinical trial data suggests brincidofovir would have a favorable safety profile for the treatment of smallpox [142]. Along with TPOXX®, cidofovir and/or brincidofovir were also used investigationally in the treatment of human smallpox (vaccinia) vaccine-adverse events in the United States [136,137].
Although these compounds have promise, there are still limitations to their effectiveness. Despite their efficacy, mutations within orthopoxviruses have arose that provide resistance to these compounds [137,143]. In fact, during elongated treatment of a patient with progressive vaccinia, TPOXX® resistant isolates developed. Since only a few (1–5) amino acid changes may be sufficient to circumvent the blockade provided by these compounds [143,144], it is prudent to continue development of additional compounds as potential therapeutics for Orthopoxvirus disease. These data also reinforce the utility of an anti-viral therapeutic regimen which utilizes multiple compounds targeting various stages of the Orthopoxvirus life cycle.
A different type of anti-viral therapy relies upon the transfer of neutralizing antibodies. Although data is limited, historic reports suggest that treatment with immune products from persons vaccinated against smallpox or survivors of VARV infection may provide protection against smallpox [145,146,147]. Vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) is a licensed product in the United States for use as a treatment for severe adverse events associated with smallpox vaccination. However, VIG is in limited supply since it is no longer mass produced after the eradication of smallpox and the subsequent end of widespread smallpox vaccinations. In recent years, hybridoma technology has significantly advanced, allowing for the production of human antibodies isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These human antibodies derived from vaccinees or survivors of disease have been shown to be effective at halting the progression of multiple orthopoxviruses’ life cycle in vitro [148]. Moreover, these antibodies demonstrate greater protection in vivo against VACV compared to VIG. These renewable resources show great promise as another potential anti-viral therapy that may minimize morbidity and mortality.
6. Animal Models of Human Smallpox
As noted above, the development of medical countermeasures (MCMs) against smallpox has focused on safer vaccines and compounds with anti-viral activity. The use of novel compounds will require extensive testing for the safety profile, for efficacy against VARV, and for the characterization of the mechanism of action. Critical steps to evaluate such therapeutics require both in vitro and/or animal model characterization of their activity, preferably against live VARV. Since VARV is solely a human pathogen and smallpox is eradicated, a constant limitation for the evaluation of MCMs is the inability to measure their efficacy in vivo. Multiple animal species have been investigated for their potential to mimic human smallpox. It is highly unlikely that one animal will be capable of demonstrating disease progression similar to human smallpox upon VARV infection. More likely is the idea that different animal models of VARV infection will provide different methods to test the efficacy of the MCM.
An ideal animal model for the study of a human disease is one which utilizes a route, a dose, and presents a disease course similar to that seen within humans. Macaques have been used as an animal model for VARV infection with multiple successes. VARV infection of macaques causes disseminated classic smallpox lesions and can mimic hemorrhagic smallpox disease [25,149]. However, the macaque VARV model also has considerable limitations. Macaques require a high dose of infectious VARV delivered intravenously to cause lesional disease or hemorrhagic smallpox. This unnatural route and dose bypasses the typical incubation period noted for smallpox patients after natural routes of infection. Due to this abbreviated disease course, evaluations of anti-viral compounds must be extrapolated in regards to the onset and length of treatment. Furthermore, there are inherent challenges and limitations to experiments using macaques in regards to animal numbers, cost, and manipulations when working in the biosafety level 4 laboratory, which is required for studies using live VARV.
To overcome some of these challenges, smaller laboratory animals have been examined for susceptibility to VARV infection. Historically, adult mice have been noted to be insusceptible to VARV, similar to what is also seen with MPXV infection [150]. A screen of 38 mouse strains identified one that was highly susceptible to MPXV, the CAST/EiJ mouse [151]. However, when this mouse strain was exposed to VARV, very minimal viable virus was shed and the animals did not display any signs of morbidity. Investigations using another mouse strain (the ICR strain) have identified productive VARV replication within nasal and lung tissues [152]. These mice may demonstrate utility in determining the efficacy of potential MCMs by monitoring viral load within the infected mice, although clinical signs of disease are absent. The prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) [153,154,155] and ground squirrel (Marmota bobak) [156] are small animal models that demonstrated disease progression which closely mimics human monkeypox and has been instrumental in the evaluation of therapeutics against MPXV. Unfortunately, despite the susceptibility to MPXV, the prairie dog displayed resistance to VARV infection [157].
More recently, animal model investigations of other solely human pathogens, such as HIV, Dengue virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Ebola virus, have been successful utilizing the humanized mouse model [158,159,160,161]. Three different strains of humanized mouse were evaluated for susceptibility to VARV infection. Although none of the animals developed a disseminated rash or shed high viral loads from the oral cavity, mortality was seen in a dose dependent manner with high viral titers in all tissues sampled. The animals displayed an incubation period of approximately 13 days before the onset of symptoms, similar to human smallpox. These attributes make this animal model a prospect for the evaluation of potential anti-viral compounds and the determination of onset and length of treatment. Although one ideal animal model has not been identified that recapitulates human smallpox, different models of VARV infection have qualities which will allow them to be instrumental in the evaluation of potential MCMs (safer vaccines and anti-viral therapeutics).
7. WHO Collaborating Centers
The WHO played a key role in smallpox eradication. In order to minimize the threat of VARV release into the environment, the number of laboratories that retain the collections of VARV isolates was reduced to two WHO Collaborating Centers, namely, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, and State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russian Federation. These WHO Collaborating Centers ensure the conditions for the highest degree of physical protection, which is required for manipulations with live VARV. WHO international commissions on a regular basis (biennially) inspect both facilities to ensure the biosafety and biosecurity requirements are met. In addition, any study involving live VARV must first be proposed to the WHO Advisory Committee on Variola Virus Research (ACVVR). Studies can only be initiated after WHO’s official approval is granted. Since 1999, the WHO ACVVR has held annual meetings to review progress on VARV research projects and consider plans for further studies essential for public health, such as improvements for smallpox diagnostics, safe vaccines, and anti-viral therapies [162].
Since the inception of WHO review of studies has focused on live VARV, there has been considerable progress achieved. In December 1990, the WHO Ad Hoc Committee on Orthopoxvirus Infections approved studies for American and Russian scientists to complete genome sequencing of selected VARV strains. Multiple VARV genomes [29,30,31,32,33,34,35] have been sequenced along with other orthopoxviruses (ex. CPXV [39,40], MPXV [36,37,38], Ahkmetapox [82]) and comprehensively analyzed at the WHO Collaborating Centers [29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,46,47,48,49,53,55]. These data allow for a deeper phylogenetic analysis and reveal the major evolutionary patterns of the orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans [54,55,56,57]. The accumulated huge volume of data on the nucleotide sequences of various strains of VARV and other poxviruses form the background for designing manifold methods for reliable DNA diagnostics for these viruses (see Section 3).
Considerable effort has focused on creating safer vaccines for the prevention of smallpox (see Section 4). However, these vaccines were not in use while smallpox was endemic, and therefore their efficacy to prevent disease is unknown. In the absence of a reliable animal model to recapitulate human smallpox (see Section 6), the efforts of WHO Collaborating Centers to verify the in vitro VARV neutralization by sera from new generation smallpox vaccinees are of the utmost importance.
Currently, there is not an anti-viral therapeutic licensed for the treatment of orthopoxviruses. There has been a great deal of data generated on two candidate compounds that are in the late stage of development (see Section 5). However, these compounds still have limitations since small alterations to the Orthopoxvirus genome may provide resistance to these compounds. It is imperative to continue research on other compounds, as well as other techniques, to enhance our repertoire of anti-viral therapies. With a more robust inventory, the global community will be better prepared should a smallpox-like virus emerge.
In general, human Orthopoxvirus infections are monitored under the aegis of WHO and international experts on a regular basis. The WHO ACVVR reinforces that the most important areas for research with live VARV are universally available methods for smallpox diagnosis, prevention, and therapy. The WHO collaborating centers are committed to furthering research in support of these immediate public health goals. There are significant tools available to the world community should a smallpox-like disease emerge; however, continued research into orthopoxviruses, VARV included, is necessary. Additional understanding of Orthopoxvirus disease will ensure we retain capabilities to detect and mitigate disease, and will additionally improve our preparedness for the unknown.
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention nor the views of the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR. Variola virus is a select agent and is subject to 42 Code of Federal Regulations Part 73. The article is a perspective and did not include any data, information, or experiments of concern.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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When does a baby get its first tooth?
Not all babies get their first tooth at the same age. Some babies will experience this sooner than others. The average age at which babies get their first tooth is between 6 and 9 months.
Which of the teeth are the first ones to emerge?
The lower two front teeth are often the first teeth to emerge. The first molars emerge when a baby is around 12 to 15 months old. This is usually more unpleasant compared to the emerging of the teeth. A baby will end up with a total of 20 deciduous teeth and molars. A child is about 3 years old when the last teeth start to emerge.
Do babies experience pain when their teeth start to emerge?
Most babies do experience some pain as soon as the first teeth start to emerge. A baby might experience the following symptoms:
- A lot of crying
- A lot of drooling
- Slight fever
- Red cheeks
- Difficulty eating
- Fingers in mouth
Brushing teeth of a baby
Milk teeth also need proper care. When your baby starts having its first tooth, it is beneficial to brush at least once a day. This can be done by using special toothpaste made for babies or toddlers. Such toothpaste contains less fluoride and it is therefore not harmful for children when they swallow it. You can also use your finger in case it cannot be done with a toothbrush.
See besides average age of first tooth also:
Average Age Babies Walk
Average Age of Losing Teeth
Average Age of First Tooth
Average Age Crawling
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Saturday, June 20, 2020
COVID–19 and the endless search for ‘scientific serendipity’!
Many scientific discoveries were indeed serendipitous and medical science is no stranger to serendipity. The word serendipity is derived from Senrendip (an ancient name for Sri Lanka) and is applied for discoveries that were accidentally stumbled upon. The word is sometimes translated as ‘happy accident’. A number of products from nitroglycerine (in its medical use, not in blasting powder); the first antibiotic penicillin; the local anaesthetic lidocaine; several analgesic drugs, anti–psychotic drugs, anti–cancer drugs, tranquilisers; the use of an antihistamine as an appetite stimulant; several pesticides like malathion and the sticky Post–it have been serendipitously found.
We all know that Alfred Bernhard Nobel made his millions with the discovery of nitroglycerine a component of dynamite, and other explosive substances. In 1895 he developed a condition called angina pectoris and died of cerebral haemorrhage in 1896. When blood vessels which supply blood to the chest muscle are constricted, depleted blood supply and the resultant depletion of oxygen supply cause chest pain known medically as angina pectoris.
The reason for Alfred bequeathing the bulk of his estate for the endowment of the famous Nobel Prizes is not clear. According to a theory, when in 1888 his brother Ludvig died in France, a French newspaper mistaking him to be Alfred reported, “The merchant of death is dead.” (The expression used in the Indian context was not original, after all!) It was possible Alfred wanted to make reparation for his probable posthumous notoriety.
In 1944 Antoine Balard working at the Sorbonne observed that inhalation of isoamyl nitrate gave him headache. Other researchers like Frederick Guthrie in Owen’s College, Manchester experimented with nitrates. Thomas Lauder Brunton, a researcher who worked at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary put nitroglycerine to use. It was William Murrell’s work at the Westminster Hospital (his findings were published in The Lancet) that confirmed nitroglycerine dilates blood vessels, reduces blood pressure and relieves pain caused by angina pectoris. In the initial days British doctors took care to see that patients were not unduly scared if they found out that the tablets they were prescribed were the same compound that was used in dynamite. The longer acting form of nitroglycerine (pentaerythritol tetranitrate) was introduced in 1896 on an experimental scale and its applicability was finally announced in 1901. Had it been in use in 1896, it would probably have saved Alfred Nobel’s life! The active form of the drug known as isosorbide is prescribed (for sublingual use for faster absorption) even today.
While on the subject of angina pectoris, the multinational pharmaceutical company Pfizer, which experimented with sildenafil citrate, was unable to obtain desired results. It did not reduce cardiac pain as the researchers hoped. However the researchers were pleasantly surprised by an unintended effect the drug caused. In some patients it caused penile erections. Enthused by a study conducted in the Johns Hopkins University, Pfizer continued work on sildenafil. An enzyme called nitric oxide synthase (NOS) localised in the penis produces the neurotransmitter nitric oxide, which is responsible for penile erection. Sildenafil was found to reverse the action of NOS inhibitors. Thus was borne the blue pill known the world over as Viagra! What is less known is that Viagra is equally effective in women, in inducing clitoral erection. It is particularly useful for women with sexual dysfunction caused by a class of antidepressant drugs known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
Another drug minoxidil which was originally intended to lower blood pressure turned out to have an unintended consequence. In initial trials it caused body hair growth in some female patients. Continued trials with the drug proved that it is useful for hair regrowth in what is known as ‘male pattern baldness’. There are other drugs with a similar ‘side effect’ but are limited in their use because of other concomitant adverse effects. The advantage with minoxidil is that it is available as a lotion and can be locally applied.
What is strange in the current scenario is for researchers trying to look for anti–viral properties in every conceivable drug. In the absence of a preventive vaccine for the COVID–19 virus, researchers have experimented with hydroxychloroquine an anti–malarial drug, also found to be useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, azithromycin an anti–biotic and remdesivir an anti–viral drug—with varying results. As the pandemic grips the whole world, there is prestige involved in being the first to find a remedy for it.
The latest candidate drug under experimentation is dexamethasone. A group of researchers at the University of Oxford said “trial results show the drug [dexamethasone] reduced death rates of the most severely-ill Covid-19 patients by around a third.” The British Prime Minister hailed it as the “biggest breakthrough yet” in the fight against the disease. However, as per a report published in the Independent, US experts led by Dr. Kathryn Hibbert, director of the intensive care unit at Harvard’s Massachusetts General Hospital expressed scepticism about the findings of the trial. They cited the recent publication and withdrawal of a study in The Lancet, the results of a trial with hydroxychloroquine as a cautionary tale. (“Dexamethasone: US doctors cast doubton UK’s coronavirus ‘breakthrough’”, June 17, 2020.)
Dexamethasone belongs to a group of drugs called glucocorticoids. As the name suggests the primary function of glucocorticoids is to conserve glucose for use in times of stress. The glucocorticoids convert carbohydrate into glycogen and store it in the liver. But corticosteroids are also known immunosuppressants. It is for this reason they are prescribed along with other immunosuppressive drugs like cyclosporine and azathioprine to prevent donor organ rejection in organ transplant cases. An earlier commentary article published in The Lancet (“Steroids could do more harm than good in treating coronavirus”, February 6, 2020) highlighted the immunosuppressant property of the drug and advised caution in including it in treatment regimens for COVID–19.
As experts and researchers grapple with finding a remedy for the corona virus infection that has changed the world forever, the last word on the subject is yet to be said!
This is a slightly modified version of the article originally published in The Time Of India Blogs
Labels: Analgesics, Azithromycin, Anti–cancer drugs, Antihistamines, Anti–psychotic drugs, Corticosteroids, Dexamethasone, Glucocorticoids, Hydroxychloroquine, Isosorbide, Lidocaine, Minoxidil, Nitroglycerine, Nobel, Penicillin, Post–it, Remdesivir, Tranquilisers, Serendipity, Sildenafil, Viagra
1 comment:
1. very good article ,came to know many things which i did not know eariier , thnx
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Function paste several columns (variables) into one.
Variables to Unite Selection of dataset variables (columns) that you want to combine into one variable.
Col Name The name of new column (variable).
Separator Character. String used as separator between values from individual variables.
Remove Input Boolean. Property defines whether combined variables from the input table will be removed.
Ignore NA Boolean. Property determines if blank cells will be ignored (skipped).
combine columns, combine cells, multiple columns into one, merge excel columns, merce cells, stack columns, combine multiple columns, CONCATENATE, concatenate alternatives, join excel columns, unite columns
See Also
Separate, Separate_To_Rows, Str_Detect
How to Combine Several Excel Columns into One
Often, we need to combine multiple variables into one. In Excel we use the CONCATENATE function for this purpose. The alternative inside the Reshape.XL add-in is Unite function. This feature contains several adjustable parameters that make it more efficient. As an example I can mention the work with empty cells. An example is shown in the following figure.
In this tutorial, we will use a relatively simple input table, an example of which is shown in the following figure. This table contains three variables - Country, State and City. Our task will be to combine these variables into one.
For the purpose of combining multiple variables into one, we use the Unite function from the Variables ribbon toolbar tab. Clicking this button will display the function in the sidebar. In the Properties panel you can find adjustable parameters. These settings are displayed in two tabs - Variables and Properties.
In the Variables tab, you select variables (table columns) that you want to combine together. You make their choice using a check-boxes. After variable selection, an integer index is displayed at the end of the row, which determines the order in which variables will be combined.
In the following example, we combined the variables in the order of Country, State and City. Function created a table with one variable - Address, which contains the values of the selected variables (columns). The default value “_” was used as a separator between values. Finally, the variables used for merging were automatically deleted from the table. Also as you can see, empty cells from the State variable (the last 4 lines) were ignored when joining.
If you select variables in a different order, this order is reflected in the resulting created variable. In the following example, we combined the variables in the reverse order - City, State and Country.
In the Properties tab, you can set auxiliary parameters. In the first row (Col Name) you can set the name of the resulting variable.
By using a second property - Separator, you can define a text string to be applied between the values of the individual variables. In the following example, we used a comma. The default value is underscore.
With the boolean property Remove Input, you can set whether the combined variables in the result table will be deleted. By default, the property is set to TRUE. The following example shows the change to FALSE. In this case the input variables were left in the table.
Finally, you have the Ignore NA property. The Unite function automatically recognizes empty cells. If the Ignore NA property is set to TRUE, the empty cell is ignored. If set to FALSE, empty cells will be used in the result. This means that if the cell is empty, the resulting value of the combined variables include twice repeating of string defined through the Separator property. In the following example, you can see the string “, , “ in the last four rows in the Address variable.
Using the Unite function is very easy and fast. On the other hand, if you want to divide one variable (table column) into several new variables, you can use Separate function. As an alternative to the Separate function, you can use also the Separate_To_Rows function. This function splits one cell into several table rows.
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How to stay hydrated in summer?
With hot summer days on the door, it’s important that we adults and kids keep a good eye on our hydration. Whether you are staying indoor or outdoor, avoiding dehydration or the loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body is very important not to feel dizzy, lightheaded, tired or some mouth/lips/eyes dryness. Another dehydration sign is urine’s color and quantity: amount will be smaller, and color will be darker than usual. A severe dehydration with a loss of fluids equivalent to more than 10% of our body weight will require some urgent hospitalization. Nevertheless, we’ve got your back! Here are some simple tips to make sure that you and your whole family stay well hydrated during this summer:
1. Drink water regularly. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends drinking 2-3 liters of water per day for adults (including breastfeeding women) and 4 cups of water per day for babies (1-3 years old). This can sound like a lot of water, but here is a simple breakdown for the day that can help: when you wake up drink 1-2 cups of water before having your tea/coffee (your are probably a bit dehydrated as you did not drink during your 6-8 hours sleep); then before each meal, drink a glass of water (this will also help you feel more full and better regulate your hunger); drink a glass water before/after your coffee/tea; drink your last glasses of water before going to bed. If you are not a big fan of the plain water taste you can cut some slices of your favorite fruit (lemon, raspberry, etc.) into your water glass. This will give a nice twist to the normal water taste. You can also download an application on your phone to track the number of water cups you drink every day.
2. Eat some water-rich fruits and vegetables every day (preferably during each meal). There are a lot of water-rich fruits/vegetables and many of them are affordable. Some common examples are: watermelon, tomatoes, cucumber, lettuce, zucchini, peaches, grapefruits, cantaloupe and strawberries.
3. Have some soup every day. The main ingredient of soups is water. A big soup bowl per day definitely has a lot of health benefits (not only for a better hydration). Soups can be served hot or cold not necessarily hot (in case the concept of hot soup in summer bothers you).
4. Avoid/decrease your intake of coffee and tea and other caffeine content. Caffeine is a diuretic, which means it will let you go at the bathroom more often, so you will be losing more water/electrolytes through urination compared to if you do not take any caffeine.
5. Take some cool showers/baths. This will not help you get hydrated directly, yet it will help you sweat less. In fact, you can lose water/electrolytes through heavy sweating (after some physical exercise for example).
Adopting some simple hydration habits might sound easy but is very important to stay in good health. A good hydration will also help you lose the extra kilograms you want, stay in a good shape and have a nice skin glow.
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Dr. Reem Khalaf Bachelor of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (German University in Cairo) instagram account : babychef_eg
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Automated Facial Recognition – is the AI or the human biased?
AI saves time when it recommends our movies, AI makes us look smarter when it improves our grammar, AI improves product quality on the production line and AI gets us the right products to our doorsteps in the most efficient way. These are just a few of the many beneficial uses for AI.
If we are safe and content, we don’t think about how and why that happened – it is not an issue until we may be adversely affected. Can AI have a dark side and if so, is it the AI or the human’s shadow?. Not all AIs are seen as acceptable. It depends on the context of their use and the potential impact on the privacy of the individual.
Automated Facial Recognition and AI on trial?
A subset of AI tech hit the headlines when the Police used Automated Facial Recognition (AFR) to assist them in finding people more efficiently. But the technology ended up in the dock as the accused party.
Privacy groups legally challenged its use which revealed that there were some issues but mostly related to the watch lists. Watch lists similar in makeup to those currently used without any assistive technology at all, meaning it simply takes longer for the Police to do their vitally important job. Yet the search for a missing or vulnerable person is time-critical. So what is so bad about the AFR technology, if it improves the speed of search and a life is saved?
The focus needs to be directed at improving and supporting Police policy rather than singling out this very useful technology as a scapegoat for the evils of the world.
In the private sector, AFR enables contact-less entry points if converged with access control data. If used correctly alongside thermal technology, combined with social distancing monitoring, and privately managed contact tracing, AI can add real value to making public areas safe and in turn protect people and the economy.
Without AI, the risk of virus transmission would be much higher because every step in the physical management process would have to involve human intervention. With the best will in the world, masks and uncontrolled or irregular hand sanitising are not sufficient to curb the spread.
How many processes based on old policies and anachronisms get in the way of business and societal improvements today? There is no denying that these problems exist.
AI acts like a mirror, reflecting its creator’s cognitive biases
Many of these issues are reflecting into the AI’s development. AI is only as good as its human creators. However, in some cases, it is acting like a mirror, showing up the cracks in society which are long overdue an overhaul.
The world has changed but new generations have to inherit the idiosyncrasies and poor policies of their predecessors. There is a saying which is often attributed to Albert Einstein, that if you carry on doing the same things, you shouldn’t expect a different result.
This is why many early HR AIs failed, indeed Amazon withdrew the use of AI in its HR process due to the presence of bias. This is because the AI was fed biased historical data reflecting discrimination in society. The AI just magnified the bias and didn’t change anything at all. Humans have to do that.
Without deep review of the underlying processes and policies, AI can make bad societal and business practice more efficiently bad. Do we want that? – the answer is obviously no unless you have a stake in the badness perhaps.
Technology is not beyond redemption
There is no suggestion that technology is beyond redemption, AI can become biased if it is fed biased data – just like humans. A balanced view should always be sought and the only way to achieve that is for there to be diverse inputs and unbiased and ethical oversight. This is not dissimilar to how good governance should work in business.
In the high-risk COVID environment, reducing physical interaction is paramount. The human increases the risk. And in business, the human interactions which are often required to join dysfunctional processes together add little value and in fact, can also introduce risk and error.
When the use case is properly defined, AI and automation can make data handling more efficient so the human focus can be on the speed, value and accuracy of the decision rather than repetition and finding patterns in big data sets. As people, we are not very good at either of the latter. If we were, you could argue that COVID would not have spread so effectively. At some point, everyone forgets that the invisible threat may still be all around us.
AI works on a global scale
On a global scale, AI is now helping in the search for effective and targeted treatment by analysing multiple data sources. In security, the data sources include video and satellite data. When so many apparently random activities happen at once, AI can derive meaning from this vast array to provide real-time situational awareness of any evolving threat including the progress of COVID.
These use case scenarios for AI may seem hard to reach if you are in the business environment focused on the delivery of the result to the shareholders without detriment to the stakeholders – AI is just for big data companies, governments and authorities – right?
You don’t need to be a big data company to benefit from AI
AI, automation and digitalisation are at the top of the Board agenda for many businesses, especially now with so many remote workers. Businesses are implementing AI to solve internal process problems, and for many industries, AI is solving widespread problems when designed into standard products.
Any potential use of AI should be thoroughly assessed to ensure that there is no negative impact on the individual and that its deployment is ethical.
We wrote a framework for the ethical use of AI in business. Time for a health check?
We can help you with this. We will assess the need and explain the AIs which may or may not be appropriate to move your business forward into its future state.
For further information about AFR and the steps being taken to create guidance for its ethical used see the BSIA Webinar available in the Anekanta Consulting media portfolio.
We all need to do things differently now.
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Feb 18 2018
National Battery Day: New Battery Technology Is Closer Than You Think
Researchers and companies are working to achieve breakthroughs in battery tech for computing devices.
They are the often unseen workhorses that power modern computing, and the devices workers use to get their jobs done: batteries.
Feb. 18 is National Battery Day, the unofficial holiday designed to show appreciation for the convenience of batteries, without which modern notebooks, smartphones, tablets and other critical office equipment would not be able to function.
Batteries have a long history, dating back to 1800 with Alessandro Volta's invention of the first battery, which came to be known as the voltaic pile. In 1836, British chemist John Frederic Daniell created the first practical battery with the Daniell cell. Then, in 1859, Gaston Planté invented the lead-acid battery, the first battery that could be recharged via passing a reverse current through it. The modern lithium-ion batteries that power laptops and smartphones were invented in the 1980s, and Sony commercialized the lithium-ion battery in 1991.
Since then, battery technology has largely been stuck. Technology companies have invented ways to recharge batteries faster, but lithium-ion batteries remain the main industry standard for powering electronic devices. Researchers and tech companies are trying to push the envelope with advances in battery technology that will make them more efficient.
Here is a roundup of some of the latest developments:
Lithium-Metal Batteries Show Promise
SolidEnergy Systems has developed a lithium-metal battery, which, as MIT Technology Review reports, "has a metallic anode, rather than the graphite material used for the anode in traditional lithium-ion batteries."
The company's batteries could offer much better energy density over today's devices, the publication notes. However, it is unclear if or when they might be commercialized.
"In terms of moving from an idea to a product," Qichao Hu, the founder of SolidEnergy Systems, tells MIT Technology Review, "it's hard for batteries, because when you improve one aspect, you compromise other aspects."
New Battery Technology Combines the Best of Both Worlds
Another company, Ionic Materials, which is funded in part by tech luminary Bill Joy, thinks it has solved the battery dilemma by creating a new kind of battery.
Joy tells Wired that the company's technology combines "the advantages of the familiar alkaline batteries we buy at the drugstore (cheap, safe and reliable) with those of the more expensive, fire-prone lithium batteries in our computers and phones (powerful, rechargeable and more earth-friendly)."
Ionic's batteries replace the liquids common in lithium-ion batteries with a polymer, according to Joy. "It also turns out that this polymer just happens to be essentially a fire-retardant material," he says. "So, when you build batteries with this polymer, you don't have a safety problem." Using the polymer also essentially makes the battery into an alkaline battery that can be recharged like a lithium-ion battery.
Companies could use this technology to improve their lithium-ion batteries, Joy says, but in the long run, Joy tells Wired, "advanced alkaline — the chemistry used in the ones you buy in the drugstore [that have been] made rechargeable — has a chance of upending the reign of lithium-ion batteries, because the materials are cheaper," he says to Wired.
"You can potentially make alkaline batteries with aluminum. We've made some. We don't have as many cycles as we need yet, but, you know, we're working on it," he adds. "We think that ultimately things like aluminum-alkaline batteries will meet the performance of lithium, but with abundant materials and way cheaper. And it's also recyclable."
Joy, who spoke to Wired in August, believes that new battery technology could enable a smart grid by providing low-cost solutions that can power renewable energy sources such as wind and hydroelectric. But he warned that it might be two or three years before the technology is generally available.
Samsung Promotes Graphene Ball Tech
In November, Samsung Electronics' research arm announced that it has developed a "graphene ball" that can be used to make lithium-ion batteries last longer and charge faster.
Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology said that by using graphene ball material to make batteries it will increase existing batteries' capacity by 45 percent and increase their charging speed by five times. Lithium-ion batteries take an hour to fully charge, but this will be reduced to 12 minutes with the new tech, Samsung notes. SAIT has filed two applications for the graphene ball technology patent in the United States and South Korea.
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Tangi Le Guennic - Apr 17, 2020
What is an OAM wave and what are its properties?
Orbital Angular Momentum
OAMs are currently the subject of numerous research projects. Highly praised by their advocates, “on paper” they offer the power to multiply the bandwidth of our modern communication networks. Their very particular form would allow them to encode information in a new format, or even a new quantum mode of information propagation. But what is an OAM wave? What property gives it these incredible characteristics? We will do our best to answer these questions in this article, which exclusively addresses the problem of OAM in the optical domain.
Representing an OAM in optics
First of all, in order to be able to physically represent an OAM wave in optics, we have to go back to the basics of what light is. The goal is not to precisely describe all these properties and their behavior. However, we’ll try to summarize the characteristics we are interested in as succinctly as possible.
Light can be described as an electromagnetic wave consisting of zero mass particles (photons). This is called wave-particle duality. The wave-like pattern of light causes its electric field E to oscillate perpendicularly to its direction.
The polarization of light refers to the direction of the electric (or magnetic) field as it travels along a ray of light over time. For example, it can be linear, circular or even elliptical. When this field is circularly polarized, the electric field vector E can rotate in the plane perpendicular to this ray in two directions: clockwise and counterclockwise.
Circular polarization
Circular polarization (Source: Wikipedia)
To understand what orbital angular momentum (OAM) is, keep the propagation of a circularly polarized wave in mind.
What is Orbital Angular Momentum?
In quantum optics, we can see this motion of electric charge as the kinetic momentum of the light-wave photons at a given frequency. This is called spin or angular momentum. It is the intrinsic rotational movement that a photon can have. (Light Spin Angular Momentum – SAM). The spin vector corresponds to the two states of circular polarization.
However, there is another way for an electromagnetic wave to transport kinetic momentum: orbital angular momentum. This corresponds to the rotation of the photon around an axis external to itself.
Representation of OAM modes (SAM interaction - OAM interaction)
Representation of OAM modes (Credit: E. Karimi/Wikipedia)
The most well-known analogy is that of the earth orbiting the sun. The Earth’s rotational motion can be called its spin, like a photon, while the Earth’s revolutionary motion around the Sun gives it an orbital angular momentum.
Orbital Angular Momentum of the Earth
An additional component appears when writing a solution to the propagation equation. This is a variant term e-jl𝜽 with l being the topological charge of the wave or azimuthal order or index, or even the roll index, and 𝜽 the roll angle.e-jl𝜽
In the circular polarization example above, all photons in the beam rotate about a single axis which becomes the beam axis. The orbital angular momentum can be described as a helical wavefront whose helix number l (or topological charge) has no limit. This is referred to as an OAM wave. (OAM – Orbital Angular Momentum).(1)
Properties of an OAM
An OAM therefore has a quantified magnitude, which is its helix number. Because of the structure of the OAM, it can be used for encoding information by considering each value of the helix number l as an information bit.
Représentation de modes OAM
A number of ongoing projects have focused on information exchange by generating these OAM “twisted waves” or “vortex beams” in optical fibers or in the atmosphere. OAM waves could provide an additional magnitude to route more capacity through future fiber optic telecommunications networks(2). In particular, we could explore the possibility of spatial multiplexing using OAM waves (SDM – Space Division Multiplexing) in ring core fibers(3).
In an upcoming article, you’ll discover some of the possible techniques to generate these OAM waves. One of these solutions is Cailabs’ PROTEUS spatial multiplexer, the only commercial solution that offers spatial multiplexing of OAM modes.
For more information, please contact us
Watch the replay of our webinar on OAM generation
(1) The Royal Society Publishing - "Light's twist". Read the article
(2) Science Mag -"Terabit-Scale Orbital Angular Momentum Mode Division Multiplexing in Fibers". Read the article
(3) "13.4km OAM state propagation by recirculating fiber loop" - Patrick Gregg, Poul Kristensen, and Siddharth Ramachandran. Read the article
Written by Tangi Le Guennic
Ingénieur INSA spécialisé en science des matériaux et en optique, Tangi Le Guennic est chef de produits et projets à Cailabs. Il possède une solide expérience en R&D dans le développement de capteurs optiques pour les systèmes aéronautiques ainsi que dans la gestion de projets de vision industrielle. A Cailabs, Tangi travaille sur le développement et la commercialisation de solutions optiques innovantes pour les applications PROTEUS et Custom (défense, aéronautique, automobile, biomédical...).
