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Cellular senescence has been most widely studied in fibroblast cells in vitro [1]. In many human cells, cellular senescence is characterized by several molecular and cytological markers, such as a large flat morphology, expression of a senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity (SA β-gal) [2], and altered gene expression [3]. Oxidative stress is a condition that arises when the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) overwhelms the cellular antioxidant defences. Human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs) can develop a phenotype resembling senescence in response to oxidative stress. It has been reported that treating cells exogenously with certain hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations can trigger entry into a senescent-like state which is termed 'stress-induced premature senescence' (SIPS) [4].
The morphology of SIPS cells was found resembled of senescent cells; with gross enlargement and accumulation of granular cytoplasmic inclusions after 2 weeks exposure to low dose of H2O2 [5]. If oxidative stress or free radicals are at least partly responsible for lifespan and aging, it follows that antioxidant should prolong life and retard aging. Tocotrienol is one subclass of vitamin E that can be found abundantly in palm oil, rice bran oil, barley, corn, oats and wheat [6]. It acts effectively as an antioxidant because its hydrogen atom from the hydroxyl group on its chromanol ring can readily be donated to reduce free radicals, each has its own biological activity [7].
RNA differential displays [8] and the serial assessment of gene expression [9] have been applied to explore senescence-associated genes to gain an insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying senescence [10]. The study of the molecular mechanisms underlying senescence has shed light on central aspects of tumor development and has contributed to the research on organismal aging [11]. Quantification of transcription levels of genes plays a central role in the understanding of gene function [12]. Therefore, quantitative real time RT-PCR has become a popular means to assess mRNA expression level; due to its sensitivity, accuracy and ability to amplify mRNA signal [13]. The method allows detection of amplicon accumulation since it is performed using fluorogenic probes or intercalating dyes such as SYBR Green I, rather than by conventional end-point analysis [14]. However, it is essential to control for error between samples when measuring RNA expression. Therefore, in order to control for experimental variations in the amount of RNA used in each quantitative RT-PCR and batch-to-batch variations in PCR reagents, coincident measurement of so-called 'housekeeping' genes has been used for the normalization of target gene expression data [15].
Housekeeping genes or reference genes are essential endogenous regulatory genes that are involved in various processes in the cell, such as metabolism, cell structure, gene transcription, and homeostasis and are therefore constitutively expressed [16]. Choosing an appropriate reference gene is important for accurate quantitative RNA expression in real time RT-PCR technique. In using the relative quantitative RT-PCR method, the cycle thresholds of the genes of interest were compared to the housekeeping genes to determine relative changes in expression [16]. The expression levels of reference genes should remain constant between the cells of different tissues and under different experimental conditions [17]. If these requirements are not fulfilled then normalization to varying internal references can lead to increased 'noise' or erroneous results [18]. If the chosen housekeeping gene fluctuates randomly between samples, then small differences between genes of interest will be missed. Appropriate validation of internal references is therefore crucial to avoid misinterpretations of study findings [19].
Several genes have been used as housekeeping genes, including β-actin, β2-microglobulin, cyclooxygenase 1, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase, porphobilinogen deaminase, and the transferring receptor [20]. The RNA encoding GAPDH is universally expressed. GAPDH catalyzes the oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate during glycolysis as well as the reverse reaction in tissues involved in gluconeogenesis. GAPDH has also been implicated in other ubiquitous processes such as DNA replication and repair and apoptosis [21]. This gene has been used for real time comparative gene expression studies. However, recent research has demonstrated that the expression level of housekeeping genes may be altered due to differences in experimental treatment [22]. Therefore, it is important to validate the stability and elucidate the changes of the housekeeping genes between different experimental conditions. In order to determine the suitability of GAPDH as reference gene in senescent and antioxidant studies, total RNA from HDFs after different experimental treatments were used to rectify the consistency of GAPDH expression in different reaction conditions of human skin fibroblast cells senescent model.
Morphology of human diploid fibroblast cells
Figure 1
Senescence-associated (SA) β-galactosidase expression
Figure 2
GAPDH mRNA expression
Figure 3
Table 1 Total RNA concentration versus Ct value
Most type of primary normal cells did not proliferate indefinitely in culture. Instead, after a period of rapid proliferation, their division rate slows down and ultimately ceased altogether. Such cells became unresponsive to mitogenic stimuli yet can remain viable for extended periods of time. Upon entering the state of senescence, cells underwent a dramatic change in morphology; whereby their volume increases and they loss their original shape, acquiring a flattened cytoplasm [23]. These morphological changes were shown in our senescent HDFs and cells with H2O2-induced oxidative stress. This shift was accompanied by changes in nuclear structure, gene expression, protein processing, and metabolism [23]. Although there is limited study on the effects of tocotrienol and human life span, but it was found that tocotrienol administration reduces oxidative protein damage and extends the mean life span of Caenorhabditis elegans, one of the well established aging model [24]. These results strongly suggest that oxidative stress plays a role in bringing the changes in cellular function that occurs during aging.
In the present study, the RNA encoding GAPDH was ubiquitously expressed in all treatment groups. GAPDH is frequently used as an endogenous control for quantitative RT-PCR analysis because its expression is consistent at different time points and various experimental manipulations [25]. With the growing popularity of quantitative RT-PCR, one needs to justify whether the use of GAPDH as the specific internal standard RNA is appropriate [26]. As pointed out by Bustin (2002) [27], the ease and rapidity of which data was acquired by quantitative RT-PCR can easily create a false sense of objectivity. This assay used small amounts of RNA and therefore, is more prone to errors due to variation in RNA input [18].
The suitability of GAPDH as housekeeping gene has also been demonstrated in articular chondrocytes gene expression assessment in hypoxic condition [28]. GAPDH expression was not modulated in the chondrocytes by changes in oxygen tension. Studies on human glioblastoma and cancer cells of different origins for its molecular regulation under hypoxic condition also revealed GAPDH expression was not involved in the gene regulation [29, 30]. In contrast, Zhong & Simons (1999) [31] showed GAPDH was increased in cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. GAPDH expression was correlated with the upregulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha. In another study, GAPDH was suggested as the target gene in the evaluation of amino-bisphosphophates effects on prostate and breast cancer cell lines [32]. The expression of GAPDH was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner following amino-bisphosphophates treatment to the cancer cells. GAPDH was also not suitable as housekeeping gene for cell lines under mitogens stimulation [33]. Therefore, it was highly recommended that the suitability of GAPDH as housekeeping gene be properly validated for each experiment to confirm that its expression was unaffected by different experimental conditions [34].
Sample collection
Cell culture
Primer design
Table 2 Primer sequences of GAPDH
RNA extraction
Real time RT-PCR
Standard curve
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Correspondence to Suzana Makpol.
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Azalina Zainuddin, Kien Hui Chua, Norhazira Abdul Rahim and Suzana Makpol contributed equally to this work.
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Zainuddin, A., Chua, K.H., Rahim, N.A. et al. Effect of experimental treatment on GAPDH mRNA expression as a housekeeping gene in human diploid fibroblasts. BMC Molecular Biol 11, 59 (2010).
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• Cellular Senescence
• Senescent Cell
• GAPDH Expression
• Human Diploid Fibroblast
• Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyl Transferase
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Modular Bio Digester
plastic bottles, inner tube and 3d-printed connections
This is a low-tech proposal to work with commonly available materials that may be even considered waste. It is meant to be reproduced in order to empower and engage people through making and producing themselves.
The materials are easily accessible and easy to be found and used. The system can be scaled-up by adding plastic bottles and inner tubes as reservoirs.
A big bottle filled with biodegradable waste and cow faeces acts as a bio-reactive tank, producing flammable methane gas. The gas gets cleaned in water through a simple setup with standardized aquarium pipes. It gets stored in an elastic inner hose of a bike or car wheel.
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Heteroflexibility: What Is It and Does It Apply to You?
Sexuality is fluid and with this movement, comes ways to describe the way in which people feel. One of the ways you can describe sexuality is heteroflexible. The term heteroflexibility fits within the LGBTQIA+ definitions of sexuality, but we’re here to explain it and its intricacies. Does it apply to you? Let’s find out.
What Is Heteroflexibility?
The notion of heteroflexibility has been coined as recently as the early 2000s but, the ideas surrounding it go further back than this. Being heteroflexible means that you are mostly heterosexual but also have minimal homosexual tendencies. Usually, when homosexual attraction occurs, it is not due to a person’s gender but simply who they are. If this applies to you, you may be heteroflexible, but let’s explore this further.
Are You Heteroflexible?
There isn’t a heteroflexibility test that determines your orientation, but there are questions you can ask yourself. It’s important to remember that while some of these may apply to you now, they could change in the future. Answering these questions won’t be straightforward but may help you reach a conclusion. Here are some things to consider:
1. Who are you attracted to?
2. Of these, who are you most attracted to?
3. Have you felt an attraction to people of your own gender?
4. Would you like to experiment with people of your gender?
5. Do you feel like not experimenting would be missing out?
6. Without notions, labels or definitions – who would you be attracted to?
The answers to these questions are a way to understand heteroflexibility and get you thinking about which aspects may apply to you.
Heteroflexible Flag
The heteroflexible flag has been made to represent the variation between orientation. The flag consists of six white to black, gradient stripes with a multicoloured stripe down the middle. It represents the ‘mostly straight’ aspect with grey and the multicoloured nature of the LGBT+ community.
The monochrome stripes represent the Kinsey Scale. The premise of this scale is that heterosexuality and homosexuality are not as black and white as being one or the other. Rather, they fall into variations that can be more or less prevalent. The scale represents 6 lines which refer to the scale on which a person may identify as heterosexual, homosexual or in between.
Comparatively, the multicoloured LGBT+ flag represents all of the colours of the rainbow. The inclusion of all the colours attempts to represent all orientations and sexualities. The diversity here comes from including every colour of the rainbow, showing each aspect of an individuals sexuality. The combination of the black, white and grey stripes with the narrow strip of colour represents heteroflexibility within the creation of the heteroflexible flag.
Heteroflexible vs Bisexual
There is much debate about the notions between being heteroflexible and bisexual. The terms have similarities, bisexuality meaning you are not attracted to exclusively one gender, which can range from two to many. By comparison, heteroflexibility means you are ‘mostly straight’ but can be attracted to your own gender. This is where the difference lies.
Let’s delve a little deeper. Both identities coexist, yet their distinction comes from individual experiences and feelings. Labels exist for individuals to find a place that feels most natural. This means that depending on personal experience, you may fit into one or another, or maybe even both.
Being both heteroflexible and bisexual is possible, and a definition that many individuals choose. Labels are what you make them, allow you to find a community and feel a sense of belonging. Wherever you feel comfortable is the right place to be.
LGBTQIA+ on a persons knuckles
Along with the debate between bisexuality and heteroflexibility, comes being homoflexible. This orientation is similar to heteroflexibility, but of course, has differences. Homosexuality is characterized by having an attraction to individuals of the same gender as you. Therefore, homoflexibility means being mostly attracted to your own gender and occasionally being attracted to the opposite gender.
The criteria to assess homoflexibility is similar to the questions we previously explored. However, much like there isn’t a heteroflexibility test, there isn’t a homoflexible one either. Identifying as homoflexible, you can also identify as bisexual and heteroflexible at the same time. The terms can be used together but also separately, to describe how you truly feel. The most important thing to remember is that your experience is truly your own. Defining it can only be done by you if that’s what you choose to do.
What Now?
If you’ve read this and are still not quite sure if it fits, that is totally ok! There are so many ways in which you may fit into the LGBT+ community and here at enamoree, we aim to cover as much of it as possible. Check out our LGBT+ page for more information and advice.
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Mechanical Power Transmission
1. Home
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4. Mechanical Power Transmission
What is Mechanical power transmission?
Mechanical power transmission is the transfer of energy from where it’s generated to a place where it is used to perform work using simple machines, linkages and mechanical power transmission elements.
Mechanical power transmission
Mechanical power transmission
Nearly all machines have some kind of power and motion transmission from an input source. This is usually an electric motor or an internal combustion engine which typically provides rotary driving torque via an input shaft – coupling combination.
Why do we need mechanical power transmission?
There are many ways to generate power but sometimes its impossible to generate power where it’s needed or in the right form or direction or magnitude. Hence electrical & mechanical power transmissions are vital for any engineering product design. This article is solely about mechanical power transmission and its elements excluding electrical power transmission. Mechanical power transmission and its elements are used for the following reasons;
1. Generated power or energy can be converted into a useful form
2. Physical constraints limit the power generation at the place where its used hence it can be transferred from source to a place where it is needed
3. It can be used to change direction and magnitude such as speed or torque
4. It can be used to change the type of energy i.e. rotational to linear and vice versa
Mechanical power transmission elements
In an engineering product design such as automation drives, machinery etc, power transmission and its elements makes it possible to match the power source to its operating environment and condition of the working elements.
Benefits of power transmission elements
• Transmit power efficiently
• The elements help to split and distribute the power source to run several mechanisms such as single motor running multiple conveyor belts.
• To change rotational speeds
• Reverse the rotational direction from the motor
• Converts rotational movement into linear reciprocating motion
Types of Mechanical power transmission elements
• Shafts & Couplings
• Power screws
• Gears & Gear trains
• Brakes & Clutches
• Belts, Ropes & Pulleys
• Chains & sprockets
Shafts & Couplings
As discussed earlier shafts and couplings are an integral part of the power transmission for modern age engineering product designs such as machinery. Since power transmission shafts are widely used in almost all types of mechanical equipment design, the design is critical for the safe and long life of the machines.
Sub-components such as couplings, gears, pulleys, sprockets etc are mounted on to a shaft to transmit power or rotation via the central portion of the component called hub along with retention devices such as keys and splines. The connection should ensure the connection transmits the load, power & rotation without slipping and within the accuracy requirement of the design.
Types of connections and components required to be used along the shaft axis are dictated by the functional requirements of the product and depends on the following factors
– Magnitude of Torque
– Shaft size
– Rotation speed
– Direction of rotation
Couplings also known as shaft couplings are used to connect two shaft ends together to transmit both angular rotation and torque. The main design requirement for couplings and its retention devices are that the rated torque must be transmitted without slip, premature failure or in some cases it needs to withstand misalignment.
Rigid & flexible couplings
Rigid & flexible couplings
Mechanical power transmission couplings are typically divided into two broad categories
• Rigid coupling
• Flexible coupling
Rigid couplings are simple, easy to design and comparatively cheap though require precise alignment of the shafts, whereas the flexible couplings can accommodate shaft misalignment.
Power Screws
A Power screw also known as Leadscrew ( or lead screw) and translation screw, is a screw used as a power transmission linkage element in an engineering product such as machine to translate rotational motion into linear motion. The large area of sliding contact between the male and female part of the screw threads provides large mechanical advantage via the small wedge angle.
Power screw
Power screw
Power screws have many applications such as linear leadscrews, machine slides, vices, screw jack, mechanical press steering mechanisms etc. Most common arrangements are set up such that the power screw rotates and the nut translates into linear motion along the screws. But its also used in opposite orientation such as the screw jack where nut rotates and screw moves linearly to raise the jack.
These are not used on high power transmission because of large frictional energy losses on screw threads but used on low power intermittent transmission such as low accuracy positioners.
Gears and gear trains
Gear trains are multiple sets of gears that transmit power. A gear train is a mechanical power transmission system where gears are installed on shafts so the teeth of the mating gears engage and each roll on each other on its pitch circle diameter.
Gears and gear trains
Gears and gear trains
Speed ratio and mechanical advantage of mating gears are defined by the pitch circle diameter ratio.
Brakes and Clutches
Theoretically, brakes and clutches are nearly indistinguishable, though functionally clutches are couplings that are used to engage and disengage the transmitted power between two connecting shafts rotating at different speeds on a common axis. The main function of a clutch is to bring both elements to a common angular velocity.
brakes & clutches
brakes & clutches
A brake function in a similar manner, except that one of the elements, is fixed, so when actuated the common angular velocity is zero.
Although brakes and clutches are known for its automotive application, it’s also widely used in winches, mowers, hoists, washing machines, tractors, mills, elevators and excavators.
Mechanical clutches can be classified and distinguished in a variety of ways depending on its engagement type, operating principle, type of actuation & method of operation
Engagement type Operating principle Actuation type Operation method
Positive drive clutches Closing clutches Hydraulic actuation Dry clutches
friction clutches Opening clutches Pneumatic Wet clutches
Electromagnetic clutches
Critical things to consider
• Torque transmitted
• Actuating force
• Energy loss
• Temperature rise
Like the clutches, there are mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic and electric brakes.
It can be classified according to their function :
• Locking brakes, stop brakes
• Regulating brakes
• Dynamometric brakes
• Hydraulic
• electric
Some of the common types of brakes:
• Shoe brakes
• Band bakes
• Disc brakes
• Drum brakes
Belts, Ropes & Pulleys
Belts and pulleys are used when the distance between the shafts too far apart to use gears.
belts, ropes and pulleys
belts, ropes and pulleys
Chain& Sprockets
Chains are used for lower speed applications where distance between the shafts are too far apart to use gear trains and belts are going to support the torque that needs transmitting. They are also a good way of transmitting power when exact speed ratios are needed
chains and sprockets
chains and sprockets
Design tip: Sprockets with an odd number of teeth wear slower than those with an even number of teeth.
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Can I Use Miracle-Gro LiquaFeed Plant Food on Grass?
A lawn needs a little tending to keep it green and lush. Supplying the grass with nutrients by fertilizing it helps keep the lawn healthy and vigorous. You can kill two birds with one stone by fertilizing your lawn with Miracle-Gro LiquaFeed fertilizer when you water it.
Grass Fertilizer Needs
Grass needs varied nutrients, depending on factors such as the type of turf grass, the age of a lawn and the type of soil. Without a soil test to determine the specific requirements your grass needs, the University of Florida IFAS Extension recommends using a fertilizer with a grade of 3-1-2 or 4-1-2. The 3-1-2 grade translates to a ratio of 12-4-8, which is the formulation of Miracle-Gro LiquaFeed. These numbers represent nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which are primary nutrients. Miracle-Gro LiquaFeed also supplies manganese and zinc -- two micronutrients that keep grass green and healthy.
When to Fertilize
Warm-season grasses, such as bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) in U.S. Department of Agriculture zones 7 through 10 and zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) in USDA zones 5 through 10, need fertilizing only after they begin to green up in the spring. Cool-season grasses, such as tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) in USDA zones 4 through 7 and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in USDA zones 3 through 6 don’t need to be fertilized during the warmer months. Begin fertilizing in the fall, particularly in September.
How Much to Use
To supply 1 pound of nitrogen for every 1,000 square feet of grass, which is the universally recommended rate of nitrogen for a lawn, you have to do some math to calculate this rate if you use a granulated fertilizer. But if you use Miracle-Gro LiquaFeed, the calculations are already done for you. Each LiquaFeed feeder bottle fertilizes 400 square feet of lawn and can be applied in 15 minutes. The recommended reapplication rate is every seven to 14 days.
How to Apply LiquaFeed
The Miracle-Gro LiquaFeed feeder attaches to the end of a garden hose and holds the LiquaFeed refill bottle. After removing the cap on the LiquaFeed refill bottle, attach it to the LiquaFeed feeder by twisting it in place. Turn on the water and spray the lawn to fertilize it -- the fertilizer will mix in the right proportion with the water. If you have a small patch of lawn to fertilize, you can apply it to your lawn with a watering can. Using the provided dosing spoon, squeeze the refill bottle to fill the spoon. The measurement to the top line is for mixing in 2 gallons of water, and the lower-line measurement mixes in 1 gallon of water. Each gallon fertilizes a 10-square-foot area.
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Resident Spotlight: Major Charles Hubner, Poet Laureate of the South
Charles Hubner was born on January 16, 1835 in Baltimore, to Bavarian parents. His mother was a teacher and his father a merchant tailor. They lived comfortably, with Charles studying literature and music, his two great loves. In fact, at age 10 Charles wrote his first hymn, a sign of things to come for him.
His route to art school took him past a hospital, where, one day, a plain coffin was being taken to a hearse nearby. Two gentlemen had their hats off, standing by with respect as the coffin passed. Charles asked “Please, sir, who are they going to bury?” The man replied: “My son, that is the body of a great poet, Edgar Allan Poe. You will learn about him some day.” Charles could have hardly dreamed that 60 years later, he would receive the “Poe Medal” at that very spot for authoring the poem that would pay tribute to Poe on his 100th birthday.
Not all of Charles’ interests were artistic. He also loved reading about the West and various wars. It was a great, exciting time for a young man when the nation was going to war against Mexico.
In addition to his studies, Charles’ life during his teens involved working as a clerk for several different businesses in Pittsburg, as well as Baltimore until he and his mother began traveling to Bavaria to visit her relatives. They experienced several horrific Atlantic Ocean crossings. When returning to the United States in his late teens, Charles worked menial jobs such as wood cutting, river boating, and more store clerking.
By 1851 at age 16, he found himself in Boonville, Missouri. Five years later as the disagreements between Kansas and Missouri seemed ready to boil into full-fledged war, seemingly Charles would have to be a part of it. He joined Missouri forces, drilling and training every night until they seemed ready, but the situations cooled enough that the unit was disbanded. The next three years Charles spent some time with his father in Iowa, then traveled in Europe again, returning to the United States and locating to New Orleans in 1859, where he spent a couple of years teaching school along the Mississippi River towns.
1861 was an eventful year for Hubner. In Fayetteville, Arkansas, he entered Confederate artillery service, meeting the love of his life, Ida, in that same place. Their romance was fast forming, but they were determined to not marry until peace prevailed, so the courtship would last four long years. Charles’ battery was in Company H of the first Tennessee Regiment, Bee’s Brigade. General Elliott Bee was fatally wounded during the first major action of the Civil War at Manassas, Virginia along the creek called Bull Run. Charles was in the honor guard, firing rifle salute over the grave of General Bee.
Charles spent his year’s enlistment fighting with the artillery and helping high command manage their armies with his acquired clerical skills. When his time was up, he left Richmond for Chattanooga and joined the U.S. Military Telegraph Corps, where he achieved the rank of Major. He had charge of the headquarters couriers, detailed to carry military dispatches, and served in this capacity later under Joseph E. Johnston from Chattanooga to Atlanta. In fact, on July 17, 1864 at 10 p.m., Hubner was charged to deliver a telegram to General Johnston which relieved him of command of the Army of Tennessee, just two days before the Battle of Peachtree Creek.
After the fall of Atlanta, Charles was ordered to run the telegraph office in Selma, Alabama, a huge supply and shipping depot for the South. When the war ended, he was mustered out of service in Selma, where he obtained a position as a clerk in a book store. He began to write and contribute poems to the Weekly Visitor and the Selma Daily Times. In the meantime, General Johnston was writing his own history of the war. The two men were well acquainted, and Johnston sought a quiet and secluded desk in the rear of the book store to do his writing. The two former Confederate officers had numerous conversations regarding the war.
Finally on November 15, 1865, Charles and Ida were married at Woodbine, Tennessee. For three years the Hubners were very happy. Charles worked for several papers as editor, and their son was born in 1867. Later Charles contracted malaria and was so sick that doctors told him to go live in Europe to be treated there, so he left his wife and baby and went to his mother’s residence. By 1869 he recovered and returned to his wife and son, establishing himself in Memphis. It was there Western Union hired him to take charge of their Atlanta office. On January 1, 1870, the young family arrived in the city that was to adopt them.
In the next five years, the Hubner family grew by two daughters, while Charles became less and less a telegrapher and more and more a contributor and editor of newspapers and periodicals. They had a happy family and life was wonderful until tragedy struck. In 1875 Ida developed a fever and a distressing cough that persisted in spite of all the doctors could do. Four months later on January 29, 1876, Ida Ann Hubner died. She was buried a few days later in Oakland Cemetery.
Before she died, Ida begged her best friend and neighbor, Mary Frances Whitney, to help Charles look after the three children. In fact, it was the whole Whitney family that helped Charles. They took care of his children in the daytime, and after work Charles had his dinner and then picked up the already-fed kids and took them home. Before long, he was taking his evening meal with Mary Frances Whitney as well, and “Miss Frank” became a close friend to both Charles and the children.
The two would talk for hours about literature and music, and they visited Ida’s, grave. Charles and Mary Frances planted flowers all around the grave together. He needed her, and she loved him; it was inevitable that they would become man and wife. They married on March 15, 1877 and on February 23 of the next year, a son was born. Two years later a daughter was born but died as an infant.
During that time Charles’ career skyrocketed. He wrote for major publications and had several books published. His friends included Sydney Lanier, Joel Chandler Harris, and other men who topped the Southern literary field in those days. Charles’ days and many evenings were occupied with the sort of things he reveled in. His wife loved hearing about those things, and they had many happy times together.
Once a month Mrs. Hubner and her mother, Mrs. Joshua Whitney, loaded their buggy with tools, a lunch basket, and the children, and they’d drive out to Oakland Cemetery to work on the family plots. In about 1881 they planted a small magnolia tree on the Hubner lot, which has grown to impressive size today. The children played around the mausoleum nearby, admiring the angel who guarded the graves of their Aunt Julia and two little cousins.
The Atlanta Constitution, January 4, 1929.
The Hubners had a long and fruitful life together. Mary Frances lived until 1927, and she was buried on her family lot at Oakland Cemetery, alongside her mother, father, and others. In 1928 Charlotte’s Poetry Society of the South named the Major “Poet Laureate of the South.” In early 1929 Charles Hubner died at nearly 94 years old. There were very few Georgians that did not know Major Charles Hubner, either personally or by reputation. The magnolia planted by “Miss Frank” and her mother is a living memorial to the mother and daughter bond.
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SpaceX’s rocket landing is a big moment for Elon Musk—and for the economics of the space business
A remodeled version of the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifts off at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on the launcher’s first mission since a June failure in Cape Canaveral, Florida, December 21, 2015. The rocket carried a payload of eleven satellites owned by Orbcomm, a New Jersey-based communications company. The first stage returned to land following launch.
Reuters/Joe Skipper
The modern prometheus.
• Tim Fernholz
By Tim Fernholz
Senior reporter
Published This article is more than 2 years old.
By launching a cargo of satellites into orbit and returning the rocket booster to a vertical landing on earth, Elon Musk’s SpaceX has reached the next major milestone in its quest to reduce the cost of reaching space, with the potential to disrupt the entire rocket industry.
The launch last night (Dec. 21) of a modified Falcon 9 rocket carried higher expectations than usual: It was SpaceX’s return to flight for the first time since an explosive mishap six months ago—and the company still needed to then safely land the rocket booster at Cape Canaveral.
After touchdown, Musk raced to the landing pad, where he shared a video that shows you the scale of this rocket:
Typically, most rockets are discarded after flight, burning up in the atmosphere or falling into the sea. This waste contributes to the high cost of orbital access.
SpaceX has already proven itself a real competitor to aerospace giants, offering the cheapest prices to reach low-earth orbit—at about $60 million per launch—thanks to its focus on simple design, cheap materials, and advanced manufacturing techniques. But the ability to reuse their rockets could cut tens of millions, if not more, from that number. Not only will that make the company more competitive in bidding for traditional launch cargos of large satellites from governments and major satellite operators, but it could make hitherto cost-prohibitive schemes a reality, the same way the falling cost of microprocessors opened up new business opportunities.
One trendy example is the idea of putting a new constellation of satellites—as many as 700 of them—in low-earth orbit, providing internet connections on the ground. Remember there are 1,300 satellites orbiting earth right now, so proposing to add several hundred more is no small expansion. Both SpaceX and a company called OneWeb are planning this kind of ambitious satellite effort, but the cost of launching so many satellites is a major impediment.
Reusable rockets could make that kind of business model a reality, lowering launch costs to the point where the inherent risk in a satellite business is manageable, and bringing kooky-sounding ideas like asteroid mining, space debris mitigation, and, yes, space tourism, further within reach.
NASA had essentially given up on a reusable rocket once the Space Shuttle program ended. The shuttle, you’ll remember, took off vertically but landed horizontally like a plane. The expense of refurbishing it in between launches made the space agency look toward so-called expendable launch systems, as it began funding public-private partnerships with SpaceX, Orbital ATK, and Boeing to develop a replacement for the iconic vehicle.
But NASA’s assignment was merely one step in Musk’s overall goals of lowering the cost of space access. Booster reusability became the company’s holy grail once the Falcon 9 rocket was proven.
Still, there are obstacles. SpaceX still needs to demonstrate the ability to consistently produce and launch rockets many times a year after the June accident caused an unexpected, six-month setback, something it will do with several flights planned for the weeks ahead. Conversely, launch operators need to be convinced of the reliability of these reused rockets. Orbcomm was reportedly reluctant to see SpaceX test its rocket landing system during its return-to-flight.
Nonetheless, the company pressed ahead, goaded in part by the success of Blue Origin, the space company founded by Amazon’s Jeff Bezos, in vertically launching and landing its New Shepherd rocket booster last month. While Musk diminished Blue Origin’s accomplishment at the time, noting that the much smaller New Shepherd did not fly as high or as fast as the Falcon 9, he clearly wished to be the undisputed rocket champion.
And though Bezos offered some twitter snark of his own with a congratulatory message that also read “welcome to the club,” there’s no mistaking the state of the space industry: Now that Musk’s company has performed the first operational landing of a vertical rocket booster, the ball is back in Bezos’ court.
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St. Gabriel Possenti’s urn is found in the Sanctuary of San Gabriele dell’Addolorata in Isola del Gran Sasso. (Public Domain/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS)
“Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows” depicts the saint wearing the Passionist habit. The Passionist Sign, part of the habit, is on his chest. The painting, taken from the French Passionists’ Archives, was painted by Gabriel de l’Addolorata in 1899. (Public Domain/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS)
Feb. 27
The 11th of 13 children of a distinguished Italian lawyer who served the Papal States, Francesco Possenti was a bright, joyful youth, despite losing his mother when he was 4.
Educated at the Jesuit college in Spoleto, he was seriously ill twice and vowed to become a religious if he recovered.
He entered the Passionist novitiate in 1856, taking the name Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows.
He served dutifully, with great piety and cheerfulness, dying from tuberculosis at the age of 24.
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Health knowledge and news provided by doctors.
Vitamin C – Better from Food or Supplements?
Because vitamin C is necessary for a healthy immune system, some begin taking supplements to prevent the risk of getting a cold or to shorten the duration of symptoms. But would eating food be a better option instead of popping pills? A new study from the University of Otago studied the bioavailability of vitamin C in foods versus dietary supplements.
Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that is necessary for normal growth and development. It also acts as an antioxidant, blocking damage that is caused by free radicals (which play a role in cancer, heart disease and conditions like arthritis.)
For many years, vitamin C has been a popular remedy for the common cold. However, research shows that for most people, the vitamin does not reduce the risk of colds, though it may help slightly reduce the length of a cold or may lead to somewhat milder symptoms.
Foods rich in vitamin C include cantaloupe, citrus fruits and juices (orange, grapefruit), kiwi fruit, mango, papaya, pineapple, berries (strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, cranberries), watermelon, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, green and red bell peppers, leafy greens, sweet and white potatoes, tomatoes, and winter squash.
Vitamin C was first chemically synthesized in the early 1930s as a way to introduce the necessary vitamin to those without access to vitamin c-rich foods.
Anitra C. Carr and Margreet CM Vissers of the Center for Free Radical Research at the University of Otago (New Zealand) compiled data from both human and animal studies to find if the synthetic version of vitamin C is just as bioavailable to the body as natural vitamin C found in food.
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The team determined that synthetic and food-derived vitamin C is chemically identical. However, fruits and vegetables provide a number of other micronutrients, dietary fiber, and phytochemicals that are not a part of vitamin C supplements.
For example, some fruit (kiwi is an example) also contain vitamin E. This vitamin is known to help preserve vitamin C in vivo. Plant-derived flavonoids may also help the body “spare” vitamin c and therefore increase its bioavailablilty.
There is of course a benefit to taking vitamin C in a pill versus food. Supplemental vitamin C typically takes about two hours to reach maximal plasma levels following ingestion. Some animal studies indicate that vitamin C from food takes much longer to provide the same benefit. However, this effect is most beneficial to those suffering a deficiency in vitamin C (ie Scurvy) or for those who need additional vitamin C above the RDI due to a condition such as wound healing.
Doses of vitamin C up to 200 mg/day are considered safe for general consumption. However, if you do choose to go the dietary supplement route for your vitamin C needs, keep in mind that single doses of vitamin C greater than 200 mg have a lower relative bioavailability, indicating it is much preferable to get the vitamin over several small doses rather than a single large dose.
Overall, the researchers find that getting vitamin C from food is preferable over supplements for most individuals. Food-derived vitamin C (ie fruits and vegetables) is associated with decreased incidence of stroke, coronary heart disease, and cancers at various sites.
Carr AC, Vissers MCM. Synthetic or Food-Derived Vitamin C – Are They Equally Bioavailable? Nutrients 2013, 5, 4284-4304;doi:10.3390/nu5114284
Additional Resources:
National Institutes of Health: Vitamin C
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*Corresponding Author:
Jane Gelinski
University of the West of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
E-mail: [email protected]
Date of Submission 31 October 2018
Date of Revision 15 March 2019
Date of Acceptance 10 July 2019
Indian J Pharm Sci 2019;81(5):807-814
Resistance to antibiotics has being considered one of the greatest public health problems worldwide. The objective of this systematic review was to compile important bibliographical references that support the studies related to the biotechnological potential of antimicrobial peptides. Antimicrobial peptides are considered the major components of the innate immune system and work in defence against infections caused by different microorganisms. Many researchers argue that the studies associated with the discoveries of antimicrobial peptides that are more effective in the treatment of infections caused by microorganisms be also directed to the substances produced by insects. The major aspects associated to the technological potential of antimicrobial peptides are, general characteristics, classification, mode of action and prospects for applying, mainly in the pharmaceutical industry. It can be concluded that research for new substances with action against pathogenic microorganisms aim mainly to seek alternatives to the use of antibiotics. In addition, anticancer peptides are small cationic molecules with promising pharmacological use. However, the products for application in the protection of food, treatment of skin infections and its use in the cosmetics industry are those with the greatest potential.
Antibiotics, AMPs, immune system, insect, pharmaceutical industry
The discovery of antibiotics is considered one of the great advances in medicine; its application allows controlling more efficiently infections caused by microorganisms, facilitating the achievement of complex surgical procedures. The use of these substances contributes to the control of infectious diseases by significantly reducing the mortality of humans and animals. The efficiency in the treatment placed the antibiotics among the drugs most prescribed in the world; its indiscriminate use has generated a strong selective pressure favoring the evolution of the bacterial resistance[1-4].
The evolution of resistance of pathogens to antibiotics puts at risk the lives of many patients by reducing the success of modern medicine. The first strains resistant to penicillin was first identified in 1947[5] and since then, the number of resistant microorganisms has increased considerably[2-4,6]. Davies and Davies[7] stated that many of us have lived in a period that can be referred to as “post-antibiotic age” since some species of pathogens are resistant to more than 50 % of the antibiotic agents used to fight them[8]. In 2004, about 70 % of the pathogenic bacteria showed resistance against at least one antibiotic[9]. Currently one of the major concerns is the emergence of the so-called super bacteria, which show resistance against multiple antibiotics; in The United States these bacteria cause the death of 99 % of infected people[10,11].
Resistance to antibiotics has determined an increase in mortality rates and costs of treatments, being considered one of the greatest public health problems worldwide[3,12-14]. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention[15] this phenomenon causes around 23 000 deaths each year in the United States. An additional complication is the reduction of investments in the pharmaceutical industry in developing new antibiotics observed in recent decades[1,16]. During this period, the search for new substances with action against pathogenic microorganisms has become a constant between researchers in the pharmaceutical area. Among the substances studied are the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also known as peptides of host defense.
The AMPs are known since the beginning of the last century, but their potential for application in the pharmaceutical industry, as a replacement for antibiotics, began to be investigated more consistently with the characterization of cecropin by Hultmark et al.[17]. This substance with antimicrobial action was isolated from pupae of Hyalophora cecropia Linnaeus, 1758 (Saturniidae) after this, many other peptides with this characteristic were discovered[18,19].
The objective of this systematic review was to compile important bibliographical references that support the studies related to the biotechnological potential of AMPs. The main topics covered here are: description of the general characteristics of the AMPs, classification, mode of action and technological potential of use. The authors have prioritized literature review articles from the last 10 y, but some older ones were considered because they included specific and relevant aspects about peptides.
General characteristics of the AMPs:
The AMPs are substances evolutionarily ancient found in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. These substances differ in molecular size, spectrum of action; they are considered the major components of the innate immune system and work in defense against infections caused by viruses, bacteria and fungi[20-33]. Furthermore, recent studies indicate that the AMP may exercise activities such as immunological modulators[34,35] in the treatment of cancer[36], in the recovery of skin lesions and as an alternative in the treatment of biofilms formed by pathogenic microorganisms[37]. The AMPs, in general, are substances that have fewer than 100 amino acids with a molecular weight below 5000 Daltons, although there have already been found peptides containing between 130 and 150 amino acids. In general, the number of amino acids is less than 60, ranging between 12 and 50 AA. They are amphipathic molecules (with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions), with a positive charge (varying between +2 and +9) due to the presence of multiple basic amino acids such as lysine, arginine and histidine[38-40].
In vertebrates the synthesis of some AMPs occur in a constitutive way and the production of others can be induced during inflammatory processes; in the aquatic invertebrates these peptides are synthesized rapidly in response to infections caused by microorganisms[38,39]. In vertebrates they are produced by several types of cells, such as phagocytes, lymphocytes, epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and urogenital system[40]. In insects such substances are produced mainly in grease and promptly released to the hemolymph. Each species, in general, produces a single repertoire of these peptides. The number of AMPs can vary a lot between different species, in insects: for example, more than 50 types of AMPs were identified in Harmonia axiids[41] and only 6 in Apis melifera[42].
Studies on the evolution of genes that encode AMPs indicate the occurrence of cases of duplication followed by evolutionary divergence. This analysis indicated the presence of positive selection favoring changes in load of amino acids, promoting diversification. It was also identified the occurrence of negative selection in areas important for the functional activities of these substances[40,43]. The genes that encode antimicrobial proteins are rapidly evolving, which indicated their involvement in the arms race against microorganisms[21,40].
Classes and families:
The classification of AMPs can be based on several different criteria, i.e., despite of their importance there is a definitive method for their categorization. The database for AMPs (AMP database)[44] presents seven different ways for the classification of these substances, the mechanism of synthesis, the origin, the biological function, the properties of the peptides, in threedimensional structure, in the standards of covalent bounds and molecular target. The classification used more frequently is based on structural characteristics, number of amino acids and size, which defines four classes or major groups that could represent several families (fig. 1).
Figure 1: Classes of antimicrobial peptides
Class I- α-helix, class II- β-sheet, class III- extended helix and class IV- β-hairpin or loops. Modified from Peters et al.[45]
The description below is based on the works of various authors[45-49]. Class I (α-helix)- linear peptides that assume the setting called α-helix, examples include cecropin, magainin, pexiganan, dermaseptin and dipteran. Class II (β-sheet)- peptides that have two or more β chains that are stabilized by the presence of disulfide bonds, such as defensin, protegrin and heliomicin. Class III (extended)- linear peptides that have high amounts of amino acids like proline, histidine, arginine or glycine, examples include drosocin, lebocin and moricin, pyrrhocoricin, indolicidine and histatins. Class IV (β-hairpin or loops)- peptides that have structures similar to staples connected by bridges of disulfides and possess high quantities of residues of proline, examples, tachyplesins, bactenecin and dodecapeptide. The classes I and II (α-helix and β-sheet) are the AMPs more common and more studied; as an example of important families are the cecropin and defensin[48,49], respectively (fig. 2).
Figure 2: 3D structures of class I and II AMPs
A: Cecropin-like peptide; B: defensin NSD7. Images from RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB) A. PDB ID 2MMM[48] and B. PDB ID 5KK4[49]
Cecropin was characterized by Hultmark et al.[17] and, after that, it was identified in different organisms. The study of this peptide has enabled the division of family in five subfamilies or subtypes in consequence of the difference in the composition of amino acids. The precursors of cecropin family cecropin have between 58 and 64 amino acids; the mature peptides are released by cleavage of the signal peptide and have between 35 and 39 amino acids. The mature peptides have no residues of cysteine and form two α helices (an amphiphilic N-terminal and a C-terminal hydrophobic). The family offers a broad spectrum of activity against bacteria (Gram-positive or negative) and fungi[18,21,50].
The members of the family defensin were described in several species and their main feature is the presence of 6 to 8 residues of cysteine, which are involved in the formation of bridges of molybdenum disulfide that maintain the structure of the peptide (β-sheet). They are alkaline peptides rich in arginine containing between 16 and 50 amino acids; these are synthesized as a prepeptide that would go through several modifications before being released in the active form. The members of this family differ in size, being known, currently, the subfamilies α, β and θ defensin. In addition, the family defensin have members with action against bacteria, fungi and protozoa[18,21,51].
The diversity and variation in the composition of amino acids observed between the AMP is one of the difficulties for the definition of procedures for classification and identification of these substances, especially the definition of families. As a result, in recent years several works based in bioinformatics have been developed, aiming to establish methodologies and most appropriate criteria for the classification of AMPs[43,50-53].
Mode of action and technological potential:
The action of AMPs may involve changes in the plasma membrane and intracellular elements, as in DNA, in the processes of synthesis and folding of proteins. The first step of the action of AMPs involves their interaction with the plasma membrane. This interaction depends on the specific characteristics of the membranes of cells and peptides[54].
The AMPs are attracted by electrostatic forces to the negative portions of the phospholipids of the cell membrane which are connected to the lipopolysaccharides in Gram-negative bacteria, to teichoic acid, lipoteichoic and lysylphosphatidylglycerol in Gram-positive bacteria. After that, the AMPs directly interact with the phospholipids of the plasma membrane. The interaction between the AMPs and the double layer of phospholipids stems from the amphiphile nature of both. In this process the positive charges of AMP are important for their link to regions with negative charges of the membrane, while the hydrophobic portion is important for insertion in the double layer[49,55].
The difference in the chemical composition of the plasma membrane of prokaryotes and eukaryotes explains the selectivity of the AMPs for bacteria. Furthermore, the bacterial cells have no cholesterol[56]. The action of the AMPs against tumors is based on differences in the chemical composition of the plasma membrane of the malignant cells[57]. The mechanism of action of AMP does not involve specific receptors, which reduces the speed of evolution of resistance on the part of the pathogens[58]. The recent models known to explain the effects of the AMPs on the plasma membrane are, Barrel-stave model, Toroidal pore model and carpet model. These models differ in how they explain the interaction and/or deterioration caused by AMPs in double layer of phospholipids (fig. 3)[59,60].
Figure 3: Models that explain interaction of AMPs with double layer of phospholipids
Schemes of the 3 models that explain the interaction of AMPs with double layer of phospholipids. A, B and C adapted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Nature Reviews Nephology[59] A1, B1 and C1 are modified from López-Meza et al.[60]
The models Barrel-stave and Toroidal involve the insertion of aggregates of AMPs in dual layer and the formation of pores, which can lead to changes in the flow of calcium, membrane depolarization, loss of energy and, in some cases, induce apoptosis. At the model of tappet (carpet) there is the passage of the AMP by double layer of lipids leading to dissolution or destruction of the plasma[54,61].
In the Barrel stave model the process is directed from the hydrophilic interactions of the peptides with the external membrane of the bilayer. From a peptide complex with perpendicular orientation to the membrane, it is inserted through the hydrophobic region of the bilayer forming a channel (fig. 3)[8,60]. Already the Toroidal model (fig. 3) occurs by the transition of the peptide from an inactive state to an active. The peptides are reoriented perpendicularly into the hydrophobic region of the bilayer (active state) and are associated with lipid molecules in a transitional multipore state, known as supramolecular-lipid dynamic complex. The rupture of the membrane becomes irreversible besides increased transmembrane movement of lipids (fig. 3, red arrow)[60].
In the carpet model the positive charges of helical cationic peptides plus negatively charged phospholipid heads interact and are oriented towards the outside of the membrane. Upon reaching a critical concentration, the peptides undergo rotation and the phospholipids present are redirected. Consequently, there is layer collapse and formation of micelles with hydrophobic core and pore formation in the membrane (fig. 3)[8,60].
Recent studies showed the existence of complementary mechanisms which act on the intra cell components. After the interaction with the membrane the AMP bind to intracellular molecules by inhibiting the synthesis of DNA, RNA, proteins and/or components of the plasma membrane[36,62].
The efficiency of the AMPs has been demonstrated by several studies over time, but nevertheless there are few products available on the market. Among the products marketed are: polymyxin B, colistin, tyrocidin, gramicidin, bactracin and daptomycin, lucinactant, peginesatide, pasireotide, carfilzomib, linaclotide, teduglutide[62]. In recent years, approximately 140 AMPs are in different stages of analysis to the authorization for commercial production[63]. In addition, there are several studies analyzing the efficiency of some AMPs in fighting infections caused by fungi and bacteria in transgenic plants that express the codifying gene of the peptide[38,64].
