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vocal resonance views updated vocal resonance n. the sounds heard through the stethoscope when the patient speaks. These are normally just audible but they become much louder (bronchophony) if the lung under the stethoscope is consolidated. Vocal resonance is lost over pleural fluid except at its upper surface, when it has a bleating quality (aegophony). See also pectoriloquy.
Domestic Surveillance 1438 Words6 Pages The Need for NSA Domestic surveillance plays a vital role in maintaining the country’s national security, and to reassure the citizens that they are properly protected from foreign and domestic attacks. The National Security Agency monitors Americans and other individuals around the world, who may be considered to be potential threats to the United States, and therefore bringing the nation under a state of emergency. The NSA is a subtle and yet legitimate way of preventing attacks against the United States, as the agency is governed by a particular set of legal rules in which they are permitted to exercise their powers in the benefit of the nation’s well being. The professional surveillance carried out by the NSA is an integral part of the…show more content… Executive order 12333 issued by President Ronald Reagan, found in the U.S. National Archives, stated that “timely and accurate information about the activities, capabilities, plans, and intentions of foreign powers, organizations, and persons and their agents, is essential to the national security of the United States. All reasonable and lawful means must be used to ensure that the United States will receive the best intelligence available.” The rationale behind the executive order was to ensure that the United States, through the operation of the NSA and within reasonable legal bounds, have power to keep the nation’s interests protected from harmful foreign and domestic intrusions and attacks. The executive order clearly stipulated that the collection of such information must be conducted within legal bounds and reasonable means, therefore reinforcing the core notion of compliance to the law, and that no one person or agency had the power to act beyond it. Though it is true that, under the program, the government is able to acquire a large volume of business records containing telephony metadata, but according to the Justice Department, it is consistent with the governing Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court orders, which authorizes the program to use and analyze the information only under highly restricted circumstances. The NSA’s grant is renewed on an annual basis, and has been for the last 30 years. This annual renewal process clearly indicates that there is support from the Senate and also from the Judiciary for the NSA to continue in its actions. It has been argued that the NSA actions have violated the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures, and the American’s Open Document
Research paper by Charles E. Wyman, Norman D. Hinman Indexed on: 01 Mar '90Published on: 01 Mar '90Published in: Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Ethanol can be directly blended with gasoline, reacted with isobutylene to form the oxygenated fuel additive ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), or burned directly as a neat fuel. Blends of either ethanol or ETBE with gasoline force engines set for gasoline to run lean and can substantially reduce carbon monoxide emissions. ETBE also lowers the overall vapor pressure, thereby cutting back on smog-forming emissions. Neat ethanol further reduces smog formation since it has a low volatility, the photochemical reactivity of ethanol and its combustion products is low, and low levels of smog producing compounds are formed by ethanol combustion. Neat ethanol also offers good engine performance owing to its high heat of vaporization, high octane, and low flame temperature.Fermentation stoichiometry reveals that many feedstocks are expensive for fuels production even considering coproduct credits and ignoring conversion costs, whereas lignocellulosic feedstocks cost much less than their value. Furthermore, the quantities of lignocellulosics are projected to be ample even for neat ethanol production. Release of carbon dioxide during fermentation concentrates almost all the heat of combustion from the solid carbohydrate portion in liquid ethanol. Since the carbon dioxide released during production and use of ethanol is recycled during growth of biomass, ethanol utilization doesn’t contribute to the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and possible global warming.
Home Culture 2019-04-02 Anzhao is an ancient Tu dance. It's popular with mutual aid. When celebrating festivals, harvest celebrations and weddings, people gather in the courtyard or on the wheat threshing ground to dance the Anzhao dance. When dancing, men and women meet in a circle, led by a good singer and dancer, followed by people singing and dancing, singing in harmony, the atmosphere is harmonious and warm. Dance movements: First bend down, swing arms around several times, then take a high jump step to the right turn, turn the arms up. The movements go round and round. The dance steps are light and graceful with unique style. On May 23, 2011, Anzhao declared by Huzhu Tu Autonomous County of Qinghai Province was listed in the third batch of national intangible cultural heritage list by the State Council. historical origin There are many folklores about the origin of Anzhao dance. Some people think that it is a kind of dance that Mrs. Lu danced in order to confuse Wang Mang when she came down to Wang Mang; others think that dancing An Zhao dance is "the main content of Tu people's songs and dances to express Tu people's love and yearning for a better life in the form of singing and dancing in order to praise the grace of mountains and rivers, praise the achievements of their ancestors, bless the prosperity of local people, bumper grain, fat cattle and sheep, etc." Others say, "In ancient times, people hunted in groups. Around their prey, they are cheering and jumping, expressing their feelings of great joy, showing stubborn and tough character, symbolizing harvest and victory. It is not known what is right or wrong. However, after a long period of spread and evolution, Anzhao has become an important way for the Turkish people to enjoy themselves, and is loved by more and more people. artistic characteristics There are many kinds of Anzhao dances, such as Hingma Lao, Call, Lageramo, Solo and so on. It belongs to the category of festival and joy in family songs. The melody and dance steps are closely coordinated, the rhythm is lively, and changes with the content of the lyrics. Women dance gracefully, delicately and gently, while men dance roughly, cheerfully and generously. Wheel Autumn Dance According to legend, after the Turkish people changed from nomadic to farming, they had wooden wheels and busy farms. On the wheat farm, several toys unintentionally overturned the cart, climbed on the wheels and rotated freely, which became the most primitive wheel autumn. Every autumn harvest season, after rolling, people erect the axle of the boarding car (wooden wheeled cart) which unloads the shed with the wheels on the flat and broad wheat farm or spacious ground. The wheels under it are pressed up. The wheels on the top are tied with a long wooden bar, and the two ends of the bar are tied to a rope swing. The beaters sit on the swing. Others push the bar and rotate the wheels. Or tie a long wooden ladder horizontally. The two ends of the ladder are firmly tied with a rope ring made of epithelial or hemp rope or a stand-up frame. The two men push the wooden ladder to rotate, forming a swing. Then they sit or stand in the rope circle with inertia, turn quickly, and make all kinds of thrilling movements on the ladder or shelf. From time to time, the viewers helped push the wooden ladder to accelerate its rotation. After the 1980s, the original carriage rollers were replaced by steel wheel discs with ball bearings to make them more robust and beautiful, and then decorated with various color flags. Now the wheel autumn movement is to erect a steel pipe 4 meters high in the middle of the site, installed in the middle of the steel pipe is a steel (or iron) disc about 1.2 meters in diameter, the steel pipe is divided into two parts, the bottom of the base, the top of the torch. Several Tu aunts and young men dressed in national costumes stepped on the pedal suspended at the edge of the iron plate. With the rapid rotation of the large disc, they made various difficult aerial movements such as "cold magpie plum exploration", "eagle wings spreading", "tiger down the mountain", "peacock three nods", "golden bell hanging upside down", "spring swallow string willow" and "Jiaolong out of the sea". Inheritance significance Anzhao dance reflects the local customs of the Turkish people. The lyrics mainly include the blessings of the singer Ding Ping'an, the thriving six animals and the abundant grain, praying for good luck.
Interests Indicate preferences for work environments. We use the ONET taxonomy that is compatible with Holland's (1985, 1997) model of personality types and work environments. Six interest categories are used to describe the work environment of occupations: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. The details are provided below • Realistic - Realistic indidviduals like work activities that include practical, hands-on problems and solutions. They often deal with plants, animals, and real-world materials like wood, tools, and machinery. Many of the occupations where realistic individuals work require working outside, and do not involve a lot of paperwork or working closely with others. • Investigative - Investigative individuals like to work with ideas, and require an extensive amount of thinking. These individuals often involve searching for facts and figuring out problems mentally. • Artistic - Artistic individuals frequently work with forms, designs and patterns. They often require self-expression and need work that can be acomplished without following a clear set of rules. • Social - Social individuals frequently work with, communicating with, and teaching people. These individuals prefer occupations that often involve helping or providing service to others. • Enterprising - Enterprising individuals frequently involve starting up and carrying out projects. These individuals like working in occupations that involve leading people and making many decisions. Sometimes they require risk taking and often deal with business. • Conventional - Conventional individuals like work that involves following set procedures and routines. These individuals like occupations that can include working with data and details more than with ideas. Usually they prefer work environments where there is a clear line of authority to follow. For more details refer ONET
<<< Back to Index This Month's Tip >>> Introduction to Risk Based Inspection (RBI) Risk based inspection (RBI) is a method in which assets are identified for inspection based on their associated risks as opposed to a predetermined fixed time interval. In other words, it is a prioritizing and planning tool, predominantly used in the oil and gas industries, which aids in the identification of high priority items (i.e., those with high risk) vs. low priority items (i.e., those with low risk). This approach allows the users/owners of the assets to maximize the effectiveness of their inspection resources by concentrating them on those assets that pose the highest risk and not wasting resources on assets that are, in essence, inconsequential. In this article, we describe the basic concepts of risk based inspection, and then provide an example using ReliaSoft’s new RBI software tool. Basic Concepts In risk based inspection, risk is calculated as the product of the probability of failure and the consequence associated with a failure: Risk = Probability of Failure x Consequence of Failure Risk is usually considered a better measure for prioritization than either the probability of failure alone or the consequence of failure alone, because it is more descriptive of the actual damage/loss caused. As an example, if you need to prioritize two assets where one asset has a high probability of failure but low consequence of failure, and the other asset has a low probability of failure but a high consequence of failure, the analysis would yield completely opposite results if you considered only one factor or the other. The use of risk eliminates this ambiguity. The probability of failure (POF) is determined using applicable damage factors (mechanisms), a generic failure frequency and a management system factor: POF(t) = 1 – e-gff x FMS x Df(t) The generic failure frequency is based on industry averages of equipment failure. The management system factor is a measure of how well the management and labor force of the plant is trained to handle both the day-to-day activities of the plant and any emergencies that may arise due to an accident. The overall damage factor is the combination of the various damage factors that are applicable to the particular piece of equipment being analyzed. The consequence of failure is calculated as the combined values of the consequences for damage to the failed equipment, damage to the surrounding equipment, loss of production, the cost due to personnel injury and the damage to the environment. The consequence of failure can include both a financial consequence (FC) and an area (safety) consequence (CA). FC = FCcmd + FCaffa + FCprod + FCinj + FCenviron CA = max (CAequip, CApersonnel) For further detail on calculating probability of failure and/or consequence of failure, please consult API RP 581. [1] Introduction to the RBI Software ReliaSoft’s new RBI software tool has all of the functionality of RCM++ and facilitates risk based inspection (RBI) analysis for oil & gas, chemical and power plants in adherence to the principles and guidelines presented in the American Petroleum Institute's recommendations in the API RP 580 and RP 581 publications, as well as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers’ recommendations in the ASME PCC-3-2007 publication. RBI also includes all of the standard features available in RCM++, such as being able to perform a functional failure analysis on an item and/or create a DFR planner. The RBI interface is identical to RCM++, with the addition of RBI specific options on the System Hierarchy tab. RBI system hierarchy The equipment and component types that are available for RBI analysis are currently limited to those addressed API RP 581. The available equipment types are shown below. Add RBI Equipment window Each equipment type also has associated components. For example, the Vessel-FinFan equipment has the specific components shown below available for analysis. Add RBI Component window While the system hierarchy can contain items that are not RBI-related, those items will be ignored when performing an RBI analysis. For example, in the following picture the system is the hydrogen generation unit, which has several items that receive RBI analysis and several that do not. Once you create the assets, you must answer questions and fill out the relevant properties for the asset to be analyzed. All of these inputs are used to create a failure model that determines the probability of failure, and calculates the consequences of failure. The results also include the recommended inspections, if any, that should be performed to keep the asset under the maximum allowable risk. A small town wants to do a risk analysis on a proposed high pressure 24-inch pipe carrying crude oil for which the oil transportation company is willing to pay a rent of $500,000 in advance for the next 20 years. The company will also perform an inspection on the pipe halfway through the rental period. Since the city is self-insured and is not willing to take any financial chances, the city council would like to know if the $500,000 offsets the possible risk associated with the pipe. The city has requested the required information from the oil transportation company to conduct its own RBI analysis of the pipe. Oil pipeline 24-Inch Pipe Specifications The pipe is composed of carbon steel. The heavy crude, which contains 100ppm H2S, is being pumped through at an operating temperature of 25 Celsius with a pressure of 4.5 MPa. General properties of the pipe The only two damage mechanisms expected are general thinning and external corrosion. Selected damage factors for the pipe For their analysis, the city assumed that the effectiveness of the performed inspections was average. All other property values were estimated based on other similar pipes used elsewhere. Damage properties of the pipe The city based the financial portion of the consequences on the current population density and the property values around the proposed pipe area. For the initial estimate, the city did not take into account inflation or any possible losses associated with property value changes, nor possible resident dislike of the pipeline across city land. Consequence properties of the pipe The analyzed results show that in case of a containment failure of the pipe, the expected cost associated with a failure would be almost $4.9 million. This far exceeds the $500,000 payment to be received. However, the probability that a failure will occur within 20 years under normal circumstances is estimated to be only 0.7%. Therefore, the expected financial risk is the product of the two, or a little over $36,000. This is well under the $500,000 payment to be received. Results properties of the pipe In terms of a cost analysis of the risk, and not including the potential loss in property value by having the pipe run across city property, the city council recommended that the community accept the proposed pipeline as an additional revenue source with minimal risk. [1] American Petroleum Institute, API RP 581 Risk-Based Inspection Technology 2nd ed., Washington, D.C.: American Petroleum Institute, 2008.