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With the increased complexity of operations and computing environment in various organizations comes the need for extended security requirements. Endpoint security is one of such solutions designed to meet complex security needs while optimizing resources. Read on to find out why Endpoint security services are very essential in every organization and how DC Encompass can be of help.
What is endpoint security?
Endpoint security is an aspect of cybersecurity that focuses on protecting endpoint resources and tools. Endpoints can be described as all elements through which internal access can be gotten to the delicate resources.
These elements include websites, networked devices, and software pieces that give access to servers, databases, and other forms of resources.
Typically, endpoint security focuses on the tools and devices that are most commonly used, which hackers can target. For devices and tools, endpoints can be laptops, desktop computers, and smartphones.
Think of endpoints as elements with which networks are accessed. If hackers hijack endpoints, the results can be catastrophic.
What does endpoint security implementation entail?
In understanding why endpoint security is important for any organization, it is important to begin with what endpoint security entails.
The implementation of endpoint security begins with a thorough research step where the information is gathered on the different points of access and the level of access that should be granted at different points.
After the required information is gathered and analyzed, security solutions for the different levels and access points are identified. The security solutions will include software, cloud, hardware, and network protection.
When the required solutions are identified and applied, the monitoring of the performance is noted. The solutions are monitored to both ascertain their efficiency and identify any vulnerabilities.
Endpoint security solutions
Some of the vital endpoint security solutions available to organizations include the following:
Endpoint encryption
Encryption is an important aspect of endpoint security as it involves directly making data inaccessible to unauthorized parties. When the data on endpoints is encrypted, it is one further step in ensuring that protecting sensitive resources from even persons with the right credentials.
Application control
This endpoint security solution focuses on the direct limitation of the different tools. With this solution, applications could be limited to certain activities. This way, if the limited applications are compromised, the effect does not extend to the entire network. When an application is limited, for example, it could be automatically stopped from executing malicious codes.
URL filtering
URL filtering could be described as similar to application control in that it prevents access to malicious websites as a means of limiting malicious activities.
This solution can be applied in both limiting susceptibilities to malicious activities and monitoring the download activity of users.
IoT security
IoT devices are more prone to malicious attacks because of their significant susceptibility. These devices should thus be protected with advanced solutions. Advanced security solutions ensure that the devices are harder to hack and should be part of endpoint security.
With a sandbox, issues can be identified and eliminated before they achieve widespread effects. Enterprise traffic could be routed through sandboxes to identify malicious activity. The sandbox will thus be able to flag malicious activities as soon as they are routed.
Zero trust architecture
Zero trust security is based on the possibility of a compromise of devices in a network. If a zero-trust architecture is not maintained, a compromise of a device would affect the entire network. This end security solution typically involves limiting the access of different tools and resources to limit the compromise of the entire system in case of a breach.
Importance of endpoint security
The importance of endpoint security is based on the fact that security threats are on an increase as well as the change in the core operations of organizations.
Employees used to access organizations’ resources and databases using designated devices and methods. For example, employees were required to be on-site to access the local network. Computing environments are now modified significantly in that employees can bring their devices to work and access the network remotely.
Hackers are particularly interested in endpoints because of the high level of access that can be gotten through them.
Endpoints are now a major target of malicious elements because of the widened security perimeter they create within organizations. More organizations are encouraging employees to bring their devices to work, and this is providing more access points for hackers.
As more endpoint devices and software are added, security solutions must be adapted to cover the diverse devices and software pieces.
The cost of malicious attacks is another reason why endpoint security is critical for organizations. Research has indicated that the costs of the average endpoint attack range from $5 to $7 million. Instead of risking significant costs and impacting the productivity of the organization, apply endpoint security solutions.
Endpoint security solutions are sophisticated solutions that are designed for decentralized computing environments. Security solutions should be adapted to the dynamic computing environments of today’s organizations. This is what endpoint security solutions offer.
Benefits of endpoint security services
Endpoint security solutions are associated with multifaceted benefits. Having highlighted the importance of endpoint security for today’s organizations, let’s now clearly highlight the benefits.
Protection against malicious attacks
The protection that comes with endpoint security solutions is a core selling point. This is because this form of cybersecurity is designed for high-quality all-around security.
Endpoint security solutions are adapted for breaching the different forms of attacks, including malware and zero-day strikes. These threats are identified and neutralized as soon as they are detected, which is usually before any significant damage occurs.
Enhancement of security features
Endpoint security features are not just aimed at identifying and preventing malicious attacks. The solutions can be applied in enhancing existing security features.
For endpoint security solutions, security vulnerabilities are identified and fixed. With the proactive application of this kind of cybersecurity, vulnerabilities are identified and neutralized before they develop into much bigger problems.
Upholding a zero-trust culture
The importance of keeping networks impenetrable to malicious agents cannot be overemphasized. Upholding a zero-trust culture means ensuring that all devices and resources with which networks are routinely accessed are secure and made impenetrable.
With the nature of today’s corporate computing environments, upholding a zero-trust culture is essential. The desired zero-trust culture can be created and upheld.
Improved collaboration between security and administrative teams
The threat of malicious attacks affects both administrative and security teams. Security issues tend to be the focus of the security team. With endpoint security solutions, security becomes more of a team effort between the different teams, especially the security and administrative teams.
Data security and administration teams are empowered to work more efficiently with endpoint security.
The efficiency of management teams
The efficiency of data management teams is ensured with endpoint security solutions that serve as management, security, and storage portals. The team gets to apply the portal to improve the overall speed and efficiency of their operations.
The diverse functionalities of endpoint security solutions make them important tools critical to the success of data management teams.
Challenges Of Most Endpoint Security Solutions
Organizations are posed with numerous challenges that hinder endpoint security. Here are some of the challenges with achieving endpoint security that is addressed with endpoint security solutions.
Diverse services and tools
The average organization applies a diverse range of services and tools in its routine operations. When these services are too many, endpoint security becomes particularly limited.
The limitation in the application of endpoint security comes from the fact that, with the diverse services, it is difficult to track and confirm activities from every point. As such, organizations with a wide range of tools, products, and services will particularly benefit from endpoint security solutions to maximize visibility and monitoring.
Limited physical monitoring
Physical controls are particularly important elements in ensuring endpoint security. The lack of physical controls in the form of locks and passwords could make an organization more prone to malicious threats.
Even with the widespread availability of software controls, physical controls still play a critical role in ensuring endpoint security and preventing unauthorized access.
The limited physical monitoring challenge of endpoint security is typically addressed with the solutions designed for physical and software controls.
Multiple administrators
Achieving proper endpoint security can be limited by the availability of multiple manual administrators. We already highlighted the challenge associated with limited physical monitoring above and should mention that there could also be an over-reliance on the manual administration of the activities.
Automated endpoint security tools are important for detecting threats and eliminating them soonest. Automation is thus a particularly important part of endpoint security.
Endpoint security cannot be overlooked due to the numerous benefits associated with the application of the most efficient security solutions as well as the diverse challenges organizations face in ensuring endpoint security. This is why at DC Encompass, we offer endpoint security services to equip organizations in handling threats efficiently and prevent the compromise of their networks. Our services are optimized for maximum productivity and increased efficiency.
To find out more about DC Encompass Endpoint Security Services, get in touch with the team at DC Encompass today.
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Nothing is Made Up
That’s the impression I’m getting from Brian’s latest article, Rare Fossil Pterosaur a Reminder of Native Legends – not even stories of flying monsters.
Rhamphorhynchus and fish - click through for more
You will presumably have seen by now the picture of the Rhamphorhynchus pterosaur with a fish in its belly being held by another, larger fish. If you haven’t, for some reason the image above isn’t displaying correctly, so get that fixed.
Having nothing much to say on the topic – he doesn’t even try to claim that the pterosaur was caught in the fast moving waters of the flood, possibly for fear of having to make up a way for that to actually happen – he instead tries to argue that some Native American myths mean that people once saw these animals, and they co-existed with humans:
Although many Native Americans associated these “thunderbirds” with mystical origins and powers, ancient ancestors of these people groups could have witnessed actual creatures. The Reverend Gideon Pond was the first resident missionary among the Dakota Sioux of Minnesota. Fossil historian Adrienne Mayor quoted Pond, who wrote in the late 1830s, “Many stories are told of these beings and their mortal combats.”
The Dakota Sioux called the thunderbirds “wakinyan,” and they could point out “collapsed river bluffs, very common along the Missouri River, as places where Thunder Birds had swooped down to attack Unktehi [a monstrous water reptile] and its relatives.”
Yes, but the problem here is that these “wakinyanswere birds – they had feathers, for goodness sake. Pterosaurs didn’t have feathers. And at ~two feet, this Aspidorhynchus fish was (it’s now extinct, of course) no river monster.
Yes, and some of them would have been on the ark – so why no pterosaurs in the bible? Why none at all in existence now, when there are so many birds?
The most striking similarity between this fossil discovery and the legends is more in behavior than in size. Eberhard Frey and Helmut Tischlinger published the fossil description in the online journal PLoS One. They wrote, “Large Aspidorhynchus thus could grab a skimming Rhamphorhynchus by just raising the head through the water surface. The specimen presented here strongly suggests that Aspidorhynchus actually did exactly this.”
And this is a “striking” behavioural similarity? Similar to what? He never explains. The paper is here, btw.
This unique set of fossils appears to corroborate ancient Native American legends of flying reptiles that fished the water’s surface and of sea creatures that in turn preyed on the flyers. Evolution has no explanation for any such eyewitness accounts, but both the legends and fossil data are easy to interpret in the framework of a young world in which pterosaurs and humans lived at the same time.
Tell me, why should evolution have an explanation for this? Unless he means memetics, or evolutionary psychology, which I doubt he is and would anyway be unlikely to give a good answer. Why is it even so pressing? Brian himself had to admit that “ancient ancestors of these people groups could have witnessed actual creatures.” (emph. added.) His case is not exactly very strong
In reality, what we have is a myth of large birds, possibly arising from the existence of real large birds. Or perhaps it was made up entirely – were there unicorns and leprechauns on the Ark, Brian? I think not.
Young Earth creationists need to cease citing myths in support of their beliefs. Not only can myths be made up but it draws attention to the fact that their own beliefs are myths also, but nevertheless ones that they try to hold on to at all costs.
3 thoughts on “Nothing is Made Up
1. The obvious explanation for many legendary beasts is that ancient people found their fossils and told stories about them. Thus Giants come from stories about elephant/mammoth bones, griffins are from Protoceratops fossils, sea-monsters are from mosasaurs and basilosaurs. The ancients weren’t as stupid as their modern day worshippers and filled their sacred texts with tales derived from fossil lore.
2. Am I the only one who sees a major flaw in their reasoning behind Rhamphorhynchus being the basis for these legends. A flaw they actually point out themselves.
So physically, these specimens were nothing like the legends but behaviourally they kinda were. So the legends are therefore true? NO!
Legend says dragons can fly. Birds can fly but look nothing like dragons. Therefore dragons exist.
3. Read “Fossil Legends of the First Americans” by Adrienne Mayor (Princeton University Press, 2005) for the scientific interpretations of these Native American myths being misused by creationists.
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CPM Homework Banner
A circle with a diameter A, B, passing through the center, C. Two additional chords, A, D, and B, D, along with the diameter form a triangle. Angle, x, is opposite the B, D, side. Angle, y, is opposite the A, D, side.Use the diagram of at right to answer the questions below. Each part is a separate problem.
1. If , what is ?
Recall that the measure of each inscribed angle is half the arc it intercepts.
What is the sum of interior angles for triangles?
1. If and , what is the area of ?
Knowing that is , use the Pythagorean Theorem to solve for the .
Then from there, substitute the information you found in the equation for the area of a circle.
2. If the radius of is and if , what is ?
Recall your trigonometric ratios.
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The impact of air pollution on viruses like COVID-19
The impact of air pollution on viruses like COVID-19
22 mrt. 2020
In October 2019 a university in Goyang, South Korea published a paper on the influence of (ultra-) fine dust on respiratory infections, among things as the coronavirus known as COVID-19. What is the role of air pollution in the possible spreading of viruses?
Weekly concentrations of fine dust were examined and analyzed, making use of R statistics. A closer look was taken at the behavior of various viruses, including the coronavirus. The researchers found out that viruses, as well as the coronavirus, are proportional to “micro-dust”, relative humidity and is inversely proportional to temperature.
Viruses are travelling particles
Researchers believe virus droplets attach themselves to the condensation cores of (ultra-) fine dust (e.g. PM2,5 and PM10). Viruses are miniscule traveling particles, invisible to the naked eye. They spread through slightly larger (ultra-) fine dust particles, which are invisible to the human eye as well. Virus particles tend to settle inside the condensation cores of slightly larger (ultra- ) fine dust particles, which is exactly what the research was about. With this science we might be able to state that the systems of StaticAir could be capable of contributing in removing viruses from the living and working environment.
Impact of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure on the risk of influenza-like-illness: a time-series analysis in Beijing, China (february 2016) by Cindy Feng, Jian Li, Wenjie Sun, Yi Zhang, and Quanyi Wang
Influence of Fine Particulate Dust Particulate Matter 10 on Respiratory Virus Infection in the Republic of Korea (october 2019) by Cheon JM, Yang YJ, Yoon YS, Lee ES and others.
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Your faculty coaches might be impressed to view what a superb
Clearly the conditions are very distinct, or so the preparation for each and every kind ought to be different. Such books normally contain trial checks to permit you to prepare. Of all abilities and methods you should triumph in the IELTS check, vocabulary is undoubtedly one of the more vital. Furthermore, you are going to comprehend that all my model IELTS documents have terminology exercises also. Excellent IELTS vocabulary is especially important for all these desiring to accomplish a band 7 or higher. Since they will accentuate the communication, they will enrich the um, by what means the article seems since it is an all- normal construction and you have a better possibility of acquiring the erm, the points for communication and coherence. It is vital to comprehend both essays together with the questions each essay h AS as a means to get a substantial score on the TOEFL. In the event you need to exactly price your degree, TOEFL will manage to help you. Or, they’ll argue with their classmates about which special sentence actually can function as the LEVEL, the minute the purpose isn’t quite clear. 14th Word is a short overview of the preceding points.
Finest cooked eggplant recipe
All the best with your IELTS. There are lots of facts to consider when instructing vocabulary. One method students can approach the project is always to attempt to locate a few sorts of question. In the electronic era, writing Language is often an essential skill in several occupation businesses and subjects. I imply that along with composing in a spanish, the pupil is frequently studying how precisely to write a simple article for the initial time. These terminology are speacifically beneficial when completing a sentence. What happens with a sentence containing double negative words is that both unfavorable phrases applied in the phrase will most likely wind up canceling one another and converting the entire sentence into a positive one. Compound and complex sentences might be utilized when you’re joining a few thoughts which aren’t significant enough to stand alone as separate basic phrases. For instance, an easy word including an person subject plus a verb is employed to emphasize important ideas within your language.
To the other-hand, they enjoy the individual moment when they get enough time for self -introspection.
So, with these practices in mind and devotion within your center, you may well be certain your vocabulary improves radically. Terminology doesn’t just suggest words. Among the finest methods to maintain in mind a language word would be to put it to use again and again. 1 vocabulary may function as L1. Pupils fail because they’ve restricted English vocabulary. No surprise they find it hard. Frequently, ESL pupils can’t communicate well on account of their insufficient appropriate vocabulary. Many the moment, your students will get a mixture of motivations.
Our benefit is our quality. We dont attempt to earn as much income as you can
Phrases are important for making your public picture since you’ll communicate with several other individuals. A fantastic teacher will have the ability to supply answers which you can comprehend, along with storage tips to allow one to keep the info Error correcting requires a lot of instructor period plus electricity and several pupils simply don’t need to notice their composing compositions after instructor improvements. British composing can be tough in the big event the writer doesn’t take advantage of the countless British vocabulary writing resources that are accessible to assist them. The writing papers is a lot more demanding. You might have the capability to review your paper following the complete composing procedure is finished or you well known internet portal writemypapers org could review your writing as you create. It’s my expectation that this essay was helpful in earning your pick. Moreover, furthermore, there are a few basic skills crucial for the article structure.
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Category: Activities
Preschoolers: Making Shapes with Sticks
Domain: Physical, Cognitive
Ask children to gather sticks (if outside) or provide Popsicle sticks or straws (if indoors). Then have children create shapes or letters using the sticks. Talk about the number of sticks you need to create specific shapes or letters and encourage the children to talk together about what they made.
Goal: Children will use sticks to create shapes and letters
stick letters image jpg
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Tag Archives: ringed planet
NASA’s multimedia presentation on WASP-12b
NASA has been producing presentations for its website: Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System. One of these features WASP-12b, chosen because its short-period orbit and large, bloated radius mean that the shape of the planet is distorted by the host-star’s gravity into an egg-shaped Roche lobe.
Meanwhile the Interesting Engineering website has produced a compilation of seven “weird” exoplanets, of which one is the possible ring-system planet found in WASP data, J1407b.
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How many federal US attorneys are there?
Organization: There are 93 U.S. Attorneys located throughout the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. U.S. Attorneys are appointed by, and serve at the discretion of, the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate.
How many attorneys does the U.S. have?
CHICAGO, May 11, 2018 – Newly released survey data from the American Bar Association on the nationwide population of lawyers indicates a total of 1,338,678 licensed, active attorneys in the United States.
What is the United States attorney general salary?
Attorney General is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule, thus earning a salary of US$221,400, as of January 2021.
How many lawyers are in the US in 2021?
1. There are 1.3 million lawyers in the US.
Which country has the most lawyers?
Α/Α Country / State Lawyers (Total)
1 New York U.S.A. 172.630
2 Liechtenstein 210
3 California U.S.A. 165.952
4 Italy 246.786
Are there too many lawyers in America?
As of 2017, there are around 1.3 million licensed and practicing attorneys in the United States, which roughly translates to one lawyer for every 244 Americans. … This is why the market has too many lawyers: because there are not enough people who will need legal services.
THIS IS INTERESTING: Can I fire my work comp lawyer?
Are lawyers richer than doctors?
What is highest paid job in the world?
Top highest paying jobs in the world
• Anaesthesiologist.
• Surgeon.
• Chief Executive Officer.
• Physician.
• Senior Software Engineer.
• Investment Banker.
• Data Scientist.
Has the US ever had a female attorney general?
Miami, Florida, U.S. Janet Wood Reno (July 21, 1938 – November 7, 2016) was an American lawyer who served as the Attorney General of the United States from 1993 until 2001. … She was the first woman to serve as Attorney General and the second-longest serving Attorney General in U.S. history, after William Wirt.
Presence of a lawyer
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How to keep your feet warm
We all know what having cold feet feels like. We try jumping up and down, wiggling our toes frantically or even kicking one foot against the other. But nothing works. Here are 12 tips for keeping your feet, your lifelong shock absorbers, comfortably warm and dry.
Double socks
Wearing layers also works on your feet, hands and head. Go for a thinner, well-fitting sock nearest your foot and a thicker sock over that, one that can absorb moisture from the foot and that traps the maximum amount of air. That’s how you avoid blisters on your feet too, as the friction occurs between the socks instead of against your skin.
Wiggle your toes
When you move both your toes and your feet you stimulate the blood flow, increase the temperature and reduce the risk of local chilblains.
Put on a hat
To keep your feet warm, you have to consider your whole body. When your body gets cold it prioritises getting heat to the heart, brain and other life-critical organs, and reduces the blood flow out to the hands and feet instead. That’s why you usually feel the cold first in your hands and feet, even if the rest of your body feels warm. And, a head without a hat works like a chimney, letting large portions of your body heat escape through it.
Plenty of space
If the blood flow to the feet is hindered for any reason your feet will quickly get cold. Make sure your shoes are big enough and don’t tighten your laces too hard – that can slow circulation to your feet. You need enough space to wiggle your toes.
Care for your feet
It’s important to take care of your feet. Clean and dry feet help you to keep the blood flowing and manage the cold better. It also prevents you getting blisters. Don’t use water-based creams on your feet as the water in the cream can freeze at low temperatures and cause chilblains.
Rest your feet
Take your shoes off when you have a break so that the moisture inside the shoe can evaporate through the opening. It’s also nice to rest the soles of your feet if you’ve walked a long way during the day. Make sure you eat and drink to keep warm.
Change your socks
Change your socks just before you step out into the cold so that they don’t get too damp from the heat indoors. Change your socks several times a day, preferably alternating between two pairs.
Dry your socks
Use your body heat to warm up and dry out damp socks. Put them inside your trousers (waistband) when you move around and your body heat will help dry them. Another tip is to pull damps socks over a warm water bottle, perfect for heating up your sleeping bag at night!
Get away from the ground
A cold surface can draw away much of the foot’s warmth. So, getting your feet as far as possible from the cold ground is really important. Make sure to have an insulating inner sole in your shoes, preferably Woolpower’s felt inner sole, and stand on a sitting pad, a bit of polystyrene or some branches so heat doesn’t get sucked away by a cold surface.
Oftentimes, the problem of cold feet can be linked to poor ventilation. When moisture levels get too high, wool works actively to absorb the moisture from the foot and transport it away through the fabric, until moisture levels are equal on both sides. Socks containing too much cotton prevent the foot’s sweat from evaporating. So the foot gets moist and cold.
Eat and drink for energy
The body needs energy to maintain the right heat balance, so don’t forget to eat and drink. It’s not primarily a warm drink you need to stay warm, rather food and drinks that are full of energy.
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Home > News > Construction of Anti-seepage Membrane for Aquaculture
Construction of Anti-seepage Membrane for Aquaculture
Everyone must have a certain understanding of the use of impermeable membranes. Impermeable membranes have been widely used because of their good impermeability. They can be seen in many engineering constructions. For aquatic products The application of impermeable membranes in aquaculture is also very good, so what problems should be paid attention to when constructing aquaculture impervious high quality HDPE geomembrane?
1. Personnel not related to laying shall not enter the construction site.
2. The method and equipment used for laying the module will not damage the impermeable membrane or the geotextile and base under it.
3. Construction personnel should wear shoes that do not damage the geotechnical materials during construction on the construction site.
4. Sufficient ballast or anchors to prevent the impermeable membrane from being blown up by the wind.
5. Lay the impermeable membrane sheet smoothly and tightly, minimize wrinkles, and ballast or anchor in time after laying.
Construction of Anti-seepage Membrane for Aquaculture
6. Reasonably choose the laying direction to minimize the stress on the joints.
7. Reasonably arrange the position of each piece of material, and strive to have fewer seams.
8. In the laying process, prevent any factors from destroying the geotechnical materials, and the laying tools must not cause damage to the geotechnical materials.
9. There must be no horizontal joints within 1.5m of the slope foot and slopes greater than 10.
In order to ensure the quality of construction during the construction of the impermeable brief introduction of composite geomembrane, it is best to understand the construction method in advance, so as to ensure that the quality of our construction is up to the standard. Open a roll to ensure that the membrane is not damaged.
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How do germs and chemicals get into my drinking water?
There can be many sources of contamination of water systems. The most common sources of contaminants include:
• Naturally occurring chemicals and minerals (e.g., arsenic, radon, uranium)
• Local land use practices (e.g., fertilizers, pesticides, livestock, concentrated animal feeding operations)
• Manufacturing processes
• Sewer overflows
• Malfunctioning wastewater treatment systems (e.g., nearby septic systems)
EPA and the State regulates many contaminants that pose known human health risks. Testing of both raw source water and treated drinking water determines if any contaminants are present and to what extent the water system must treat water to ensure those contaminants are removed after treatment.
Show All Answers
1. Where does my drinking water come from?
2. How is my drinking water regulated?
3. How do germs and chemicals get into my drinking water?
4. How do I filter water at my home if I am concerned about water quality?
5. How can I find out if there has been a violation in our public water standard?
6. Who do I need to contact to find out more information about water quality in my area?
7. How often does the local public water system test my drinking water?
8. What should I do if I want my household water tested?
9. Who should I contact if my water has a funny smell, taste, or appearance?
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National Burrito Day
National Burrito Day is a holiday that falls on the first Thursday in April every year. It’s a day upon which everyone can enjoy one of the world’s favorite Mexican dishes and one that’s built on only the versatility and strength of a flour or corn tortilla that’s filled with delectable ingredients. Regardless of whether you love pork, chicken, beef, or even a veggie burrito, this is a day that you’re going to want to make sure that you mark on your calendar.
The History Of National Burrito Day
Although it’s currently unknown who started National Burrito Day, we do know that the food it’s based on goes back to at least the 19th century. The oldest mention of the word burrito was found in the Dictionary Of Mexicanisms—a book that dates back to 1895. That means that the burrito is at least 126+ years old—although, in reality, burritos are probably much older than that and have probably been made for quite a long time.
The term burrito is a Spanish word that means “Little Donkey” and it’s believed that they were so named because a rolled up burrito looks like the bedrolls that donkeys used to carry back in the day. Before the burrito was introduced into the U.S., it quickly became a popular food item in the areas of Guerrero and Guanajuato.
From Guerrero and Guanajuato, burritos were brought into the areas of Stockton and Fresno, California thanks to migrant workers during the 1910s and 1920s. It wouldn’t be until the early 1930s, however, that burritos would begin to make its way onto the menus of some Californian restaurants. As the burrito migrated northwards, some of its characteristics began to change as well. For example, Mexican burritos were known to be mainly composed of only meat and beans tucked inside a corn tortilla. American burritos, however, were usually made with flour tortillas using a variety of ingredients including meat, cheese, salsa, lettuce, and tomatoes.
By the 1950s, burritos had made their way across the entire continental United States, and by 1964, the first frozen burrito was being made and sold. In 1975, Tia Sophia’s in Sante Fe, New Mexico began selling a new burrito invention called the breakfast burrito—although Mexicans had already been placing their Huevos Rancheros in flour tortillas long before their menu item was invented. In 1991, Mcdonalds began to sell breakfast burritos that were filled with American cheese, sausage, eggs, and onions.
How To Observe National Burrito Day
Celebrating this holiday is a straightforward experience. All a person has to do is to find and enjoy some of their favorite burritos. It doesn’t matter if the burritos are the Americanized ones sold by Taco Bell or other fast-food restaurants, or if they’re more like authentic Mexican burritos. It might even be a good day to try to make your own burritos using some of your favorite ingredients. No matter how you celebrate it, however, just be sure to use the hashtag #NationalBurritoDay so everyone can see what marvelous burrito you’re eating for the day.
Where is National Burrito Day celebrated?
There is no specific location where this holiday is celebrated.
Show all 0 locations
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The Superscore is the combination of multiple test results. It is a composite of the best performance from various test dates.
The Superscore provides an opportunity to test takers to improve their performance on the test, by using the highest scores in each section from different test dates. Test takers would be able to demonstrate a better language mastery in sections where, for causes unrelated to the test, they would have performed lower than expected.
As an example, if a test taker scored 57 on the speaking assessment the first time the TECS was taken and 67 the second time. The Superscore would take 67 to average the total performance score, displaying the date the test was taken.
Image 1, first Date Superscore
Image 2, Second Date Superscore
Image 3, Total Superscore
Superscore however, do raise the question of validity. The concern is that retakes could possibly be less credible than an original score and that students would be able to have some sort of leverage over the standardized test procedure and the testing process in general. However, specialists believe that not only could a retake indicate higher academic motivation but also, there is not a vast difference between the Superscore and the GPA and thus “it is markedly clear that allowing a student to select the best score will not significantly jeopardize prediction of GPA” (Roszkowski, Spreat, 2016, P10 ); composite scores seem to render better results.
It seems as though benefits outweigh the drawbacks in terms of Superscore. More universities have implemented this policy because research has shown that composite scores increase after a retake or two. It has been recognized that low motivation can pose a threat to validity. Being able to take standardized tests more than once eases the pressure off students and makes for better tests results in general.
The TECS (Test of English Communication Skills) items rotation would also assure that retakes would not increase their performance as the mere consequence of repetition itself. If the test taker has not increased the communication skills or has not studied or advanced in the mastery of the language, it would also be evident in the test results; and the Superscore would not show any different result than the previous tests.
Image 4, Test 1: October 19, 2017… A1
Image 5, Test 2: November 6, 2019… A2
Image 6, Test 3: November 6, 2019… A2
Traditionally, the process of sending your standardized test scores was simple; take the test and send the results to prospective colleges or universities or comply with a graduation requirement. However, in recent years higher learning institutions have wondered whether this process truly reflects a student’s academic ability. Universities are allowing more flexibility than ever before in terms of standardized test scores. Although the decision to accept the Superscore comes solely from the academic departments at each university, it is a reality that everyday more universities have begun the process of accepting it.
For more information on the super score click here to request the SUPERSCORE White Paper.
Price: USD $25
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health notes Essay
Submitted By lynner67
Words: 1324
Pages: 6
Substance Use and Abuse
1. ___Marijuana is less harmful that tobacco or alcohol.
2. ___ Date rape drugs can be put in any drinks including pop, juice and water.
3. ___ 14% of students reported smoking more than one cigarette during the past 12 months and 9% smoked daily.
4. ___ An illicit drug means one that is a stimulant.
5. ___ Methamphetamine is a drug which decreases ones appetite and may cause strokes, irregular heart beat and respiratory problems.
6. ___ Cocaine is a powerful depressant.
7. ___ Date rape drugs take about 1 hours until the effects are felt.
8. ___ Drugs become more dangerous when they are mixed.
9. ___ If someone passes out from drinking, it is best to let him/her sleep it off.
10. ___ Ecstasy may cause kidney or cardiovascular failure, paralysis or brain damage.
Multiple Choice.
1. A single marijuana joint has the equivalent cancer causing agents of ___ cigarettes. a) 2 b) 5 c) 10 d) 15
2. Alcohol is a type of drug : a) stimulant b) hallucinogen c) club drug d) depressant
3. Inhalants are considered to be a : a) stimulant b) hallucinogen c) club drug d) depressant
4. In Constable Ashkinase's presentation, he talked about methamphetamine. How long does it normally take for people to come back down from the high? (how many days does it normally keep them awake for? ) a) 1 days b) 3 days c) 7 days d) 10 days
5. According to studies, the most common drug used by teens in high school is : a) cigarettes b) marijuana c) alcohol d) methamphetamine
Fill in the Blank :
1. If a pregnant mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy, the alcohol passes directly into the baby's bloodstream through the __________. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome may result causing __________.
2. Binge drinking is when someone drinks more than __ drinks on one occasion.
3. There are many myths about how to help a sober person up. However, the liver eliminates alcohol at a certain rate and needs approximately __ hour(s) to eliminate one standard drink from the body.
4. A street name for rohypnol is _______________.
5. GHB is a date rape drug and club drug. A possible side effect of taking this drug is _________________.
6. Ecstasy is a hallucinogen and stimulant. A possible side effect of taking this drug is _________________.
7. Two ingredients found in a cigarette include ____________ and ______________.
Drug Use : is when someone uses a drug without it interfering with their life.
Drug Abuse: is when someone uses too much of a drug so that it interferes with their school performance, social life, etc
Explain how these terms are different.
Because when you have a drug overdose or a are dependant on a drug, it is considered drug abuse but if you use a drug but can live without it and such, it is considered drug use.
Short Answer:
Identify 3 non-physical negative effects of substance (ab)use.
- marks will often go down in school - get “wrong” type of attention from peers - may lose friends because of the choice you made and it starts to take over your life.
Identify and describe 3 strategies the media uses to attract teens to buy their products.
- music - humour - one of the gang
Identify 3 factors that influence your attitudes toward alcohol, tobacco and other drugs.
-your friends -your family -how you think it wont help you
Healthy Sexuality
__ovulation a. Male sex organ; becomes enlarged and erect when aroused
__sperm b. Surgical removal of foreskin of the penis
__seminal vesicles c. Male sex hormone
__fertilization d. Male reproductive cells
__menstrual cycle e. Sac that contains two testes
__circumcision f. The time from the beginning of one menstrual period to the onset of the next.
__labia g. Two small glands that produce sperm
__uterus h. The process of releasing one mature ovum each month
__fallopian tubes i. A pair of connecting tubes, past the epididymis
__vagina j. The union of a reproductive cell from a male and
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Mine plow
A mine plow (plough in British English) is a tank-mounted device designed to clear a lane through a minefield, allowing other vehicles to follow. Buried land mines are plowed up and pushed outside the tank's track path or tipped over. Since modern anti-tank mines rely on a focused explosion to destroy a tank, they are useless when turned upside-down; as the tank runs over the mine, it will expend its blast down instead of upwards, causing insignificant damage, if any.