The studies carried out demonstrated the great potential of AMPs for the pharmaceutical industry, either by their form of action that hinders the development of resistance or by the diversity of types available for tests and assessments. The evolution of resistance to the AMPs would depend on a reconfiguration in the structure of the membrane - a process much more complex and harder to happen[56,65]. On the other hand, the AMPs are produced by all living beings, i.e., are a source almost limitless for research and evaluations[25,32,33,66]. In addition, it is necessary to remember their efficiency and broad spectrum of action.
Due to that, a question is evident: what are the major difficulties for the exploitation of this potential by the pharmaceutical industry? Among the main difficulties to use the AMPs as a method of control of microorganisms are the possibility to be toxic to mammalian cells; its proteolytic degradation and the costs for its development for pharmaceutical applications[8,67]. The development of AMP with up to 30 amino acids has a cost within the limit that large companies are willing to invest in the development of new products. The costs for development of larger peptides are considerably high[45,68]. These obstacles are related to up-scaling and licensing of peptides, but despite this, it is estimated that more than 500 derived peptides are under development[68,69].
The AMPs are rapidly degraded by the action of proteases inside the human body; this reduces their availability and makes it difficult to maintain the dose of the medicine at effective concentrations[70]. The problems of stability of the AMP in physiological conditions can be overcome through specific changes in their chemical composition and/or structure, such as the replacement and/or addition of amino acids or other chemical groups. These chemical changes may also contribute to increase the efficiency of AMPs[71]. These changes can be performed using traditional methodologies for the drug´s production.
Among the strategies used to minimize the effects of the AMP in the organism treated and increase its half-life stand out: its association with substances which increase the solubility, association with substances, which increase their aggregation capacity and construction of proteins with a capacity of self-cleavage[71,72]. In recent years, several studies have examined the use of nanotechnology to solve stability problems, application, absorption and movement of peptides inside of the body, facilitating its pharmacological use[73,74].
In addition to the applications in the treatment of infections by microorganism’s products based on AMP may be important in the food industry and cosmetics. The food industry can use the AMP as a substitute of synthetic preservatives for food safer production preventing the growth and development of pathogenic microorganisms and/or avoiding contamination[65,75].
On the other hand, many AMP are active against dermatological pathogens important and relevant to the cosmetics industry. They can be used, therefore, in the making of products for prophylactic application and personal care contributing to maintaining the health of the skin[75,76].
AMPs are, for sure, a great option in the fight of pathogenic microorganisms to humans, animals and plants. A relevant point is the fact that they are substances produced by all living organisms, which puts at the disposal of the researchers an inexhaustible source of studies. The major problems associated with the application of these substances can be overcome by using technologies already applied by the pharmaceutical industry, especially for molecules with fewer than 30 amino acids. The products for application in the protection of food, treatment of skin infections and its use in the cosmetics industry are now those with the greatest potential. Certainly, in the near future, problems for its use in oral and/or intravenous administration will be overcome.
In addition, there are AMPs with selective antitumor mechanisms (cationic peptides) with amphipathic structure that are able to cause cell membrane disruption[54,57]. These anticancer peptides have great in vivo potential but their activity against cancer cells is lower than antimicrobial activity.
Many researchers argue that the studies associated with the discoveries of AMPs more effective in the treatment of infections caused by microorganisms be also directed to the substances produced by insects. The reasons for this suggestion are the evolutive success that allows insects to occupy a variety of habitats; an important part of this success can be attributed to the efficiency of their immune system. In addition, there are more than 30 million species of insects, i.e., a huge source of resources to prospect for new substances with application in medicine, food industry and cosmetics as substitutes or/and for use in conjunction with the antibiotics[38,40,44,45,77].
From evolutionary perspective, even if the researchers find AMP very efficient in control of microorganisms, it must be borne in mind that this success may be temporary, because evolution is an ongoing process[78]. Therefore, it is highly likely that at some time in the future, some strains of bacteria develop resistance or decreased sensitivity to AMP used in the treatment of infections. This is a facet of the mankind’s arms race against pathogenic microorganisms that should not be forgotten. So, part of the resources should be invested continually in the development of new strategies and products for treatment and control of pathogenic agents. An evidence of this need for continuous investment comes from several studies about the possibility of resistance of bacteria to AMPs[68,79-82].
The authors are grateful to the Capes/PNPD-Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, Brazil.
Financial support/funding:
This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior Brazil (CAPES)-Finance code 001.
Conflict of interest:
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. We affirm that funding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection analyses, or data interpretation in the writing of this manuscript, and the decision to publish this review.
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Question: How Many Requiems Did Mozart Write?
How much of the Requiem did Mozart write?
Who was Mozart’s Requiem written for?
How many parts does Mozart’s Requiem have?
Mozart’s Requiem has five main sections: Introitus, Sequence, Offertorium, Sanctus, Agnus Dei and Communio. The opening Introitus has two parts, “Requiem aeternam” and “Kyrie,” and this movement immediately presents one compositional aspect that makes the work so important within Mozart’s overall oeuvre.
How many musical pieces did Mozart write?
In all, Mozart composed more than 600 pieces of music. Today he is widely considered one of the greatest composers in the history of Western music. Learn about the “reform” of opera in Mozart’s time.
You might be interested: Glinka Used His Folk Melodies More Like Which Composer, Mozart Or Weber?
Who killed Mozart?
What is the most famous Requiem?
5 Best Requiems To Mourn
• Requiem Mass K. 626 by WA Mozart (1791)
• Requiem Mass by Hector Berlioz Op.5 (1837)
• Requiem Mass by Giuseppe Verdi.
What age did Mozart die?
Why is Mozart’s Requiem so famous?
Mozart’s Requiem is a choral masterpiece whose genesis is shrouded in mystery – one that makes the piece all the more fascinating and emotionally stirring. Mozart was not in the best state of mind when he received an anonymous commission to compose a Requiem Mass.
Where is Mozart buried?
What was Mozart’s height?
You might be interested: Question: When Did Mozart Become Deaf?
What does the K mean in Mozart music?
Is Mozart deaf?
Beethoven’s disability: He was blind Mozart went deaf though.
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Photo of Cave bear claw
Cave bear claw
Ursus spelaeus, the cave bear was spread widely over Europe and died out around 27,000 years ago. They were related to today's brown bear, but a little larger and it's thought they spent more time in caves. Hence the name.
Although the actual keratin claw material isn't preserved, these are the bone spurs that lay underneath.
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Emu lured to enclosure with a pear from a tree
An Emu spotted on the streets of Boston was penned by authorities in Massachusetts two hours after it escaped.
Emu named Kermit, escaped from the property of a local resident who cares for unwanted animals. The resident had been preparing to transport Kermit to a farm in Maine when it fled.
Authorities say the bird was captured safely after it was given a pear from a nearby tree.
Native to Australia, emus are the largest living bird after the ostrich and can reach up to nearly 100 pounds and a height of almost six feet. They run fast and can become aggressive.
This is not the first time that humans have had to lure animals in order to rescue them.
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The Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) Trial is an international multi-center study aimed at assessing the impact of a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cooking stove and fuel intervention on health. HAPIN Trial centers are located in four countries: Guatemala, India, Peru and Rwanda.
Omphi 1
(Image: Delivering an LPG tank in Guatemala. Photo: Andrea Bruce).
Each centre is recruiting 800 pregnant women where they are randomly allocated either a LPG stove and 18 month free supply of LPG, or to the control arm where they receive behavioural reinforcements.
Pregnant women are followed up during their pregnancies and until their child is one year old. Older women in the study households are also enrolled and followed up during the same period. The primary objectives are low birth weight, pneumonia and stunting the children and high blood pressure in older women.
The primary role of the Oxford group in this study is to investigate the impact of air pollution on fetal growth during pregnancy using the ultrasound data. For more information please see visit the study website
Funding: National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Omphi 2
(Image: Study sites participating in the HAPIN trial).
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2D Selection Mode
Shortcut Key: Ctrl+2
Toolbox icon:
Point 1: Object to be selected or first corner of the selection rectangle
Point 2: Second corner of selection rectangle (optional)
Most DesignCAD commands require drawing objects to be selected. For example, to erase an object you can select it and then press the Del key.
2D Selection Mode causes the selections to take place with respect to the drawing screen. When you click on an object, the object closest to the cursor on the screen will be selected, not the closest object in 3D space. The two are not always the same.
There are four ways to select objects in DesignCAD:
1. Click directly on the object.
2. Drag a selection rectangle around a region.
3. Choose the Select All command.
4. Choose the Select Entity command.
This method only works while the program is in Preset Point Mode.
If you drag a selection rectangle around a region, objects inside that rectangle will be included in the selection. To include objects that touch the selection rectangle, hold the Ctrl key down during the selection.
The Shift key can be used to add items to the current selection set. For example, to select two objects in the drawing, you can select one and then hold the Shift key down while you select the other.
When you select something by dragging a selection rectangle in 2D Selection Mode, the objects inside the rectangle are selected, regardless of their “depth.” With 3D Selection Mode, you drag a 3D box, and objects must lie inside the box in all three directions to be selected.
NOTE: A DesignCAD drawing is always in either 2D Selection Mode or 3D Selection Mode. To change the selection mode, select this command, which is a toggle function.
You may also select the 2D or 3D Selection Mode tool in the Main Toolbox. If 3D Selection Mode is active, the 3D Selection Mode tool will be visible in the Main Toolbox. Click and hold on the tool; the tool drawer will slide out. While still holding the mouse button, move the cursor over the 2D Selection Mode tool. Release the mouse button to put the currently active drawing in 2D Selection Mode.
In 2D Selection Mode, the cursor is the familiar mouse arrow. In 3D Selection Mode, the cursor is a 3D cursor made up of three lines parallel to the X, Y, and Z axes.
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Page history last edited by gerryc 12 years ago
E3. Characteristics of communities are determined by environmental conditions.
Student Outcome: E3.1
Describe how environmental factors may determine the type of the community.
Ecosystems are shaped by the nonliving environment of land and water—solar radiation, rainfall, mineral concentrations, temperature, and topography. The world contains a wide diversity of physical conditions, which creates a wide variety of environments: freshwater and oceanic, forest, desert, grassland, tundra, mountain, and many others. In all these environments, organisms use vital earth resources, each seeking its share in specific ways that are limited by other organisms. In every part of the habitable environment, different organisms vie for food, space, light, heat, water, air, and shelter. The linked and fluctuating interactions of life forms and environment compose a total ecosystem; understanding any one part of it well requires knowledge of how that part interacts with the others.
Source: http://www.project2061.org/publications/sfaa/online/chap5.htm
Abiotic and Biotic Factors - Freshwater Ecology
Abiotic factors are essentially non-living components that effect the living organisms of the freshwater community.
When an ecosystem is barren and unoccupied, new organisms colonising the environment rely on favourable environmental conditions in the area to allow them to successfully live and reproduce.
These environmental factors are abiotic factors. When a variety of species are present in such an ecosystem, the consequent actions of these species can affect the lives of fellow species in the area, these factors are deemed biotic factors.
This page will go into the abiotic factors of the freshwater environment which determine what sort of life would be suited to living (and adapting) to the conditions of the ecosystem.
As described in previous pages, the light from the sun is a major constituent of a freshwater ecosystem, providing light for the primary producers, plants. There are many factors which can affect the intensity and length of time that the ecosystem is exposed to sunlight;
• Aspect - The angle of incidence at which light strikes the surface of the water. During the day when the sun is high in the sky, more light can be absorbed into the water due to the directness of the light. At sunset, light strikes the water surface more acutely, and less water is absorbed. The aspect of the sun during times of the day will vary depending on the time of the year.
• Cloud Cover - The cloud cover of an area will inevitably affect intensity and length of time that light strikes the water of a freshwater ecosystem. Species of plants rely on a critical period of time where they receive light for photosynthesis.
• Season - The 4 seasons in an ecosystem are very different, and this is because less light and heat is available from the sun in Winter and vice versa for Summer, therefore these varying conditions will affect which organisms are suited to them.
• Location - The extreme latitudes receive 6 months of sunlight and 6 months of darkness, while the equator receives roughly 12 hours of sunlight and darkness each day. This sort of variance greatly affects what type of organisms would occupy freshwater ecosystems due to these differences.
• Altitude - For every one thousand metres above sea level, average temperature drops by one degree Celsius. Altitude will also affect the aspect of which sunlight hits the freshwater ecosystem, therefore playing a part on which organisms will occupy it.
As you can see, many abiotic factors can play a part in determining the end product, which organisms live and succeed in the freshwater ecosystem. The sun provides light for photosynthesis, but also provides heat giving a suitable temperature for organisms to thrive in. The temperature of a freshwater environment can directly affect the environment as a whole and the organisms that occupy it.
Enzymes operate best at an optimum temperature, and any deviation from this temperature 'norm' will result in below optimum respiration in the organism. All aquatic life are ectotherms, meaning their body temperature varies directly with its environments.
Temperature affects the density of substances, and changes in the density of water means more or less resistance for animals who are travelling in the freshwater environment.
The next page will continue to look at how these abiotic factors affect the way in which organisms operate in the freshwater ecosystem. The above examples of abiotic factors involve physical characteristics of the freshwater environment, which are continued, with subsequent information studying how the chemical composition of the freshwater ecosystem also affects which organisms survive in the environment and how they cope in these conditions.
Source: http://www.biology-online.org/6/3_abiotic_factors.htm
Measuring abiotic components of the system
June 6th, 2009
To a large extent it is the physical (abiotic) conditions within any environment that controls the plant and thus the animal (biotic) community that develops. In terrestrial ecosystems physical conditions in the atmosphere, at the surface and within the soils all interact to create the conditions that give rise to vegetation that develops.
The same is true of aquatic ecosystems where the physical conditions again give rise to conditions that directly influence the biotic communities which establish.
To make these links between the physical environment and the biotic communities, ecologist and environmental scientist need to be able to measure the abiotic conditions. Often this can be done with rather simple equipment, though some of the abiotic conditions need more complex equipment to measure in the field or sample need to be taken back to the lab for more accurate analysis.
Equipment to measure abiotic conditions
Atmospheric measurements:
Temperature Wind Speed Humidity
Air temperature can easily be measured with a simple thermometer. However some precautions need to be taken depending on the type of temperature measurement needed. The thermometer needs to be in a sheltered place to record the air temperature itself, though sometimes another measurement can be taken in the open to examine the effect of wind chill on the temperature. Wind speed can be measured easily with a hand held anemometer
Some digital version even give a choice of speed readings in Knots, mph or Km/h
The simplest way to measure humidity in the field is with a wirrling wet and dry bulb hygrometer
Precipitation pH Light intensity
Salinity Turbidity
Secchi Disk
Source: http://sciencebitz.com/?page_id=282
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Network 作業輔導
網絡程序輔導 輔導網絡編程作業 socket TCP/IP
Simple TCP like transport layer protocol
CSEE 4119: Computer Networks, Fall 2015
Programming Assignment 2: Simple TCP like?transport ?layer?protocol
Due Friday, November 6 th 11:55 pm
Academic Honesty Policy
You are permitted and encouraged to help each other through Piazza’s web board. This only
means that you can discuss and understand concepts learnt in class. However, you may NOT
share source code or hard copies of source code. Refrain from sharing any material that could
cause your source code to APPEAR TO BE similar to another student’s source code enrolled
in this or previous years. Refrain from getting any code off the Internet. Cheating will be
dealt with severely. Cheaters will be penalized. Source code should be yours and yours only.
Do not cheat.
1. Introduction
In this programming assignment, you will implement a simplified TCPlike
transport layer
protocol. Your protocol should provide reliable, in order delivery of a stream of bytes. It
should recover from innetwork
packet loss, packet corruption, packet duplication and packet
COMP3331/9331 15s2 Assignments (Programming)
COMP3331/9331 15s2 Assignments (Programming)
Programming Assignment (60 Marks + 5 bonus):
Due Date: 23 October 2015, 11:59 pm, Friday
Specification can be found (version 1.1, Last update: 14/10/15).
<标题>Setup script for Java can be found
<标题>Setup script for C can be found
Sample Client Server Programs:
This is a sample client server program using TCP that you can download and execute. This will provide you with a working example of a simple application and will be useful when you start developing your assignment. As the name suggests this
cloud server c implemenetation
Project 5
CS 485 Project 5: A cloud server
Over the past few years, the concept of a “cloud” where our programs and data can live has become very popular. What makes the cloud possible is a combination of Internet communication (enabling communication with servers located anywhere in the world) and virtualization of resources (enabling providers to offer/sell storage and computation inside the network). We are seeing companies race to put there services in the cloud, and users are rapidly embracing services in the cloud.
One of the most popular services is cloud file storage<标题>; the ability to upload your data to the cloud and then to download it whenever your need it to any device that needs it. Today we see an seemingly endless list of cloud storage providers (e.g., Amazon Cloud Drive, Google Drive, Apple ICloud, Box, DropBox, MS SkyDrive, SpiderOak, and others).
In this project, you will write your own cloud file storage service called mycloud<
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water filtration system suppliers in uae
United Arab Emirates Water Quality - UAE has no law to enforce the replacement of pipes or the cleaning of such tanks, water contamination is a possibility. Despite these risks of water contamination, the water quality in the United Arab Emirates is adequate, and most experts maintain that this sort of contamination is very unlikely. In the UAE's arid environment, groundwater is an important and precious resource for municipal and rural supplies, environmental protection, and social and economic development. However, most of the groundwater used in the UAE is brackish .
Environmental challenges in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are caused by the explotation of natural resources, rapid population growth, and high energy demand. The continuing temperature rise caused by global warming contributes to UAE's water scarcity, drought, rising sea level and aridity. The issue of water scarcity in UAE has forced the government to rely on water desalination. The high intake of water by people for household and farming purposes is the main reason for the shortage. The fact that the people have a free water supply in UAE makes them waste the water without much concern.
There are two sources of water in UAE: Desalinated seawater and groundwater. While groundwater is used for agriculture in Al Ain and Liwa, drinking water is provided entirely from desalinated seawater across the Emirate.
Conventional Water, surface water like ( springs / dams) and groundwater (shallow / deep aquifers)
Non-Conventional Water, such as desalinated water, treated wastewater and cloud seeding.
Groundwater is the main natural water resource.
Sea Water Desalination - In order to meet both the qualitative and quantitative requirements for drinking water standards, domestic water supplies rely mainly on desalinated water (around 99%), which is used either directly or blended with groundwater.
Treated wastewater represents one of the most important alternatives to meet some of the present water requirements and lessen the long-term supply-demand imbalance
Tips for UAE residents to save water
Turn off the tap while brushing teeth and reduce shower time.
Repair dripping taps ASAP.
Do not use the dishwasher half load.
Use a spray bottle to clean.
Water your plants early in the morning or in the afternoon.
In its simplest form, a water filter helps decontaminate water by either using a physical barrier, chemical process, or a biological process. People use water filter systems for a variety of different reasons, and there are dozens of benefits of filtering your own water.
Other Company Water Filter for Drinking and Cooking
Home Master Artesian Reverse Osmosis System
Big Berkey Water Filter
Culligan Faucet Water Filter
Why Nano Water Filter System is Better Than Other Company?
# ZERO Maintenance # NO Electricity Required
# Good Health # High Energy Level
# Good Taste # Better Smell
# Scale Prevention # Silver NanoParticles Technology
What makes the Nano water filter different than other filters that are sold in the market?
What types of nano water filter are available ?
Contact Us For Latest Price
Phone: +7-977-807-0973
How does a water filtration system work?
Physical filtration provides a physical barrier that removes larger particles from your water. Chemical filtration uses simple chemical reactions on water passing through an activated material (like carbon) to remove smaller impurities that physical filters can't catch.
Products FS-10 SELF CLEANING INLINE WATER FILTER (10,000 LPH) SERUSUV-40A UV Ultraviolet disinfectant-sterilizer FS-200 SELF CLEANING INLINE WATER FILTER (200,000 LPH) Whole House Water Purification System FS-3 SELF CLEANING INLINE WATER FILTER (3,000 LPH) Fuel Economy Activator Application Barber shops Water Filters Solutions Nightclubs Water Filters Solutions Drinking Water Filters Solutions Wine Production Water Filters Solutions Sugar Refineries Water Filters Solutions refineries & pipelines Water Filters Solutions
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The Difference Between Edition Control and Source Code Management
In computer software development, supply code managing is a self-discipline of methods responsible for traffic monitoring changes to an application, file, or perhaps other models of data. It might be called source code control. In computer software configuration management, it involves the transfer of data from software task to another in an efficient and consistent method. These operations are usually intended for projects with long periods of development time. The main software development objective should be to ensure that one more product fits all the top quality requirements and the process may be reused often times if necessary.
The ideas of supply control and version control differ largely in regards to the way they are applied. While equally involve it of adjustments as they happen, source control management requires a process of reviewing adjustments made to a file, a program, or a collection of related information to ensure that no blunders are made in the act. On the other hand, adaptation control, which can be the opposite of source control, involves the use of a repository to changes in the code itself, instead of modifying the files themselves. Some developers refer to these processes to be two attributes of the same endroit: While supply control avoids errors by watching over changes, adaptation control ensures that the code is regular.
As an example within the importance of release control, consider the situation in which a group of developers is focusing on a website project. One builder makes a miscalculation in code, causing the site to go straight down for several several hours. However , each of the team members contain read the supply code and reviewed the modifications, therefore they understand exactly what 60 and how to fix it. Without edition control, the site would need to be turn off for everyone to get their corrects, which could quickly cause multiple developers to leave the project and not finish off it.
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how to pronounce stockholm
how to improve pronunciation of stockholm
press buttons with phonetic symbols to learn about each sound.
press Play to play an example pronunciation of stockholm.
video examples of stockholm pronunciation
An example use of stockholm in a speech by a native speaker of american english:
“… places like Stockholm I love Latin …”
meanings of stockholm
1. A municipality, the capital and largest city of Sweden; county seat of Stockholm County, Sweden.
2. A county of Sweden.
1. To suffer from Stockholm syndrome; to form an emotional bond or identification with one's captor or oppressor, also, to form such a bond with one's victim.
words with pronunciation similar to stockholm
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how to pronounce symptoms
how to improve pronunciation of symptoms
press buttons with phonetic symbols to learn about each sound.
press Play to play an example pronunciation of symptoms.
video examples of symptoms pronunciation
An example use of symptoms in a speech by a native speaker of american english:
“… random all of these symptoms are correct …”
meanings of symptoms
1. Plural of symptom.
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Question: What Day Of The Week Does Venus Rule?
What day of the week is Mercury’s Day?
WednesdayWhat Do the Names of the Days of the Week Mean?EnglishFrench”Planet”TuesdaymardiMarsWednesdaymercrediMercuryThursdayjeudiJupiterFridayvendrediVenus3 more rows.
How long Venus stays in a sign?
about 30 dayVenus – stays in a sign about 30 day… also is never more than 2 signs away from the Sun. Jupiter – changes signs once a year, transits the zodiac in 12 years.
What time is Venus hour?
Option 2: A TablePlanetDay LengthVenus5,832 hoursEarth24 hoursMars25 hoursJupiter10 hours4 more rows
What planet is Sunday ruled by?
SunKeeping Time: Origins of the Days of the WeekDayPlanetLatinThursdayJupiterDies JovisFridayVenusDies VenerisSaturdaySaturnDies SaturniSundaySunDies Solis3 more rows•May 7, 2014
Is Mercury’s day longer than its year?
Mercury spins slowly compared to Earth, so one day lasts a long time. Mercury takes 59 Earth days to make one full rotation. But a year on Mercury goes fast. Because it’s the closest planet to the sun, it goes around the Sun in just 88 Earth days.
What planet is associated with Tuesday?
Mars Day”Mars Day” was Tuesday. Because of the planet’s red color, the Babylonians associated Mars with Aggression and performed special ceremonies on Tuesdays to avoid the fearsome influence of this warlike planet. Mars Day is Still Tuesday, 5,000 years later. “Tuesday” may not seem like it’s related to Mars, but it is!
What day is ruled by Venus?
FridayFriday: Venus-Day It’s no coincidence everyone loves Friday, considering it’s the day of Venus, planet of love and beauty.
Is Friday a Venus day?
The day of Venus, Friday takes its name from Frigga, the Goddess of Love and Transformation. … Friday has often been associated with relaxation as it is at the end of the week, but the good feeling that comes with Friday also has a lot to do with the fact that it is ruled by the planet Venus – The Goddess of Love.
What Zodiac does Venus rule?
Libra: Ruled By Venus Venus is all about romance and pleasure, so it’s no surprise that this decadent planet would have enough love to share with two zodiac signs. In addition to Taurus, Venus also rules over air sign Libra, which is the sign of balance and relationships.
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The Online Reputation Management Blog
Posts about
Reputation Psychology
11 min read
Thinking with guts vs. brains: What is confirmation bias?
Why do you believe the things that you believe? Why do you defend your beliefs? Why do you like others who think as you do? We like to think that our beliefs are our own, formed from our unique, individual experiences, informed by our own logic, devoid of outside bias. But confirmation bias is one factor that quietly pushes us to one side of the fence or the other. In short, people agree with things they already agree with.
6 min read
Why do people click on bad news? Negativity bias
Why are people so negative? Humans have what is called a “negativity bias” because we’ve evolved to react to threats. Like Google, humans are pattern discovery machines; when something stands out, like a threat, our minds highlight it. Why is news so often negative? Because negativity bias is leveraged by the media to increase profits. It's done through clickbait headlines, sensationalism, and spin. Bad news gets more attention, more clicks, and leads to more revenue for publications. Google search results also react to this pattern by giving people what they seemingly want - that often means more bad news.
This article covers:
5 min read
What is the Streisand Effect?
Summary of the Streisand Effect
On May 30th, 2003 it was reported that Barbra Streisand sued a man claiming an invasion of her privacy because he had shared aerial pictures of her Malibu home. Streisand inadvertently attracted more attention to her home by trying to suppress the images. The Streisand Effect is when the action of suppressing something to reduce or remove visibility it causes the opposite to happen. Similar terms include blowback and astroturfing.
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DIGITAL TWIN- A Revolutionary Concept!
Digital twin main
Conceptualization of Digital Twin basically depicts the combination of the physical section and of the physical section and virtual section where every commercial product will get a high-powered automated characterization.
Big Data, Artificial Intelligence(AI), Machine Learning (ML), Internet of Things, Engineering and Manufacturing business space are some of the technologies incorporated by the Digital Twins concept. These bridged automated things produce data in real time and this serves as a boon for predicting the problems beforehand or giving prior alert notifications, it avoids interruptions, creates new opportunities and sketches better plans and products for an upcoming time at effective values by using simulations.
The total credit for making digital twin more economical and comprehensible for the business world goes to the extensive outstretch and usage of IOT.
Cybernated replicas of machines or physical sites using sensors are the virtual equivalents i.e- Digital Twins of the physical assets which are created in this form. These Digital assets come with an advantage i.e- even before an asset is built physically, these digital assets can be developed. Data is assembled and amalgamated from various origins including physical data, manufacturing data, operational data and insights from analytics software, by the engineers for creating a digital twin of any physical asset.
Analytics are applied to these models, which helps us in obtaining an applicable judgment related to the physical asset and all the data besides the AI Algorithms is fused into a physics-based virtual model. The homogenous drifting of data assists in achieving the apt inspection, which aids in the growth of the business outcome. Digital twin can be synonymized as a live model of the concrete machine.
1. Customer Experience-
Customer plays a crucial role in creating repercussions over the strategies and decisions in any business. To achieve and maintain large customer crowd, is the main goal of any establishment. This is done by amplifying your customer’s experience. The services can be boosted with the help of digital twin which is directly offered to customers. For Example- Latest fashions could be modeled on a visual twin of the customer with the help of Digital Twin.
2. Performance Timing-
Digital Twin can provide us with a superb advantage of making predictions for long term planning and it also helps in regulating the finest set of actions that multiply the key performance metrics. For Example- A scientific device deployed on a space-craft, can be tuned from Earth using digital twin as a 3D real-time visualization.
3. Healthcare –
A hospital system can be computerized with the help of digital twin to build a secure atmosphere and so the impact of potential changes on system performance could be tested. Digital Twin plays a vital role in upgrading the quality of health services provided to the patient. For Example- Digital visualization of the heart can be performed before operating it by a surgeon with the help of digital twin. It is beneficial in many aspects.
4. Maintenance-
A Digital Twin has the capacity of extracting and scrutinizing performance data, under different conditions. For example- The race-car engine can be mirrored to our minds, with a digital twin to recognize a required maintenance that is about to burn out.
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How a Horse Can Help You Learn Leadership Skills
January 8th 2021
Horses are amazing creatures, and they have much to teach us, including passion, patience, and trust. They can also help teach their handlers important leadership skills. At Collins Counselling, one of our areas of expertise is Equine Assisted Counselling, which we provide to clients in the Kamloops area.
Equine therapies can help teach valuable leadership skills, skills that translate into increased self-confidence, self-awareness, improved non-verbal communication, greater empathy, and much more. Read more about our clinical approach here.
Horses communicate through body language, and by working with horses in a therapeutic setting we are entering into their world and must learn their language and values. The responses and reactions of horses provide immediate information on our state of being now of interaction; this is how we begin to build self-awareness.
Five Ways Horses Working with Horses Teach Leadership Skills
1. 1. Horses are experts at non-verbal communication.
2. They pick up cues we do not even know we are providing. They can pick up whole-body communication and, over time, teach their handlers they will have more success if they say what they mean and mean what they say, with their whole body, verbally and non-verbally.
2. Horses respond to confident leaders.
The skills it takes to lead humans effectively are the same as it takes to have positive equine interactions. Horses respond best to confident, trustworthy leaders who provide clear direction and honest feedback. Equine activities foster opportunities to learn and grow in a safe space that translates naturally to work in the human world.
3. Horses teach that respect-based leadership beats fear-based leadership.
In the past, breaking a horse was the norm, but these days the equestrian community has shifted to a more respect-based approach. It has become apparent that horses react similarly to humans when faced with intimidating leaders – they detach. By respecting the horse, listening to the horse, and providing clear, consistent direction, your leadership will become apparent to the horse you are working with. Assertive energy is more effective than aggressive energy.
4. Horses are naturally emotionally intelligent.
Horses can feel our emotions. As we look in their eyes and connect with them physically, our awareness grows, and as we interact with the horse, our emotional intelligence grows, helping us understand and connect on a higher level.
5. Leadership is reciprocal.
With horses, there are only two roles: leader and follower. To work effectively with a horse, you must lead with confidence, kindness, and compassion. As a leader, you must always be aware of the needs of your entire herd. Leadership is a two-way street; your herd will give you feedback about your effectiveness as a leader, this is your opportunity to learn and do better. In the professional world, it is also important that someone take the lead, confidently but balanced with compassion, to operate effectively.
Horses provide a caring and safe environment for humans to heal, explore, and move forward in life. With the help of their gentle and intuitive understanding, we can make thoughtful and intentional changes that serve us in both our personal and professional lives. If you would like to learn more about the equine therapies we offer, reach out today.
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Events in React
So far, most of our examples did their work only upon page load. As you probably guessed, that isn’t normal. In most apps, especially the kind of UI-heavy ones you’ll be building, the app will do a ton of things only as a reaction to something. Those somethings could be triggered by a mouse click, a key press, a window resize, or a whole bunch of other gestures and interactions. Events are the glue that makes all of this possible.
Now, you probably know all about events from your experience using them in the DOM world. (If you don’t, then I suggest getting a quick refresher first: https://www.kirupa.com/html5/javascript_events.htm.) The way React deals with events is a bit different, and these differences can surprise you if you aren’t paying close attention. Don’t worry, that’s why you have this book! We start off with a few simple examples and then gradually look at increasingly more bizarre, complex, and (yes!) boring things.
Listening and Reacting to Events
The easiest way to learn about events in React is to actually use them, and that’s exactly what you’re going to do here. To help with this, we have a simple example made up of a counter that increments each time you click a button. Initially, our example will look like Figure 10.1.
The number 0 is displayed on the screen with a plus button present below the number.
Figure 10.1 Our example.
Each time you click the plus button, the counter value will increase by 1. After you click the plus button a bunch of times, it will look sort of like Figure 10.2.
The plus button is shown clicked (indicated by the mouse pointer hovered over the button). The number 23 is displayed on the screen.
Figure 10.2 After clicking the plus button a bunch of times (23).
Under the covers, this example is pretty simple. Each time you click on the button, an event gets fired. We listen for this event and do all sorts of React-ey things to get the counter to update when this event gets overheard.
Starting Point
To save all of us some time, we aren’t going to be creating everything in our example from scratch. By now, you probably have a good idea of how to work with components, styles, state, and so on. Instead, we’re going to start off with a partially implemented example that contains everything except the event-related functionality that you’re here to learn.
First, create a new HTML document and ensure that your starting point looks as follows:
When your new HTML document looks like what you see, it’s time to add our partially implemented counter example. Inside our script tag below the container div, add the following:
Now preview everything in your browser to make sure it works. You should see the beginning of our counter. Take a few moments to look at what all of this code does. You shouldn’t see anything that looks strange. The only odd thing is that clicking the plus button won’t do anything. We’ll fix that in the next section.
Making the Button Click Do Something
Each time we click the plus button, we want the value of our counter to increase by 1. What we need to do roughly looks like this:
1. Listen for the click event on the button.
2. Implement the event handler so that we react to the click and increase the value of our this.state.count property that our counter relies on.
We’ll just go straight down the list, starting with listening for the click event. In React, you listen to an event by specifying everything inline in your JSX itself. More specifically, you specify inside your markup both the event you’re listening for and the event handler that will get called. To do this, find the return function inside our CounterParent component and make the following highlighted change:
We’ve told React to call the increase function when the onClick event is overheard. Next, let’s go ahead and implement the increase function (a.k.a. our event handler). Inside our CounterParent component, add the following highlighted lines:
All we’re doing with these lines is making sure that each call to the increase function increments the value of our this.state.count property by 1. Because we’re dealing with events, our increase function (as the designated event handler) will get access to any event arguments. We’ve set these arguments to be accessed by e, and you can see that by looking at our increase function’s signature (that is, what its declaration looks like). We’ll talk about the various events and their properties in a little bit when we take a detailed look at Events. Lastly, in the constructor, we bind the value of this to the increase function.
Now, go ahead and preview what you have in your browser. Once everything has loaded, click the plus button to see our newly added code in action. The counter value should increase with each click. Isn’t that pretty awesome?
Event Properties
As you know, events pass what are known as event arguments to our event handlers. These event arguments contain a bunch of properties that are specific to the type of event you’re dealing with. In the regular DOM world, each event has its own type. For example, if you’re dealing with a mouse event, your event and its event arguments object are of type MouseEvent. This MouseEvent object allows you to access mouse-specific information, such as which button was pressed or the screen position of the mouse click. Event arguments for a keyboard-related event are of type KeyboardEvent. Your KeyboardEvent object contains properties that (among many other things) allow you to figure out which key was actually pressed. I could go on forever for every other event type, but you get the point. Each event type contains its own set of properties that you can access via the event handler for that event.
Why am I boring you with things you already know? Well….
Meet Synthetic Events
In React, when you specify an event in JSX as we did with onClick, you’re not directly dealing with regular DOM events. Instead, you’re dealing with a React-specific event type known as a SyntheticEvent. Your event handlers don’t get native event arguments of type MouseEvent, KeyboardEvent, and so on. They always get event arguments of type SyntheticEvent that wrap your browser’s native event instead. What’s the fallout of this in our code? Surprisingly not a whole lot.
Each SyntheticEvent contains the following properties:
These properties should seem pretty straightforward…and generic! The nongeneric stuff depends on what type of native event our SyntheticEvent is wrapping. This means that a SyntheticEvent that wraps a MouseEvent will have access to mouse-specific properties such as the following:
Similarly, a SyntheticEvent that wraps a KeyboardEvent will have access to these additional keyboard-related properties:
In the end, all of this means that you still get the same functionality in the SyntheticEvent world that you had in the vanilla DOM world.
Now, here’s something I learned the hard way: Don’t refer to traditional DOM event documentation when using SyntheticEvents and their properties. Because the SyntheticEvent wraps your native DOM event, events and their properties might not map one-to-one. Some DOM events don’t even exist in React. To avoid running into any issues, if you want to know the name of a SyntheticEvent or any of its properties, refer to the React Event System document (https://facebook.github.io/react/docs/events.html) instead.
Doing Stuff with Event Properties
By now, you’ve seen more about the DOM and SyntheticEvents than you’d probably like. To wash away the taste of all that text, let’s write some code and put your newfound knowledge to good use. Right now, our counter example increments by 1 each time you click the plus button. We want to increment our counter by 10 when the Shift key on the keyboard is pressed while clicking the plus button with our mouse.
We can do that by using the shiftKey property that exists on the SyntheticEvent when using the mouse:
The way this property works is simple. If the Shift key is pressed when this mouse event fires, then the shiftKey property value is true. Otherwise, the shiftKey property value is false. To increment our counter by 10 when the Shift key is pressed, go back to our increase function and make the following highlighted changes:
When you’ve made the changes, preview the example in the browser. Each time you click the plus button, your counter will increment by 1 just like always. If you click on the plus button with your Shift key pressed, notice that the counter increments by 10 instead.
All of this works because we change our incrementing behavior depending on whether the Shift key is pressed. That’s primarily handled by the following lines:
If the shiftKey property on our SyntheticEvent event argument is true, we increment our counter by 10. If the shiftKey value is false, we just increment by 1.
More Eventing Shenanigans
We’re not done yet! Up to this point, we’ve looked at how to work with events in React in a very simplistic way. In the real world, things rarely will be as direct as what you’ve seen. Your real apps will be more complex, and because React insists on doing things differently, you’ll need to learn (or relearn) some new event-related tricks and techniques to make your apps work. That’s where this section comes in. We’re going to look at some common situations you’ll run into and how to deal with them.
You Can’t Directly Listen to Events on Components
Let’s say your component is nothing more than a button or another type of UI element that users will be interacting with. You can’t get away with doing something like what we see in the following highlighted line:
On the surface, this line of JSX looks totally valid. When somebody clicks our PlusButton component, the increase function gets called. In case you’re curious, this is what our PlusButton component looks like:
Our PlusButton component doesn’t do anything crazy; it only returns a single HTML element.
No matter how you slice and dice this, none of it matters. It doesn’t matter how simple or obvious the HTML we’re returning via a component looks. You simply can’t listen for events on them directly. This is because components are wrappers for DOM elements. What does it even mean to listen for an event on a component? When your component gets unwrapped into DOM elements, does the outer HTML element act as the thing you’re listening for the event on? Is it some other element? How do you distinguish between listening for an event and declaring a prop you’re listening for?
There’s no clear answer to any of those questions. It’s too harsh to say that the solution is to simply not listen to events on components, either. Fortunately, there’s a workaround: We can treat the event handler as a prop and pass it on to the component. Inside the component, we can then assign the event to a DOM element and set the event handler to the value of the prop we just passed in. I realize that probably makes no sense, so let’s walk through an example.
Take a look at the following highlighted line:
In this example, we create a property called clickHandler whose value is the increase event handler. Inside our PlusButton component, we can then do something like this:
On our button element, we specify the onClick event and set its value to the clickHandler prop. At runtime, this prop gets evaluated as our increase function, and clicking the plus button ensures that the increase function gets called. This solves our problem while still allowing our component to participate in all this eventing goodness.
Listening to Regular DOM Events
If you thought the previous section was a doozy, wait until you see what we have here. Not all DOM events have SyntheticEvent equivalents. It might seem like you can just add the on prefix and capitalize the event you’re listening for when specifying it inline in your JSX:
It doesn’t work that way! For events that React doesn’t officially recognize, you have to follow the traditional approach that uses addEventListener with a few extra hoops to jump through.
Take a look at the following section of code:
We have our Something component that listens for an event called someEvent. We start listening for this event under the componentDidMount method, which is automatically called when our component gets rendered. We listen for our event by using addEventListener and specifying both the event and the event handler to call.
That should be pretty straightforward. The only other point you need to keep in mind is that you need to remove the event listener when the component is about to be destroyed. To do that, you can use the opposite of the componentDidMount method, the componentWillUnmount method. Put your removeEventListener call inside that method to ensure that no trace of our event listening exists after our component goes away.
The Meaning of this Inside the Event Handler
When dealing with events in React, the value of this inside your event handler is different than what you normally see in the non-React DOM world. In the non-React world, the value of this inside an event handler refers to the element that fired the event:
In the React world, the value of this does not refer to the element that fired the event. The value is the very unhelpful (yet correct) undefined. That’s why we need to explicitly specify what this binds to using the bind method, as you’ve seen a few times:
In this example, the value of this inside the increase event handler refers to the CounterParent component. It doesn’t refer to the element that triggered the event. You can attribute this behavior to us binding the value of this to our component from inside our constructor.
React…Why? Why?
Before we call it a day, let’s use this time to talk about why React decided to deviate from how we’ve worked with events in the past. There are two reasons:
1. Browser compatibility
2. Improved performance
Let’s elaborate on these reasons a bit.
Browser Compatibility
Event handling is one of those things that works consistently in modern browsers, but once you go back to older browser versions, things get really bad really quickly. By wrapping all the native events as an object of type SyntheticEvent, React frees you from dealing with event-handling quirks.
Improved Performance
In complex UIs, the more event handlers you have, the more memory your app takes up. Manually dealing with that isn’t difficult, but it is a bit tedious as you try to group events under a common parent. Sometimes that just isn’t possible. Sometimes the hassle doesn’t outweigh the benefits. What React does is pretty clever.
React never directly attaches event handlers to the DOM elements. It uses one event handler at the root of your document that is responsible for listening to all events and calling the appropriate event handler as necessary (see Figure 10.3).
An illustration shows n number of buttons on the left. A single event handler (represented by an arrow at the middle) is shown for all the buttons. The arrow then points to an event handler block at the right.
Figure 10.3 React uses one event handler at the root of your document.
This frees you from having to deal with optimizing your event handler–related code yourself. If you’ve manually had to do that in the past, you can relax, knowing that React takes care of that tedious task for you. If you’ve never had to optimize event handler–related code yourself, consider yourself lucky.
You’ll spend a good amount of time dealing with events, and this chapter threw a lot of things at you. We started by exploring the basics of how to listen to events and specify the event handler. Toward the end, we got fully invested and looked at eventing corner cases that you’ll bump into if you aren’t careful enough. You don’t want to bump into corners. That’s never fun.
Note: If you run into any issues, ask!
If you have any questions or your code isn’t running like you expect, don’t hesitate to ask! Post on the forums at https://forum.kirupa.com and get help from some of the friendliest and most knowledgeable people the Internet has ever brought together!
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Getting Started
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At Geeky Codes we’re trying to provide you all things related to programming and SAP. In Programming Starting for Hello World to building real world projects and in SAP from Logging into your system to creating end to end projects.
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Python is a high-level, general-purpose and a very popular programming language. Python programming language (latest Python 3) is being used in web development, Machine Learning applications, along with all cutting edge technology in Software Industry. Python Programming Language is very well suited for Beginners, also for experienced programmers with other programming languages like C++ and Java.
This specially designed Python tutorial will help you learn Python Programming Language in most efficient way, with the topics from basics to advanced (like Web-scraping, Django, Deep-Learning, etc.) with examples.
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Web development refers to the building, creating, and maintaining of websites. It includes aspects such as web design, web publishing, web programming, and database management. It is the creation of an application that works over the internet i.e. websites.
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Teeth Whitening – Bleaching of Teeth
As one gets older the teeth tend to darken. This effect is very common and can make a person look older and less attractive.
Bleaching is a process which lightens the teeth simply and harmlessly.
Bleaching is usually a two-stage process.
Firstly, a mould is made to fit over the teeth. This is paper thin and made of flexible plastic. (Sometimes, de-sensitising gels are used for a week before the bleaching proper.)
The bleaching proper is done by placing a gel within the mould and then wearing it for 30 to 60 mins in the morning and in the evening.
The bleaching result lasts for about five years and can be easily topped up using the existing mould. With smokers, bleaching does not last as long and it may be repeated more frequently.
The cost of tooth bleaching is £300 for all teeth. This price includes assessment, impressions, teeth moulds and whitening gels.
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What are Montessori toys: your starter guide to Montessori toys
A curious, exuberant child will play with anything – from rocks found in the park to tablets and plastic toys. However, there are only a few toys designed to truly support your child’s development.
Montessori toys - montessori spielzeug
You are probably familiar with the Montessori method, a trending learning philosophy developed by the Italian physician Maria Montessori. It follows a simple principle: children should be encouraged to learn independently and inspired to nourish their inner explorer, rather than being guided by an adult every step of the way. This method has been proven to boost cognition, problem-solving, imagination, confidence, fine motor skills, social and emotional intelligence.
What are Montessori toys?