An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art tianming 天命, the Mandate of Heaven Mar 1, 2019 © Ulrich Theobald The so-called "Mandate of Heaven" (tianming 天命) was a metaphysical concept to legitimize rule. It was invented by the Zhou dynasty 周 (11th cent.-221 BCE) and shifted the focus away from ancestry to rule by modes of behaviour or performance in leadership, in concrete terms, power (de 德) enabling a leader to attract followers. Confucian interpreters defined "power" as moral standards of benevolence, righteousness, trustworthiness, and similar virtues. In later ages, the term tianming or ming was used in the sense of fate, destiny, or predisposition. In the early Zhou concept, Heaven was personalized as the utmost deity (zhishang shen 至上神), who ordered the leader ("king") of the Zhou people to take over the rule of the "Chinese" world, i.e. to overthrow the Shang dynasty 商 (17th-11th cent. BCE). From the Spring and Autumn period 春秋 (770-5th cent. BCE) on, this personalized view of Heaven gradually shifted away to a more 'scientific' one, even if the concept of the Mandate was not given up until modern times. Heaven did only play a minor role in Shang religion, and hints at the Mandate of Heaven in Shang chapters in the Classic Shangshu 尚書 "Book of Documents" might be Zhou-period reinterpretations. The concept of the Mandate was created for King Wen 周文王, father of the founder of the Zhou dynasty, King Wu 周武王. He was allegedly given the Mandate because of his "rule of virtue" (de zheng 德政) for which he was particularly rewarded by Heaven: "Great Heaven has no partial affections; it helps only the virtuous" (huang tian wu qin, wei de shi fu 皇天無親，惟德是輔; Shangshu, ch. Cai Zhong zhi ming 蔡仲之命). A leader was under constant observancy by Heaven: "Heaven sees as my people see; Heaven hears as my people hear" (tian shi zi wo min shi, tian ting zi wo min ting 天視自我民視，天聽自我民聽; Shangshu, ch. Taishi 泰誓 B). For this reason, the Zhou did not see the Mandate of Heaven as definitely given into the hands of the offsprings of King Wu, but it was bound to the style of rule, in other words, "the Heavenly Mandate is not constant" (tianming mi chang 天命靡常; Shijing 詩經, part Daya 大雅, ode 235 Wenwang 文王), and "the ordinances of Heaven are inexplicable" (tianming bu che 天命不徹; part Xiaoya 小雅, 193 Shiyue zi jiao 十月之交). The use of the concept of Heaven's Mandate cannot just be seen in transmitted sources as the Shangshu, but also in bronze inscriptions, as for instance, that of the tripod Da Yu ding 大盂鼎, dated c. 998 BCE (as daling 大令 "Great Mandate"). The propagation of legitimate rule by the Zhou dynasty thus stood in contrast to the constant fear to be deprived of the Mandate, as was felt to happen under the rule of King You 周幽王 (r. 781-771), the last of the Western Zhou rulers. The Shijing "Book of Songs" dedicates three odes to the time, lamenting that "Great and wide Heaven had contracted his kindness, sent down death and famine, and destroyed all through the kingdom" (Haohao hao tian, bu jun qi de, jiang sang jijin, zhanfa si guo 浩浩昊天！不駿其德？降喪饑饉，斬伐四國 (194 Yu wu zheng 雨無正). Yet even if Heaven was "all dark" (shi tian mengmeng 視天夢夢; 192 Zhengyue 正月), it was believed that the calamities of the lower people did not come down from Heaven (xiamin zhi nie, fei jiang zi tian 下民之孽，匪降自天), but violence and hatred "came from men" (zhi jing you ren 職競由人; 193 Shiyue zhi jiao), i.e. the evil conduct of government by King You. Research hints at a correlation between celestial phenomena and politicial disruptions, and it might have been quite likely that the Zhou dynasty saw its accession to rule as justified by astronomical phenomena and interpreted its rule as a reflection of signals in the sky (xiang tian 象天; Pankenier 1995). In the Spring and Autumn period, important politicians like Liu Xiahui 柳下惠 (720-621), Shu Xiang 叔向 or Zichan 子產 (d. 522) were convinced that the stability of a state did not indirectly depend on Heaven's will, but directly from the performance in government. They advocated therefore effective reforms in administration and jurisdiction to achieve more administrative efficiency. How difficult it was for average persons to understand the will of Heaven can be seen in Confucius' famous statement that he was fifty until he finally understood Heaven's will (wushi er zhi tianming 五十而知天命; Lunyu 論語, ch. Weizheng 為政). Someone not understanding the ordinances of Heaven would not be able to rule (bu zhi ming, wu yi wei junzi 不知命，無以為君子; ch. Yao yue 堯曰). Confucius rarely spoke of Heaven and sometimes doubted that Heaven would be able to express any desires or orders, like in his words "The four seasons pursue their courses, and all things are continually being produced, but does Heaven say anything?" (sishi xing yan, baiwu sheng yan,tian he yan zai 四時行焉，百物生焉, 天何言哉; ch. Yang Huo 陽貨). On the other hand, Confucius warned that a ruler "offending against Heaven has none to whom he can pray" (huo zui yu tian, wu suo dao ye 獲罪于天，無所禱也; ch. Bayi 八佾). A third interpretation of tianming found in the Confucian Analects (Lunyu) is "fate, destiny" (modern term mingyun 命運), like in the words "If my principles are to advance, it is so ordered. If they are to fall to the ground, it is so ordered.” (dao zhi jiang xing ye yu, ming ye; dao zhi jiang fei ye yu, ming ye 道之將行也與，命也；道之將廢也與，命也; ch. Xian wen 憲問). The Confucian philosopher Meng Ke 孟軻 (Mengzi 孟子; 385-304 or 372-289 BCE) was more direct in reviving the concept of Heaven as an authority supervising the way of rulership, and urged the lords to "obey Heaven's ordinances" (shun tianming 順天命). He reconfirmed the traditional view that the throne was given to the worthiest—be he the son of a ruler or not. "When Heaven gave the kingdom to the worthiest, it was given to the worthiest. When Heaven gave it to the son of the preceding sovereign, it was given to him." (tian yu xian, ze yu xian; tian yu zi, ze yu zi 天與賢，則與賢；天與子，則與子; Mengzi 孟子, ch. Wang Zhang 萬章 A). Mengzi saw in the feelings and activities of the people an indicator whether a leader was a good ruler or not. In earliest times, the throne was given to the worthiest, but in some instances, the people decided that the son of the deceased ruler would be the better one, as in the case of Qi 啟, son of Yu the Great 大禹, founder of the Xia dynasty 夏 (21th-17th cent. BCE). There were three forces working together to enthrone a worthy man, namely Heaven, the people, and the predecessor: "In the case of a private individual obtaining the throne, there must be in him virtue equal to that of Shun 舜 or Yu; and moreover there must be the presenting of him to Heaven by the preceding sovereign." (pifu er you tianxia zhe, de bi ruo Shun, Yu, er you you tianzi jian zhi zhe 匹夫而有天下者，德必若舜禹，而又有天子薦之者; ch. Wan Zhang A). An important aspect is the interpretation of what was meant with the term de 德, a virtue constituting a precondition for receiving Heaven's mandate. In Mengzi's eyes, de was virtue in the form of "cultivating one's nature" (yang xing 養其性). Quotation 1. Human nature (xing 性) and Heaven (tian 天) in Mengzi 孟子盡其心者，知其性也。知其性，則知天矣。存其心，養其性，所以事天也。殀壽不貳，脩身以俟之，所以立命也。 He who has exhausted all his mental constitution knows his nature. Knowing his nature, he knows Heaven. To preserve one's mental constitution, and nourish one's nature, is the way to serve Heaven. When neither a premature death nor long life causes a man any double-mindedness, but he waits in the cultivation of his personal character for whatever issue; this is the way in which he establishes his Heaven-ordained being. (Mengzi, ch. Jinxin 盡心 A; transl. Legge 1895) Mengzi established a clear hierarchy in which way a king had to rule. The people were the most important factor in polictics, then the state altars, and only then the person of the sovereign. Quotation 2. Welfare of the people according to Mengzi 民為貴，社稷次之，君為輕。是故得乎丘民而為天子，得乎天子為諸侯，得乎諸侯為大夫。諸侯危社稷，則變置。犧牲既成，粢盛既絜，祭祀以時，然而旱乾水溢，則變置社稷。 The people are the most important element in a nation; the spirits of the land and grain are the next; the sovereign is the lightest. Therefore to gain the peasantry is the way to become sovereign; to gain the sovereign is the way to become a regional ruler; to gain the regional ruler is the way to become a great officer. When a regional ruler endangers the altars of the spirits of the land and grain, he is changed, and another appointed in his place. When the sacrificial victims have been perfect, the millet in its vessels all pure, and the sacrifices offered at their proper seasons, if yet there ensue drought, or the waters overflow, the spirits of the land and grain are changed, and others appointed in their place. (ch. Jinxin B) The late Warring States-period 戰國 (5th cent.-221 BCE) philosopher Xun Qing 荀卿 (Xunzi 荀子; 313 -238 BCE), also a Confucian master, gave up Mengzi's image of Heaven as a supervisor of worldly matters who interferred into the course of history by sending down calamities and using the people as his vice. In Xunzi's eyes, Heaven was rather a natural phenomenon with great constancy, and had nothing to do with the long and prosperous rule of the sages of antiquity like Yao 堯 and Shun or with the downfall of a dynasty because of a tyrant like Jie 桀, the last of the Xia. Instead, he defines ming as "opportunities encountered expectedly" (jie yu 節遇; Xunzi 荀子, 22 Zhengming 正名), and thus deprives the world of all relationships with supernatural phenomena. In his chapter "Discourse on nature" (17 Tianlun 天論) Xunzi explains in the shape of verses: Quotation 3. Xunzi preferring action over contemplation How can glorifying Heaven and contemplating it / Be as good as tending its creatures and regulating them? How can obeying Heaven and singing it hymns of praise / Be better than regulating what Heaven has mandated and using it? How can anxiously watching for the season and awaiting what it brings / Be as good as responsing to the season and exploiting it? [...] How can brooding over for the origins of things / Be better than assisting what perfects them? Transl. Knoblock III: 20-211. Xunzi concludes that speculating about what belongs to Heaven will result in missing the essential nature of the myriad things (cuo ren er si tian, ze shi wanwu zhi qing 錯人而思天，則失萬物之情). This late Confucian philosopher was rather a practician than an idealist as Mengzi had been. Nuyen (2013) therefore interprets the Confucian notion of the Heavenly Mandate as a combination of divine will with human