Towards the end of the First World War, the French mounted a plow on their Renault FT tank.
The British started work on plow designs in 1937, and a successful design was introduced for the Matilda Mk I tank though it was not used.[1]
The first recorded combat use is by a "Bullshorn" plow on a Churchill tank of the British 79th Armoured Division, on Sword Beach during the Allied invasion of Normandy (this was one of "Hobart's Funnies" specialized vehicles). The "Bullshorn" was just one of various designs of plow that were tested and used by the British.
The mine plow is still in use by many Combat Engineer units. The Royal Engineers have deployed the Trojan to Afghanistan[2] where it is usually fitted with a plow on the front, which enables it to clear mines, either detonating them on contact, or pushing them out of the way to clear a safe channel for following vehicles.
See also
1. Chamberlain & Ellis British and American Tanks of World War II (1969) Arco Publishing. p55
2. "Trojan used for IED clearance"
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As the coronavirus continues to evolve, the scientific and public health focus has been on new variants in which a few mutations make the virus more infectious, or even, it may be, more deadly.
These changes in the virus are all what scientists call point mutations, the substitution of one tiny bit of genetic code for another. Coronaviruses, as a group, are not known to mutate rapidly, but the pandemic caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 means that millions and millions of people are infected by billions and billions of viral particles, offering countless chances for change.
There is, however, another more significant way that coronaviruses change. Individual viral particles exchange larger sections of genetic material, with another virus. If two different kinds of coronavirus inhabit the same cell, the result could be not a new variant, but a new species. Read more…
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Behaviors that adversely affect oral health, Czech! Do you have these behaviors?
Discussion in 'Sony Vaio' started by Ginana, Apr 13, 2021.
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Mar 15, 2021
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Oral health is one of the top concerns. Oral hygiene is generally simple. Just brush your teeth twice a day. Use dental floss regularly. And visit the dentist twice a year But one thing that people tend to overlook in oral and dental health care. As a result, the problem of the mouth and teeth is the behavior that adversely affects oral health. These are unconsciously But what about the behavior that can negatively affect your oral health? This joker123 wallet article has the answers for you.
Behaviors that adversely affect oral health
Drink fruit juice, colorful and beautiful.
Even though a fruit blender that uses colorful ingredients It has nutritional value and is very good for physical health. But if taken into account with your dental health… maybe not, because this super-pigmented food can settle into a hard stain on the tooth surface.
So when you drink a drink or a liquid food with a strong pigment like this, whether it's tea, coffee, or freshly colored fruit juice. We advise you to use a better tube. Your teeth will be exposed to the least amount of this pigment. When I said this Many people might think that If so, drinking water Slice of lemon or lemon added to add flavor and color is probably safer, but actually drinking this style of water. It is considered a behavior that negatively affects oral health as well. Because lime will produce acid that is as long as the enamel layer Can cause teeth erosion
Refusing to brush your teeth before going to bed
If there is any night when you are so tired and unbearable to brush your teeth Do not use dental floss. Or refusing to use mouthwash To take care of the health of teeth and gums and what it is That can be a bad habit. People tend to take more care of their oral hygiene in the morning. Because they want to look their best when going out At night, they tend to forget. Not properly caring for the oral cavity This behavior has a serious impact on oral health. Because it will cause acidity in the mouth Then causing a plaque to come up
If you frequently forget to brush your teeth before going to bed, there is a risk of tooth decay, erosion, gum disease, and staining, so we recommend brushing your teeth every day. At least twice a day, just two minutes of brushing won't cost you much time, right?
Not cleaning or replacing toothbrushes
Please remember that A clean toothbrush can help heal teeth and gums, so after brushing your teeth, you should rinse your toothbrush thoroughly. And should change the toothbrush every three months, or when the bristles are deformed, look unclean, or when you get sick.
If you use an electric toothbrush May need to be cleaned with ultraviolet light This ensures that no bacteria will escape to harm your oral health. Alternatively, use the method of soaking the brush head in mouthwash for 20 minutes.
Postpone a dentist appointment
We know that no one wants to see the dentist. Because most dentists tend to use tools that look scary. And very cruel to the mouth and teeth But you should know that Regular visits to the dentist It will help prevent oral health problems as well.
Going to the dentist only when problems arise. Sometimes it might be too late. Most oral diseases, such as tooth decay, cancer, and gum disease often begin to develop quietly and show symptoms when it has advanced, so it's recommended that you see your dentist to check your oral health and teeth. Better than What is the problem so that you can pay a heavy paycheck to be light?
Brush your teeth after drinking coffee immediately.
We all know how horrible the tea and coffee stains on the teeth look. So we tend to think that brushing our teeth immediately after drinking tea and coffee. Will help prevent those ugly stains Which is fine… But it will hurt your teeth at the same time as these drinks are acidic. So if you clean up immediately Will damage the enamel layer as well
Experts recommend waiting 30 minutes before brushing your teeth to restore the natural pH balance. Or if you really feel like cleaning up, rinse your mouth with clean water. Or a mouthwash with fluoride
Drink a sports drink regularly.
A sports drink can make many athletes feel energized in the blink of an eye. But when it comes to dental health ... This can be a serious threat to your oral health. Since these drinks can be surprisingly high in sugar, they are even more dangerous than regular soft drinks. Which these sugars are factors that can cause tooth decay So if anyone is really passionate about this drink, you should read the label on the bottle first. That there are amounts of sugar that are harmful to the health of your gums and teeth
Drink wine
Did you know that wine is rich in sugar? This puts you at high risk of tooth decay, and many people already know that dessert is a threat to dental health. However, they tend to ignore the sugars in beverages, especially wines. No one would have expected that There are 1.4 grams of sugar in a glass of wine, which gets stuck on the surface of your teeth when you drink it.
Share toothbrushes with other people.
As the world today is full of terrifying contagious diseases. We therefore believe that ... Surely no one would share a toothbrush with other people, even if they're in the same family. If anyone still does not know, then be aware that Our mouths act as a gateway to health. So who, if anyone else shares a toothbrush? Is equal to opening the door for various pathogens to destroy your health.
In addition, in the toothbrush that we are using. It is also a source of bacteria, viruses and fungi. Which can cause many infectious diseases Therefore, do not share your toothbrush with anyone.
Excessive brushing your teeth
Brushing too hard is a common mistake, especially for people who use electric toothbrushes. The consequences include sweating, sensitivity to teeth, inflamed gums, and eroded tooth enamel. If you observe the toothbrush and find that Bristles are bent, not shaped, not out of shape. It means that you brush your teeth too hard.
The solution is to not use force to brush your teeth. You should pay attention to regular and long brushing. Rather than focusing on using force in brushing teeth Remember that brushing your teeth every day is good hygiene. But the best way to remove stubborn stains and limestone is Go to the dentist to help manage it.
Brush your teeth immediately after eating.
This is similar to drinking tea and coffee. You should not brush your teeth right after eating. Because it can cause damage to the teeth. Because the food and beverages we consume today often have a low pH, it makes an acidic environment in the oral cavity.
Therefore, we use a hard brush or exert too much force to brush our teeth. If you do dental work there is a risk of corrosion. It is best to wait 30 to 60 minutes for the oral pH to be normal first. Then gently brush your teeth
Use teeth whitening products
With the fact that anyone would want to have white teeth And nowadays, teeth whitening products can be purchased at most pharmacies. At an affordable price as well So people tend to buy one for themselves without being aware of the danger at all. Please know that Teeth whitening products that are seen are often not of high quality. And may damage the structure of the tooth as well Which, if overused, may cause tooth sensitivity Or the structure of the teeth can be changed forever So if talking about teeth whitening already It's best to seek help from a dentist.
Do not use dental floss.
Dental floss might not seem like a necessity for oral hygiene, but it's actually a very functional way to remove food debris from interdental areas. That's not enough Dental floss also helps prevent dental plaque from forming. That is a serious threat to dental health as well
Removing plaque on a daily basis will help prevent tooth decay and gum disease. There is only one reason why you should not use dental floss. That is when the gums bleed. Which may cause that you do not use dental floss Because if you take care of the gums and teeth as well. Those symptoms will not occur.
Do not clean the bleeding area.
In general, bleeding from the body is an unhealthy sign. Even if there is scurvy as well It is even more important to take care of oral hygiene. Many people tend to avoid cleaning the bleeding area, although you actually need to pay more attention to cleanliness. Many people think that the bleeding is caused by brushing or brushing. Use dental floss When brushing your teeth, you don't touch in that area at all. And the longer it is left, the more bad consequences will follow
This is because bleeding indicates that inflammation from various infections can escalate into a serious problem. If you are unsure of your symptoms Should consult a dentist Should not be left for a long time.
2. Gieyuk
Gieyuk New Member
Aug 26, 2021
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Did you know that your health can also deteriorate seriously because of your mental state? I've heard that stress is the silent killer.
3. Jeserr
Jeserr New Member
Aug 26, 2021
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Stress is indeed a huge factor in a whole slew of health problems that people have to deal with. You should Buy CBD products using Aifory to keep your mental health in check. Their oil and capsules will reinforce your brain and keep you relaxed and ready for anything life can throw at you, so order some.
4. products99
products99 New Member
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Hi, Friends Welcome To the Products99 website I Hope You doing Well I am Back With New Updates in which You Can Check Amazon Upcoming Sale .
5. alfahscenter
alfahscenter New Member
Jun 17, 2021
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سواء كنت تمتلك سيارة تويوتا أو سيارة فاخرة مثل Rolls-Royce ، فهما مشتركان: كلاهما يحتاج إلى خدمات صيانة سيارات في دبي. ومع ذلك ، ما يجعلهم مختلفين هو أنه لا يمكنك اصطحاب Rolls-Royce إلى ورشة سيارات عادية.
فيما يلي بعض مزايا أخذ حيازتك الثمينة إلى مرآب رئيسي في دبي متخصص في السيارات الفاخرة.
فنيو السيارات الفاخرة الخبراء في دبي - يعتمد عمر السيارة وأدائها على السائق وظروف القيادة. فالشخص الذي يسير عبر الطرق من المرجح أن يدمر سيارة أسرع من السائق الحذر. يمكن لميكانيكي BMW المدربين في دبي اكتشاف وتحديد الأجزاء التي تحتاج إلى إصلاح على الفور ، وهذا بدوره يمنع تدمير المحرك أو أجزاء أخرى من السيارة. باستخدام أحدث المعدات المتخصصة والمصممة لنوع سيارتك ، سيضمن هؤلاء الخبراء عودة سيارتك إلى حالة التشغيل الممتازة.
القيادة بأمان - تمثل الظروف الجوية القاسية في المنطقة نوع الطريق الذي قد تضطر أنت وسيارتك إلى المرور به. ستمكنك فحوصات الصيانة التي يقوم بها مرآب لاند رور في دبي من القيادة بأمان والحفاظ على سيارتك في حالة تشغيل ممتازة. علاوة على ذلك ، يمكن لهذا أيضًا أن يوفر لك المال حيث سيتم رصد العيوب قبل أن تصبح خطيرة. وبالتالي ، يمكنك إنقاذ نفسك من الإصلاحات المتكررة باهظة الثمن وإطالة عمر سيارتك.
القيمة مقابل المال - أفضل ميزة لأخذ سيارتك الفاخرة إلى مركز خدمة متخصص فيها هي أنه سيكون لديك قيمة مقابل المال. بصرف النظر عن راحة البال ، ستتمتع بالثقة في معرفة أنه سيتم تحصيل سعر عادل مقابل الإصلاح ، وفي حالة إجراء الاستبدال ، يمكنك التأكد من استخدام قطع غيار أصلية.
هذه ليست سوى بعض مزايا تكليف حيازتك الثمينة لورشة عمل متخصصة في السيارات الفاخرة. سواء كنت بحاجة إلى مركز خدمة سيارات أودي في دبي أو مركز خدمة جاكوار في دبي ، يمكنك أن تطمئن إلى تجربة الرضا.
6. Olio di Cannabidiolo
Olio di Cannabidiolo New Member
Sep 29, 2021
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Facing life as a relaxed person will help you in every aspect, both physical and relational. With constant use of Cannabidiol Oil you can undoubtedly focus on the most important things in your life!
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I had a question about the following chart. What mathematical observation or equation could be made about the data given in respect to the doppler effect? I'm confused if this means that planets are moving at an exponential rate away from us? Would these galaxies appear blue shifted? Thank you in advance for any sort of help.
1. Look up the laboratory wavelengths of the Calcium H and K lines
2. Calculate the redshift implied by the observed wavelengths of the H and K lines. $$ v/c = (\lambda - \lambda_0)/\lambda_0,$$ where $v$ is the implied recession velocity, $c$ is the speed of light, $\lambda$ is the observed wavelength and $\lambda_0$ is the laboratory wavelength.
3. Plot recession velocity versus distance and see what you get.
4. Read about the Hubble redshift-distance relation.
Your Answer
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Copper, the miracle material
You may not realize it, but you’re surrounded by copper. It’s in the wires that lead to your electrical outlets. It’s in the cables that feed your internet through the home, it’s in the cables that give you antenna TV, cable, or satellite. And, of course, you probably have quite a bit of it sitting in a large bucket holding every penny you’ve been given since the mid-2000s.
Copper is something incredibly special, and I haven’t even scratched the surface.
Copper as an conductor of electricity
As I first said in this article, copper conducts electricity better than almost anything else. The only metal more conductive is silver. As I write this, silver is just shy of $16 per ounce, while copper is not quite 16¢ per ounce. It’s 1/100th the price, give or take. That makes copper an incredible value if your goal is conducting electricity.
Of course that’s why copper is used for wiring. The electrical lines in your home are either solid copper or they are twisted strands of solid copper. In a very real sense, the world runs on copper.
Copper as a way to help signals travel
Broadcast signals are a form of electricity. An antenna made of copper would vastly outperform one made of aluminum. Unfortunately as I said here, the benefit wouldn’t last long because copper does oxidize when exposed to air. Copper oxide isn’t anywhere near as good a conductor as bare copper.
Copper is used in coaxial cables in order to help signals travel further. In many cases, a thin coating of copper goes around a steel wire. This still works well because of a property of cables where the actual signal doesn’t penetrate the cable. It sits on the surface, so that’s where the copper goes.
You’ll find copper in practically any cable more than half a millimeter thick. Wires thinner than that are hard to manufacture, with copper, they’re not durable and they don’t give enough benefit over other materials.
Copper as an item of value
Copper has been used for small coins for a very long time. A quick internet search suggests copper currency’s been around since for about 2300 years.
Copper as a material for currency makes sense because it’s a unique color for a metal. It’s also pretty tough but easy to melt and turn into something like a coin.
You might be aware that pennies aren’t made of copper anymore, at least not solid copper. They’re mostly made of zinc, which is cheaper. It’s sad to say but at one point the amount of copper in a penny threatened to be worth more than the penny itself, and I’m told it’s illegal to melt currency to use the metal for its base value.
Copper as a technology
Copper has been used as a toolmaking material for about 5,000 years. By itself, copper is too soft to be used as a tool, but if you mix it with tin you get bronze. Bronze was the first metal to be used extensively for tools. Mix copper with zinc and you get brass, which looks like gold and can be used for decorative items and musical instruments.
The late 19th century saw a rise in copper being used as a building material. Of course everyone knows the Statue of Liberty. If you live in an older city, though, you might be familiar with the mint green roofs you find on older buildings. Copper was used as a roofing and building material because it’s inexpensive, durable, and unlike iron it doesn’t rust. Instead it turns to a pleasant green patina which corrodes away much more slowly.
Copper was used as a pipemaking material — it still is — because it’s easy to shape. But, there’s another side to copper that we’re only really beginning to appreciate at this moment in time.
Copper might just save us again
It’s not clear who figured it out first, but copper saves lives. We know that soldiers in the ancient world would sharpen their bronze swords and rub the shavings into fresh wounds. The wounds healed faster.
Even before the onset of modern viral theory, copper was known for preventing disease. By the early 20th century, door handles and railings were commonly made of brass or bronze because it was known to slow the spread of disease. Chinese healers used it in medicines, and hospitals even used copper alloys in faucets and sinks to prevent infection.
We know now that copper disrupts the process of living cells. It’s capable of destroying bacteria and even viruses. This process is gentle enough that large lifeforms like humans aren’t at risk, but germs can’t stand a chance.
For the last 25 years or so, “new-age” proponents have used copper jewelry to ward off not only germs but also bad vibrations. I can’t speak to whether it works for the second purpose but who knows.
Today there’s a renewed interest in copper, brass, and bronze to prevent viral spread in public areas. It’s not the only thing that will help us, but it makes sense to take a look at copper once more. Brass and bronze fell out of favor because of the development of cheap ways of making stainless steel. It’s funny but because steel “looks” cleaner for a longer time, it replaced the material that actually “was” cleaner.
Oh yeah, paying for this article
If you’ve gotten to the bottom of this article and you were entertained, consider shopping at for copper wiring and plenty of other things. They keep the lights on here and that’s something I’m very grateful for.
About the Author
Stuart Sweet
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ENFB13-300: Entrepreneurial Growth
Most new ventures start small. Although many ventures will remain small, entrepreneurial ventures aim to achieve rapid, sustained growth. Such growth can create problems for owners and managers if the necessary resources, structures and systems are not in place. Also, the challenges of identifying and capitalizing on a high potential opportunity differ significantly from those of growing a newly formed venture. This subject examines the problems and issues faced by entrepreneurs beyond the initial start-up of a new venture. It takes an applied approach to the management of entrepreneurial growth, providing students the opportunity to learn and apply the principles, theories and frameworks to both business cases and real organisations.
Subject details
FacultyBond Business School
Study areas
• Business and Commerce
Subject fees
• Commencing in 2021: $3,890
• Commencing in 2022: $3,950
Learning outcomes
1. Explain the life cycle of a firm, comparing various models of how organisations develop. 2. Describe the typical challenges facing entrepreneurial firms and explain how both continuance and change contribute to these challenges. 3. Explain how resources, organisational design, people and organisational culture can affect the growth of an entrepreneurial firm. 4. Evaluate an entrepreneurial firm in terms of how it is managing its growth and provide recommendations for improvement. 5. Work in small teams to evaluate an entrepreneurial firm and provide recommendations for improvement. 6. Communicate your analysis and recommendations of an entrepreneurial firm in a professional report and presentation.
Enrolment requirements
Requisites: ?
Restrictions: ?
Subject outlines
Subject dates
Standard Offering
Enrolment opens15/11/2020
Semester start18/01/2021
Subject start18/01/2021
Cancellation 1?01/02/2021
Cancellation 2?08/02/2021
Last enrolment31/01/2021
Withdraw – Financial?13/02/2021
Withdraw – Academic?06/03/2021
Teaching census?12/02/2021
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Aluminum/Aluminium • Cars Simplified
Cars Simplified: Everything Automotive Explained
Aluminum/Aluminium
Aluminium, also known as aluminum in The United States of America, is a relatively light weight metal element which is favored for use in sports and racing vehicles, where extra weight reduces vehicle performance. It is usually used where titanium is too expensive of an option, which is typically on larger parts or parts that need to be machined rather than cast. Many modern vehicles are utilizing aluminium to reduce weight, improving fuel efficiency.
Aluminum is a great conductor of electricity. It can be found in some sensors and may be the conductive material in some wires. However, copper is a better conductor and will typically be chosen over aluminum for important electrical circuits.
Heating & Cooling
Aluminum has great thermal transfer properties, and is the material of choice in many temperature transfer systems. It is commonly found in radiators, heater cores, condensers, AC lines, oil pans, and power steering coolers. Making all of these components out of aluminum also helps reduce the vehicle's weight and the cost of manufacturing, versus making them out of most other metals.
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A Patch is a software component that is installed onto a device that modifies files or device settings. Patches are typically done to fix an issue with a device or software solution. Often times, patches are released by vendors to address a critical security bug, or vulnerability.
Purchasing Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) software helps ensure a steady development cycle that includes patches for the software running your business. Just be aware that all software can go end-of-life and end-of-support which means the software developer will no longer issue patches to fix problems. In these situations you need to upgrade to a more current version of hardware or software to continue to receive patches for your IT infrastructure.
Source: NIST
Additional Reading: What Is a Security Patch? What is Vulnerability Management?
Related Terms: Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) Software, End-of-Life and End-of-Support, Software Life Cycle Development
What should SMBs being doing with Patching?
SMBs need someone responsible for software patching across all their devices and software solutions in use. This can be their own staff member or a 3rd party such as your Managed Services Provider (MSP). (Cybersecurity Maturity Model (CMM) Level 2)
Mature SMBs also need a process that guides a repeatable process to follow when a critical risk or vulnerability is identified in order to reduce the threats those risks place on your organization. Having a repeatable and agreed upon process for responding to vulnerabilities is part of any strong cybersecurity program. (CMM Level 3)
The next level of maturity in any cybersecurity program beyond a process for patching vulnerabilities is a process for testing your network for vulnerabilities and missing patches, at risk hardware, and insecure configurations. This is known as vulnerability scanning and is most beneficial for SMB’s that have strong processes for patching and vulnerability management as the next step up the cybersecurity maturity scale. (CMM Level 4)
Most SMBs will never get beyond level 4 on the Cybersecurity Maturity Model relating to patches and vulnerability management. However, just so you know, one way to begin to achieve CMM Level 5 is to deploy a Network Access Control solution that allows or denies devices connecting to your network based upon a real-time assessment of the device to validate patch levels, security hardening of the device, and monitoring agents. Not a strong investment idea for your typical SMB.
To learn more about Patching, watch this short 5 minute video:
Are you doing enough to protect your business?
Sign up with CyberHoot today and sleep better knowing your
employees are cyber trained and on guard!
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You asked: Can contractions get further apart?
Second Stage. This stage begins when you are completely dilated. You will begin pushing, and your contractions will get further apart and feel differently. Most women feel the urge to push if they have not had too much medication.
Do contractions get closer than further apart?
They usually last more than 40 seconds and up to 70 seconds each time. Prelabour contractions are usually further apart, shorter in length (or very long eg. 2 minutes) and can often be erratic.
Can real contractions be inconsistent?
Many women experience what is known as “false” labor pains or Braxton Hicks contractions. These irregular uterine contractions are perfectly normal and generally start during your third trimester of pregnancy.
When labor contractions start how far apart are they?
Early or latent labor
IT IS INTERESTING: Quick Answer: Can you be 7 weeks pregnant and test negative?
Can contractions stop and start again?
Does laying down make contractions worse?
And unlike false labor pains, true contractions do not stop if you move, shift positions, or lay down.
Can lying down stop contractions?
How many contractions should you have in an hour?
Real Contractions
On average, a real contraction lasts from 30 seconds to one minute each. Typically, you’ll start off with four to six contractions in one hour. When you have four to six contractions for two hours in a row, it’s time to call the doctor. Chances are good that you’re in labor!
Are early labor contractions painful?
For you, early contractions may feel quite painless or mild, or they may feel very strong and intense. The pain you feel can also differ from one pregnancy to the next, so if you’ve been in labor before you might experience something quite different this time around.
Why are my contractions not progressing?
There are several reasons why a labor may not progress. These include if the baby’s head is too large for the mother’s pelvis, known as cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD); if contractions are inefficient; and if the baby is in a posterior position with his back facing the mother’s back.
IT IS INTERESTING: Can you get Diastasis Recti while pregnant?
Can you be in early labor for days?
How do you feel 24 hours before labor?
What if my contractions are 5 minutes apart but not painful?
First stage of labour: Early or latent labour phase
How can I tell if Im having a contraction?
What are the signs of labor?
4. Your water breaks.
What is stalled labor?
A stalled labor refers to a period during labor after a good contraction pattern has been established (in other words, you are in “true” labor and your contractions are consistently growing longer, stronger, and closer together) when your contractions space out or stop altogether.
How can I make my contractions start again?
Natural ways to induce labor
1. Get moving. Movement may help start labor. …
3. Try to relax. …
4. Eat something spicy. …
5. Down a little castor oil. …
6. Schedule an acupuncture session. …
7. Ask your doctor to strip your membranes. …
8. Go herbal.
IT IS INTERESTING: How can I force ovulation naturally?
9 months
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Become a superhero? How your body language can alter how you feel
Aeleoscounselling_blog_hero recent article in the New Scientists writer William Lee Adams speculated whether self-confidence can be increased. Self-confidence is something that is often thought to be something one has, or one doesn’t. However, social psychologist Amy Cuddy, would disagree, her TED talk, lecture, currently ranks as the second most viewed TED talk. Speaking of self-confidence, Cuddy recommends standing with your hands on your hip and stretching, to increase self-confidence before any stressful situation, such as a job interview. With her mantra “fake it till you make it”. In fact, there is something to be said for the body language of people, especially those people who are depressed.
Researchers found that people who are depressed tend to hunch, as if threatened. Observing primates in the wild, and in captivity, gives rise to the view that spreading one’s arms out, and making oneself big is a dominant/confident position, and thus this is the origin of Cuddy’s hypothesis.
An interesting point was brought up by the article stating that lower status people, whilst amongst friends or in a work environment are always monitoring the higher ranked individuals, in their group. The research suggests that, because of this constant monitoring, an additional cognitive load makes it difficult for them to stay focused and achieve personal goals. This constant monitoring, in of itself can cause more depression, as goals are not met, or fall short of expectations. Research carried out suggested that more confident people have high levels of testosterone and lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol. It was found that less dominant/depressed people have high levels of cortisone.
Of course, being overconfident can have its downside, a recent radio programme investigating air disasters, stated that because hierarchy is hardly ever challenged, particularly in the work environment, and most notably in airline infrastructure, this in of itself, can cause problems. One of the worst air disasters on record the Tenerife air disaster is such a case. For those who don’t remember the 80s, the crew was asked to go to a holding pattern before landing, the commander took the plane over dangerously high terrain, contrary to the orders from the control tower. It is now considered that if someone had questioned the flight commander, this would not have taken place; this disaster was compounded by dubious instructions from the Spanish air traffic controller.
Clearly, confidence is a complicated issue, too much and problems occur, too little and one can become stressed and thus doesn’t get that killer job one has been looking for.
If you’re worried about your self-confidence, there may be psychotherapy can help.
Eleos Counselling is a counselling organisation offering counselling, in Crawley West Sussex.
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There are a lot of conditions that have very similar names and symptoms. This can become confusing to a person who is experiencing symptoms and are unsure of what condition is causing these symptoms. This can also cause a person to delay treatment which can make complications of the conditions worse. This often happens with two similar gastrointestinal conditions. These two are called irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). They have similar symptoms and affect the same areas of the body, but they are two completely different conditions that should not be confused for the other. Being educated on the differences of these two can help you give your doctor information that will help them easily diagnose you. This will help you get treatment sooner so you can be back on track for a healthy life.
People often confuse IBS and IBD because they both have the word bowel in it. They also both affect the digestive system in a person. One of the key differences between the two is right in the definition of IBD. It is ongoing inflammation of all or part of the digestive tract. IBS on the other hand is an intestinal disorder that causes pain in the stomach, along with gas, diarrhea and constipation. IBD causes inflammation, while IBS does not. Another key difference that is easy to spot is right in the name of both. Inflammatory bowel disease is classified as a disease while irritable bowel syndrome is classified as a condition or a syndrome. There are many different reasons why a person can have IBS, but there is not one main cause. IBD on the other hand can come in different forms, including: Crohn’s disease, indeterminate colitis and ulcerative colitis.
One way to tell the difference between IBD and IBS is by the symptoms that are seen. One symptom that the two do have in common is that they both produce urgency with bowel movements. The other symptoms are quite different. For one, IBS does not cause inflammation of the digestive tract. This is one of the main things that IBD does cause. Other symptoms of IBS include: abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation and cramps. While IBD can cause these symptoms, the symptoms that will set it apart for IBS are: extreme fatigue, joint pain, rectal bleeding, extreme fatigue and eye pain. IBS does not cause any of these symptoms.
It is not known exactly what causes IBS. Experts have put together a list of possible causes and triggers and one of the most common ones is stress. This is another way to tell the difference between IBS and IBD. IBS conditions almost always become worse when a person is experiencing stress compared to a person who is not. IBD on the other hand can flare up in both low-stress and high-stress situations.
Both IBD and IBS are chronic conditions that can happen at the same time. However, the key differences can tell you which one is affecting you the most if you have them at the same time. These differences will also allow you to help your doctor determine whether or not you have IBD or IBS. The goals of treatment and the treatment regimes are very different for both. This is why it is important to know exactly what is affecting you. Educating yourself about both IBD and IBS will help you differentiate between the two and help you get the treatment you need to get back to a normal life without gastrointestinal symptoms.
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Inside the Grand Canyon: The Great Unconformity
Deer Creek Fall, Grand Canyon
Deer Creek Fall, Grand Canyon
Canon EOS-5D Mark III
19 mm
1.6 seconds
ISO 100
When we think of the Grand Canyon we tend to visualize expansive vistas, but it takes getting down to the canyon’s foundation to see how incomplete those notions are. Every day on the river our raft group was treated to an assortment of layered rock, turquoise pools, polished slot canyons, and plunging waterfalls that reminded us of nature’s complexity. More than simply beauty, these little gems helped all of us appreciate the intricate, inexorable processes that formed the Grand Canyon, and that are constantly work across our planet.
Deer Creek Fall lands less than a stone’s throw from the Colorado River. Not only is it pleasing to the eye, Deer Creek Fall provides a great opportunity to understand the some to Grand Canyon’s extremely complex geology. Most of the red rock you see in this image is Tapeats Sandstone, deposited beneath an ancient sea over 500 million years ago. This rock wasn’t exposed until the region was uplifted and carved by the Colorado River, most likely in the last 5 million years (that timing is still subject to debate).
What’s most intriguing to me here is the red granite, an intrusive igneous rock injected beneath the Earth’s surface about 1.7 billion years ago. But near the top of the fall are the discernible layers of sandstone. When we see two types of rock immediately adjacent to each other, it’s easy to forget what that interface represents. In this case we have 1.7 billion year old granite underlying 550 million year-old sandstone. What’s missing is 1.2 billion years of geological history. Dubbed the “Great Unconformity” by early Grand Canyon explorer John Wesley Powell, over a billion years of Earth history was erased by processes we can only infer by observing other geological features nearby, or similar rock deposited elsewhere.
To comprehend how long 1.2 billion years is, and all that could have happened during those missing years, consider erosional (wind and water) and uplift (volcanoes and continental collisions) processes that add or subtract just one foot of elevation every thousand years—a little more than an inch every 100 years. (The San Andreas Fault races along 10 times that fast, at an average of about 12 feet every 100 years.) Do the math—at a foot every thousand years, 1.2 billion years would be long enough for a mountain range the elevation of the Sierra Nevada (14,000 feet) to rise and completely erode to sea level over 40 times.
Just a little perspective for the next time you think your barista is taking too long with your latte.
About this image
Unlikely as it may appear in the arid Grand Canyon landscape, Deer Creek Fall springs like a magic fountain from red sandstone, dropping over 100 feet and scurrying into the nearby Colorado River. The jade green pool beneath the fall, echoing with a jet engine roar and fringed with mist, was a refreshing elixir to our weary band of adventurers.
We pulled up here toward the end of our fourth day of careening through a seemingly endless series of intense rapids (with harmless sounding names like Ruby and Lower Tuna), making the opportunity to recharge in Deer Creek Fall’s cool-but-not-cold pool a welcome respite. Some in the group hiked to the top of the serpentine slot canyon feeding the fall (a story for another day), others danced in a rainbow beneath the fall.
Direct sunlight made photography difficult at first, but by the time I returned from the hike to the top the entire fall was in shade and I went to work. I started on the left side, looking straight up from as close as the spray allowed me. I soon crossed the creek and move a little farther back. When I was done I set down my gear and hopped in the pool beneath the fall for a most welcome shower. We were back on the river a few minutes later, refreshed and giddy about our good fortune to have witnessed this natural marvel up close.
Deer Creek Canyon, Grand Canyon
Deer Creek Canyon, Grand Canyon (above the fall)
7 Comments on “Inside the Grand Canyon: The Great Unconformity
1. Great work, Gary, and fascinating geology lesson. I enjoyed your company on those long car rides on Kauai. Looking forward to coming to Yosemite with you sometime! Cathy Kelly
• Thanks, Cathy. Yeah, Kauai was a blast, wasn’t it. I’m about ready to move on from the Grand Canyon stuff and put up some Kauai images. Would to see you in Yosemite sometime.
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A ladybug-sized sensor monitors heart and lung health in real time
The new sensor partially imitates the functions of the device for an electrocardiogram - it is using electrodes,
which are attached to the body on patches, monitor the condition of the heart: in particular, its rhythm, blood flow and other key indicators of organ health.