Montessori toys are tools that fall in line with the Montessori philosophy, engaging all the senses and inspiring children to learn to play by using their intelligence, intuition, and imagination. We will use the term “toys” for the sake of ease, but it’s important to note that Maria Montessori called them “materials” or “manipulatives.”
The main characteristics of Montessori toys include:
• Purpose. Montessori toys don’t exclusively serve for entertainment but are designed to teach your child the essential skills of a well-rounded adult.
• Natural materials. Maria Montessori favored toys made of wood as they are safe, inspirational, and durable. A wooden toy can capture a child’s attention without overwhelming them with multiple stimuli.
• Simplicity. Maria Montessori believed that a simple toy allows your child to focus better instead of causing a sensory overload that may obstruct the learning experience.
• Realism. Montessori books and toys intend to teach the child about the world around them by preparing them for real-life situations and developing skills like coordination, courtesy, self-awareness, independence, concentration, and accountability.
Montessori Toys for girls - montessori spielzeug 1 jahr
Why are Montessori toys better than traditional toys?
The toy market is saturated with battery-powered learning toys that are full of flashing lights, gadgets, bright colors, and sounds. They offer instant gratification, but they eliminate opportunities for imaginative play and problem-solving.
Montessori toys aim to teach your kids accessible skills and information about the world around them. For example, a flashy toy may teach your two-year-old to spell certain words, but babies don’t attach meaning to letters before the age of three. At the same time, your two-year-old child may learn to count to ten, but they will not understand the concept of numbers until the age of four.
At the same time, a simple toy can support cognitive milestones better. For example, around the age of 9 months, children start to understand cause-effect better. A wooden toy eliminates distractions and captures the essence of this concept through easily observable consequences, allowing your child to explore the world at their own pace.
Moreover, wooden toys following the Montessori principles are perfect for stimulating the imagination. From simple toy trucks to complex rocketships, solid wooden blocks can be pressed into duty as the driving force behind all sorts of play. Without too many bells or whistles, the humble wooden blocks have the potential to become anything. Over time, they’ll gain character and tell you something about how the child views their world and what they’re interested in most.
Montessori toys can be multifunctional in more than one way
A 2018 study showed that babies and toddlers are happier when playing with fewer toys, as too many options can become overwhelming. Montessori and Waldorf homes and classrooms have a minimalist approach, featuring fewer versatile, open-ended, and challenging toys.
Moreover, another research indicates that natural materials like wood are calming and help children focus better. Touching wood may have a positive neurological impact, inducing physiological relaxation.
Montessori Toys for toddlers - montessori spielzeug 1 jahr
Montessori toys are safer and more durable
Many Montessori fans are against plastic toys because of BPA and lead, which are harmful toxins that are found in plastic toys. Recently, around 253,000 Pixar Sarge die-cast toy cars and 1,5 million Fisher-Price preschool toys with lead paint were recalled, as lead poses real threats to children’s health.
Toxic chemicals are not the only concern. Lots of toys include batteries and tiny elements that could be ingested by children – while robust wooden toys don’t. It goes without saying that Montessori wooden toys are the winners in the safety department.
Montessori toys are kind to the environment
The creator of the Montessori method was deeply preoccupied with the environment. Compared to their plastic counterparts (that usually end up in a landfill shortly after the purchase), wooden toys are more durable and leave a much smaller carbon footprint. The goal of the Montessori method is not only to support the child’s mental and physical development but also to teach them core values – and being eco-conscious is on the list.
The bottom line
Following the Montessori method is an excellent idea if you intend to raise an intelligent, creative, independent, and self-aware child. By playing with Montessori toys, your child will have fun while developing healthy behavioral patterns that will translate into healthy habits later in life.
At Nobsi, our mission is to provide you with high-quality, multifunctional, eco-friendly wooden toys designed in relation to Montessori’s principles. Check out our handmade toys here.
White Climbing toys for toddlers - Kletterspielzeug weiss für Kleinkinder
White climber with the Birdie rocker from Nobsi
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A solid-state drive (SSD) is a media that uses flash modules to save data. The solid-state drives remain relatively new and more pricey when compared to classic hard disk drives (HDD), but they are much faster, so they are quite often used for Operating Systems and applications on both PCs and web hosting servers. An SSD is preferred as it doesn't have spinning disks that limit its speed and can even cause overheating like it may happen with an HDD. Most companies use SSDs for caching purposes, so all the content which is accessed more frequently will be kept on this kind of drives, while all other content will be held on conventional HDDs. The reason to use such a setup is to balance the price and performance of their hosting platform and to minimize the load on the HDDs resulting from countless reading and writing processes.
SSD with Data Caching in Shared Hosting
If you host your websites in a shared hosting account with us, you'll definitely notice their fantastic performance. This is because our cloud platform uses only SSD drives for all files, e-mail addresses and databases and we don't use HDDs for any part of the web hosting service. In addition to the leading-edge ZFS file system, this setup will raise the speed of your websites substantially. For load-balancing, we also use a number of SSDs for caching purposes only. All of the content that generates increased traffic or causes lots of reading/writing processes is copied on them instantly, so the load on the main drives will be lower, thus the overall performance of all websites hosted with us will improve. The abovementioned in turn prolongs the life of the main drives and decreases the possibility of a disk failure, that is a further guarantee for the integrity of any content which you upload to your account.
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Proper elimination of daily wastes and “detoxification” using fruits, vegetables, and clean eating. These help to decrease estrogen dominance. Fiber binds old estrogen, clearing it out of the system.
Avoid plastics. Plastics contain endocrine disrupting chemicals like
BPA. BPA looks similar to estrogen in the body. Hence, additional sources for estrogen dominance. Stick with glass or stainless steel for cooking, baking, and food storage.
Identify and eliminate any food allergens and excessive bowel overgrowth of yeast and bacteria. Rule out parasitic infections.
Removing allergens and overgrowth, replacing with digestive enzymes, reinoculating with pre/probiotics and repairing the gut lining if damage had occurred are great ways to improve long term balance.
Good Health starts with a Good Gut!
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October 8, 2014 10:42 AM EDT
It would be an understatement to call ZMapp a “sought after” drug. Ever since it brough tback two Ebola-infected aid workers from the brink of death, demand for the drug—which has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and was made available on an emergency use basis—has boomed. The trouble is, there’s no supply.
The doses administered to the U.S. aid workers exhausted a nearly nonexistent supply, according to its manufacturer, Mapp Biopharmaceuticals. But that’s not because it takes a long time to manufacture the antibodies that make up the ZMapp cocktail. ZMapp is taking longer to produce in large quantities because one of the three antibodies in the cocktail doesn’t grow well in the plants—which is how ZMapp is produced.
The process involves growing tobacco plants, not in the acres of fields earmarked by tobacco companies for their cigarettes, but in a controlled environment in a greenhouse, for six weeks. Then, the leaves of the plants are injected or infused with a plant bacterium that carries a valuable payload — the genes for the antibodies that can bind to and neutralize the Ebola virus. The plant cells treat the new genes as one of their own, and start making the antibody. It takes about 14g of these antibodies to treat a patient, says Yuri Gleba, CEO of Icon Genetics, the German company that pioneered the platform, and to produce that much requires around 78 tobacco plants and about seven to 10 days.
A team led by Gleba is helping Mapp Biopharmaceuticals to optimize that production and to make the entire process more efficient so it requires fewer plants. “If everything is properly optimized, those plants can be full of that antibody,” he says. (Mapp officials declined to comment for this article on the status of their ZMapp production.)
MORE: Ebola Treatment May Emerge From Drug For Another Virus
Why plants? The time it takes to grow a plant is less time than it takes to genetically engineer a mouse or other rodent to produce human antibodies, which is how such products have been made in the past. It’s also less expensive. Plant-based manufacturing represents a promising new way of producing drugs that could cut the time it takes to bring critical medications, such as a flu vaccine during a pandemic, to a large number of people. Researchers have used the technology to develop a vaccine against norovirus, the infection that plagues cruise ships, for example, that is being tested now.
Here’s what that process looks like.
MORE: Potential Vaccine Shows Some Promise, but the Spread of Ebola Is Accelerating
Contact us at letters@time.com.
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Cybercrime and Covid
The UK has seen a 15-fold rise in the number of covid-related cybercrime scams since the beginning of the pandemic.
We discuss why covid-19 has led to a surge in cyber attacks, what to watch out for and how to protect your firm.
Cybercrime and covid: the reason behind the rise of online threats
Cyber threats began with hacking in the 1970s, but have since developed in scope and complexity.
Covid has forced the world to rely heavily on remote working, automation and technology to continue working and stay connected with co-workers, friends and family.
Cybercriminals have taken advantage of the change in processes and lifestyle by targeting businesses and individuals to try and gain access to confidential and sensitive information.
Cybercrime and Covid: scams to be aware of
1. Fake government emails that appear to be genuine and offer grants, but contain dangerous links that allow the hacker to steal sensitive information.
2. Scam emails that offer Covid-19 relief funds. Cybercriminals are known to target people who are either on benefits or have lost their job due to the pandemic, offering to help them apply for a government loan. Once the victim has provided their personal details, the scammer uses them to apply for an advance loan from Universal Credit and keeps the money. This type of scam often leaves the target with large loans to repay.
3. Suspicious emails pretending to be from The World Health Organization (WHO): fraudulent emails are being sent asking for donations to fund research for Coronavirus and vaccines. These emails often contain malicious attachments or links that can reveal your usernames and passwords. WHO will never ask for your username or password, or email you attachments that you are not expecting.
4. Phishing emails or texts that claim the recipient has been in contact with somebody who has Covid-19: these emails or texts often look genuine but contain links that take you to a website that requests your personal information.
5. Cyberattacks on video conferencing services: cybercriminals are also targeting remote workers with video conferencing attacks. Hackers gain access to a videoconferencing meeting uninvited to listen to sensitive conversations or trick participants into clicking on a malicious link by sending it in the chat function.
6. Online shopping scams for products such as hand sanitizer, face masks and fake test kits: these types of adverts are a scam that takes victim’s money without sending them any items.
Protect your firm from Covid-related cyber attacks
These days, cybercriminals can do more harm than thieves who steal equipment or damage property. Use these tips to protect your firm and employees from Covid-related cyber attacks.
• Cybersecurity training: even with the latest antivirus and firewall software, human error is still the number one cause of most data breaches. Providing staff with training on how to spot cybercrime is one of the best ways to protect your business.
• Use a reliable VPN: a VPN (virtual private network) will allow your employees to connect securely to your network and makes you invisible to hackers, preventing them from stealing passwords of other sensitive information.
• Use strong passwords: a good example of a strong password is one that contains three random words, a number and a special character, for example ‘TallTreePark4!’ if you believe you have given personal data such as your username or password to a cybercriminal, change them immediately.
• Keep your software updated: out of date software makes your network vulnerable, allowing cybercriminals to access your computer systems.
• Check suspicious links before clicking: watch out for links that contain strange characters or if the link is short as this could indicate that the link has been sent from a hacker. If in doubt, use a link scanner such as Norton SafeWeb to confirm that it’s safe to use.
• Check for spelling mistakes in emails: spam often contains poorly written text with spelling and grammar errors. An email from a legitimate company or individual should be well-written, however sometimes this is done deliberately to make them sound more genuine. Another reason is that misspelled words can have a higher chance of penetrating through spam filters.
• Confirm the sender’s email address: verify emails that are claiming to be from your bank or a government department by contacting them directly.
Cybercrime and Covid may have lasting implications for businesses. If you think you have been the victim of a cybercrime, or have been sent anything suspicious, it’s important to report it to Action Fraud.
Our IT security services will give you the knowledge and technology needed to protect your legal firm. Get in touch to arrange your free IT security consultation.
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An introduction to structured data
In this blog post, I will be discussing what structured data is, how developers can implement it on their websites, and what effects using structured data can have to their sites and end users.
As website designers and developers, it is our job to ensure the content on the sites we build is efficiently presented to the end user.
A customer looking at the website for a local beautician will want to, on a basic level, know what services the company provide, how much those services cost and whether or not the company is local. A customer looking through an online store will not necessarily be concerned where the company is based, but more interested in which products they have for sale, how much those products cost, images of the product, and whether or not the product has good reviews.
Something that can be overlooked by designers and developers however is how the website content, and its context, is delivered to search engines, not just the end user.
Search engines, such as Google and Bing, obtain information from websites using crawl bots. These bots don’t have the same level of intelligence as you or I. They can’t look at a number on a page with a currency symbol next to it, and immediately or reliably associate that piece of content as representing a price. And even if they could, what is that price for? Is that price related to a special offer?
There has been some huge advances in the way of machine learning and artificial intelligence, and this sort of ability is well within the grasps of Google and others, but the resources needed for such a task are, at the moment, far greater than sending crawl bots to a page and analysing the provided structured data.
Search engines are very intelligent, but they just need a little helping hand. And this is where structured data comes in.
What is structured data?
Structured data describes your site’s pages in such a way that search engines can decipher its content and its context. I previously mentioned a few examples of the types of content you can markup with structured data (services and products), however the ever expanding library of data types or schemas includes (but is not limited to) events, recipes, local businesses, articles, music, TV shows and movies, reviews, and videos.
Each of these types of content has completely different information to the next. A recipe will need a list of ingredients along with cooking instructions to become a valid recipe, but an event won’t need any of this. An event needs dates, locations, and ticket prices, to name but a few.
Structured data allows web developers to present any of these properties and provide the necessary pieces of information for each one, helping search engines to make sense of it all. When search engines get a better understanding as to what your pages are about, they are able to surface this information to the end user, but only in situations where it becomes relevant to their needs.
What language do I write structured data in?
Structured data can be written in a few languages, there is no right or wrong approach. However it’s a good idea to understand the different formats you can use to markup this information to help decide which is suitable for you and your website.
We quite often turn to the guidance of Google when deciding which approach to take. Currently, Google support three formats:
Google recommends using JSON-LD, and that’s also the format we use for our website projects, so in this post I will focus on implementing that.
JSON-LD provides advantages over Microdata and RDFa, as you don’t need the structured data as HTML markup for it to be used. JSON-LD sits at the bottom of the page, before the closing <body> tag as a chunk of JavaScript. It has no visual impact on the website, and is only read by the search engines that support it.
Below is a very basic example of some markup I could use on my Meet The Team page. Here I am taking my information and defining myself as a Person schema using RDFa:
<div vocab="" typeof="Person">
<p property="name">Jamie Wade</p>
<p property="jobTitle">Front-end Developer</p>
<p property="worksFor">Enovate Design Ltd</p>
As you can see from the documentation, there is a plethora of information that can be associated with a Person schema. It’s great to define as much as you can, but we don’t always want all of this information to be visible on the website. And it can be a bit of a hindrance having to hide the extra information using CSS that we don’t want to be visible. This is where JSON-LD shines.
What does JSON-LD look like?
As mentioned previously, JSON-LD is a chunk of JavaScript that has absolutely no visual impact on your website. You can define as much, or as little information as you like, and you won’t need to worry about hiding the excess using CSS.
Take the example again for defining a Person schema for my Meet The Team page. This is what the same information would look like (as a basic implementation) of JSON-LD:
<script type="application/ld+json">
"@context": "",
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Jamie Wade",
"jobTitle": "Front-end Developer",
"worksFor": "Enovate Design Ltd"
What also makes JSON-LD shine above the alternative formats, is we can very easily nest further information. Again, taking the example from before, we can modify the 'worksFor' property into a 'workLocation' property, define Enovate as a 'LocalBusiness' schema, and include all the information about Enovate inside that:
<script type="application/ld+json">
"@context": "",
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Jamie Wade",
"jobTitle": "Front-end Developer",
"workLocation": {
"@type": "LocalBusiness",
"name": "Enovate",
"alternateName": "Enovate Design Ltd",
"description": "Creative Web Design agency based in Chelmsford, Essex. Offering Website Design, Web Development, SEO, Internet Marketing, eCommerce and Hosting.",,
"url": "",
"telephone": "01245 646 464"
What do search engines actually do with structured data?
This is a very good question, and something I quite often find myself explaining to customers who can’t quite understand the benefits (and cost) of having structured data implemented on their websites. In fact, structured data has more than likely been under our noses for quite a while, we have never just made the connection.
We all know what a Google search result looks like. Take this result for a search for “apple pie recipe”. This is what you will see for a site that does not provide any (supported) structured data:
A screenshot of a basic Google search result for 'apple pie'
Pretty standard, and not very eye catching. All we have here is a title and description. However, using structured data we can get our results showing up like this:
A screenshot of a Google search result for 'apple pie' showing the differences structured data makes
This page is, after all, a recipe. So with the correct structured data markup, we can tell Google all about the recipe. Google can then take this information and present it to the end user. Straight away, we can see an image of the apple pie, and we can see it’s very highly rated, but we can also see how long it takes to prepare, and how many calories it contains. Straight from the search result.
These results are taken from Google on a desktop device. The results look even better on mobile:
A screenshot of a structured data Google search result for 'apple pie' on a mobile device
This is the real, sell-able benefit of structured data. Results like this are far more eye-catching than standard Google results. Plus, on mobile devices, structured data results will feature much more prominently than standard results, which can have a huge impact on your organic search traffic.
Hopefully I have given you a thorough introduction into what structured data is, and my recommendations for implementing it into your site.
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science education resource
For K-12 Students • Educators • Homeschool Families • Naturalists
Keystone Species - Sharks
How Sharks Keep Ocean Habitats Healthy
Keystone Species - Sharks
What Causes It
How Does It Affect Us
Sadly, this phenomenon has already been proven in places like Bermuda and along the coastlines of the Indian Ocean, where shark populations have declined and sea turtles populations have risen and entire seagrass beds have disappeared – the fish and shellfish along with them.
What Has Been Done to Fix It
There are many laws in place to protect marine environments.
The Coral Reef Conservation Act (CRCA) was established in 2000 for the purposes of preserving coral reef ecosystems, promoting wise management and gaining better information on the current condition of coral reefs.
The Endangered Species Act was enacted in 1973 to protect animals from extinction. There are three major components of the ESA: listing species as either threatened or endangered, designating habitat that is critical to the species survival and restoring populations of species so they can be removed from the list.
The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA) governs fish populations within U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) zone (3-200 nautical miles offshore). This act was signed into law in 1976 and there have been reauthorizations of the act several times since then, most recently in 2006.
The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) was enacted in 1972 in response to growing concerns that certain species and populations of marine mammals were in danger of extinction or depletion as a result of human activities.
The National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA) was enacted in 1972 with the purpose of designating important marine environments as sanctuaries for their environmental, historical or cultural significance. Currently, there are 13 marine sanctuaries in the National Marine Sanctuary System, six of which were created after 1990.
What Can You Do to Help
Simply, don't buy products made from sharks.
Citing Research References
When citing a WEBSITE the general format is as follows.
Here is an example of citing this page:
Amsel, Sheri. "Keystone Species - Sharks" Exploring Nature Educational Resource ©2005-2021. September 23, 2021
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'Code of Life' celebrates fiftieth anniversary of discovery
Your rating: None Average: 5 (1 vote)
We're tracking cancer and genetic diseases, catching criminals decades after the crime goes cold, growing hardier crops and learning more about our place in the animal kingdom.
And it all started with James Watson and Francis Crick. Fifty years ago today, Crick walked into a pub and described the idea that would later bring him and Watson the Nobel Prize. The simple structure of the gene had eluded scientists, who knew what DNA was made of, but not how it was put together. The double helix was the birth of the genetics age, explaining both shape and function of the mysterious transmitter of data from one generation to another.
"When we saw the answer we had to pinch ourselves," Watson said, "Could it really be this pretty? When we went to lunch [at the pub] we realised it probably was true because it was so pretty."
Your rating: None Average: 5 (1 vote)
I'm glad that the article makes mention of Rosalind Franklin's contribution. I've read many a textbook that don't even mention her.
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MelSkunk (Melissa Drake)read storiescontact (login required)
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Photography, Photograph & Implications - Lecture 2
Photography, Photograph and Implications
Photography is the science, art and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film, or electronically by means of an image sensor. Photography literally means ‘drawing with light’ or ‘writing with light or ‘light writing’. The word ‘photography’ is made of two words - ‘photo’ means ‘light’ and ‘graphy’ stands for ‘graphic’ which means writing or drawing. So once man learnt to capture an image with the help of a camera, the process started being called photography.
Photography is therefore all around us. We see numerous photographic images every day, many of which advertise products, services, lifestyles and ideologies. Photography is employed in many fields of science, manufacturing (e.g. photolithography) and business, as well as for art, recreational purposes, and mass communication.
Photography is a well-established medium for preserving family and cultural histories as well. We all like to see photographs of friends, family, relatives, celebrities etc. But this was not possible for a long time and it was left to the artists to draw our images and even then the pictures were never exactly the same? This was also a very tiring and time consuming process and not everyone could afford it. Only kings and other important people got their pictures made by artists. Just imagine what excitement photography must have caused when it was invented. People could now see an exact copy of a scene or of a person in front of them.
From such times to now photography has come a long way. It is both a recreation as well as a profession. We are used to seeing photos being taken all around us.
Ansel Adams, once said, "A great photograph is one that fully expresses what one feels, in the deepest sense, about what is being photographed."
Photographs are amazing. Through photographs, we preserve history - our child's first steps, a decaying landscape, or rare and endangered animals. We use photographs to recall the first steps on the moon, the inauguration of a new president, the lifting of a flag on a far-away hill during war. Photographs evoke the essence of places we have not been, we perhaps will not return to, and should never forget.
A photograph is a result of the photographer’s decision that it is worth recording that this particular event or this particular object has been seen. If everything that existed were continually being photographed, every photograph would become meaningless. A photograph is already a message about the event it records.
Photographs "become" through making choices, and great photographs become through making right choices. Right choices are the direct result of the knowledge of the photographer. Superior photographs come from photographers who know how his or her camera functions. A skilled photographer takes the time to read the manual and familiarize with everything that camera will do.
We can always see photographs around us. Like Behind the bus, on the sign boards, on the walls, in newspapers, magazines and pamphlets. Photos in newspapers and magazines inform us about an event or an incident. You must have seen photographs of Uttarakhand disaster, tsunami in newspapers. These days’ pictures are as important to news as the written or printed word. In fact in a country like ours where still many people cannot read or write, photos have a greater use and a greater impact. Photographs are seen along with the written news in magazines and newspapers and they add to the impact of the news and convince us about the truth of the event we are reading about.
A photographer is someone who communicates emotions with intelligence spring from imagination. Photographers can see multiple perspectives at once. A photographer is a professional that focuses on the art of taking photographs with a digital or film camera. Photographers use artificial and/or natural lighting to snap pictures of various people, places and things in a variety of settings. Some photographers focus on studio work, while other explore the natural, outside world. There are a variety of photography niches that one can choose from and be able to uniquely showcase their artistic ability with.
Photography has two important components; one is the camera and the other is the film. A film is sensitive to light, so when we expose it to a scene with the click of the button,
the impression of light is left on the film. This film is then processed in the laboratory and we see the picture that we have taken.
For a long time photography was just black and white, this was so as the film could not record colour. It was much later that the colour film was made.
You may be able to recall an occasion from your childhood like your birthday party or a trip to some interesting place where you or your parents took pictures. On your return you must have given the film roll to a photo lab and then collected the printed pictures after a day. Have you ever wondered what is happening inside the lab? Here the film is taken out of its cartridge in complete darkness. As the film has a layer of light sensitive chemical on it, the film is given a wash with certain other chemicals. This helps in bringing out the picture on the film because the effects of all the chemicals are washed away and the image on the film is fixed and made visible to the eye. Now the image on the film is in the form of a negative, meaning the dark areas appear light and the light areas appear dark. Now light is thrown through the negative film on to a photographic paper that is sensitive to light in the same way as the film was sensitive to light. This paper is also given a chemical wash thus creating the final picture. So you see that from taking the picture to the final print there are many stages involved. Since the negative film acquires an image with the help of light, it is called an optical process.
Nowadays a new technology has arrived in photography and it is called digital photography. Some of you and your friends may possess a digital camera. The camera which you see inside some mobile phones is also a digital camera. Soon it seems that the film camera may stop being made as the digital camera is making photography cheap and easy to handle. There are two important factors that make digital photography very useful. One is that the picture taken can be seen on a screen behind the camera immediately and the second reason is that digital photography does not require any film. Therefore there is no need to go to the lab and wait to get the film processed. The camera records the image taken on a memory chip that is inside it. Once the chip is filled with the photos, these photos can be copied onto a computer to reuse the camera by making fresh space for taking more photographs. The ability of the camera to link itself to the computer makes it easy to print the picture and to send pictures to any part of the world through the internet. Not only this, the computer allows the photograph that has been taken to be improved and cleaned with the help of a number of software programs that are available. So you can see that the future of photography is going to be digital.
Let us list the differences between a film and digital camera.
Film camera
Digital camera
records image on a chemically sensitive film to make a picture
records the photo as a digital signal
that is stored on a chip.
a film has to be processed into an
optical negative
a digital image can be instantly seen
on the camera. No processing is
required and so there are no negatives.
a film camera is bigger and can
work without batteries
a digital camera is much smaller and
always need batteries
pictures from a film camera
to be printed in a lab.
photos from a digital camera can be
copied on a computer and printed as
pictures from a film camera have
to be physically sent and this can
take time.
photographs from a digital camera can
easily be sent through a computer by
The collodion process resulted to mass production and dissemination of photographic prints. The inception of these visual documents of personal and public history produced vast changes in perception of history, time and people. The concept of privacy was greatly altered as cameras were used to record most areas of human life. The ubiquitous presence of photographic machinery eventually changed the sense of what was suitable for observation. The photograph was considered undisputable proof of an event, experience, or state of being.
To fulfill the mounting and never-ending demand for more images, photographers spread out to every corner of the world, recording all the natural and manufactured phenomena they could find. By the last quarter of the 19th century most households had some respectable photographic collections. These were in three main forms: the family album, the scrapbooks containing large prints of views from various parts of the world; and boxes of stereoscope cards, which in combination with the popular stereo viewer created an effective illusion of three-dimensionality.
Ever since the first photo was developed in 1826, photography has stunned the whole world. There has always been a need and want to capture moments in time, images, however the education and equipment were not accessible to the masses. With the amount of money, time and effort needed to expose and produce an image properly, photography became and still remains a highly sought out profession. Photography has documented the past for our future, putting a name to a face, the pretty and ugly face of our history. Naturally, everyone wanted to capture their own history, wanting to snap a few frames of their own, which in turn pushed the development of personal cameras. With time, production and product costs were cut so most people could afford their own camera and with that, the playing field was evened out and every one became a "photographer". Now, professional photographers need to step up their game, they need to prove to the average "photographer" the worth of their profession.
Although, the tools and industry are forever changing, the idea is not, a perfect example would be our first images taken from the surface of the moon. We love photographs because they take our imagination to an image of reality.
The impact of photography on society, as one of the new media forms changes the structure of society. Further discomfort has been caused due to cameras and photography in regards to being insensitive. Photos of war and pornography always cause a disturbance. It is also feared that disturbing or explicit images are easily accessible to children and society at large today. It is a concern today that people can be turned into objects that can be symbolically possessed by anyone today.
Another impact of photography can be seen in is tourism, where photography has a very important role to play. Photographs play a crucial role in the promotion of tourism destinations, working through a range of media including brochures, television commercials, and picture postcards. Meanwhile the practice of photography is often held to be intimately related to the condition of being a tourist.
Photojournalism is another practice of Photography to create a visual representation of a newsworthy event with several dynamic photographs.
Photojournalists will usually take pictures of newsworthy events as they are happening, and these pictures are often supposed to make the viewer’s feel intense emotions. For example, photojournalists may take pictures of riots in process or disaster survivors.
Advertising and marketing is an important part of selling products and services. This is very essential in business as well as for local authorities, charities and educational establishments. Imagery performs many functions from catching a prospective customer’s eye, simplifying concepts, enhancing the appeal of a product or service, or just pulling together an idea. But it is often the part of an advertising campaign that is left to last, but strong photographs in advertising make the difference between being just “okay” to being very effective. Photographs play an important role in advertising and marketing because they tell a story. As the ancient Chinese proverb so rightly stated: “one picture is worth a thousand words”.
Photography play an important role in the documentation of history, by providing a record of actual events as they are happening in that moment of time.
Photos are a validation for memories; people with memory disabilities willable to look back and remember loved ones who have passed, reflecting back on memories with family and friends.
A real impact of photography is seen on the employment as photo reporters and editors, and in photographic agencies and libraries. Wedding photography and creative portfolio is also provided good business opportunities for the freelance professional photographer.
Photography became a great tool for scientific research, documented newly discovered species, a tool of document evidence of scientific field trips was able to capture the people of remote tribes. Photography later then led to the innovation of brain scanning and assessing human anatomy.
Cameras and photography have become a hobby and a passion for many people. Who enjoy capturing something to remember and creating something extraordinary out of the everyday. But most of all people love photography for the ability to retain information of the world around them.
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Algorithms in Motion
Based on the best-selling Grokking Algorithms
Beau Carnes
• Course duration: 4h 11m
34 exercises
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Good and simple to understand introduction to algorithms.
Boris Vasile, Team Lead, Garmin Cluj
Look inside
See it. Do it. Learn it! Algorithms - established processes for solving computational problems-are the foundation of computer programming. Mastering the most important algorithms and learning to recognize where they should be applied are required skills for any developer. Algorithms in Motion introduces you to the world of algorithms and how to use them as effectively as possible through high-quality video-based lessons, real-world examples, and built-in exercises, so you can put what you learn into practice. Based on the best-selling book Grokking Algorithms, this liveVideo course brings classic algorithms to life!
about the subject
An algorithm is a repeatable procedure for solving a problem. The algorithms you'll use most often as a programmer have already been discovered, tested, and proven. This engaging course makes it easy to learn and use the most important algorithms effectively.
about the video
Algorithms in Motion teaches you how to apply common algorithms to the practical problems you face every day as a programmer. Following the expert guidance of liveVideo instructor Beau Carnes, you'll start with the basics, including Big O notation, fundamental data structures, and recursion. Then, you'll explore problem-solving techniques, that will empower you to see the algorithm you need in the task you're trying to accomplish. Finally, you'll finish the course by applying more advanced algorithms, such as hash tables, graph algorithms, and K-nearest.
This liveVideo course is perfect paired with Aditya Bhargava’s Grokking Algorithms, bringing the classic algorithms inside to life.
This easy-to-follow video course is perfect for self-taught programmers, engineers, or anyone who wants to brush up on classic algorithms.
what you will learn
• Search, sort, and graph algorithms
• Breadth-first search
• Performance concerns
• Implementing algorithms in Python
about the instructor
liveVideo instructor Beau Carnes is a software developer and a recognized authority in software instruction. Besides teaching in-person workshops and classes, he has also created around 100 software training videos that receive over 40K views per month. This includes a series on data structures and algorithms. Grokking Algorithms by Adit Bhargava is available at in pBook, eBook, and liveBook formats.
what's a liveVideo?
Find out more
Great way to quickly recap the most common algorithms.
Jonathan Wood, Software Consultant, Wintellect
Explains the fundamentals of some fairly complex computer science in a way that makes sense to anyone.
Derek Hampton, Senior Developer, Advanced Retail Ltd
A gentle introduction to the traditional computer science topics of data structures and algorithms in a way that is not intimidating to approach.
Ryan Burrows, Senior Software Developer, Rooster Park Consulting
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History Quiz / The Biological Perspective (E. Ritt)
Random History or Biology Quiz
Can you name the The Biological Perspective (E. Ritt)?
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we used correlation analysis of twins to explore the influences of genesresearcher
we investigated if the people around you can affect your behavior, three degrees of influencesresearcher
I found out that we are born with a core knowledge and did so through infantsresearcher
To what extent will humans comply with authority? study (name then year)
makes you feel happy, affects general mood (not specific)chemical
every part/area of brain controls or is responsible for a certain behaviorterms
communicates the 'good feeling', focuses on one thing/object/personchemical
involved in movement of body partspart of the brain
long term feeling, not as passionate and powerful, commitment, stablititychemical
responsible for speech, perception, thought processpart of the brain
each hemisphere of the brain is responsible/correlates with behaviorterms
emotions, past experiences, planning ahead, mood, personality, judgementpart of the brain
hearing, memories, languagepart of the brain
severed corpus collosum of patients with severe epilepsystudy (name then year)
severed corpus collosum of monkeysstudy (name then year)
touch, sensory information, sensory perceptionpart of the brain
sight/visionpart of the brain
hunger, drinking, having sex, regulates all basic drivespart of the brain
hintYour Answercategory
function of memory (short term into long term)part of the brain
all that is psychological is first...assumptions
severed corpus collosum of 10 epileptic patientsstudy
anger, fear, rage, scared, basic emotionspart of the brain
railroad pole lodged into frontal lobes showing a relationship between personality and fron. lob.study
psychology should investigate the brain, neurochemistry, and...assumptions
balance, fine motor skillspart of the brain
necessary for body function, vitals, breathing, essentialpart of the brain
animals may be studied as means of understanding human...assumptions
wide band of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispherespart of the brain
ability of the brain to be shaped by expierenceterms
all behavior has a...assumptions
responsible for your feelings, pleasure circuits, emotional responsepart of the brain
compared how babies responded to native language vs. foreign languagestudy
at what age does language lateralize?study
rewires a ferrets brain so sight goes into temporal lobes & eye sight into auditory cortexstudy
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Phonetic Classic Rock
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Music 5m
We know of at least one guitar player who didn't care about how names are spelled, pronounced or transcribed.
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Introduction to Survey Sampling
One of the many things that distinguishes psychology from the other social sciences is its reliance on experiments as a key methodological tool and its relative neglect of surveys of members of well-defined populations (e.g., see Presser, 1984). Political scientists and sociologists are more likely than psychologists to use data from survey samples, although developmental, educational, and organizational psychologists do sometimes analyze data from population surveys, often taking advantage of data sets that are publicly available. Relative to laboratory experiments, surveys based on large, representative samples are expensive to conduct and are getting more expensive all the time. In part, these costs reflect the size and geographic scope of survey samples. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)
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The Heath Benefits
Numerous scientific studies have been conducted on the benefits of sour cherry on human health. Conclusion of theses researches: The sour cherry is a Super Fruit since it is richer in nutrients and phytochemicals than most other fruits.
Studies seem to indicate that all of the compounds in tart cherries can potentially reduce inflammation caused by arthritis and gout. They can help protect against cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancers, reduce the risk of diabetes and insulin resistance syndrome, and even prevent memory loss.
Arthritis and Gout
In recent years, sour cherries have grown in popularity with people suffering from gout and arthritis. Most of them consume it in the form of juice to reduce their symptoms. The anti-inflammatory properties of tart cherries may help reduce pain caused by inflammation. In addition, it could help manage diseases based on inflammation. Sour cherries contain the highest concentration of anthocyanins 1 and 2. These two types can block the action of a type of enzyme called cyclo-oxygenase (COX). Some analgesic drugs work by inhibiting the action of cyclo-oxygenase. This observation offers an explanation on why tart cherries are known to reduce pain due to arthritis and gout. Their anti-inflammatory actions are comparable to those of ibuprofen, aspirin and naproxen.
Sour cherries, thanks to their polyphenols, protect against cardiovascular disease. Indeed, the richer the diet is in flavonoids the more the risk of arterial and coronary diseases decreases. Consumption of anthocyanins in small amounts protects against oxidative damage. Taken in large amounts, this compound can also improve vasodilation and relaxation of blood vessels. It also lowers the level of lipid in blood.
It seems that sour cherries and their components can help control diabetes. Studies have shown that cells in the pancreas exposed to anthocyanins produce 50% more insulin.
Anthocyanins also help control diabetes better, as they lower fasting glucose levels and increase tolerance.
Sour cherries have a low glycemic index. Even the dried sour cherries have a moderate blood sugar index. Diabetics can therefore also benefit of the advantages of sour cherries.
Studies show that keeping antioxidant levels high in the body is a defense and helps reduce the risk of disease. In addition, it helps stimulate the immune system and protect neurons in the brain. The level of antioxidants is measured with the CARO unit. Researchers estimate that an individual should consume between 3,000 and 5,000 CARO units per day in order to effectively counter the effects of oxidants absorbed daily from food, air and stress.
Sour cherries have been ranked among the top 15 foods highest in antioxidants, even surpassing red wine, plums, dark chocolate and orange juice.
Studies have shown that the phytonutrients in tart cherries help protect brain neurons from oxidative damage, which in turn helps reduce neural loss. A rich intake of these phytonutrients can help reverse the course of neural aging and even improve memory.
Sour cherries are an important source of a particular phytochemical, called perillyl alcohol (POH). Studies have shown that POH helps prevent and reduce the progression of certain types of cancers such as cancers affecting the prostate, liver, lungs and skin.
Studies have also shown that POH can induce regression of small tumors as well as some more advanced breast cancers. Experts are even considering using POH as a complementary therapy for cancer in the brain since it increases the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The regression of cancer would therefore be facilitated.
Research has shown that the cyanidins and anthocyanins found in sour cherry can also reduce the risk of colon cancer.
Sour cherries are one of the few dietary sources of melatonin, a powerful antioxidant called the sleep hormone. This hormone is responsible for modulating our circadian rhythm as well as our wake and sleep cycle. Sour cherries contain a higher concentration of melatonin than what is found in human blood. A simple handful of sour cherries would increase the melatonin content in the blood and help ease the sleep cycle.
How many Caro do sour cherries contain?
Antioxidant power (CARO index per 100g)
Concentrated tangy cherry juice: 12,800 CARO units
Dried tart cherries: 6,800 CARO units
Frozen tart cherries: 2,033 CARO units
Canned tart cherries: 1,700 CARO units
Concentrated juice
30 ml in 250 ml of water
45 ml in 375 ml of water
Dried sour cherries
60 ml
125 ml
Open drop down
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Automated External Defibrillators
(AEDs) and Clinical Defibrillators
Deliver life-saving defibrillators with faster response time
and reliability with high performance multiprocessing
AEDs can be thought of as an electrocardiogram or ECG, or a multi-parameter patient monitor, that also provides life-saving therapy. ECGs monitor heart signals via electrodes connected to specific locations on the human body. These signals, on the order of a few millivolts in amplitude, are difficult to discern against a noisy background, but are used to accurately determine a person’s QRS complex.
The QRS complex is what’s commonly used by doctors to diagnose a wide range of heart conditions, such as arrhythmia or even atrial or ventricular fibrillation. The AED uses the same QRS complex to make the decision to provide therapy, or the shock to restart or resynchronize the heart.
Reliability, easy-to-use HMI, accuracy, fast boot times, power management, and security are just some of the key considerations for AEDs. These systems need to have the processing power powerful enough to acquire, process, and interpret several parameters at once, while also providing a friendly, straightforward, and safe HMI.
A simplified architecture of a typical AED can have a built in SVGA resolution display, a touch screen HMI and potentially a separate external display connectivity to a high definition monitor to provide training or maybe showing a related video. Modern AEDs are getting networked with wired and wireless connectivity.
Design Example
Here is a high-level block diagram to create a smart, connected, high performance low power AED device with a dual or quad core Zynq Ultrascale+ MPSOC with an optimally configured fabric depending on the performance per watt and BOM cost requirements. Depending on the architectural requirements and if it’s a lower-end AED, a Zynq 7000 device can also be used.
Defibrillators can be smart and connected to the network in the back-end. A smart Defib/Monitor (like a patient-vest) would have the capability to send secure data to the cloud (Hybrid or Private) for analytics and storage. It will also be able to support local and networked high-definition displays.
The processing systems in a Zynq family of SoC-FPGA devices both in UltraScale and UltraScale+ architectures are very powerful and competitive to any ASSP devices available. A complex architecture could support using a hypervisor with guest OS versions running Linux for a variety of tasks like control plane, monitoring, diagnostics and analytics. Many supported RTOS like QNX, VxWorks, Micrium or ThreadX can be used for real-time tasks.
So, here are a few points to summarize the benefits of a Zynq UltraScale+ based clinical architecture:
• Real-Time signal processing,
• Safety implementation potentially with TMR ensuring low risk and high reliability
• Support for all sensory types with flexible customizable I/O
• An integrated xADC block for simple sensors and direct analog sensory connection with enhanced digital filtering, lower latency sensor monitoring and a high speed parallel digital Interface to the FPGA fabric
• Use FPGA fabric to process critical events in real time with no need to wait for processor
• Handle your graphics needs and display processing into multiple displays with same or different content seamlessly
• And, handle other intensive tasks as required with a combination of powerful embedded processors and offload to FPGA as needed
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Professional Light: Directing Light and Controlling Shadows
This week in Zeferino Professional Light we want to show you how understanding these 7 lighting positions will help you tell better stories and create better characters.
The direction of the light is a very important lighting concept to learn. Essentially, it deals with where a light is positioned in regards to a subject. And on a technical level, it’s pretty straightforwar. You put a light in front of, behind, above, below, or on the side of your subject. However, it get more complicated (and interesting) when you have to consider what effect the shadows you create. Have on your audience’s perception of what’s being lit. In this video, RocketJump Film School breaks down different light positions. And how each of them emotionally impacts a viewer differently.
Here are 7 basic lighting postions commonly used in filmmaking:
Front light, top light, under ligh, 45-degree light, Side light, edge light and back light.
Each of these directions of light produces shadows. That have a wide range of effects on not only your subjects. But also on your audience’s perception of them. For example, top lighting, or placing your light source directly above your subject, is often used to obscure a person’s face, particularly their eyes. Francis Ford Coppola and DP Gordon Willis famously used this type of lighting in The Godfather to give Don Corleone and other characters a mysterious, even untrustworthy look. (Some even considered it a lighting mistake.) Using a top light, as well as low-key lighting techniques, creates deep shadows that obscure not only much of the frame, but also many of the facial features viewers typically seek out to read the emotions of others.
However, these are not hard and fast rules with definitive meanings. Think of these lighting effects as ingredients—yes, these lighting effects tend to “taste” similar to most viewers, most people think under lighting makes faces look scary, but if you add other elements into the mix, like colors, camera angle or wardrobyou can produce effects that make your narrative more dynamic and complex.
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2021-09-24 02:50:33 Find the results of "
common volleyball setting mistakes
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common hitting approach errors and how to fix them
Volleyball Strategies for Players and Coaches
Common Volleyball Hitting Mistakes - Volleyball Tips
Hitting, also known as spiking, is a very exciting component to the game of volleyball.
setting technique in beach volleyball - betteratbeach.com
Overcome common mistakes in hand setting for beach volleyball with this great volleyball training video. Learn proper technique from beach volleyball pro players.
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Volleyball - LiveAbout
Explore tips on volleyball form, training, and events.
Volleyball Mistakes - jacksonvts.com
Volleyball mistakes include prolonged ball contact, multiple contacts in one attempt to play the ball, player touching the net, team out of alignment, and wrong server ...
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Want to know how to set, block, or hit a volleyball with the correct form?
mistakes in the following paragraph. Under;ine the ...
There are 11 mistakes in the following paragraph. Under;ine the mistake then correct it.
Volleyball Basics Object of the Game
Volleyball basics and learning how to play volleyball.
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Words That Mean The Same Thing As Agreement
a formal agreement, especially in economics or politics The mention of Mege led them all to get along, because they hated him unanimously. It is fair to say that we are on the verge of reaching an agreement, subject to paper exchange, and we hope to reach an agreement tomorrow, we have settled most of our differences and those we do not have, we will continue the discussion because there will be other bills. a treaty that is generally purely oral, although it may be written in part, but we are particularly concerned about the fast track, because we know that if you do not even see the provisions of this agreement, there will be something bad for the job. Legal a written legal agreement between two people or companies that says what each should do or give for the other, by an agreement, all parties met at indian Spring to consider a second contract, in early February 1825. The question is whether you speak better if you terminate a contract or if you stay there… We say you can talk better if you stay in it. something that people agree on, especially when they disagree on other things The market believes that an agreement between Greece and the EU is more likely than not, which is why fears of a Greek exit have somewhat dissipated, so we see the appetite for riskier markets, including peripheral markets. Such an agreement currently exists for an influenza pandemic, Phelan notes, but not for any other type of disease or vaccine. A general consensus that something is true, reasonable or can`t change the attitude of someone who accepts that something unpleasant happens and can`t change it, a situation where people, groups or countries come together or agree on something that led you to seek an agreement? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
Agreement, agreement, deal, understanding, convention, convention, agreement, agreement, agreement, law, treaty, consensus, approval, treaty, concluded, agreement, agreement, agreement, acuerdo, line, «agreement, agreement, pact, approval, agreement, agreement, agreement, agreement, meg-llapodes, compact, United States, negotiate a situation in which someone has exactly the same ideas or opinions that someone else has, often without questioning these opinions or ideas, that gives legitimacy to a government Britannica.com : Encyclopedia article on an agreement formally or not makes formally a situation in which someone completely accepts something like a new conviction, idea, or way of life But the confident tone did not provide an answer to Mary`s agreement.
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How Does Snowshoeing Affect The Body?
There is one challenging thing to do during winter: stay in shape. Fortunately, the winter season offers recreational activities such as skiing, snowboarding, and snowshoeing. The good news is that snowshoeing is a growing winter activity that most people can do. But how does snowshoeing affect our bodies?