autonomy. While Daoist philosophers accepted personal fate as part of the Way (dao 道), Mo Di 墨翟 (Mozi 墨子; c. 476-c. 390 BCE) discarded the belief in personal fate (ch. Tianming 非命), but was convinced that good and bad behaviour would be rewarded and punished by spirits (gui). Confucianism did not play a great role in the early decades of the Han period 漢 (206 BCE-220 CE), until Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒 (179-104 BCE) developed a new concept merging Confucian ideas with contemporary beliefs in metaphysics and cosmology. He stressed that Heaven was the Great Lord of the hundred sprits (tianzhe baishen zhi dajun 天者百神之大君), and so revived the ancient image of Heaven as a spiritual superpower. Dong Zhongshu laid great stress on Mengzi's theory that Heaven would send down signs of being discontent with the emperor's performance in rulership. Such signs were natural calamities like draughts, floods, earthquakes, or pests, or strange phenomena like unforeseen eclipses, meteor showers, or the appearance of freaks of nature. Such were thereafter minutely recorded in historical records (for instance, the Wuxing chapters 五行志 of the official dynastic histories). Only the Sages would be able to carry out Heaven's ordinances, and each king did everything he could to comply with Heaven's will and obey Heaven's orders (wang zhe shang jin yu cheng tian yi, yi shun ming ye 王者上謹于承天意，以順命也; Ju xianliang duice 舉賢良對策 3). Even then there would be situations that the Sage was powerless to salvage, as such events were just decreed by Heaven (you suo bu neng jiu, ming yi fu 有所不能救，命矣夫; Chunqiu fanlu 春秋繁露, ch. Sui ben xiaoxi 隨本消息). The word ming had three connotations, as the book Baihutong delun 白虎通德論 says (31 Shouming 壽命 "Destinies"). 命有三科以記驗，有壽命以保度，有遭命以遇暴，有隨命以應行習。 There are three kinds of destinies, indicating man's vicissitudes. There is the old-age destiny (shouming 壽命) of those who observe the rules; there is the accident destiny (zaoming 遭命) of those who meet a violent death, and the merit destiny (suiming 隨命) of those who receive according to their deserts. 壽命者、上命也，若言文王受命唯中身，享國五十年。 The old-age destiny is the best. It applies for instance to King Wen, who received his Mandate in the middle of his life and enjoyed the state for fifty years. Translation according to Tjan 1952: 572. More down-to-earth definitions are given by Zhao Qi 趙岐 (108-201 CE), who commented on Mengzi, saying that natural destiny (shouming 受命, zhengming 正命) meant good behaviour being rewarded, concomitant destiny (suiming 隨命) meant bad conduct being punished, and adverse destiny (zaoming 遭命) good behaviour receiving bad results (xing shan de e 行善得惡). The Later Han-period 後漢 (25-220 CE) writer Wang Chong 王充 (27-97 CE), author of Lunheng 論衡, is often seen as a materialist because he criticized imaginations of spirits, ghosts, and supernatural powers like Heaven. Yet in his chapters 6 Mingyi 命義 "What is meant by destiny", and 3 Minglu 命祿 "On destiny and fortune", Wang explicates that Quotation 4. Wang Chong 王充 criticizing the belief in destiny 故夫遭、遇、幸、偶，或與命祿并，或與命祿離。遭遇幸偶，遂以成完；遭遇不幸偶，遂以敗傷，是與命祿并者也 … 重以遭遇幸偶之逢，獲從生死而卒其善惡之行，得其胸中之志，希矣。 Contingencies and chance either tally with destiny and luck or disagree with them. To hit on good chances, and thus reach the goal, or to meet with bad ones, and be ruined, is tallying with destiny and luck [...] All depends on contingencies. According to the chances they have, they either live or die, but those who accomplish all their good or bad deeds, and obtain all their heart's desires, are few. Translation Forke 1962, I: 143. During the Tang period 唐 (618-907), there were two schools contending with each other, the one represented by Han Yu 韓愈 (768-824), who advocated the influence of Heaven on private nature and fate, and the other by Liu Zongyuan 柳宗元 (773-819, author of Tianshuo 天說), who believed that merits were achievements by own efforts, and misfortune the result of own doings (gong zhe zi gong, huo zhe zi zuo 功者自功，禍者自禍). Liu Yuxi 劉禹錫 (772-842) wrote a treatise called "On Heaven" (Tianlun 天論) in which he supported Liu Zongyuan, but admitted that "Heaven and man contribute both" to individual situations (tian ren jiao xiang sheng 天人交相勝). The revival of the book Mengzi during the Song period 宋 (960-1279) and the focus on the metaphysical nexus between matter (qi 氣), inherent order (li 理), and individual nature (xing 性) brought new light into the function of Heaven. Zhang Zai 張載 (1020-1077), rather on the "materialist" side, was convinced that righteousness and fate were both part of the natural order (yi ming he yi cun yu li 義命合一存乎理). While "fate" (ming) constituted the natural part of the order, "righteousness" (yi 義) played the moral role in it. The brothers Cheng Hao 程顥 (1032-1085) and Cheng Yi 程頤 (1033-1107) suggested to stay away from using the term ming, without wholly discarding it. "Sageness" (sheng 聖) or "worthiness" (xian 賢) was the result of a search of the fundament of the Way (dao 道, i.e. the natural order li), namely righteousness (yi). For both of them, virtue and conduct was more important than speculation about any Heavenly endowment of character or fate. Cheng Hao defined ming in the following way: "The nature of Heaven is the Heavenly Way, and what Heaven bestows on the myriad beings, are Heavenly ordinances" (yan tian zhi ziran zhe, wei zhi tiandao; yan tian zhi fuyu wanwu zhe, wei zhi tianming 言天之自然者，謂之天道。言天之賦予萬物者，謂之天命; Er Cheng yishu 二程遺書 11). Even if basically supporting the opinion of the Brothers Cheng, the Southern Song-period 南宋 (1127-1279) master Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130-1200) held that good or bad luck in life was somehow part of the physical substance or natural disposition (qibing 氣稟). The Neo-Confucian interpretations of the word tianming follows a statement in the Liji 禮記 chapter Zhongyong 中庸, where it its said that "Heavenly order is individual character/nature" (tianming zhi wei xing 天命之謂性). The ancient commentary of Zheng Xuan 鄭玄 (127-200) on the Liji chapter Tangong 檀弓 likewise said that "ordinance/destiny means character/nature" (ming, you xing ye 命猶性也). In Neo-Confucian writings, where individual character was seen as the origin of moral and proper behaviour, the word tianming or ming was thus used in this sense, rather than in the context of political legitimation. The spectrum of common belief was still wide during the Song period, ranging from Wang Anshi's 王安石 (1021-1086) statement that "Heaven's ordinances are no thing to fear" (tianming bu zu wei 天命不足畏) to Chen Liang's 陳亮 (1143-1194) raking up of Dong Zhongshu's belief in Heaven's influence on rulership. During the Ming period 明 (1368-1644), philosophers like Wang Gen 王艮 (1483-1541) or Wang Fuzhi 王夫之 (1619-1692) again regarded "Heavenly ordinance" from the viewpoint of the ruler. While an individuum was not able to influence his fate fundamentally, a "Sage" would be able to shape the world and "create the fate of the myriad things" (keyi zao wanwu zhi ming 可以造萬物之命). Chen Chun 陳淳 (1483-1544), author of Beixi ziyi 北溪字義, reconciled the separation of matter (qi 氣) and the natural order (li 理) and defined "Heavenly ordinance" as the way in which the Heavenly way (tiandao 天道) circulated and spread to the myriad things. Traditionalists were still found during the Qing period 清 (1644-1911). Qian Daxin 錢大昕 (1728-1804) and Huang Shisan 黃式三 (1789-1862) scorned those who interpreted the ancient Classics Shangshu and Shijing as examples of superstition. Allan, Sarah (2007). "On the Identity of Shang Di and the Origin of the Concept of a Celestial Mandate (tian ming)", Early China, 31: 1-46. Ivanhoe, Philip J. (2004). "'Heaven's mandate' and the Concept of War in Early Confucianism", in Sohail H. Hashmi, Steven P. Lee, ed. Ethics and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Religious and Secular Perspectives (Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press), 270-276. Jiaoyu da cidian bianzuan weiyuanhui 《教育大辭典》編纂委員會, ed. (1992). Jiaoyu da cidian 教育大辭典, Part 9, Zhongguo gudai jiaoyu shi 中國古代教育史 (Shanghai: Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe), Vol. 2, 28. Leben, Carl (1978). "Managing Heaven's Mandate: Coded Communication in the Accession of Ts‘ao P’ii, A.D. 220", in David T. Roy, Tsuen-hsuin Tsien, ed. Ancient China: Studies in Early Civilization (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press), 315-342. Loewe, Michael (2003). "Tian ming (Mandate of Heaven)", in Yao Xinzhong, ed. RoutledgeCurzon Encyclopedia of Confucianism (London/New York: RoutledgeCurzon), 609-611. Ma Zhenduo 馬振鐸, Li Xi 李曦 (1992). "Tianming 天命", in Zhongguo da baike quanshu 中國大百科全書, Zhexue 哲學 (Beijing/Shanghai: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe), Vol. 2, 874. Machle, Edward J. (1993). Nature and Heaven in the Xunzi: A Study of Tianlun (Albany: State University of New York Press). Nuyen, A.T. (2013). "The 'Mandate of Heaven': Mencius and the Divine Command Theory of Political Legitimacy", Philosophy East and West, 63/2: 113-126. Pankenier, David W. (1995). "The Cosmo-Political Background of Heaven's Mandate", Early China, 20: 121-176. Pesque-Cela, Vanesa, Tao Ran, Liu Yongdong, Sun Laixiang (2009). "Challenging, Complementing or Assuming 'the Mandate of Heaven'? Political Distrust and the Rise of Self-Governing Social Organizations in Rural China", Journal of Comparative Economics, 37/1: 151-168. Tan, Sor-hoon (2003). Confucian Democracy: A Deweyan Reconstruction (Albany: State University of New York Press). Tong, Yanqi (2011). "Morality, Benevolence, and Responsibility: Regime Legitimacy in China from Past to the Present", Journal of Chinese Political Science, 16/2: 141-159. Tiwald, Justin (2008). "A Right of Rebellion in the Mengzi?" Dao, 7: 269-282. Wang Guotan 王國壇 (1993). "Tianming 天命", in Shi Quanchang 石泉長, ed. Zhonghua baike yaolan 中華百科要覽 (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe), 395. Xu Xinghai 徐興海, Liu Jianli 劉建麗, ed. (2000). Rujia wenhua cidian 儒家文化辭典 (Zhengzhou: Zhongzhou guji chubanshe), 45. Zhao Jihui 趙吉惠, ed. (1988). "Tianming 天命", in Zhao Jihui 趙吉惠, Guo Hou'an 郭厚安, ed. Zhongguo ruxue cidian 中國儒學辭典 (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe), 570. Zhou Guidian 周桂鈿 (1997). "Tianming 天命", in Pang Pu 龐樸, ed. Zhongguo ruxue 中國儒學 (Shanghai: Dongfang chuban zhongxin), Vol. 4, 110. Zhao Shulian 趙書廉, ed. (1986). Zhongguo zhexue shi xiao cidian 中國哲學史小辭典 (Zhengzhou: Henan renmin chubanshe), 33.