The sensor consists of two very thin layerssilicon located at a distance of 270 nanometers from each other - this is a distance equal to 0.005 of the width of a human hair. These silicon layers act as electrodes that carry a slight voltage, which goes into an active state in response to various sounds and vibrations from the wearer's body.
According to the researchers, the device is capable ofseparate useful sounds (for example, heart rate, respiratory rate and the presence or absence of wheezing) from ambient noise and convert them into data sets that allow the user to know their health status in real time.
The sensor is also capable of collecting data onusers ’physical activity - for example, the number of kilometers traveled by them per day - and compare them with data obtained from the heart and lungs to create an overall picture of the user's health.
In the future, the device can be used toidentifying problems with the functioning of the heart valve, as well as lung cancer - due to the characteristic weak crackling sound from the lungs, the authors of the study note.
Previously, a group of engineers learned to spraylarge active electrical interfaces to the wall. Any person can use special software to create a scheme for applying stencils, and then apply them to the wall, painting it through a spray with a conductive compound and paint.
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Ghosts of Stirling Castle
Stirling Castle is located at a cross roads of key north-south and east-west routes through Scotland. It has been attacked 16 times, with three major battlefields nearby. Its turbulent past and involvement in shaping Scotland’s history is rivaled only by Edinburgh Castle.
Stirling Castle has witnessed battles, baptisms, coronations, murders, served as a royal residence and military barracks. The castle's colorful and sometimes violent past has resulted in more than a few spectral spirits that still roam the halls and ramparts.
Stirling Castle
The most famous spirit to call Stirling Castle home is the ghost of the Green Lady. Stirling Castle still serves as home to a garrison and one evening she delayed dinner in the Officer’s Mess when she materialized behind the chef who was preparing the meal for the soldiers. Feeling as though he was being watched, he turned around, only to see her green translucent form standing behind him, at which time he fainted. She simply vanished on this occasion, but her appearances are usually a harbinger of bad things to come. On several occasions her visits have occurred shortly before fires or other mishaps at the castle.
Battlements used to surmount the Governor’s Block in the upper square of the castle. In the 1820s, castle sentries walking their beat along the battlements used to report hearing strange sights and sounds. One night, a sentry on his way to start his guard duty came across the body of the guardsman he was on his way to replace. The guardsman was lying dead at his post, his mouth wide open with a look of sheer horror on his face. Over the next few decades the sentry duty was halted and the battlements dismantled leaving only an angled roof. Alarmingly, in the room directly below, footsteps were still heard walking along the ceiling as though the sentry was still making his rounds. The footsteps were heard on three different occasions, once in 1946 and twice more a decade later, by different officers of the Argyll and Sutherlands. On all three occasions, it was very unnerving when all involved realized there was nowhere for anyone to walk up there with the battlements long gone.
The ghost of a Pink Lady sometimes can be seen leaving the castle and walking to the neighboring Church of the Holy Rude at Ladies’ Rock. This was an elevated location where the ladies of the court would go to watch knights participate in jousting tournaments. Some believe the Pink Lady is the ghost of the sole survivor of Edward I’s siege of the castle in 1304. Having escaped the siege, she keeps returning to the castle to find her slain husband. Though her spirit is seen leaving the castle, not entering.
There is also a male ghost, dressed in a Highland kilt, who can often be seen turning a corner and disappearing through a doorway near the dungeon. A spirit indeed, as the doorway he walks through is a now solid stone wall having been bricked up for decades.
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joebill 2 months ago
Controlling Irrational Thinking
We all worry about things that don't make sense from time to time, but what can you do when these thoughts spiral out of control? Do you ever ask yourself, "Why do bad things always happen to me?" Or when you hear the walls of your house creak a little, do you assume that they're going to crumble down around you at any moment? Negative thoughts and beliefs can cause stress and anxiety. They can also cloud your ability to think and act clearly. Even when we know certain thoughts don't make sense, it can be hard not to feel that they do. That's why it's important to identify and replace unhealthy thoughts with more realistic ones. This way, you'll be able to take control of nearly any situation. Types of irrational thinking You may have irrational or negative thoughts about yourself, others or the world around you once in a while. They may fall into one of these types: Catastrophizing. Dwelling on extreme negative consequences, even when they are very unlikely. Example: "I bet the plane is going to hit major turbulence, or worse, crash." Personalization. Reacting as if certain events or comments are related to you, even when there is no connection. For instance, you may believe that your negative thoughts caused someone to become ill. Or you may think that certain rules were made at work to punish you. Example: "They're having that meeting in order to talk about me." Minimization. Undermining or devaluing something important. This can mean not considering either bad or good aspects of people or circumstances. Example: "My friend's drinking is not really a big deal." Selective awareness. Focusing on only one aspect of a situation and ignoring the context. Example: "It doesn't matter that this bill payment is late, as long as it gets there in the end." Arbitrary judgment. Thinking the worst, despite little or no data. Example: "This headache is probably a brain tumor." Overgeneralization. Applying a blanket judgment to a person or situation. Words like "never" and "always" are clues that you're overgeneralizing. Example: "I always get stuck with the worst assignment." Superstitions. Letting popular beliefs, such as bad luck and death, prey on your fears. Example: "I can't go down that street because there is a black cat in my path." When to seek help If you see yourself falling into one of these "traps," take a step back to think about the facts and look at the situation another way. For instance, maybe your coworkers are meeting about a project you're not involved in. Or perhaps you're in denial about a friend's drinking problem because you're not sure how you can help her. Don't ignore a pattern of distorted thinking. If you often have negative thoughts or if you feel like your daily life is controlled by irrational or unpleasant thoughts, talk to your doctor about it. Recurring irrational or negative thoughts can be a sign of a mental health problem, such as depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder. Medication and psychotherapy can be very effective in treating these conditions.
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How to accelerate metabolism
A person’s metabolism is the rate at which his body burns calories for energy. The metabolic rate depends on many factors, including age, gender, body fat, muscle mass, activity level and genetics. Using the following points, you can set up your body and lead a healthy lifestyle.
Eat at the same time
The body relies on balance and regularity, so it is always better to eat at the same time. Otherwise, if you eat a lot, and then do not eat for a long time, the body can burn calories more slowly and accumulate more fat cells.
Ideally, there should be several small meals or snacks at intervals of 3 or 4 hours.
Eat enough calories
Some people skip meals to lose weight faster. However, this can negatively affect the metabolism. Eating insufficient calories can slow down metabolism, causing the body to conserve energy.
Adult women need from 1600 to 2400 calories per day, depending on their level of physical activity, and men from 2000 to 3000.
Drink green tea
Some studies show that green tea extract can improve fat metabolism.
Green tea can be a good alternative to sweet juices, providing you with plenty of water throughout the day. 1-2 cups a day can be a useful addition to a balanced diet.
Power training
Strength training helps build muscle, which can improve metabolism. Muscle mass has a higher metabolic rate than fat, which means that more energy is required to maintain muscle mass.
The human body naturally loses muscle with age. Regular training with weight can neutralize this effect. They can include weight lifting as well as exercises that use body weight.
Drink enough water
For all body functions to work correctly, a sufficient level of hydration is necessary. Water is needed for optimal metabolism, on which the process of losing weight depends.
One study found that adding 1.5 liters of water to normal daily intake reduced the average weight and body mass index in the group of overweight women aged 18–23 years.
Reduce stress
Stress affects hormone levels, causing the body to produce more cortisol than usual. Cortisol is a hormone that helps regulate appetite. In 2011, scientists discovered abnormal levels of cortisol in people with an eating disorder.
Stress is also closely related to the quality of sleep, on which metabolism depends.
Try high intensity workouts
Like strength training, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) can accelerate metabolism.
HIIT workouts are an alternative to cardio. Such training involves alternating periods of exercise of more or less high intensity. This can be a run for 1 minute, followed by walking for 2 minutes or jumping and walking.
Get enough sleep
If you sleep too little, the body releases the hormone ghrelin, which can cause hunger. But the production of leptin, the hormone responsible for the feeling of satiety, on the contrary, is reduced. A sufficient amount of sleep provides a balance of these hormones, preventing overeating.
Although the correct amount of sleep varies among different people, studies show that adults need at least 7–8 hours a day.
Get enough B vitamins
B vitamins play an important role in metabolic rate. The most important of these are B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin) and B6 (pyridoxine).
B vitamins are found in many foods, including:
• Bananas
• baked potato
• Eggs
• Orange juice
• Peanut butter
• Peas
• Spinach
• Whole Grain Products
If the above changes do not bring benefits, consult a doctor.
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Defund an illustration By: Shane Tolentino
Defund an illustration By: Shane Tolentino
What Does ‘Defund the Police’ Mean to You?
South Side organizers discuss defunding and abolition, and envision ways to reallocate resources to communities
The killings this spring of George Floyd by police in Minneapolis and Breonna Taylor by Louisville police sparked a wave of protests against police brutality across the country. Black and brown activists and their allies are demanding that police be held accountable, and that municipal funding be redirected from police budgets to mental health services, education, and other social programs. Increasingly, there are calls for more investment in these resources for Black and brown communities, as well as for a larger reconsideration of what “safety” means—who the police criminalize and who they protect.
To many in the movement, defunding police means opposing the militarization of the police and rethinking how police are currently used, particularly when addressing the types of crime that advocates argue are results of poverty and racial inequality. Cities including New York City, Los Angeles, Dallas, Austin, Seattle, Portland, and Philadelphia have committed to or adopted forms of defunding. Minneapolis is the sole city that has voted to dismantle its police department entirely, with plans to replace it with a new system of public safety. Often, the word “defund” has been used interchangeably with “abolish,” but they are two distinct ideas. While both are critical of the role of police in society, especially in Black and brown communities, the movement to defund the police calls for reduced police power and police budgets and reinvestment in social services, while still accepting the police as a necessary, if currently oppressive, civic institution. In contrast, the abolition movement ultimately endeavours to create a society in which both the police and systems of mass incarceration cease to exist. Abolition operates on the idea that policing is inherently racist and corrupt, and that police as such can never be trusted to serve Black and brown communities. Abolitionists therefore see defunding police as only a step towards their ultimate goal of making obsolete police and the prison-industrial complex, but not the end in itself.
To get a sense of what the defund and abolition movements mean to South Side community organizers in Chicago, South Side Weekly spoke to four: Vaughn Bryant, Cecilia Butler, Berto Aguayo, and Andrea Ortiz. All of these interviewees believe that police have long targeted Black and brown communities due to racism, which has resulted in the abuse and deaths of people from these communities at the hands of police. They differ in their perspectives on how feasible reform is. Some believe that the police cannot be reformed, and want to abolish both police and prisons. Others think that a traditional police force is still necessary for addressing violent crime, even though they agree that police need to be held accountable for acts of brutality and that more funding should go to social services.
Vaughn Bryant is the executive director of Metropolitan Peace Initiatives, overseeing Communities Partnering 4 Peace, which seeks to reduce violence and gang activity by coordinating with community organizations, Chicago Public Schools, and the Chicago Police Department, providing trauma-informed care and using restorative justice practices.
Cecilia Butler is president of the Washington Park Advisory Council, which plans events in the park, while also seeking to create a space for residents to meet and talk with local police, who hold meetings at the local church.
Berto Aguayo is a 2019 candidate for 15th Ward alderman and the founder of Back of the Yards-based Increase The Peace, which endeavours to address root causes of violence by hosting block parties and advocating for greater resources to be invested in the community.
Andrea Ortiz is a community organizer from the Brighton Park Neighborhood Council campaigning to remove police officers from schools and for the elimination of the city’s gang database.
These interviews have been edited for length and clarity.
What is the problem with policing as we know it, and how can it be changed?
Andrea Ortiz: I think policing is just inherently racist and anti-Black from its very beginning, whether it was the police that were down South and were slave catchers or the police up North that were union busters. I think no amount of training would change that kind of mentality. We do know what works, and that is investing in communities: making sure that folks have a livable wage, not just a minimum wage, [and] that they have accessible housing, access to food, a good quality education. And also taking resources to help address harm and prevent harm from happening, instead of police, who are reacting to harm and furthering trauma; harming the community without really addressing the harm that’s happening due to root causes.
Vaughn Bryant: There’s a lack of trust between the police and the community. I think it’s going to be changed by police knowing the communities they’re policing, the communities knowing the police officers as individuals, as human beings versus police officers. I think that when police make mistakes, that they [should be] able to be held accountable by our legal system. That’ll help, but I think that ensuring the scope of police work is correct and that we don’t send police into situations that are not police matters. Being homeless is not necessarily a crime, and needing mental health services is not a crime. And so we need to make sure police are fighting crime and not issues of poverty.
Berto Aguayo: I’ll give you an example of something that happened. … On Friday [at the Hit the Hood peace march] this sergeant tells me before the march starts that you can’t march on the street and you have to march on the sidewalk. And I said, I don’t know where you are, but that’s not going to happen. We’re marching in the street, whether you like it or not. And she said, no, you cannot put people on the street…. So there was only resistance to a damn peace march. It boggles the mind when you activate community residents [and] then there’s only resistance to it. On Saturday we’re handing out food at a peace food pantry on 47th and Western—hot dogs, produce, ketchup and mustard and Pepsi for people to have a safe, fun night at their house. Out of nowhere, the same police officers that were working against us the day before, they swarmed the place and I thought they were going to kick us out. But no, they come over with camera crews, tripods taking pictures [and] tried to start handing out food. I’m like, yo we not cool with that. Y’all didn’t even contribute to any of this and you were actively working against us yesterday, and now you want to use [us] as promotional material?… It’s got me really upset, and I think that example highlights the problem with policing in the ‘hood as we know it. These folks don’t have relationships with trusted community members. They think that they run everything, that somebody can’t do a peace march or can’t take over a hotspot without their permission and approval. You have to remind them that they work for us and they serve us, instead of the other way around.
Can the police be reformed? Why or why not?
CB: I should hope so. We need [reform]. I’m sure the police can say, “now we watched what happened to George and we didn’t see George doing anything.” You see what happened to George and how the community, the city, the state, the country, the world has reacted to what happened to George. ‘Cause for eight and a half minutes we saw somebody killing somebody! So it’s the truth and we are dealing with it and we’ll never forget it.
BA: You can’t reform culture. You can’t reform what people say when the cameras aren’t there. You can’t reform the groupthink that exists when someone goes into a police department; they’ve been conditioned to think that they are the good guys and our communities are the villains. You just can’t. That’s why I think we need to be creating those healthy communities that don’t need these cops that think they are saving us, because the only people that can save us is ourselves.
VB: I believe police will be reformed. Why? Because I think there’s been elements of great policing that are out there. We have some police here in Chicago that I know personally. My father was a police officer in Detroit. I often tell people every coach I had until I got to high school was a police officer. They’re human beings. And there’s systems—societal, legislative and policy things—that we need to do to help them improve. There’s one thing to train the police, but there’s on-the-job training in this culture and [then there are] ethics that have to be carried out on the job. And all of those things have to be dealt with. I think the other issue is police unions. Oftentimes, they’re going to understandably protect police and their jobs but not to the extent where we lose trust in the police officer of the community. That has gone too far, and has to be addressed.
What does abolishing the police mean to you?
AO: I think when we’re talking about abolishing the police, we’re also talking about the prison industrial system and abolishing prisons as well. [We’re talking about]how inherently racist and anti-Black [these systems are]. Policing, prisons and jails don’t work. [But] I think it’s really hard when you’re talking to people in communities about abolishing police or prisons, because there is a lot of harm or trauma and you need to be making sure that you’re [not] invalidating people’s experiences. Growing up in Brighton Park, there is a lot of gang and gun violence and I lost a lot of friends to gun violence. When we’re [talking about] abolishing police and prisons, people are like, “What about all this harm that’s being caused?” How do we have conversations with folks about what should be in place to make sure that this harm was never caused to begin with? I think that’s always the hardest thing to do when talking about abolishing the police: thinking more holistically about a community that goes beyond police.
BA: For me, it’s not [just] about defunding CPD or abolishing CPD, it’s about funding the ‘hood and creating an environment [with] more of the things that we want [and less of] the things that we don’t want, like violence… then that creates benefits. I believe when everyone’s needs in those communities are met, then we don’t need people patrolling our neighborhoods. But what does that mean? That means reallocating the forty percent of the city’s budget that [currently] goes towards policing, to things that tackle the root of the tree that is violence. If we continue spending money on an ax to cut the branches, the branches are going to keep growing, but if we take that money and reinvest it in the soil and the water that replenishes our communities in the form of housing, the mental health, education, youth employment opportunities, then we don’t need anything else because those needs are being met.
Why do you think people may be resistant to the idea of abolishing or defunding the police? What can be done to address their concerns?
BA: A lot of our community members [have] lived in our violence-ridden neighborhood for so long, they’ve been conditioned to think that safety equals policing. We have to really flip the script and say, look, let’s go to the Gold Coast. Let’s go to all these communities that have abundant resources, that are not as overpoliced as we are. But we got to start talking to the streets and educate our communities about how what we’re asking for is not so far-fetched. But how do we [translate] that language that me, you, and other activists and other folks on Twitter, on Instagram know already? We gotta be able to meet people where they’re at, and educate folks on what [abolishing or defunding] means to a block on 4800 Winchester, or in a neighborhood in Roseland.
Some envision a society where police and prisons would cease to exist, especially if people had the resources they needed, preventing a need to turn to crime. Do you believe this is possible?
VB: I believe in living and operating in the world as it is while trying to create the world that you want to see. And I don’t believe, understanding human nature the way I understand it, that we’ll ever have a time when there is not police. Would it be ideal to be in a society that didn’t require police? Of course. I don’t think that’s far fetched as an ideal. I think the question is, is it realistic and is it wise, given what we know about humans, especially in a capitalistic society? If you’ve done any studying around all of the different economic systems, then you know capitalism creates haves and havenots. This is why you have to have some level of regulation to create a middle class. And both tensions are always going to exist in any structure. There’s no perfect system because humans are imperfect.
CB: No, I’m not for getting rid of them, because if we don’t have them, then what? Right now, people [are] acting buck wild in the street! … Even if it might be minute in certain communities where you wouldn’t expect it, there is one form of crime or another. Now, do we necessarily need a policeman to handle some of that? We probably don’t. Some of that could be a mental problem, but to not be able call 911, let some crime happen on you and see how you feel about it! Not that you want to wish that on anyone, but unless you live with your mother and father and they watch over you, there was always a form of policeman in most homes. They were mother and dad, and someone or both of them kept order. If not the children would be running it, right? So we need them, but who and how, that’s hard to say.
How would crimes such as stalking, robbery, murder, sexual assault, and similar be handled without turning to police?
AO: As someone who’s been sexually assaulted, the police didn’t help me. I think that even if the police were to get involved, I wouldn’t feel peace, just because that harm was already caused to me. When thinking about rape and sexual assault, there has to be a culture shift of [the] male supremacy and patriarchy that we live in, and people feeling entitled to a woman’s body. I’m definitely challenging myself on how these specific harms are addressed.
VB: I don’t think that we will ever live in a society where police aren’t necessary. I think police may be the first people you call, especially when somebody’s safety is being jeopardized. But incarceration may not be the answer. There are plenty of organizations out there that work on both domestic violence and mental health. There are professionals out there trained to deal with those situations. So I think the police have a role, but then also our community, they have a role as well. I think them working hand-in-hand is the answer, not one or the other. It’s more … being able to assess the situation and then make sure that the appropriate resources are being used given the circumstances.
How do you envision the world in the future, assuming the current social movement to end police brutality and police racism is successful?
BA: I envision a world where people have direct pathways into careers and into opportunities for long-term growth, but also where we are tackling the root causes of the issue, so that people in our community have resources that are accessible just the same way they are in healthy communities all around the country, whether that’s Barrington or Lincoln Park. And I think that requires a redistribution of resources. We shouldn’t be scared to say that that’s what should happen. We should be able to say, hey, historically, these communities have been deprived, marginalized, oppressed, and they’ve been exploited. And now the just thing to do is to redistribute resources and reallocate resources equitably so that those communities have a chance.
VB: I think for Black people in particular, it would be great to get to a point where we’re just seen as full Americans and race is not an impediment to our progress as citizens.
✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
Nefertari Bilal is a graduate of Northwestern University with a degree in journalism. She is passionate about issues of race, gender, social justice, and politics as they affect communities of color. This is her first piece for the Weekly.
1. Good interviews that helped illuminate current conditions and other possibilities of safer communities.- redirecting resources from police to other social agencies, community safety officers, and the like.
My strongest sense is that the slavery-built capitalist system has institutionalized a caste system that relies on police violence and prisons.
Relative to prisons- Mr. Bryant’s comments made me think that prison reform is among the most important elements to rethinking the police.
-All prisons do is prepare the incarcerated for more prison time.
-Prisons help the incarcerated internalize that their is something fundamentally wrong and bad about themselves. It is impossible to imagine a future, much less making a future for oneself when you don’t have faith in your own fundamental goodness and intelligence.
-German prison officials from the federal gov’t down. “We are a prison and people here have made failed decisions,” said Nico, a social worker at Jugendanstalt Hameln. “But they are humans.” He said this as young incarcerated men roamed freely behind him going about their daily business.
Prison officials look at the newly incarcerated, seeing that society has failed them in some way helping them to make a poor decision; and they use prison time to help prepare the incarcerated person for life afterwards. Work training, mental health assistance and stimulating intellectual interests, etc.
If we can re-imagine prisons as places to help the individual people who find themselves there, we can re-imagine the violence that we, the privileged majority in this country, have at the very least permitted to be used in our interest.
Finally, here in my relatively privileged, establishment liberal (meaning we only practice ‘soft racism)
as well as throughout the illiberal regions of this country, the language “defund the police” and “abolish prisons” is free advertising for right-wing politicians.
Maybe, “re-think” the police?
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For Elon Musk, the CEO and founder of the commercial spaceflight company SpaceX, mankind's capacity to send humans to Mars is no longer a question. For him, it is about working keeping humans alive on Mars and building a sustainable city on the red planet to help them thrive.
Earlier this year, space and tech mogul discussed the details on how he plans to send humans to Mars during his speech called "Making Mankind a Multiplanetary Species". He revealed how he wanted to harvest the resources available on the planet to make fuel and how his transporter will help send humans into deep space.
But in his recent entry published in New Space Journal, the businessman revealed that he is planning to build a city on Mars with one million colonizers and that it can be achieved in only 50 years.
Like the famous astrophysicist Stephen Hawking, Musk wanted to build a colony away from Earth to save the human race from "doomsday" and extinction. He further discussed that his intent is not only to build an outpost or a pit stop on Mars but an actual sustainable and functioning community.
Building a city on Mars
According to Musk, a fully functional city on the red planet could be established this century. SpaceX is already building an Interplanetary Transport System (ITS) that can send humans to Mars.
The company is planning on sending the spacecraft for its first manned mission in as early as 2023.
Aside from one million people, Musk revealed that he wanted to build a "Mars Colonial Fleet" composed of one thousand cargo ships. These ships will be designed to transport 200 people per journey. The fleet will also be used to carry materials needed to build homes on the red planet.
Discuss this news on Eunomia
Sending one million people to Mars
However, sending a total of one million people to Mars could not be done in this decade. The billionaire said it could take 100 years to fill the city.
“The threshold for a self-sustaining City on Mars or a civilization would be a million people," Elon Musk said in the journal. "If you can only go every two years and if you have 100 people per ship, that is 10,000 trips,"
To complete the number, they should be able to send 100 people per trip.
But will there be enough Martian colonizers, to begin with? Apparently, yes. Even actor and famous environmentalist Leonardo DiCaprio expressed his interest in going to Mars. The SpaceX CEO himself also previously expressed his intent to live and even die on Mars.
Journey of a lifetime
But the journey from Earth to Mars won't be easy and it will definitely take years. This compelled Musk to make the trip really "fun and exciting" for future Martians. He promised to make the journey less cramped and less boring. Based on his journal, there would be compartments designed to be used for zero-gravity games to keep them entertained.
Currently, based on SpaceX' estimate it will cost about $10 billion to send one person to Mars. But Musk is confident that he can lower the price to $100,000. But future Martians should remember that moving to Mars is permanent and it is still a one-way ticket as of today.
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Critical Factor
One of the key word used in hypnosis is the term “Critical Factor”. What is Critical Factor?
It is an imaginary line that separates the conscious mind and unconscious mind. As we know, there is no actual barrier that separates the two mind consciousness. By having this imaginary line, it helps us to know better about hypnosis.
Critical Factor
This is because hypnosis occurs when suggestions bypass the conscious mind and enter into the subconscious mind. The imaginary line or critical factor is like a gate that opens to allow data and information to freely flow into the unconscious mind as well as close to prevent too much data from seeping into the unconscious mind before the processing is done at the conscious level.
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Chun Tae-il: a life of struggle
Submitted by Matthew on 10 September, 2014 - 1:07 Author: Beth Redmond
Chun Tae-il set himself on fire in 1970 at the age of 22, in protest against the cruel and inhumane working conditions imposed on thousands of people in a local garment factory, known as Peace Market in South Korea. He has since been named “the father of democratic trade unionism” in Korea.
Chun was born into poverty, and as a result received no formal education. He spent the majority of his childhood selling newspapers by day and sleeping on the streets by night. He left home on several occasions because his father violently misunderstood Chun’s passion for learning.
Chun convinced himself that he would earn enough money to go to school selling newspapers and shining shoes in the city. In fact, he barely made enough money to buy a bowl of noodles every other day.
From the day he was born, every moment of his life was a struggle for survival — he had never known anything but misery. After his father died, Chun’s guilt over leaving his family overwhelmed him, and he returned to his family home in Seoul. He started working in the local garment factory and dedicated the rest of his life to transforming the working conditions of garment workers in South Korea.
There was a hierarchy of workers in the garment factory, which took years to move up — if you were lucky enough to get work in the first place. The lower ranks, jobs which were mostly occupied by young women and teenagers, had 16-hour working days in rooms with no natural light, so small the workers could not stand up. Workers suffered many and often fatal ailments.
This book captures the desperation of workers in a way that I had not experienced before; people working all day for little, or often no, money just to survive. That’s it, that’s their whole life. Women who had been working in the factories since they were 13 were not even considered good enough to marry, because the conditions have made them so unwell and unfit for bearing children. Often they died within a few years of starting work anyway.
Chun had to quietly organise in his workplace, holding secret meetings in his mother’s living room and producing surveys and bulletins to hand out in the factory.
In his last breath, after dousing himself with petrol and setting himself on fire on a picket line he had organised, Chun was screaming “we are not machines”.
The death of Chun Tae-il reignited the workers’ movement in South Korea, and workers and students began organising demonstrations highlighting labour issues which were reported in the press on a daily basis, something which had never been seen before.
“I hate this era where people have become commodities, where a person’s individuality and basic aspirations are scorned, where the branches of hope are lopped off. I hate a humanity that chooses to degrade itself into a commodity in return for existence.”
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The questions of the volcano: What will happen now in La Palma? Is this eruption going to become active the teide?
For days, Involcan and the National Geographical Institute (IGN), the two scientific agencies that had monitored the island of La Palma, were noticing that the
Is this eruption going to become active the teide?
For days, Involcan and the National Geographical Institute (IGN), the two scientific agencies that had monitored the island of La Palma, were noticing that the seismic process was accelerating, that the earthquakes had become spotlights more and more shallow (20 kilometers, 10, 8, 5, up to only 100 meters the last), so they did not rule out that it could end up on a rash. The eruption of the volcano in La Palma arrived this Sunday at 15.13 Insular Hours. Two fissures, separated about 200 meters, and eight mouths through which lava emerges. A lava that has caused the evacuation of 5,000 people and dozens of destroyed homes.
An impressive and shocking spectacle rarely seen in Spain and that not only arise surprising and unique images, but also an endless question about the magnitude and evolution of volcanic eruption. ¿What will happen now? What risks arise when it erupts a volcano? Can the teide go back?
Nahum Méndez, a graduate in Geology from the University of Granada and author of the book A geologist in trouble. A trip over time to the deepest of the earth, he explains to the world that "is soon to make any prediction, and the next few hours are crucial."
"There are several direct risks in this eruption," says Méndez. "On the one hand, lava pouring, which swepts everything in its path, as unfortunately we have been able to see. Then there is the fall of volcanic ash that can affect breathing and air traffic, especially if the eruption and ashes continue They are distributed more, "he adds.
At the moment, air traffic remains active and 5,000 people have been evacuated, while the authorities expect no more evictions to occur.
In the last hours social networks have been filled with comments in which they wonder if the eruption of the palm volcano can become active to the Teide. Méndez is forceful: "No".
"No, there is no evidence that of wings to this affirmation. There have been recent eruptions (El Hierro, 2011, Teneguía, 1971) and has not entered the Teide eruption. Most volcanic systems are not connected to each other," he explains .
"The main gases that emits a volcano are water vapor, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Regardless of toxicity, which would only occur in very close areas, it can produce asphyxia by occupying these gases the place of air, but again This is a risk located near the volcano, "says this geologist.
The new Volcano de la Palma has issued the atmosphere between 6,000 and 9,000 tons of sulfur dioxide (SO2), according to the first estimate of the Canary Islands Volcanological Institute (Involcan).
The Canary authorities have ensured that they hope to know in 48 hours how long the eruption of the Palma volcano will last. However, Méndez explains that "it is soon to make any kind of prediction, and the next few hours and days will be crucial to know where the eruption is directed."
"The internal heat of the Earth comes mainly from the heat generated during the formation of the Earth and the disintegration of the radioactive elements," explains Méndez.
According to Méndez, no. The geologist explains that global warming has nothing to do with this eruption. "This eruption is only caused by the volcanic nature of the island and the geological context in which it is", concludes.
All the forecasts point to the lava wash will lead to the sea. When this happens, the main thing will be evacuated populated areas, as the Canary Authorities are already carried out, and prevent people from approaching the area as much as the images of lava in contact with water are spectacular and all a phenomenon.
"Water and lava in contact can cause the emission of gases and small explosions by the rapid cooling of lava," says Méndez.
"It's soon to know, but in principle the lava will occupy the places where you are running and filling the lowest areas where you pass and cool."
The Volcanological Institute of Canary Islands doubt that the eruption can change the orography of the palm. "The island has been made of thousands of volcanic eruptions, here what is going to add is a little more layer, the only thing that if the castings come to the sea, the island could extend a few square meters more," he says
"You can make a prediction based on the data we have: Volume of stored magma, rhythm of emission of this lava abroad, and studying how the deformation that has been observed on the island and volcanic activity decreases, for example," he says Méndez.
As explained by the director of the Volcanological Institute of Canary Islands, Nemedio Pérez, the duration of the eruption will depend on the amount of magma that has accumulated in "reservoir" of the volcano. "The bag that can be at three or five kilometers of depth is connected to another bag at 20 or 30 kilometers, so the feedback from which is in more depth over the somera could cause the eruption to lengthen".
The new volcano could contain between 17 and 20 million cubic meters of Magma, according to the data disseminated by the Government of the Canary Islands.
This amount surpasses the 11 million cubic meters initially by technicians, but it supposes less than half of the lava that poured Her Teneguía in 1971: 43 million cubic meters.
Updated Date: 21 September 2021, 15:02
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The two most common types of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Basal cell carcinoma most often affects people with fair skin. It is sometimes characterized by a skin-colored or pink bump that appears on the head, neck, and arms. If left untreated, this can grow into surrounding skin and tissues. Squamous cell carcinoma often looks like a sore. It tends to feel like a firm bump or scaly patch. These commonly appear on the ears, face, neck, arms, chest, and back. This can start to spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. If you find any growths on your skin, come into Essential Dermatology to get checked out by our board-certified dermatologist, Dr. Krathen.
What Causes Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
Exposure to ultraviolet rays (UV) from the sun or from tanning beds causes skin cancer. This happens because exposure to these rays causes damage to DNA in the skin cells. This is a foundation for them to mutate and grow rapidly which forms tumors and growths. Some chemicals can cause skin cancer from frequent exposure. Skin cancer tends to affect certain demographics more, such as people with fair skin, but it also is congenital. If a family member has had skin cancer, then you are more likely to get it in your lifetime.
Symptoms of Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• New growth on the skin
• Pigmented areas that change, grow, or look abnormal
• A growth that bleeds or scabs
Treatments for Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
During a screening with Dr. Krathen, he will want to examine your skin and search for any abnormalities. If an abnormality is found, he may want to do a biopsy to see if it is cancerous. Once he diagnosis the growth and understands how far it has spread, treatment can begin. There are various types of methods to treat these cancers. Most often, surgical excision is used to remove the affected area. He can perform Mohs Surgery when the cancer is on a highly visible area like the face or the cancer is especially aggressive. Other methods are cryotherapy, radiation therapy, electrodesiccation, and topical medications. Dr. Krathen will find the right solution for you based on your symptoms and concerns. He may also suggest some lifestyle changes to prevent cancer from forming again.