Snowshoeing affects the body in a way that is beneficial to our health. The impact of this activity on the body has positive repercussions on our physical health and our psychological and social well-being. These advantages are what make it gain more and more popularity every day.
Many people take up snowshoeing to get a complete body workout to keep their bodies in shape. Snowshoeing can perfectly serve people looking for healthy fitness. We invite you to join us in this article to learn more about how snowshoeing can affect our bodies.
How Does Snowshoeing Impact The Body?
We have already established that the way snowshoeing affects the body is mostly beneficial. However, this fact does not mean that snowshoeing does not have some risks. But, our body will get more advantages and positive contributions if we do this activity correctly. Here we will study some of the benefits of snowshoeing on the body.
The Body Will Burn Calories
Snowshoeing causes the body to burn up to 1000 calories per hour. This fact is why many people interested in losing weight are so interested in this activity. When we walk on any terrain for an hour, we can burn up to 369 calories. But if we walk the same amount of time in snowshoes on a path covered with packed snow, we will burn 450 calories.
These results are higher if the person increases speed and the terrain is uneven. If the snow-covered terrain is hilly, we can burn up to 800 calories. These calories burnt are the reason why snowshoeing is a great way to burn calories and build endurance.
The Body Builds Low-impact Muscle
A very effective way to train and develop the quadriceps, hamstrings, and calves is snowshoeing. If we add the poles to our practice, we will also be exercising our arms, back, and shoulders. If you have knee problems, the snow works as a cushion, making snowshoeing a low-impact activity.
The Body Breathes Fresh Air
All the outdoor and natural smells help reduce stress. Being outdoors in the winter is much more critical than in the summer, but at the same time, it is more difficult because of the weather. If we exercise indoors or in a gym, we will not get the fresh air our body needs.
Scientists have been able to prove that natural fresh air has positive effects on the body. Some of them are lowering stress levels and increasing the ability to relax.
The Body Gets A Total Workout
Snowshoeing is an activity that exercises the whole body, even down to the micro-muscles. Since you cannot distinguish the irregularities of the terrain with the naked eye in the snow, snowshoeing increases your sense of balance and conditions your muscles to work harder.
When ascending, the body exercises the quadriceps, and when descending, the body exercises the hamstrings. While along the way, the abductors and adductors are the muscles we train.
The Body Improves Its Cardiovascular Health
Snowshoeing is an anaerobic activity that gets the heart pumping, and blood flow to the muscles and lungs is accelerated. Increased blood flow, in turn, means increased oxygen production and increased efficiency of the body. The fabulous conclusion is that cardiovascular fitness reduces the chances of heart disease.
Is Snowshoeing Dangerous?
As with any outdoor activity, we must say that there are always dangers present. Although snowshoeing is a beneficial activity for the body and easy to practice, the hazards that we can find depend on external factors. Below we will list the most common dangers that we could face when practicing snowshoeing.
1- Avalanches
When snowshoeing in mountainous terrain, avalanches will always be a latent danger that people will have to face. Sometimes these snow slides descend much faster than the speed at which we can run. Avalanches move with breathtaking speed and have so much force that they can shatter trees and collapsed buildings. Although avalanches are more likely on 35 and 45-degree slopes, they can also occur on steep slopes.
2- Getting Lost While Hiking
The cold of winter can cause us to get lost in the middle of nature, and this can put your life at risk. It is effortless to lose orientation when there is snowfall, and it is cloudy or dark. Some explorers like to hike cross-country, and this increases the chance of getting lost. With this danger, the ability to know how to move with a map and understand the compass’s sense becomes essential.
3- Bad Weather
We must take bad weather into account in any winter activity that we are going to do. It is always possible that the weather conditions will worsen drastically, so the continuous monitoring of its signals is fundamental. If you enjoy long runs in your snowshoes, you could be in a severe predicament as the weather is unpredictable.
4- Injuries
Snowshoeing is one of the winter sports with the least risk of injury for people who practice it, but that doesn’t mean it doesn’t happen. Snowshoeing involves a tremendous strain on the feet, ankles, knees, and leg muscles in general.
If we want to do too much without being physically prepared, it can have consequences. The best thing to do when starting a sport like snowshoeing is to take baby steps. We cannot set very ambitious goals without first being physically prepared. The use of snow poles helps to relieve pressure on the feet.
Is Snowshoeing Bad For Your Back?
To answer this question, we must say yes and no. If you prepare properly, your back should not suffer any damage. Still, snowshoeing could be detrimental to your lower back health if you did not train or prepare consciously. To do a proper practice of snowshoeing that does not affect the back; we must follow the following guidelines:
• Do stretching exercises for the back before snowshoeing.
• Maintain an upright body posture.
• If we are going to carry a backpack, we must take the time to look for the right accessory. You can get professional advice in stores specializing in winter sports.
• Use snow poles.
Is Snowshoeing Bad For Your Knees?
When we fall or slip downhill in snowshoes, we can injure our knees due to the torsional forces applied to the joint. When trying to move backward in snowshoes, it is also not a good idea because the tail of the snowshoe can get stuck in the snow.
It is also not advisable for one snowshoe to accidentally step on the backside of the other snowshoe because, firstly, we can fall. Secondly, we can cause an atypical movement in the knee.
The way to prevent knee injuries and knee pain is to strengthen the legs with exercise. These exercises keep the legs and ligaments strong and help minimize damage.
A Final Thought On The Impact Of Snowshoeing On The Body
It is a reality that snowshoeing is a great sporting activity for hikers, explorers, runners, bikers, swimmers, and people in general.
Snowshoeing has many benefits in everything related to muscle development, endurance, relaxation, and connection with nature. Among winter sports and activities, snowshoeing is a practice that is relatively easy to do with the whole family.
Robert Sampson
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What is Air Supremacy?
Introduction Air supremacy is a degree of air superiority where a side holds complete control of air warfare and air power over opposing forces. They are levels of control of the air in warfare. Control of the air is the aerial equivalent of command of the sea. Air power has increasingly become a powerful element… Read More
What is Airpower?
Introduction Airpower or air power consists of the application of military aviation, military strategy and strategic theory to the realm of aerial warfare and close air support. Airpower began in the advent of powered flight early in the 20th century. Airpower represents a “complex operating environment that has been subjected to considerable debate”. British doctrine… Read More
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Does ‘time out’ work on Caribbean kids?
If you have ever watched the hugely popular series Supernanny, then you probably remember just out of control some of the children featured could get. They are entitled, rude, and sometimes even violent.
The typical Caribbean parent would shake their head in disbelief at the shenanigans the children were allowed to get away with.
As many nations do not promote or advocate corporal punishment as a form of discipline for bad behaviour, those parents often rely on taking away of toys and electronic devices or ‘time out’ which totally flabbergasts many from the Caribbean. Whether you agree is one thing but have you ever considered if ‘timeouts’ could actually work here?
A ‘time out’ is a form of child behavourial modification technique in which a child is put in a specific place, usually a corner, where there are no distractions or things to stimulate them. They are made to sit or stand still for a period of time until the parent or guardian decides they have done enough. Some experts advise the time spent should be relevant to their age, meaning a four-year-old should spend no more than four minutes and a six-year-old up to six minutes or so.
But would a time out work on Caribbean children? It depends. If they were introduced to it from early, then they will be socialised to accept it. Also, if they are raised in an environment where parents calmly outline why punishment is being given before it is done, they are more likely to accept the consequences of their actions. Just sticking a child in a corner and expecting them to comply will not cut it.
It is also important to note that no punishment will work on all children, so know the child be cognisant of the age child that you are dealing with since ‘time out’ loses its effectiveness the older they get.
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P. aeruginosa Infection in Cystic Fibrosis Could Be Treated Using Novel Gene Therapies
Ana Pamplona, PhD avatar
by Ana Pamplona, PhD |
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CF study
New research has revealed potential, new strategies to fight against Paeruginosa infection and improve both survival and quality of life in patients with cystic fibrosis. The study, entitled “Normal and Cystic Fibrosis Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exhibit Distinct Gene Activation Patterns” was published in the PLOS ONE journal by researchers from INSERM and Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease that affects various organs and is characterized by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, which results in regular infective pulmonary exacerbations with opportunistic pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). In cystic fibrosis patients, P. aeruginosa is not eliminated from the lower respiratory tract and induces epithelial inflammation that ultimately causes tissue damage. However, the association between CF airway inflammation and this infection is still not well understood.
In this study, the research team hypothesized that Paeruginosa infection induced a strong inflammatory response and established a chronic infection in the CF epithelial cells. To test this hypothesis, they compared the transcriptomic response to Paeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis and normal epithelial airway cells.
The data showed that P. aeruginosa infection induced in the CF respiratory epithelium higher production, depending on the time of infection, of several proteins involved in the inflammatory response, such as TNF, CSF2, CSF3, CCL2, MMP1, and MMP10, when compared to healthy control cells. Contrary to CF cells, genes beneficial for tissue integrity were activated in healthy control epithelial cells after P. aeruginosa infection. Notably, the results of downregulated and upregulated genes in infected CF cells may lead to a better understanding of mechanisms associated, respectively, to the persistence of P. aeruginosa and the inflammatory response in the CF lung. However, this study has one limitation, which is the overall difference between the mean ages of the patients and the healthy individuals that may impact their response against the pathogen.
The authors plan to analyze the results of manipulating the expression of the genes that were differentially regulated in cystic fibrosis and healthy cells, using them as readout markers for inflammation and antimicrobial activity. The expected results may lead to potential new approaches to fight P. aeruginosa infection and its pathological consequences for CF patients.
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What is tool box in MS Paint?
1. A toolbox is a window or pane containing icons and buttons that are tools in the program. … For example, Microsoft Paint contains a toolbox, including the pencil, eraser, and others. Tip. Many programs with a toolbox allow the users to display or hide it.
What are the tools in MS Paint?
• Tools Window.
• Selection Tools. Magic Wand Tool.
• Move Tools.
• View Tools.
• Fill Tools. Paint Bucket Tool. Gradient Tool.
• Text Tool. Line/Curve Tool. Shapes Tool.
Which tool is used to write text in MS Paint?
T. This tool allows text to be typed onto the current layer using the Primary color. The Text Controls in the Tool Bar can be used to change the font, the size of the font, formatting, text rendering mode, justification, antialiasing and blend mode.
Is tool box 2 words?
Correct spelling for the English word “tool box” is [tˈuːl bˈɒks], [tˈuːl bˈɒks], [t_ˈuː_l b_ˈɒ_k_s] (IPA phonetic alphabet).
What are the four section of the tool box?
The tool box is broken down into four main sections to guide you through the steps of preparing for, planning, implementing and evaluating your campaign: Getting started; Campaign Strategy and Planning; Running the Campaign; and Reflection.
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What does tool mean?
From Urban Dictionary: 1. tool. One who lacks the mental capacity to know he is being used. A fool.
What we Cannot do in MS Paint?
Paint has a few functions not mentioned in the help file: a stamp mode, trail mode, regular shapes, and moving pictures. For the stamp mode, the user can select a part of the image, hold the Ctrl key, and move it to another part of the canvas.
Which tool is used to draw a circle in MS Paint?
To draw a circle, use the oval tool and hold down the shift key while dragging out an ellipse, this constrains the form to a circle.
What is the difference between line and pencil tool?
The pencil tools is used to draw free hand lines with a hard edge and draws single pixel at a time. If you drag a pencil the it would create one pixel wide line. It you press left mouse button using use the pencil tool it would draw the pixels in primary colour. … While line tools is used for drawing straight line.
What is the use of brush in MS Paint?
As the name suggests, the Paintbrush Tool mimics a hand held paint brush. It is used to create stripes of solid or patterned color. To draw using this tool, click and drag the mouse. If the Left Mouse button is used, the ‘paint’ will be colored the Primary color.
The artist's world
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Ecofriendly Vehicles – Why your Next Car Purchase should be an Electric Vehicle?
After a century of fossil fuel-powered transportation, it is finally time to bid adieu to internal combustion and adopt the next new technology. Contrary to popular belief, electric cars have been around just as long as IC cars, with the first one, introduced back in the 1800s which used a lead-acid battery. But due to the limited battery technology of the time and the easy availability of fossil fuels, electric cars quickly died out as little to no research was done to improve them. But now electric cars are making a comeback and are here to stay.
Modern advances in battery technology and the interest in alternate fuel sources have skyrocketed electric cars, quickly becoming the most popular alternate source. Modern electric cars provide a comparable range to IC cars and can be charged up in under an hour, making them a lot easier to live with. They also offer plenty of performance and can leave IC cars in the dust thanks to powerful motor setups and high voltage battery packs.
With new environmental policies in place, several countries have already set a deadline for engine IC car sales as early as 2025. Opting for an electric car will also help reduce pollution and protect the environment, with a predicted reduction in carbon emissions by a massive 3 tons every year. Improved solid-state batteries are already being researched, and are expected to become mainstream by 2025, improving both range and performance while significantly reducing charging time.
Source: economictimes.indiatimes.com
IC cars have come a long way, with modern examples like the 2021 Honda Civic and 2021 Volkswagen Atlas offering plenty of performance while still being efficient and producing lower emissions. Unfortunately, IC cars are at the end of their life cycle with several manufacturers moving on to electric cars, and completely stopping IC engine development. We can expect electric versions of compact cars like the Honda Civic and SUVs like the Volkswagen Atlas soon, as batteries get cheaper and better.
If you’re still not convinced, here are several reasons why you should consider an electric car for your next purchase. CarIndigo platform will always helps you in purchasing electric cars.
Uncertain future for IC cars
With several countries planning on completely banning IC car sales, they face an uncertain future. Increasing fuel costs further add to the issue. With all these restrictions in place, there is no telling when IC cars will plummet in value as electric cars take over.
Cheaper to maintain and run
Electric cars require minimal maintenance as they contain a significantly lower amount of moving parts compared to a traditional IC car. Most electric motors are also simple devices that can last a long while with minimum maintenance.
Source: businessjournaldaily.com
Because of this, electric cars will have longer maintenance intervals and can also be improved with software updates, making them more efficient. Most service visits will only include a coolant service and brake pads instead of engine oil, transmission fluid, and more.
Electric cars will also last a lot longer because of the low amount of parts used compared to IC cars.
Electricity is also significantly cheaper compared to gas, making electric car ownership light on the pocket.
Reduced emissions and cleaner air
Because electric cars use a battery as their energy source, no fuel is burned, reducing overall emissions. This will also help reduce the carbon footprint by reducing the number of harmful gasses being released into the air. Several cities are already facing alarming levels of smog due to pollution, which can be reduced by adopting cleaner electric cars.
Easier charging
Electric cars can be charged at home, saving time by avoiding gas station trips. It is also more convenient as most users can charge cars overnight, with a full battery available in the morning for commuting. Electric cars will also reduce the dependency on oil, which in turn reduces oil imports, reducing dependence on foreign nations.
Source: epha.org
Unlike IC cars which lose most of their energy as heat, electric cars are a lot more efficient as energy is directly transferred from the battery to the electric motor with minimal losses. Agreed, there are some really fuel-efficient IC cars, but they simply cannot compete against EV’s in terms of cost per mile.
Government incentives
For increasing electric car adoption, most governments are providing several incentives to electric car buyers, reducing overall purchase cost. Incentives such as tax rebates and more are offered depending on the government.
Because electricity is a renewable resource, especially when sourced from clean sources like hydroelectric, solar, or wind. Various countries can also avoid oil dependency.
Surprisingly fun to drive
Because of the instant availability of power thanks to the electric motor, electric cars can be a lot of fun to drive, especially with the higher power models. The motor also provides quick response and comes with plenty of features compared to regular IC cars.
Source: driving.co.uk
An expected rise in prices
After the initial years of electric cars, we can expect prices to shoot up, with little to no government incentives to help. Buying an electric car now will offer a lot more value compared to years later when they become the norm.
Plenty of options to choose from
Several electric cars have been launched recently, with plenty of options for every budget range. Cheap city runabouts like the Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt will be perfect for inter-city travel and daily commutes, while there are plenty of luxury options like the Tesla Model S also available. Plenty of performance-oriented models are also available like the Porsche Taycan which can beat some powerful IC supercars.
Quieter and comfortable drive
Unlike IC cars, electric cars are very silent with minimal vibrations. As a result, NVH levels are excellent which helps in a relaxed drive. The quieter drive will also lower fatigue levels, resulting in a relaxed and stress-free drive. Electric cars are also very easy to operate thanks to the simple drivetrain.
Because of the lower center of gravity and balanced weight distribution, the handling is also effortless.
Healthier life
Owning an electric car will reduce the number of harmful gases, reducing exhaust emissions. This will improve overall air quality, leading to fewer health problems and also reducing noise pollution.
Source: envibrary.com
Cheaper energy
Because oil prices are controlled by a select group of countries, going electric will reduce dependency on oil and move towards renewable energy sources which will allow cheaper production. Transportation is also considerably lower for electricity compared to oil.
Better than hybrids
Even though hybrids offer very good efficiency, it is still not comparable to electric cars. Hybrids also use a very complicated drivetrain which includes a lot more parts compared to electric, making them a lot harder to maintain.
Improving infrastructure
As more and more people adopt electric cars, a lot more charging stations will be implemented, attracting even more customers. Plenty of charge points are already available both in and around the main cities for convenient charging.
Considering all these points, electric cars are the better option when looking for your next car. Technologies like solid-state batteries will significantly improve the ownership experience, making electric cars the only way forward especially in the coming decades.
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Charles Edward Stuart
(Redirected from The Young Pretender)
Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Sylvester Severino Maria Stuart (20 December 1720 – 30 January 1788) was the elder son of James Francis Edward Stuart, grandson of James II and VII, and the Stuart claimant to the throne of Great Britain after 1766 as "Charles III". During his lifetime, he was also known as "the Young Pretender" and "the Young Chevalier"; in popular memory, he is "Bonnie Prince Charlie". He is best remembered for his role in the 1745 rising; his defeat at Culloden in April 1746 effectively ended the Stuart cause, and subsequent attempts failed to materialise, such as a planned French invasion in 1759.[2] His escape from Scotland after the uprising led to his portrayal as a romantic figure of heroic failure.[3]
Charles Edward Stuart
"Charles III"
Lost Portrait of Charles Edward Stuart.jpg
Charles Edward Stuart by Allan Ramsay, painted at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, late autumn 1745; found in the collection of the Earl of Wemyss, Gosford House, now in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery
Jacobite Pretender
Pretendence1 January 1766 – 30 January 1788
Predecessor"James III and VIII"
Successor"Henry IX and I"
Born(1720-12-31)31 December 1720
Palazzo Muti, Rome, Papal States
Died30 January 1788(1788-01-30) (aged 67)
Palazzo Muti, Rome, Papal States
St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
(m. 1772; separated 1780)
IssueCharlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany (illegitimate)
Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Silvester Severino Maria Stuart[1]
FatherJames Francis Edward Stuart
MotherMaria Clementina Sobieska
ReligionRoman Catholicism
Early lifeEdit
Prince Charles Edward Stuart. Eldest son of Prince James Francis Edward Stuart. Painted by William Mosman around 1750.
Charles was born in Palazzo Muti, Rome, Italy, on 20 December 1720,[4] where his father had been given a residence by Pope Clement XI. He spent almost all his childhood in Rome and Bologna. He was the son of the Old Pretender, James Francis Edward Stuart, son of the exiled Stuart King James II and VII, and Maria Clementina Sobieska, the granddaughter of John III Sobieski, most famous for the victory over the Ottoman Turks in the 1683 Battle of Vienna.[5]
Charles Edward's grandfather, James II of England and Ireland and VII of Scotland, ruled the countries from 1685 to 1688.[4] He was deposed when the English Parliament invited the Dutch Protestant William III and his wife, Princess Mary, King James's eldest daughter, to replace him in the Revolution of 1688. Many Protestants, including a number of prominent parliamentarians, had been worried that King James aimed to return England to the Catholic fold. Since the exile of James, the "Jacobite Cause" had striven to return the Stuarts to the thrones of England and Scotland, which had been united in 1603 under James VI and I, with the parliaments joined by the Acts of Union in 1707 as the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Charles Edward played a major part in the pursuit of this goal.[citation needed]
1745 uprisingEdit
Charles Edward as the Jacobite leader.
Prince Charles (left) in the battlefield.
In December 1743, Charles's father named him Prince Regent, giving him authority to act in his name. He led a French-backed rebellion 18 months later intending to place his father on the thrones of England and Scotland. He raised funds to fit out the Elisabeth, an old man-of-war of 66 guns, and the Du Teillay (sometimes called Doutelle), a 16-gun privateer which successfully landed him and seven companions at Eriskay on 23 July 1745. He had hoped for support from a French fleet, but it was badly damaged by storms and he was left to raise an army in Scotland.[citation needed]
Many Highland clans, both Catholic and Protestant, still supported the Jacobite cause, and Charles hoped for a warm welcome from these clans to start an insurgency by Jacobites throughout Britain. He raised his father's standard at Glenfinnan and gathered a force large enough to enable him to march on Edinburgh. Lord Provost Archibald Stewart controlled the city, which quickly surrendered. Allan Ramsay painted a portrait of Charles while he was in Edinburgh,[8] which survived in the collection of the Earl of Wemyss at Gosford House and, as of 2016, was on display at the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.[9]
On 21 September 1745, Charles defeated the only government army in Scotland at the Battle of Prestonpans, led by General Sir John Cope, and their disastrous defence against the Jacobites is immortalised in the song "Johnnie Cope". By November, Charles was marching south at the head of approximately 6,000 men. Having taken Carlisle, his army progressed as far as Swarkestone Bridge in Derbyshire. Here, despite Charles's objections, his council decided to return to Scotland, given the lack of English and French support and rumours that large government forces were being amassed. The Jacobites marched north once more, winning the Battle of Falkirk Muir, but they were later pursued by George II's son Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, who caught up with them at the Battle of Culloden on 16 April 1746.[citation needed]
Charles ignored the advice of general Lord George Murray and chose to fight on flat, open, marshy ground where his forces would be exposed to superior government firepower. He commanded his army from a position behind his lines, where he could not see what was happening. He hoped that Cumberland's army would attack first, and he had his men stand exposed to the British Royal artillery. Seeing the error in this, he quickly ordered an attack, but his messenger was killed before the order could be delivered. The Jacobite attack was uncoordinated, charging into withering musket fire and grapeshot fired from the cannons, and it met with little success.[citation needed]
The Jacobites broke through the bayonets of the redcoats in one place, but they were shot down by a second line of soldiers, and the survivors fled. Cumberland's troops allegedly committed a number of atrocities as they hunted for the defeated Jacobite soldiers, earning him the title "the Butcher" from the Highlanders. Murray managed to lead a group of Jacobites to Ruthven, intending to continue the fight. Charles thought that he was betrayed, however, and decided to abandon the Jacobite cause. James, the Chevalier de Johnstone, acted as aide-de-camp for Murray during the campaign and briefly for Charles himself, and he provided a first-hand account of these events in his "Memoir of the Rebellion 1745–1746".[citation needed]
Charles's subsequent flight is commemorated in "The Skye Boat Song" by Sir Harold Edwin Boulton and the Irish song "Mo Ghile Mear" by Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill. He hid in the moors of Scotland, always barely ahead of the government forces. Many Highlanders aided him, and none of them betrayed him for the £30,000 reward.[10] Charles was assisted by supporters such as pilot Donald Macleod of Galtrigill, Captain Con O'Neill who took him to Benbecula,[11] and Flora MacDonald who helped him escape to the Isle of Skye by taking him in a boat disguised as her maid "Betty Burke".[12][13] He ultimately evaded capture and left the country aboard the French frigate L'Heureux, arriving in France in September. The Prince's Cairn marks the traditional spot on the shores of Loch nan Uamh in Lochaber from which he made his final departure from Scotland. With the Jacobite cause lost, Charles spent the remainder of his life on the continent, except for one secret visit to London.[citation needed]
Later lifeEdit
Charles Edward Stuart in his later years, painted by Hugh Douglas Hamilton in c.1785
While back in France, Charles had numerous affairs; the one with his first cousin Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne, wife of Jules, Prince of Guéméné, resulted in a short-lived son Charles (1748–1749). In 1748, he was expelled from France under the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle that ended the War of the Austrian Succession.[14]
In 1759, at the height of the Seven Years' War, Charles was summoned to a meeting in Paris with the French foreign minister, the Duc De Choiseul.[18] Charles failed to make a good impression, being argumentative and idealistic in his expectations. Choiseul was planning a full-scale invasion of England, involving upwards of 100,000 men[19]—to which he hoped to add a number of Jacobites led by Charles. However, he was so little impressed with Charles, he dismissed the prospect of Jacobite assistance.[20] The French invasion, which was Charles's last realistic chance to recover the British throne for the Stuart dynasty, was ultimately thwarted by naval defeats at Quiberon Bay and Lagos.
In 1766, Charles's father died. Pope Clement XIII had recognised James as King of England, Scotland, and Ireland as "James III and VIII" but did not give Charles the same recognition. However on 23 January, Charles moved into the Palazzo Muti which his father had lived in for over 40 years.[citation needed]
In 1780, Louise left Charles. She claimed that Charles had physically abused her; this claim was generally believed by contemporaries.[21] At the time Louise was already involved in an adulterous relationship with the Italian poet Count Vittorio Alfieri.[21]
John Hay Allen and Charles Stuart Allen, later known as John Sobieski Stuart and Charles Edward Stuart, revived the unsubstantiated claim that their father, Thomas Allen, was a legitimate son of Charles and Louise.[22]
Death and burialEdit
Charles died in Rome of a stroke on 30 January 1788, aged 67. The death was stated by the cardinals to have been the following morning, as it was deemed unlucky to have him declared dead on the same date as his unfortunate great grandfather met his end on the scaffold at Whitehall.[23] He was first buried in Frascati Cathedral near Rome, where his brother Henry Benedict Stuart was bishop. At Henry's death in 1807, Charles's remains (except his heart) were moved to the crypt of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican where they were laid to rest next to those of his brother and his father and below the spot where the monument to the Royal Stuarts would later be erected.[24] His mother is also buried in St. Peter's Basilica. His heart remained in Frascati Cathedral, where it is contained in a small urn beneath the floor under a monument.
Coat of arms of The Young Pretender (Royal Arms of England) in the Palazzo di San Clemente in Florence
See alsoEdit
2. ^ McLynn Charles Edward Stuart pp. 449–454
3. ^ McLynn, Frank. Charles Edward Stuart: a tragedy in many acts
4. ^ a b "Charles Edward Stuart – Jacobites, Enlightenment and the Clearances – Scotland's History". Archived from the original on 10 November 2015.
5. ^ "Bonnie Prince Charlies - the Jacobite Trail".
6. ^ ibid
7. ^ Longmate p. 149
8. ^ "Lost Bonnie Prince Charlie portrait found in Scotland". BBC News. 22 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
9. ^ Ferguson, Brian (30 March 2016). "Unique Bonnie Prince Charlie painting secured for Scotland". Edinburgh News. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
11. ^ Burke, Sir Bernard. A Selection of Arms Authorised by the Laws of Heraldry. p. 113.
12. ^ "Charles Edward Stewart: The Young Pretender". The Scotsman. UK. Archived from the original on 25 November 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
13. ^ Queen Anne and the 1707 Act of Union Archived 14 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine ALBA—The Escape of the Young Pretender
14. ^ McLynn, Frank (1986). The Jacobites. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 35.
15. ^ McLynn (1759) p. 78
16. ^ Aronson, Theo (1979). Kings over the Water. Thistle Publishing. p. 305.
17. ^ Royal Stuart Journal Number 1, 2009
18. ^ McLynn (1759) p. 82
19. ^ McLynn (1759) p. 81
20. ^ McLynn (1759) p. 84
22. ^ Nicholson, Robin (2002). Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Making of a Myth: A Study in Portraiture, 1720–1892. Bucknell University Press. ISBN 9780838754955. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
23. ^ Aronson (1979) p. 361
24. ^ "Monument to the Stuarts". St Peter's Basilica. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
25. ^ Francois R. Velde. "Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family". Archived from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
• Aronson, Theo. Kings over the Water: The Saga of the Stuart Pretenders. Thistle Publishing, 1979.
• Daiches, David. Charles Edward Stuart: The Life and Times of Bonnie Prince Charlie. London: Thames & Hudson, 1973, ISBN 0-500-25034-0.
• Longmate, Norman. Island Fortress: The Defence of Great Britain, 1603–1945. Harper Collins, 1993.
External linksEdit
Charles Edward Stuart
Born: 31 December 1720 Died: 31 January 1788
Titles in pretence
Preceded by
James Francis Edward Stuart
as James III and VIII
King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland
Jacobite succession
Reason for succession failure:
Grandfather deposed in 1688
Succeeded by
Henry Benedict Stuart
as Henry IX and I
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Hey, this tea party thing will blow over
The historical parallels are compelling. When grass-roots discontent from farmers and laborers suffering in the 1893 depression ignited a Populist Party in the South and the West, demanding “radical” economic and social reforms, William Jennings Bryan, their charismatic spokesman, was able to overwhelm the Democratic Party establishment and capture the presidential nomination in 1896 and 1900. But even though Bryan received more than 6 million of 13.5 million votes in both elections, he never came close to winning the White House.
Moreover, the Populists gradually disappeared as a separate party. They were absorbed by the Democrats and pushed into the background by party progressives. It was the progressive leader Woodrow Wilson who won the presidency twice, in 1912 and 1916, by reflecting the more centrist views of middle-class Americans.
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The Habsburg Sisters, Part IV: Catherine von Habsburg, Queen Consort of Portugal
by Heather R. Darsie
Most people interested in Tudor history are familiar with names like Charles VFrancis I, or even Christina of Denmark. Charles’ mother Juana of Castile might sound familiar. But what of Juana’s four daughters, Charles V’s sisters? Who were they? Why were they important? How did they fulfill the goals of Charles and his brother Ferdinand in the early 16th century? This article will provide an overview of the lives of Eleonore, Isabella, Maria, and Catherine, all born Archduchesses of Austria and Infantas of Castile and Aragon.
Diptych showing Ferdinand, Charles, Eleonore, Isabella, Maria, and Catherine.
Catherine, the youngest of the Habsburg children, was born 14 January 1507. She was named after her aunt Katharine of Aragon, who was living in England by this time. Catherine’s father predeceased her by less than four months. She and her elder brother Ferdinand stayed with their mother at the Spanish court. Unlike her brother Charles, and sisters Eleonore, Isabella, and Maria, Catherine and Ferdinand’s first language was Spanish and not French or German.
In February 1509 when Catherine was just two years old, she and her mother were ordered to stay in the palace at Tordesillas. Catherine’s grandfather, Ferdinand II or Aragon, effectively usurped the government from Queen Juana by declaring her mentally unstable. Ferdinand II died in January 1516, so Catherine’s eldest brother was declared King of Spain.Charles and Eleonore returned to Spain in autumn 1517 for Charles to be crowned as Charles I of Spain. The following summer, Ferdinand was moved to the court of Flanders. Catherine stayed on with her mother until 1525.
Catherine von Habsburg, Queen of Portugal, c. 1525. Artist unknown.
Catherine married King John III of Portugal. They were related through Catherine’s maternal aunt and John’s mother Maria of Aragon. As a side note, Catherine’s brother Charles married John’s sister Isabella of Portugal, so their were two intermarriages between these cousin groups. Catherine and John married in February 1525, and Isabella and Charles married the following year.
As queen, Catherine was a patron of female scholars. She invited several to join her household. Catherine was known to maintain an extensive library, too. Throughout her life as Queen of Portugal, Catherine imported porcelain from China and displayed it around the royal residences.
Catherine gave birth to at least nine children. Only two survived until adulthood, a daughter and a son. Catherine’s daughter Mari Manuela, born in 1527, was the first wife of Philip II of Spain. Maria and Philip were double-first cousins, which effectively meant they were half-siblings, genetically speaking. Philip was the son of her paternal aunt Isabella and maternal uncle Charles V. Maria died days after the birth of her only child, the insane Don Carlos. Don Carlos was imprisoned by Philip in 1568, when Don Carlos was twenty, and he died later that year in confinement. Don Carlos did not have any children.
Catherine’s other child to survive to adulthood, John Manuel, was born in 1537. He married his double-first cousin, Joan of Spain. John was related to Joan the same way that Maria was related to Philip II. His only child, a baby boy, was born days after John’s death in January 1554. The baby was named Sebastian, and lived until he was twenty-four years old. After a dispute with her daughter-in-law Joan, Catherine managed to gain the regency of Portugal during Sebastian’s minority.
Sebastian died in August 1578, six months after his grandmother Queen Catherine of Portugal, and without heirs. He died during the Battle of the Three Kings. Catherine’s line died out within six months of her own passing.
Catherine died 12 February 1578. She was seventy-one years old, and outlived all of her siblings by at least a decade, if not two.
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You Might Also Like
1. Convivencia in Katharine of Aragon’s Spain
2. The Habsburg Sisters, Part III: Maria von Habsburg, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia
3. Isabella and Joanna of Castile: The Fight for the Throne
4. Death of a Matriarch: Eleonore Helena of Portugal
5. The Charming Side of Charles V
Sources & Suggested Reading
1. Gshwend, Annemarie Jordan. “In the Tradition of Princely Collections: Curiosities and Exotica in the Kunstkammer of Catherine of Austria”. Bulletin of the Society for Renaissance Studies, Volume XIII, Number 1 (October 1995).
2. Drummond Braga, Paulo D. João III. Lisbon: Hugin (2002).
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O(n) notation
Software optimization is something that they never really teach in plain english. And it's hard to learn outside of computer science courses. 90% of what you will need, you can easily learn without school. But optimization is one of the things that is not easily taught outside of it.
In computer science, we generally use notation known as Big O(n) (pronounce big O of n) to represent how fast an algorithm is. But when we're calculating the O(n) value, we don't time anything. We don't take any benchmarks. We don't find average values, or anything else. We care about one thing: The worst case scenario.
You could have an algorithm that is generally lightning fast, but if there exists such a case at all where the algorithm is extremely slow (even if it's a rare case), it's considered a slow algorithm by Big O(n) notation. But why do we do this?
We use the worst case scenario because software optimization concerns itself with the algorithm's canonical efficiency. We don't care how fast it runs on hardware. We care how many steps it tries to take.
What's "N"?
N is, in short, the size of your data set, of some sort. It could be the number of bytes that you're trying to compress, or the number of items in a list that you're trying to sort, or the number of pixels in an image. It's the number of items that you have to run your algorithm on.
What's O(n)? The best way to think about it is to (taking the worst possible scenario) benchmark it at some size N (we'll say 10). Let's suppose your worst possible case runs this algorithm on 10 items in one minute. Benchmark it again at size 20. How much longer did it take?
In plain english: Let's say we're going to run a product rater on 10 products. It returns a list of a 1-5 star rating generated by some all-knowing algorithm, and tells you, in order, which ones you should buy first. We're gonna benchmark it. Then we're gonna run it again on 20 items, and compare.
• It ran in the same time. Congratulations, you have an O(1) algorithm. Your algorithm runs in constant time, no matter how many items are in your list.
• It took exactly twice as long (two minutes). Congratulations! You have an efficient algorithm, and it's O(n). This means that if you double your data size, your algorithm ONLY takes twice as long.
• It takes 10 times as long (ten minutes). You have an O(n squared) or worse. You doubled your data size, and your time increases by a power of 2. These algorithms are common. It's often unavoidable, but we try to make algorithms better than this when we can
• Your algorithm took 3 or 4 minutes, but less than 10. Here, we have something that's in between O(n) and O (n^2). We didn't increase it exponentially, but it took longer than twice as long. These algorithms are usually O(n * log n) algorithms, but not always. These algorithms are very common out in the wild.
This is the concept that we use on O(n) notation, but we don't calculate things like this at all. We do benchmark our code as programmers, but when we're getting the O(n), we use code analysis instead. Benchmarks are too fallible for this one.
So, I mean, if we use code analysis, how does this work? Basically, we're concerned with loops. I'm going to write some pseudo code for an O(1) algorithm. This is one that runs in constant time, no matter what.
print("Hello World. I have some gigantic list. I'm going to print the very first thing in it: ");
print(giganticList[0]); # Just prints the first element in some huge list
Most implementations of this will run this in constant time. No matter how big the list is, it always takes the same amount of time to get the first element.
mycounter = 0;
while (mycounter < 1000) {
Here, we're quite literally just wasting CPU cycles and counting up to 1,000, and printing it out every time we count up. If we make it count to 2,000, it will take twice as long. This is an O(n) algorithm.
O(n squared):
This happens whenever we have a loop INSIDE of another loop. This is often necessary, but when we do this, we increase the amount of time required pretty significantly.
mycounter = 0
my_other_counter = 0
my_limit = 1000
while (mycounter < my_limit) {
my_other_counter = 0;
while (my_other_counter < my_limit) {
print("My other counter is: ");
This is an improved CPU waster. It now counts to 1000 exactly 1000 times. It will print out its result every single time it counts up, but once it's finished, it will redo it, and redo it again. Until it's redone it 1000 times, and counted a total of 1,000,000 times.
This is an O(n squared) algorithm. It we increase the size that we're counting to, it will take much, much longer very quickly.
What about N log N? Check out the heap sort algorithm to see a real world example of one of these.
What about O(n^4)? I made one! It's highly optimized for average case scenarios. For the worst case scenario, it's absolutely abysmal. And thus, it's not considered a very good algorithm in O(n) notation.
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Understanding How Addiction Highjacks the Brain
(New Philadelphia, Ohio) – The Tuscarawas County Anti-Drug Coalition is encouraging the community to learn more about addiction and the effects it has on those struggling with drug and alcohol abuse.
“We believe that understanding addiction and the grip it has on individuals is a critical component in prevention efforts,” explained ADC Coordinator, Jodi Salvo. “By better understanding this disease, our community, can continue to work together in a strategic and coordinated effort to prevent it from taking hold of our family, friends, and neighbors.”
According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), addiction is a medical disorder that affects the brain and changes behavior. Unfortunately, those with substance use disorders and other mental health issues often face greater stigma than those with other illnesses.
Medical research shows us that repeated substance use affects two main parts of the brain: the limbic system, which controls emotions and memory; and the cortex, which is the ultimate control system of the brain, and effects sensation, perception, memory, association, thought, and voluntary physical action.
According to addictionpolicy.org, many people start using substances to feel good, to feel better, to do better, or out of curiosity. However, as the addiction develops, it affects brain function, and a person’s ability to control their use diminishes. What was once a decision to use turns into a compulsion.
Additionally, the earlier someone starts using substances, the greater their chances of developing a substance use disorder (SUD), and the more severe their illness is likely to be. This is why prevention is key and talking to our youth about the risks associated with substance use is critical. Prevention focuses on strengthening the protective factors that can be controlled to decrease the likelihood that a person or community will struggle with addiction.
Science indicates that the brain can recover from a substance use disorder, but it takes time, treatment, and abstinence. However, the best treatment plan is always prevention.
For more information on local prevention efforts and resources visit adctusc.org.
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PRACTICE and PRACTISE have a slightly different spelling but the same pronunciation. So what’s the difference, you might ask? Take a look at these two sentences: One of my students needs more speaking PRACTICE One of my students needs to PRACTISE their speaking more In the first sentence, PRACTICE (with an ICE) is a noun; inContinue reading “PRACTICE / PRACTISE”
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Minor Creatures
Persons, Animals, and the Victorian Novel
Minor Creatures
Persons, Animals, and the Victorian Novel
Listen to an interview with the author on the Animal / Human Podcast.
240 pages | 6 halftones | 6 x 9 | © 2018
Animal Lives
Biological Sciences: Behavioral Biology
Cognitive Science: Human and Animal Cognition
“Kreilkamp has emerged as a major scholar of animals in Victorian literature and culture. . . . Kreilkamp’s analyses can be challenging, but the clarity of his prose makes the book accessible to less experienced readers. This book will not be the last study of Victorian literature and animals, but it represents a major contribution to both animal and Victorian literary studies.”
“A wide-ranging reassessment of Victorian animals as humans began to radically change how they viewed them.”
Los Angeles Review of Books
“What makes Minor Creatures such an important volume is, firstly, the depth, subtlety, and more-than-human ethical commitment of Kreilkamp’s textual analysis and, secondly, the extent of his discussion of Derrida’s late work on animals. While Derrida’s cat has become an obligatory, even tiresome, presence in literary discussions of animal representation, Kreilkamp pushes far more deeply into Derrida’s thinking…to deploy a more surprising array of deconstructionist insights. Minor Creatures is a brilliantly compelling study that should become essential reading in advanced courses on Victorian fiction.”
Victorian Studies
“We all know the Victorians invented a characteristic idea of domesticity along with a characteristic form of fiction. What none of us knew, until Kreilkamp’s elegant interpretations of writers ranging from Darwin to Carroll to Hardy, is how entangled the realist novel was with something more specific: the domestication of nonhuman animals. Showing surprisingly but irrefutably that Victorian narrative structures both respond to and forge a new understanding of what humans do with, for, and to other species—whether bred, beaten, eaten, pitied, identified with, or cared for—Minor Creatures models a new method for understanding the relation between culture and literary form.”
Leah Price, Harvard University
Minor Creatures asks how and why precarious, provisional beings without human speech, accessible subjectivity, or legal rights had such paradoxically generative effects on the realistic novel. In this richly theorized, deeply compassionate exploration of Victorian ‘semihuman’ ‘semicharacters,’ Kreilkamp makes it impossible to ignore that ‘beating of a squirrel’s heart’ that marginally, consistently, and productively threatened the anthropocentric obliviousness of Victorian fiction and its readers.”
Teresa Mangum, University of Iowa
“In this careful and compassionate book, Kreilkamp shows what’s been hiding in plain sight all along: the central and, indeed, the structuring role that domesticated animals play in Victorian narrative realism. Minor Creatures explores a complex and pervasive ecosystem that supports birds, cats, dogs, and literary characters in equal measure. Thanks to its conceptual rigor, historical detail, and critical acuity, Kreilkamp reveals the humble household pet as an unexpected best friend to the literary logics on which the realist novel fundamentally depends.”
Kent Puckett, University of California, Berkeley
“In lucid prose, via a series of always compelling and often luminous readings, Kreilkamp demonstrates the indispensability of animals to the work of Victorian realist fiction.”
Cannon Schmitt, University of Toronto
"Kreilkamp’s wonderful Minor Creatures offers a richly textured account of literary animals that marries historical and biographical detail with theoretically nuanced analysis to bring us up-to-date with animal studies. . . His]approach allows him to shed a truly original light on a well-worn image, presenting it as highly representative of the role animal lives and bodies play in Victorian fiction."
Nineteenth Century Literature
"An important book that undertakes the much-needed work of reorienting our understanding of Victorian realism towards its dependence on nonhuman life. It makes a persuasive and original argument for understanding animal ownership, domesticity, and the novel as inextricably intertwined cultural forms in nineteenth-century Britain, and as such will be of vital interest not only to those who work in animal studies, but also to scholars of novel theory and Victorian literature and culture."
Studies in the Novel
"Kreilkamp's most significant intervention is the way in which he broadens traditionally anthropocentric frameworks for understanding character space and protagonicity."
"Minor Creatures shows how the increasing presence of animals in the home during the nineteenth century, predominantly as pets, is legible also in the period’s domestic fiction. Illuminating a corresponding rise in the quantity and complexity of animal representations in the novels of the Brontës, Dickens, Eliot, Hardy, Conan Doyle, and Olive Schreiner, he traces how the moral principles of Victorian domesticity were challenged, extended, and delineated by this new presence."
Dickens Quarterly
Table of Contents
1. Home, Animal, Novel
2. Petted Things: Cruelty and Sympathy in the Brontës
3. Dying like a Dog in Dickens
4. Middlemarch’s Brute Life
5. Using and Pitying Animals in Thomas Hardy
6. Tracking Animal Agency in Conan Doyle and Hardy
7. “Infinite Compassion”: Nonhuman Life in Schreiner’s The Story of an African Farm
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36.6 c to f: Calculation, Golden Recommendations 100%
36.6 c to f: How is it determined? Changing Celsius over to Fahrenheit isn't pretty much as troublesome as it appears.
36.6 c to f
Fahrenheit is a thermodynamic temperature scale where the edge of freezing over is 32 degrees Fahrenheit (° F) and the limit is 212 ° F (at standard barometrical pressing factor).
In the event that you have inquiries regarding degrees Celsius, we are here to respond to these inquiries.
This puts the bubbling and edges of freezing over of the water 180 degrees separated.
Subsequently, one degree on the Fahrenheit scale is 1/180 of the stretch between the freezing and edges of boiling over of water. Outright zero is characterized as - 459.67 ° F.
A temperature contrast of 1 ° F approaches a temperature distinction of 0.556 ° C.
36.6 c to f
Albeit at first characterized as the edge of freezing over of water (and the softening mark of ice), the Celsius scale is a formally inferred scale characterized related to the Kelvin temperature scale.