An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art Yin-Yang and Five Agents Theory, Correlative Thinking June 24, 2011 © Ulrich Theobald The school of Yin 陰 and Yang 陽 thought was one of the philosophical schools of the Warring States period 戰國 (5th cent.-221 BCE). It is often mentioned side by side with the school of the Five Agents (yinyang wuxing jia 陰陽五行家). The Yin and Yang school originated among the ancient astronomers that observed sun, moon and the constellations and also tried to predict the future from the movements of the starry sky. The oldest description of the Yin and Yang school has been made by the Former Han period 前漢 (206 BCE-8 CE) historiographer Sima Tan 司馬談 who said in his essay Lun liujia yaozhi 論六家要旨 that the diviners of the Yin and Yang school tried to enchain and intimidate the stupid masses with their statements (shi ren ju er duo wei 使人拘而多畏). They had nevertheless made, he admitted, important contributions to the understanding of the astronomical phenomena and the annual seasons and the seasonal phaenology. The imperial bibliography Yiwenzhi 藝文志 of the official dynastic history Hanshu 漢書 says that the Yin-Yang thinkers originated in astromical and astrological offices that were in mythological times occupied by Xi He 羲和. They observed the sky and created a calendar and so instructed the peasant people when to undertake their agricultural works. The terms yin and yang originally denoted the northern, shady side of a hill (yin), and the southern, sunny side respectively (yang), or the northern, sunny banks of a river (yang) and the southern, shady banks of it. In the field of astronomy, the term yin meant the new moon, the term yang the full moon, but yin also denoted the moon itself, while yang was the sun. In the field of phaenology, yin meant "winter" or the agent that prevails in winter and forces all plants and small animals to hide deep inside the earth. During winter, the agent yang is also hidden inside the roots of the plants, and starts growing in spring. In summer, the agent yang takes over and reaches its zenith with the beginning of autumn. Yin and Yang are subject to regular cycles. During the Warring States period, there were two different traditions of the Yin and Yang thinkers. The one tradition connected the Yin and Yang cycle with the cycle of the Five Agents (wuxing 五行). They explained the change of the seasons and gave support to the correlated agricultural activities. The representative writings of this tradition are the chapter Yueling 月令 in the Confucian Classic Liji 禮記, and the twelve annals (ji 紀) of the Lüshi chunqiu 呂氏春秋, as well as agricultural books. The second tradition focused on the Five Agents and their meaning for society and history. Their most important representatives were Zou Yan 鄒衍 and Zou Shi 鄒奭 with the lost writings Zouzi 鄒子, Zouzi zhongshi 鄒子終始, and Zoushizi 鄒奭子. While Yin and Yang corresponded to moon and sun, the Five Agents were seen as analogous to the five planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. The bibliography Yiwenzhi 藝文志 in the history Hanshu lists 68 books of Yin and Yang thinkers. The Qing period 清 (1644-1911) scholar Ma Guohan 馬國翰 has collected all surviving fragments of Zou Yan's writings, which are now included in the reprint series Yuhan shanfang jiyi shu 玉函山房輯佚書. Quotations of Yin-Yang thinkers are to be found in the books Lüshi chunqiu, Huainanzi 淮南子, Chunqiu fanlu 春秋繁露 and Baihu tongyi 白虎通義. The theory of Yin and Yang had a great impact on a wide range of traditional Chinese philosophies, from medical theories like explained in the Huangdi neijing 黃帝內經 to the critics of superstition as seen in Wang Chong's 王充 Lunheng 論衡 and their counterpart, the apocryphal Classics (chenwei 讖緯). Yin and Yang also play a great role in the Confucian Classic Yijing 易經 "Book of Changes", and its explanation by the Neo-Confucians. Yin and Yang are also known as agents in cosmic theories in Daoism. The theory of the Five Agents was originally a separate tradition. The theory of the Five Agents was very popular during the Han period 漢 (206 BCE-220 CE) but continued to play a certain role in traditional Chinese thinking. It was believed that all things on earth were influenced by a permanent but irregular change of the Five Agents. A change of the phase would be visible by strange events happening on earth, like the appearance of phoenixes, coloured clouds, the transformation of a cock into a hen, and so on. The change of the agents is described as different cycles, namely the productive cycle (sheng 生) or victorious (sheng 勝) and the destructive cycle (ke 克). By means of prognostication methods, a change could be predicted. Each of the Five Agents was characterized by one element, each of which had an effective force on all things on earth. The Five Elements (wucai 五材) are therefore also called the Five Forces (wude 五德). The earliest statement in literature about the Five Agents can be found in the chapter Hongfan 洪範 of the Confucian Classic Shangshu 尚書, where they are definded as water (shui 水), fire (huo 火), wood (mu 木), metal (jin 金) and earth (tu 土). Table 1. The Five Agents correlation in the Baihutong 白虎通, ch. 9 Agent direction energy action homophony water north Yin 陰 below the Yellow Sources (huangquan 黃泉, nourishes the ten thousand beings 水/ɕwi/ "water" 淮/tɕĭuĕn/ "levels" wood east Lesser Yang 少陽 incites the ten thousand beings to grow 木/muk/ "wood" 觸/tɕʰĭwok/ "pierces through" fire south Yang 陽 spreads the ten thousand beings all over 火/xuɑ/ "fire" 化/xwa/ "transforms" metal west Lesser Yin 少陰 terminates the ten thousand beings 金/kĭĕm/ "metal" 禁/kĭĕm/ "makes an end" earth centre swallows the ten thousand beings 土/tʰu/ "earth" 吐/tʰu/ "swallows" The Sui period 隋 (581-618) scholar Xiao Ji 肖吉 explains the cycle of the agents replacing each other (xiangke 相克 or xiangsheng 相勝) in his book Wuxing dayi 五行大義: wood overcomes earth, earth overcomes water, water overcomes fire, fire overcomes metal, and metal overcomes wood. This cycle is actually a description of natural processes: An iron hoe works the soil, trees grow out of the soil and transform it into wood, earthen dykes can control the water, water extinguishes fire, and fire melts down iron. The other cycle says that wood produces fire (by burning it), fire produces earth (ashes), earth produces metal (ores), metal produces water (liquid metal), and water produces wood (growing plants). The Mohist Canon also mentions the theory of the Agents but stresses that the chance of one element to overcome the other (jiaosheng 交勝) depended on the mass or prevalence, so that it was by no means certain that the cycle would move into one predestined direction. On the other side it was the fact that all elements were integrated into each other and nourished each other (xiangli 相麗). Frozen water was integrated in hard metal, while fire was hidden in the fuel wood. Especially in Mohist scientific thinking it can be seen that the theories of the Five Agents could be applied to explain natural phenomena in a time when science was still underdeveloped. Later on, the theory of the Five Agents was used to explain changes in history. Changes in the agents would express a change of Heaven's favour for one dynasty. The earth, with the colour yellow, was the phase of the Yellow Emperor 黃帝, the green wood that of the Xia dynasty 夏 (17th-15th cent. BCE), white metal that of the Shang dynasty 商 (17th-11th cent. BCE), red fire that of the Zhou dynasty 周 (11th cent.-221 BCE), black water that of the Qin 秦 (221-206 BCE), while the Han dynasty turned back the circle and adopted the element fire and the corresponding colour red. This theory of the influence of the Five Agents on history came up relatively late in the Warring States period and was brought forward by Zou Yan 鄒衍 (ca. 305-240 BCE). The theory of the regular cycle was finally established by the Former Han period scholar Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒. His eminent position in the Confucian world integrated the Five Agents theory into the public perception of the state and its position in the universe. Table 2. Characters of the the Five Agents according to Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒 Agent position, produces 生 consumes 受 controls 主 function wood left fire water life Minister of Agriculture 司農 fire front earth wood heat Minister of War 司馬 earth centre metal fire agent of Heaven Sovereign 君之官 metal right water earth execution Minister of Education 司徒 water back wood metal cold Minister of Justice 司寇 According to the Chunqiu fanlu 春秋繁露 chapters Wuxing dui 五行對 "An official response regarding the Five Agents", Wuxing zhi yi 五行之義 "The meaning of the Five Agents", Wuxing xiang sheng 五行相勝 "The mutual engendering of the Five Agents". The imperial bibliography in the official dynastic history Hanshu lists 31 books on the Five Agents, that of the Suishu 隋書 272 books. The greatest part of these books deals with prognostication with the help of starry constellations. The bibliography on soothsayers (127 Rizhe zhuan 日者傳) in the Shiji that was written by Chu Shaosun 褚少孫, also says that the wuxing experts mainly did do mantic work. He criticizes the divinatory schools for the contradicting results of their findings and gives and example of a prognostication for an ideal wedding day. The Five-Agents diviners (wuxingjia 五行家), geomancers (kanyujia 堪輿家), activity diviners (jianchujia 建除家, using months and the twelve daily human activities), "thicket hour" diviners (congchenjia 叢辰家, using the presence of spirits during the twelve double-hours of the day), calendar diviners (lijia 歷家), diviners of the "heavenly man" (tianrenjia 天人家) and Taiyi diviners (taiyijia 太一家) all found different results. The number five played an important part in Chinese thinking. Even Confucian philosophers resorted to it when establishing the rule of the five virtues kindheartedness (ren 仁), righteousness (yi 義), etiquette (li 禮), wisdom (zhi 智) and saintness (sheng 聖), or creating a canon of Five Classics. Table 3. The correlations of the Five Agents Wood Fire Earth Metal Water Direction east south center west north Season spring summer late summer autumn winter Colour green red yellow white black Weather wind heat damp dry cold Planet Jupiter Mars Saturn Venus Mercury Numerology 3+5=8 2+5=7 5 4+5=9 1+5=6 Animal chicken goat cow horse pig Crop wheat shu 黍 millet ji 稷 millet rice pulses Musical note jiao zhi gong shang yu Musical instrument lute pipe drum sound stone string Flavour sour bitter sweet pungent salty Smell urine scorched fragrant fishy rotten Extract from the medical classic Huangdi neijing 黃帝內經 (ch. 4 金匱真言論 Jinkui zhenyan lun "The truth from the golden chamber"). Table 4. The correlations of Yin and Yang Pole Yang Yin Yang Yin Yang Yin Yang Yin Yang Yin Yin and Yang Season spring summer autumn winter Celestial stems jia 甲, bing 丙, geng 庚, ren 壬, Emperor Tai Hao 太皞 Yan Di 炎帝 Shao Hao 少皞 Zhuan Xu 顓頊 Spirit Gou Mang 句芒 Zhu Rong 祝融 Ru Shou 蓐收 Xuan Ming 玄冥 Animal scaly feathered hairy shell-covered Musical note jue zhi shang yu Pitch pipes 太簇 taicu 夾鍾 jiazhong 姑洗 guxian 仲呂 zhonglü 蕤賓 ruibin 林鍾 linzhong 夷則 yize 南呂 nanlü 無射 wuyi 應鍾 yingzhong 黃鍾 huangzhong 大呂 dalü Number 8 7 9 6 Taste sour acrid bitter salty Smell rank burning rank putrid Offering place door furnace gate path Sacrificial object spleen lungs liver kidney Summary of the correlations as described in the Lüshi chunqiu 呂氏春秋 (Ji 紀 "Almanachs" 1-12), Huainanzi 淮南子 (ch. 3 Tianwen xun 天文訓 "Astronomy") and the Shiji 史記 (ch. 25 Lü shu 律書 "Harmony and measurements"). Chen Yongzheng 陳永正, ed. (1991). Zhongguo fangshu da cidian 中國方術大辭典 (Guangzhou: Zhongshan daxue chubanshe), 31. Gao Liushui 高流水 (1996). "Wuxing xiangke 五行相克", in Feng Kezheng 馮克正, Fu Qingsheng 傅慶升, ed. Zhuzi baijia da cidian 諸子百家大辭典 (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe), 895. Gao Liushui 高流水 (1996b). "Wuxingjia 五行家", in Feng Kezheng 馮克正, Fu Qingsheng 傅慶升, ed. Zhuzi baijia da cidian 諸子百家大辭典 (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe), 966. Gao Liushui 高流水 (1996c). "Yinyangjia 陰陽家", in Feng Kezheng 馮克正, Fu Qingsheng 傅慶升, ed. Zhuzi baijia da cidian 諸子百家大辭典 (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe), 966. Gu Mingyuan 顧明遠 (ed. 1998). Jiaoyu da cidian 教育大辭典 (rev. ed.), Shanghai: Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe, vol. 2, p. 1905. Fang Keli 方克立, ed. (1994). Zhongguo zhexue da cidian 中國哲學大辭典 (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe), 319. Li Deyong 李德永 (1987a). "Wuxing 五行", in Zhongguo da baike quanshu 中國大百科全書, Zhexue 哲學 (Beijing/Shanghai: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe), Vol. 2, 938-939. Li Deyong 李德永 (1987b). "Yinyangjia 陰陽家", in Zhongguo da baike quanshu 中國大百科全書, Zhexue 哲學 (Beijing/Shanghai: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe), Vol. 2, 1101. Li Deyong 李德永 (1987c). "Zou Yan 鄒衍", in Zhongguo da baike quanshu 中國大百科全書, Zhexue 哲學 (Beijing/Shanghai: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe), Vol. 2, 1272-1273. Men Kui 門巋, Zhang Yanjin 張燕瑾, ed. (1997). Zhonghua guocui da cidian 中華國粹大辭典 (Beijing: Guoji wenhua chuban gongsi), 467-468.