Schedule a Consultation
To prevent skin cancer, you should protect your skin from the suns rays and make sure to get regular screenings from a dermatologist. To get started, call our office at (508) 827-2615 or request a consultation by filling out our online form. To book an appointment, schedule your visit as a new patient using our online scheduler or as an existing patient using the Mass General Brigham Patient Gateway.
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Chronic Sinusitis: 10 Questions Answered
More than 30 million Americans suffer from chronic sinusitis. If you’re one of them, you know the pain and discomfort that comes with this condition. Learn more about chronic sinusitis from the following questions and answers. Have questions of your own? A friendly, expert healthcare provider at your local GoHealth Urgent Care center is ready to help you get back to health.
What is chronic sinusitis?
Chronic sinusitis is a long-lasting sinus infection. Behind the bones of the upper face are moist spaces called sinuses. Sinusitis occurs when the tissue lining those cavities—typically filled with air—becomes swollen. The inflammation can trap mucus and air in the sinuses. Beyond pressure and pain, a bacterial infection can develop.
Sinusitis lasting less than four weeks is classified as acute. When it lasts eight to twelve weeks or more, including for months and even years, it is called chronic sinusitis and one should seek treatment at a GoHealth Urgent Care center.
What causes chronic sinusitis?
When people have had a cold or suffer from allergies they may develop chronic sinusitis if the inflammation in their tissue doesn’t go down quickly enough to allow the sinuses to drain. Dust, mold, pollen, or spores inhaled into the nose can trigger inflammation.
Chronic health conditions—like asthma, GERD, HIV, or cystic fibrosis—are linked to increased risk for chronic sinusitis. For individuals with weak immune systems, a fungus may lead to chronic sinusitis.
The shape of an individual’s nasal passages, such as if they are narrower or have a growth, may also prevent normal sinus draining.
What are the symptoms of chronic sinusitis?
Symptoms of chronic sinusitis include
• pressure and pain in the face
• discolored, thick mucus
• congestion or post nasal drip
• difficulty breathing
• lack of energy, fatigue, diminished sleep
• poor mood
• headache
• cough
• fever
• dental pain
• bad breath
• respiratory tract infection
Acute and chronic sinusitis share symptoms. If those symptoms last more than four weeks, sinusitis is considered chronic.
How is chronic sinusitis diagnosed?
For individuals wondering how to know if they have chronic sinusitis, diagnosis can be challenging. Chronic sinusitis can be mistaken for other conditions, like rhinitis, which is the swelling of the mucous membrane of the nose.
Examining the sinuses, nose, and throat may provide a visual confirmation that chronic sinusitis is the cause of pain and pressure. To determine if bacterial chronic sinusitis is present, a healthcare provider can take a culture of the nose to test. A structural blockage, due to the shape of sinus passages, can be explored through additional tests like an MRI of the sinuses. Healthcare providers focused on the ear, nose, and throat or allergies can provide more specialized care.
What are the complications and risks of chronic sinusitis?
Beyond pain and discomfort, chronic sinusitis can make breathing and sleeping difficult, which can negatively impact many areas of someone’s life.
If chronic inflammation damages the olfactory nerve, it can permanently impact the sense of smell, or even cause someone to lose their sense of smell completely.
Other serious complications include loss of vision or skin and bone infections due to a sinus infection spreading. If inflammation spreads to the brain or spinal cord membranes, it can lead to meningitis.
When should someone who has chronic sinusitis see a healthcare provider?
If your chronic sinusitis symptoms include a severe headache, fever, or discharge that looks brown or green, it might be time to make the trip to urgent care. If sinusitis symptoms lasting more than a few days aren’t improving, or are worsening, a visit with a healthcare provider is a smart next step.
Are there home remedies that alleviate the symptoms of chronic sinusitis?
There are things you can do at home to help with the symptoms of chronic sinusitis.
• A humidifier or breathing steam vapors, like in a shower, can provide relief.
• A warm, wet towel placed on the face can alleviate pressure.
• A sinus rinse, bulb syringe, or saline solution, can flush out sinuses.
• Upping fluid intake and getting plenty of sleep aids in recovery.
What are the treatment options for chronic sinusitis?
Chronic sinusitis caused by a bacterial infection requires antibiotics. It may be a longer course of treatment than for an acute case of sinusitis. If a virus causes chronic sinusitis, antibiotics will not be effective. Another prescription option is inhaled steroids, which reduce swelling in the sinus membranes. Oral steroids are more effective for more challenging cases of chronic sinusitis.
An over-the-counter pain relief—acetaminophen or ibuprofen—can help ease both pain and swelling. OTC medicines shouldn’t be taken for more than ten days, so it’s important to talk to a GoHealth Urgent Care provider if symptoms haven’t improved. Decongestants reduce the amount of mucus, but only when label instructions are followed. If taken too long, they can increase congestion.
Uncontrolled allergies are responsible for many cases of chronic sinusitis. Avoiding allergen triggers, using an antihistamine, or considering allergy shots are options to reduce inflammation.
Some individuals consider surgery to make it easier for sinus passages to drain, either by enlarging the passages or removing blockages. Sinuses can be drained, or sinus openings widened. Growths or structural abnormalities can be removed or corrected through surgery.
A combination of home treatments and OTC options, as well as a treatment plan created by a GoHealth Urgent Care provider, can address symptoms and underlying causes of chronic sinusitis. There may not be a cure for chronic sinusitis, but long-term treatment options can help keep symptoms in check.
Can someone prevent chronic sinusitis?
The causes behind chronic sinusitis can provide insights into prevention. Cigarette use, as well as exposure to secondhand smoke or airborne allergens and pollutants, can cause inflammation. Inhaling steam vapor, using a saline solution, and staying hydrated are steps to take, as well.
Does chronic sinusitis ever go away?
If the shape of the nasal passage causes chronic sinusitis, surgery can provide long term relief. Likewise, if an allergy causes it, an allergy shot is a long-term treatment that lessens sensitivity to triggers. Reducing the long-term impact of sinusitis includes reducing inflammation through medication or lifestyle.
We're Here to Help.
Wondering if the pain and pressure you’ve been experiencing is chronic sinusitis? GoHealth Urgent Care centers are staffed seven days a week with experienced, friendly providers ready to answer your questions and help you get back to health.
If you need care today, find your center below:
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Health News and Tips for the Whole Family
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Bread Baking Corner
Useful strengthening dough technique
This slap and fold kneading technique for wet dough takes a little practice, but it’s effective at quickly strengthening dough.
1. Place the dough onto a clean work surface
2. Using wet hands, grab one side of the dough to your left or right with both hands in a pincher type formation
3. Pick up the dough (it’ll hang long in front of you) and slap the long-hanging dough down onto the counter
4. While still holding the dough, stretch it towards your body (the dough slapped to the counter should stick and anchor so the whole mass elongates)
5. Quickly fold the dough nearest your body in the air over the anchored section on the counter (it will fold up into a tight package)
6. Repeat (note that the dough rotates 90° each time you perform these actions to ensure the entire mass is strengthened eventually)
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Numerade Educator
Problem 23 Medium Difficulty
Sketch the region enclosed by the given curves and find its area.
$ y = \sqrt[3]{2x} $ , $ y = \frac{1}{8}x^2 $ , $ 0 \le x \le 6 $
$\frac{47}{3}-\frac{9}{2} \cdot \sqrt[3]{12}$
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Video Transcript
all right. Sketch the region close by those two curves. Um, in this domain ex belongs Cyril and six. But I say this is our ex biplane and our domains zero six. The first function is Ah, the first function is actually white. If we rewrite this disfunction issue B A to X to the power run third. Okay. No, if made joy, you know the X equals zero vicryl zero, but x equal to six. This eco's tio Ah, twelve to the one third. Right. So this is actually a code six. And this car service is, uh, Kong Cave Or call Max. It's a complex upwards. Right? Because if we take Cube on both sides, this will give us two X equal to y cube. And we know actually close to my cube something like this. Right in the second. The second curve here is of wiii coast, while eight packs square is the problem. So we're actually coaches of X equals zero. This goes to zero. So the first intersection of those two points this region X equals six. This is Ah, thirty six over eight. Right before. So it will be night. Were, um Now, Now we're too right. So Ni over too. And we know X equals six. Why, coz to now we're too, which is four point five for fine. Five is greater than this health to the one third Because we know the cube off to four point five is more than twelve, right? Something like here of Les This will be over Nice over to you or a curve. They'Ll look like this is a problem Here is sorry enclosed region. Okay, you know, order to find this point. Ah, Now let's try to find that the other intersection point X x two so x two shoes satisfy both car. In other words, they need to solve this equation. Teo ex ico c o o r. Eight x square And I mean you get a read off this thing. So we take you Cuba three takes three power on both side is so the left side will give us two acts and the rest side is just Ah one nowhere. Aid to the power three time's act square to parse wave, which is X six and I mean no Act two is now zero, so we can cancel one x So this will return. Acts are fine. Eco's Tio go um ico. So what I see too times eight Cute, right? And they know ate you co two two to the power of three. So this is two to the power of ten. Then you can sell for X. You know x two Must Eco's tio to go into the power too Meesh is for Okay. So, Anna, we see that if we want to calculate the area issue, take the integral with respect to X. Since everything is represented backs, you know, provide ais much more information. Say they take the integral with respect acts. I mean, our exit goes from zero to x two and accessories for things I the integral. Just a precursor minus the lower curved upper curve. Here is is a route to acts and minus o r nor occur our lower curve here ease while we're eight X square. Okay, Now let's find Auntie dear to for this. You know, the auntie do it is that this will be on my third eye formula. Think this beer to x for over three times three or four time's too, right? This will be the Aunt Edie derivative offer a route to axe. Why's that? Because if we take the purity about this thing, we bring down for for one third of four over three up front. So this canceled. The coefficient will be one and on and thiss power here He's forward. Three minus one. It will be a third. And by channel they also need two times two. So, actually, you know what? Here you should be too. Is the wide by two if times well half okay. And second term here is just one or twenty four. Three times eight times. Execute right. This is Auntie dear. Give off our aides X square and every value at the boundary for zero. You know, the actual code zero Both Tommy called zero. So we only care of X equal to four actually could sue for rape. Raining. This is eight, which is to the third to the third. So three canceled. It will be too through the forest. And to know fourth day sixteen or four is for times two and four. Cancel with too. So we get to hear the first army six and second term is sixty four for a Q B sixty for over twenty four. Oh, six or over twenty four. You know, we divide by four developed by eight This give us eight, then give us three. So the answer will be sixteen, ten hour, three.
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Table Of Contents
• F# assignment
• What is F#?
• .net developer
• What you need to know about F# ?
• F# basics
• F# installation
• Starting an F# project
• Guideline to help you learn F# fast.
• Which integrated development environment should I use?
• What are some of the uses of F#
• F# programming homework help.
F# assignment
The name F# can be confusing. At first glance, it’s straightforward to assume that it’s a typical typographical error. But in reality, it’s not. It’s a programming language, just like Python or C++. There are a lot of people who have not heard of this computer programming language. It is not like the other programming languages that are taught in many universities. Few universities teach on F# programming. Assignments on F# programming can be very challenging; that is why you need help with F# assignment. We provide f# assignment help to students and also the F#project help. Do not hesitate to contact us.
What is F#?
Probably, there are a lot of questions hovering in your mind? What is this F#? It’s one of the typical questions that anyone can ask. It's human nature to be inquisitive.
F# is a Microsoft visual studio programming language mainly used by.net developers. This software is perfectly designed to help in the creation of business software that is tailored to meet your needs. If you are planning to study – how to use this software, you should know that it’s not a straightforward language. It takes time to master its functionalities. Nonetheless, the effort is worth it. A career as a .net developer is high paying, and the chances of landing a job are high.
Before going into the basics of F# programming, let’s understand more about a .net developer and their roles in a company
.net developer
An analysis of the term .net developer, you will realize that it’s made up of two words .net and developer. .net as it’s known, is a Microsoft Visual framework that is mostly employed by a company to develop some of its software. There are different frameworks, but a .net developer is just one of them. The languages it uses are F#, C# among others.
In light of this, a .net developer is someone who uses this framework to develop the software for an organization. They are not only involved in the prerequisite development, but they are responsible for the continuous development of the software.
What you need to know about F# ?
In this section, we identify some of the general information you need to know about F#. The software was developed as a part of research by Microsoft in 2005. It generally employs the use of functional programming. Perhaps to enlighten you on functional programming in case you forgot, it's a firm of programming where programming is applied by constructing functions. Finally, it’s part of the .net family in Microsoft.
F# basics
Before you can start learning F#, there are some prerequisites that you need to know. First, you must have good experience of programming in languages such as C++. When you knock at our door seeking F# homework help, we will still stress the importance of getting acquainted with the program. It’s necessary if you are to develop and become one of the F# experts.
It has become a norm that when you start learning to program, especially in a new language, your first time should be the hello world. Here we won’t ignore this section.
F# installation
F# is freely available software that you can easily download and install on your PC. It’s highly compatible with windows but can still work on Linux or Mac.
On windows, you do not need to download or install it. It comes installed in Microsoft visual studio 2010 and above. For earlier versions, F# is not preinstalled. You will need to install F#. If both F# and Microsoft Visual Studio are lacking in your PC, simply install the latest Microsoft VisualStudio and you will automatically have F#.
In Linux and any other platform, you will have to ensure that it is installed. In case you find any challenges with installation, our F#online tutors can give you instant help just to ensure that you get started.
Starting an F# project
Now that you have it installed, let’s get our hands dirty. The first step that you will always need to follow every time you want to code with F# is to open a visual studio. A start window will appear. To proceed to F#, you choose to create a new project. Then, choose the console app before clicking in next where you will be prompted to name the project before the project console appears.
“Hello, world.”
We are now at the stage where you have to display the hello world text. As mentioned previously, you haven’t begun programming if you did not start with the hello world programming.
On the console, you can type
let main argv =
printfn “Hello dear World!”
What is going on here? The first line of code is an inbuilt function that you will more likely use for any other code. It implies that the method containing this attribute is the main one. The second line defines a function known as main and contains a variable argv. The third line contains the function printfn and the strings that we want to be displayed. The value 0 at the end informs the interpreter that the above function will always return a zero. F# always expects a value. That is why we use zero in the end.
Well, that should get you started, but there are lots of things you need to learn from there. Certainly, your F# solutions will require a lot more than this. Whatever you learn from here will depend on your hard work and dedication to ensure that you master this software.
Guideline to help you learn F# fast.
Learning anything new can take a substantial amount of time. But you can significantly reduce this by following one major rule in any programming language. Always make learning active. You can’t learn coding by simply reading. Make an effort and type the code in the console and see what it does. Ensure that in the process of coding, you can create your own codes. And finally, never get tired of learning new coding techniques.
Which integrated development environment should I use?
If you are on windows, the issue of IDE is sorted. You only have to use Microsoft visual studio. On Linux, you can also install visual studio or ionide, which serve as good IDE’s.
What are some of the uses of F#
1. The building of scientific models. The models are used to represent a real-life scenario, which can then be simulated.
2. Solving mathematical problems. These are very common from our experience in providing F# programming assignment help.
3. Artificial Intelligence is another field that has caught the attention of most data analysts. Artificial Intelligence analysis can be performed on any software, and F# cannot be excluded.
4. Financiers can also use it to model reports.
5. It can also be used for graphical user interface programming, where it can create apps and games.
Literally speaking, it has all the capabilities of any other high-level programming language.
F# programming homework help.
The main challenge that you might face with an assignment in F# is that there is a likelihood that you might not get help from people around you, given that the software is relatively unknown. But you can get help from professionals like us, who have been in the business for a long time.
No matter how challenging the assignment might be, we will help you secure top grades. We have consistently provided our customers with high-quality F# homework solutions over the years we have been in business. You, too, could benefit from our top-notch services that are available at an affordable cost.
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“Big Buts” are very obnoxious. They are not very flattering or glamorous. Certainly I’ve made more than my share of “Big Buts” during my life so I can speak from experience. No, this column isn’t about large posteriors or losing weight.
“That’s a good idea, but…” “That’s an interesting thought, but…” “Your report was fine, but…” Have you heard any of these statements before? Maybe you were the person saying them! Either way, the “but” in each phrase causes a problem because it cancels out the good things that precede it. When people hear the word “but” in a sentence, it’s telling them to discount whatever came before it and pay attention to what follows. Instead of using the word “but," try using the word “and." As an example: “That’s an interesting thought and here’s something else to think about.”
The word “but” can also cause a problem when it is used to make an excuse for something you didn’t do. For example: “I would have returned your phone call, but…”
This is merely an excuse that communicates either the person or the phone call you should have returned wasn’t important (at least to you).
On the topic of excuses, Bob Carter said “Poor planning on your part does not constitute an emergency for me.” That puts excuses into perspective. It simply says don’t make excuses take action.
We all have the same amount of time in a day. Only deceased people have no time and only those living can say, “I don’t have time.” Does that make sense? Certainly most would answer “no," so let’s stop making excuses for poor use of time or poor planning.
A much better way to handle the earlier example of a missed phone call is to say, “I’m sorry I didn’t call you. I wasn’t watching the time so I didn’t get it done.”
Unlike the first response, this is an honest statement that communicates you’re taking ownership for not returning the call. It sounds better and is definitely more honest.
So when you find yourself using “but” in a way that discounts what others have said, or to make an excuse, change your approach and focus on your words. A simple word like “and” can make such a big difference. If you are using “and” more than “but," keep doing so. Why? Because you’re building connections to the hearts of others.
If you are using ”but” more than “and,” remember that you’re letting it get in the way of your progress and growth. Lose the “Big Buts” because they create barriers which keep us from moving forward to getting where we need to go.
Think about it…
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Is the Loch Ness Monster real? Sightings, pictures, and whether Scotland's famous creature really exists
The big question that Scotland has been puzzling over for hundreds of years.
The 1934 "Surgeon's Photograph" remains hugely famous, although it was ultimately exposed as a fake. Picture: Keystone/Getty Images
After a huge skeleton was discovered on a Scottish beach in the wake of Storm Ciara, many have speculated that it could belong to Scotland’s favourite monster, Nessie.
Photos of the mystery carcass, taken on Balmedie Beach in Aberdeen, emerged after the storm had cleared.
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The Loch Ness monster has been a subject of debate for decades, with countless sightings reported over the years.
The Loch Ness has captured the world's imagination like no other body of water. Picture: Shutterstock
Here’s everything we know for sure about the mythical (?) monster.
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'It's Nessie' - Mystery skeleton washed up on Scots beach leads to speculation i...
Where did the rumours of the Loch Ness Monster start?
While rumours of an enigmatic creature wriggling around in the loch can be traced back all the way to the sixth century, the Loch Ness Monster was brought to global attention in 1933 when an article regarding a “whale-like fish” was published in the Inverness Courier.
Could Nessie be some form of Plesiosaur? Picture: Dan Kitwood/Getty Images
That article acknowledged that "Loch Ness has for generations been credited with being the home of a fearsome-looking monster". This was also where the creature gained the famous - and perhaps rather unfair - title of “monster”.
Where has Nessie been spotted?
Since the famous 1933 account, there have been numerous high-profile investigations into Nessie, often employing advances in technology to try and prove the creature’s existence.
Only a year later, in 1934, came the “Surgeon’s Photograph”, taken by Robert Kenneth Wilson and published in the Daily Mail. It claims to be the first image ever captured of Nessie’s neck and head.
However, later analysis revealed that the scale of the photo was misleading and that the “monster” it depicted would only have been about 2 or 3 feet long. It is now largely agreed to have been an elaborate, and fairly successful hoax.
In 1954, sonar readings taken by a fishing boat showed something large keeping pace with it around 500 feet below the surface.
There have been several attempts to capture video footage of Nessie as well, with the most impressive coming from a lab technician in 2007.
A marine biologist at the Loch Ness centre described it as the best footage he’d seen, although he also suggested the creature in it was likely an otter or a seal.
In 2011, a sonar image was taken of a large object which appeared to be following a boat, although a scientist from the National Oceanography Centre later attested that it was probably a bloom of algae and zooplankton.
Finally, in 2014, Apple Maps appeared to capture the image of a large creature lurking just below the surface of the loch. It appeared to be around 30 metres long and while it has never been definitively identified, some suggested it may just have been the wake of a boat.
What sort of creature could Nessie be?
In 1933, it was pointed out that the creature appeared to bear a striking resemblance to the Plesiosaur – an aquatic dinosaur with a long neck which is thought to have gone extinct around 66 million years ago.
Critics have since pointed out that the Plesiosaur was probably a cold-blooded creature which would not take kindly to the chilly waters of Loch Ness. And, if it was warm-blooded, it would require far more food to sustain it than the loch could provide.
It would also need to surface several times a day for air, which would surely lead to far more sightings - although some have questioned whether it would be able to lift its head out of the water in the first place.
However, some have proposed that Nessie could be a creature which evolved from the Plesiosaur to adapt to its Scottish home, perhaps even gaining the ability to breathe without breaking the surface.
Less exciting theories have ascribed Nessie sightings to various modern animals. Greenland sharks can grow to around 20-feet long and have been known to appear near Scotland. They can survive in fresh water and would happily dine out on the loch’s fish.
However, when a team of scientists from New Zealand tried to document every kind of organism in the loch using DNA samples taken between 2018 and 2019, they found no evidence of Greenland sharks.
They did find evidence of European eels, and concluded that these may account for the majority of sightings.
Did the new skeleton belong to Nessie?
The skeleton which has been taken by some as the most recent “proof” of Nessie’s existence actually washed up some 120 miles away from Loch Ness, although it has been suggested that the creature escaped into the sea only to find itself unable to adapt to its new saltwater environment.
However, the Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme later confirmed that it was in fact the remains of a Minke whale which had originally washed ashore last October and had simply been uncovered by the recent storm.
So the bad news is that they do not prove Loch Ness monster’s existence but the good news is that they don’t prove Nessie is dead either!
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FACT SHEET: Prostate Cancer In The African American Community
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer amongst men in the US. While this terrible disease is not exclusive to any one race; it is, however, more prevalent in black men and so is the death rate from it. One in four men black men will get prostate cancer within their lifetime, that is quite a high number. It is even more alarming when you compare those numbers to other demographics. Only 1 in 7 men of all other races will get prostate cancer. When you think about the fact that black men have twice the risk of being diagnosed than white males, and three times that of Asians, it makes one wonder why these stats are so high.
Once diagnosed with prostate cancer, many black males may ask what they could’ve done differently or what factors led to them being diagnosed. Black men do have nearly 150% greater risk of dying from prostate cancer than any other. That can be a sobering realization when 44% of prostate cancer deaths are from black men which make up only 13% of the population. The bad news is this is mostly due to genetic differences in black men but there is good news. While black men cannot affect the risk of getting prostate cancer they can affect whether they die from it or not.
What Can You Do?
The main reason men die from prostate cancer is due to lack of action and early detection. Before PSA screenings developed in the 90’s, black men diagnosed with prostate cancer died at a rate of nearly 40 percent! However with PSA protocols in place, since the late 90’s the death rate is now down to just 10 percent! You can’t choose your race or your parents, but you can choose to be on top of your health and get screened for prostate cancer once a year once you reach 40. Early detection is the only way you can mitigate the impact this disease has on you. Information is power and with this information, you can indeed survive prostate cancer.
Spread The Word
The easiest way to let others in your circle know is to simply have a candid talk about prostate cancer. There is no room for being “manly” and thinking it will just go away. There is no sense in ignoring screenings, and PSA tests when these tests can be the difference between surviving prostate cancer and dying from it. Early detection is the key to saving your life and being proactive about your health is a best practice that will always benefit you.
If you feel you might have a problem with your prostate that needs the attention of a professional then you need to call Dr. Cornell to schedule a screening. With proper detection from Dr. Cornell, you greatly increase your chances of survival and living a healthy long life. All it takes is to contact our offices and schedule an appointment to get started.
Dr. Robert J. Cornell
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Featured Images
Singing has been described as “a glorified cry”. Babies can cry for hours without getting vocal nodules or damaging their throats. They do, eventually, become exhausted. Why?
In 1974, Dr. Henry Heimlich published his guidelines to help choking victims with his abdominal thrust procedure. Why does it work?
Dancers and athletes work from a tilted pelvis for strength and power. Why?
Fine singing is a beautiful combination of artistry, musicianship, expression, communication, and athleticism. I believe that, while making sound is natural, demands of songs & arias are such that specific information needs to be imparted before attempting complex music with words. I train from the body perspective because bodies contain the same parts but with subtle, individual differences. Helping students to find the proper alignment for efficient use of their “instrument” is very important. Working with that alone usually makes a huge sound difference very fast. It is rather like assembling a clarinet in the right order!
I find that often, in effort to blend in choir, singers cannot find a way to produce more vibrant sound. With basic diaphragmatic breathing, support, and resonance information, a full, ringing tone for choirs is very thrilling. I joke that, if one can sing Wagner, he/she can sing “The Water is Wide” or Mozart arias.
My experience as a singer and voice teacher has afforded me the opportunity to train many choral directors privately because I have done residencies in many high schools in Pennsylvania. The teachers, without fail, are excited by their progress as they fill in their own learning gaps and are eager to use their knowledge with their students. They say, “I didn’t know I could sing like that!” Over and over, I hear, “I have a Master’s Degree in voice and have never sounded like THIS”, “my elementary choir has never sounded so good” and “you should hear my senior chamber singers!”
The basic technique work is natural upon the body and can work very quickly. If singers have past conflicting information, the muscle memory needs to be reset. When it all settles in, singers can sing whatever music about which they are passionate with ease, freedom, joy and beauty. That is when it is fun! But, when a young man first picks up a golf club, he does not immediately head for The Masters Tournament. So, the fundamentals make for perfect practice and fine singing.
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“During severe drought conditions, corn plants, especially those heavily fertilized with nitrogen, can accumulate a chemical called ‘nitrate’,” Evans said. “This chemical can be very harmful to animals, especially cattle, if they eat corn plants or other vegetation containing too much nitrate. Eating plants with too much nitrate can cause damage to red blood cells, resulting in lethargy, miscarriage, and even sudden death.”
Evans also says that many naturally growing plants and weeds in grazing pastures can accumulate nitrate during drought conditions, as well. These plants include many types of grasses and some weeds, which animals might be forced to eat because of limited pasture or hay available as forage for livestock. Evans encourages farmers to test the nitrate levels of their crops and pastures before allowing their animals to eat any of the plants. In addition, Evans suggests that corn plants being harvested early for making silage, which generally contain lower concentrations of nitrate, should be tested for nitrate prior to and after fermentation to determine the concentrations of nitrate being fed to cattle.
“Missouri farmers should definitely contact their local MU Extension offices for help in the preliminary stages of testing the nitrate concentrations in their crops,” Evans said. “MU Extension workers have their boots on the ground all across the state and are truly a valuable resource for farmers who are worried about their crops and livestock.”
Evans says that high nitrate levels in plants are generally not a danger to humans, but only to ruminant animals, such as cattle, which eat very large amounts of plant material daily. To locate the nearest MU Extension office, visit their website at:
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The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature is given each year for animated films. An animated feature is defined by the Academy as a film with a running time of more than 40 minutes in which characters' performances are created using a frame-by-frame technique, a significant number of the major characters are animated, and animation figures in no less than 75 percent of the running time. The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature was first awarded in 2002 for films made in 2001. The entire AMPAS membership has been eligible to choose the winner since the award's inception. If there are sixteen or more films submitted for the category, the winner is voted from a shortlist of five films, which has happened nine times, otherwise there will only be three films on the shortlist. Additionally, eight eligible animated features must have been theatrically released in Los Angeles County within the calendar year for this category to be activated. Animated films can also be nominated for other categories, but have rarely been so, other than in music categories. ''Beauty and the Beast'' (1991) was the first animated film nominated for Best Picture. ''Up'' (2009) and ''Toy Story 3'' (2010) also received Best Picture nominations after the Academy expanded the number of nominees from five to ten. ''Waltz with Bashir'' (2008) is the only animated film ever nominated for Best International Feature Film (though it did not receive a nomination for Best Animated Feature). ''The Nightmare Before Christmas'' (1993), ''Kubo and the Two Strings'' (2016) and ''The Lion King'' (2019) are the only animated films to ever be nominated for Best Visual Effects. Disney and Pixar's ''Toy Story'' is the first and to date only franchise with multiple wins, due to ''Toy Story 3'' (2010) and ''Toy Story 4'' (2019), while ''Wallace & Gromit'' and ''How to Train Your Dragon'' are the most-nominated franchises with three films each.
For much of the Academy Awards' history, AMPAS was resistant to the idea of a regular Oscar for animated features, considering there were simply too few produced to justify such consideration. Instead, the Academy occasionally bestowed special Oscars for exceptional productions, usually for Walt Disney Pictures, such as for ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' in 1938, and the Special Achievement Academy Award for the live action/animated hybrid ''Who Framed Roger Rabbit'' in 1988 and ''Toy Story'' in 1995. In fact, prior to the creation of the award, only one animated film was nominated for Best Picture: 1991's ''Beauty and the Beast'', also by Walt Disney Pictures. By 2001, the rise of sustained competitors to Disney in the feature animated film market, such as DreamWorks Animation (founded by former Disney executive Jeffrey Katzenberg), created an increase of film releases of significant annual number enough for AMPAS to reconsider. The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature was first given out at the 74th Academy Awards, held on March 24, 2002. The Academy included a rule that stated that the award would not be presented in a year in which fewer than eight eligible films opened in theaters. It recently got rid of that rule on April 23, 2019 to make voting for animated films more acceptable. People in the animation industry and fans expressed hope that the prestige from this award and the resulting boost to the box office would encourage the increased production of animated features. Some members and fans have criticized the award, however, saying it is only intended to prevent animated films from having a chance of winning Best Picture. DreamWorks had advertised heavily during the holiday 2001 season for ''Shrek'', but was disappointed when the rumored Best Picture nomination did not materialize, though it was nominated for and ultimately won the inaugural Best Animated Feature award. The criticism surrounding the Best Animated Feature category was particularly prominent at the 81st Academy Awards, in which ''WALL-E'' won the award but was not nominated for Best Picture, despite receiving widespread acclaim from critics and audiences alike and being generally considered to be one of the best films of 2008. This led to controversy over whether the film was deliberately snubbed of such nomination by the Academy. Film critic Peter Travers commented that "If there was ever a time where an animated feature deserved to be nominated for Best Picture, it's ''WALL-E''." However, official Academy Award regulations state that any film nominated for this category can still be nominated for Best Picture. In 2009, when the nominee slots for Best Picture were doubled to ten, ''Up'' was nominated for both Best Animated Feature and Best Picture at the 82nd Academy Awards, the first film to do so since the inception of the Animated Feature category. This feat was repeated the following year by ''Toy Story 3''. From 2010 onward, with the increasing competitiveness of the Animated Feature category, Pixar (a perennial nominee) did not receive nominations for several recent films considering the studio has released films of more mixed critical response and box office receipts, while Pixar's sister studio Disney Animation won their first three awards. In 2010, the Academy enacted a new rule regarding the motion capture technique employed in films such as ''A Christmas Carol'' (2009) and ''The Adventures of Tintin'' (2011), and how they might not be eligible in this category in the future. This rule was possibly made to prevent nominations of live-action films that rely heavily on motion capture, such as ''Avatar'' (2009). 2020 was the first year in which 2 Pixar films were nominated in the same year, with ''Onward'' and ''Soul''.
Winners and nominees
Multiple wins
;2 wins * Brad Bird * Pete Docter * Jonas Rivera * Andrew Stanton * Lee Unkrich
Multiple nominations
;4 nominations * Pete Docter ;3 nominations * Brad Bird * Ron Clements * Dean DeBlois * Travis Knight * Hayao Miyazaki * Rich Moore * Tomm Moore * Chris Sanders ;2 nominations * Wes Anderson * Bonnie Arnold * Chris Buck * Tim Burton * Chris Butler * Sylvain Chomet * Byron Howard * John Lasseter * John Musker * Yoshiaki Nishimura * Jonas Rivera * Clark Spencer * Andrew Stanton * Arianne Sutner * Toshio Suzuki * Lee Unkrich * Chris Williams * Paul Young
Studios with multiple nominations
See also
* List of animation awards * Lists of animated feature films * List of animated feature films nominated for Academy Awards * List of submissions for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature * Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film * Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film * Annie Award for Best Animated Feature * Annie Award for Best Animated Feature — Independent * Producers Guild of America Award for Best Animated Motion Picture * BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film * Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature * Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Animated Film * Saturn Award for Best Animated Film * Japan Media Arts Festival * Animation Kobe * Tokyo Anime Award
External links
Academy Awards Database – AMPAS
Academy Award WInning Feature Films
{{Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Animated Feature Category:Awards for best animated feature film Category:Animation awards Category:Awards established in 2001 Category:History of animation
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Boils & Carbuncles
Boils & Carbuncles
Herbal Treatments
Blisters are usually caused by friction or burns. If the blister isn’t too severe or
painful, try to keep the unbroken skin intact. It provides a natural barrier to bacteria and decreases the risk of infection. Cover the blister with a small bandage to protect it.