Zero (0 ° C) on the Celsius scale is currently characterized as equivalent to 273.15 K, with a distinction of 1 ° C and a distinction of 1 K; this implies that the unit size is something similar in every one of these scales.
<a href="https://www.medicineclue.com/36-6-c-to-f/";>36.6 c to f gp</a>
<a href="hhttps://benmelegim.com/gul-renklerinin-anlami/";>gül renklerinin anlamı hakkında</a>
This implies that 100 ° C, characterized as the limit of water, is characterized as equivalent to 373.15 K.
The Celsius scale is a reach framework, not a rate framework; that is, it follows not a flat out scale but rather a relative scale.
This is clear on the grounds that the scope of 20 ° C and 30 ° C is equivalent to the scope of 30 ° C and 40 ° C, yet 40 ° C doesn't have double the hot air energy of 20 ° C.
A temperature contrast of 1 ° C, a temperature of 1.8 ° F
Celsius Fahrenheit Conversion Formula
36.6 c to f:
( 36.6 x 1.8 ) + 32=65.88 + 32=97.88 °F
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34 Can Black People Get Lice?cemsid esedov
Can Black People Get Lice is an inquiry that everybody is interested about.
This is one of the inquiries posed by many individuals on the web.
Head lice are minuscule parasitic creepy crawlies that can attack the skin, living on individuals' heads, benefiting from their blood. Head lice can cause extraordinary tingling.
Aside from head lice, there are two different sorts of lice: body lice and pubic lice.
Can Black People Get Lice
How To Treat Head Lice?
Do Lice Have Anything To Do With Cleaning?
Can Black People Get Lice?
Can Black People Swim Well?
How To Treat Head Lice?
Treatment will be arranged dependent on the patient's indications, age, general wellbeing, and seriousness of the condition.
The presence of lice is a treatable condition.
Treatment includes applying a sedated cream or cleanser to your kid's hair.
Many head lice cures are accessible without a remedy. In situations where over-the-counter meds don't work for the patient, your primary care physician might endorse a doctor prescribed medicine.
Converse with your primary care physician concerning which cream or cleanser would be best for your kid.
Try not to utilize two unique treatment strategies simultaneously.
In the event that one treatment doesn't work, begin utilizing an alternate treatment or call your primary care physician for counsel.
Different medicines and suggestions include:
Eliminating lice puppies from wet hair with absolute attention to detail.
Absorbing brushes and brushes heated water with cleanser for something like 15 minutes.
Checking any remaining family individuals near check whether any other person should be treated for lice.
Washing all sheet material and apparel in steaming hot water (54°C) or keeping non-launderable things fixed in a plastic pack for about fourteen days.
Would you like to know the advantages of yam?
The most effective method to Treat Head Lice
Do Lice Have Anything To Do With Cleaning?
Lice are not an issue identified with individual cleaning and cleanliness, as is ordinarily suspected.
It doesn't make any difference if the individual is excessively spotless or messy for lice development.
Lice can be on both clean hair and filthy hair.
Remember that since lice feed by sucking blood, when there is no dandruff or soil layer on the hair, they can infiltrate the scalp all the more effectively and feed, so lice lean toward clean hair to messy hair.
As such, washing your hair frequently will guarantee that you have exceptionally clean lice, best case scenario!
In case you are pondering with regards to the advantages of lemon and olive oil, you should look at this article.
Do Lice Have Anything To Do With Cleaning
Could Black People Get Lice?
It isn't a fact that Black People can't get lice, yet lice are hard to contaminate Black People.
A recent report showed us that 10% of Caucasian kids have lice, and just 0.3% of African American kids.
As per Dr Dale Clayton, innovator of the AirAllé Head Lice Treatment gadget and famous parasitologist, African-American hair is styled uniquely in contrast to Hispanic, Caucasian, or Asian hair, and lice will experience difficulty sticking to these hair types.
In the United States, head lice are normal among preschool and rudimentary matured kids and their family individuals and parental figures.
In the event that you see lice in your hair, you ought to go to the lice center without pausing and be inspected exhaustively.
On the off chance that you have any inquiries or need an expulsion treatment, go ahead and leave a remark beneath.
To put it plainly, lice are irritating and when you see lice in your hair, you can go to Lice Removal Treatment Center.
Head lice expulsion will not be just about as troublesome as you may might suspect, and when you dispose of lice, you will discover unimaginable solace.
In the center, you can be recommended lice deterrent medications to obliterate lice.
In the event that you don't have a clue How To Make Coconut Water Taste Better, you should investigate our article.
Will Black People Swim Well?
Will Black People Get Lice? In case you are somebody who is searching for a response to the inquiry, you ought to become familiar with the response to this inquiry.
US Duke University, in its exploration, proposes that the distinction in individuals of color's running region is because of the distinction in stomach button.
As per researchers, the justification this distinction is that the paunch catch, or focus of gravity, of competitors of West African beginning is altogether higher than that of European white competitors.
Hence, while blacks are running, their speed of tumbling to the ground increments and they give an addition of 0.15 seconds.
As per one view, the middle of Europeans being on normal 3 cm longer than West Africans gives whites a 5% speed advantage in the pool.
Asians, then again, can't exploit the speed advantage because of their short height, despite the fact that they have as long bodies as Europeans.
Another view ascribes the predominance of two races in various branches to other actual attributes.
It is underlined that people of color and ladies have more modest hips, more extensive shoulders, not so much fat but rather more muscle.
Whites, then again, are displayed to have more grounded muscles over the midriff as the primary justification their accomplishment in branches like swimming, weight lifting and tennis.
The motivation behind why blacks are feeble in swimming is because of their more extended bones and vertical musculature.
Another striking point is the consequence of the surveys led in the USA that individuals of color fear swimming.
The absence of swimming offices in Africa and the dark pieces of the USA is additionally seen as the motivation behind why the pool is overwhelmed by white.
We have reached the finish of our Can Black People Get Lice article. Much thanks to you for perusing.
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90Things To Consider Before Buying An Automatic Screw Fasteninstarcordova das
Are you really likely to buy an Automatic screw fastening machine? If that's the situation, you ought to be aware that there are lots of aspects to be thought about before choosing the ideal machine. The first and foremost crucial factor to consider is that the host to small business. If you are a merchant at a sizable store or warehouse, it will be better for you to pay a visit to the website of a provider that provides these kinds of machines on your convenience.
China Automatic Screw Fastening Machine Manufacturer
China is the planet's largest maker of the kinds of machines. Within this regard, China is really a wonderful supplier. You can easily purchase your equipment from China. Generally in the majority of situations, you can secure the machinery at very low cost. However, you have to be certain that the machine is made from premium quality. Or else, you can face some problems.
Along with that, in the event that you're a wholesaler or dropshipper, then you can stop by the website https://www.automatedfl.com/ of that supplier to discover additional details on various sorts of gear that they offer. The fantastic news is that the majority providers offer you these machines at reduction rates. Therefore, it is going to soon be advantageous for you personally as well as your business enterprise. If you're fresh in the industry of purchasing and reselling used things, then you then should see sites of the supplier to identify the right item.
The Way to Identify The Perfect Automatic Screw Fastening Machine?
Contact Supplier
Once you've identified the type of machine that you require, it is possible to contact the supplier to put your purchase. In most cases, you're going to be able to reach the provider through phone. Moreover, it is possible to set your purchase directly by them. If you are handling a supplier that has been operating for several years, it's almost certain you are going to be able to handle the ideal value and lasting product.
Price Affordability
This means you will be able to have the exact products that you want in the very best possible prices. If you are employing quality goods, subsequently a revenue margin you will have the ability to produce will probably be tremendous. Therefore, it's recommended to deal with a very good provider who has the ability to offer you high superior products at the best possible rates.
Check Top Quality Of the Item
You also ought to contemplate thread quality while you are buying a automatic screw machine. You can find several sorts of screws available plus several are far better compared to the others. One of the most useful are all captive screw, Torque-a screw and T clip fasteners. You may always locate screws in community shops but should you want to purchase the highest quality ones, then you should put your purchase on line. The benefit of buying online is that you are going to have the ability to watch the assorted kinds of screw faster and make the suitable choice.
Durable Equipment
The twist fastening machine that you opt for should have the ability to support heavy duty projects. However, you can find specific kinds of machinery that are created for low-duty perform just. If you are operating a small garage workshop, then your best selection for you personally will be the bolt and screw machine. This form of machine is not too pricey plus it might readily handle small projects like screwing a lightbulb or trimming a nut. An alternative could be the miniature screw machine that will enable one to make very little fastening projects like installing doorway stops and cabinet hinges.
While using these machines, remember that you shouldn't ever use surplus force over those screws. If you need to do that, you might strip the ribbon or you can even injure your self. Usually do not neglect to lubricate the screws over a normal basis and be certain that you deal with the lubricant correctly. If you're employing heavy materials, you then ought to have a machine with a greater number of teethwhitening. This will guarantee that you're able to accomplish the job quickly and accurately.
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<p>Cửa nhôm kính cho văn phòng được kết cấu ngăn chia nhẹ và linh hoạt, dùng để ngăn chia các phòng tạo cảm giác thoáng đãng, thân thiện hơn, hoặc để lấy sáng từ cửa sổ phòng này qua vách kính sang phòng khác thiếu ánh sáng.</p>
<p>Xem thêm: <a href="https://tuongkinhtkc.com/bao-gia/bao-gia-thi-cong-mat-dung-nhom-kinh.html";>mặt dựng nhôm kính</a> ( https://tuongkinhtkc.com/bao-gia/bao-gia-thi-cong-mat-dung-nhom-kinh.html )</p>
<p>Hiện nay những mẫu cửa nhôm văn phòng đang được nhiều người quan tâm. Chúng ta đều biết nhôm kính có những tính năng ưu Việt và nổi bật, chính vì thế ngày càng được ứng dụng rộng rãi. Nhận thấy sự quan tâm của khách hàng đến những mẫu cửa nhôm văn phòng. Bài viết này TKC sẽ tổng hợp một số mẫu cửa nhôm văn phòng đẹp cho quý khách hàng tham khảo.</p>
<p>Cửa nhôm kính văn phòng có độ trong suốt của kính và độ sáng cao nên sẽ làm cho văn phòng của bạn trở nên sang trọng, sáng và hiện đại hơn. Kính văn phòng nghệ thuật cũng có thể có họa tiết nhấn nhá làm cho văn phòng của bạn phong cách hơn.</p>
<p>Bài viết này là một số mẫu cửa nhôm đẹp dành cho văn phòng. Cửa nhôm kính văn phòng được ứng dụng của kính cường lực và khung nhôm. hHện đang là sản phẩm nội thất không thể thiếu của các văn phòng tòa nhà cao cấp bởi tính chất bền đẹp tạo không gian mở.</p>
<p>Thiết kế nhà đẹp với kệ sách bằng kính đẹp. Sắp xếp sách vở, tài liệu trên bàn học bàn làm việc một cách ngăn nắp sẽ giúp bạn có tinh thần học tập và làm việc được thoải mái hơn. Để sắp xếp mọi thứ được gọn gàng không thể không kể đến sự hỗ trợ đắc lực của những chiếc kệ sách.</p>
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How is Watery Discharge Feels I Peed Myself? Watery Discharge Feels Like I Peed Myself is a vaginal release issue.
In opposition to mainstream thinking, the release found in ladies isn't of vaginal beginning. Since the vagina doesn't have an organ layer.
These liquids are shaped by the blend of the emissions from the vaginal passageway and organs in the cervix, and the cell layer poured from the vagina.
It is drab, unscented and straightforward. The sum is sufficient not to cause distress, not to fill the cushion. Hormonal status, the day of your period, even sexuality can influence this typical stream.
For a solid sex, the fundamental oil of the vagina should be given. This is accomplished by the liquids emitted from the secretory organs situated at the passageway of the vagina.
This is an ordinary stream. During and before sex, yet additionally the wetness that ladies who experience excitement notice in their clothing is the consequence of this typical release.
On the off chance that you are pondering, keep perusing our article on Watery Discharge Feels Like I Peed Myself.
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Presenting the most flexible bag you'll at any point need on your next rough terrain or setting up camp outing. This unbelievable bag from Off-roading Gear can work as an extra tire bag, seat coordinator, or knapsack because of its inventive mounting alternatives. The best part is that it's a widespread fit and can fit any vehicle including Jeeps, SUVs, trucks, or vehicles.
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Are you trying to find a Swedish air purifier factory? This sort of tools possesses the absolute most sophisticated innovation that can provide the ideal air top quality in your house or even office. When you are actually looking for this kind of tools it is necessary to look at all the choices that are accessible. Some people choose to make use of a house purifier when they are not near an interior air purifier. Below is actually a straightforward manner in which you can discover the producer of the air purifier you have been actually seeming for.
The most convenient area to begin your search performs the net. You can easily either perform this manually or even along with an online hunt motor. You will have the capacity to locate a variety of manufacturers. A few of all of them are actually provided here for your factor to consider. Sweden is one of the planet leading exporters of air purifier manufacturing facilities. Concerning 27 per-cent of the air purifier systems that they offer are air cleansers, 2 percent are actually humidifier devices, and about 1 percent are sterilization devices.
The manufacturer of the air purifier factory that you are trying to find is actually Olansi. This producer in Sweden creates every one of their systems located in Sweden. You can see their main website https://www.olansise.com/about-olansi.html to read more about this supplier. If you prefer to deal individually with a person directly then you can easily get in touch with Olansi directly.
You may likewise phone their home office as well as talk to among their accredited dealerships. You are going to would like to look into their directories if you are actually interested. This maker sells both brand new and previously owned items. They also possess several of their extras including substitute filters that you can easily buy to accompany the air purifier you acquire from them.
One of the other means that you can buy from this maker is actually by utilizing their official web site. This internet site has an online brochure that you can check out to locate the thing that you have an interest in. You can easily additionally get straight coming from the factory along with them. If you prefer to not make a see to their manufacturing plant, at that point you can easily only use their brochure as well as order online. They carry out possess a toll complimentary amount where you may contact all of them along with any kind of issues that you might possess.
The various other manner in which you can buy from this maker is actually through mosting likely to an outlet that they offer. These stores usually have an luftrenare fabrik that they are actually marketing in their adds. These manufacturing plant outlets generally do lug a broad option of the companies of purifiers that they carry. They also possess a broad range of various other various items. Most of the times, these warehouse store perform certainly not require you to purchase unless it is actually something details to your demands.
A lot of folks like to buy air purifier bodies due to the a variety of methods which they may be cleansed. There are different options for those that really want just clean air, or merely well-maintained the leading of the device, or both. There are likewise options for those that need to have merely well-maintained air but require the base of the system cleaned up at the same time. There are actually likewise units that will definitely wash the entire property. Whatever your demands are, there is actually a model that will certainly fit you.
Among the explanations that you are going to desire to have a look at the air purifier factory that you are thinking of buying from is actually as a result of the feedback that they have received. You need to consistently talk to inquiries about the makers moduses operandi and also the kind of accreditations that are utilized to verify that they are genuine. You need to also ask about the high quality of the product that they are marketing. There is actually no factor for you to become worried about whether or even not the product is true to its cases if it is being sold through an air purifier factory that has obtained high rankings. You need to merely buy coming from areas that you rely on. Through this, you could be sure to obtain a premium item that will definitely last you for several years to follow.
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If you like banking on sporting activities then you understand that soccer gambling can be amazing, but is additionally one of one of the most difficult sporting activities to bet on. The video games are commonly low racking up as well as there are lots of variables that can potentially influence the outcome of a football video game. In order to do your soccer gambling effectively you intend to have trusted information about every one of these factors. The most effective way to get the assistance you need to do helpful soccer gambling is to do your wagering with a sportsbook that has experts that know everything there is to find out about soccer groups and also individual gamers. These professionals will certainly assess every facet of the video game consisting of the compare of groups and also private gamers. They'll also have the inside information on injuries to key players and know just how the injuries could impact the gamer's and also team's efficiency. They'll even look at such factors as prospective weather conditions as well as just how that could influence a game. The suggestions of these professionals can aid you do your soccer gambling with confidence. Soccer predictions can depend upon some valuable points which every casino player need to keep in mind prior to putting a bet. To start with, he should keep in mind the past records of every group, just how have they played in current video games and also years and which players are making the group due to the fact that teams continue taking in expert gamers from other groups by using them a greater proportion. Gamers can have varying efficiency documents in different places along with under different weather conditions, so likewise compute the performance of the team and also its gamers to forecast the recurring soccer suit. When you plot soccer betting odds and also pay attention to the soccer globe, you will find yourself winning more than lose. The even more you tactically bank on football, the more chance you win the money. Website: http://www.sacromonteorta.com/
478photostick mobileSamuel Kavanagh
The best support against losing valuable data is to support your files on a regular basis. There are a number of methods to do this, however among the most popular is to keep your data on a USB flash drive.A flash drive incorporates a flash memory data storage device and also a USB interface.USB flash drives permit you to quickly duplicate as well as move data from your computer. The information can after that be saved on the USB drive and re-installed on your computer if your computer endures an event that triggers you to shed information. USB flash drives are tiny, normally less than 4 inches in size as well as evaluate less than an ounce. They can be easily lugged in your pocket, or even connected to a vital chain or other individual belongings.For this reason, the drives are most appropriate personal as well as small business users with a fairly small amount of data to support. Large businesses would be better served by other methods of storage.In several methods, a USB flash drive changes the old floppy disk. USB's are a lot more portable and can store far more data than floppy disks. In addition, they can move data more quickly than floppy drive or the present CD-RW or DVD-RW disks.Backing up your data to a USB drive is easy as well as easy to do and also takes much less time than some other data storage media. Furthermore, their mobility is basically unequaled by various other kinds of data storage. Let's take a look at a few of the benefits and also disadvantages of USB flash drives.To use a photostick mobile to support your information, initially you need to understand the amount of data you require to store and also select a drive with an ability big enough to save your information. When you've chosen your drive, simply connect it in to your computer and await the os to spot the drive.When the drive is discovered, go to My Computer and click the USB drive icon. Open up the documents you want to save and copy or drag them to the flash drive's folder.USB drives are an increasingly prominent ways for keeping information as well as supporting crucial data. They're ideal for customers who value transportability, low cost and resilience.
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Really often, when we need products for basically anything, there are 2 ways of getting them.And a great deal of times we see people who go in for the last option, a lot out of comfort as well as likewise because it's much easier on their wallets.However, in the field of chemical research, one simply can not pay for to take any kind of type of risks with these products. If you're utilizing chemicals nd have to be procured legally, they have to be the best high quality. This is since one person can never ever tell what they're negotiating for when they try to get pirated chemicals - for all you recognize it could be adulterated, and that can have tragic effects.And if you're the individual who does top notch research on the sector's latest chemicals, after that your source should be on different on-line distributor websites. If it isn't, after that you need to check them out. They maintain a whale of a source section where comprehensive details concerning various research chemicals is provided online.In instance you didn't understand now, there are a great deal of on-line shops for legal purchasing of premium research chemicals.Most on-line buying sites require consumers to end up being "participants" prior to making purchases of research chemicals online. After that however, it's pretty direct and quick. Tick off your purchases, pick the dimension, and you're done with your online purchase of research chemicals! The web is definitely making research acquisition decisions a great deal much easier! 1plsd is a reasonably brand-new chemical on the research circuit. It is proclaimed to come to be a really prominent research chemical in the coming years. There are just really couple of distributors who have access to this extreme new drug.
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536Wall-mounted Infrared Patio Heater With Three Heatlab PowerJennifer Heinrich
If you're a bit quick on space and find that your outdoor events are shrinking fast from the winter chill, it may be time to choose one of the clever wall-mounted patio heaters.
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You need to be like the tens and thousands of people who go nuts over slots online. Actually, one of the prime reasons people go with slots is because of the excitement that comes with it. For beginners to online slots, it can always start really complex and end up transforming players off. The noisy gambling establishments and also competitors for slot machines can be something that frightens new players to slots in typical online casinos. For the majority of players that are turned off by puzzling traditional casino experiences, on-line slots can be just as scary for them. Often, they find that staying clear of slots both online as well as in house is the only alternative. When you enlighten yourself on the on the internet slots sensation, you'll acquire an understanding concerning the culture of slots online while you get devices. Discovering the terms of slots is as very easy as finding out any type of new language. It takes practice as well as perseverance. When you play on-line slots without recognizing what terms mean what, you might find yourself searching for more terms than putting real wagers. Figure out what every little thing is, where every little thing is, and also exactly how everything works well beforehand and also you'll see how simple it is to play slots online. Sooner than you think, you'll find that you will certainly have the ability to walk right into any type of online casino hall and play like a specialist. The good news is that you can adopt complimentary slots online by going with only the play chips. This acquaints you with the online casino and also assists you have a chance to win real money without needing to deposit anything on your component. Multiplayer conventional slots are described as the best fit instances of totally free online slots chiefly due to the fact that you can play this video game with various other gamers concurrently at the very same casino where you are additionally signed up. This is a perfect system through which you can make new close friends online. You can play monopoly slot or cluedo slots, offer or no offer slot game with several gamers. All you require to do is join some prominent casino. This will aid you in enhancing the cash money and if lucky, you can win appealing money honors also. https://jewishrepertorytheatre.com/
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There are many possible mixes for winning at slots. It is nearly where you place your money Not everybody will certainly have a chance to get to see the intense lights of a location like Las Vegas or Atlantic City. There is a remedy for those that can not make the trip, online gambling. There are lots of elements to wagering online, from cards to slots whatever you would expect from a typical casino you can locate online. Slots are a growing favorite among many visitors and also there is a reason why, they are interesting and also fun to play. Yet if slots are a lot fun what is the factor, the reason is enjoyment and chance.How to play online slots depends on the player and also what they are seeking. Some online places require an established financial investment from the gamers end. Where they need to pay in a specific quantity right into their "banking fund" It would be like getting chips at a normal casino. These online chips are utilized to play the slot machines. You certainly can include as long as you want, or squander whenever you desire too. Numerous locations supply free to play slots. This will certainly give a very first time gamer an opportunity to see just how that casino is setup for payments as well as playing designs. Each site will offer its own method to win as well as what you can win when you play.judi bola have generally a much higher payout is provided. Leaning the payback table will assist explain how much you can possibly win.The feasible rewards or cash that can be won is just limited to the casino you're dipping into online.Progressive jackpots are what really bring individuals back over and over. A percentage of what you wager is taken into a pot. After a certain quantity of pulls on the digital arm of a slot machine, that progressive pot will certainly settle. No person understands when it will take place, so this aids builds enjoyment. Allow's take a look at it similar to this, you place a two buck bank on a machine, one dollar of that wager is taken into a progressive pot. Each time somebody plays part of their wager goes into the reward. Perhaps after the twentieth attempt you win the prize, or it may take two hundred tries. Each time you put money in, part of it goes to a bigger jackpot.
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721Food 4 Kitchen - Elevate your family lifeFood 4 Kitchen
<h1>Food 4 Kitchen - Elevate your family life</h1>
<p>Kitchen equipment and home appliances are the most important parts of any modern kitchen. Everyone needs kitchen equipment to make their food taste better, but it is also essential for cooking and baking. Kitchen equipment in the past was anything that was used in the kitchen that had no electrical components. Nowadays, just about every type of kitchen equipment will have some sort of electric component in it.</p>
<p>More details:<a href=" https://food4kitchen.com "> Food 4 Kitchen</a></p>
<p>Cooking is something that everyone has to do in their life, whether you are a growing child or a single adult living on your own. Cooking allows you to make your own meals, saving money on fast food and eating out. Using the proper kitchen equipment is vital to every good recipe.</p>
<p>Part of a good recipe involves using the correct kitchen equipment, which can make or break the meal. Everyone has their personal favorite type of kitchen equipment, but some are better than others for certain jobs. If you are going to get any new type of kitchen equipment, make sure you purchase one that will be able to do what you need it to do. Picking the right kitchen equipment is important, but you should also consider your budget.</p>
<p>The best type of kitchen equipment for cooking is the food processor. This appliance allows you to pulsate or chop your foods to make them more or less smooth, which is especially useful when making breads and pie crusts. Pulsing foods makes it easier to break down the food because it breaks off small bits of it at a time. Chopping foods will give you more evenly chopped food, so it won't matter if some pieces are bigger than others. Pulsing foods like vegetables will also help them cook faster because they take longer to cook than meats or fruits.</p>
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<p>Website: <a href="https://www.food4kitchen.com";>https://www.food4kitchen/</a></p>
752Cách lựa chọn bàn thờ chung cư chuẩn giúp gia chủ thu hút tàmocgia group
<h1>Cách lựa chọn bàn thờ chung cư chuẩn giúp gia chủ thu hút tài lộc</h1>
<p>Bàn thờ chung cư hiện nay đang ngày càng trở thành xu hướng được lựa chọn trong thời gian gần đây. Với đặc thù của sự phát triển của các tòa nhà cao ốc, bàn thờ chung cư chiếm trọn cảm tình của người dùng bởi thiết kế nhỏ gọn, đơn giản, tiết kiệm được nhiều không gian mà vẫn không kém phần sang trọng. Để có thể tìm kiếm được các mẫu bàn thờ chung cư đẹp, hãy cùng đến với bài viết sau của Mộc Gia để có được sự lựa chọn tốt nhất cho mình.</p>
<h2>Kích thước bàn thờ chung cư</h2>
756cemsid esedovCarlos Martinez de Lucas
In the event that you have inquiries regarding degrees Celsius.
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News, Developments, and Insights
high-tech technology background with eyes on computer display
Cartoon Algorithmic Transparency - TeachPrivacy Privacy Training 02
This cartoon is about algorithmic transparency. Today, more and more decisions are being made by algorithms. The logic and functioning of these algorithms is increasingly complex and opaque to people. Today, the new buzzwords are “artificial intelligence” and “machine learning.” AI and machine learning represent a number of different but related things, but what they generally share in common are algorithms. As algorithms become more complex and rely on being fed massive quantities of data, it becomes harder and harder to explain their reasoning. This is a big problem because algorithms play a significant role in our lives by making some very important decisions.
Here are a few interesting things to read about the issue:
— Kroll et al., Accountable Algorithms, 165 U. Pa. L. Rev. 633 (2017)
— Woodrow Hartzog et al., Inefficiently Automated Law Enforcement, 2015 Mich. St. L. Rev. 1763 (2016)
— Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), Statement on Algorithmic Transparency and Accountability (2017)
* * * *
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Making America greater
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Making America Great in the Twenty-First Century seeks to improve the country’s democratic, financial, and socioeconomic conditions, which seem to be deteriorating. The steps needed to make America strong in the twenty-first century must concentrate on its fiscal, social, and political foundations.
Agriculture is needed to ensure a sufficient food supply. Making America great in the twenty-first century necessitates sustainable food production, which can only be done with sufficient federal support and financing (Friedman, Hershey H.). The government ought to fund the food, safety and inspection programs which will ensure food quality through inspection of food processing and production plants.
America cannot achieve its environmental, political and socio-economic growth without a healthy population. Healthcare is thus a crucial aspect of any nation’s population. The focus on healthcare reforms such as the Obamacare is necessary to ensure a healthy country.
One of the best ways of increasing accessibility to healthcare includes allowing low-income earners who are above the current cutoffs the opportunity to access the Medicaid program which is one of the cheapest healthcare programs. The 21st century America can only be great when everyone can access quality healthcare efficiently regardless of their financial challenges (Friedman, Hershey H.).
Policy on tax and labor market
Climate change due to global warming is one of the environmental issues, and nations globally are focusing on reducing carbon emissions to reduce pollution. However, achieving the reduced carbon emission is a challenge as industries are depending on fossil fuels for energy.
One of the ways of maximizing on the opportunity on carbon emission would include enacting Carbon Tax, generating extra income to fund other projects such as research programs aimed at using cleaner energy hence increasing sources for revenue generation for America (Robertson, Colin). The institution of a Federal property tax on luxury homes using a lot of energy with high carbon emission would increase the amount of money efficiently thus expanding the sources of income for America.
The national government ought to create national forums and discussion debates touching on the economics of increased equalization of capital and labor taxation to create awareness on issues regarding economic development among the Americans. The outcome of such forums would enhance the justification for the preferential tax treatment the capital obtains sufficiently hence encouraging productive workforce.
Employment opportunities
A working nation is a progressive nation. Job creation is necessary to reduce the unemployment rates among the America’s citizens. The Department of Commerce is responsible for job creation and promotion of economic growth.
The government must strengthen the international trade relations and propose export trade activities to create more jobs. (Robertson, Colin). Such programs would include expanding the reemployment and eligibility assessments thus saving an average of $500 for each claimant not unemployment insurance benefits costs through the reduction of low payments and encouraging a quick back to work programs for the claimants (Robertson, Colin).
The government ought to offer financial and technical support the National Telecommunications and Information Administration to continue representing America’s economic interest at the multi-stakeholder forums on digital commerce and internet governance. The funding would support the commercial sector in developing the next generation wireless services hence increasing e-commerce businesses. Such programs would create more jobs to the computer and engineering graduates thus reducing unemployment rates in America.
Illegal immigrants have been one of the challenges that face the current America. The review on managing the immigration challenges will require a different approach from the traditional arrests and deportation methods (Ngo, Bic).
Instead, there is need to offer amnesty without citizenship for the unregistered immigrants while increasing the flow of the legal immigrants (Ngo, Bic). Application of city-based visas would be necessary for assisting areas within the United States facing the challenge of the decrease in population as a destination for skilled labor who would increase the productivity of the nation.
The method would focus on improving the number of high skilled immigrants, expanding the reform guest worker requirements and visas to accommodate the seasonal immigrant worker’s supply and demand in various industries (Ngo, Bic).
Energy is the source of productivity, and every sector depends on power. Making America more significant in the 21st century would require efficient energy production to sustain the homes, industries and transport sectors (Hummel, Daniel).
The government needs to focus on emphasizing the use of energy technologies that will contribute to the nation’s energy independence necessary for the growth of the domestic jobs in the 21st century. The exploration and use of the nuclear energy that will ensure the country in addition to wind, coal, wave and solar power has sufficient atomic energy to supplement its energy requirements in the rapidly developing economy (Robertson, Colin).
The reduced tax would allow citizens to use their surplus income in improving their lives hence making America a better country in the 21st century. The National and Federal governments ought to provide adequate financial and technical support to the Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Office, enabling the Office to carry out grid resiliency and cyber security which would help improve the critical energy grid infrastructure that the Americans and the economy depend on for growth.
America currently has transport network as one of the high-cost projects which need reform through both short and long-term measures to minimize both the local and state higher expenditure than the rest of the developed countries.
The government could focus on autonomous driving while minimizing car accidents to obtain the potential productivity gains in the transport sector (Robertson, Colin). The government should choose some cities and support them through grants to change their infrastructure and adapt self-driving cars. Options for exploration and implementation include clear signals, road lines, and lights. The choice of multiple cities will provide lots of opportunities for experiments hence choosing the best and most efficient method to apply. Use of technology especially in the 21st century where technology seems to solve every problem will be most products.
Safety and security
America cannot achieve greatness when the safety and security of its citizens threatened through external invasions (Hummel, Daniel). Without safety and security, America cannot prosper in this 21st century. As such, there is need to provide for increased spending and resource allocation for the defense programs without increasing debts. Increase in funding for the enforcement on the part of Homeland Security and Department of Justice to handle the increasing insurgency rates especially along the Southern Border with Mexico.
Housing and urban development
The 21st century American needs a decent, affordable and safe housing as well as homeownership opportunities which the Housing and Urban Development Department must provide (Wyly, Elvin). The Government must, therefore, show its commitment to supporting and providing rental assistance to the low-income earners while assisting the middle and working class achieves self-sufficiency and townhouses.
Increasing affordable, safe and accessible housing to Americans would include allocation of funds such as $ 40 as per the proposed budget for the rental help programs, reduce housing costs and continue to help the over four million low-income households (Wyly, Elvin). Such initiatives would affirm governments, both local and state governments in addressing the housing needs thus contributing to the development of Americans economically since housing is one of the fundamental human basic needs that is crucial in the 21st-century era.
Education is one of the pillars of a prosperous country in the 21st century, and America needs to focus on enhancing education quality. The national government needs to fund the States to increase the number of learning institutions such as campuses in areas without adequate education facilities (Ngo, Bic). Education opens up opportunities to the graduates as well as good paying jobs, which unless one gets high-quality education and skills (Ngo, Bic).
The Department of Education needs to enhance the students’ success and access to studies in elementary, secondary and post-secondary education. The Education Department ought to focus on improving the education quality in America, an integral part of the 21st century that each learner needs. Additionally, there is the need for the simplifying and streamlining the college funding and continuing to make accessibility to college studies cheap and easily accessible (Ngo, Bic).
In conclusion, America has had lots of economic challenges since the recession period. However, with proper governance, quality education, better healthcare, increased employment opportunities, increase in agriculture production, energy availability, safety, and security as well as good transport network. Indeed, effective management and policy implementation are some of the primary ways that would make America greater in the 21st century.
Work cited
Friedman, Hershey H. “How To Make America Great Again: Lessons About Selflessness From The Book Of Ruth.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2017.
Hummel, Daniel. “Revivalist Nationalism Since World War II: From “Wake Up, America!” To “Make America Great Again.”” Religions, vol 7, no. 11, 2016, p. 128. MDPI AG,
Ngo, Bic. “Immigrants Education against the Backdrop of “Make America Great Again.”!”Educational Studies, vol 53, no. 5, 2017, pp. 429-432.
Robertson, Colin. “America First: Global Trump at Six Months.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2017, Elsevier BV
Wyly, Elvin. “Make American Housing Great Again.” Housing Policy Debate, vol 27, no. 3, 2017, pp. 483-485.
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Military history website
Artillery and Rockets
Category for artillery, guns and rockets. Tactical, operational and strategic systems, fortress artillery, self-propelled and towed artillery pieces.
Make your cannon
Every Catholic church had to have a bell, and the bell-casters produced also the first cannons. Initially, the same technology was used - cannons were poured into disposable clay molds buried in the ground. When naval powers such as the Netherlands, England, France, and Spain established themselves in the 17th century and began building navies with thousands of guns, the need arose to increase the "productivity" of production and to organize calibers. The French regulations from 1689 stipulated 7 different calibers for ship cannons, the British regulations from 1716 stipulated 11 in 28 variants differing in the length of the barrel and the weight of the cannon.
Uncertainity around uranium munitions
According to the scientific dictionary, uranium is a silver-white, rather soft, heavy metal with a density of 18.7. Compared to steel (iron) with a density of 7.86, uranium is more than twice as mass. This density with softness then makes it possible, without the use of explosives, to start a similar cumulative effect even at a small volume, and to use this ammunition in small-caliber air cannons.
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If you are interested in gladiator games, then you like stories about Ancient Rome and the martial arts that were there. The gladiator games category includes games where the main characters are gladiators.
Gladiators - characters gladiator games
Swordsmen or gladiators lived in the days of Ancient Rome. They were fighters who took part in battles. Gladiator fights were organized for the sake of the show to entertain the audience. The gladiator who won in battle, received freedom and freed from slavery.
Gladiator fights have several distinctive features. One of these features is the finger gesture. When a gladiator is injured and cannot continue to fight, he must raise his index finger up. In this case, the fight stops, the gladiator admits defeat. If the king decides to spare the gladiator, then he leaves him alive. Often the kings allowed the enemy to finish off the wounded gladiator.
What types of gladiators can you find in gladiator games?
The gladiators, who were called "andabats", were dressed in chain mail and helmets that had no slits for the eyes, so during the battle they could not see each other.
Gladiators, who were called "bestiaries", belonged to the underworld: fighting in gladiatorial battles was a sentence for them for a crime. Such gladiators were armed with daggers or darts and released against a predatory animal. Almost always gladiators died in such battles.
Gladiators who fought with two swords in each hand did not have any protection on their bodies, did not wear a helmet, and did not wear a shield. They wore short tunics and bandaged their legs with tight bandages. Such gladiators were called "dimachers".
There were also equita gladiators, who were lightly armed, defended with a shield and scale armor. Their helmets were decorated with brushes, and their forearms were protected by armor. Such gladiators fought on horseback, and continued the battle on foot.
There were also varieties of gladiators "Gauls", "Goplomakhs", "Lakvearii", armed only with lassos, murmillons, as well as provocateurs, Samnites and many other species.
Plots and locations in gladiator games
The plots in gladiator games can be very different, but they all necessarily refer to the type of battles, fights, martial arts. Since gladiators existed in ancient Rome, most often the plot involves antique motives. But sometimes the fantasy of game developers transports gladiators to other temporary conditions.
The locations for gladiator games are arenas for gladiators, therefore gladiators performed in arenas.
Some of the arenas for gladiatorial battles have survived and have survived to our time. The most famous arena for gladiator fights is the Colosseum, the remains of which can still be seen in Rome. In Tunisia, the amphitheater of Mark Antony Gordian has been preserved, and in Verona, the arena has not only survived to this day, but is also used as a platform for opera performances.
The heroes of gladiator games can be both unknown gladiators and those about whom you have heard or know them well. The most famous gladiators are Spartacus, Crixus, Publipor, Commodus, Flamma, Priscus and Verus, Spikul, Narcissus.
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The Successful Life of Walt Disney
The film "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" set one of the highest standards for animation. It was the most successful film of 1939 and no one was able to top it. Because the film won eight Academy Awards, the period was known as the "Golden Age of Animation". Walt Disney went to California with just $40 in his pocket and came out with so much more. There isn't a lot of celebrities out there that can say they went from 0 to 100 that quick. Not a lot of celebrities can build themselves up from being bankrupt that fast and methodically. Walt Disney set an exceptionally high standard for other cartoons by finding groundbreaking technological innovations like technicolor and sound.
An animation device that created an illusion of motion, the phenakistoscope, was the first kind of animation invented and it didn't get much better after that. Then Walt Disney was born and started sketching and drawing for school. He liked it so much he chose that as his career. After driving an ambulance for Red Cross for a year, Disney started working with cameras and made Laugh-O-Grams with his brother, Roy. Their animations were the first ones to actually make an impact on the world. According to biography.com, because of the income from the Laugh-O-Grams cartoons, the Disney brothers were able to open their own studio, which is when they made Alice in Cartoonland, a live action and animation series of fairy tales. Disney kept growing up his business after that in Hollywood and looked for new ways to pool in money.
After Laugh-O-Grams, Disney took a bold leap and tried to put faint sound in the background of a Mickey Mouse film called Steamboat Willie. The music was played at two beats per second according to galegroup.com. That film was animation's version of the first steps on the moon. People doubted the outcome of the film and film distributors poked fun at Disney's ideas. But Disney took one step for cartoons and one giant leap for animation kind and released it anyway with Pat Powers.
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If Carl Sagan and Stephen Hawking Wrote Songs (an Improbable Symphony)
Symphony of Science reveals the poetic form possible in scientific talks.
The way that certain scientists, be they Carl Sagan or Oliver Sacks, have described the most amazing phenomena of life, in the cosmos and in the mind, suggests a remarkable closeness, perhaps even an intimacy, between the scientific and the poetic.
After what was likely a similar reflection, John D. Boswell (known to the music world as “melodysheep”) launched “A Glorious Dawn,” in 2009. This was the first piece of the Symphony of Science, a series of compositions that would promulgate some of the most profound sayings spoken by popular astronomers. In this first installment, an unlikely scientific and musical encounter takes place between Carl Sagan and Stephen Hawking, here apparently improvising some of their finest thoughts on the nature of the universe:
Both the text and the video scenes were taken from the documentary series, Cosmos: A Personal Journey (1980) and Stephen Hawking’s Universe (1997) using digital mashups and progressions of ingenious and harmonious musical loops.
What makes this musical experiment unique is not in itself the fact that more than 10 million views far exceeded Boswell’s original goal, that of stimulating scientific interest through music. The real challenge was the flawless assembly of ideas and melodies, interspersed with inspiration for anyone to imagine the nature of the cosmos as a philosophy of life. As dictated within the song of this same Sagan, If we do not destroy ourselves, we will one day venture to the stars.
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HealthInfo Canterbury
Bartholin's cysts
A Bartholin's cyst is a small fluid-filled sac (called a cyst) at the opening of your vagina.
You have two glands, one on either side of your vagina, called your Bartholin's glands. They make the mucus that lubricates your vagina and keeps it moist. The mucus travels down a small tube, or duct, to your vagina. If the tube gets blocked it can cause a cyst.
Sometimes the fluid gets infected, and the gland and duct fill up with pus. This is called a Bartholin's abscess.
Doctors don't know why the ducts between your Bartholin's glands and vagina get blocked, but it could be due to infection or injury. Sometimes it's linked to sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea, or another bacterial infection such as E.coli.
Diagnosing a Bartholin's cyst
If you have a Bartholin's cyst you may notice a small, soft painless lump near the entrance to your vagina, or in the lips next to your vagina. This might not cause any problems and you might not even notice it. Sometimes these cysts are only found during an examination such as a routine cervical smear.
If it gets big it can be uncomfortable and sometimes painful when you sit, stand or walk, or have sex.
If the cyst gets infected then the lump may get big over just a few hours, and the skin around it can get red. It can be tender or even very painful, and you might have a fever.
Treating a Bartholin's cyst
Treatment depends on the size of the cyst, how painful it is and whether it's infected.
If the cyst is small and painless, it will probably go away by itself. If symptoms develop you'll need to go back to your GP.
For a bigger cyst or abscess, you can try:
If the cyst is big and these treatments don't work, a specialist (gynaecologist) may need to drain the fluid for you at the hospital.
Preventing a Bartholin's cyst
If you get a Bartholin's cyst, you usually won't get another one. There's nothing specific you have to do to prevent it. But because abscesses can be caused by sexually transmitted infections, practising safer sex and using condoms may stop some of these abscesses from happening.
Getting help with a Bartholin's cyst
You should always see your GP if you find a lump. They will ask you about any symptoms and how long you've had the lump. They'll also check the cyst for any signs of infection.
If the cyst seems infected, they might need to take a swab to check what bugs are causing the infection.
Written by HealthInfo clinical advisers. Last reviewed September 2021.
Page reference: 279444
Review key: HIVIP-32204
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The Land of Frustrated Revolutions
Latin America conjures up images of constant political turmoil, powered by endless revolutions. But this is misleading.
Salvador Allende, Senator of Chile’s Socialist Party, at a solidarity rally for the Cuban revolution, 1962 © Getty Images
‘A frustrated revolution’ is how Eric Hobsbawm described the anarchic conflict in the Colombian countryside in the 1940s and 1950s, known simply as la Violencia. But this appraisal also describes the history of left-wing insurrections across all of Latin America.
Latin America produced Pancho Villa, inspired Che Guevara and gave asylum to Leon Trotsky. At first glance, revolutions seem to spring from its soil. Yet Latin America has produced remarkably few of them. The cases of Mexico in 1910, Cuba in 1959 and Nicaragua in 1979 are not the rule but the exceptions.
On the 40th anniversary of the Nicaraguan revolution and in the year the Cuban revolution turns 60, it is time we realised that, despite its radical icons and rebellious mystique, Latin America is not a region of revolution.
Throughout the 20th century, widespread repression, corruption and inequality led to anti-establishment sentiment in Latin America, but this rarely translated into an overturning of existing social structures. The rebellious cause reached its height in the decade after the Cuban insurrection, when almost every Latin American country had insurgent forces of some kind. But, except for the Sandinista victory against the Somoza dynasty’s dictatorship in Nicaragua, none of these movements became a revolution. Unable to sustain public opinion, they were either put down by the state, transformed into criminal organisations, or simply petered out.
If the Mexican revolution against the 30-year dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz – fought by everyone from large landowners to mobilised peasants – demonstrated the possibility of defeating the army, then the Cuban revolution against Fulgencio Batista was a sea change, invigorating would-be rebels regionwide. However, these new insurgents did not appreciate that Batista’s fall was predicated on circumstances that could not be replicated. And although Che Guevara believed the conditions required for a revolution existed, the Cuban model could not be exported. In Bolivia, which had itself toyed with revolution in the 1950s, Guevara died trying.
Latin America’s longest-running insurgencies are in Colombia. Stemming from la Violencia and galvanised by Cuba, from the mid-1960s two rural groups, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the Army of National Liberation (ELN), tried to end the oligarchy’s control of politics. However, by the 1980s both were implicated in drug trafficking, extortion and terrorism, and any hope of securing meaningful public support was gone. Over half
a century on, very few see them as revolutionaries.
In 1970s’ Argentina, the attempt at revolution came not from the hinterland but the city. Trying to overthrow Jorge Rafael Videla’s dictatorship, a military group founded by Juan Perón in the 1950s – the Montoneros – morphed into an urban guerrilla force. They were suppressed during the ‘Dirty War’, when the Argentinian military, backed by the US, engaged in state-sponsored killings of leftists.
Across the border in Uruguay, the Tupamaros fared little better. A guerrilla group, strongest in the early 1970s, they raided banks and distributed food and money among the poor. But after the government began arresting and torturing dissidents, the Tupamaros themselves turned to violence, costing them their popular support.