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If you’re attempting to rush, it may get second nature to glance with an m-word and begin in immediately on solving the issue. Some folks are organizedothers aren’t. Many folks of all ages find volunteer employment or civic engagement rewarding and an opportunity to provide a contribution back in the community. You don’t appear to be a wifeA man who is searching for a critical relationship wants a woman who looks like she’d make a great wife. The calculation to get the median is a bit longer because the data are grouped into intervals and, thus, each one of the original information was lost. 5 To discover the median, samedayessay.com reviews the data ought to be organized into sequential purchase. Rather than that, you figure out the median by locating the 2 numbers that fall in the center. The weights could possibly be expressed as percentages instead of by a specific number credits. Since the typical deviation is in the exact same units as the original variable, it’s a lot easier to interpret than the variance. The second way of calculating the average is by employing median. The Argument About What Is Median in Math The coordinates will appear beneath the search bar at the very top left corner. Day 1 is the very first date of the undertaking, and the previous date is set by how much time it will take to do every one of the tasks in the suitable order. The previous period of Ancient Egypt is called the New Kingdom. Calculate your median before you model anything, and make sure to are considering the numbers that will provide you with the clearest picture. Regardless of the unstable economy, selecting a career that’s in demand can help you in more ways than one. A lot of people are 3 pay-checks short of bankruptcy. A more realistic and commonly used business technique is to assign weights to every numerical price. http://www.phoenix.edu/content/dam/altcloud/doc/colleges_divisions/education/cte-schedule.pdf Whenever there is an even number of values, there’s an issue in there there’s not 1 number that functions as a middle price. So the absolute value cannot be negative. Now follow your row horizontally until you accomplish the appropriate column. If multiple numbers in an established repeat the very same number of times, your set is going to have more than 1 mode. The mode has become the most frequent value in a set of information. In instances where you’ve got a huge number of scores, developing a frequency distribution can be beneficial in figuring the mode. The mean is found by adding up all the offered data and dividing by the range of information entries. An outlier is a number that’s distant from the majority of the other data. Finding What Is Median in Math on the Web To acquire reliable results for repeatability, you should be able to execute the exact procedure multiple times. A mixture of health and non-medical aspects can cause a crash. Ultimately, there’s the range. The central limit theorem can be utilized to estimate the probability of locating a specific value in a population. Use the mean instead if there aren’t any outliers. Once an observation is quite different from the rest of the observations in a data set, it is known as an outlier. You should not presume that your mean is going to be one of your initial numbers. It does change, however, because it is dependent on the average value of all observations. write essay for me Both the mean and median for those girls was significantly greater. The outlier’s effect was exaggerated. The difference between both is obviously terrific. There are different kinds of mean, like the geometric mean. 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Accounting Accounting is work that takes a cool, level head and the capacity to work well under pressure, along with comfort working with numbers, naturally. You might want to think about the salaries of accountants in every single firm five years as soon as they are hired. Accounting clerks earn more than you may think. Untold Stories on What Is Sin in Math That You Must Read Why Everybody Is Dead Wrong About Borrowed Theories Used in Nursing Rumors, Lies and Borrowed Theories Used in Nursing The upcoming articles discuss both of these studies in detail. Citations are inconsistently employed. As we examine the detail the news becomes even more troubling. A Startling Fact about Borrowed Theories Used in Nursing Uncovered He’s noticed in the past few years that he doesn’t feel well on a high starch diet and occasionally attempts to steer clear of chips and ice cream. The theory requires a look at the sort of relationship the many parts have with one another. She borrowed an amount of money to obtain a piglet for fattening. Through examining cultures in which large quantities of folks dwell in poverty (for example, India), it’s very clear people are still capable of higher order needs like love and belongingness. essay-company.com/ It can be embarrassing that you ask friends and family about how it is possible to tell if he’s interested. There’s unknown silence in everybody’s inner self. Borrowed Theories Used in Nursing Options You’ll draw the maximum amount of customers when you provide a benefit they can’t get from your competition. Just like any other job you’re going to be supplied with whatever you need (including benefits) by your employer. Your four key purchases are going to be your healthcare transcription training, transcriber, computer and reference books so that your investment will be quite minimal in comparison to doing medical billing from home where the investment is frequently as much as http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/1968.html 6,000 to find the work of the ground. The Most Popular Borrowed Theories Used in Nursing 1 means is to introduce mandatory medical care personnel vaccination against influenza. Basically communicable disease also referred to as infectious refers to diseases that may pass from 1 person to another whereas non-communicable diseases called chronic occur in 1 person and can’t be passed on to another. Ericksonas theory will allow the nurse to know the developmental phase of the child then utilize age-appropriate approach to control the childas loss. Understanding Borrowed Theories Used in Nursing The second assumption is that nurses are eager to serve in the very first place. How the study will be contingent on one-off consent removes the challenging job of seeking for the participants of the first studies considering that there’s a chance some may have passed on. It focuses primarily on the level of subordinate participation that is suitable in various situations. Type of Borrowed Theories Used in Nursing The Borrowed theories related to sociologic issues and the Mid Range Theories that concentrate on a particular facet of change like education and empowerment can play a critical role in disease prevention (Meleis et al. 2000). The response should be in regards to non-nursing theories utilised in nursing practice. Callista Roy propagated theadaptation theory of nursing where the patient is regarded as a biopsychosocial being who is continually adapting to a changing atmosphere. essay writing service These courses may lead to a number of the fastest growing jobs through 2014, as stated by the Labor Statistics Bureau. Nursing is in the middle of revolutionary alterations. It is not that old. The Appeal of Borrowed Theories Used in Nursing The outlook part of your analysis may look like prognostication, but it’s really a measure of trends by the moment you’ve done most of your research, you’ll have sufficient info to learn what the outlook really is writing a competitive analysis may be a challenging and intriguing object of work. The outcomes of Shapleyas calculations weren’t far from the mark. In the long run, technologies like machine learning will probably alleviate verification expenses. Whispered Borrowed Theories Used in Nursing Secrets If you would like to intervene and give support, do it from a place of understanding. Smart technology is utilized in many different ways also. Writing can help you get in contact with the silence within yourself. Facts, Fiction and Borrowed Theories Used in Nursing In other nations, the issue gets considerably more clouded and complicated. Once these growth needs have been reasonably happy, one could be in a position to reach the maximum level called self-actualization. The model, is also thought of as Unfreeze-Change-Refreeze. The Pain of Borrowed Theories Used in Nursing Self-efficacy is the learner’s capability to accomplish the established objective. Leaders must be supplied a goal, must possess the capacity to train and assess subordinate’s performance towards that goal and has to be given the authority to reward subordinates when goals are satisfied. Staying positive is important to your success. New Questions About Borrowed Theories Used in Nursing When teaching, it is critical to pay attention to the simple fact that learning is a stratified procedure. Knowledge of the fundamental processes and methods of research is essential for students going into the DEMN program. Activities and Directions To start the procedure, select a concept you want to know more about, a term you encounter with your work or one with which you want to research. Below are a few of the theories you’re most likely to come across. All adherents have to be inclined to both give and get. On the grounds of these judgments, you will start to feel depressed. It didn’t cover all potential phenomena that nurses manage. Guided by an appropriate theory, you’re supplied a foundation for your hypotheses and choice of research procedures. For any significant work it’s far better visit the original theory. The True Meaning of Borrowed Theories Used in Nursing Your own personal information will stay completely confidential and won’t be disclosed to any third party. The majority of the moment, writing to create a content is regarded as a legitimate outcome. It is fully used. Social forces have a strong effect on wellness and wellness of individuals. Recruiting from away from the organization makes sense every time a significant modification in corporate culture or direction is necessary. The laissez-faire style leader permits the group he or she’s leading to pinpoint their own objectives and the methods to achieve them. A Secret Weapon for Proofreading Online
The Hacker's League Lee Felsenstein 18 March 1992 Theory The Hacker's League is modeled loosely after the American Radio Relay League (A.R.R.L.), an organization of technological adventurers of the Edwardian period. In its heyday, the radio amateurs moved from being nuisances to being important contributors to the development of radio technology. In a field which demanded governmental regulation for orderly operation, the A.R.R.L. represented the interests of amateurs in the councils of government and organized ongoing educational activities through which newcomers to the field could learn not only the technology involved, but also the human interactions which connect the technology to the outside world. The most recent triumph of radio amateurs has been the development of packet radio, which has recently been adopted by Motorola as the basis for its "wireless local loop" for wireless telephone operation. Thanks to the amateurs, it was developed and tried out in an open environment outside of commercial pressures which tend toward secrecy and exclusion. In the area of computers and telecommunication, there are several parallels between today's hackers and the radio amateurs of 1915. Hackers are seen by the respectable technological players as nuisances capable of doing great damage and generally without redeeming qualities. They were indistinguishable from rogue broadcasters who trampled on other signals in their urge to cover the longest distance. In the corridors of power there was a movement toward outlawing them. Nontechnical people did not know quite what to think about this problem and its suggested solution. The A.R.R.L. was more than a lobbying organization, though. It provided a means for the mutual education essential to the growth of any technology, a route of entry open to all comers, and a social scene to accompany the technological forum. Through the A.R.R.L. green kids could encounter grizzled old-timers who would be unapproachable in their positions the industry. At field days and other events the cameraderie of being explorers overcame the barriers of class and position as well as those engendered by commercial competition. Networking was possible in the amateur environment which forwarded the operation in the commercial and professional environments. The concept of the Hacker's League is similar but different as befits the different nature of the technology. The aim is to provide a situation in which otherwise unqualified entrants to the field can engage in informal learning situations, test their skills as a means of exercising their craft, gain hands-on experience with systems which would be unobtainable otherwise, and participate on both sides of mentoring and tutorial relationships. The Hacker's League would provide an outlet for the creative energies which are otherwise expended making life worse for perceived or imagined enemies through unauthorized entry to systems and other illegal or unethical conduct. Such energies would be turned toward projects which advance the state of the art, and in a way which undermines the arrogance and exclusivity of the corporate managers which hackers find so tempting a target. To the charge that the Hacker's League would become a front for the interests of industry may be raised the defense that by exploiting industry's fear of low-level disorder it would provide an organizing platform for higher-level attack upon the technological underpinnings of the existing structure. Consider the difference between outcomes had hackers in the 1970's been content to organize politically for access to mainframes. There would have been no personal computer industry, and the power relationships would not have undergone the radical changes brought about by the triumph of open architecture. One might well have said then that the amateur computer activity was a distraction from the true task of tugging at the sleeve of power, yet we can all see the effects of that activity. The Hacker's League could be seen as a guild serving to restrict entry to the membership of the technical elite. In fact, the League would be far more open than the current system of university education. It would provide a means of testing to see whether one is suited to the demands of the technology without exacting years of commitment to learning prerequisites. Within the Hacker's League there would be much more mobility among specialties than exists in university curricula, and the doors would be open to underage entrants and those who come later in life after entrance to a university becomes difficult or impossible. Still, the human tendencies which lead toward exclusivity and the formation of cliques will always be with us, and we must bear them in mind as we proceed in conceptualizing and realizing the Hacker's League. The technology in which we work tends to eliminate the need for centralization, and one of the important outcomes of the Leagues's development would be the demonstration of the decentralized mode of organization, as noble an exploration as might be contemplated, int he opinion of many. After all, the primary challenge is not so much in the hardware, or the physical form of the systems of intercommunication and interaction around which society develops. The important work is in developing the social forms of use of this technology which forwards the common good as well as that of the individual. New ways of thinking, as Einstein said, are the urgently needed ingredient for the humanization and survival of society. The Hacker's League would not only provide a development bed for social innovations involving the use of information technology, but it would empower those innovations through the parallel development of the technology and, most importantly, of the human network through which the technology is made to come alive. Practice The Hacker's League would be membership organization open to nonmembers for certain functions. It would be organized as a nonprofit educational and scientific organization. Its publications would be freely available to all interested readers. The League would hold periodic local events demonstrating technical achievements of members or chapters, and offering places for individuals outside the League to exhibit or to engage in low-level trade, such as swap meets. A newcomer would most probably make first contact at such events, and might decide to attend a local chapter meeting. Meetings of local chapters would be high in information exchange and low in structure. Newcomers would be acknowledged and provided with a brief orientation so that they would not feel put off by displays of technical virtuosity or cliquishness. If the newcomer desired further involvement, there would be a set of course tracks available as suggested paths for establishing, through achievement, one's level of skill. These might be thought of as Scout Merit Badges, although the name would probably not be used. In the early stages of involvement, the newcomer might interact with a designated instructor who is also working to establish skill in teaching and coaching. Later, as the newcomer gains skill and established competence, he or she would be recommended for more individual instruction and consultation from more highly skilled mentors. Such mentoring relationships would be an important feature of the League, both as a means and and end. The League at the local level would acquire maintain obsolescent equipment which would be operated and improved by the members through development projects proposed from the membership. Telecommunication resource would also be solicited as donations from carriers, on the none-too-subtle suggestion that the availability of such resource in such a context is conducive to the development of skilled citizens instead of antisocial attackers. Through this resource the League would maintain its larger structure, which would be a communication- based overlay of networks and ad-hocracies. Through these structures conflicting positions could be discussed and debated in a functioning participatory democracy. Informed plebiscites would be conducted both as a means of determining the sense of the League on issues of importance and as development projects testing the capabilities of information technology under various arrangements of use. The highest structure of organization would be at the local level, and the administrators at wider levels might be given titles, such as Janitor, which tend to prevent puffery and self-glorification. Sapiential authority would be fostered within the League as opposed to positional authority. The newcomer would progress from establishing his or her level of skill to a process of exploring the available courses of self-development. It would be possible to propose a specific course different from the recommended courses. The newcomer would then engage in projects which require the improvement in skill level under the supervision or review of competent skilled members. This should be seen as professional development (where the word has no connotation of "earning a livelihood") and since it is a responsibility of all professionals to teach and transmit their skills, the newcomer would along the way be expected to perform as an instructor and later a supervisor and mentor to future newcomers. Thus, progress in self-development would not be simply a matter of the "neat hacks" one could accomplish, but would require an integration into the society first of hackers, then the broader society. There is no reason why technologists must rely on others to represent their work to the public or the polity. One of the public service functions performed by the members of the Hacker's League (and this performance would be explicitly carried out by the members and not by the "organization") would be consultation on informational security and integrity of communications within everyday society. Members of the League would provide a service of analysis of proposals, investigations of system misuse and pursuit of abusers which would rest on its own professional foundation rather than serving direct commercial ends which might distort the conclusions of investigations. To use a popular metaphor, members of the Hacker's League might be compared to doctors on the Electronic Frontier, with their own loose medical association to keep quackery at bay and serving a public health function. Or perhaps the analogy might be to schoolteachers who also write literature and literary criticism, as well as turning out works of art and organizing criticism of the same. Obviously, this metaphoric space needs work. One can expect to better one's material condition through participating in the networks of relationships which would be the Hacker's League, if one has the skill and aptitude to improve one's skills. If not, it would be no shame to cease participation. An important function of the League would be to encourage the incompetent to go elsewhere without opprobium. They may well turn up as administrators within industry, and it is in no ones' interest for there to be hostile relations based upon "loser" status. In fact, the Hacker's League would be a way to do away with the "winner/loser" dichotomy. If you try, you win to some degree, and younger members less secure in themselves need to learn this, at times to a desperate degree. One can take on more than one can handle, be allowed to fail with support from those more experienced, and not incur actual or emotional costs which would otherwise drive one away from such experimentation. The Hacker's League wouldn't be working without a measurable degree of honestly won failure on the part of its members. What types of projects would be undertaken? Perhaps the development of distributed operating systems suitable for networks of variegated intelligent devices; elegant user front- ends and development environments for intuitive system configuration; pidgin speech (unnatural language) recognition systems; new structures of groupware; possibly neural networks at higher levels. But these are my own conjectures, and what would actually transpire would almost certainly make these guesses look ridiculously quaint and primitive. Let's give it a chance to happen.