If the blister is painful, drain the fluid while leaving the overlying skin intact by following these steps:
Wash your hands and the blister with warm water and soap.
Swab the blister with rubbing alcohol to kill germs.
Use the needle to puncture the blister. Puncture several spots near the blister’s edge. Let the fluid drain, but leave the overlying skin in place.
Apply a natural antibiotic, such as Goldenseal, St. Johnswort,
or Yerba Mansa, and cover with a bandage. (There are several antibiotic ointments that you can make yourself on the Salves & Ointments page.
After several days, use tweezers and scissors that have been sterilized in rubbing alcohol to cut away the dead skin. Apply more antibiotic.
Call your doctor if you see signs of infection around the blister — pus, redness, or increased pain.
Black Eye
The black eye is caused by bleeding beneath the skin around the eye. Sometimes a black eye indicates a more serious injury, even a skull fracture. Although most injuries are not serious, bleeding within the eye, called a hyphema, is serious and can reduce vision and damage the cornea. Follow these steps to take care of a
black eye.
Using gentle pressure, apply ice or a cold pack to the area around the eye for 10 to 15 minutes. Be careful not to press on the eye itself. Apply cold as soon as possible after the injury to reduce swelling.
Be sure there is no blood in the white and colored parts of the eye.
Seek medical attention immediately if you experience vision problems, (such as double vision or blurring), severe pain or bleeding in the eye or from the nose.
Animal Bites – Natural Treatment & Remedies
Animal Bites
Domestic pets cause most animal bites. Dogs are more likely to bite than cats, however, cat bites are more likely to cause infection. Bites from domestic animals that have not been immunized and bites from wild animals carry the risk of rabies. Rabies are more common in raccoons, skunks, bats and foxes. Rabbits, squirrels and other rodents rarely harbor rabies. If you or your child is bitten by an animal, follow these guidelines:
If the bite barely breaks the skin, treat it as a minor wound. Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water. Apply an antibiotic to prevent infection and cover it with a clean bandage. There are three herbs that make great antibiotics and they are also anti-inflammatory. Goldenseal, St. Johnswort, and Yerba Mansa. Apply a poultice or tincture before covering the wound.
Note: There are several antibiotic salves that you can make yourself on the Salves & Ointments page. If the animal has not been vaccinated for rabies, see your doctor immediately.
If the bite is a deep puncture wound or the skin is badly torn and bleeding, apply pressure to stop the bleeding and see your doctor.
If you notice signs of infection such as swelling, redness, increased pain or oozing, see your doctor immediately.
If you suspect the bite was caused by an animal that might harbor rabies — any unprovoked bite from a wild or domestic animal of unknown immunization status — see your doctor immediately.
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- Art Gallery -
In mathematics, the operator norm is a means to measure the "size" of certain linear operators. Formally, it is a norm defined on the space of bounded linear operators between two given normed vector spaces.
Introduction and definition
Given two normed vector spaces V and W (over the same base field, either the real numbers R or the complex numbers C), a linear map A : V → W is continuous if and only if there exists a real number c such that
\( \|Av\| \le c \|v\| \quad \mbox{ for all } v\in V \)
(the norm on the left is the one in W, the norm on the right is the one in V). Intuitively, the continuous operator A never "lengthens" any vector more than by a factor of c. Thus the image of a bounded set under a continuous operator is also bounded. Because of this property, the continuous linear operators are also known as bounded operators. In order to "measure the size" of A, it then seems natural to take the smallest number c such that the above inequality holds for all v in V. In other words, we measure the "size" of A by how much it "lengthens" vectors in the "biggest" case. So we define the operator norm of A as
\( \|A\|_{op} = \min\{c\ge 0 : \|Av\| \le c \|v\| \mbox{ for all } v\in V\} \)
(the minimum exists as the set of all such c is closed, nonempty, and bounded from below).
Every real m-by-n matrix yields a linear map from Rn to Rm. One can put several different norms on these spaces, as explained in the article on norms. Each such choice of norms gives rise to an operator norm and therefore yields a norm on the space of all m-by-n matrices. Examples can be found in the article on matrix norms.
If we specifically choose the Euclidean norm on both Rn and Rm, then we obtain the matrix norm which to a given matrix A assigns the square root of the largest eigenvalue of the matrix A*A (where A* denotes the conjugate transpose of A). This is equivalent to assigning the largest singular value of A.
Passing to a typical infinite dimensional example, consider the sequence space \( l^2 \) defined by
\( l^2 = \{ (a_n)_{n \geq 1}: \; a_n \in \mathbb{C}, \; \sum_n |a_n|^2 < \infty \}.\)
This can be viewed as an infinite dimensional analogue of the Euclidean space Cn. Now take a bounded sequence s = (sn ). The sequence s is an element of the space l ∞, with a norm given by
\( \| s \|_{\infty} = \sup _n |s_n| .\)
Define an operator Ts by simply multiplication:
\( (a_n) \stackrel{T_s}{\longrightarrow} (s_n \cdot a_n) .\)
The operator T s is bounded with operator norm
\( \| T_s\|_{op} = \| s \|_{\infty}.\)
One can extend this discussion directly to the case where l 2 is replaced by a general Lp space with p > 1 and l∞ replaced by L∞.
Equivalent definitions
One can show that the following definitions are all equivalent:
\( \begin{align} \|A\|_{op} &= \inf\{c : \|Av\| \le c\|v\| \mbox{ for all } v\in V\} \\ &= \sup\{\|Av\| : v\in V \mbox{ with }\|v\| \le 1\} \\ &= \sup\{\|Av\| : v\in V \mbox{ with }\|v\| = 1\} \\ &= \sup\left\{\frac{\|Av\|}{\|v\|} : v\in V \mbox{ with }v\ne 0\right\}. \end{align} \)
The operator norm is indeed a norm on the space of all bounded operators between V and W. This means
\( \|A\|_{op} \ge 0 \mbox{ and } \|A\|_{op} = 0 \mbox{ if and only if } A = 0 ,\)
\( \|aA\|_{op} = |a| \|A\|_{op} \quad\mbox{ for every scalar } a ,\)
\( \|A + B\|_{op} \le \|A\|_{op} + \|B\|_{op} .\)
The following inequality is an immediate consequence of the definition:
\( \|Av\| \le \|A\|_{op} \|v\| \quad\mbox{ for every } v\in V .\)
The operator norm is also compatible with the composition, or multiplication, of operators: if V, W and X are three normed spaces over the same base field, and A : V → W and B: W → X are two bounded operators, then
\( \|BA\|_{op} \le \|B\|_{op} \|A\|_{op} .\)
For bounded operators on V, this implies that operator multiplication is jointly continuous.
It follows from the definition that a sequence of operators converge in operator norm means they converge uniformly on bounded sets.
Operators on a Hilbert space
Suppose H is a real or complex Hilbert space. If A : H → H is a bounded linear operator, then we have
\( \|A\|_{op} = \|A^*\|_{op}\)
\( \|A^*A\|_{op} = \|A\|_{op}^2\)
where A* denotes the adjoint operator of A (which in Euclidean Hilbert spaces with the standard inner product corresponds to the conjugate transpose of the matrix A).
In general, the spectral radius of A is bounded above by the operator norm of A:
\( \rho(A) \le \|A\|_{op}.\)
To see why equality may not always hold, consider the Jordan canonical form of a matrix in the finite dimensional case. Because there are non-zero entries on the superdiagonal, equality may be violated. The quasinilpotent operators is one class of such examples. A nonzero quasinilpotent operator A has spectrum {0}. So ρ(A) = 0 while ||A||op > 0.
However, when a matrix N is normal, its Jordan canonical form is diagonal (up to unitary equivalence); this is the spectral theorem. In that case it is easy to see that
\( \rho(N) = \|N\|_{op}.\)
The spectral theorem can be extended to normal operators in general. Therefore the above equality holds for any bounded normal operator N. This formula can sometimes be used to compute the operator norm of a given bounded operator A: define the Hermitian operator H = A*A, determine its spectral radius, and take the square root to obtain the operator norm of A.
The space of bounded operators on H, with the topology induced by operator norm, is not separable. For example, consider the Hilbert space L2[0,1]. For 0 < t ≤ 1, let Ωt be the characteristic function of [0,t], and Pt be the multiplication operator given by Ωt, i.e.
\( P_t (f) = f \cdot \Omega_t .\)
Then each Pt is a bounded operator with operator norm 1 and
\( \| P_t - P_s \|_{op} = 1, \quad \mbox{for all} \quad t \neq s .\)
But {Pt} is an uncountable set. This implies the space of bounded operators on L2[0,1] is not separable, in operator norm. One can compare this with the fact that the sequence space l is not separable.
The set of all bounded operators on a Hilbert space, together with the operator norm and the adjoint operation, yields a C*-algebra.
See also
operator algebra
topologies on the set of operators on a Hilbert space
Conway, John B. (1990), A course in functional analysis, New York: Springer-Verlag, p. 67, ISBN 0-387-97245-5
Mathematics Encyclopedia
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/"
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Nutrition and Exercise
In unit 2, we will address the importance of developing a nutrition and exercise plan from a holistic mindset. The food we eat and the activity we participate in play key roles in determining health, well-being, and longevity. We will analyze daily food intake and exercise habits in an effort to improve overall wellness. CSLOs: CSLO 1: Identify and describe inner resources to strengthen mind-body connections CSLO 2: Compare and contrast unhealthy lifestyle practices based on sound, evidence-based principles of a holistic wellness model. CSLO 3: Define and describe health challenges to the mind-body-spirit and holistic methods to prevent and manage these challenges. Unit 2: Readings Chapter 2: Healthful Nutrition Chapter 3: Exercise Recommendations Invitation to Holistic Health 9781284105483 CSLO 1,2,3 Unit 2: Resources Attached Files: CAM Provider Knowledge.pdf (490.419 KB) HED3200 CH 2 3 online.pptx (1.889 MB) Nutrition and Exercise PowerPoint (attached) Complementary and Alternative Medicine Provider Knowledge Discourse on Holistic Health (attached) CSLO 1,2,3 Unit 2 DQ: Recommended Nutrition and Exercise Guidelines (Graded) Based on My Plate, Dietary Guidelines, and U.S. Dept. of HHS, what are 3 to 5 challenges faced by college students in maintaining a healthy diet and exercise plan. What can be done to address these challenges? **Address specific guidelines for full credit**. Requires 6 short responses including references. CSLO 1,2,3 Unit 2 AS: Nutrition and Exercise Journal Attached Files: HED 3200 U2 AS Instructions (1).docx (75.468 KB) AS Description: Create a 4-day nutrition and exercise journal followed by a 2-page reflection to explore eating and physical activity habits and their role in contributing to a balanced, healthy, lifestyle. AS Instructions: See attached document CSLO 1,2,3 Unit 2 CA: Applying Holistic Health Concepts Journal Make up a Holistic alter-ego for yourself. Give him or her a name, and then describe his or her qualities, looks, strengths, and how he/she goes about living a healthy, well-balanced life. Consider what we have discussed so far in this course and what an ideal picture of health, including all dimensions of wellness, would look and feel like. Journal Requirements: 1) 1.5 – 2 pages, double-spaced, Times New Roman 2) Use of textbook, PowerPoints, Course resources 3) No additional research necessary – use your knowledge, experience, and creativity to create this ideal alter-ego. 4) Must submit on-time; no late submissions will be accepted. CSLO 1,2,3
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In the world of audio technology, things are always changing. Choosing the right earbuds for you seems like a challenge. However, it doesn’t have to be like that. If you can learn the common terms, such as HI-FI and TWS and how the quality of each differs, you can make the right choice when you invest in your earbuds.
What is HI-FI, and Where Did It Originate?
HI-FI is a term that is short for high fidelity in audio market, home audiofiles in reference to the high-end reproduction of sound. HI-FI eliminates the unnecessary noise and distortion that can be commonplace among other audio sources. In the early 1930s, Bell Laboratories began testing with a wide array of recording techniques, hoping to find a better way to record audio for home use. In 1930 and 1931, performances of the Philadelphia Orchestra and Leopold Stokowskiwere were recorded by telephone lines. Harry F. Olsen had test subjects listen to a live orchestra through a hidden variable acoustic filter after World War II. He found out listeners preferred listening as long as the noise or distortion generated by early sound equipment were extracted, or listeners preferred high fidelity reproduction.
After 1948, several innovations lead to the improvement of home audio, including the following:
• Reel to Reel audio tape recording
• 33⅓ rpm Long Play (LP) microgroove vinyl record
• FM radio
• Better amplifier designs
• New loudspeaker designs
The term “high fidelity” was used widely by audio manufacturers who were marketing records and equipment intended to provide better sound reproduction. While some consumers viewed the term as something “fancy and expensive”, many noticed the difference in the sound quality and purchased the new equipment. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, stereophonic equipment created the next wave in home audio. This is where the term “stereo” took over the term of HI-FI for most people. However, for audio enthusiasts, high fidelity continued to refer to highly accurate sound replication.
Bell Laboratories
How is HI-FI Applied to Equipment?
When you listen to music or any other sound, it takes three things to get the sound to your ears-first, a signal source. Second, a way of connecting to the source. Finally, the equipment itself. Modern HI-FI equipment for signal sources transmission was introduced by the 2000s mainly including:
• Digital audio broadcasting (DAB)
• The digital audio tape (DAT)
• HD radios
Some of the modern HI-FI equipment can be digitally connected using:
• TOSLINK cables
• Universal Serial Bus ports (USB)
Some of the modern HI-FI equipment includes:
• Speakers: when you choose speakers to go with your HI-FI system, it is essential to remember that a bigger speaker doesn’t mean a bigger or better sound. When you select your speaker, consider the size of the room, where you are going to position them, and how visible you want them to be.
• Headphones: If you are going to be listening to your music while on the move, a good pair of headphones is essential.
• Amplifiers: The amplifier is the muscle of your sound system. It controls how the volume in your system is going to function. There are different types of amplifiers, including power amps, pre-amps, receivers, and integrated amps.
Ultimately, HI-FI audio equipment is any device that is used to play any audio in excellent quality. The level of sound that comes from these devices is incomparable.
What is TWS?
TWS is a technology that has been moving quickly to the forefront of the technological world. TWS stands for True Wireless Stereo. This is a new technology that allows you to connect two audio devices through Bluetooth, transmitting the Left Channel and the Right Channel separately.
Listening in stereo means that the sound is being reproduced using two channels, each playing a portion of the original sound. This is done in such a way that it creates the illusion of locating the sound in a particular position, offset from each other. This allows the sound to be more accurately imitated as though it were being heard from the original source.
What is the difference between HI-FI earbuds and TWS earbuds?
HI-FI earbuds are often marketed as being wireless, although in actuality, they are not. HI-FI “wireless” earbuds often don’t connect to your music device with a wire, but they still connect to one another with a wire, which is usually where you will see the mic, volume control, and battery. TWS earbuds contain no wire at all. In TWS earbuds, the mic, controls, and battery are built in the earbuds’ housing, instead of being connected through a wire.
Who Should Use TWS Earbuds?
Trying to decide which earbuds to get can be difficult, to make it easier here are some of the situations where TWS earbuds are the better choice:
• Working out: fitness enthusiast and sports athletes love having the freedom to move without catching a cord
• Traveling: Not having to untangle a cord or worry about the cord getting caught up in other things makes traveling more convenient.
There are people whose TWS earbuds might not be the best for, although even those situations typically have a solution.
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• Those who don’t have the discipline to ensure that they charge their earbuds might find themselves without batter. However, many brands on the market have long playing hours and even longer playing times when you have the charging case.
• The people who often find themselves losing their keys and cellphones might not want to purchase the earbuds based on the fact they are small and, therefore, easy to lose. While this can be a deterrent if you choose one place that you will always place your earbuds, you will lessen the chance of losing them.
Pros and Cons
Like with anything in the world, there are pros and cons to choosing a pair of wireless earbuds. The following are things that you should consider when you are in the market for a pair.
• Cost: A good pair of wireless earbuds is going to cost money. While you can pick up cheap earbuds, it is almost always best not to waste your money. One of the biggest reasons you should avoid cheap wireless earbuds is that you want to ensure the ones you buy have a good quality Bluetooth chip and high-density batteries. Neither of these comes cheap, so if your earbuds are exceptionally cheap, the equipment inside them will be too.
• Codecs: Codecs are the compression technologies that are responsible for compressing and decompressing your media files. If your wireless earbuds will only work with SBC, you will be disappointed, as SBC is a basic codec that doesn’t support high-resolution music. If you are an Apple user, you want to ensure that your earbuds will support AAC, though if you are an Android user, you have more flexibility in the higher end codecs, such as aptX and LDAC.
• Battery Life: Many manufacturers of wireless earbuds quote a playing time of between three and five hours, although some models, like the Fusion, have a battery life of up to eight hours, with an additional thirty hours of playback with the charging case.
• Controls: When you choose higher-quality earbuds, they will have control pads or buttons on the earpiece that you can tap to issue commands such as increasing and decreasing the volume, skipping a track, or making a phone call. Some lower models don’t have these controls, which means you need to have your smartphone close at hand.
• Active Noise-Cancelling: Just because you are using wireless earbuds doesn’t mean that you are sacrificing your access to noise-canceling technology. Many wireless earbuds come as noise-canceling, and in many cases, this is better then what you would get with regular earbuds. Many wireless earbuds allow you to change “how” noise-canceling your earbuds are, which means you can make them less noise canceling when safety requires it, such as jogging on a busy road.
• Charging Case: The case that stores and recharges the wireless earbuds are an integral part of the earbud package. If you are going to be carrying the matter with you, you want to ensure that the case is robust enough to stand up to any bumps it might take. The worst thing that could happen is to have a fragile case that ends up broken because it fell out of your pocket.
Why do TWS Earbuds Take the Edge in the Audio Market?
True wireless earbuds are taking over the audio technology market. The freedom to move around without having cords getting tangled and caught on things is a significant selling factor. Another reason that TWS earbuds are taking over the audio world is the versatility they offer. If you are listening to something and want to share it with a friend, you can. And you can share without missing any of what you are listening to. Wireless earbuds allow you and a friend can walk side by side and listen to the same music.
When it comes to listening to music, people will always want the option that gives them the best sound quality. In an ever-changing fast-paced world, it can be hard to keep on top of which options are indeed the best. Choosing the earbuds that are going to be right for you doesn’t have to be complicated. TWS earbuds are diverse enough to meet all of your listening needs.
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Anxiety states
An anxiety state is a state between anxiety and anxiety. It is heavier than anxiety and lighter than anxiety. Anxiety has obvious anxiety, irritability, irritability, irritability, nervousness, restlessness, and sleep. Disorders and some symptoms of autonomic disorders, such as palpitation, palpitations, chest tightness, fatigue, and cold sweats, but these symptoms are generally short in time, may have certain incentives, and are good and bad, and can be relieved by self-regulation.
Clinical manifestations
It can be at any age, and it is more common before the age of 40. The onset can be rapid or slow, and there are often psychological or physical incentives before the illness.
1. Acute anxiety disorder, also known as a panic attack (panic attack). Sudden strong fear, accompanied by autonomic dysfunction is the main manifestation. The patient is suddenly frightened, as the experience of "a disaster is imminent" or "death is approaching" or "loss of self-control", and screams to escape, hide or call for help. It may be accompanied by dyspnea, palpitations, chest pain or discomfort, dizziness, vomiting, sweating, pale complexion, tremor, etc. Each attack lasts for several hours and can occur several times a month. There may be no obvious symptoms in the intermittent period.
2. Chronic anxiety disorder, also known as generalized anxiety or generalized anxiety disorder (Generalized Anxiety) is a kind of fear that one cannot control, does not have a clear object or content, and feels that there is some kind of threat that does not exist, and is nervous A painful experience of restlessness and fear. It is also accompanied by kinesthesia such as tremor, local discomfort such as chest compression, and symptoms of autonomic hyperfunction such as palpitation, rapid breathing, pale complexion, sweating, frequent urination, and urgency.
Panic attacks may occur based on chronic anxiety disorder.
Differential diagnosis
1. Heart disease: chest pain, palpitations, sweating, etc. that occur during a panic attack are easily misdiagnosed as acute myocardial infarction, which can be identified by physical examination, attack time, predisposing factors, and electrocardiogram examination. It is worth noting that mitral valve prolapse can be accompanied by panic attacks.
2. Hyperthyroidism: Anxiety symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism, after treatment, the anxiety symptoms improve with the recovery of thyroid function. Persistent anxiety should be considered a chronic anxiety disorder.
3. Hysteria: Emotional seizures of hysteria are easily confused with panic attacks. The former has a strong emotional color, cries and laughs impermanent, and the mood is changeable; the latter is mainly characterized by strong and uncontrollable anxiety and tension.
4. Depression: often accompanied by anxiety. Depression is mainly characterized by low mood, lack of interest, poor self-perception, low self-evaluation, reduced ability, and negative beliefs. Anxiety disorder is tension and fear caused by foreseeing future misfortune or threats that do not exist.
Psychotherapy means that clinicians establish a good doctor-patient relationship with patients through verbal or non-verbal conversations, and apply relevant psychology and medical knowledge to guide and help patients overcome and correct bad lifestyles, behavior habits, and emotional disorders. Cognitive bias and adaptation issues. Medication and psychotherapy are the two legs to help patients with anxiety disorders recover. Medication is a must-have and is essential; psychotherapy is the icing on the cake and will allow patients to further recover, and it is also very important.
Chen Xiuling. Research on the relationship between English listening comprehension and anxiety and its implications for teaching. "WanFang", 2004
Yuan Xiaohong. Anxiety status survey and nursing countermeasures of patients with esophageal cancer before and after surgery. "Journal of Nursing Science", 2001
Zhong Yuehuan, Chen Anqi, Chen Manhui. The effect of music on the physiology and anxiety of mechanically ventilated patients. "Chinese Journal of Nursing", 2005
Zhou Xiaorong, Liu Meili, Zhao Ling, Gao Chunyan. The effect of progressive muscle relaxation training on the anxiety state of patients with acute myocardial infarction. "VIP", 2003
Wu Yaqing, Yin Huanxin, Zhou Zhaoxia, etc. The effect of psychological care on the rehabilitation of post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety. "CNKI; WanFang", 2008
焦虑状态 焦慮狀態
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A study showed that the non-violent resistance movements had a success rate of 53% – twice as effective and likely to succeed as compared to their violent counterparts.
Written by: Namrata Sharma, Anushka Shah
Non-violent resistance movements hold peaceful civilian action at their heart and helm. Over time, hundreds of non-violent resistance techniques have been identified, a few of which are protests, demonstrations, boycotts, labor strikes, and non-cooperation. A study conducted by Erica Chenoweth et. al. on ‘Why Civil Resistance Works’ explored data on violent and non-violent resistance movements between 1900 and 2006, to understand the strategic effectiveness of these approaches in cases of conflict between state and civilians. The study showed that the non-violent resistance movements had a success rate of 53% – twice as effective and likely to succeed as compared to their violent counterparts.
What is it that makes non-violent resistance movements twice as successful?
First, the size and diversity of a movement directly impacts its success in the long run. Research shows that non-violent resistance movements make people from diverse backgrounds feel more comfortable in joining the movement. This leads to widespread, large-scale participation as well as participation which is representative of society as a whole. Further, movements which are youth-led and women-led are far likelier to be non-violent in nature, and thus, more likely to succeed. The Chenoweth study of non-violent movements over time observed that when movements did achieve a large scale, if this resulted in 3.5% or more of that nation’s population participating, they almost always succeeded.
Second, sustaining a non-violent movement over time is necessary to bring about change. This requires rigorous offline planning, designing long-term implementation strategies and parameters to monitor progress. Most importantly, sustaining a movement requires that people continue to stay non-violent even when the state resorts to violence or pushes them towards violence. Resilience when faced with violence, thus, becomes an important factor in determining the outcome of a non-violent movement.
Third, protests and mass demonstrations while popular non-violent resistance mechanisms, when used in isolation reduce the odds of a movement being successful. A far more likely to succeed resistance movement is one which utilizes a combination of non-violent techniques in the form of both action or inaction. For example, combining protests with a labour strike is likely to be a more successful technique as it directly impacts the economy of a nation. Thus, research tells us, using a blend of different tactics which impact the regime in power are better at ensuring that a movement is not ignored by the state.
Finally, a key factor enabling the success of non-violent resistance movements lies in their ability to change the opinion of and garner support from an individual or a body which otherwise supports the state and whose cooperation the state relies upon in order to function. These individuals or bodies, such as security forces, civil servants, economic bodies etc., are imagined as “pillars of support” to the regime, and “shifting their loyalty” by means of non-violent resistance is crucial to the success of the overall movement.
How do both, the pro or anti-CAA/NRC movements in India, currently perform against the above patterns?
Since December 2019, India has been witness to protests both against and for the government’s proposed implementation of Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) in combination with the NRC (National Register of Citizens). The Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019, provides a means of obtaining Indian citizenship to Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi and Christian religious minorities, who fled persecution from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan before December 2014. The National Register of Citizens (NRC) will be a nationwide registry maintained by the Government of India for the purpose of mapping and identifying Indian citizens through the provision of certain key documents.
Citizen action in support of CAA/NRC began with protests in December 2019. These have since been limited with occasional protests in 2020 such as one in February in Hyderabad or this one in Boston organized by Indian-Americans. Activism around the movement prevails online in the form of social media posts or press articles outlining arguments in support of the act, while various members of the ruling government note the same in public statements and speeches. Elected members of the current administration have made statements that invoke violence, which prevent the pro-movement from being academically labelled non-violent.
The protests against CAA/NRC have been larger in scale and have sustained from December 2019 across various cities and towns in India. The majority of these have been student-led and women-led. The use of art and music has been central to action on the ground, and these offline activities have been accompanied by online momentum in the form of sharing information and explanations about CAA/NRC.
Similar to the pro-CAA/NRC groups, political leaders have made statements against the act. A shooting that took place during the protests has been accused of being orchestrated by a member of a political party in the opposition, however this has not yet been proven. On ground, organizers of the protests have maintained non-violent action, including in instances of violence by the police.
While it is not yet clear how the pro or anti-movement has been able to shift internal loyalties within those on the opposing side, there have been requests in the city of New Delhi of residents asking anti-CAA/NRC protestors to not create inconveniences by blocking roads. Similarly, Anjana Om Kashyap (journalist with the Aaj Taj news channel known for her leaning towards the current administration)) and Murli Manohar Joshi (member of the ruling party) made comments against the act. Further, while there has been effort around legislative action and economic strikes beyond the protests on the anti side, how targeted or sustainable these are remains to be seen.
For any of the current movements, pro or anti CAA/NRC, it’s important for participants, organizers, and authorities to communicate and share concerns. Dialogue and negotiation between competing demands and incentives on all sides, for and against, is vital for an eventual resolution.
As part of a recent survey conducted by Civic Studios to better understand thoughts and demands of citizens both for and against CAA/NRC, citizens were asked to write-in any questions they may have for the government, the police, and anti or pro CAA-NRC groups. Data from 1500 respondents was included, and some of the key questions citizens had for the government, police, and both pro/anti CAA/NRC groups have been included below:
• “Will all previous id proofs like passport, aadhar, pan card, voter card stand null and void?”
• “How can we stop legitimizing police brutality?”
• “If the government claims people opposing are misguided, then why doesn’t it send it’s representatives (or the Home Minister himself) to areas of protest such as Shaheen Bagh?”
• “Why not focus on education people (about CAA-NRC) rather than protesting?”
• “If CAA/NRC have not been implemented, why protest?”
• “How can I as an NRI contribute to stopping the violence?”
• “Want more information from policy makers instead of news channels, along with financial analysts of the implications of this act.”
• “How are we supposed to continue to believe the police exist to protect citizens’ narrative?
• “Who allowed the government to alter the constitution?”
• “Why doesn’t the government give more press conferences and answer the questions from journalists?”
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Unit Converter
Conversion formula
1 hr = 60 min
To convert 209 hours into minutes we have to multiply 209 by the conversion factor in order to get the time amount from hours to minutes. We can also form a simple proportion to calculate the result:
1 hr → 60 min
209 hr → T(min)
Solve the above proportion to obtain the time T in minutes:
T(min) = 209 hr × 60 min
T(min) = 12540 min
The final result is:
209 hr → 12540 min
We conclude that 209 hours is equivalent to 12540 minutes:
209 hours = 12540 minutes
Alternative conversion
We can also convert by utilizing the inverse value of the conversion factor. In this case 1 minute is equal to 7.9744816586922E-5 × 209 hours.
Another way is saying that 209 hours is equal to 1 ÷ 7.9744816586922E-5 minutes.
Approximate result
For practical purposes we can round our final result to an approximate numerical value. We can say that two hundred nine hours is approximately twelve thousand five hundred forty minutes:
209 hr ≅ 12540 min
An alternative is also that one minute is approximately zero times two hundred nine hours.
Conversion table
hours to minutes chart
hours (hr) minutes (min)
210 hours 12600 minutes
211 hours 12660 minutes
212 hours 12720 minutes
213 hours 12780 minutes
214 hours 12840 minutes
215 hours 12900 minutes
216 hours 12960 minutes
217 hours 13020 minutes
218 hours 13080 minutes
219 hours 13140 minutes
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Massacre in Semlin
Peter the Hermit departed Cologne with his following on around 20 April. He had a much larger following than Walter and it grew bigger as he passed through villages along the Danube River. By the time Peter arrived in Oedenburg, the gateway into Hungary, his force numbered more than 20,000 pilgrims. King Coloman must have forgiven the first wave of crusaders for the trouble they caused in Semlin, or else news of their attempted theft did not reach him. He granted Peter and his followers’ food, other supplies and safe passage through his kingdom on condition they would not pillage and commit murder.
All went well until they entered Semlin. Steven Runciman credited Peter the Hermit as being a genuinely pious and humble man; he sought to build friendly relations with the kings and bishops of Europe because he wanted safe passage for himself and for his followers. He did not, according to Runciman, want his followers to pillage and murder their way through the various villages. Unfortunately, in Semlin dispute over the sale of a pair of shoes escalated into a pitched battle in which Geoffrey Burel, a knight led an attack on the town, killing four thousand Hungarians.
Albert, a chronicler of the First Crusade, painted a much different picture of the events that transpired in Semlin. Word of what the Hungarians had done to several of Walter’s men, reached Peter at Oedenburg, but Peter refused to believe that fellow Christians would do such a thing to their own men until he “saw hanging from the walls the arms and spoils of the sixteen companions of Walter who had stayed behind a short time before, and whom the Hungarians had treacherously presumed to rob.” At the site of their clothes and arms, Peter “urged his companions to avenge their wrongs.”
They raised their banners high and attacked the Hungarians, letting loose a hail of arrows from their bows. The Hungarians, completely caught off guard and unprepared for battle, gathered their strongest knights — who numbered about seven thousand — but they were quickly overwhelmed by Peter’s far more numerical force. Four thousand Hungarians were massacred in that pitched battle, while Albert wrote, only one hundred pilgrims perished.
After their quick victory, Peter and his followers remained in the city for a few days where they gathered enough grain, sheep, cattle, horses and wine to feed and supply the entire army. Then Peter learnt that King Soloman was marching on Semlin with an army to avenge his slain people. Taking all their newly acquired supplies, Peter hastened with his followers to the Save River, but they found very few boats to carry them safely across the river. On the other side, Nicetas ordered his Pecheneg mercenaries to restrict the crusaders’ crossing to one area. Desperate to get away from the Hungarian king’s army, the crusaders repelled the Pecheneg mercenaries; they sank the boats that carried Pechenegs and slay those who had not drowned. Very few of Nicetas’ mercenaries escaped the wrath of Peter and his pilgrims. Furious and unstoppable, the crusaders descended upon Belgrade, a prosperous city in Bulgaria. There, they found the city abandoned. The townspeople, after undoubtedly hearing about the brutal massacre in Semlin, fled the city. They were wise to do that, for many–if not most–of them would have been slaughtered. Peter and his followers pillaged the city and then razed
The People’s Crusade
Nevertheless, Peter had amassed a great following. Historians estimate that his following was anywhere between 20,000 and 30,000 people, large enough to be considered an army. Today, Peter the Hermit’s expedition is widely known as the People’s Crusade.