Even more discredited was the Shining Path, the Maoist insurgency in Peru. From the 1980s to the early 1990s it was responsible for untold deaths of government officials, town dwellers and peasants. It collapsed after a string of defeats and the capture of its leaders Abimael Guzmán and Elena Iparraguirre. It was another case of a revolution frustrated, defeated or disgraced.
Despite the failure of these and other insurrections, there were significant sociopolitical changes in 20th-century Latin America. And although ultimately reversed by rightist coups, some of the most dramatic changes came not through revolution but through democracy.
In the 1950s, Jacobo Arbenz reformed Guatemalan labour and agrarian laws, including nationalising unused land owned by the US conglomerate the United Fruit Company. In retaliation, and to prevent the prospect of socialism in its ‘backyard’, the US supported a coup against Arbenz.
It was a similar case in 1970s’ Chile. Salvador Allende sought to prove that socialism could be ushered in through strong, democratic institutions. Yet, despite being progressive, President Allende’s policies, such as nationalisations of industry, were not revolutionary. The process began under his predecessor and many of the reforms were also supported by Allende’s Christian Democrat opponent. After leading the 1973 coup, however, Augusto Pinochet undid some of Allende’s reforms. Ousted by anti-democratic forces, neither Arbenz nor Allende held power long enough to inaugurate a full, constitutional revolution.
By the turn of the millennium, insurgents’ failures and the example, however brief, of democratically elected socialism in Chile, led to a shift in revolutionary theory, away from armed insurrection. After attempting a coup in 1992, Hugo Chávez came to power democratically in 1998 in resource-rich, socially divided Venezuela, promising widespread reform. In what was dubbed the ‘Pink Tide’ (because its leftism did not extend to ‘red’ communism), Chávez was joined by former guerrilla fighters, such as José Mujica (a Tupamaro) in Uruguay and Dilma Rousseff (once of the Comando de Libertação Nacional) in Brazil. But, despite their rhetoric, these leaders were more reformers than revolutionaries. Even the most vocally radical, Hugo Chávez, did not go so far as to socialise his country’s economy.
Even if we contend that 20th-century Latin America was characterised by revolution, on a global level it does not stand out as a cradle of revolt. Take the Middle East. In the decade after the Mexican revolution, Atatürk made Turkey a republic; in the same decade as the Cuban insurrection, Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew King Farouk; and just a few months before the Sandinistas triumphed, Iranian revolutionaries toppled the Shah. And in the late 1940s, Sukarno, Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh all led revolutions in East Asia.
It is easy to succumb to the romance of Latin American revolutions, with their countercultural icons, derring-do and Robin Hood ideals. But that is to miss the fact that this remains a socially traditional, and often reactionary, region. If Latin America really is the land of revolution, it is one of frustrated revolutions.
Daniel Rey is the author of ‘Checkmate or Top Trumps: Cuba’s Geopolitical Game of the Century’, runner-up of the 2017 Bodley Head & Financial Times essay prize.
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Examples Of Victor's Journey In Frankenstein
697 Words3 Pages
Frankenstein 's Journey In Mary Shelley 's “Frankenstein”, Victor Frankenstein seeks out a commodity for all of his stored feelings and unspoken thoughts after the loss of his mother. Reanimation of sewn body parts to create life also create a disgust like feeling due to the action Victor has taken against nature itself. “I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body.”(47) Although Frankenstein takes on the power of god by reanimating life, he cannot carry the burden of his actions. This results in loss and hardship he cannot handle. “...it may be imagined that while during every hour of my infant life I received a lesson of patience, of charity, and of self control, I was so guided by a silken cord that all seemed but one train of enjoyment to me.”(27) Frankenstein’s recollection of his early years is that of love and happy remembrance. Although his feelings of love and happiness are quickly forgotten after the quick death of his mother. Elizabeth originally suffering from scarlet fever miraculously recovers from the tender care given by her mother who happened to contract the disease and die instead. “...Elizabeth as mine-mine to protect love and cherish. All praises bestowed upon her, I received as made to a possession of my own”. Victor’s devotion to Elizabeth is so deeply…show more content…
One thing leads to another, and the monster Frankenstein brought to life was a mere symbol of destruction pain, loss, and rage can give birth to. Whether or not this is resulted in physical distress or mental torment the results are primarily equal. The loss of family and friends is evident in his life, and the rage he feels from these events are one big circle that lead to the destruction of both mind a body resulted from one another. Frankenstein portrays that of an innocent soul who chooses to take on more responsibility then able to carry and failing deepening pit of loss and sorrow only to be healed with understanding and
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The Civics Project: A good day to give our constitution a little more respect, attention
By Kevin Wagner
National Constitution Day
Editor's note: As Constitution Day approaches (September 17), we are republishing this popular column from last year.
Question: Why do we even have a "Constitution Day"?
Answer: Constitution Day was created when Congress mandated that all educational institutions receiving federal funding hold an educational program celebrating the United States Constitution. As a result, each Sept. 17, many schools and universities commemorate the signing of the Constitution.
You might guess that Constitution Day is one of my favorite holidays. It is a time to read and discuss the principles and values championed by our nation's founders, like free speech and the right to petition the government. It is also a time to consider where we fell short, since “We the People,” at the time, clearly did not mean all of the people. The Constitution is imperfect, yet still a remarkable document that became the foundation for a durable democracy during a time of kings and aristocrats.
Kevin Wagner
Last year on Constitution Day, one of my students told me that the Constitution will prevent tyranny. I was reluctant to correct her, since I generally encourage students to appreciate the democratic principles codified in the Constitution. However, no document will ever act to protect itself or the people. The Constitution does not defend us. We defend it.
Indeed, by actively and assertively protecting the democratic principles in our Constitution, we safeguard our experiment in self-government and preserve this nation for ourselves and our posterity.
We are the custodians of the Constitution, and we put it and ourselves at risk when we simply venerate the document and assume it will champion itself.
Defending the Constitution starts with reading and understanding it, and our other founding documents.
As we ramp up our schools and universities to face the challenges of today, we must not forget the importance of basic civic literacy. Too many Americans are unfamiliar with the original Constitution, despite the fact it is surprisingly brief at only 4,543 words. According to a survey last year by the Annenberg Center, only 2 in 5 Americans could name the three branches of the federal government, and that was an improvement. Over a third cannot name a right guaranteed by the First Amendment.
It's not just disappointing that Americans seem to know more about Carole Baskin’s fight with the Tiger King than the debates over the drafting of the Constitution. It is dangerous. The U.S. Constitution is the blueprint for our society and for modern democracies everywhere. The Constitution vests the power and legitimacy of our state in an informed public.
In a democracy, knowledge is vital, and keeping people educated and informed is one of the key reasons we defend both free speech and a free press. Citizens need to know the Constitution and basic civics, not just to honor the great Americans who came before us, but to exercise the sovereignty and authority that the Constitution vests within them.
The good news is that Americans are hearing the call. The Philadelphia-based Jack Miller Center for Teaching America's Founding Principles and History (with which I am affiliated) has led efforts to support Constitution Day events and programs on college campuses throughout the nation. Here at Florida Atlantic University, we have a robust and open celebration and discussion of the Constitution.
Civics education should not be limited to a day, but Constitution Day is a good time to start.
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They’re smart, secretive, adaptable—and have an appetite for everything in sight.
That’s why the U.S. Department of Agriculture recently announced $75 million in funding toward a pilot program to control feral pigs. The effort is focused on areas where the hogs are causing the most damage, primarily in the Southeast. But officials in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas face significant challenges, not just due to the pigs’ rapid feeding and breeding, but also because of their value as game.
Today, they number an estimated nearly seven million and have established themselves in 35 states (and have been spotted in 48!). According to the USDA, they cause $2 billion in damage every year. “This situation has been described as the greatest emerging wildlife challenge that the United States faces in the 21st century,” says John “Jack” Mayer, a biologist Savannah River National Laboratory who’s been studying wild pigs for over 40 years. “This is something we did to ourselves.”
The pigs’ rooting and wallowing all began in the 1500s, when European settlers brought them to the states for food. Then, in the 1900s, sport hunters imported wild boars. Today, America’s feral swine include wild boar, escaped domestic pigs, and hybrids of the two.
In the 1950s and 60s, says Mayer, wildlife departments promoted pig hunting and sometimes even stocked the animals. Now, they’re the second most popular game animal after white-tailed deer. But even when state officials encouraged sport hunting for the explicit purpose of curbing the tidal wave of pigs, it’s backfired. Hunters love to shoot them so they transport the animals to new areas. Even when the new hunting spots are fenced properties, the swine are notoriously good at digging their way out and escaping.
Once they’re out in the open, feral hogs simply breed too fast for hunters to keep up. To wipe out a population, you need to shoot 60 to 80 percent a year, says Mayer, but recreational hunting can only cut their numbers by about a quarter. And while plenty of non-human predators would enjoy some pork—including mountain lions, alligators, coyotes, and hawks—there are just too many pigs to make a dent. Meanwhile, they thrive almost anywhere between the Arctic and the tropics and females can birth two litters every year. They are “opportunistic omnivores,” which is a fancy way of saying “if it’s got a calorie in it and they can get their mouth around it, they’ll try to eat it,” says Mayer.
This is bad news for farmers, conservationists, and even archaeologists. The hogs literally tear up fields, especially in the Southeast. It’s not just that they voraciously eat anything edible, but they also vigorously root around in the soil as they search for food, leading to their nickname “the rototillers of nature.” They also wreck areas through repeated trampling. About half of that $2 billion in damage is agricultural impacts.
They also trash natural habitats. Perhaps the worst impacts are to watersheds—pigs love living around and rooting through these areas. They also need to wallow in water to cool off. These activities lead to loss of plants, soil erosion, and increased sediment in streams. Swine waste also introduces pathogens and nutrients into water, posing a health risk and contributing to algal blooms and fish kills downstream.
Importantly, feral swine are a vector for diseases that spread to both domestic pigs and humans. That’s not only a public health concern—it could destroy the nation’s livestock. African swine fever is currently devastating the Asian and European pork industry. If it hopped the pond, wild pigs could quickly spread the deadly disease, bringing hundreds of billions of dollars in damage to the pork industry here, says Mayer.
The impacts go on and on. Feral pigs have damaged cultural and archeological resources. On Santa Cruz Island off the coast of California, the National Park Service and the Nature Conservancy moved quickly to wipe the island of pigs after they discovered that the animals had been rooting through archeological sites belonging to the Chumash, a Native American group whose presence in the state dates back as much as 11,000 years. They’ve even been found to eat dusky gopher toads, an endangered species, according to a USDA spokesperson.
That’s why the USDA has poured money into fending off the swine. In a previous effort, they helped fund control efforts in less-densely populated states. Officials used corral-like traps to round up as many individuals of a sounder (a group of hogs) as they could and then euthanized the animals. According to a USDA spokesperson, Idaho, New York, Maryland and New Jersey are now pig-free. Iowa, Minnesota, Washington and Wisconsin are nearing success, too.
Field dug up by wild hogs
Damage caused by feral pigs rooting.
But the Southeast is another scenario. “I don’t know that the Southeast is solvable,” says Mayer. Not only are feral pigs long-established and numerous, he says, “People in the South, they grew up hunting wild pigs, it’s a part of the culture.”
In the new effort, a lot of the funds will go to local soil and water conservation districts, which will work with USDA officials to implement trapping and shooting efforts. In addition to the corral traps, aerial shooting is also a popular control measure. In the early spring in Louisiana, before trees have leafed out, officials fly in helicopters and gun down hogs, says John Pitre, the state’s resource conservationist.
But since pigs like densely-vegetated marsh habitat it can be hard to track them down. So, in what’s called the “Judas pig technique,” officials capture a hog and equip it with a tracking collar. They then free it and let it betray the whereabouts of its sounder.
To stop the swine’s destruction, officials might need additional tools. Though not in use yet, scientists are developing contraceptives and toxins that would target the pigs. The challenge is ensuring that these measures only affect pigs. Feeders laced with such chemicals need to be only accessible to pigs and not other wildlife. And toxins need to degrade quickly, so that hunters or animals that eat the pigs aren’t harmed.
But measures to control the pigs aren’t always appreciated. After announcements of eradication efforts, game biologists in the Southeast have had their tires slashed and received death threats, according to Mayer. In states like Louisiana, AKA Sportsman’s Paradise, “the bulk of the population enjoys hunting and fishing,” says Pitre. So people aren’t happy with their pigs getting taken away.
Wild hogs are also big business, says Mayer. In some states, including Texas, Oklahoma and Florida, ranchers can round up the animals and sell them to government buying stations, after which the animals are slaughtered and the meat sold. If you’ve ever eaten a “wild boar” pulled pork sandwich, chances are that’s where the meat came from. In Texas, ranchers are making a killing off of charging hunters to fly in a helicopter on their property and shoot wild pigs, says Mayer.
Hunting the pigs for food might seem like a way to at least recycle the animals instead of letting their carcasses rot away, but it’s created an industry that relies on their continued existence. In Texas, although some 25,000 to 30,000 pigs are killed annually, that’s nothing compared to an estimated population of over two million. Some states have banned sport hunting or even possession of feral pigs for that reason. “We’re not going to barbecue our way out of this one,” says Mayer.
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Evolution of the Eastern Sverdrup Basin: Insights from New Field Studies and Sediment Provenance Analyses
Helen R. Smyth1, Simon R. Kelly1, Andrew Morton2, Stephen Rippington1, Robert Scott1, Jenny E. Omma1, Bill Braham1, John E. Marshall3, Victoria Pease4, and Andrew Carter5
1CASP, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
2HM Research Associates, Balsall Common, United Kingdom.
3School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
4Department of Geology and Geochemistry, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
5School of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
The Late Paleozoic-Mesozoic strata of the Sverdrup Basin and the overlying Cenozoic deposits have been examined during three field seasons on Ellesmere and Axel Heiberg islands, Canadian Arctic. Our field studies are supported by integrated biostratigraphic analysis, a variety of sediment provenance analyses (including; petrography, heavy mineral provenance, mineral geochemistry and U-Pb dating of zircons), and hydrocarbon source rock and uplift analyses. The results from this integrated study will help to constrain not only the tectonic evolution of the Sverdrup Basin and its Cenozoic exhumation, but also define the character of the sediment sources that were eroded to generate its fill.
The following observations can be made:
1. Sedimentary reworking and recycling is noted throughout the section, based on the evidence of detrital minerals and palynomorph assemblage. In some intervals Devonian palynomorphs are prevalent. The age of reworked material becomes progressively younger upsection.
2. Quartz-rich sandstones are a common feature of the basin They are often difficult to distinguish in the field, but they have distinct petrographic, heavy mineral, and detrital zircon age signatures.
3. Mineral geochemistry indicates that during the Jurassic there was a transition from low-grade to high-grade metamorphic sedimentary sources.
4. There is a contribution of fresh acidic volcanic material to the Late Cretaceous-Early Cenozoic section, including bentonites and minerals characteristic of a volcanic source (e.g. prismatic apatite, bipyramidal quartz and smetite). The source for the material remains uncertain, but contemporaneous sources include the Hansen Point Volcanics of northern Ellesmere Island. As the Canadian Arctic is bounded to the north and southeast by ocean basins, it remains unclear what type of tectonic regime led to the eruption of such acidic magma.
The implications of this study are not confined to the Sverdrup Basin. During the Palaeozoic, prior to the opening of the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic, the Canadian Arctic, Greenland, Svalbard and the Barents Shelf formed part of the same, east-west orientated shelf, defining the northern margin of Pangaea. Consequently, Sverdrup Basin sediments may serve as an analogue for subsurface deposits elsewhere on this Paleozoic shelf. Furthermore, this new data may help to constrain the timing of Amerasia Basin opening, and Late Cretaceous to Paleogene plate reconstructions.
AAPG Search and Discover Article #90096©2009 AAPG 3-P Arctic Conference and Exhibition, Moscow, Russia
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How To Calculate APR Credit Card Payments
Being able to make purchases with a credit card and then pay off the balance at a future date is a wonderful convenience. A great deal may only be available for a limited time and a credit card can allow you to pay for merchandise today and then pay the loan off for a nominal fee called a finance charge. Understanding how an Annual Percentage Rate, or APR, is calculated will determine if that loan you used was worth it or not.
The APR and how it is calculated is located on the back of the credit card statement along with other fees and conditions. Along side the APR is whether or not it is a monthly or daily interest rate. By knowing what the APR is and how it is calculated a finance charge can be determined.
The monthly periodic rate is calculated by taking the APR and dividing it by 12, the number of months in the year. If the APR is 18% then the monthly periodic interest rate will be 1.5%. The monthly finance charge can then be calculated by multiplying the outstanding balance of $1,000 by .015 (1.5% divided by 100) which will show that the monthly finance charge is $15.
The daily periodic rate is has an additional step because we will get the daily rate first and then the monthly rate from that number. An APR of 18% is divided by 365, the number of days in the year, which will return .05% per day. Finance charges for the month are then calculated by multiplying the daily interest rate by the number of days in the billing cycle times the balance. So take .05 times 31 which returns 1.55% times the $1,000 balance. The finance charge is slightly higher at $15.50 because of the daily APR.
The daily periodic rate is the most widely used for credit cards because it often results in higher monthly finance charges. It is therefore important to fully understand how an APR is calculated because on larger outstanding balances the resulting finance charges could wind up being significantly higher costing you more money. Finance charges are added to the principle balance if not paid in full every month so they can add up over time if you are not careful. When shopping for a credit card make sure to check how the APR is calculated as well as other fees to pick the credit card which helps you obtain you financial goals.
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Sarah Houston looks at proposed changes to the equalities law in terms of it’s affect on employment within the education sector
There are major changes on the horizon in the employment sphere in the shape of the equality bill which completed the Commons Committee Stage in July 2009, and which contains a number of important proposed changes to equalities law. Sarah Houston looks at the implications for the education sector.
1. What is the aim of the bill?
The aim of the bill is to harmonise and re-state existing discrimination law, seeking to adopt a single approach where appropriate relating to all types of discrimination including sex, race, disability, religion and age. It provides that a school will discriminate against someone if they treat them in a particular way; that treatment is to that person’s detriment; and the school cannot show that the treatment is a proportionate way of achieving a legitimate aim.
2. The bill mentions the equality duty – what changes are proposed in relation to this?
Currently, the public sector equality duties exist in relation to race, disability and gender. This is going to be replaced with a single duty that will extend across all protected characteristics (age, disability, gender reassignment, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation), but excluding marriage and civil partnership.
3. What will the new equality duty mean for maintained school employers?
The duty will require an employer, when exercising its functions, to:
This means that public sector employers will be under a duty to consider how their policies, recruitment, programmes and service delivery will affect people with protected characteristics.
4. Can individuals bring a claim for dual discrimination under the new bill?
Under current discrimination legislation, individuals can only bring a separate discrimination claim relating to one protected characteristic. The bill proposes a new law to protect individuals who experience discrimination because of a combination of two characteristics (eg, a minority ethnic woman or a religious man). Therefore, a black woman who was discriminated against could bring a dual discrimination claim on the basis of sex and race, rather than trying to fit her experience into separate sex and race claims. Marriage, civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity (which are covered elsewhere in the bill) are not potential grounds of dual discrimination.
5. What changes does the bill propose in relation to positive action?
As a new concept the bill proposes to allow an employer to recruit and promote an individual from an under-represented group where that individual is ‘as qualified as’ their competitor. Using this provision could allow an employer to select Candidate A (a woman) in preference to Candidate B (a man) where they have scored exactly the same marks in a selection process (but not where Candidate A has scored less than Candidate B).
An implication of this new form of positive action is that unsuccessful candidates will make claims against employers that they were better qualified and therefore that the defence of positive action cannot be relied upon. It will then be for the employer to prove that they were not.
6. Are there any changes proposed by the bill in relation to enforcement?
Yes, the bill provides for wider enforcement and allows employment tribunals to make wider recommendations in cases, so that the whole workforce benefits from improvements after an individual wins a claim. The recommendations need to be proportionate and based on evidence. This provision is supposed to overcome the fact that many employees who make a claim against their employer leave employment with them.
Any recommendation made by the tribunal will not be binding on the employer so no enforcement action against them can be taken. However, it is envisaged that if an employer does not implement a recommendation made by the tribunal, this fact could be used in evidence to support similar future claims.
7. What recommendations could an employment tribunal make?
Examples of recommendations that the employment tribunal could make are:• retraining of staff• ensure policies are more effectively implemented• set up a review panel to deal with equal opportunities harassment and grievances
• make public its selection criteria used for staff transfer or promotion.
8. When is the equality bill expected to come into force?
The bill is expected to come into force in October 2009. Until then, all existing discrimination legislation remains in force.
This e-bulletin issue was first published in September 2009
About the author: Sarah Houston
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Why language matters: Linguistic sensitivity and descriptions of the pandemic COVID-19
by Dr. Neeraj Mishra*)
Re-presenting the pandemic COVID-19 to people: what words can do
A major part of what people understand about the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated risks derives directly from its presentation by the social and mass media, and from the words that they have chosen to ‘re-present’ the ongoing crisis. It has given the country and the world a new vocabulary, bringing in words and expressions that were long lost and forgotten due to disuse. Among them are ‘quarantine’, ‘social distancing’, ‘war of the generations’, and ‘invisible enemy’.
Critical and crucial role of (mass) media in India
In my opinion television and social media in India have not only shared but partially constructed the information and risk perception related to the pandemic and its global spread. This ‘constructed nature’ of risk as a practice of manufacturing particular uncertainties may have harmful consequences for the society. The essence of risk is not that it is happening, but that it might be happening. However, news broadcasters and politicians in India appear to have a lack of sensitivity in this respect, using their words often randomly without grasping their impact. Mass media in India have a crucial and critical role to play in terms of social responsibility. For many citizens, tv and radio are the only sources of news. The more news outlets are sensationalizing and mongering fear, as well as spreading half-truths and uncertain opinions, without providing any scientific background information, the more social and psychological unrest is generated. A few examples below will show that words and expressions used by the mass media need to be better selected. Or they should at least be used in such a way that they describe the reality and do not construct a fictional one, therewith creating unwanted panic.
Who invented 'quarantine'?
The word ‘quarantine’ comes from the Italian/Venetian word quaranta, meaning “forty” and refers to the practice established by European port cities during the plague in the 14th century. Ships arriving at the ports were to be isolated for 40 days before the crew and goods were allowed to disembark. In 1377 the Great Council of Ragusa (modern-day Dubrovnik) established a 30-day separation period (trentino) for visitors coming from plague-endemic areas. In the following decades, the practice spread to other cities in Europe and was generally extended from 30 to 40 days (quarantino)1. So using the word ‘quarantine’ may still be appropriate in the current context as the term also applies to restricting the movement of people who may have been exposed to an infectious disease.
Distancing: Social? Physical? Spatial?
But it comes as a surprise to hear the representatives from media outlets and politics repeatedly (mis)using the term ‘social distancing’ when they are actually referring to the process of ‘physical distancing’. A recent contribution in the Harvard Crimson [the daily student newspaper of Harvard University, ed.] has labelled the activity and requested that maintaining ‘physical distance’ should not turn into keeping ‘social distance’2. In fact what is actually meant, and required, is to maintain ‘social closeness’ while maintaining ‘physical distance’. Some recent publications and entries in Wikipedia argue that the term ‘social distancing’ can be used when ‘physical distancing’ is intended, which sounds self-contradictory. If ‘physical distance’ can be used interchangeably as ‘social distance’, then physical sciences can also be called as social sciences! Physics can be called sociology and vice versa. The mistake being made here is not one degree but it is a categorical/qualitative mistake.
Why language is important
Why is the language and re-presentation of such issues important and why should it be done in a responsible manner? An important strategy of getting through any crisis in human life is to stick together and work in close cooperation. COVID-19 is no different in this respect. However, the misuse of terms as social distancing is adding to panic and fear among the people. First of all the fear of contracting the coronavirus, and then, furthermore, the fear of being alone and lonely as a result from physical distancing measures. Usage of words like ‘social distancing’ act at the psychosomatic level and can weaken the mental strength that we derive from being together in a crisis. The semantics of this word is highly misplaced, and conveys exactly the opposite of what it means to say.
A brief review of the concept of ‘social distance’ has been provided below to show how a term loaded with meaning and relevance, is being misused so lightly and as a self-evident truth. Regarding the seriousness of the crisis facing the world, we should make sure to use more appropriate and correct terms describing the actual situation. Instead of using words that actively alienate people from their loved ones at a much deeper psychological level.
Historical background of the concept of ‘social distance’
The first appearance of the concept of ‘social distance’ can be traced back to the 18th-century Scottish philosopher David Hume. In his Treatise of Human Nature, published in 1740, Hume suggested that everyone considers the welfare of other persons but does not give it as much weight as his or her own. The weight may be very high when the other person is a member of one’s family, but diminishes with respect to others less close, and may become very small when one is considering the welfare of persons who belong to very different cultures. Hume had the notion in mind that modern sociologists call ‘social distance’. In effect he argued that while one does not set the welfare of others at naught, one discounts it increasingly as their ‘social distance’ becomes greater. He drew a parallel between social distance discounting and Newton’s law of gravitational attraction. He even suggested that this psychological tendency conformed to Newton’s specific formula, which expresses the force between two masses as inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them (See, Scott Gordon, 1991: 118). Like the relevance of physical distance in natural sciences, psychological distance from others has become relevant in social sciences.
In most cases during human history the concept of ‘social distance’ has had a negative connotation and was used to describe the gaps existing between different groups and classes of people. For e.g. there existed ‘social distance’ between the higher and lower caste people in ancient India, due to which there could be no intermarriage or dining together between these groups. Like Hume, many modern authors see it as a measure of closeness and intimacy between individuals and/or groups, i.e. social distance is more or less identical to affective distance. Emory Bogardus, writing in the 1940s (Bogardus, 1941: 106), even created an affective ‘social distance scale’ to measure the degree of sympathy that members of a group feel for another group. Bogardus (1947: 306) himself maintains that ‘in social distance studies, the center of attention is on the feeling reactions of persons towards other persons and toward groups of people’. However, it is obvious that the Coronavirus and the prevention of its spread have nothing to do with how we feel about our neighbors, as only a physical distance is needed.
Other sociologists such as Simmel subscribe to the idea of normative social distance, which can be seen as a set of collectively recognized norms about membership status in a group. These norms differentiate “us” from “them” - either through clear-cut divisions or in a gradual form-and specify what kind of relations with what kind of people are ‘acceptable’ (Karakayali, 2009: 541).
A third dimension of social distance refers to the frequency with which two groups interact, whereas a fourth one can be called ‘cultural and habitual distance’. The latter was developed by Pierre Bourdieu (1990), who proposed that social groups and classes can be mapped on a multidimensional social space on the basis of the types and volume of capital they possess.
Besides these different dimensions mentioned above, there also exist interaction and interrelations between these dimensions.
The German scholar Dr. Regula Venske expressed this point in a recent interview in which she said that we must choose our words wisely and responsibly, especially during times of crisis. She specifically appealed to the media representatives, clarifying that the term ‘social distance’ is very misleading and could send a completely wrong signal. If we think of facebook or twitter as social platforms, we do not ask people to disconnect from them, but our words are saying precisely that. Hence, the more appropriate term should be ‘physical’ or ‘spatial’ distance, she argued. The importance of using the right vocabulary should not be underestimated as language shapes our thinking and behavior. Terms such as ‘social distancing’ have a psychological impact on human minds implying that each one of us is alone in this crisis and we have to fend for ourselves, excluding all societal support that is available and crucial, which is neither true nor essential.
War of generations
The term ‘war of the generations’, coined in Spain to describe the pandemic, is not appropriate either, as many young people have died from coronavirus too. Such terminologies only divide the society further and that is problematic, noted Dr. Venske.
Physical distancing
The protection against COVID-19 requires physical distancing and social/psychological closeness so that the loneliness and mental turbulence caused either by contracting the virus, or living in lockdown and confinement, can be overcome. Dr. Jeff Kwong, an infectious disease specialist and Associate Professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine at the University of Toronto noted that: “…we should be using the term ‘physical distancing’, because it’s really about being physically apart, and socially we need to stick together- but just in a virtual way.” The WHO at a recent meeting in March, 2020 also felt the need to rectify this error and switch to the right term for ‘social’ distancing i.e. ‘spatial’ distancing.
Get together in the post Covid-19 world!
A brutalization of language can be observed not only on television but also on social network sites. Hatred and agitation against people of a particular community or a nation, based on some very flimsy and hurriedly juxtaposed conspiracy theories, is leading to a division of societies and even the world community. However, in such times of crisis, we need both national and international cooperation to get to the other side - to the post COVID-19 world. There hasn’t been an instance in the last 100 years of human history when the expression “together we stand, divided we fall” could have been more meaningful and reverberate the ‘Zeitgeist’ more as it is right now!
*) The author is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Sociology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences at the Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India, and a ZEF alumnus.
Photo credits:
Photo 1: Source: Sanjay Kanojia/AFP via Getty Images (wine shop)
Photo 2: Sourc: -PIB, Govenment of India (people walking in squares)
1) (2013). Etymologia: Quarantine. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19(2), 263. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1902.et1902.
2) Lee, Allison. G. 31 March 2020. Social Distance, Social Distance, Social Distance!
(Available at: https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/3/31/editorial-practice-social-distancing/)
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Relational Aggression In Mean Girls
975 Words4 Pages
When adolescents become teenagers they start to become more concerned about how they appear to other people. They start having to decide on which peer group they want to be a member of, which can be stressful because they want a certain label. Peer groups allow adolescents to explore their individual interests while they have a sense of belonging and rank with a group of friends. Imagine being back in middle school and high school, when there were certain cliques, but they would also hang out with certain crowds. I attended De Quee High School and there were multiple different cliques and only some of the cliques would conversate with one another. My clique was formed by many of us playing the same sports, which forced us to spend a large amount of time together. In the text it states “Cliques can be defined by common activities or simply by friendship” (Steinburg 128). Not only was the clique that I hung around were just the ones that I played sports with, there were also other girls that did not play sport that we associated with and were in our group. At my high…show more content…
As you see in high school that is more common in boys is instrumental aggression and reactive aggression. I compare relational aggression to the movie Mean Girls because majority of people that went to high school has first hand experience, whether it being the victim, predator or the bystander. Steinburg states “Relationals aggression was first noticed in observations of girls, studies show that both genders employ it but that girls are more aware of it, more distressed by it, and more often victims of it” (Steinburg 146). Due to that statement, I believe that is why adolescents watch movies that have relational aggression in them. This allows them to watch the actress(es) actions and they interpret that it is okay for this type of aggression towards other adolescents and causes
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Thursday, 29 October 2020
catch22 features of signals
By taking repeated measurements over time we can study the dynamics of our environment – be it the mean temperature of the UK by month, the daily opening prices of stock markets, or the heart rate of a patient in intensive care. The resulting data consists of an ordered list of single measurements and we will call it ‘time series’ from now on. Time series can be long (many measurements) and complex and in order to facilitate exploitation of the gathered data we often want to summarise the captured sequences. For example, we might collapse the 12 monthly mean temperatures for each of the past 100 years to a yearly average. This would enable us to remove the effects of the seasons, reduce 12 yearly measurements to 1 and thereby let us quickly compare the temperatures across many years without studying each monthly measurement. Taking the average value of a time-series is a very simple example of a so called ‘time series feature’, an operation that takes an ordered series of measurements as an input and gives back a single figure that quantifies one particular property of the data. By constructing a set of appropriate features, we can compare, distinguish and group many time series quickly and even understand in what aspects (i.e., features) two time series are similar or different.
Over the past decades, thousands of such time-series features have been developed across different scientific and industrial disciplines, many of which are much more sophisticated than an average over measurements. But which features should we choose from this wealth of options for a given data set of time series? Do features exist that can characterise and meaningfully distinguish sequences from a wide range of sources?
We here propose a selection procedure that tailors feature-sets to given collections of time-series datasets and that can identify features which are generally useful for many different sequence types. The selection is based on the rich collection of 7500+ diverse candidate features previously gathered in the comprehensive ‘highly comparative time-series analysis’ (hctsa) toolbox (paper here) from which we automatically curate a small, minimally redundant feature subset based on single-feature performances on the given collection of time-series classification tasks.
Figure 1: The selected 22 features perform only slightly worse than the full (pre-filtered) set of 4,791. A Scatter of classification accuracy in each dataset, error bars signify standard deviation across folds. B Mean execution times for time series of length 10,000. C Near-linear scaling of computation time with time-series length.
By applying our pipeline to a standard library of 93 classification problems in the data-mining literature (UEA/UCR), we compiled a set of 22 features (catch22) that we then implemented in C and wrapped for R, Python, and Matlab. The 22 resulting features individually possess discriminative power and only do ~10% worse than the full hctsa feature set on the considered data at a highly (1000-fold) reduced computation time, see Fig. 1.
As the UEA/UCR-datasets mainly consists of short, aligned, and normalised time series, the features are especially suited to these characteristics. The selection pipeline may be applied to other collections of time-series datasets with different properties to generate new, different feature sets and can further be adapted to performance metrics other than classification accuracy to select features for analyses such as clustering, regression, etc.
See full paper for all the details here for free ( under the title "catch22: CAnonical Time-series CHaracteristics Selected through highly comparative time-series analysis" in the journal Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. The catch22 feature set is on GitHub ( Carl, Ben, Nick
Universal approaches to measuring social distances and segregation
How people form connections is a fundamental question in the social sciences. Peter Blau offered a powerful explanation: people connect based on their positions in a social space. Yet a principled measure of social distance remains elusive. Based on a social network model, we develop a family of intuitive segregation measures formalising the notion of distance in social space.
The Blau space metric we learn from connections between individuals offers an intuitive explanation for how people form friendships: the larger the distance, the less likely they are to share a bond. It can also be employed to visualise the relative positions of individuals in the social space: a map of society.
Using US and UK survey data, we show that the social fabric is relatively stable across time. Physical separation and age have the largest effect on social distance with implications for intergenerational mixing and isolation in later stages of life. You can read about our work "Inference of a universal social scale and segregation measures using social connectivity kernels" free here and in the journal Royal Society Interface here. Till and Nick.
Tuesday, 13 October 2020
Predicting and controlling rat feeding
We made a rather surprising discovery: that a stochastic model of rat feeding was quite predictive. Using a slowly and smoothly varying quantity (stomach fullness) we were then able to make good predictions on when the next feeding bout would be. Given the parameters of this model fit to diverse rats we were then able to study the effects of various drugs and explore in silico approaches to lowering food intake.
You can read a more extensive article discussing this paper on the Imperial news website. The article is available for free in the journal PLoS Biology here. Tom, Kevin and Nick
Finding communities in time-series
In many complex systems, the exact relationship between entities is unknown and unobservable. Instead, we may observe interdependent signals from the nodes, such as time series. Current methods for detecting communities (i.e. nodes that are more closely related to one another than to the rest of the network) when edges are unobservable typically involve a complicated process: choose a measure to assess the similarity between pairs of time series, convert the similarity matrix to a (weighted) network, and, finally, infer community structure. This approach is computationally expensive and each step of the three-stage process computes point estimates, making it difficult to distinguish genuine structure from noise.
Discovering clusters in financial time series
We propose a Bayesian hierarchical model for multivariate time series data that provides an end-to-end community detection algorithm and propagates uncertainties directly from the raw data to the community labels. Our approach naturally supports multiscale community detection and enables community detection even for short time series. We uncover salient communities in both financial returns time series of S&P100 stocks and climate data in the United States. You can read the article for free here in Science Advances under the title Community detection in networks without observing edges. This was fun work with our collaborators Leto Peel and Renaud Lambiotte. Till and Nick
catch22 features of signals
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Analyses | Innovation and technology development | 2019-09-19 | HKET
Gene-edited food is coming, will people try it?
The world population is expected to reach 9.7 billion in 2050 according to the latest data from the United Nations. At the same time, under the global warming crisis, extreme precipitation events will very likely be more intense and more frequent, considerably affecting food supply. Some scientists suggest increasing crop yield by using gene editing techniques. But what is gene-edited food?
The full version of the commentary is in Chinese only.
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Explaining America’s Cultural Degeneration
Q: How did America become cosmopolitan?
A: By cosmopolitanism, I mean the process by which America lost its White Anglo-Saxon Protestant identity and developed a hyper alienated, modernist liberal ruling class whose origin story and myth is the notion that America is an “idea” based on nothing but liberal values and has no racial, cultural, ethnic or religious foundation and that provincials who disagree are “racists” and bad people.
The origins of American cosmopolitanism trace back to the turn of the century pragmatists William James and John Dewey who valued pluralism and relativism, the Liberal Progressives like John Dewey and Jane Addams, Horace Kallen, ecumenical Protestant leaders and the Young Intellectuals before World War I. In particular, John Dewey’s influence stands out as “America’s philosopher” in the 1920s and 1930s.
The Lost Generation of artists and novelists who went to Europe and rejected American culture in the 1920s played a major role in this. New York becoming the cultural capital of the United States in the 1920s was equally important. In the 1930s, the New York Intellectuals reimagined America’s identity as a cosmopolitan nation, which became part of the postwar consensus after World War II. The influx of European refugees from fascism who were planted throughout American academia by the Rockefeller Foundation in the 1930s pushed the country in this direction. Finally, the internationalist minded elites who prioritized foreign policy and maintaining the American Empire after World War II sealed it.
Jews moved into the American intelligentsia in the interwar period and quickly became the predominant, tone setting element. The country has never been the same since.
Q: How did America become modernist?
A: By modernism, I mean a sensibility or aesthetic like Romanticism, not a political ideology. In the late 19th century, European Romanticism turned inward and began exalting the interior world of the inner self. The self and its exploration, expression, realization and liberation was elevated by modernists above religion, morality, society, the divine, nature and even the limits of reality. Modernists believe in art for art’s sake which is the autonomy of aesthetics from ethics. Art shouldn’t have a moral or didactic purpose. It is about the self-expression of the artist and technique. The audience is other elites.
Effectively, modernism turns into a hyper individualistic, elitist and narcissistic cult of the artist, which is at odds with tradition and any form of collective restraint. Culturally speaking, the modernist love of experiment and exaltation of “experience” in art is typically accompanied by a strong sense of alienation from society, rejection of traditional bourgeois culture with its emphasis on work, religion and morals and a bohemian culture of “outsiders” that relishes transgression and experimentation in sex and drugs. Modernists tend to be socially irresponsible bohemians who “burn their candle at both ends.” They believe in things like “living for today” or “in the moment” and above all for themselves. Modernists are people who are constantly falling for fashionable trends or accumulating and consuming products because “new” always means “better” and who follow the imperative of clichés like “finding my true self.”
Modernism arrived in the United States from Europe in the 1910s and influenced small groups of young Losters in Chicago and New York City before World War I. Greenwich Village became the Mecca of modernism and a bohemian counter-culture took shape there in the years before World War I. Through the Young Intellectuals, modernism infected progressive liberalism and created modern liberalism, which unlike its Victorian predecessor, values cultural liberation and egalitarianism above all else. Americans should be “liberated” from “puritanical” morality to live out aesthetic lifestyles.
After World War I discredited the Victorian mainstream, young Losters rebelled against the Victorian values of their parents. Modernism went mainstream in American popular culture through taste setting “smart” magazines and the new Hollywood movies. The Losters were the first Modern generation although the first wave of Modernism in the 1920s only changed the values of rising elites and some urbanites. In the 1960s, the second wave of Modernism which we call the counter-culture was the demographic tipping point when a majority of the Baby Boomer generation adopted modernist values. The Baby Boomers grew up in the Thirty Glorious Years of the postwar era and were the first generation to be raised on the television and to attend college en masse. They are the products of mass culture.
Americans are now Late Moderns. Since the 1920s, we have been living through a historical epoch with values, assumptions and beliefs as distinct as the Victorian era which preceded it. We value cultural liberation and cultural egalitarianism. We value self-expression and the pursuit of aesthetic lifestyles above a common national identity, religion and morality. Whereas the Victorians were sexually repressed racists, the Moderns are sexually liberated antiracists. The Moderns turned Victorian values upside down. The Victorian ideal of childhood innocence, male devotion and female purity bound together in Romantic love has been taken to the opposite extreme which is the Modern ideal of sexualizing children and total adult sexual liberation. The result is an atomized culture that has lost coherence and shared purpose, shattered families and massive, sustained decline in social trust and societal well-being.
Q: How did America become antiracist?
In the social sciences, Boasian anthropology which was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation eclipsed race realism in the 1920s. American anthropology was a tiny field and the politicized views of women and immigrants about race in New York became conflated with “science.”
While the exact origins of the term “racism” are opaque, it definitely emerged in its modern form as a critique of race relations in Far Left circles in the 1920s where “racism” was perceived as being a major obstacle to a class-based Marxist revolution. “Racism” was first used as a pejorative in the English language in the United States in the 1930s. In 1938, “racism” was officially condemned by the American Anthropological Association, which was founded by Franz Boas. In 1931, Boas was elected president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and his prestige as a “scientist” lent credibility to his views as an activist. In these days, the social sciences were still held in high esteem.
Unquestionably, the reason “racism” became taboo in the United States and racial attitudes changed so dramatically in such a short period of time is due to World War II. Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany were associated with “racism” in World War II propaganda and “antiracism” became a badge of liberal identity in the years between 1938 and 1945. Negative images of non-Whites disappeared in the mass media in this period and were replaced by positive depictions. The American liberal establishment has been “antiracist” since the 1940s and more stridently so since the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s.
In the 1920s and 1930s, racial science fell into disrepute because of politics and because its enemies were better funded and networked, not because any new evidence was discovered which decisively refuted the older view that racial differences are largely hereditary in origin.
Q: How was American liberalism changed by this in the 20th century?
In the 19th century, America was liberal and republican in the Victorian era, but it was not cosmopolitan, modernist or antiracist as it would later become in the early 20th century.
By liberal, I mean that American liberalism was about the protection of natural rights in politics – life, liberty and property – and laissez-faire in economics. The great contentious disputes of Victorian America, most famously the abolition of slavery, an agrarian vs. an industrial economy and the War Between the States, were motivated by liberalism. Did the blacks have a natural right to liberty and property? Was slavery a violation of their natural rights? What are the rights of women?
The Victorian generations were fond of making sharp distinctions. They ranked the races and different nationalities in a hierarchy. They separated the sexes into spheres. They sharply distinguished between the civilized and the savage. They disdained the primitive. In their view, there was spiritual equality (equality of souls before the creator), natural equality, civil equality, political equality, social equality and so forth. Unlike Moderns, Victorians could believe things like the equality of all souls before their creator in a spiritual sense and not conflate that with literal physical equality or social and political equality. The idea that children were the equals of adults or that all cultures are equal or that anyone should be free to life any kind of immoral lifestyle they want would have struck them as preposterous.
In sum, Americans were White Anglo-Saxon Protestants with liberal principles and a republican form of government. There was a national consensus on identity, morality and culture. Not every American was a Protestant, but it was hoped at the time that Catholic immigrants would learn English and convert to Protestantism and if not they were free by the Constitution to exercise their religion. Morality was assumed to be true, universal and obvious and no one disputed its primacy or importance. By morality, Americans meant Christianity and the practice of the moral virtues which collectively formed the “character” of a person. The home was a school in which Victorian children were taught the moral virtues.
Between 1914 and the 1945, American liberalism was transformed and became modernist, cosmopolitan and antiracist. It took a more secular, elitist, condescending, libertarian turn. The backward boobs and bigots out in flyover country in places like Zenith, Ohio, Gopher Prairie, MN or the Fundamentalist hillbillies in Appalachia needed to be liberated from morality and their traditional culture. They needed to be liberated from sexual repression in order to savor “experience.” Americans ought to be free to cultivate their own lifestyles. This was the modernist view and it stems from the elevation of the self and aesthetics above religion, morality and the interests of society. The Young Intellectuals absorbed it from Charles Darwin, Friedrich Nietzsche, Sigmund Freud, Henri Bergson, William James, H.G. Wells and various socialist and anarchist influences like Karl Marx and Emma Goldman. This was something new.
Darwin, Nietzsche, Freud and Marx were all materialists who were fundamentally in agreement about the unimportance of metaphysics. William James wasn’t as dismissive of religion, but pragmatism was also hostile to metaphysics. James was a relativist who believed that religions were true insofar as they made a practical differences in the lives of people. No religion was absolutely true. From Nietzsche, Bergson and Wells, the Young Intellectuals absorbed vitalism, which exalted “life” or the “life force” as they called it. The common modernist view that the masses aren’t really “alive” because they lacked “life force” by finding satisfaction with pursuing ordinary traditional lives in their communities comes from Nietzsche who insisted the masses were herd animals before he went insane and became Dionysus.
In the 21st century, if you asked a typical American progressive liberal to describe morality for you, what you would probably get in response to this question is the laundry list of -isms and -phobias derived from Freudian psychology, critical theory and postmodernism. This is because progressive liberals in the interwar period in the early 20th century under the spell of Sigmund Freud jettisoned morality and became obsessed with psychology and what they called the “transformation of consciousness,” which is the idea of identifying various “repressions” in the mind through psychoanalysis, bringing them to the surface and rejecting them. Once the patient was liberated from the repressions, he or she would heal.