Social Media and Attention Span By Katie Weinstein People have spent increasingly more time on social media throughout the years which has led to shorter and shorter attention spans. This is because of click bait material and multitasking. Social media is designed to grab people’s attention and get people to their next click so that people stay online for longer. Instead of publishing detailed, meaningful articles, people are now publishing more sensational, controversial pieces to get people to click. Because the material is very loud and polarizing, people have an urge to switch to new material, so new information is constantly competing for attention, reducing our attention span. This can be addictive in nature and teaches people to focus on engaging material for a short period of time and stay on social media for a long period of time. Additionally, social media is something that is commonly used while completing another task. When a person is multitasking, attention span is reduced. The effects are especially detrimental for younger people who are more susceptible to developing bad habits. The average attention span in 2000 was 12 seconds and is now 8 seconds, which is 1 second shorter than the attention span of a goldfish! This is because it takes greater cognitive effort to switch between tasks than it does to maintain the same level of concentration on one task. Research has also shown that episodic memory can be significantly reduced when multitasking. Some ways to prevent declining attention spans are: • Implementing a “no phone at dinner” rule • Complete one task at a time • Put your phone away while working Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Essential concepts for managing Xanthomonas in Begonia — Part 3 How to approach phytosanitary control in a begonia crop with Xanthomonas. A crop of Rieger begonia infected with Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. begonia. Photo by Heidi Lindberg, MSU Extension. In Part 1, we covered what Xanthomonas is, how it infects plants, its potential impact on a crop and its diagnosis. In Part 2, we covered cultural practices to reduce disease pressure and chemical treatment options. Unfortunately, disposing infected and possibly-infected plants requires some tough decisions by the greenhouse growers or owners. In this final article in the series, Michigan State University Extension answers some commonly asked questions about how growers should approach plant disposal in order to minimize losses in the crop. Once a grower receives a positive diagnosis for Xanthomonas, how should they proceed? Since there is no cure for begonias infected with Xanthomonas, all symptomatic plants should be discarded as soon as possible. Scout the crop for symptomatic plants and dispose of those that are within splashing distance of infected plants. Remember that there is a time lag between when plants are infected and when they develop visible symptoms. As a result, treat plants that are within splashing distance of symptomatic plants as infected and discard them. How should growers approach scouting the crop and determining what to rogue out? When considering how to dispose of plant material, take note of the location of symptomatic plants and the prevalence of the infection. In situations where a low percentage of the crop is symptomatic, scouting and rogueing may be practical. However, in cases where a larger portion of the crop is infected, consider destroying entire portions of the crop. How should growers dispose of infected plant material? Dispose of infected plant material when foliage is dry to prevent further spread to nearby begonias. Limit the number of people handling the infected plants. Wear disposable gloves and disposable coats or bleach-able aprons. Do not compost the diseased plant material or reuse pots that contained infected plants. How should growers document their losses? Have a diagnostic report showing a confirmation of the pathogen. Take photos of the symptoms on the infected plants as well as the scope and quantity of crop losses. Using a smartphone or tablet to record a walking video with a timestamp is an excellent means to document the losses. How do growers sanitize the greenhouse after having Xanthomonas-infected begonias? All infected plant material must first be removed from the greenhouse; this includes plant debris remaining on and under benches, aisles and trays. Additionally, soil and other debris should be washed off surfaces prior to sanitizing. Surfaces in the production facility should be cleaned with quaternary ammonia or other commercially available sanitizing agents. To read more about greenhouse sanitation, refer to the Purdue Bulletin, “Sanitation for Greenhouse Disease and Pest Management.” Porous surfaces such as black weed mats can be hard to clean and sanitize; we recommend you replace the black weed mat after a disease problem. Additional resources For additional information and insight from plant disease experts, start here: Did you find this article useful?
To Kill A Mockingbird: PDF eBook To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by the American author Harper Lee. It was published in 1960 and was instantly successful. In the United States, it is widely read in high schools and middle schools. To Kill a Mockingbird has become a classic of modern American literature, winning the Pulitzer Prize. When Tom Robinson, one of the town's Black residents, is falsely accused of raping Mayella Ewell, a white woman, Atticus agrees to defend him despite threats from the community. At one point he faces a mob intent on lynching his client but refuses to abandon him. Scout unwittingly diffuses the situation.
A History of Disney Toons A History of Disney Toons To learn how to write in toto, you need to know the Latin roots of the word. In toto means “all together,” “all,” or “neither.” You may find in to English, in an official document or in a book of literature, that someone has spoken to you in toto, indicating that you should take the advice indicated in toto. Another example would be when you are taking a test in college and the teacher indicates that one of your answers is incorrect. You can correct it in toto by repeating the question or making a correction, whereas if you had made a different answer, the correction would be to alter the definition of the question to mean that you did not answer it correctly. The term toto appears only once in the entire English language, as part of a list of Latin adjectives, although it does appear in some other languages. According to Halliday and Driver, the toto adjective is derived from toto, which in turn is derived from toto circa, “a shoe,” or toto cadence, “a running pace.” The phrase toto circa appears to be a forerunner of the term toto. Toto, however, does not appear in any English dictionary, so it is very unlikely to be found outside of the languages in which the English toto is spoken. For example, the phrase toto circa liberata, “freedom of movement,” in Spanish, means “of a running or walking pace,” so this phrase would not be familiar to a person who had learned to speak only English. The Tin Man makes an appearance in a number of fairy tales, but the most famous version shows the Tin Man making a visit to Kansas in the late 1800s. The novel begins with the narrator traveling to Kansas with his friend Dora. Together they plan to see a world-famous magician, whom they believe can solve the mystery of their world. During their trip, the Tin Man falls in love with Dora, and the two of them travel to the Magic Kingdom where they meet the original Cinderella. The first lines of the story tell us that the Tin Man has no magic powers; he cannot put anyone to sleep or cause anyone to speak in sentences. He can, however, make all kinds of noises, which is what he uses to charm Dora. The noises sound very much like those that tin men make when they are being paid to perform. It is through the repetitive sound of the tin man that we are introduced to the world of magic, where only a few people have the power to perform its tricks. As the story of the Tin Man and Dora progresses, we learn more about the background of both characters. We learn that they live in Kansas, where the winters are freezing cold and the summers are hot and humid. Eventually, we discover that the goods have been hired by a very rich uncle to help him organize his store-room. Dora and the Tin Man become friends and work well together, as well as battling monsters and the villains that haunt their ways. The most famous scene from the series is the one where Dora, after discovering a box full of unusual toys, places them all in a carton and leads it across town to a huge fair. At the fair, she meets her first real fairy, and the books describe the adventures of their journey. Some other minor Disney characters also appear at various points in the series. Overall, todos are very popular among children and grownups, and are some of the best-known Disney characters. This entry was posted in Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink.
Let's go to cyborgs We cyborgs! A play about people and machines They can sing, dance, make ironic remarks and recognize when the other person is sad. Techno freaks from Silicon Valley and East Asia outdo each other in making their robots appear as human as possible. The better they manage it, the more fascinating it is for us - and the more scary. Ultimately, they remain automatons determined by their designers. The limits of their programming are the limits of their world. The real challenge is to apply the technological developments on or in our biological body. And that brings us to the cyborg: the hybrid of living organism and machine. The term "cyborg" is an acronym that is composed of the English "cybernetical" and "organism". It is mostly used to describe people whose bodies are permanently supplemented by artificial components. The use of complex technology implanted in the body is nothing new in medicine. People with pacemakers, leg or arm prostheses, implants in eyes or ears (cochlea or retina implants) are cybernetic organisms according to the term. Accordingly, 15 to 20 percent of the current population are already considered cyborgs. Connection with devices We humans are beings who have always lived in a symbiotic connection with the technology that surrounds us. Our ability to continuously develop technical devices - from hand ax to wireless data transmission - is an anthropological defining feature. We have been associated with devices since the Stone Age, and our development is directly related to technological development. Tools such as spears, wheels, wagons, steam engines, trains and airplanes are extensions of our body and serve to transcend the biological limits of the body and to open up new possibilities for opening up the world. Since the digital revolution, we have been so dependent on devices in our global context that the term cyborg can no longer be limited to technologies that are implanted under the skin. The new technologies have long since expanded subcutaneous use and made us prosthetic organisms whose technological enhancements are attached to the interface between the inside and the outside of the body. The most important device in this context is the smartphone. By combining the almost unlimited possibilities of the Internet with the techniques of audio and video phoning, it opens up a new, unprecedented relationship to those present and to the absent world. The smartphone has become an application in our body. We haven't - yet - implemented it under the skin, but it has become an indispensable prosthesis for our perception and communication apparatus. Love of automatons In the romantic horror tale "The Sandman" by E. T. A. Hoffmann, the enthusiastic student Nathanael falls in love with him Vending machines "Olimpia". The artificial being appears to him as the ideal partner, and it is precisely her lack of expressiveness and her answers that are reduced to a simple "oh" that do not deter him, but rather promote and confirm his love for her. Apart from the ironic description of male desire, which does not strive for an equal subject as a counterpart, Hoffmann gives a convincing description of the mechanism of love in his novella, which is always due to a projection of subjective ideas onto the love object. This leads to the idealization of the beloved object, which is why Freud compares the process of love to madness. The budding poet Nathanael obsessively clings to the illusion that the beloved Olimpia, despite her mechanical movements and simple-minded responses, is a human being. When the deception is finally exposed, Nathanael ends up in the madhouse. Irritation and uncertainty The romantic Hoffmann tells us that there is something uncanny about our encounter with human-like automatons. The more the shape of the artificial being resembles a person, the more we react with irritation and uncertainty. Psychoanalysis draws a parallel here to the romantic motif of the doppelganger that we encounter in the digital present in the form of robots in its technological form. Today's robots are programmed so ingeniously that they come deceptively close to the human appearance through random movements of the head, seemingly involuntary blinking and a complex system of acoustic and visual sensors. The more the artificial beings resemble us humans, the more creepy we feel. Research calls this the uncanny valley phenomenon. In addition to being amazed at the technological possibilities, the encounter with human-like artificial beings triggers two elementary feelings in us: the fear of death and the longing for immortality. This feeds speculation about the possible abolition of death by technological means. Human optimization The goal of transhumanism is to overcome man in his previous form. Loosely linked to Nietzsche's utopia of the "superman", which philosophizes about overcoming suffering and pain, moral depravity and physical vulnerability, the transhumanists dream of optimizing human beings through science. They assume that the next stage of human evolution will be achieved through fusion with technology. The complete replacement of our mortal "shell" with rot-proof technological material is the next logical step in this way of thinking. Why shouldn't the medical and technological possibilities even be further developed in such a way that we can upload our consciousness to a carrier medium other than our perishable body? spirit and body Such ambitions currently fail not only because of the question of how our complex thinking can be congruent with digital artificial intelligence. It is the indissoluble amalgamation of mind and body, of intelligence and sensory perception, of feelings and information that has made all previous attempts in this direction fail. But there are already cryonics today who allow themselves to be frozen shortly before their death in order to be thawed again in the indefinite future, when the transfer of human consciousness to a new storage medium will be feasible. Around 400 shock-frozen people in the USA and Russia are in "cold sleep" at minus 196 and are waiting to be thawed again in the future. In dystopian novels and films we meet machine beings that at some point free themselves from the determination by programming in order to develop their own will or feelings. We tend to trust machine beings to turn against us humans at some point and to want to suppress or destroy us with their technological superiority. Such a dynamic, popular in cyberpunk, for example, must be read as an artistic parable of our human behavior. An artificial being programmed by humans will not rise up against humans. We therefore don't have to be afraid of the machines, but only of the people who program these machines. Antenna people In her Cyborg Manifesto from 1985, the feminist philosopher Donna Haraway creates the utopia of overcoming the boundaries between "human" and "animal" and between "human" and "machine". In their eyes, this also opened up the opportunity to dissolve the traditional binary gender. At the University of Art in Barcelona, a group of students is working on converting their bodies into cyborgs. One woman has sensors implanted in her skull in order to sense earthquakes around the world, another has magnetic implants in her ear to develop new senses of hearing and sensing. The art students see themselves as part of an avant-garde that is working on expanding our species. One of them, Neil Harbisson, wears an antenna camera on his head, with which he, originally born color-blind, can now hear colors. In 2010 he founded the Cyborg Foundation, an international foundation that defends the rights of cyborgs and supports people who want to become cyborgs. He has already achieved one success: his antenna, which protrudes over his head to his forehead, is recognized as part of his personality and is documented on his passport photo. He managed to get through the security checks at airports with the antenna and no longer be forced to take it off. Which is not possible anyway because it is implanted in his skull. (Bernd Liepold-Mosser, January 31, 2021) Bernd Liepold-Mosser, born 1968 in Griffen, director and author, is the director of the Klagenfurt Festival and is currently in charge of the research project "Performing Reality" at the University of Klagenfurt. Cyborg Sandmann, very loosely based on "The Sandman" by E. T. A. Hoffmann. TAG Theater Vienna. Premiere on March 25th