The biggest challenge Peter faced with leading such a large army was how he was going to keep them all well fed throughout the entire journey. There were very few districts in Europe that had enough food to feed such a large group of pilgrims, so the only way he was going to keep them fed was to keep them moving. Though, the district of Cologne lay strategically near the Rhine River so the land in that area was more fertile. Peter assumed that the townspeople of Cologne would have enough food to feed him and his following. That was probably why he decided to stay there for a number of days. He also wanted to preach to the Germans with the intent to recruit more nobles to his crusade.
Peter was successful: the German nobles, Count Hugh of Tubingen, Count Henry of Schwarzenberg, Walter of Tech, Count Emich of Lusingen, Gottchalk and the three sons of the count of Zimmern, all inspired by Peter’s preaching, made their crusader vows.
However, not everyone left Cologne when Peter left. Walter Sans Avoir grew impatient and so he left Cologne, taking a few thousand of Peter’s followers with him, all of them probably knights. They marched alongside the great Rhine and Neckar rivers, then down the Danube, arriving in Hungary in early May of 1096. “When his (Walter’s) intention and the reason for his taking this journey became known to Lord Coloman, most Christian king of Hungary, he was kindly received and was given peaceful transit across the entire realm, with permission to trade. And so without giving offence, and without being attacked, he set out even to Belgrade a Bulgarian city, passing over to MaleviUa, where the realm of the kingdom of Hungary ends. Thence he peacefully crossed the Morava (Save) river,” wrote Albert, a chronicler of the First Crusade.
The moment they set foot in Semlin, discipline in Walter’s small army of crusaders disintegrated. As sixteen men attempted to rob a bazaar, they were caught in the act by the Hungarians. They were consequently stripped of all their arms and clothes and sent across the Save river naked. The Hungarians hung their clothes on the town wall as a warning to all.
Conditions for the crusaders deteriorated even more once they entered Belgrade. Since it was mid spring, the harvest had not yet been gathered, so the townspeople could not feed Walter’s army. They were probably just as suspicious of these foreigners as was their king and his military commanders. In any case, they forbade the sale of anything to Walter and the crusaders. Furious, Walter and his troops pillaged the countryside, stealing herds of cattle and sheep. In the process, the crusaders got separated from each other, so when the Bulgarians counter-attacked, they were quickly scattered and many of Walter’s men were massacred.
Walter fled with what remained of his army to Nish. “There he found the duke and prince of the land and reported to him the injury and damage which had been done him. From the duke he obtained justice for all; nay, more, in reconciliation the duke bestowed upon him arms and money, and the same lord of the land gave him peaceful conduct through the cities of Bulgaria, Sofia, Philippopolis, and Adrianople, and also license to trade.” They arrived at the gates of Constantinople in the middle of July and were received well by the Emperor Alexius. There, they waited for the arrival of Peter the Hermit and his much larger force.
Bernard of Clairvaux: Preacher of the Second Crusade
This is a guest article by Kathryn Helstrom.
Peter the Hermit: Charismatic Preacher
Everyone who filled the field in Clermont on that crisp day in late November made the vow to save Byzantium and restore Jerusalem to Christian rule. But how, in a time when there was no such thing as TV, computers, internet or printing press, and no advocacy for mass literacy, did Urban’s cry for Holy War travel so far so fast?
The people went home and told their families’ what their beloved Pope had just commanded them to do. Hence, Urban’s message was spread via word of mouth. However, there was one man who would help Urban spread the message far and wide: Peter the Hermit.
There is very little known about Peter’s background, so there is some historical debate as to whether he was born into nobility or poverty. According to Barbara Hutton, a scholar of the past, Peter once served as a soldier under Eustace de Bouillon, father of Godfrey de Bouillon. Peter married a lady of rank, but did not love her, so he chose to live his life in solidarity confinement as a means to end the marriage. Daniel Goodsell, on the other hand, suggested that Peter came from a poor family.
Regardless of Peter’s background, he possessed enough passion, imagination, reverence and charisma to move mountains. “He was small in stature and his external appearance contemptible,” William of Tyre wrote: Peter the Hermit wore a woolen tunic that had no sleeves and a coarse brown tunic overtop. He lived only on fish and wine, and traveled from village to village on top of a mule. However, “greater valor ruled in his slight frame. For he was sharp witted, his glance was bright and captivating, and he spoke with ease and eloquence.”
Historians of an earlier age believed that it was Peter the Hermit who prompted and inspired Pope Urban to initiate the First Crusade. Historians of today, though, have disregarded this belief, choosing instead to believe that it was Pope Urban who was the sole initiator of the First Crusade. Even though Urban was the perpetrator of this momentous historical event, Peter the Hermit’s involvement in the preaching of the Holy War should not be undermined.
It is quite possible that he travelled throughout France and preached Holy War prior to Urban’s speech at Clermont. Regardless, two things are for certain: whether Peter preached the crusade before Clermont or not, Pope Urban did sanction him to spread the message and Peter appealed to the commoners. He travelled on his mule from village to village, preaching Holy War, mimicking Urban in style and charisma. The reason he appealed so strongly to the commoners was because he addressed their needs. If they should take up the cross, God would forgive all their sins and bless them. Those who should die on the road to Jerusalem would look forward to spending the rest of eternity with Christ in Heaven. Those who should survive would reap the rewards, for the land in the east ran with milk and honey. That was what Peter probably told them anyway.
The people believed Peter because they wanted some kind of relief. Life in eleventh-century Europe wasn’t kind to peasants and laymen. The famine of 1094-5 left them starving and, possibly in some cases, on the brink of death. To make matters worse, the commoners were constantly caught in the cross-fire of warring lords; their lords were unable (or unwilling) to protect them. Thus, the Holy War provided them with a one-way ticket out of Europe.
To the commoners, Peter was the embodiment of true Christianity: he gave liberally, kept nothing for himself and took great pleasure in abstinence. He even mended broken marriages, restoring husbands to their wives. Given everything Peter did, it’s no wonder why people rallied to his side and took the cross. They even inspired family, relatives, friends and acquaintances to join them just as their wealthier counterparts had done. The message spread fast until every corner of Europe heard the call to Holy War and responded to it.
Pope Urban Sets The Crusading Era in Motion
Pope Urban II was the man who set the crusading era in motion. However, did he truly expect peasants and labourers to take up the cross and fight the Muslims alongside the most wealthy, powerful Lords of the land, and other highly skilled soldiers? Many historians maintain the belief that Pope Urban did in fact urge everyone, regardless of rank, to take part in the crusade. Urban’s very words as recorded by Robert the Monk: ‘And we do not command or advise that the old or feeble, or those unfit for bearing arms, undertake this journey; nor ought women to set out at all, without their husbands or brothers or legal guardians. For such are more of a hindrance than aid, more of a burden than advantage…’ implies that Pope Urban addressed only the aristocracy and knightly class to make the armed pilgrimage. Though, Robert’s account was written in around 1116, twenty-one years after Urban’s speech at Clermont.
Regardless of Pope Urban’s real intentions, he inspired tens of thousands of men, women and even children to take up the cross. Peace reigned and every human mind, how great or simple, was renewed with passion, hope and a sense of purpose. Everywhere, knights’ and princes’ swords were blessed by their priests with these words: “Take this sword and these arms in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost! May they and it serve you in this good cause, but never may they shed innocent blood!”
Entire families abandoned their professions so they could prepare for the long journey to the Holy Land. “The Welshman left his Hunting, the Dane his drinking party, and the Norwegian his raw fish–all eager to join the expedition to the Holy Land,” said William of Malmesburry.
One reason why Urban had managed to gain tremendous support from kings, nobles and peasants was because his speech addressed the mentality of the time. Eleventh century Christianity was extremely black and white. King, noble and peasant alike lived in perpetual fear of sin. They were surrounded by sin. Failure to repent would lead to an eternity of excruciating suffering. But repentance lead to the promise of eternal salvation and peace with Christ in heaven. People were continually seeking perfection, closeness to God and absolution from any and all sins they committed.
God and Church were one and Popes believed that they were descendents of St. Peter; they had been given the keys to heaven. They appointed other men (clergy) to do God’s will on earth. The Medieval Catholic Church upheld the firm belief that it was up to God’s disciples to feed the people with God’s word, while requiring the people, including kings, to submit entirely to the teachings of the Church. In order to seek forgiveness, one must seek out a priest or bishop to confess to. In the eleventh century, the idea of a ‘personal relationship with God’ did not exist. People took the pope’s word as the truth and based their faith on his teachings.
The Rise of Islam
To fully understand the reasoning behind Pope Urban’s call to Holy War in 1095, one must understand the historical events that took place in the centuries leading up to the late eleventh century. Those historical events were essentially the rise of Islam.
Islam was born in around 610 AD when a man named Muhammad started receiving revelations from God through the Archangel Gabriel. Muhammad bears much resemblance to Jesus in that he was from a poor family and he was also illiterate.
After he started receiving these revelations, Muhammad had his family and a few others converted to Islam, but the people of Mecca clung to Zoroastrianism — the ancient, pagan religion Mecca adhered to. Like Jesus, Muhammad was forced to flee his hometown (which was Mecca) and seek refuge in a neighboring city. For Muhammad, that neighboring city was Medina. Unlike Jesus who traversed the Holy Land peacefully, preaching the word of God and performing miracles, Muhammad took up the sword and waged war against Mecca. The war was long and bloody, but it finally fell to Muhammad and his followers in 632, just a few years before Muhammad’s death.
Islam took root in Medina during Muhammad’s life, but much more so after his death thanks to his ardent, loyal followers.
Caliph and common Arab alike believed that Islam was the one and only true religion; the only path to salvation. Every man — Islam regarded women as second class citizens and still does to this day — must submit themselves to the will of God (Allah). This ultimately resulted in an insatiable desire to unite the entire world under the banner of Islam.
From the mid seventh century until the early eighth century, the Muslim armies were unconquerable. Within the second half of the seventh century, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, most of Persia, and the entire north coast of Africa fell to the Muslims. Then, in 711, Islamic forces invaded the Iberian Peninsula which is Spain and within two decades, they conquered most of Iberia.
The booty and slaves captured from conquered territory brought the Muslims immense wealth. They were also united under one Caliph and their armies, organized. That is what enabled them to keep on expanding. They would have taken over Europe—the whole world for that matter –had not Charles “The Hammer” Martel roundly defeated them at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 AD. Badly beaten and significantly mowed down in size, the Muslim army retreated back to Spain and never again set foot on French soil.
What happened to Christians and Jews in conquered territories?
The Treatment of Christians Under Muslim Rule Deteriorated
Christians were never treated well under Muslim domination, but under the rule of Caliph al-Hakim in the early eleventh century, they faced severe persecution.
When pilgrims and other Christians living within the boundaries of the Byzantine Empire heard of al-Hakim’s persecution of Christians, they were horrified. Stories inevitably found their way back west and fuelled Christian hatred of the Muslims, especially among the clergy.
“Let all Christians know that news has come from the east to the seat of the apostles that the church of the Holy Sepulcher has been destroyed from roof to foundations at the impious hands of the pagans…With the Lord’s help we intend to kill all these enemies and to restore and Redeemer’s Holy Sepulcher,” wrote Pope Sergius IV.
However, it wouldn’t be until the end of the eleventh century that this call to arms, call for Holy War, would take on more vigor and intensity. Only one man would set Christendom on fire with crusading zeal: Pope Urban II.
Pope Urban Preaches Holy War: November 1095
When Pope Urban II got a hold of the Byzantine Emperor’s letter — Alexius Comnenus had intended for the letter to be passed on to him — he took matters into his own hands. Not only did he hate the Muslims, Urban shared the same deep rooted fear as did Emperor Alexius: Should military help not arrive in Constantinople soon enough, Byzantium, the gateway to the Holy Land, would fall to the Muslims. Pope Urban cared for the Eastern Christians and he wanted to help preserve their empire, but he was also a man of high ambition. So, it was very likely that his fear stemmed from the fact that the Muslims posed to threaten his papal expansion, the ultimate goal he held onto for several years.
Pope Urban inherited a mess when he assumed the papal throne in 1088. The papacy was embroiled in a power struggle with the German Emperor. This conflict was so bitter that it took Urban six years to reassert papal authority over Rome’s Lateran palace. In that time, Urban created a series of policies that were non-confrontational, designed to persuade the German Emperor, Henry IV to submit to Rome without force. Even those reforms did not succeed over night. Even when they did, Urban’s divine right to act as head of the Latin Church and spiritual overlord of every Christian in western Europe was still far from his reach.
Urban realized that his ‘Crusade’ — then termed as holy war or armed pilgrimage — would improve relations with the Greek church, which would enable him to expand papal authority into the eastern realm. He also believed that a crusade would unite all of Western Europe under one cause: to fight the Muslims in God’s Holy name. Only then could Urban’s goal become a reality.
In order to set his holy war in motion, Pope Urban needed to find a method to persuade all of Christendom to make the armed pilgrimage. He had to somehow reconcile murder, a deadly sin, with God’s divine will. However, Urban didn’t worry too much about that because he knew just the right thing to say and how to say it.
Several versions of Pope Urban’s speech have been recorded and passed down through the generations. This version was written by Robert the Monk, Chronicler of the First Crusade.
But if you are hindered by love of children, parents and wives, remember what the Lord says in the Gospel, “He that loveth father or mother more than me, is not worthy of me.” “Every one that hath forsaken houses, or brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands for my name’s sake shall receive an hundredfold and shall inherit everlasting life.”
Enter upon the road to the Holy Sepulcher; wrest that land from the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves. That land which as the Scripture says “floweth with milk and honey,” was given by God into the possession of the children of Israel Jerusalem is the navel of the world; the land is fruitful above others, like another paradise of delights. This the Redeemer of the human race has made illustrious by His advent, has beautified by residence, has consecrated by suffering, has redeemed by death, has glorified by burial.
The Byzantine Empire on The Brink of Destruction
News of al-Hakim’s ruthless persecution of Christians wasn’t the sole event that triggered hatred in the west. The Byzantine Empire, in the eleventh century, was on the brink of destruction. In the 1040s, Turkish warriors migrated from the steppes of central Asia and conquered Persia, then invaded Armenia and Iraq, and conquered Baghdad in the year of 1055.
The Turkish invasions jeopardized the safety of pilgrims and threatened to sever Europe’s ties with Jerusalem. To make matters worse, Byzantium was severely weakened by the Bubonic Plague. Many people had died, leaving the emperor unable to protect the pilgrims and his people from Muslim raids.
In the summer of 1071 Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes decisively chose to fight back with two goals in mind: recapture all territory lost to the Turks and crush Sultan Alp-Arslan and his armies for good. However, it was not so. The Emperor’s army numbered approximately 40,000 troops, but Caliph Alp-Arslan’s army held the upper hand in strategy. At the battle of Manzikert, Emperor Romanus was captured and his armies, defeated.
Romanus was not held captive for long, but shortly after he returned to his people, he was “deposed, and then blinded and finally killed after great torture and torment.”
When Alexius I Comnenus took the imperial throne in 1081, only a few coastal towns in the north belonged to the Byzantine Empire. Not only were his coffers empty, Alexius was bombarded with perpetual threats from the Turks. At the same time, ferocious Pecheneg and Cuman nomads from the Russian steppes raided the Danube frontier. It was at this crucial moment that Emperor Alexius decided he needed help.
In 1093, Alexius wrote a letter to Robert, Count of Flanders, requesting military aid against the Seljuk Turks. In his letter, Alexius wrote of all the horrible deeds the Seljuk Turks had committed. Emperor Alexius feared — no, he knew — that all of Byzantium would fall to the Turks and Christianity in the East would be stamped out. These fears weren’t imagined; they were very real, and they were certainly spelled out to Count Robert.
Alexius also took the extra measure to provide Count Robert with other reasons why Robert should send military aid to Constantinople:
“Remember that you will find all those treasures and also the most beautiful women of the Orient. The incomparable beauty of the Greek women would seem to be a sufficient reason to attract the armies of the Franks,” Alexius wrote.
Beautiful women! That would have provided any man with enough incentive to travel a long distance and fight in a foreign land. However, Emperor Alexius needed only a small army of barons and their strongest knights to fight the Turks. That’s what he wanted. He had not anticipated the enormous armed force that would arrive at the shores of Constantinople three years later.
Sources Used:
Alexius I Comnenus: Byzantine Emperor:
The Battle of Manzikert (1071 A.D.):
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Straight line equation
What is the formula for straight line?
What is the equation of a straight vertical line?
The equation of a vertical line always takes the form x = k, where k is any number and k is also the x-intercept . (link) For instance in the graph below, the vertical line has the equation x = 2 As you can see in the picture below, the line goes straight up and down at x = 2.
How do you find the equation of a straight line from two points?
Step 1: Find the Slope (or Gradient) from 2 Points. What is the slope (or gradient) of this line? We know two points: Step 2: The “Point-Slope Formula” Now put that slope and one point into the “Point-Slope Formula” Step 3: Simplify. Start with:y − 3 = 14(x − 2)
What is straight line in math?
more A line that does not curve. In geometry a line is always straight (no curves).
What is a straight line called?
A line is sometimes called a straight line or, more archaically, a right line (Casey 1893), to emphasize that it has no “wiggles” anywhere along its length. Two lines lying in the same plane that do not intersect one another are said to be parallel lines.
What is the equation of a vertical line through (- 5 2?
Any vertical line has the equation x = k, where k is the x-coordinate of any point the line goes through. x = -5.
How do you type a vertical line?
“|”, How can I type it?Shift- (“backslash”).German keyboard it is on the left together with < and > and the Alt Gr modifier key must be pressed to get the pipe.Note that depending on the font used, this vertical bar can be displayed as a consecutive line or by a line with a small gap in the middle.
You might be interested: What is the slope of the line represented by the equation y = x – 3?
What does a vertical line mean in an equation?
What is the Y intercept formula?
The equation of any straight line, called a linear equation, can be written as: y = mx + b, where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept. The y-intercept of this line is the value of y at the point where the line crosses the y axis.
How do you graph a straight line equation?
Draw the graph with equation y = 2x + 3. First, find the coordinates of some points on the graph. This can be done by calculating y for a range of x values as shown in the table. The points can then be plotted on a set of axes and a straight line drawn through them.
How do you find slope given two points?
There are three steps in calculating the slope of a straight line when you are not given its equation.Step One: Identify two points on the line.Step Two: Select one to be (x1, y1) and the other to be (x2, y2).Step Three: Use the slope equation to calculate slope.
What do 2 lines mean in math?
Every number on the number line also has an absolute value, which simply means how far that number is from zero. The symbol for absolute value is two vertical lines. Since opposites are the same distance from the origin, they have the same absolute value.
Is a straight line a function?
No, every straight line is not a graph of a function. Nearly all linear equations are functions because they pass the vertical line test. The exceptions are relations that fail the vertical line test.
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Equation of vertical line
Bernoulli’s equation example
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Why home charging is more convenient & cheaper?
One big reason some are against electric vehicles is that charging is slow…
This is against their measure of filling their tank in a couple of minutes with petrol or diesel.
When using the fastest DC charger at a charging station, an electric car typically takes at least 30 minutes to get 80 percent charged.
In the future, though, far faster charging might be possible.
Companies are developing new lithium-ion battery materials, as well as new “solid state” batteries, which could recharge in sub 20 minutes.
However, there are still many science and engineering challenges before ultra-fast-charging EV batteries are technically feasible and affordable.
Some experts even question whether electric vehicles that can be charged so quickly, are really the future we want, especially with the demand that will be required on the national grid.
Because of problems with fast charging, all EV batteries have built-in charging speed limits, set by the car’s on-board charge ports.
A 350Kw fast charging station might, in theory, be able to charge an Audi E-tron’s 95Kwh battery in about 15 minutes. But the battery itself can only accept about 150 Kw of power, giving an actual charging speed closer to 40 minutes.
Exactly how fast a battery will recharge depends not only on the charger or how many Kw of power the battery was designed to accept, but the battery’s size, how charged it is, and even the weather.
Although, the latest fast charging stations can often get an EV battery 80 percent full, potentially adding hundreds of miles of range, in about 30 minutes.
While adding 200 miles of range in 30 minutes is fast, it’s still no-where near the less than 5 minutes when refuelling a petrol or diesel vehicle.
New research may be pushing super batteries capable of ultra-fast charging speeds closer to reality.
But, even if EV batteries that can charge in less than 10 minutes are technically possible, it’s not clear that ultra-fast charging will ever be practical or affordable.
At 400 volts, today’s super-fast charging stations already draw much more power from the grid than the volts EV owners use to charge their cars at home, whilst being much more expensive too.
So, maybe there’s a balance to be struck at the social level and the charger level, to find the right combination of convenience and cost.
If all of society is to change to electric vehicles, there is a need for ultra-fast charging stations, which will allow people to carry out their work and recreation in a not too dissimilar fashion to today.
But once we’re all driving EVs, and if everyone expected ever-faster charging to be available all the time, this would surely break the grid and cause pockets or even mass blackouts.
So, charging overnight at home, when demand is lower will help to balance out the strain on the grid, whilst being much more affordable than paying high prices for ultra-fast charging.
…let’s face it, it’s more convenient & cheaper charging a car whilst sleeping.
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Why does water gurgle when it’s flowing out from a bottle?
Every year, Troy makes it a part of his bucket list to trek on a new trail. On a summer day, they decided to hike to the Ice Age Trail about 1,200 miles in the state of Wisconsin. As they walk, their sight was amazed by the woolly mammoths that grazed the lush grasslands cultivated by the retreating glaciers, porcupines, foxes, and black bears also add to the fascination on the trek. After a few hours, Troy felt so thirsty, so he gets his water bottle and drinks enough to quench his thirst.
Glug glug glug! The sound Troy hears while pouring some water from a container to his mouth. Why does pouring out water from a bottle produces a gurgling sound?
There are three things to consider to understand what produces this gurgling sound: water, container, and the air. When you pour water, for instance, or other liquid from a container, the water flows out, and the air pressure enters as you turn the container upside down. The air pressure outside forces its way through the bottle’s neck bubbles up. It is followed by more water escaping, and more air bubbles moving up, and so on. These two alternating processes cause the sound.
However, if the container has a wide mouth like a tumbler, as you pour the water, there will be no gurgling sound because the air can flow evenly as the liquid flows out. The same thing happens when you transfer soda from the bottle to the glass, it produces the same sound because the soda is trying to get out under the pull of gravitation, and the air, which is trying to push its way past the soda to fill up space in the bottle. Sometimes the air pushes back the soda and vice versa. This means that the air is thrown into little disturbances, which we hear as gurgles. We say that water gurgles, but the air is disturbed by this contest between it and the water. So we call these disturbances’ disturbances’ gurgles”. (click here for more details)
Although not the same thing happens when you drain water from your washing machine, the air’s presence also produces that gurgling and whooshing sound every time you empty it. Even, in water dispensers, and emptying sink, this gurgling sound will be heard.
On the other hand, this gurgling sound is not to be taken for granted, as it might be an unusual sound from a significant appliance that needed your concern. This is just as true for your water heater that barely receives attention except when something’s wrong. You may ask, why are there gurgling noises from my water heater? Gurgling sounds are common signs of a significant problem in a heater.
Over time, sediments from mineral deposits (calcium, magnesium) build up on the bottom of the tank. The water is safe, but the hardened minerals settling at the bottom of the will cause the gurgling noise when the water passes through it. It might not seem a big deal since your water heater will still function. Unknowingly, it will constitute your extra expenses. How?
The formed sediment will create a thick layer that acts as a barrier to your heater’s fast heating process. It is like an insulating layer between the water in the tank, and the heaters intended to warm it. Therefore, your water heater needed to burn more gas to do its job, costing you more money and increasing strain on the tank’s bottom. Not fixing it, could eventually cause a breach in the tank, forcing you to replace the entire unit. But a plumber can quickly fix your problem. He will drain the tank and clean off the sediment as a fairly standard operation for most plumbing services, and some companies can install water filters in your home to cut down on the build-up. (click here for more details)
Meanwhile, when you hear a gurgling sound from your pipes after you use your shower or toilet, it is more likely that you have a blocked drain or possibly a vent pipe. It is frequently caused by a mixture of dirt and grease that can gradually build up in your plumbing and result in water not draining as quickly as usual. Since air bubbles are unable to pass through the pipes, they escape through the first route causing the gurgling noise. (click here for more details)
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Aerial Photography Information and Answers
What does an aerial photographer do?
An aerial photographer captures images from high in the sky using a camera attached to a drone. Aerial photographers can be hired to shoot everything from real estate to sporting events, but they may also shoot photos for personal use. Aerial photographers are also called drone photographers, but they’re not necessarily the same thing.
These photographers have to have a pilot’s license, depending on which state they are in, and learn how to fly a helicopter or plane. They also have to know how to use a camera and know mapping and terrain.
What is aerial photography and how does it work?
Aerial photography is just like regular photography, but the camera is placed on a plane, helicopter, or drone instead of on a tripod. It can be incredibly difficult to get the right shot from the sky because you can’t see what you’re taking a picture of.
There are two main types of aerial photography, which include commercial and private. The main difference between the two is that commercial aerial photography requires a licensing process and private aerial photography does not. Other than that, aerial photography is the same regardless of whether or not you are a professional photographer.
However, you likely came here to view some historic aerial imagery, not to view maps, right?
Part of what’s so great about aerial imagery is that it allows you to see the world as it was. You can see the way cities and towns were designed and built, and you can see the way people used to live. You can also see how nature has reclaimed the land, and how the world has changed over the years.
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time, ftime - get date and time
time_t time(0)
time_t time(tloc)
time_t *tloc;
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/timeb.h>
int ftime(tp)
struct timeb *tp;
These interfaces are obsoleted by gettimeofday(2).
If tloc is nonnull, the return value is also stored in the place to
which tloc points.
The ftime entry fills in a structure pointed to by its argument, as
defined by <sys/timeb.h>:
* Structure returned by ftime system call
struct timeb
time_t time;
unsigned short millitm;
short timezone;
short dstflag;
1000 milliseconds of more-precise interval, the local time zone
that, if nonzero, indicates that Daylight Saving time applies
locally during the appropriate part of the year.
date(1), gettimeofday(2), settimeofday(2), ctime(3)
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Should Olympians be allowed to protest on the international stage?
Photo courtesy of
During the 1968 Summer Olympics, U.S. sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos bowed their heads on the medal platform as the “The Star-Spangled Banner” played and raised their fists as a sign of protest. In his autobiography, Smith stated that the gesture was not a “Black Power” salute, but rather a “human rights” salute. Nonetheless, the demonstration has been referenced as one of the most political statements in the history of the Olympic games.
Years later, we are reminded of this instance through Gwen Berry, a track and field athlete, who recently competed in the women’s hammer throw final at the 2020 U.S. Olympic Track & Field Team Trials. Berry sparked controversy as she turned away from the American Flag during the national anthem while standing on the podium after receiving a bronze medal. Prior to this, Berry also raised a fist during the 2019 Pan American Games, for which she was placed on probation.
After considering the historical context and the larger implications of individual demonstrations during the Olympic games and trials leading up to it, the Technique believes it is necessary to uphold the political neutrality of the 2020 Summer Olympic Games and maintain Rule 50 of the Olympic charter which partly reads: “No kind of demonstration or political, religious or racial propaganda is permitted in any Olympic sites, venues or other areas.”
Berry claims that her protest was against the historical racism that the song represents and that she would not stand or acknowledge something that disrespected her people. While we believe that Berry had the right to demonstrate her beliefs during the U.S. trials, it is important to consider that not every athlete who will be competing at the international level of the Olympics has the same freedom to do so.
The ability to protest is a privilege that constituents of the United States have, but it is not a luxury afforded to every Olympic athlete by their own country, and one of the reasons why the Olympic games push for political neutrality is to protect athletes from political interference or exploitation. Rule 50’s prohibition from political demonstration on the international stage is also put into place to protect people from negative expressions, like someone raising their hand in a Nazi salute.
The Olympic games are undoubtedly political to a degree, with sports and politics being tied to national identities by raising a sense of pride for countries with award-winning athletes, but it is important to consider whether the Olympic stage is the best platform to express one’s personal beliefs or if there are more effective ways to do so elsewhere.
We find that there is enough value in making an international stage as apolitical as possible as a measure to protect athletes, for there is a thin line between expressing your personal beliefs publicly versus being used as a political pawn to push a country or politician’s agenda.
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Quick Answer: How Fast Does Mountain Laurel Grow?
Does mountain laurel grow quickly?
Mountain laurel is slow growing, and at maturity, it averages 6 to 15 feet in height and width; dwarf cultivars top out at 3 to 4 feet. Kalmia latifolia ( mountain laurel ).
How long does it take a mountain laurel to grow?
This shrub grows at a slow rate, with height increases of less than 12″ per year.
How do you care for a mountain laurel?
Keep It Alive
1. Plant mountain laurel in well-drained, cool, moist, acidic soil in USDA zones 5-9.
2. Good drainage is essential to avoid rot.
3. Mountain laurel will grow in deep shade to full sun but is happiest in moderate to partial shade.
4. Deadheading spent blooms will increase the next year’s flower production.
How much water do mountain laurels need?
Mountain laurel has a shallow root system and needs watering more often than most shrubs. New plantings need 2 inches (5 cm.) of water each week for the first season. The average sprinkler system delivers about an inch (2.5 cm.)
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Are mountain laurels hard to grow?
It is a relatively slow- growing shrub, adding about one foot per year. While mountain laurel is particular about its soil needs, this plant is easy to grow in the right environment. It is a good flowering shrub for mass plantings in shady shrub borders, woodland gardens, or for foundation plantings.
What grows well with mountain laurel?
It combines well with other spring-blooming shrubs like dwarf summersweet and Virginia sweetspire. Mountain laurel, which is hardy in zones 4 through 9, prefers acidic, evenly moist soil and near perfect drainage. For that reason, the shrubs are not drought tolerant, nor will they tolerate heavy wet clay.
How do I encourage Laurel growth?
Use a Fertiliser Using fertiliser is a great way to encourage laurel growth. Established laurels grow better with the help of balanced fertilisers such as Rootgrow fertiliser, whereas new laurels struggling to establish and grow prefer a natural, organic fertiliser such as Bonemeal.
Do mountain laurels lose their leaves?
Do deer like to eat mountain laurel?
Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) is one of the few native evergreen shrubs that deer largely ignore.
Do mountain laurels need fertilizer?
Mountain laurel needs feeding only once a year. Sprinkle a handful or two of fertilizer prepared for acid loving plants under the shrub in the early spring or in the late fall.
You might be interested: Readers ask: How To Abbreviate Mountain?
Do laurels have deep roots?
The most troublesome trees are those with deep, penetrating root systems, but laurel’s is particularly shallow. Most arboriculturists would argue that a safe tree-to-house distance is about half the eventual size of the tree, although insurers are usually more cautious.
Is Mountain Laurel poisonous to dogs?
Mountain Laurel: This beautiful flowering plant can be quite toxic to both dogs and cats. The toxin associated with this plan results in abnormal functioning of muscles and nerves. Common symptoms include lethargy, drooling, uncoordinated walking, and a decreased heart rate.
Is Mountain Laurel poisonous to touch?
The mountain laurel is poisonous in all aspects. The poison is at its strongest in the young shoots and leaves. Whenever you handle mountain laurel you should be very careful about washing your hands.
Can you grow mountain laurel from cuttings?
Can you grow mountain laurel from cuttings? Take cuttings to propagate mountain laurel from the current year’s growth between August and December. Treat the bottom of the stem where you took the cutting with rooting hormone and plant in a container filled with a mix of equal parts perlite, coarse sand, and peat moss.
Why is my mountain laurel not blooming?
Environmental factors that can cause Texas mountain laurel to not bloom include too much shade, waterlogged or heavy clay soil, and too much nitrogen. Texas mountain laurel can grow in dappled to part shade. Nitrogen promotes leafy green growth on plants, not bloom or root development.
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Taking a deeper look into rugby
by Max Piper
Sophomore Ethan Long plays rugby for the Lancers. Long has played rugby for awhile and tells Lancer Link about his experience.
Maddie Dufault, Reporter
Rugby originated in England almost 200 years ago. It was first played in the United States around 1820, and it wasn’t until the 1900s that the first USA international game happened. The sport is still played today by many people. Even students at Carlsbad High School play the sport, filled with rich history. Sophomore Ethan Long explains some of the logistics of the game.
Ethan Long gives the basics of rugby to help inform about the sport. For example, the sport includes some techniques used in other commonly known sports.