In reality, modernist liberals exist in a state of detachment: severed from the transcendent and anything above them, severed from their traditional culture which they are alienated from and have “progressed” beyond, severed from the dead and unborn generations due to their self-absorbed nihilism, severed from anything resembling morality which they have discarded in favor of the -isms and -phobias, severed from their own kin in their ethnic group and often severed from their own families or a spouse or children and the most basic things of life – except maybe a cat or a dog – which their “backward” ancestors took for granted. They do, however, own the iPhone 12 and while social science indicates that they are succumbing to mental illness and despair of their miserable lives which they express through their millenarian leftwing politics … well, at least they aren’t racist bigots like all of you fascists!
About Hunter Wallace 11692 Articles
Founder and Editor-in-Chief of Occidental Dissent
1. Our degeneracy is the result of many many things, but, at the basis of it all is a turning away from Chryst.
When one ceases to embrace the light, the space that is left behind is occupied by darkness, of every sort and type.
• What is Christianity, is decided by genetic white liberals. Tomorrow Soros gives the order and every psycho screaming what proper Christianity is.
Hard working Bible reading church going folk is too confused and too afraid and too disorganized to unite and fight back so when Christianity will be launched today, then the homosexuals get married in the church and after that man and wife will be burned at the stake because relationship between man and women is witchcraft and devil trick.
• @ ivan, you are turning into a real mickey mantle, you just keep slamming them out of the park! You are most welcome sir.
• @Terry Smith…
To close this threat I will say this : you are an excellent new addition to this site, for you are upbeat, prepared to speak, listen to, and seek the truth, all the while being respectful and without personal emnity.
More than a few at this site could model themselves on you and be much the better for it!
2. One big problem was and is, that every last genetic white liberal bullied out from Europe was taken in the US with open arms. This process still keep going.
For example, resistance in the Eastern Europe operates on grassroot level like Antifa. Take one genetic white liberal and bully it out of the country. This works but unfortunately they tend to move English speaking countries.
To survive, West must find the way to detect and remove white genetic liberal. Without this, all changes turn out like Ukrainian nationalism where most naziest Nazis are in charge.
Like this white nationalist with megaphone on the picture who lecturing everybody how proper white nationalism should look like.
• @Juri…
Thank you for your reply, Dear Juri.
Yes, there always is the problem that we see god through our own lens, and that lens is often coloured by the era we are in and who is in power.
That will never change.
And, yes, in every human group, people race to be virtuous by seeming truer to the movement (more extreme) than anyone else in the group.
As to removing ‘Genetick White Liberal’, it is hard to see how to do that, because it is the ideas that must be removed, and removing intangible things is practically impossible.
Be well!
• @ ivan turgenev. Thank you for your kind words sir, when our forbears were fighting the cherokee , the shawnee and all the rest of those anything but weak and cowardly red tribes, you can be certain our brave ancestors were not fighting for an idea! Our people.struggled for survival!! They endured, they. Persevered! Thus we are here today! We struggle , we fight for the. Honor of our lord and the survival of our beautiful children!
3. It’s like the tugging finale of Man in the High Castle…the American Luftwaffe call off the attack on the Californian Partizans and Imperial Leader John Smith kills himself after achieving absolute power. Wtf…
4. The movement of people from the country into the city after both WWI and WWII had an impact on everything! Even today you have a lot of empty property in rural areas. Who wants to drive 15 miles for an ice cream cone?
5. HW, Superb analysis. Your thoughts have caused me to rethink my approval of Nietzsche. Nietzsche exalted Beauty and dethroned Truth in the evaluation of men. He did so out of a perspectival vitalist skepticism that disemboweled the Christian love for absolute or objective Truth. He denigrated a traditional culture of communally enforced masculine self-denial and feminine piety and opened up the West for its present culture: unisexual, atomistic individualism and hedonistic nihilism. The essence modernity is the preference for Beauty (or aesthetics/ human appearance) over Truth (or ethics/ behavioral substance, which includes honesty and curiosity). The irony of modernity is that its elevation of Beauty over Truth has made the ugliest art in recorded history.
• Beautiful people are more likely to be honest in various ways. But I think your argument is interesting though flawed.
Beauty is just another was of saying The Good. Beauty is an intrinsically valuable value in philosophy. Beauty, the perception of it, for example enables us to Contemplate the works of God in creation. Beauty calls us home to God.
Who wants to look at a nigger or look at an ugly hook nose? They are animals and demons respectively.
• In a medieval city the entire community worked on the cathedral. Normally an insanely beautiful exterior with a heavenly looking interior. The moderns hate that sort of thing and go for function over form. The experience of beauty in the medieval period was paramount in experiencing truth. The nave of a cathedral was ship that took you God in a phenomenological ark of beauty.
• That’s why Notre Dame burned. The White grazers HATE God, and wish to obliterate any visual remembrance of Him…. including his own Ikon, White Adamic Man.
Nietzsche was the first iconoclast in that long list of the Damned. Anathema sit.
• All that article showed me was that the Church of my Irish forebears, was already a whoring, blasphemous institution that included the Nigger, the Haitian (oh, I repeat myself) the Mestizo, the Spaniard, the RC Slav- and the JEW, in a country meant to be ONLY for Free, White, Christian ENGLISHMEN.
Unlike some fools on this forum, I count the Irish and Scots as part of that group. But the rest?
Meh. Not on your life….. or your filioquist Caesaropapalism, mocking the True Kingdom of Christ God.
6. In understanding nations, there are two basic points of view; one is from the inside, which is how it seems to a member, and the other is a view from the outside, how it seems to others. The first is concrete and based on common history, language, and ancestry. This last can be broadly conceived. For example, as Southerners, despite being drawn from different European ethnic groups, we still claim a common ancestry from our long living together as a distinct group sharing a common life. The view of America as an idea is abstract and definitely an outside view. Oakeshott would describe it as an abstraction from a practice (life) and thus missing all the tacit knowledge and understandings that belong to the insider. It is how America inevitably is understood by someone who has no actual experience of our country.
Foreigners have the excuse of distance and perspective for their reducing America to a belief or, in the crudest formulation, a consumption pattern. Their mistake is honest. Americans, such as Bidens on the left and Conservative Inc on the “right” are not. They know this to be untrue. What they have are political projects that cannot be defended in themselves but can only be furthered through sowing misunderstanding. America has to be considered as an idea, as a abstraction, so people won’t notice the actual evil being done, such as freeing the elte from the restraints of popular opinion by promoting diversity;diversity makes impossible a general wili that could check their ambitions.
I find this view of America as an idea particularly annoying. If the proponents actually took it seriously, they would realize ideas can be thought anywhere. Logically there would no need to bring any migrants here. They could be “good Americans” without ever setting foot here by just thinking thoughts and staying where they are.
7. You write:
“Modernism went mainstream in American popular culture through taste setting “smart” magazines and the new Hollywood movies”
But, that is description of the social phenomenon but not a causal explanation.
Specifically, the Modernist could not go “mainstream” in “smart magazines and Movies” unless the Owners of the magazines and movies wanted to promote the Modernist.
So who were the owners and why did they want to promote Modernism? The answer to that would constitute a casual explanation of:
“How American became Modernist”.
8. You might consider reading “N E A, Trojan Horse in American Education.” In the early 1800s the colleges were primarily operated by Calvinists then replaced by Unitarians, ending the teaching of moral absolutes speeding the creation of public schools, and the decline of morality nationwide.
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Aluminium, Arundhati Roy, Manifesta7, Alumix, Bolzano, Italy.
bnr#26 => Aluminium, Arundhati Roy, Manifesta7, Alumix, Bolzano, Italy.
Dolland Telescope
Object: 11
Dolland Telescope
Date of origin: 1757
Author/inventor/context: John Dolland, Peter Dolland
Before the mid-18th Century, Telescopes were very long to overcome the non-uniform refractive properties of the lense glass. This made the telescopes difficult to move and limited their use. The Dolland telescope of 1757 overcame the problem of chromatic aberration, eventually introducing the triple objective, a combination of two convex lenses of crown glass with a concave flint lens between them. Dolland's invention created the market in portable telescopes, the spy satellite of the 18th Century. It radicalised warfare and was fundamental to the visual telegraphs created in post revolutionary France. This telegraph changed the speed of message delivery from 100 miles a day to 400 miles an hour, paving the way for the electric telegraph.
Graham Harwood
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Table 1 Shared characteristics provide evidence that autoimmune diseases have a common origin
From: The autoimmune tautology
Preponderance of females.
Similar pathophysiology.
Systemic autoimmune diseases have similar signs and symptoms.
Severity is inversely related to the age of onset.
Similar environmental agents (that is, tobacco, Epstein-Barr virus, and so on) may influence autoimmune diseases.
Ancestry might influence the clinical presentation.
Common genetic factors (for example, HLA-DRB1, STAT4, IRF5, PTPN22, CD226, FCGR3B, CD44, and TAGAP).
Polyautoimunity (that is, autoimmune diseases may co-occur within patients).
Aggregation. Familial autoimmunity (that is, diverse autoimmune diseases on multiple members of a nuclear family) seems to be more frequent than familial autoimmune disease (that is, one specific autoimmune disease in various members of a nuclear family).
The same pharmacological agent (biologic and non-biologic) may be useful in treating diverse autoimmune diseases.
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Difference Between Sell and Donate (With Table)
Sell and donate are both an act of handing good or services to someone that benefits the receiver. The only main difference which creates a fine line between the two is the involvement of money. Sell is an act of gaining personal profit from giving, and donate is completely done out of kindness for the betterment of society.
Sell vs Donate
There’s a very basic difference between the sell and donate. Sell means to exchange goods for money, whereas donate refers to contributing to society for a better cause or gifting any individual who needs it. Both are an act of giving something to others, but one includes some benefit in return for it, and the other is a selfless act for the betterment of society.
Sell is a transactional act where the seller gets money in return for any item, goods, or service that the seller provides. Selling is also referred to as an act of persuasion as the seller convinces the buyer to purchase its good or service after some terms of negotiation leading to an agreement upon which the good or service is exchanged.
Donate is a selfless act of contributing goods, money, or services for charity, animal welfare, humanitarian aid, or for any better cause. Donation benefits the receiver, not the giver. It’s an act of kindness that the giver does out of selfless intentions. The main objective of donating is to help the needful so that it adds to the welfare of society.
Comparison Table Between Sell and Donate
Parameters of ComparisonSellDonate
DefinitionIt is when a product or service in exchange for money.It when a product or service is contributed for a social cause.
MoneyMoney is received for every sale.Money is not involved.
Transfer of GoodsIt is a barter system, where goods are exchanged for money.No such batter system.
MotiveThe main motive is to earn money and profit.The main motive is the welfare of society.
Type of ContractIt is a Contract of Sale.It is a Unilateral Contract.
What is Sell?
Sell, as stated above, is exchanging or handing something that holds value to other people who are willing to buy it. Although selling is considered as an act of persuasion, not all the selling processes are an act of persuasion as the buyer buying essential goods for daily usage cannot be categorized as the persuasion of the seller, whereas buying a luxurious or any costly article can be as it requires some convincing.
Selling requires many skills and some special traits to turn into a successful sell such as-
1. Building a good relationship with the customers will lead to selling the product successfully. Not only a good relationship but a long-term healthy relationship with the customers for the customer to come and buy your product again.
2. A patient and good listener achieve better than the one who speaks much, and therefore to sell, the seller should listen carefully to the needs and choices of the customer.
3. Other traits include dedication and motivation for never giving up on a customer and not take no as an answer and promotion of the product for future references.
What is Donate?
Donate is done as an act of kindness for the community or society to make harmony among all categories and to help all the needy groups. While donating, no personal profit or benefit is included. The donator does it with the motive of helping society for a better cause.
The donation can be through many ways like through cash, lands for usage, supplying goods such as food, clothes, and daily essentials, donating organs after or blood for the medical use for those who need it.
The sole purpose is to help others and help make society a better place for every living entity. As the famous quote says that “what goes around comes around” if we help someone who is in actual need, we will surely get the return from it someday in some or another way, and that is the main motto behind the whole donation concept.
Donate is completely a unilateral contract as the donator gets no personal benefits out of it, but the receiver, which can be an individual or any organization, benefits from the things given in donation. The essence of donation is to give in for the better cause and welfare of society.
Main Differences Between Sell and Donate
1. Sell is when a good or product in exchange for money or other prices, whereas donating is when a product or service is given as a gift for social service.
2. In Sell, money is received in exchange for the good and services, whereas in the case of donating, no such money or anything is received in return.
3. In selling, goods are transferred from one person in exchange, such as in a barter system, but there is no barter system in donating.
4. When you sell something, the main motive behind it is earning a profit, and in Donate, the main motive is social welfare and good deed.
5. Sell comes under the contract of sale, and donate comes under the Unilateral Contract.
The bottom line is that sell is purely based on the exchange of profit, the seller gets capital, and the buyer gets its needs fulfilled through the product or service, whereas in donation, the giver doesn’t get any personal profit out of it. Both of them profits the receiver. It’s just that in donation, the profit is one way. The involvement of money and the motive behind each of the activities is what creates a noticeable difference between the sell and donate.
It is a very minor field that makes sells and donates two completely different things. The intentions behind both define and set the field on whose basis the two acts are profoundly separated.
1. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mar.20255
2. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00008.x
2D vs 3D
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In this article we will learn how to check if an Excel file is linked to any other External workbook or references.
1. Lets us start by doing a find by clicking ctrl + F.
2. Type .xl in the find box.
3. In the Within box, click Workbook.
4. In the Look in box, click Formulas.
5. Click Find All.
find all xl
If there are any external links it will show up like above.
From the location you can go into the respective cells to remove the links. Sometimes the links are in the formulas used in those cells.
Another way to do is by using [ bracket instead of the .xl in the find as follows:
1. Use Ctrl+F to display the Find dialog (Figure 1).
2. Type a [ in the Find what box.
3. Click the Options<< button to expand the dialog.
4. Make sure the Look in dropdown says Formulas.
5. Click Find All. It can give the results as follows:
find and replace bracket
Another way is to click the edit links in the Data tab as shown below:
edit links
Then you can click the break links button to break the links to the external sources.
break link
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Fernand Braudel promoted the term Geohistory in reference to the long-term evolution of space and territories (Braudel, 1949). In the Anglo-American world, this term is close to the former one used by French geographic school of “Historical Geography” However, the definitions of these terms fluctuate significantly from one author to another and from one country to another (Chouquer & Watteaux, 2013). Briefly, historical geography analyzes the prior geographical situations in the light of geographical methods while geohistory is more interested in the historical building processes and causes of spatial and territorial patterns. Geohistory deals with a “diachronic history of societies through their space” while most classical historical geographies approach earlier times as” a synchronic study of past situations without considering space as a key explanatory factor” (Chouquer & Watteaux, 2013). Since their emergence in the second half of the 20th c., these terms were widely disseminated in the disciplinary fields of both geography and history. If the terms geohistory or geo-history are of recent creation, the realities that they cover are at least partially much older and match with the former approaches of historical geography. In the French academic context, disciplinary frontiers and their reconfigurations since the 1950s have led to a long eclipse of historical geography (Grataloup, 2015).
A renewal of interest in geohistorical approaches is perceived in the last decade by increasing publishing activity in France, Europe and worldwide. All these studies attest to the diversity of both objects and methods. Several research fields can be itemized: metageography, historical geography, geographical history, new geo-history and geohistory (Capdepuy & Djament-Tran, 2012). Within these different approaches, studies dealing with aspects of environment and landscape have reached high visibility. In this context, the objective of this conference is to highlight how geohistory can support environment and landscapes studies. It is pertinent to question the contribution of geohistorical approaches to the emergence of a holistic science of the environment and landscape, much wider than a disciplinary or bi-disciplinary framework that has traditionally been at the base of its incorporation in natural and social studies. Is the revival of geohistory a consequence of the necessity to understand Anthropocene within the “longue durée”? More pragmatically, is it an effort to promote hybrid objects in order to facilitate cross-discipline approaches? Or, is geohistory only a pretext to talk about “longue durée” as an emergent field for future research?
Geohistory approaches complement the numeorus disciplines involved in dealing with space and its dynamics over time, ie. historical geography, historical ecology, geoarchaeology, landscape archaeology, archaeogeography, palaeoecology, ecohistory, etc… (Chouquer, 2008). The added value of deep historical background to the understanding of trajectories of change in geographical eco-socio systems is claimed by several disciplines. In geographical approaches, consideration of the specific role of time and duration in the environment and landscapes researches is not a new question (Bertrand, 1972; Barrué-Pastor & Bertrand, 2000 ; Beck, Luginbühl & Muxart, 2006). Time is considered as a key factor explaining present day biodiversity or landscape diversity and to understand future evolution and management options.
These approaches allow for the appreciation of recent or current changes in light of former states while taking into account the modalities and processes of transition. They provide the possibility to quantify changes that occurred during “the great acceleration” (Steffen et al., 2004) but also more recently seen in landscape change since the 1950s to current times, i.e.; parceling, aquatic and river “Anthropocene syndrome” (Meybeck, 2003), changes in forest cover, etc.
In this context, can we envisage geohistory as a holistic concept that allows us to bring under the same umbrella all scientific perspectives dealing with time in the fields of environment and landscape?
This colloquium organized by GEODE Laboratory (UMR 5602 CNRS) at the University of Toulouse aims to take stock of the varied work using a geo-historical perspective. Particular attention will be paid during this conference to the multiple time and space scales that characterize geo historical approaches of environment and landscape. The organizers wish to promote both theoretical and case studies in Europe and worldwide, as well as comparative studies and feedback analysis.
Themes addressed and issues
Issue 1: Geohistory: Field and concepts for environment and landscape approaches
While the geohistorical approaches of environment and landscape are experiencing renewed interest, their specificity regarding classical historical geography remains an undiscussed question. Conceptual backgrounds for such studies and epistemological approaches remain scarce. However, environment and landscape geohistory have borrowed concepts that need to be clarified i.e., iInheritance, trajectory of change, resilience, co-evolution of social and natural systems, regressive analysis, retrospective studies, etc.
Furthermore, the timing and limits of geohistorical research needs to be better understood. What are the limiting factors for chronological or temporal geohistories of the environment and landscapes?
Issue 2: New tools, new data, new practices?
In geohistorical approaches, it is possible to define “conventional” sources and more unconventional and innovative sources. The first are textual and iconographic sources. They are of common use in most geohistorical works : texts, ancient large and small scale maps, terrestrial photograph, aerial photographs, etc… The use of living sources and living memory is more rare, although historians have used this kind of sources for decades. Private archives, collected by local citizens, are relatively neglected. What of the possibility to use audio or video data to build new data sets?
Issue 3: Geohistory as a tool for cultural heritage construction service
Issue 4: The role of geohistorical understanding in environment and landscape policy?
This conference is intentionally open to environmental and landscape managers and planners and to connected operational research and projects. So far, management policy has not been overly concerned by temporal dimensions, while the “longue durée” is rarely take into account as a component of sustainable management policy. In general, one can argue that the temporal dimensions involved in management policy rarely surpass the last 10 to 30 years. Why and how is it possible to promote the integration of the “longue durée” into public environmental management policy? How might geohistorical approaches contribute to the understanding of “reference states” in ecological debate? Are “reference states” even compatible with geohistorical approaches? Is it possible to promote sustainable management policy based on future management targets without geohistorical knowledge? Conference conveners will be highly attentive to proposals dealing with this topic both from theoretical points of view and experiential feedback.
Issue 5: Case studies: geohistory and natural hazards; geohistory of wetlands; geohistory of urban environments; geohistory of forests, mountains and rivers; new territories and issues in geohistory.
Geohistorical approaches to the environment and landscape have traditionally been rooted in a particular set of objects and themes: natural hazards, rivers, cities, forests… During this symposium, particular focus will be placed on the contribution of geohistory to natural hazards (floods, snow avalanche, landslide…) but also on vulnerability construction process. Geohistory of rivers could be concerned with past hydrological processes (palaeohydrology) or with river morphology evolution (especially in urban and peri-urban areas). More generally, the contributions of geohistory to the understanding of landscape and environment in urban context are especially welcome. Particular attention will be given to the city-river relationship. Contributions on other themes such as geohistory of forests, coastlines and mountains are also solicited.
Finally, conference conveners wish to highlight the territories where geohistorical approaches are a new and emerging field: Central and Eastern Europe, South America…
How to apply ? :
Oral and poster presentations are possible. Please send the abstract of your proposal (in French, English or Spanish) to the conference conveners at: (philippe.valette@univ-tlse2.fr) as well as (jean-michel.carozza@univ-lr.fr, melodie.david@etu.univ-tlse2.fr, colloque_geohistoire@univ-tlse2.fr).
Abstract submission: 31 March 2016.
Scientific committee decision: 30 June 2016.
The publishing policies of the conference are as follows: the best papers on each issue will be featured in a dedicated volume in a scientific revue to be determined (currently in negotiation); other texts will be featured in an electronic conference proceedings publication.
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Channel width
From CEOpedia | Management online
Channel width
See also
Channel width term means the number of intermediaries, entities and institutions located in all levels of the distribution channel between manufacturer and purchaser available for providing the same distribution function at different stages in the distribution channel[1].
Distribution channel characteristics
There are at least three necessary market decisions around the channel to be made. A marketer needs to decide on the[2]:
• number of the channels
• their width
• their length
The difference between channel width and channel length
While the channel length depends on the number of times a product changes its place among intermediaries before it reaches the final product, the channel width is concerned with the number of intermediaries at the particular step of the distribution channel. The channel is considered to be long when its producer is required to move the product through several intermediaries. The channel is perceived as short when the product is moved between middlemen once or twice. The channel where the manufacturer sells the products directly to the final customers is called a direct channel. Channel width can be explained as a function of the number of all wholesalers and the various means that are used. It is also a function of the number of all wholesellers and their kind[3].
Factors affecting channel width
Fig. 1 Channel width factors (source: Lewison D. M., (1996))
Channel width depends on the intensity strategy implemented by a company. As a result of this decision marketing channels can be divided into narrow ones, with a small number of agents or wide channels in which the products and services are offered by the biggest possible number of intermediaries at each level. The channel width dependents on many factors such as characteristics of products for instance its lifecycle stage, uniqueness and price or customers' behavior and loyalty to the brand[4].
In other words, the decisions regarding the width of the channel are based on the market coverage intensity that the architect of the channel deems necessary to gain the desired exposure and availability. Channel designers plan market coverage density ranging from very intensive distribution through rather selective distribution to even exclusive distributive network[5].
1. Reid R. D., Bojanic D. C, (2009), page 319
2. Onkvisit S., Shaw J. J. (2004), page 363
3. Dunne P., Lusch R., (2007), page 147
4. Pękała W., Szopa P., (2012), page 145
5. Keillor B. D., (2007), page 23
Author: Aleksandra Puchała
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How do you convert acetone to secondary alcohol?
How do you turn a primary alcohol into a secondary alcohol?
Primary alcohol to secondary alcohol – definition
1. Primary alcohol under dehydration converts into alkene.
2. Alkene on Markovnive’s addition with HBr gives alkyl halide.
3. This alkyl halide with nucleophilic addition of NaOH gives secondary alcohol.
4. CH3CH2CH2OH+dehydration→CH2=CH2+H2O.
5. CH3−CH=CH2+HBr→CH3CHBrCH3.
What happens when acetone is added to ethanol?
Answer. Answer: But when acetone is added to the ethanol, molecules of acetone get in between the molecules of ethanol and break some of the hydrogen bond, which weaken the intermolecular attractive forces resulting in increase in vapour pressure of mixture than ethanol in pure state.
Which of the following is a secondary alcohol?
– The compound 2-pentanol is a secondary alcohol.
Which is a secondary alcohol?
What can you not mix with acetone?
Acetone is commonly found in nail polish remover and in certain paint or varnish removers. Ammonia and bleach: This combination is dangerous, producing vapors that can cause severe damage to your respiratory system.
INFORMATIVE: Your question: Why do I keep smelling nicotine?
Is acetone same as alcohol?
Acetone VS Denatured Alcohol
What percentage of alcohol is in acetone?
It is prepared from a special denatured alcohol solution and contains approximately 70 percent by volume of pure, concentrated ethanol (ethyl alcohol) or isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol). Isopropyl alcohol is oxidized by the liver into acetone as a by product.
Which of the following is a secondary allylic alcohol?
Answer. But-3-en-2-ol is a secondary allylic alcohol. Secondary allylic alcohols are the allylic alcohols in which the carbon atom is linked with the double bond as well as to another carbon and also one hydrogen.
Which of the following is a secondary alcohol cyclohexanol?
In cyclohexanol, the hydroxyl −OH group is attached to one of the carbon atoms of the cyclohexane. Thus, the carbon atom bearing a hydroxyl group is secondary carbon. Thus, cyclohexanol is a secondary alcohol. So, the correct answer is “Option B”.
Is cyclohexanol a secondary alcohol?
Cyclohexanol is an alcohol that consists of cyclohexane bearing a single hydroxy substituent. … It is a secondary alcohol and a member of cyclohexanols.
What is the formula of secondary alcohol?
A secondary (2°) alcohol is one in which the carbon atom (in red) with the OH group is attached to two other carbon atoms (in blue). Its general formula is R2CHOH.
How do you determine a secondary alcohol?
If the hydroxyl carbon only has a single R group, it is known as primary alcohol. If it has two R groups, it is a secondary alcohol, and if it has three R groups, it is a tertiary alcohol. Like many other organic compounds, alcohols can also be aromatic by containing a benzene ring.
INFORMATIVE: How do I not drink alcohol at uni?
Is 1 butanol a secondary alcohol?
Isopropyl alcohol is a secondary (2º) alcohol, and is easily oxidized by mild oxidizing agents. 1-Butanol, or butyl alcohol, is a four-carbon chain, with the OH group on an end carbon. It is used as a solvent and a paint thinner, and has some potential use as a biofuel.
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Homestead Agreement
Since a „Homestead“ property is considered a person`s primary residence, no exemptions can be invoked for other condominiums, including apartment buildings. When a surviving spouse moves his or her principal residence, he or she must re-apply for the exemption. A new interest in Homesteading was introduced by the program of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s under the New Deal. The incentive to move and settle in the West territory was open to all U.S. citizens or intentional citizens and resulted in 4 million claims on farms, while 1.6 million acts were actually officially obtained in 30 states. Montana, followed by North Dakota, Colorado and Nebraska, was the most successful. The Indians were forced from their lands and reserves to make way for the owners. By 1800, the minimum was halved to 320 hectares, and settlers were allowed to pay in four installments, but prices remained set at $1.25 per hectare until 1854. This year, federal legislation was enacted, which established a graduated scale that adapts the price of land to the opportunity of the lot. For example, lots that have been on the market for 30 years have been reduced to 12 and a half cents per hectare. Soon after, exceptional bonuses to veterans and those interested in establishing Oregon territory were extended, making homesteading a viable option for some.
But in essence, the national land use policy has made land ownership financially inaccessible to most potential landowners. Since in the early 1900s much of the largest deep flood site was along the rivers, the Enlarged Homestead Act was passed in 1909. To allow dry agriculture, it increased the number of hectares destined for a farm to 130 hectares, which were given to farmers accepting more marginal areas (especially in the Great Plains) that could not be irrigated easily. [18] Recognizing the assumption that the Sandhills (Nebraska) of northern central Nebraska required more than 160 hectares for an applicant to help a family, Congress passed the Kinkaid Act, which granted up to 640 hectares of farms for Nebraska farms. The Federal Agricultural Policy and Management Act of 1976 put an end to the accumulation of homes; [25] [26] At that time, the federal government`s policy had shifted towards preserving control of Western public lands. The only exception to this new policy was Alaska, for which the law allowed homesteading until 1986. [25] A family posed with their car in the Wolf Valley, Nebraska, on their way to their new farm, circa 1886. Any U.S.
citizen or intentional citizen who had never carried arms against the U.S. government could apply for 160 hectares of measured government land. For the next five years, the Landesamt sought the goodwill of the farms. This meant that the farm was their main residence and that they were making improvements to the countryside. After 5 years, the resident was able to file his patent (or title deeds) by submitting a proof of residence and the necessary improvements to a local regional office. The Homestead Act was signed on May 20, 1862 by President Abraham Lincoln and promoted Western migration by making 160 hectares of public land available to the people of Densiedl. In return, the farms paid a low registration fee and had to live five years of continuous stay before obtaining ownership of the land. After six months of stay, the owners also had the opportunity to buy the land from the government for $1.25 per hectare. The Homestead Act led until 1900 to the distribution of 80 million hectares of public land.
By 1934, more than 1.6 million farms had been processed and more than 270 million hectares – 10 per cent of all U.S. countries – had passed into the hands of individuals. The passage of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 repealed the Homestead Act in the 48 bordering states, but granted a 10-year extension of rights in Alaska.
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Spanish Learning+Teaching Resources, Vocabulary, Pronunciation, Grammar Glossary, Culture, Course Lessons Spanish Learning+Teaching Resources, Vocabulary, Pronunciation, Grammar Glossary, Culture, Course Lessons
Summary is an excellent resources for beginner to intermediate Spanish learners as well as teachers of those levels. In fact, there is so much content there that listing it here would take too much time! Instead, this article will highlight some of the things you can find on the site, and leave the rest for you to find on the site.
Of special note are the start learning section, continue learning section, culture section, teacher resources, tips for learning, grammar section, travel section, vocabulary section, pronuniation and language schools.
There is a lot more there, and it's all accessible for free. :)
From Website
Spanish is a natural choice for a second language in part because of the numbers: With 400 million native speakers, it's the fourth most common language in the world. But the numbers tell only part of the story.
Who's learning Spanish these days? For starters, residents of the United States, a bunch not known for conquering monoligualism, are studying Spanish in record numbers. Spanish, too, is becoming of greater importance in Europe, where it often the foreign language of choice after English. And it's no wonder that Spanish is a popular second or third language: with some 400 million speakers, it's the fourth most commonly spoken language in the world (after English, Chinese and Hindustani), and according to some counts it has more native speakers than English does. It is an official language on four continents and is of historical importance elsewhere.'
Better understanding of English: Much of the vocabulary of English has Latin origins, much of which came to English by way of French. Since Spanish is also a Latin language, you will find as you study Spanish that you have a better understanding of your native vocabulary. Similarly, both Spanish and English share Indo-European roots, so their grammars are similar. There is perhaps no more effective way to learn English grammar than by studying the grammar of another language, for the study forces you to think about how your language is structured. It's not unusual, for example, to gain an understanding of English verbs' tenses and moods by learning how those verbs are used in Spanish.
Employment opportunities: If you're in the United States and work in one of the helping professions including medicine and education, you'll find your opportunities expand by knowing Spanish. And wherever you live, if you're in any occupation that involves international trade, communications or tourism, you'll similarly find opportunities to use your new language skills.
It's fun: Whether you enjoy talking, reading, or mastering challenges, you'll find all of them in learning Spanish. For many people, there's something inherently enjoyable about successfully speaking in another tongue. Perhaps that's one reason children sometimes speak in Pig Latin or device secret codes of their own. Although learning a language can be work, the efforts pay off quickly when you finally get to use your skills.
For many people, Spanish offers the most rewards with the least effort of any foreign language. It's never too late to begin learning.
Spanish is one of the most-used languages in the world, and it's one that is relatively easy for English speakers to master. Whether you are studying Spanish at school, learning the language on your own or just wanting to pick enough Spanish to make your travels more enjoyable, this collection of lessons and articles is designed to help you gain a fuller understanding of the language.
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This week at Macca, stunning photos, a trip to North Head and ranger aerobics!
North Head
Finally, after several weeks of being home bound on station due to an injury, Patty set out for a stroll up to North Head. With Dave as her anchor, they climbed their way up the crest of the hill and on to the North Head plateau.The wind was up and it was a little bit moist but it felt good and the views were inspiring.
We visited and payed our respects at the memorial of John Windsor, Macquarie Island MET expeditioner who died on the 5th of January 1995.
Moving on up the track, we could see the remains of the first radio mast on North Head, now a stump! The mast was rigged and wenched up top on a flying fox in 1911 by Sir Douglas Mawson and his team.
Standing at the end of the walking track, we looked out to the four directions :Africa to our west, Tassie and Australia to the north, New Zealand and South America to our east and the Antarctic continent to our south.
We stopped for a snack at the radio shack and then made our way back down for a nice hot cuppa.
Photo opportunity #1
The Aurora Australis is not only the name of the ship that transported us here. It is also the name of the natural light display that is sometimes seen in the night sky. Auroras occur mostly in the polar regions and is visible almost every night at, or near, the Antarctic and Arctic Circles (66.5ºS and 66.5ºN).
The activity that creates an aurora starts at the sun. The super hot gases of the sun are made up of electrically charged particles called ions. The ions continuously stream from the sun as the solar wind. Most of the solar wind bypasses the Earth, deflected by the Earth’s magnetic field. Without this magnetic field the solar wind would blow away the fragile atmosphere, preventing life.
Some of the ions do however become trapped in a ring-shaped holding area around the planet, a region of the atmosphere called the ionosphere. In the ionosphere, the ions collide with gas atoms and the energy released causes a colourful, glowing light — an aurora.
The colour of the aurora is dependent on the gas. Oxygen emissions are green or brownish red depending on the amount of energy absorbed. Nitrogen emmisions give a blue or red; blue if the atom regains an electron after being ionized.
Auroras occur often at Macquarie Island, but as there are on average annually 315 days of rain, there is limited opportunities to witness them. We are always on the lookout when the sky clears.
The strength of an aurora has been found to be related to sunspot activity and a stronger solar wind. Last week we had a clear sky and a fairly strong aurora.
Barend (Barry) Becker
Decking on the Doctors Track or ‘ranger step aerobics'
Ranger Chris put a message on the general notice board: ‘Volunteers needed, Ranger aerobics’ which a few punters were curious enough to check out. What failed to be mentioned was the amount of wood required and the 180 steps involved.
Doctors track is the most direct route from station to the overland track on the plateau and is therefore well used. Located at the northwest tip of the plateau, it leads from Razorback lookout up to the intersection of Island Lake track, Overland track and Gadget Gully. Parts of the track were in need of some TLC.
With cage pallets of pre-cut timber placed at the bottom of the lookout steps, the aerobics session began. It consisted of loading up a comfortable amount of wood and carrying this up 180 steps to the start of Doctors track. Everything started fine, but as time wore on every one of those steps began to be felt. Luckily there were a number of willing hands, so over the course of a few days all the wood was manhandled up the stairs. Granted, there were a few stiff shoulders and backs the following days.
Work on the track has been steadily progressing and looks great. It will be much appreciated by all, especially those returning from far down south as this is the last hurdle before reaching station and often traversed on tired legs. Many thanks to Chris for getting these much needed repairs done but there might a few more cautious volunteers next time ‘ranger aerobics’ are on offer!
Aaron Tyndall
Photo opportunity #2
We at Macca are located in the furious fifties latitude belt. This results in some amazing weather systems passing through.
Last Saturday The doctor (Clive) and I went for a walk along the west coast of the isthmus towards Handspike Point. When we left station it was a bright sunny day with a gentle breeze, though the forecast suggested ‘a few showers, possibly falling as snow'.
As we walked, we noted dark skies laden with precipitation out to the west. A little while later we stopped to check a group of young elephant seals to see if we could spot if any had been tagged.
On gazing back towards the station, we discovered that the showers and cloud that was out to the west half an hour ago had fully developed into a spectacular cumulonimbus cloud (thunderstorm) and was heading northeast behind North Head. Another great photo opportunity.
Over the next half hour, as we neared Handspike Point and on the return journey towards VJM, I took many photos of the changing cumulonimbus cloud.
Another storm that we saw to the southwest quickly reached us, resulting in the wind increasing, fortunately at our back. We were also caught up in hail and snow showers.
The sun set just before arriving back on station, producing pink and red tinges to more storm clouds approaching from the southwest.
Barend (Barry) Becker
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Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major healthcare problem, with approximately 200 weekly cases in the Netherlands. Its critical, time-dependent nature makes it a unique medical situation, of which outcomes strongly rely on infrastructural factors and on-scene care by emergency medical services (EMS). Survival to hospital discharge is poor, although it has substantially improved, to roughly 25% over the last years. Recognised key factors, such as bystander resuscitation and automated external defibrillator use at the scene, have been markedly optimised with the introduction of technological innovations. In an era with ubiquitous smartphone use, the Dutch digital text message alert platform HartslagNu increasingly contributes to timely care for OHCA victims. Optimisation of available prehospital technologies is crucial to further improve OHCA outcomes, with particular focus on more available trained volunteers in the first phase and additional research on advanced EMS care in the second phase.
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When I was in seminary, one of my professors used to say that he could only keep track of when each Marian dogma was defined by recalling that it was in the 1950s that the first unmanned space flights were launched. “That helps me remember that the Assumption of Mary was dogmatically defined in 1950,” he said, “because I picture her being launched into space like a rocket.”
It is easy to ridicule the Marian dogmas, particularly from within Anglicanism, where less is more, and we only have to believe what the Bible says and the creeds confirm. The teaching of Mary’s bodily assumption into heaven is not antithetical to Scripture, but it also cannot be proven from it. There are passages like Psalm 131:8, Psalm 44:10-14, and Revelation 12 that can be interpreted to point towards Mary’s Assumption, but they can hardly be called irrefutable evidence. The fact is, Mary’s Assumption is not discernible from Scripture alone, and, for that reason, it has long seemed silly to some people that we should be compelled to believe in it as an article of faith.
While some Christians object to any sort of veneration of Mary out of fear that it will obscure the proper devotion due to her Son, a lot of people today write off things like the Assumption because they simply do not see the point of it. Why go in for this extra-biblical story? What does it get us that believing in Christ alone does not win for us already? Why does there need to be a Feast of the Assumption and not simply a Feast of Saint Mary the Virgin, as the 1979 Book of Common Prayer renames it?
A lot of people find Marian piety to be hokey, sentimental, and overly spiritualized, yet what is most fascinating to me about both of the Marian dogmas (the Assumption, and the Immaculate Conception) is just how very earthy and fleshly they are. Both dogmas are concerned with Mary’s body and what happens to it, and the Assumption is particularly concerned with how the flesh of Mary has been sanctified by the flesh of Christ. Because the incarnate Son of God was born from her womb, Mary’s whole being, including her body, was made holy. Therefore, her body could not be left to decay the way other bodies do. It was the biological bond between Jesus and his mother that cleared the way for her Assumption.
In his apostolic constitution Munificentissimus Deus that defined the dogma, Pope Pius XII quotes a number of the saints to make this point, including Saint Alphonsus who said:
One of the great blessings of Catholic Christianity is that it affirms both the earthiness and the enchantment of the world we live in. There is no shying away from the stark realities of our physicality. People bleed in this world. The Son of Man sweats. Worshippers bow and gesture. The saints pluck their beards and nurse their babies.
Yet the world is also full of magic that we can only just barely grasp. Light and darkness are tangible realities. Beauty transcends its own apprehension and points to something far greater beyond itself. Holy water applied to the forehead transforms you. An hour in front of a consecrated host can change your life.
Our bodies are not like Mary’s. When we die, they will be left to rot. Yet the promise of the Assumption, much like the Resurrection, is that what God has touched cannot be destroyed. We feel the effects of sin in our bodies as we grow older, as we become sick and our aches and pains multiply. We feel the strain of our limitations, yet we know that there is more to the story than that. Our bodies are magic. Sin is a diabolical lie that has been pulled tight over the surface of our limbs, but when Jesus touches it, the lie will break apart and we will find our bodies transformed into glorious icons of Christ.
Why is it good to believe that Mary was assumed? It is good because it points to the goodness of our bodies, as well as our souls, if we have Christ within us.
It is good because it means that when God took on human flesh, it was not just an act. It had real consequences. It changed the very being of Mary to carry Jesus in her womb, just as it changes our very being whenever we receive his Body and Blood on our tongues.
The teaching of the Assumption is good because it shows us the goodness of Jesus himself, as well as the long hidden goodness of the world God spoke into being through him, the world that he came to redeem and recover.
The featured image of the high altar of Chartres Cathedral was taken by Zachary Guiliano in 2013.
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In Stiglitz’s view, postwar trade regimes—GATT, WTO, NAFTA—have been heavily weighted in favor of the rich countries—by which he means primarily the United States, Europe, and Japan. These countries have used their greater knowledge and economic power to out-bargain poor countries. The rich countries have forced liberalization of trade—first in industrial goods, then in skilled services—on poor countries, while retaining their own agricultural subsidies, and non-tariff barriers (in the form of environmental standards) that punish poor-country exporters. There is no lack of evidence for these claims.
Stiglitz proposes a new principle for international trade agreements: reciprocity among equals, but differentiation between countries in different stages of development. Rich countries, he argues, should open up their markets to poor ones without demanding reciprocal access to poor countries and without imposing their own labor or environmental standards on those countries. Poor countries should be allowed to keep tariffs. Rich countries, whether in Europe or North America, should phase out agricultural subsidies. They should encourage the immigration of unskilled labor. They should refrain from making bilateral trade agreements, which allow special interests to operate in the dark. True enough, he concedes, all this might lead to job losses in rich countries, but these should be compensated by “better adjustment assistance, stronger safety nets, and better macro-economic management” as well as “more investment in technology and education.” In view of the political obstacles to such a compensatory program, this is a remarkably cavalier treatment of the biggest worry facing rich-country workers, to which I shall return.
Stiglitz vigorously attacks TRIPs—“trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights.” TRIPs, he argues, have “imposed on the entire world the dominant intellectual property regime in the United States and Europe, as it is today.” New drugs could save millions of lives in poor countries, but they are unaffordable because they are protected by patents that allow the drug companies to charge monopoly prices for a period of twenty years or more. By including patent protection in the World Trade Organization, he writes, American and European negotiators signed a “death warrant for thousands of people in the poorest countries of the world.” Pharmaceutical companies should be forced to sell life-preserving drugs to poor countries at near cost—or face compulsory licensing of generic drugs that can be produced by, and traded between, developing countries. Stiglitz also wants to give poor countries reverse protection against what he calls drug companies’ “bio-piracy”—exploitation of the traditional plant-based medicines of poor countries without paying for them.
Stiglitz claims that rich countries also rob the poor of their natural resources. Resource exploitation is the quickest way for a country to grow, provided the resources aren’t stolen. However, natural resources are exhaustible, so unless an economy expands beyond its natural resource base, its capital runs down even as its income grows. Governments can mitigate this outcome by various technical devices such as the establishment of “sovereign wealth funds” that “save” part of the resources for future generations. But such remedies, Stiglitz argues, are made more difficult because multinational companies combine with corrupt domestic dictators to rob the populations of resource-rich countries of the wealth that could be theirs.
The cluster of remedies Stiglitz proposes—many of them familiar—are designed to ensure that poor countries with abundant natural resources get “full value” for the resources extracted. He advocates, among other reforms, “green” accounting methods that allow for depletion and environmental “externalities” (such as pollution of the air and water), full disclosure of royalty payments, and certification of origin to prevent trade in resources like diamonds from Sierra Leone from being used to finance violent domestic conflicts. Foreign aid to poor countries should be reduced by the amount of the internal “theft” of resources by governments or foreign corporations. These measures recognize the importance of changing the incentives of home governments in their dealings with multinational corporations. Stiglitz ignores, however, the problem of the incentives faced by such governments in dealing with their own populations. What method of choosing rulers minimizes the tendency to corruption?
Stiglitz’s preferred mechanism for slowing down CO2 emissions is a carbon tax. All countries should impose a tax on carbon emissions at rates reflecting the emissions they generate. The tax would be set high enough to yield the reductions envisaged by the Kyoto agreement of 1997, without having to set national targets. This is sensible enough, given the premise that climate change is mainly the result of CO2 emissions.
The chapter on debt is the best in the book. Stiglitz writes:
Developing countries borrow too much—or are lent too much—and in ways which force them to bear most or all of the risk of subsequent increases in interest rates, fluctuations in the exchange rate, or decreases in income.
As a result developing countries are often burdened with debt they can’t service. Stiglitz’s solution is in two parts: these countries “should borrow less—much less—than they have in the past”; and the world has to agree on an “orderly way of restructuring and reducing debt.”
Stiglitz’s approach to debt reform has become mainstream wisdom, though action lags some way behind. There is widespread agreement that assistance to poor countries should mainly be in the form of grants, not loans, since loans are unlikely to be repaid; that highly indebted poor countries should borrow very conservatively in their own currencies; that taxes and restrictions may need to be placed on the short-term capital flows by which foreign investors seek quick returns and may equally quickly pull out their money. As of July 2005, twenty-eight highly indebted poor countries had been given $56 billion in debt relief. At Gleneagles in June 2005, the G8 agreed to offer 100 percent relief for the poorest eighteen countries, fourteen in Africa.