Pain Management of Adhesiolysis in Lakeland, FloridaAdhesiolysis is one of the procedures used by pain specialists, like Novus Pain & Spine Center in Lakeland, Florida, to treat pain resulting from scar tissue. Adhesiolysis is also called “epidural lysis of adhesions,” because the procedure breaks up scar tissue. Furthermore, it’s called the “Racz Procedure,” named for the doctor who developed the procedure to remove or divide tissue adhesions in the lumbar region of the spine (lower back). What Is an Adhesion? An adhesion is a band of scar tissue that binds two parts of body tissue together that are not normally joined together. Pain typically results from an adhesion because of restricted movement, pressure on a nerve, or an obstruction. Adhesiolysis is a procedure that breaks up the scar tissue, thus relieving the pain. What Causes Adhesions? An adhesion can form during the body’s healing process after any tissue disturbance. This can be from surgery, infection, trauma, or even radiation. It’s not uncommon for patients suffering from back pain caused by scar tissue to have previously undergone back surgery. This is because scar tissue can aggravate nearby nerve roots causing intense pain that may radiate to the buttocks, legs, and feet. What Is Adhesiolysis? Adhesiolysis is a minimally-invasive surgical procedure that breaks up adhesions (scar tissue) and treats the affected area with steroids and other medications. The procedure is considered both safe and effective in dissolving scar tissue. How Is Adhesiolysis Performed? While under mild sedation, adhesiolysis is performed with the aid of an X-ray to view the spine. Contrast dye is injected into the area to clearly see the area that is affected by scar tissue buildup. If nerve root inflammation is the source of a patient’s pain, a needle is placed into the lower back, and a steroid is injected to relieve the pain. If scar tissue is responsible for the pain, a catheter is inserted and medication is injected to destroy the scar tissue, resulting in the reduction of inflammation and pain. If needed, a balloon can be inserted to help create more room around the compressed nerve. And sometimes, pulsed radiofrequency is used to encourage nerve regeneration if needed. Although a needle is used with this procedure, it is important to note that the needle is not inserted into the spine. Instead, it is placed in the posterior of the back, which improves the distribution of medication to the affected regions. What Conditions Are Treated with Adhesiolysis? There are different spine and back conditions that adhesiolysis is beneficial in treating, including: Spinal surgery syndrome can occur after spinal surgery when pressure on spinal nerves from scar tissue causes chronic pain in the lumbar region of the spine (lower back). The first line of treatment is usually an injection of steroids. However, adhesiolysis often provides more effective and longer-lasting pain relief. While steroid injections may help to reduce the inflammation, they do not dissolve scar tissue. Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal that compresses the nerves, causing pain, muscle weakness, and motor problems. These symptoms may be caused by both scar tissue and inflammation of the spinal nerves. Following adhesiolysis, patients typically report less back pain, while some patients report no pain at all. What Is the Outcome of Adhesiolysis? The American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians guidelines for chronic spinal pain management shows there is strong evidence to indicate the effectiveness of adhesiolysis with epidural steroids for short-term and long-term pain control where other methods of treatment have been unsuccessful. Studies show an overall improvement in patient health. Patients also reported their pain medication use decreased, and their physical and mental health improved, after undergoing adhesiolysis. As with all medical procedures, there are potential risks of complications. Adhesiolysis is considered an appropriate treatment for many patients who suffer from back pain. You should consult your pain doctor to see if the benefits outweigh the risks in your specific situation. Novus Spine & Pain Center Novus Spine & Pain Center is in Lakeland, Florida, and specializes in treating the pain resulting from scar tissue. By using a comprehensive approach and cutting edge therapies, we work together with patients to restore function and regain an active lifestyle, while minimizing the need for opiates. Adhesiolysis Resources Epidural lysis of adhesions (Wikipedia) Dr. Gabor Racz (Wikipedia) What causes adhesions? (WebMD) Center for Special Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery Updated: January 27, 2020
Posted by Definition of Browser: 1. An animal that feeds mainly on high-growing vegetation. 2. A computer program with a graphical user interface for displaying and navigating between web pages. 3. A person who looks casually through books or magazines or at things for sale. 4. Computer program (such as Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox) that enables internet users to access, navigate, and search World Wide Web sites. Browsers interpret hypertext links (hotlinks) and allow documents formatted in hypertext markup language (HTML) to be viewed on the computer screen, and provide many other services including email and downloading and uploading of data, audio, and video files. Also called web browser. How to use Browser in a sentence? 1. A web browser. 2. When Dennys boss entered his office, he quickly shut down his web browser , so that his boss could not see that he was looking for other jobs. 4. The class was instructed to open their internet browser s and navigate to the schools home page in order to log onto the intranet. 5. A wonderful array of shops that will keep any browser amused for hours. 6. Roe deer are browsers, living throughout the year in dense woodland. Leave a Reply
All You Need to Know About Children’s Sleep Disturbances Aug 8, 2019 Noah, a 4-year-old, was recently diagnosed with parasomnia, a disruptive sleep disorder that causes night terrors, sleepwalking and sleep talking. For him, it means, “…he talks, shouts, screams, cries and laughs during his sleep,” his mother told the BBC. Noah’s case was a serious one. When his diagnosis came through, his mother said, “It was of huge comfort to know that there was a medical reason behind his sleeplessness.” However, many others, pay little attention to their child’s nighttime behaviors thinking, for instance, that their sleepwalking is them simply acting out their dreams or tend to brush it off as normal childhood behavior that they will eventually grow out of. However, neither of the above are reasons behind why a child walks, talks or wakes up frightened in the middle of the night. They occur due to the brain’s inability to regulate sleep or wake cycles because in some children this routine develops faster while some others are slower in establishing a regular cycle leading to issues with sleeping peacefully at night. In most other cases, it happens because children are overtired or anxious, says the Harvard Health Publishing (HHP), the publishing division of Harvard University’s medical school. “Most children outgrow the symptoms as their nervous systems develop,” the HHP states. However, there is a possibility that these can last into adulthood or begin again later in life, due to a range of psychological factors that “include extreme stress or, rarely, medical causes such as epilepsy,” according to the HHP. Related on The Swaddle: How to Sleep Train a Baby Therefore, we try and break down each of these behaviors among children to understand why they occur and whether it is possible to manage them. At what age do children sleepwalk or experience night terrors? Both, sleepwalking and sleep terrors, are related and tend to run in families, reports the HHP. Both are common in school-age children. However, sleepwalking, also known as somnambulism, is more common among boys. Nationwide Children’s, an academic pediatric medical center estimates about 15% of children between ages five and 12 walk in their sleep, a behavior also frequently associated with bedwetting at night. Children usually stop sleepwalking during adolescence. In a small percentage of people, it may continue beyond puberty, the HHP states. Sleep terrors, on the other hand, are most common in children between the ages one and eight, however, they may begin as early as six months and occasionally last into adulthood. How do children behave if they are sleepwalking or experiencing night terrors? When sleepwalking, children walk or make movements that seem purposeful. This means they could be sitting up or getting out of bed, eating, dressing, undressing or urinating. Their eyes are open and they will often exhibit blank expressions and are in a state that is difficult to awaken them from. Sleep or night terrors is a disorder in which a person wakes up quickly in an extremely frightened state, as described by the HHP. Behaviors often exhibited by children when experiencing a night terror include thrashing out violently, breathing heavily or having a rapid heart rate and being unaware of the surroundings. They are also likely to exhibit intense fear or agitation, maybe sweating, screaming or crying about someone’s presence in the room. Related on The Swaddle: Sleep Quality, Not Just Quantity, Linked to Childhood Obesity How long do these episodes usually last? Sleepwalking and night terrors can occur an hour or two into sleep and last up to half an hour, according to the HHP. A sleep terror episode may last for 10 to 20 minutes. As the disturbance subsides, the child returns to deep sleep, it adds. And children won’t remember experiencing any of these the next morning. This is how night terrors are different from nightmares. Do these conditions need medical attention? Usually, the conditions don’t require treatment unless it is a difficult case. For instance, if the frequency is high or their episodes are very severe where the sleepwalker is often ending up injured It will also be considered serious if there are instances of them leaving the house or if a child is exhibiting these behaviors beyond puberty. If this is the case, then one may need to consult a sleep specialist or a pediatrician. What to do when children sleepwalk or wake up frightened in the middle of the night? If the episodes do not match any of the criteria mentioned above for them to be qualified as severe, certain preventive measures should suffice to manage them. These include providing children with a “relaxing bedtime routine with an early bedtime to help prevent sleep disturbances,” as stated by the HHP. If the child is sleepwalking, gently leading them back, without trying to wake them up (you won’t be able to), to bed is an ideal step. If they are experiencing night terrors, reassuring them with statements such as, “You are safe,” “You are home in your own bed,” are useful for calming them down. HHP mentions a technique called prompted awakenings that may help to prevent future episodes in children with frequent sleepwalking or night terrors. “For several nights, record the length of time between when the child falls asleep and the sleepwalking or night terrors begin. Then for seven nights in a row, awaken the child 15 minutes before the expected time of the episode. Tell the child at bedtime that you will try to wake him or her quickly. Keep the child fully awake for 5 minutes.” Related on The Swaddle: The Basics of Kids’ Sleep and Bedtimes by Age What is sleeptalking? Sleepwalking and sleep terrors are also both symptoms of another condition known colloquially as sleep talking and medically as somniloquy. It is a sleep disorder defined by the National Sleep Foundation (NSF) as talking during sleep without being aware of it. What are the characteristics of sleep talking? “Sleep talking can involve complicated dialogues or monologues, complete gibberish or mumbling. The good news is that for most people it is a rare and short-lived occurrence. Anyone can experience sleep talking, but the condition is more common in males and children,” says the NSF. At what stage of sleep does a child sleeptalk? It can occur during any stage of sleep. The lighter the sleep, the more intelligible the speech, says the NSF. If sleeptalk was divided into stages, it says that in stages 1 and 2, people can have entire conversations and in 3 and 4, it may be restricted to moans and gibberish. Its symptoms can vary in severity and duration. While mild episodes are those that occur less than weekly, sleep talking episodes occur moderately if they happen more than once a week and are qualified as severe if they happen every night. Does sleeptalking require treatment? “In general, no treatment is necessary. However, if sleep talking is severe or persists over a long period of time, talk to your child’s physician or health care provider about the problem,” the NSF advises. “There may be an underlying medical explanation for your sleep talking (e.g. an undiagnosed sleep disorder, or debilitating anxiety or stress). Written By Anubhuti Matta Leave a Comment Your email address will not be published. Required fields *.