“Rugby is basically like a combination of football, soccer and a little bit of wrestling,” Long said. “From the football aspect there is the tackling and hitting. From soccer you have the kicking element. And wrestling really comes in with the leverage because there is a lot of tackling. Getting low and being able to take down players that are bigger than you is when wrestling comes in.”
While it may be similar to other sports, rugby has numerous unique aspects that make it its own sport.
“The really big difference between rugby and football, tackling wise, is that in rugby you want to have your head behind the person but in football you want to have the head in front of the person,” Long said. “In rugby, I have seen a lot of clips of when you put your head in front of the person who has the ball and is driving their knees up and then making contact with the head. So rugby has more of a safer tackle where they try to get the head out of the equation; it’s more of shoulders and drive.”
Rugby is often seen as a violent sport. When there is a penalty in Rugby, the players create a scrum.
“A scrum is when eight players from each team come together and the scrum half puts the ball in and there is a person in the middle of the scrum that tries to hook the ball backwards and then it goes to the back of the scrum and the scrum half passes it out to the back line,” Long said.
In Carlsbad, there is not only a high school team, but also a club team outside of high school.
“We have a club here, and we competed in the high school season,” Long said. ”We went pretty far with that. I think we got to the quarter finals”
Long wanted to make it aware of how rugby is different from other sports for the team aspect that it requires.
“Rugby is more of a team sport and there are not really star players,” Long said. “The method of plays that you recognize from different teams is based on the teams and not individual players.”
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Incoming COVID Vaccine Deems Hopeful
Claire Borgelt
As COVID-19 rates rise across the country, many Americans have looked towards the future, searching for the path that leads to normalcy. For most, the first proposed step is the development of a vaccine.
Six candidate vaccines are currently being developed, supported by more than $10 billion in U.S. taxpayer dollars (source: USA Today). Pfizer and BioNTech, a German biotechnology company, have developed one such candidate vaccine, called BNT162b2. They report that it is 95% effective in protecting against symptomatic COVID-19. Moderna’s vaccine, mRNA-1273, was developed in collaboration with the U.S government. Alongside Oxford University, AstraZeneca produced AZD1222. When they released trial data from the U.K. and Brazil, the vaccine was reported to be 90% effective if specific procedures for treatment were followed.
To conduct trials, developers work with a group of 30,000 volunteers. Half are given the vaccine, while half are given a placebo. At this point, all three of the most promising vaccines require two dosages to become effective. The second dose of the Pfizer vaccine is administered 21 days after the first, while Moderna’s comes 28 days later and AstraZeneca’s comes after one month. One week after they’ve received their second dose, the researchers monitor participants to see if they become infected with COVID-19.
Most of the U.S. backed vaccine endeavors, such as AstraZeneca’s AZD1222, are vector vaccines. This means that they contain a weakened version of a virus (not one that causes COVID-19) with genetic material from the COVID-19 virus inserted. These genetically altered viruses are called viral vectors, and once they enter human cells, their genetic material allows the cells to create a protein that is unique to the virus that causes COVID-19. Then, the cells copy the protein and use it to build T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes in order to fight off the virus in the future (Source:
Both the Moderna/Oxford vaccine and the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine are mRNA vaccines. They make use of material from the COVID-19 virus that enables our cells to make harmless protein which is unique to the virus. Once cells copy this protein, they destroy the genetic material from the virus. Just like the vector vaccine process, T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes are built to defend against the virus if the individual is infected later. (Source:
As of December 4th, there is still no FDA authorized vaccine for COVID-19. However, production and distribution plans are being finalized. Operation Warp Speed, the White-House led initiative to efficiently develop and provide access to vaccines, states that their goal is to produce and deliver over 300 million doses with the initial doses available in January, 2021 (Source: U.S Department of Health and Human Services).
While scientists and researchers work to find treatments, the public is tasked with assessing their own readiness to receive the vaccine. As more information comes out about the development process, Americans have become more comfortable with the idea of being vaccinated. As of December 3rd, 60% of those surveyed say that they would definitely or probably get a COVID-19 vaccine if one were available today. This number is up from 51% as of September. 39% say that they would “probably not” get the vaccine, though 18% (about half of this group) say that they may change their mind once more information becomes readily available. 21% of those that say they will not get the vaccine state that further information would not change their mind. (Source: Pew Research Center).
Debates about who should be the first to receive the vaccine are ongoing. A panel of independent experts advising the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) voted on December 2nd to recommend that healthcare workers whose risk of contracting COVID-19 are high, along with residents of nursing homes and long-term care facilities, be the first Americans to have access to the vaccine. If the CDC director, Robert R. Redfield, approves this recommendation, it will be shared with states who are preparing for vaccine shipments as early as mid-December given that the FDA approves applications for emergency vaccine use by Pfizer. Last week, the CDC hinted that essential workers would be next in line, since those whose profession does not allow them to work from home, such as those in law enforcement, manufacturing, education, transportation, food and agriculture, and emergency response are at increased risk. (Source: The New York Times).
Though new developments have made a future beyond the pandemic seem closer than ever, it is still incredibly vital to take precautions in the meantime. The CDC still recommends wearing masks in public places, washing hands, and social distancing.
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Fourth- and fifth-century monasticism
Monks cleared forests and built monasteries, setting for the common people an example of industry and morality. They preserved and copied ancient manuscripts, studied the writings of the past, and established monastery schools. Certain of the monks became missionaries to the forest tribes of the North.
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Study of massive smoke cloud from 2017 wildfires offers terrifying hint of how even small nuclear war would escalate climate crises
Royalty-free stock photo ID: 1339306877 Sydney, Australia - March 15, 2019 - Thousands of Australian students gather in climate change protests, School Strike 4 Climate, defying calls by the Government to stay in school.
If—or, depending on your outlook, when—the world ever endures a nuclear war, scientists have an inkling of what the environmental effects could be thanks to devastating Canadian wildfires from 2017.
According to a new Rutgers University study published Thursday in Science Magazine, wildfires in British Columbia in August 2017 expelled so much smoke into the atmosphere that the pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) cloud sat in the upper atmosphere for eight months. Soot in the cloud was heated by solar radiation and lifted the cloud higher into the sky, combining with the dry air in the north to keep the cloud aloft until the next spring.
"This process of injecting soot into the stratosphere and seeing it extend its lifetime by self-lofting, was previously modeled as a consequence of nuclear winter in the case of an all-out war between the United States and Russia, in which smoke from burning cities would change the global climate," study co-author and professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University–New Brunswick Alan Robock said in a press release announcing the findings.
Not that the world's two most powerful militaries need to be involved—a relatively low-level nuclear war between India and Pakistan, for example, could "cause climate change unprecedented in recorded human history and global food crises," said Robock.
The study used the smoke from the wildfires as a model, but the scale of smoke in the atmosphere from an all out nuclear war would be orders of magnitude greater.
The smoke cloud contained only about 0.3 million tons of soot, while a nuclear war between India and Pakistan could produce 15 million tons and a U.S. vs. Russia war could generate 150 million tons. Still, the scientists validated their previous theories and the climate model they're using for ongoing research on nuclear war impacts by studying the wildfire, according to Robock.
On Monday, Common Dreams reported on two potential crises going on right now that could result in nuclear conflagration: the dismantling of the 32 year-old Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty between Russia and the U.S. and rising tensions between India and Pakistan—and, reportedly, China, another nuclear-armed state—over the territory of Kashmir.
Referring to the destruction of the INF treaty, Kate Hudson, general secretary of the U.K.-based Campaing for Nuclear Disarmament, said that it did not bode well for peace.
"It's a game of nuclear tit for tat," said Hudson, "in which there can be no winners as the threat of nuclear war rises."
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How Cardiac Rehabilitation Can Help Heal Your Heart
If you have a heart attack or other heart problem, cardiac rehabilitation is an important part of your recovery. Cardiac rehabilitation can help prevent another, perhaps more serious, heart attack and can help you build heart-healthy habits. Learn more about who needs cardiac rehabilitation and how it can help your recovery.
About 800,000 people in the United States have a heart attack every year. About 1 in 4 of those people already had a heart attack.1 Cardiac rehabilitation not only can help a person recover from a heart problem but can also prevent future heart problems.
Man exercising at the gym.
If you have a heart attack or other heart problem, cardiac rehabilitation can help your recovery.
What is cardiac rehabilitation?
Cardiac rehabilitation is a supervised program that includes:
• Physical activity.
• Education about healthy living, including how to eat healthy, take medicine as prescribed, and quit smoking.
• Counseling to find ways to relieve stress and improve mental health.
A team of people may help you through cardiac rehabilitation, including your health care team, exercise and nutrition specialists, physical therapists, and counselors.
Who needs cardiac rehabilitation?
However, some people are less likely to start or finish a cardiac rehabilitation program, including:
• Studies show that women, especially minority women, are less likely than men to start or complete cardiac rehabilitation.3,4 This may be because doctors may be less likely to suggest cardiac rehabilitation to women.
• Older adults. Older adults are also less likely to join a cardiac rehabilitation program following a heart problem.5 They may think they are unable to do the physical activity because of their age, or they may have other conditions that can make exercising harder, such as arthritis. The need to address other physical conditions makes cardiac rehabilitation especially useful for older adults, since it can improve strength and mobility to make daily tasks easier.2,5
Woman exercising at the gym.
One of the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation is building healthier habits, such as finding a physical activity that you enjoy, to help you stay heart-healthy for life.
How does cardiac rehabilitation help?
Cardiac rehabilitation can have many health benefits in both the short and long term, including:
• Strengthening your heart and body after a heart attack.
• Relieving symptoms of heart problems, such as chest pain.
• Building healthier habits such as getting more physical activity, quitting smoking, and eating a heart-healthy diet. A nutritionist or dietitian may work with you to help you limit foods with unhealthy fats and eat more fruits and vegetables that are high in vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
• Reducing stress.
• Improving your mood. People are more likely to feel depressed after a heart attack. Cardiac rehabilitation can help prevent or lessen depression.6
• Making you more likely to take your prescribed medicines that help lower your risk for future heart problems.6
• Preventing future illness and death from heart disease. Studies have found that cardiac rehabilitation decreases the chance that you will die in the 5 years following a heart attack or bypass surgery by about 35%.6
Where can I get cardiac rehabilitation?
Some programs are done in a hospital or rehabilitation center, and other programs can be done in your home. Cardiac rehabilitation may start while you are still in the hospital or right after you leave the hospital.
Talk to your doctor about cardiac rehabilitation. Many insurance plans, including Medicaid and Medicare, cover it if you have a doctor’s referral.
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What the In-Crowd Won’t Tell You About Exoskeleton Biology
Exoskeleton Biology – Overview
However, it doesn’t signify that it’s going to thrive once it reaches adulthood. Besides advanced age and sex, there are different facets that influence somebody’s likelihood to come up with osteoporosis. Every one of these eras is broken up into at least two periods. In case the injected fluid isn’t surgically removed, gangrene and poisoning can happen. Insects also age and they’re able to get diseases like cancer.
Strength Training Anatomy is an atlas that offers you the place, name and function of all big skeletal muscle groups within the body. Ant allogrooming behavior is thought to donate to the general wellness of the colony on account of paraphrasing tool online free their usage of phenylacetic acid in grooming activities.
This procedure may take about 3 days from start to finish. Regarding physical interface with the human user, H2 is made in such a manner there are no sensors physically connected to the human. We’re developing soft wearable robots which make usage of fabrics and textiles to supply a more conformal, unobtrusive and compliant ways to interface to the body,” he states. So, it must be shed over time. In those instances, the device doesn’t augment an individual’s muscles, but instead compensates for them or even replaces them entirely in some situations.
How to Find Exoskeleton Biology on the Web
In addition, it contains many applications like a wholesome supplementary. Endoskeleton and exoskeleton are two sorts of hard structures in animals that offer structural support. Homologous structures don’t have to possess the exact same function. Every one of these organs is made from groups of various sorts of cells. The circulatory system is a very efficient system as a way to move substances around the body.
Life After Exoskeleton Biology
They’re classified in line with the range of carbon atoms. This cracks the face of the old cuticle and the animal is ready to slide from the old exoskeleton case. Both of these layers are secreted by means of a band of cells at the border of the mantle, so the shell grows from the outer edge. The waste is excreted via the anus. Hence, this is the principal difference between exoskeleton and endoskeleton.
This is likewise known as the gaster. They are developmentally regulated in addition to tissue-specific. They don’t possess an endoskeleton.
This happens in three major stages. Both mouthparts diversification and feeding diversification are caused by a long evolutionary practice. It’s shed a number of times during the life cycle of arthropods in a process called molting. This latter movement is very effective once the crayfish is trying to elude a predator.
The Number One Question You Must Ask for Exoskeleton Biology
As the name implies, exoskeleton locates away from the body whilst endoskeleton locates in the body. Around every house there’s also a space. The mouth is an intricate hodgepodge of structures that you wouldn’t wish to encounter in a dark alley.
Characteristics of Exoskeleton Biology
Locomotion Hydra move from 1 point to another using numerous strategies. Therefore, the exoskeleton needs to be shed to attain more growth. Next, we will take a good look at the eight levels of the taxonomy, based on your resource, you can see seven levels discussed.
The New Angle On Exoskeleton Biology Just Released
Where a wholesome population of generalist predators is present, they’ll be available to manage a range of pest outbreaks. Ironically, the majority of the prey things are arthropods, and their shells are composed of chitins. The majority of the enzymes made by insects and humans are also rather similar. Field crickets are somewhat distinct from grasshoppers. Actually, fossil records suggest this type of metamorphosis appeared only once, so all holometabolous insects derive from the exact same ancestor.
Tortoise is one particular animal with a shell and endoskeleton. Spiders are extremely shy creatures. These animal-wierdos are called the Ediacaran Fauna. They are some of the most interesting animals in the world!
Who Else Wants to Learn About Exoskeleton Biology?
Spraying critical areas beyond the house can decrease adult midge populations. Luckily, the ice thawed and life managed to go ahead. When you look very closely, you will observe the places where they meet. Additionally, insects can create massive quantities of offspring relatively quickly.
Some individuals really like to eat snails. They supply sweetness and flavor to a range of food stuffs. The objective of mushrooms is to bear spores and release them into the surroundings. These adults overwinter to begin the cycle again the next calendar year.
As a consequence, Glucosamine might be a substantial section of the polymer. When it regards chromosomal structures, homologous is utilised to spell out chromosomes that carry the exact same kind of genetic material. Enzymes like amylase cannot break down cellulose polymers. Exoskeletons are composed of chitin and calcium carbonate.
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Sound system designers frequently want to know much amplifier power will be needed to deliver adequate sound pressure levels for the application. This can be determined based on the desired listener distance from the speaker, the desired sound pressure level of the audio at this distance, and the loudspeaker's published sensitivity rating to provide the reference acoustical output at 1 watt at 1 meter. For Extron speakers, use the dropdown box and select the desired Extron speaker to automatically load its sensitivity into the calculator field. Additional headroom should be added for the amplifier, for example, 10 dB, to account for variability in program audio levels.
This audio tool calculates the acoustical attenuation from the reference location of 1 meter (3.28 feet) to the listener, and then applies this, together with the sensitivity rating and amplifier headroom, to determine the necessary output power from the amplifier.
• APR = 10((LP + H - LS + 20 log (D2/ DR))/10)
• APR = amplifier required power
• LP = required SPL at listener
• H = desired amplifier headroom
• LS = loudspeaker sensitivity at 1 watt and 1 meter
• D2 = distance to farthest listener
• DR = 1 meter or 3.28 feet reference distance
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Most Common Garden Pests In Winter
There are plenty of insects that can infest your garden in winter; some are beneficial while some are destructive. Luckily, you can get rid of them with simple solutions. Here is a list of
common garden pests in Australia and how you can get rid of them:
The cotton aphid and the cabbage aphid are two widespread species in Australia. Aphids feed on vegetables, fruits and ornamentals by sucking the fluid of phloem vessels. They can easily and rapidly reproduce. To get rid of them, you can use systemic insecticides or garlic spray.
Snails and Slugs
These pests can pose a huge threat to your garden. They can damage leaves, underground tubers, fruit, and plant seeds, and this can lead to major production losses. Snails thrive most in a moist environment.
To control snails, there are many different techniques you can implement. First, you can make a DIY snail trap using beer. Second, assault them at night using a torch and gumboots. Third, handpick and drop them in a bucket filled with salty or soapy water. Lastly, spray them with copper oxychloride.
Small caterpillars love vegetables like broccoli and cabbages. Get rid of them by hand as this is the most efficient way to do so. Also, you can dust with derris dust. Similar to aphids, caterpillars can be deterred through the use of garlic sprays.
Bronze Orange Bugs (Stink Bugs)
Stink bugs can typically be found in New South Wales and Queensland. They are considered a pest to all citrus trees. They appear in late winter as lime green nymphs, but as they grow, they turn into an orange to bronze colour. When controlling these pests, you must be very careful since they emit a foul-smelling liquid that burns the eyes and skin on contact.
As such, you need to use protective glasses, and wear clothes with long sleeves, a pair of gloves, and a hat. You can use a vacuum cleaner to suck them up. Use planks of wood to crush them. You can also pick them up using tongs and drown them into a bucket with soapy water.
Tips for Preventing Plant Diseases in Winter
• Perform supplementary hand watering in the morning to allow the leaves to dry during the day.
Handpick mummified fruit from under fruit trees or on their branches. Place them in the rubbish.
• Watch your clivia since the winter cold may cause fungal problems that can rot the neck of the bulb. As soon as you notice any brown blistered patches on the leaves, spray it with anti-rot.
• When leaves fall from prunus trees, immediately control shot hole which may disfigure the leaves with a copper oxychloride spray.
Heavy dew can be caused by cooler nights and winter rains. Gardeners may think that they won’t have to spend time and money watering at this time; unfortunately, the moisture can promote bacterial and fungal disease in your garden, so keep this in mind.
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At a glance
Also known as
Joint fluid analysis
Why get tested?
Synovial fluid analysis is used to help diagnose the cause of joint inflammation, pain, and/or swelling.
When to get tested?
When one or more of your joints are swollen, red, and/or painful.
Sample required?
What is being tested?
Synovial fluid is a viscous liquid that acts as a lubricant for the major joints of the body. It is found in small quantities in the spaces between the joints, where the fluid is produced and contained by synovial membranes. Synovial fluid cushions the bone ends and reduces friction during joint movement in the knees, shoulders, hips, hands and feet.
Synovial fluid analysis consists of a group of tests that detect changes in synovial fluid that may indicate the presence of diseases that affect joint structure and function. It usually involves an initial basic set of tests and may include some follow-up tests depending on the results of the first set of tests, the patient's symptoms, and the disease that the doctor suspects is the cause. Each of these tests can be grouped according to the type of examination that is performed:
• Physical characteristics - an evaluation of the appearance of the fluid
• Chemical tests - detect changes in the chemical constituents of the fluid
• Microscopic examination - cells that may be present are counted and identified by cell type under a microscope. Any crystals present are identified by their shape and their behaviour under polarised light
• Infectious disease tests - detect and identify microorganisms, if present
How is the sample collected for testing?
The Test
How is it used?
Synovial fluid analysis may be ordered to help diagnose the cause of joint inflammation, pain, swelling and fluid accumulation. Diseases and conditions affecting one or more joints and the synovial fluid, can be divided into four main categories:
1. Infectious diseases - those caused by bacteria, fungi or viruses. They may originate in the joint or spread there from other places in the body. These conditions include acute and chronic septic arthritis.
3. Inflammatory diseases
• Conditions that cause crystal formation and accumulation such as gout (needle-like uric acid [monosodium urate] crystals) and pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals). Typically affect the feet and legs.
4. Degenerative diseases - such as osteoarthritis
When is it requested?
Synovial fluid analysis may be requested when a doctor suspects that a patient has a condition or disease involving one or more of their joints. It may be ordered when a patient has some combination of the following signs and symptoms:
• Joint pain
• Redness over the joint
• Joint inflammation and swelling
• Synovial fluid accumulation
It may sometimes be ordered to monitor a patient with a known joint condition.
What does the test result mean?
There are a variety of joint abnormalities including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and infection (septic arthritis) that can cause inflammation, swelling, an accumulation of synovial fluid and sometimes bleeding into one or more joints. These conditions can limit mobility and, if left untreated, may permanently damage the joints.
• Straw coloured
• Clear
• Moderately viscous - drops of it from a syringe needle will form a “string” a few inches long.
• Less viscous fluid may be seen with inflammation.
Chemical test
• Glucose - typically a bit lower than blood glucose levels. May be significantly lower with joint inflammation and infection.
Microscopic examination - Normal synovial fluid has small numbers of white blood cells (WBCs) and red blood cells (RBCs) but no microorganisms or crystals present. Laboratories may examine drops of the synovial fluid and/or use a special centrifuge (cytocentrifuge) to concentrate the fluid's cells at the bottom of a test tube. Samples are placed on a slide, treated with special stain, and the different kinds of cells present evaluated. Finding crystals in the joint fluid and identification of their nature is important in the diagnosis of gout and pseudogout.
• Total cell counts - number of WBCs and RBCs in the sample. Increased WBCs may be seen with infections and with conditions such as gout and rheumatoid arthritis.
Infectious disease tests - in addition to chemistry tests, other tests may be performed to look for microorganisms if infection is suspected.
• Gram stain allows for the direct observation of bacteria or fungi under a microscope. There should be no organisms present in synovial fluid.
• Culture and sensitivity is ordered to determine what type of microorganisms are present. If bacteria are present, antibiotic sensitivity testing can be performed to guide antimicrobial therapy. If there are no microorganisms present, it does not rule out an infection; they may be present in small numbers or their growth may be inhibited because of prior antibiotic therapy.
• Other tests for infectious diseases that are less commonly ordered include AFB smear and culture. This tests for the presence of mycobacteria and may help diagnose tuberculosis. Molecular tests such as PCR for Mycobacteria tuberculosis or other pathogens may also be performed.
Is there anything else I should know?
A blood glucose may be requested to compare concentrations with that in the synovial fluid. If a doctor suspects that a patient may have a systemic infection, then a blood culture may be requested in addition to the synovial fluid analysis.
Joint injury, surgery and joint replacement can increase the risk of developing an infection in a joint.
Common Questions
What is arthrocentesis and how is it performed?
Are there other reasons to do an arthrocentesis?
Yes. Sometimes it will be performed to drain excess synovial fluid – to relieve pressure in the joint and/or to aid in the treatment of an infection. Sometimes medicines such as corticosteroids will be introduced into the joint to help reduce inflammation and/or to relieve pain.
Last Review Date: March 24, 2021
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China's Ministry of Health said preliminary laboratory tests on the patient's specimen by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province had yielded a positive result for H5N1.
About 10 days ago Hong Kong culled 17,000 chickens at a wholesale poultry market and suspended all imports of live chickens from mainland China for 21 days after a dead chicken there tested positive for the H5N1 virus.
The virus is normally found in birds but can jump to people who do not have immunity to it and researchers worry it could mutate into a form that would spread around the world and kill millions of people.
In recent years, the virus has become active in various parts of the world, mainly in east Asia, during the cooler months.
Authorities in China are especially worried about the spread of infectious diseases around this time when millions of Chinese travel in crowded buses and trains across the country to go home to celebrate the Lunar New Year.
The current strain of H5N1 is highly pathogenic, kills most species of birds and up to 60 percent of the people it infects. Since 2003, it has infected 573 people around the world, killing 336. The virus also kills migratory birds but species that manage to survive can carry and disperse the virus to new, uninfected locations.
(Reporting by Alison Leung; Editing by Alessandra Rizzo)
Mochila insert follows.
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158 Newgrange (just for fun)
158 Newgrange (just for fun)
On a recent trip to Ireland we had the opportunity to visit and explore Newgrange. I had seen the sight on several TV documentaries and was anxious to experience it for myself. The following is taken from Wikipedia:
Newgrange (IrishSí an Bhrú or Brú na Bóinne) is a prehistoric monument in County Meath, Ireland, located 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) west of Drogheda on the north side of the River Boyne. It is an exceptionally grand passage tomb built during the Neolithic period, around 3200 BC, making it older than Stonehenge and the Egyptian pyramids.
The site consists of a large circular mound with an inner stone passageway and chambers. Human bones and possible grave goods or votive offerings were found in these chambers. The mound has a retaining wall at the front, made mostly of white quartz cobblestones, and it is ringed by engraved kerbstones. Many of the larger stones of Newgrange are covered in megalithic art. The mound is also ringed by a stone circle. Some of the material that makes up the monument came from as far away as the Mournes and Wicklow Mountains. There is no agreement about what the site was used for, but it is believed that it had religious significance. Its entrance is aligned with the rising sun on the winter solstice, when sunlight shines through a ‘roofbox‘ and floods the inner chamber. Several other passage tombs in Ireland are aligned with solstices and equinoxes, and Cairn G at Carrowkeel has a similar ‘roofbox’. Newgrange also shares many similarities with other Neolithic constructions in Western Europe, especially Gavrinis in Brittany, which has both a similar preserved facing and large carved stones, in that case lining the passage within. Maeshowe in Orkney, Scotland, with a large high corbelled chamber, and Bryn Celli Ddu in Wales have also been compared to Newgrange.
It is the most famous monument within the Neolithic Brú na Bóinne complex, alongside the similar passage tomb mounds of Knowth and Dowth, and as such is a part of the Brú na Bóinne UNESCO World Heritage Site. Newgrange consists of approximately 200,000 tonnes of rock and other materials. It is 85 metres (279 ft) wide at its widest point.
Images of the interior follow:
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Is obesity genetic or environmental?
Updated: Jun 09, 2021
• Print
Two major groups of factors, genetic and environmental, have a balance that variably intertwines in the development of obesity. Genetic factors are presumed to explain 40-70% of the variance in obesity, within a limited range of BMI (18-30 kg/m2).
A study in which monozygotic twins were overfed by 1000 kcal per day, 6 days a week, over a 100-day period found that the amount of weight gain varied significantly between pairs (4.3 to 13.3 kg). However, the similarity within each pair was significant with respect to body weight, percentage of fat, fat mass, and estimated subcutaneous fat, with about 3 times more variance among pairs than within them. [71] This observation indicates that genetic factors are significantly involved and may govern the tendency to store energy.
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Facts vs. Myths: What You Need to Know About the New Coronavirus
All your questions, myths and misconceptions on the new coronavirus answered.
The deadly coronavirus epidemic which started in China has since spread to 24 countries and sent the world into a frenzy. As fears and misconceptions regarding the coronavirus proliferated online, the World Health Organization (WHO) has started a campaign to educate people on the new coronavirus. We’ve rounded up a few facts we know about the new strain of coronavirus (officially named 2019-nCoV) and dispel widely held misconceptions and myths.
Here are a few key things you need to know about the talk of the town.
What is the coronavirus?
Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. A novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans. They are also zoonotic meaning transmission occurs between humans and animals.
Common signs of infection that should not be missed include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can give rise to pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death.
Is Wuhan Coronavirus similar to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)?
The new coronavirus isn’t SARS despite sharing 80% of its genetic sequence with the virus responsible for the latter. Originating from the same viral family as SARS, it has some similarities, but it is an entirely new virus. However both the SARS and Wuhan outbreaks started in China and are believed to have stemmed from the wild animal markets.
Are masks or respirators really necessary?
Masks or respirators are generally not required for people who are well. They do not bestow automatic protection against the virus. Worse still, wearing a mask incorrectly can render it ineffective and instil a false sense of security.
However, those who are sick with symptoms such as fever, cough or runny nose should put on a surgical mask instead of an n95 mask to prevent the spread of illnesses. Surgical masks aid in lessening the spread of the virus and are a more pragmatic choice. All in all, practising good personal hygiene such as washing hands regularly and using sanitisers is more effective than wearing a mask.
In an era of online shopping, many postulated that one can catch the virus from letters or packages from China but fret not as doing so would not put you at risk of contracting the new coronavirus. From analyses previously conducted, coronaviruses do not survive long on objects such as letters or packages.
Can transmission from asymptomatic individuals occur?
While person-to-person transmissions have been reported outside of China, the World Health Organisation is still probing if people who are infected can spread the disease before they manifest any symptoms of the novel coronavirus and there are no conclusive verifications as of now.
Can pets spread the Wuhan coronavirus?
Presently, there is no evidence that domesticated animals/pets such as dogs or cats can be infected with the novel coronavirus. However, it is imperative to practice extra precaution and good hygiene by washing your hands thoroughly with soap and water after contact with them. This protects you from common bacteria such as E.coli and Salmonella which can be transmitted between humans and pets.
Do vaccines against pneumonia protect you against the new coronavirus?
Vaccines against pneumonia do not provide protection against the new coronavirus.The coronavirus is very disparate and requires its own vaccine. However, researchers are ramping up efforts to develop an effective vaccine against the deadly virus.
Is it safe to travel to China?
On January 30, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the escalating epidemic constitutes a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). As such, many countries are urging residents to avoid all non-essential travel to China. International travellers are also advised to practice usual precautions.
Can consuming garlic aid in preventing infection with the new coronavirus?
Garlic is a healthy food that boasts antimicrobial properties (the ability to destroy or hinder the growth of microorganisms especially pathogenic microorganisms) but there is no evidence to corroborate that eating garlic has protected people from the Wuhan coronavirus.
Does the new coronavirus only affect older people?
People from all walks of life regardless of age can be infected by the new coronavirus. Older people, people with pre-existing medical conditions (such as asthma, diabetes, heart disease) and those with compromised immune systems appear to be more vulnerable to becoming critically ill with the virus.
Are antibiotics effective in preventing and treating the new coronavirus?
Antibiotics work against bacterias, not viruses like the new coronavirus therefore it should not be administered as a means of treatment or prevention. However, you may have to begin a course of antibiotics should you be hospitalised for the novel coronavirus as bacterial coinfection is plausible.
Can traditional Chinese medicines help fight the Wuhan coronavirus?
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there is no specific medicine recommended to prevent or treat the novel coronavirus to date. They may be popular but are clinically unproven.
As the crisis continues to unfold, be mindful of fake news bandied about to resolutely amplify needless fear and confusion. Turn to official or trustworthy sources for accurate and up-to-date information. In the meantime, remember to stay safe!
Also read: Wuhan Virus Update: All Countries and Airlines Imposing Travel Bans and Suspending Flights to China
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Ifah Sakinah
Ifah Sakinah
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What is this Metro Vancouver animal that looks so much like a beaver but isn't one?
How is that not a beaver?
Muskrats look strikingly similar to beavers, albeit smaller and with notable differences. They have been seen in Stanley Park and along the Fraser River.
Have you ever seen a small beaver somewhere in Metro Vancouver?
If you didn't get a close look, it might not have been a beaver.
Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) look strikingly similar to beavers, albeit smaller and with some notable differences.
Megan Manes, Public Environmental Educator at the Stanley Park Ecology Society (SPES), tells Vancouver Is Awesome that the two animals share a great deal in common but there are ways to tell them apart.
While they are both brown, semi-aquatic rodents, the SPES conservation technician noted that their tails are completely different. Beavers have wide, flat tails, while muskrats have thin, tapering tails. Also, beavers are larger and have more prominent ears.
muskrat-tailBeavers have wide, flat tails, while muskrats have thin, tapering tails. Photo via carlosbezz / Getty Images
Muskrats don't build dams — but they do build domes
Aside from their appearance, the rodents also share a striking behavioural difference. Beavers build dams, muskrats don't.
As winter approaches, muskrats build domes out of frozen vegetation to cover holes in the ice, explains the Alberta Institute for Wildlife Conservation. "These miniature lodges are used as resting places during underwater forays and as feeding stations."
Both beavers and muskrats are adept in the water and can hold their breath for an impressive amount of time. Additionally, both animals' teeth stick out in front of their lips so they can chew underwater without swallowing gulps of it.
According to the SPES records, muskrats have been spotted in Stanley Park prior to 1979. Although they are seldom seen in Stanley Park, when they have been spotted it has been near Beaver Lake.
A Summary of Historical and Current Occurrence Records notes that muskrats are found "present in Jericho Park, golf course ponds in Southlands area, and Beaver Lake." They were also observed at the mouth of Spanish Bank Creek and were considered abundant everywhere along the lower Fraser River.
These beavers came to a Stanley Park lake after a 60-year hiatus
Known for building large dams, lodges, and canals, you're more likely to see evidence of beavers than you are to spot one of the large rodents. So, when the first beaver was spotted in Stanley Park's Beaver Lake in over 60 years, it made a considerable splash.
In 2008, the first semi-aquatic herbivore mysteriously appeared in Beaver Lake after an extraordinary hiatus. No one knows how it got there, but a second one joined it in 2011. Afterward, the pair had kits.
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