There is increasing agreement that countries should not be made to repay “odious debt”—debt incurred by previously corrupt or repressive rulers which generally went straight into their bank accounts—and growing support for debt restructuring by means of a “super Chapter 11,” or international bankruptcy code. What rightly gives conservatives pause is the new international bureaucracies required to administer these rules. Stiglitz proposes the establishment of an “International Credit Court” to decide how much “odious debt” countries need to repay as well as an International Bankruptcy Agency to restructure sovereign debt. For someone so alert to the possibility that producers will capture governmental institutions, Stiglitz is surprisingly optimistic about the potential of these bodies to right the wrongs he describes.
Stiglitz next turns to the global monetary system. Here the big problem has been accumulation of foreign exchange reserves—mainly dollars—by developing countries. Between 2001 and 2005, Japan, China, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines doubled their total reserves from $1 trillion to $2.3 trillion, with China as the superstar. China’s per capita income is less than $1,500 a year, of which the equivalent of $799 is held in reserves. For developing countries as a whole, foreign exchange reserves rose from 6–8 percent of GDP during the 1970s and 1980s to 30 percent of GDP by 2004. By the end of 2006, developing country reserves were expected to reach $3.35 trillion.
Developing countries hold such high reserves of foreign exchange to insure themselves against destabilizing runs on their domestic currencies and to avoid the intrusive IMF supervision that befell the countries caught in the East Asian crisis of 1997–1998. East Asian countries also keep their own currencies undervalued to promote their countries’ exports. Countries use their reserves to buy American Treasury bills. This enables the US to consume more than it produces, to the tune of nearly 7 percent of its GDP.
However, accumulation of reserves earns less interest income for central banks than alternative uses of such funds, and exposes them to large capital losses should the reserve currency depreciate against the home currency—as has been the case with the US dollar. Stiglitz rightly emphasizes the staggering “opportunity costs”—the alternative opportunities foregone—to developing countries of maintaining such high reserves. US Treasury bills earn only 1–2 percent as against the 10–15 percent that could be earned in high-return domestic projects.
To overcome these flaws, Stiglitz reworks a proposal put forward in the 1960s for the IMF to issue a new international reserve currency called “special drawing rights” (SDR), which he calls “global greenbacks.” The creation of a special reserve currency, he argues, would make it less necessary for countries to accumulate dollar reserves, and “would do more to make globalization work than any other [initiative].” It is not obvious why this should be so. It may help the heavily indebted sub-Saharan African countries—though at the risk of making them SDR addicts—but it would do nothing to prevent excessive reserve accumulation by countries like China, Japan, and Russia.
Although Stiglitz also mentions with approval John Maynard Keynes’s 1941 proposal to penalize excessive reserve accumulation, he does not follow it up. Keynes’s proposed Clearing Bank would have required countries whose trading accounts were persistently in surplus to revalue their currencies as well as to pay interest on their “excess” deposits. The object of these measures was to give incentives to creditor countries to spend their surpluses, not hoard them.3 This suggestion, which was never adopted, cuts more directly at the root of excessive reserve accumulation than simply expanding the volume of “global greenbacks.”
The book concludes with hints of new solutions. Stiglitz wants to “minimize the damage” corporations do to society and “maximize their net contribution,” and to this end he proposes five measures: strengthen corporate social responsibility, prevent monopolies or cartels, increase the scope of liability for environmental damage, make possible class action suits at a global level, and create WTO rules against unfair competition and bribery.
Beyond this, all global institutions need to be democratized. In rich countries (although not recently in the US) governments have intervened to redress inequality of power and wealth; but these same countries have unleashed an almost unregulated free market on the rest of the world. Stiglitz recognizes that poor government in poor countries is partly responsible for keeping them poor; but he also argues that corporate interests are largely to blame for poor government. By weakening the nation-state, they weaken the ability of governments to respond to the problems they create. What is needed, Stiglitz argues, is democratic global institutions analogous to those that exist in national jurisdictions. “Governance—problems in the way decisions get made in the international arena—are at the heart of the failures of globalization.”
Stiglitz proposes ten procedural and ten substantive commandments to be the basis of a new “global contract.” The first ten are aimed at increasing the representation and power of poor and small countries in global organizations. The next ten would enshrine a great many commitments by developed countries to developing ones, including support for democracy:
I remain hopeful that the world will sooner or later—and hopefully sooner—turn to the task of creating a fairer, pro-development trade regime. Demands for this by those in the developing world will only grow louder with time.The conscience and self-interest of the developed world will eventually respond.
What view is one to take of these arguments? I have pointed out some of Stiglitz’s useful analyses and proposals; the mystery to me is how such a fine economist could write such an unsatisfying book. Its main flaws seem to me to be the following:
First, Stiglitz greatly underestimates the extent to which globalization, imperfect as it is, is helping people in poor countries. Already, it has lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty. Stiglitz finds a world “replete with failures.” Typical is his remark that although 250 million Indians have improved their standard of living “immensely” in the last two decades, 800 million haven’t—a good example of his failure to give progress its due. Or: “The sad truth…is that outside of China, poverty in the developing world has increased over the past two decades.” The World Bank puts it differently: “By the frugal $1 a day standard we find that there were 1.1 billion poor in 2001—about 400m fewer than 20 years previously.” Stiglitz believes that the increase in poverty outside China qualifies the progress made in poverty reduction. But 400 million fewer people living in extreme poverty is a happy, not a sad, truth, whether it happens in China or anywhere else.
He also underplays the gain achieved outside China. It is true that the number of very poor outside China rose slightly. Stiglitz cites the figure of 877 million in the developing world in 2001 living on less than $1 a day, an increase of 3 percent over 1981. What he fails to mention is that the total population of these countries increased by 20 percent over this period, so that while there is a slightly higher number of very poor people in the developing world today, they represent, proportionally, a decline from 32 percent to 21 percent of the overall population.
Stiglitz also ignores the fact that the number of those living on between $1 and $2 a day rose about as much as the number of people living on under $1 a day fell. Nor does he mention the World Bank estimate that if global poverty continues to fall at the rate it did between 1981 and 2001, the reduction will almost certainly be sufficient to meet the UN Millennium Development Goal of halving the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day by 2015.4 A different observer might see the glass half full rather than half empty.
Where Stiglitz accepts that progress has happened, he denies that it can be attributed to the current way globalization is occurring. His method is to show that countries that rejected the free-market mantra known as the “Washington consensus” did better than countries that followed it. For example, East Asian governments, such as Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea, invested in industries with high growth potential, encouraged their populations to save, limited imports that undercut their agriculture and manufacturing, and (in the case of China and India) restricted short-term capital flows.
Such interventions may or may not have contributed to their “miracles.” But surely much more important were the acts of domestic liberalization of the economy: for China the decollectivization of agriculture and introduction of the “household responsibility system” in the late 1970s; for India, the deregulation of much production, investment, and foreign trade in the 1990s. Above all, the “export-led growth” of East Asia depended crucially on the opening up of foreign, especially Western, markets through bilateral deals and successive rounds of tariff reductions.
Globalization, however imperfect, does often work for the poor. Despite its universal message, Stiglitz’s book is mainly about making it work for sub-Saharan Africa, where the problem is in large part endemically bad government. As we have recently seen, even “successful” African states like Kenya and Nigeria can collapse into chaos at a moment’s notice.
Second, Stiglitz underestimates the extent to which poor countries are responsible for sustaining their own poverty. He shirks the key question: Why, over time, did some countries get rich and others stay poor? His implicit, quasi-Marxist answer is that it was because the rich exploited the poor. An alternative, and to my mind superior, approach, pioneered by Douglass North, is that countries now rich developed institutions superior to those of countries that stayed poor, and that the gap in economic development between different parts of the world had already emerged by the eighteenth century.5
As North tells it, economic growth requires the equalization of the private and social rate of return—entrepreneurs have to be able to receive the benefit which their enterprise confers on society if enterprise is to take place. This requires governments to create and maintain private-property rights. The establishment of a robust private-property regime was the outstanding institutional contribution to the West’s economic development.
Stiglitz wants to do the reverse for poor countries. The emphasis of his book is on the damage multinational corporations do, and he wants them to reduce this damage by forcing them to pay for it, that is, by limiting their property rights in poor countries. This is a defensible position if one believes that the social value of entrepreneurship has declined. This may be the case in already developed countries, though if one looks at the revolutionary effects wrought by the development of cell phones and Internet corporations like Google, one may doubt it. But the one place it is surely not true is in the developing world, which requires more entrepreneurship, not less. Although Stiglitz recognizes the importance of good domestic institutions for economic success, the focus of his book is too resolutely on the external sources of failure. This fuels the natural tendency of the unsuccessful to claim they are victims of the successful.
Third, Stiglitz ignores the harm globalization does to developed countries. This is, above all, a threat to the jobs and wages of their workers, so far largely to the unskilled, but spreading to the skilled as well. Average real wages in America have been stagnant for twenty or more years, even as the economy has boomed. Stiglitz recognizes that globalization is pulling up unskilled wages in China and depressing them in the US and that the depressing effect is faster than the pulling-up effect. He rejects protectionism, but, as we have seen, all he can offer is continued retraining and improvements in skills to fit American workers for life in a competitive global economy. But this is an inadequate answer. Practically all kinds of employment that do not require physical presence can now be offshored. According to Alan Blinder, this amounts to 22–29 percent of all US jobs.6 There can be too much competition.
Fourth, Stiglitz underestimates the danger of financial instability. We are currently living through a graphic demonstration of the volatility of an economic system dominated by financial markets. Globalization both increases the likelihood of financial crises and reduces the ability of governments to deal with them. Following the East Asian crisis of 1997– 1998 and the Argentinian default of 2002, it became conventional to say that financial shocks were confined to developing countries with their “immature” financial markets, but that in the West we had discovered the secret of markets that don’t crash.
This so-called wisdom is now being turned on its head. Lawrence Summers is one of a growing number of economists who believe that the sub-prime credit crisis is more likely than not to drag America—and much of the rest of the world, which depends on American consumption—into recession.7 Financial instability has a good claim to be the chief flaw in the system of global capitalism, and far more potentially destructive of it than most of the dangers highlighted in Stiglitz’s book.
Finally, Stiglitz ignores the malign nexus between global current account imbalances—as exemplified by the huge American trade deficit—free capital movements, and the loss of American jobs. It is not just a matter of free trade exposing American companies to the healthy blast of competition from lower-paid labor in East Asia. It is the fact that today’s exchange-rate arrangements allow huge current account imbalances to persist. This creates a problem of “super-competitiveness”—competition driven by wages kept artificially low, as in China today—by an undervalued exchange rate.
This could not have happened in the past. Under the classic gold-standard regime, a deficit country like the United States would have been forced to curtail its living standard in order to regain competitiveness. In the present nonsystem, it can live for years beyond its means, at the sacrifice of its competitiveness. This is because the dollar is the world’s main reserve currency. America is in the happy position of being able to write IOUs for purchases of goods and services that destroy American jobs.
The system suits both sides. Americans get to consume hundreds of millions of dollars more a year than they earn, while East Asian workers supply them with $700 billion worth of goods and services they would otherwise have produced themselves. Since this irrational arrangement is the only means human wisdom has so far devised to avoid a global depression, it is understandable that there should be a conspiracy of policymakers to keep it going. But it cannot go on and on.
First, there is the same flaw that brought down the Bretton Woods system in 1971, namely that the growing indebtedness of the reserve currency country causes the holders of that currency to lose confidence in it. This has started to happen. Since 2000 the dollar has depreciated by 70 percent against a trade-weighted basket of currencies. “Managed” depreciation could easily become a collapse.
Second, there is bound to be a protectionist backlash as soon as Ross Perot’s “sucking sound” of outsourcing becomes too deafening. If trade is to be left safely free, there has to be an agreement on exchange-rate rules between the dominant powers, including rules about capital movements. If that agreement is absent, it will not be allowed to stay free. The lack of attention to these interlinked problems in a book on how to make globalization work is its most palpable flaw.
It is hard to say how far Stiglitz was diverted from this line of inquiry by his theoretical commitments, since most of the theoretical action takes place off-page. Stiglitz’s Nobel Prize was for work on the economics of risk and information. Markets subject to “asymmetric information”—a situation in which information is unequally distributed between parties to a transaction—and other imperfections do not function as perfect competition models suggest, and need to be “corrected.”
However valid in its own terms, this is the perspective of a microeconomist, whereas the main problems of globalization, I suggest, lie in its uncontrolled macroeconomy. I find more congenial, and more relevant, the relatively permissive attitude with regard to the so-called market failures displayed by the great twentieth-century economists Keynes and Friedrich Hayek and their greater concern with the problem of securing macroeconomic stability, differently though they set about it. They understood that uncertainty and the disappointment of expectation were inherent, not contingent, features of economic life. In Keynes’s economics, a loss of confidence, whatever its causes, leads to an increase in “liquidity preference,” or flight from investment into money. As Keynes put it, the price of parting with money goes up. This is happening today. The credit crunch in the United States and the excess accumulation of reserves in East Asia are signs of an increase in liquidity preference. The need is not to search for new and ingenious ways to make markets marginally more efficient, but to provide a macroeconomic environment that reduces the chances of the financial shocks that cause the flight into money.
A year ago, few outside a small circle of experts had even heard of the collateralized debt instruments (CDIs) or the structured investment vehicles (SIVs) whose defaults have recently been dragging down the American economy. It is a perfect example of how a financial storm can suddenly come up out of nowhere, destroying all those sophisticated, pseudo-scientific techniques of “averaging” risk by which rational people try to convince themselves that the world is more predictable than it can ever be.
The reader should be aware of my own biases. I am so allergic to the muddling of analysis and preaching that I find it hard to do a book like this justice. So let me say that it has many good qualities, and much forceful argument. And there is a certain moral grandeur in someone who seeks to cure the world of “its sick, its lame, and its halt,” however halting his own prose.8
This Issue
April 17, 2008
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Autism and mental retardation essay example
David Andrews can be credited for having introduced this topic at an early point, whilst Uta Frith and Franky Happe can be credited for their influential notion of 'cognitive style'. Finally, Dante Cicchetti and Alan Sroufe provided excellent editorial advice.
Autism and mental retardation essay example
My fine motor skills in my hands have been severely impaired and have gotten worse on follow up tests. It now appears I may have bipolar disorder or secondary bipolar due to neurological damage. The peg board test is what they used to determine my level of impairment in motor skills.
I look at things and I cannot subtract two numbers two digit numbers. As a child I didn't speak until I was four years old. I recently got tested and the psychological cognition neurologist said I have psychomotor slowing. What do I do now? If the patient is seeing a psychiatrist and therapist on a regular basis, the problem becomes obvious to those treating the patient.
Motivating Students Who Have Autism Spectrum Disorders V Global Assessment of Functioning. This system will be replaced with a more simplified, nonaxial documentation approach in the DSM
Recommended Applications of restorative justice prioritizes the question and answer questions the widely held view that a student with autism spectrum disorders. Such a philosophy on which they move into these ideas and practices, and forms of cultural capital bourdieu, for social justice, advocates must be aligned with scientific inquiry activities and resources into their hands.
The patient can even become completely disoriented at times in familiar places, just like an Alzheimer's patient if it is allowed to continue without treatment. I have since had trouble speaking clearly, mixing up my words, unable to think of words periodically etc. It is most frustrating to suffer from the same symptoms my husband is having post-stroke!
Sometimes the root problem can be stress such as this, according to my psychologist. I read that in some cases they ask the person to draw pictures, as this can be an excellent way to see if their brain process is slowed, but are there also other methods?
MrSmirnov Post 2 If you suspect someone is suffering from psychomotor retardation and are worried they may have severe depression or be bipolar what is the best way to help them get treatment?
Autism and mental retardation essay example
It is a very sensitive topic, so would it be best to confront them personally with your concerns, or speak to their close family members and ask them to make sure the person sees a doctor?
I am worried that the person will be offended and further shy away from help. Sara Post 1 Psychomotor retardation is actually one of the nine telling symptoms associated with major depressive disorder and it can help a doctor to rule out other causes.
Beside things like speech issues and difficulty doing normal tasks, the people suffering from this also have trouble maintaining eye contact and will present themselves with a slumped posture when they normally sit up straight.
As this condition is purely a physical symptom of a mental problem one really needs to treat the root issues so that the person can live a happy, healthy life again.character essay sample; help with my school paper; how to write an compare and contrast essay of restorative justice prioritizes the question and answer questions the widely held view that a student with autism spectrum disorders.
book]. If the discipline was excellent. Mental retardation. Explain these accomplishments and career. Free Essay: Autism and Mental Retardation PSY/ August 2, Autism and Mental Retardation 1.
Autism and mental retardation essay example
List the primary features of autism. The primary features. features of autism; it was distinctive and not simply a function of co-morbid mental retardation. Social development and cognitive ability define the functional levels of the individual, which range from low functioning to high functioning.
References :
Autism is a developmental disability of the brain, much like dyslexia or attention deficit disorder. Autism is not a form of mental retardation, and though many autistic people act like they are retarded, but a lot of times they are very intelligent. The writer of this paper "Autism and Mental Retardation" aims to describe the social cultural causes of autism and main types of biological causes of mental retardation.
What is Psychomotor Retardation? (with pictures)
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Farmers Eye Towards Regenerative Agriculture to Fight Dry Summer
VANDERHOOF—This dry summer is creating problems across the province with wildfires, but it’s also taking a toll on farmers. With the lack of rain, it’s tough for farmers to maintain their soil to produce healthy crops. On Thursday, farmers met together to discuss possible solutions.
It’s been a tough summer for rancher Larry Garrett of Garrett Ranches. One that closely resembles what he experienced a few years ago. He says that grasshoppers and the drought hurt his crop growth.
To fix this problem, Garrett has been practicing regenerative agriculture.
“The newest part of science is we need to add ruminates back to the ecosystem. A ruminate expels about 80% of what it eats as manure, so it’s a really key way to build soil health,” said Garrett.
A ruminate is a mammal–such as cattle–that can specially process nutrients from grass. They expel the nutrients through their manure and the nutrients return into the soil, which is a process called grazing.
Cover Crops Improve Soil Ecosystem
MAGNOLIA, Ill. — Soil health is among the most important foundations for sustaining plants, humans and animals.
Only living things can have “health,” so viewing soil as a living, breathing ecosystem reflects a shift in the way soil is observed and managed.
“We’re really looking at the soil function. Those are things like nutrient cycling, water infiltration and storage, plant protection, preventing erosion and storing carbon within our soils. All of these functions are the things we look at when we talking about soil health,” said Stacy Zuber, Illinois Natural Resources Conservation Service soil health specialist. “So, how we can take advantage of that and use those functions to help us in our systems?”
Zuber was among the speakers at the Nutrient Stewardship Field Day hosted July 6 by the Marshall-Putnam Farm Bureau and partners at a cover crop demonstration site.
There are various tools recommended in the state’s Nutrient Loss Reduction Strategy that focus on preventing phosphorous and nitrogen loss into streams, rivers and eventually the Gulf of Mexico.
Can Soil Inoculation Accelerate Carbon Sequestration in Forests?
When foresters first tried to plant non-native Pinus radiata in the southern hemisphere, the trees would not grow until someone thought to bring a handful of soil from the native environment. “They didn’t know it then, but they were reintroducing the spores of fungi that these trees need in order to establish,” Colin Averill, ecologist at The Crowther Lab, explains. “When we plant trees, we rarely ‘plant’ the soil microbiome. But if we do, we can really accelerate the process of restoration.”
That process of restoration has become one of humanity’s most urgent missions. In order to slow global warming, we know that we need to decarbonize our economy and start removing carbon from the atmosphere – and we’ve largely been looking at doing so through dreams of negative emissions technologies and schemes of tree-planting.
But only very recently has more attention been turned toward another major potential tool for carbon capture: soil. An astonishing 80 percent of the carbon stored in terrestrial ecosystems is stored underground. According to the 4 per 1000 Initiative, a modest and achievable increase in soil carbon of 0.4 percent could be enough to stop the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
How Dirt Could Help Save the Planet
The American dust bowl of the 1930s demonstrated the ruinous consequences of soil degradation. Decades of farming practices had stripped the Great Plains of their fertile heritage, making them vulnerable to severe drought. Ravaging winds lifted plumes of soil from the land and left in their wake air choked with dust and a barren landscape. Thousands died of starvation or lung disease; others migrated west in search of food, jobs and clean air.
Today, we again face the potential for extreme soil erosion, but this time the threat is intensified by climate change. Together, they create an unprecedented dual threat to the food supply and the health of the planet—and farmers can be key partners in averting the catastrophic consequences. Both erosion and climate change can be mitigated by incorporating more carbon into soil. Photosynthetic carbon fixation removes carbon dioxide from the air, anchoring it in plant material that can be sequestered in soil.
Soil Health: How to Take a Seemingly Impossible Path to Healthy Soil
The road to soil health can be difficult, and the knowledge attained during the initial steps may be based on very different systems and practices than a producer is used to. This often leaves producers to take what they’ve learned from other systems and apply it to their operations. This was the case for two farmers in a high disturbance potato and sugar beet rotation for whom the notion of soil health just ten years ago was considered impossible.
We sat down with Brian Kossman from Paul, Idaho, and Luke Adams from Rupert, Idaho, who have been innovators in cover cropping and limiting disturbance.
How to Introduce No Till into a Sugar Beet and Potato Operation
Much of what Brian and Luke knew about farming and soil health was based on non-irrigated, Midwestern corn-soybean applications. They had to figure out how to take the principles they learned and apply them in a vastly different, high desert operation.
The Soil-Keeping Approach to Regenerative Justice: 7 Principles
In this critical moment in our shared history, the call for transformational change is growing louder. But what exactly does this involve? Transformational change emerges from deep beneath that which we can see. Our beliefs shape our identities, just as soil health shapes plant life and paradigms shape social systems. Realizing the promise of a just society requires us to remediate inequities embedded in our soils, societies, and selves. However, “systems change” work often stops short of including all of these nested domains, hindering our ability to cultivate conditions conducive to life.
Many people trace the origins of injustice and need for transformational change back to colonization. Looking at the root of this term can help us understand these complexities and devise new healing pathways. The word “colonization” comes from the Latin colere, the noun form of which, colonus, originally signified a tiller of the earth.
Western imagination tends to associate tilling by mechanical plows as the hallmark of industrial progress and evidence of cultural superiority.
No-till Practices in Vulnerable Areas Significantly Reduce Soil Erosion
Soil Degradation Costs U.S. Corn Farmers a Half-billion Dollars Every Year
One-third of the fertilizer applied to grow corn in the U.S. each year simply compensates for the ongoing loss of soil fertility, leading to more than a half-billion dollars in extra costs to U.S. farmers every year, finds new research from the University of Colorado Boulder published last month in Earth’s Future.
Long-term soil fertility is on the decline in agricultural lands around the world due to salinization, acidification, erosion and the loss of important nutrients in the soil such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Corn farmers in the U.S. offset these losses with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers also intended to boost yields, but scientists have never calculated how much of this fertilizer goes into just regaining baseline soil fertility–or how much that costs.
“We know there’s land degradation going on even in U.S. modern agriculture, but it’s really difficult to pin down how much and what impact it has,” said Jason Neff, corresponding author on the paper and director of the Sustainability Innovation Lab at Colorado (SILC).
4 cosas que hacen de la tierra una de las cosas más asombrosas de nuestro planeta
La tierra es una de las maravillas más subestimadas y poco comprendidas de nuestro planeta.
Bajo tus pies hay cosas maravillosas, asegura Bridget Emmet, especialista en tierra del Centro para la Ecología y la Hidrología de Reino Unido, y, con las siguientes palabras, le explicó a la BBC por qué cree eso.
Lejos de ser mugre, se estima que en un solo gramo de tierra puede haber hasta 50.000 especies de organismos microscópicos.
En una sola cucharadita, hay más microorganismos que personas en la Tierra.
Pero mucho de lo que hay ahí abajo, en este universo profundo y oculto, todavía nos es ajeno.
1. Es desconocida pero invaluable
A pesar de estar literalmente bajo nuestros pies, los humanos hasta ahora solo han identificado una pequeña fracción de la extraordinaria vida que abunda bajo tierra.
Sin embargo, los animales y microorganismos que conocemos sabemos que desempeñan un papel invaluable.
Millones de años de competencia evolutiva han llevado a los microorganismos a producir compuestos antibióticos para luchar contra sus vecinos.
La edad del suelo influye mucho menos en un ecosistema que los cambios ambientales
En un comunicado, este organismo científico ha señalado que en este estudio han participado investigadores del Grupo de Enzimología y Biorremediación de Suelos y Aguas del Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC).
Además, la investigación sugiere que este contexto ecológico controla los procesos de fertilidad, acumulación de carbono y producción de plantas a lo largo de millones de años.
Fertilidad del suelo
Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo, coordinador del estudio y director del laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Funcionamiento Ecosistémicos de la Universidad Pablo de Olavide (Sevilla), ha explicado que las zonas áridas siempre tendrán suelos menos fértiles, menor contenido de carbono y menor capacidad para producir alimento que ecosistemas templados o tropicales, independientemente de la edad de los ecosistemas.
De igual manera, los ecosistemas que se forman en suelos arenosos siempre serán menos fértiles que los ecosistemas que se desarrollan sobre suelos volcánicos, independientemente de su edad, ha añadido Delgado-Baquerizo.
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How is a script written?
How is a script written?
Script writing is writing down the movement, actions, expression and dialogue of the characters in screenplay, in screenplay format. The process of writing a novel, a poem, or essay, is entirely different than script writing. Screenplay format is used to express the story visually.
What are the elements of script writing?
The elements for a script are:Scene Heading.Action.Character Name.Dialogue.Parenthetical.Extensions.Transition.Shot.
How do you write a simple script?
In conclusion The process of writing a script:You start with an idea.Pre-write.Build your world.Set your characters, conflict, and relationships.Write synopsis, treatment, and then the script itself.Write in format.Rewrite.Submit!
How do you write an engaging script?
Write an Engaging Video Script with these 6 Tips1) Start with an outline.2) Write conversationally.3) Write to the video.4) Talk to yourself.5) Keep it short, simple, and direct.6) Tell a story.Scripts are timesavers.Practice makes perfect.
How do you write a script outline?
How to Write a Script Outline in 6 StepsStart with a beat sheet. A beat sheet is a condensed version of your overall screenplay. Move on to index cards. Start writing a document, scene-by-scene. Describe actions and revelations. Insert dialogue as it comes to you. Use your outline as a tool.
What is treatment in script writing?
How long is a script treatment?
How Long Should a Treatment Be? The length of a treatment depends on the writer—some screenplay treatments can be as short as one page while other treatments can be upwards of forty of fifty pages.
What is a creative treatment?
A creative treatment is a pre-production document that summarizes a video’s concept and defines the creative slant of the final product. Often included in a treatment are the program’s overview and objectives, the creative concept, technical approach, potential contributors and project timeline.
What is the difference between a script and a screenplay?
“Script” is the most general of the three terms, and is not reserved for any specific type of media. “Screenplay” specifically refers to the script of a film or television program. “Teleplay” is even more specific, and is only used when referencing television scripts.
WHAT IS A plays script called?
The term “script” refers to the written text of the play. A short play may consist of only a single act, and then is called a “one-acter”. Acts are subdivided into scenes. Acts are numbered, and so are scenes; the scene numbering starts again at 1 for each next act, so Act 4, Scene 3 may be followed by Act 5, Scene 1.
How many types of script are there?
If you decided firmly to take up a career of a scriptwriter, you have to be able to differentiate the two basic types of screenplays you’ll be dealing with. Knowing what exactly is a spec script and a commissioned script will save you a massive amount of time and set you off in the right direction.
What is bounded script?
What is the meaning of ‘bound script’? These screenplays can be original works or adaptations from existing pieces of writing. them, the movement, actions, expression, and dialogues of the characters are also narrated. A screenplay written for television is also known as a teleplay.
What is a slugline in script?
The first screenplay Element type is a Scene Heading, also known as a Slugline. Scene Headings mark any change in location or time in your screenplay. Every scene begins with one. “INT/EXT” is often used for scenes in vehicles.
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What Is A Trance?
Trance is an abnormal state of wakefulness in which a person is not self-aware and is either altogether unresponsive to external stimuli (but nevertheless capable of pursuing and realizing an aim) or is selectively responsive in following the directions of the person (if any) who has induced the trance. Trance states may occur involuntarily and unbidden.
The term trance may be associated with hypnosis, meditation, magic, flow, and prayer. It may also be related to an earlier generic term, altered states of consciousness, which is no longer used in “consciousness-studies” discourse.
Trance in its modern meaning comes from an earlier meaning of “a dazed, half-conscious or insensible condition or state of fear”, via the Old French transe “fear of evil”, from the Latin transīre “to cross”, “pass over”. This definition is now obsolete.[1]
Working models
Wier, in his 1995 book, Trance: from magic to technology, defines a simple trance (p. 58) as a state of mind being caused by cognitive loops where a cognitive object (a thought, an image, a sound, an intentional action) repeats long enough to result in various sets of disabled cognitive functions. Wier represents all trances (which include sleep and watching television) as taking place on a dissociated trance plane where at least some cognitive functions such as volition are disabled; as is seen in what is typically termed a ‘hypnotic trance’.[2] With this definition, meditation, hypnosis, addictions and charisma are seen as being trance states. In Wier’s 2007 book, The Way of Trance, he elaborates on these forms, adds ecstasy as an additional form and discusses the ethical implications of his model, including magic and government use which he terms “trance abuse”.
The Oracle at Delphi was famous for her divinatory trances throughout the ancient Mediterranean world. Oil painting, John Collier, 1891
Working definitions
The following are some examples of trance states:
• A state resembling deep sleep
• Capture: attract; cause to be enamored; “She/he captured all the men’s hearts”; in the sense of entranced
• A state of hyper or enhanced suggestibility.
• An induced or spontaneous sleep-like condition of an altered state of consciousness, which is thought by certain people to permit the subject’s physical body to be utilized by disembodied spirits or entities as a means of expression
Castillo (1995) states that: “Trance phenomena result from the behavior of intense focusing of attention, which is the key psychological mechanism of trance induction. Adaptive responses, including institutionalized forms of trance, are ‘tuned’ into neural networks in the brain and depend to a large extent on the characteristics of culture. Culture-specific organizations exist in the structure of individual neurons and in the organizational formation of neural networks.”[3]
Hoffman (1998: p. 9) states that: “Trance is still conventionally defined as a state of reduced consciousness, or a somnolent state. However, the more recent anthropological definition, linking it to ‘altered states of consciousness’ (Charles Tart), is becoming increasingly accepted.”[4]
Hoffman (1998, p. 9) asserts that: “…the trance state should be discussed in the plural, because there is more than one altered state of consciousness significantly different from everyday consciousness.”[4]
Temple of Epidaurus: healing sleep
Oracle at Delphi
Oral lore and storytelling
As shown by Jonathan Garb,[7] trance techniques also played a role in Lurianic Kabbalah, the mystical life of the circle of Moshe Hayyim Luzzatto and Hasidism.
Christian mystics
Mesmer and the origin of hypnotherapy
Trance in American Christianity
Taves (1999) charts the synonymic language of trance in the American Christian traditions: power or presence or indwelling of God, or Christ, or the Spirit, or spirits. Typical expressions include “the indwelling of the Spirit” (Jonathan Edwards), “the witness of the Spirit” (John Wesley), “the power of God” (early American Methodists), being “filled with the Spirit of the Lord” (early Adventists; see charismatic Adventism), “communing with spirits” (Spiritualists), “the Christ within” (New Thought), “streams of holy fire and power” (Methodist holiness), “a religion of the Spirit and Power” (the Emmanuel Movement), and “the baptism of the Holy Spirit” (early Pentecostals). (Taves, 1999: 3)
Trance and Anglo-American Protestants
Trance induction and sensory modality
Trance-like states are often interpreted as religious ecstasy or visions and can be deliberately induced using a variety of techniques, including prayer, religious rituals, meditation, pranayama (breathwork or breathing exercises), physical exercise, sexual intercourse, music, dancing, sweating (e.g. sweat lodge), fasting, thirsting, and the consumption of psychotropic drugs such as cannabis. Sensory modality is the channel or conduit for the induction of the trance. Sometimes an ecstatic experience takes place in occasion of contact with something or somebody perceived as extremely beautiful or holy. It may also happen without any known reason. The particular technique that an individual uses to induce ecstasy is usually one that is associated with that individual’s particular religious and cultural traditions. As a result, an ecstatic experience is usually interpreted within the context of a particular individual’s religious and cultural traditions. These interpretations often include statements about contact with supernatural or spiritual beings, about receiving new information as a revelation, also religion-related explanations of subsequent change of values, attitudesand behavior (e.g. in case of religious conversion).
• Auditory: driving through the sense of hearing by chanting, auditory story telling, mantra, overtone singing, drumming, music, etc.;,
• Kinesthetic: driving through the sense of feeling and movement through the kinesphere by ecstatic dance, story telling by movement, mudra, embodying rituals, yoga, breathwork, oxygen deprivation, sexual stimulation etc.;
• Disciplines: Yoga, Sufism, Surat Shabd Yoga; meditation;
Auditory driving and auditory art
Visual driving and visual art
Nowack and Feltman have recently published an article entitled “Eliciting the Photic Driving Response” which states that the EEG photic driving response is a sensitive neurophysiological measure which has been employed to assess chemical and drug effects, forms of epilepsy, neurological status of Alzheimer’s patients, and physiological arousal. Photic driving also impacts upon the psychological climate of a person by producing increased visual imagery and decreased physiological and subjective arousal. In this research by Nowack and Feltman, all participants reported increased visual imagery during photic driving, as measured by their responses to an imagery questionnaire.
Kinesthetic driving and somatic art
The rituals practiced by some athletes in preparing for contests are dismissed as superstition, but this is a device of sport psychologists to help them to attain an ecstasy-like state. Joseph Campbell had a peak experience whilst running. Roger Bannister on breaking the four-minute mile (Cameron, 1993: 185): “No longer conscious of my movement, I discovered a new unity with nature. I had found a new source of power and beauty, a source I never dreamt existed.” Roger Bannister later became a distinguished neurologist.
Sufism (the mystical branch of Islam) has theoretical and metaphoric texts regarding ecstasy as a state of connection with Allah. Sufi practice rituals (dhikrsema) use body movement and music to achieve the state.
Types and varieties
• Bhakti: (Devanāgarī: भक्ति) is a word of Sanskrit origin meaning “devotion” and also “the path of devotion” itself, as in Bhakti-yoga. Within Hinduism the word is used exclusively to denote devotion to a particular deity or form of God. Within Vaishnavism bhakti is only used in conjunction with Vishnu or one of his associated incarnations, it is likewise used towards Shiva by followers of Shaivism. Saints in these traditions exhibit different trance states or ecstasy.
• Agape or “Divine Love”: the term agape appears in the Odyssey twice, where the word describes something that creates contentedness within the speaker.
• Rapture or religious ecstasy: is an altered state of consciousness characterized by greatly reduced external awareness and expanded interior mental and spiritual awareness which is frequently accompanied by visions and emotional/intuitive (and sometimes physical) euphoria. Although the experience is usually brief in physical time, there are records of such experiences lasting several days or even more, and of recurring experiences of ecstasy during one’s lifetime. Subjective perception of time, space and/or self may strongly change or disappear during ecstasy.
• Some charismatic Christians practice ecstatic states (called, e.g., “being slain in the Spirit”) and interpret these as given by the Holy Spirit.
Divination is a cultural universal which anthropologists have observed as being present in many religions and cultures in all ages up to the present day (see sibyl). Divination may be defined as a mechanism for fortune-telling by ascertaining information by interpretation of omens or an alleged supernatural agency. Divination often entails ritual, and is often facilitated by trance.
Nechung Oracle
Scientific disciplines
Brainwaves and brain rhythms
The University of Philadelphia study on some Christians at the Freedom Valley Worship Center in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, revealed that glossolalia-speaking (vocalizing or praying in unrecognizable form of language which is seen in members of certain Christian sects) activates areas of the brain out of voluntary control. In addition, the frontal lobe of the brain, which monitors speech, significantly diminished in activity as the study participants spoke glossolalia.[15] Dr. Andrew B. Newberg, in analysis of his earlier studies as opposed to the MRI scans of the test subjects, stated that Buddhist monks in meditation[16] and Franciscan nuns in prayer[17] exhibited increased activity in the frontal lobe, and subsequently their behaviors, very much under voluntary control. The investigation found this particular beyond-body-control characteristic only in tongue-speakers (also see xenoglossia).
1. “Online Etymology Dictionary”. Etymonline.com. Retrieved 7 November2012.
2. “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 8 December 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
4. Hoffman, Kay (1998). The Trance Workbook: understanding & using the power of altered states. Translated by Elfie Homann, Clive Williams, and Dr Christliebe El Mogharbel. Translation edited by Laurel Ornitz. ISBN0-8069-1765-2 p. 9
5. Diodorus Siculus 16.26.1–4.
6. Joseph JordaniaWhy do People Sing? Music in Human Evolution. Logos, 2011
7. (Shamanic Trance in Modern Kabbalah, 2011)
9. Sarbacker, Stuart Ray (2012). Samadhi: The Numinous and Cessative in Indo-Tibetan Yoga. SUNY Press. p. 13.
10. “CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ecstasy”newadvent.org.
13. “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 5 December 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2007.
14. “What is the function of the various brainwaves?”Scientific American. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
15. Newberg A, Wintering NA, Morgan D, Waldman MR. The measurement of regional cerebral blood flow during glossolalia: A preliminary SPECT study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 148(1):67-71, 2006.
16. Newberg AB, Alavi A, Baime M, Pourdehnad M, Santanna J, d’Aquili EG. The measurement of regional cerebral blood flow during the complex cognitive task of meditation: A preliminary SPECT study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 106: 113-122, 2001.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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What's the Point of Math?
What's the Point of Math?
• $25.99
Math makes the world go around. An educational book that will give you surprising answers to everyday math challenges.
This book unpacks how math is an essential part of our everyday life in ways that you never thought of. Full of crazy facts, magic tricks, and mathematical brainteasers and beautiful illustrations show you that math is interesting, fun, and not intimidating at all!
Ever wondered where math originated from? This fantastic educational book unpacks all the curious questions that your child has about math including intriguing historical stories that explore the often-surprising origins of math that we use in our daily lives.
Learn about how the formation of number sequences began, to the origins of trigonometry, and find out how to become a trillionaire! Math in our daily lives is used in many things that might not even seem that obvious.
Math Controls Just About Everything
Inspire your children with numbers and help bring mathematical explanations to life with this engaging educational book. Expand their knowledge in the complexity of understanding math by using simple illustrative examples.
To make these topics more exciting and impactful, the book is full of great puzzles, awesome games, and interesting facts that will break barriers in their understanding. "Try it out" examples give mathematical explanations that are simple and easy to grasp.
What's The Point Of Math? will not only change your child's perception of numbers but give them the skills and understanding to apply the principles in their everyday life!
This educational book explains the point of:
- Numbers and counting
- Shapes and measuring
- Patterns and sequences
- Probability and logic
- Data and statistics
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professional painters,University Painters
Written by Colleen Kalil
Lead Based Paints and what you should know
As with any interior paint, you want to know that the paint that is on your walls is the best paint for your walls. As far back as 1978 and even before that, the Federal Government realized the dangers of lead-based paint. In 1978 the Federal Government put a ban on the sale of lead-based paints to consumers. Unfortunately, even today there are still older homes with lead-based paint on their interior walls.
The Federal Government believed that there were many ways that humans could be exposed to lead-based paints. It was believed that the exposure could be airborne, or through food, drinking water, soil and of course dust from peeling paint. But what were some of the reasons behind the ban being ordered? Here are a few ways that humans were being affected that set the ban in motion:
Depending on the amounts of exposure, it ranged from learning disabilities, severe behavioral problems to brain and nervous system impairments. Whether it was from toddlers ingesting the paint to pregnant women being exposed to the lead-based paint, the threat was real for mental and physical disabilities. Pregnant women were believed to give birth to children with disabilities if exposed.
In recent years, many precautions have been put in place to protect the consumers from exposure. Starting with sales of lead-based paint being discontinued to painting contractors having to take classes and become certified to work on older homes, the government is stepping up to assure consumer safety.
If you have any concerns about your home and would like some answers from a qualified professional, please feel free to contact us at University Painters.
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Does Time Mimic the Double Spiral of DNA?
As science has progressed, numerous mathematical patterns have become apparent in nature. The Fibonacci sequence, for example, governs the formation of a spiral — one of the most basic life structures, yet also the structure of our entire Milky Way Galaxy. The Mandelbrot Set describes a transition from order to chaos, and then back to order in relation to population growth. Gravity itself is also an example of math in nature, as it is the force that governs interaction between all objects and even energies.
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Working of moisture analyzer that every consumer needs to know:
First of all, moisture analyzer is used for determining moisture content in plastic, pharmaceutical, food, and other things. To determine the presence of moisture in the product moisture analyzer uses two things weighing machine and heating unit. These two things are present in the moisture analyzer. And the amount of moisture of a sample is determined by the principle of loss on drying.
First, the sample is weighted, and then the heating process starts. After the heating process it again weighted. And by the difference in weight the moisture content is determined. This is the loss of drying principle on which a moisture analyzer works.
Importance of using a moisture analyzer
There are many uses of a moisture analyzer, and many customers are using it. And moisture determination is widely used in the food processing industry. Because the dry part in a portion of food is inversely proportional to the presence of moisture. So, determination of the amount of moisture is an economic thing for both consumer and manufacturer. And apart from food industry moisture analyzer is used in many different industries like plastic, pharmaceutical, textile and many more. It is mainly used because if there is more than limited moisture is present in the product. Then, the product will be of no use. And if that happens then the company will face losses due to their bad product.
Buy a moisture analyzer at low price
There are many moisture companies available who sell their product at a high price. But why put so much money when one can get all the specification at a lower price. The a&d moisture analyzer is the best moisture analyzer at a lower price. It gives all the specification that a high price moisture analyzer provides.
It gives the precision result up to 0.0001 grams and can read up to 0.001% of moisture in the sample. The weighing capacity of this product is 110 grams. And, it has the capacity of drying up to 200°c. It has a lower price than any other moisture analyzer.
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The reality of schizophrenia
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• What Is Schizophrenia? - Truth and Reality
What Is Schizophrenia? - Truth and Reality
A lot of incorrect information about Schizophrenia is out there. Most of this information is spread by movies and TV series, and a lot of people use stereotypes while addressing this medical condition. In reality, Schizophrenia is a serious chronic mental or psychiatric disorder that affects the ability to think and act. In this condition, the most common symptom is a hallucination that means the patient sees stuff or hears voices that aren’t there, making it very difficult to tell what’s real or fake. Thus, affecting the thinking capabilities while making decisions or managing emotions.
Schizophrenia medications
According to some estimates, around 1% of the US population is affected by Schizophrenia, where both genders are equally affected.
Let’s first clear the most common myth - many people think that Schizophrenia causes split personality. These are two different medical conditions, the latter being termed as a dissociative personality disorder.
Schizophrenia symptoms that one might experience are as follows:
• Difficulty in remembering things
• Delusions or false beliefs
• Trouble focusing
• Lack of emotions
• Hallucinations or hearing voices
• Disordered thoughts
• Unable to process information and make decisions
Many people who have Schizophrenia don’t realize they have it, which makes diagnosis and treatment more difficult. Now, let’s dig into some truth and reality about Schizophrenia.
#Myth 1: People with Schizophrenia are dangerous and violent
We often see in movies that the crazy killer has Schizophrenia making this a common perception. In reality, that’s not the case. People with Schizophrenia may be unpredictable but mostly aren’t violent. The disorder has nothing to do with physically aggressive actions. They’re more likely to cause damage to themselves as suicide rates are high in Schizophrenia patients.
#Myth 2: If a parent has Schizophrenia, the child will also get it
Genes play a role, but that doesn’t imply that you’ll develop this medical illness just because one of your parents has it. The risk will be slightly high, like 10%, due to the genes.
#Myth 3: People having Schizophrenia are not smart/intelligent
Many studies have found that people who have Schizophrenia have trouble in skill tests such as memory, attention, and learning; that doesn’t mean that they aren’t smart or intelligent. A lot of creative minds throughout history have had Schizophrenia. Many researchers are studying the links between genes related to creativity.
#Myth 4: Schizophrenia means the patient belongs to a mental hospital
People have this preconceived notion from the past that people with mental illness are sent to mental prisons or asylums. However, it is not the same anymore as patients can easily buy over the counter medicine for Schizophrenia to control the symptoms. Moreover, experts have now developed treatments and medications. So, fewer people are only placed for a long time in mental hospitals.
With the right medicines and therapy, patients can recover 100% from this medical condition. Many people live a productive and high-quality life by making lifestyle changes as well. If you or someone you know is going through this condition, consult a doctor for treatment and medications. If prescribed, buy Schizophrenia treatment drugs to stabilize this condition.
Stay safe! Stay happy! Stay healthy!
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