Caring for a person with Alzheimer’s disease can be easily overwhelming, and the caregiving experience can itself be confusing. Family caregivers who are starting the journey of care for someone with dementia can be puzzled about what information needs to be known. The following Seven Principles of Caregiving can help make sense of the essentials. Dignity of the person is the first principle to maintain. This means to allow the person with dementia to maintain as much independence that is realistic for their abilities including maintaining dignity through doing one’s own personal care when able; through choice of activities; and through choice of relationships that are satisfying. Safety of the person is the second principle. This means ensuring that the caregiver monitors to protect the person from self-harm or from the actions of others who may not have the person’s best interests at heart. In addition, providing reasonable safety includes making changes in the home environment to reduce the potential for injury. Quality of care: When services are arranged, it is essential that the care providers are knowledgeable about dementia care. Care must be delivered in a timely fashion to address immediate needs. Care must also be consistently provided to ensure appropriateness for maintaining optimal health of the person with dementia. Planning for comprehensive care: The family caregiver needs to obtain an assessment of the total needs of the person needing care. Planning includes obtaining understanding about advance directives, such as implementing a health care proxy instrument. Comprehensive planning requires the caregiver to take an inventory of resources that include informal and formal supports, personal financial capacity, and determination of eligibility for community programs. Balance by and for the caregiver is important. Balancing needs and resources requires consideration of balancing of the available time in the day’s routine to address both the person and caregiver needs. Developing a balance of servicing between the primary caregiver and other family members is important to sharing the responsibilities. Further, acceptance of a balance to blend family help and outside community supports is needed to sustain the primary caregiver’s ability to cope. Service that continues to remain helpful requires establishing realistic goals to meet the basic needs of the person with dementia. It also requires setting realistic goals for the caregiver’s capacity as a human being to do what is being asked of them; and, it requires the family to be realistic about what the local community has to offer for services to assist in the care at home. Relationship between the caregiver and the person with dementia should be preserved. The ultimate purpose of the caregiving experience is to sustain and enhance the relationship between the caregiver and the person. While the person with progressive dementia will increasingly be unable to express appreciation for the care received, there can still be moments in advanced stages for such expression to occur. The caregiver’s willingness comes through as compassionate care in recognition and in honor of the relationship. When this happens, the caregiving relationship allows both people to give loving kindness to each other.
Diseases Involving Tumors Essay 1584 Words7 Pages These days tumours are an exceptionally disputed issue, a lot of individuals have diseases involving tumours. Here I want to talk about the different sorts of medicines used to decrease growth and which is the best medicine among them. First and foremost I want to present some fundamental information about cancer. A tumour is an ailment of the cells, which are the body's essential building pieces, cancer happens when unusual cells develop in an uncontrolled way (MedicineNet.com 2014). These unusual cells can harm or attack the encompassing tissues, or spread to different parts of the body, bringing on additional harm. The growth of these cells, in some cases, starts in one piece of the body before spreading to different areas. This…show more content… The accompanying is a sign posting of significant causes and is not complete, for example, chemical or toxic compound exposures, ionising radiation, pathogens and genetics (MedicineNet.com 2014). Nowadays there are a number of medicine accessible to treat cancer. In this essay, I will look at the different types of treatment and the advantages and disadvantages for each type of treatment. According to Australian Government Cancer Council (2012), there are three major treatments that are generally used for tumours, such as, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. Let me begin with Chemotherapy, chemotherapy's utilisation of pills to execute or moderate the development of growth in cancerous cells. Chemotherapy works by meddling with tumour cells that are attempting to duplicate. The point is to devastate malignant cells while bringing on the slightest conceivable harm to healthy cells. On the other hand, some solid quickly developing cells in your body, for example, bone marrow cells, may be influenced (Cancer Australian 2012). Chemotherapy may be utilized as the main medicine for cutting edge or intermittent cervical growth. Nevertheless, when confined cervical cancer is treated with radiotherapy, it is normally joined together with low-measured chemotherapy. This will normally include giving low-dosage chemotherapy once a week throughout radiotherapy medication, with a pill called cisplatin. (Cancer Australian 2012). On the off chance Get Access
Uk and Us Accounting Standards 3488 Words14 Pages In today's unpredictable stock markets, it is extremely important for investors to expand investments to minimize risk and earn reasonable returns on funds. The diversification does not have to be restricted to domestic companies because of opportunities available in foreign markets. On the other hand, securities analysis becomes more complex because of supplementary variables such as foreign exchange risk, political, economic, cultural diversities, etc. that need to be taken into deliberation in making investment judgment. A significant variable in the analysis of foreign securities is various accounting standards. The accounting standard of United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK) and identifies the major differences that materially…show more content… In contrast the US structure is a fragment more complex than that of the UK. To understand accounting standard setting in the US, one must start with the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) which is a regulatory agency established in 1934 by the congress. Previous to this no national system existed to govern the data flow of communication to investors. SEC has been given the statutory power to promulgate accounting principles. Even though it consists of its own policy, it does rely on the private sector in the US to establish financial reporting standards. Its role of standard setting on financial reporting and accountancy principle guidelines is backed with its powerful influence. Another standard setting board is the FSAB with its role to expand accounting standards outside the profession by encouraging. As a result the main source for accounting standards in the US internally is GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) which is mounded by authority's pronouncement by the FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board). The role of the FSAB is to set up financial accounting and reporting standards in the US. The FSAB structure is very significant around the world today as the "IASC's framework and UK statement of principles are clearly Get Access
Art Nouveau Art Nouveau is characterized by the use of a long, sinuous organic line drawn from nature and used to produce a highly ornamental decorative design. It started at the turn of the 20th century and spread around Europe mostly through furniture and objects, with some fine examples of architecture in Belgium and France. One of the first buildings in Latin America to exhibit Art Nouveau elements is the Palace of Fine Arts (1904–34) in Mexico City, by Adamo Boari. It is an example of the aforementioned eclecticism of the late Beaux-Arts period and includes several Art Nouveau elements—notably fan-shaped windows, curvilinear handrails, and an opalescent stained-glass window by Louis Comfort Tiffany. This building was part of an attempt to remodel the city to reflect the new republic under Porfirio Díaz, and it was notable for its use of a steel structure. The Pavilion of Paraguay in the Centenary Exhibition of 1910 in Buenos Aires shows, with its curved structures, the influence of the Belgian Art Nouveau architect Victor Horta. In Rio the house at Rua do Russel (1910), by Antonio Virzi, has a combination of elements—such as a half arch with twin columns on a pedestal—that is reminiscent of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts building by Frank Heyling Furness. In Bogotá the typical floral motif of Art Nouveau is evident in the Faenza Theatre, designed by Arturo Tapias and Jorge Muñoz in 1924. The influence of the Wiener Sezession, the Austrian manifestation of Art Nouveau, is found in the Spanish Hospital (1910), by Julián García Nuñez in Buenos Aires, with its suspended metal cupola influenced by the Austrian architect Joseph Olbrich and its use of mosaics and coloured glass. A movement in architecture known as Modernista originated in Barcelona during the last third of the 19th century. This movement, perhaps best seen in the work of the extraordinary Antoni Gaudí, is characterized by the use of new technologies to create organic forms. Francisco Roca y Simó, who studied in Barcelona with Josep Maria Jujol and other Modernista architects, designed the Club Español (1916) in Rosario, Argentina. This elegant structure has a grand central hall covered with clerestory windows made of wrought iron, while its exterior facade is made of carved stone with large sculptural reliefs. A notable example of Modernista sculptural ornamentation is the eclectic Palacio Salvo in Montevideo (1928), by Mario Palanti. Nationalist architecture At the same time, running counter to this opening of artistic freedom from academic architecture, the attempt to define an “American” style began to create a new tendency toward a nationalist architecture. In Mexico local architects attempted to define an architecture based on their pre-Columbian heritage. An early example of this is the Pavilion of Mexico, designed for the World Exposition of 1889 in Paris by Antonio Peñafiel. This pavilion is an eclectic interpretation of Aztec architecture based on contemporary archaeological expeditions. However, a general neo-Aztec revival was limited to a few symbolic works, such as the monument for Benito Juárez (1894) in Oaxaca and the triumphal arch for Porfirio Díaz (1906) in Mérida. The search for a national identity then turned into a revalorization of colonial architecture. The Mexican Pavilion by Carlos Obregón Santacilia and Carlos Tarditi, in the World Exposition in Rio de Janeiro in 1922, was a replica of a viceroyal palace with a Baroque portal. Later, the National University (1906–11) and the Bolivar Theatre (1911), both by Samuel Chávez, established a Neocolonial style in Mexico City. In Caracas the early work of Manuel Mujica Millán established a modern Neo-Baroque architecture not unlike the Mission style of California. His Nuestra Señora del Carmen in Campo Alegre (1935) and several houses in this new neighbourhood evoked the culture of a Hispanic past while also incorporating modern elements. In Lima the Archbishop’s Palace (1920s), by Ricardo Malachowsky, who studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, is a replica of past colonial buildings on a larger scale. In Buenos Aires the Cervantes Theatre (1918–21), by Fernando Aranda and Bartolomé Repetto, begins to combine colonial and Classical elements. The Argentinean Pavilion by Martín Noel, for the Iberoamerican Exposition in Sevilla (1929), is an eclectic replica of a type of Mexican Baroque facade. Art Deco Within a short time, this academicism of the Neocolonial movement gave way to the success of the geometric decorative architecture of Art Deco. Art Deco would become the preferred style throughout the Americas for commercial ventures such as theatres and office buildings. This decorative style incorporated Cubist sensibilities for the prismatic within a rectilinear framework of corners and pyramidal volumes while avoiding the previous floral motifs of Art Nouveau. In Buenos Aires the Banco de Santander (1929) and the Casa del Teatro (1927), both by Alejandro Virasoro, are examples of early Art Deco, with an abstract classicism in the use of square fluted columns and squared motifs similar to those found in the work of the Austrian architect Josef Hoffman. In Lima the Aldabas-Melchormalo Building (1932), by Augusto Guzmán Robles, and the Reiser and Curioni Building (1943) are both good examples of Art Deco in commercial, speculative projects. In Mexico City the National Insurance Building (1928), by Manuel Ortiz Monasterio, is perhaps the first use of Art Deco for a skyscraper in Latin America. Art Deco introduced the ideas of modern architecture that would eventually take hold in the entire region. In Uruguay the Customs House (1929), by J. Herran, is an elegant example of Art Deco incorporating large arches. In Buenos Aires there are numerous examples of Art Deco commercial and residential buildings, such as the Shell-Mex Building (1936), by the firm of Calvo, Jacobs, and Jimenez. The best and most emblematic of these works is the Kavanaugh Building (1934–35), by the firm of Sánchez, Lagos, and De La Torre. This building, which faces the Plaza San Martín, incorporated setbacks, balconies, and long horizontal windows, making reference to the large ocean liners iconic of this period. It was also the highest concrete frame structure built at the time.
How do you write a purpose statement for qualitative research? Creating a Purpose StatementClearly define your study as quantitative or qualitative.Use words to clarify your intent like explore or compare.Clearly define how the research will take place.Discuss who or what will be researched.Clarify where the research will take place. What is the three important function of qualitative research? Qualitative research enables us to make sense of reality, to describe and explain the social world and to develop explanatory models and theories. It is the primary means by which the theoretical foundations of social sciences may be constructed or re-examined. What are the characteristics of qualitative research? Characteristics of Qualitative Observational ResearchNaturalistic Inquiry. Qualitative observational research is naturalistic because it studies a group in its natural setting. Inductive analysis. Holistic perspective. Personal contact and insight. Dynamic systems. Unique case orientation. Context sensitivity. Empathic neutrality.
Text: Jade Albasini Photo: scanning electron microscope, Ralf J. Sommer, Jürgen Berger / Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology. Nematode C. elegans Biologists just love this transparent little roundworm and use it in the majority of their in vitro studies. Size 1 mm long Features transparent, hermaphrodite, life cycle of 2.5 days With its elegant, crystal-clear shell, the nematode C. elegans wins the prize for the most extensively studied organism in science. This tiny, limpidly flowing worm thrives in petri dishes to reach its adult size in just two and a half days. Speedy and adaptable, it feeds on the bacterial blooms that grow on decomposing fruit. Its qualities as a model organism for molecular biology research earned its “father”, South African scientist Sydney Brenner, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2002. His discoveries about the genetic code were made possible thanks to the active contribution from this minuscule 1-mm long mollusc. “Nematode C. elegans was the first organism to have its entire genome sequenced in 1998, because it was much easier to understand than that of humans,” says Dr Alexandra Bezler from the Department of Ecology and Evolution with the Faculty of Biology and Medicine at the University of Lausanne. “It’s the pioneer of DNA reading.” From the C. elegans genome, 19,099 genes were decoded, of which 40% had equivalent genes in the human code. With only 300 neurons, compared with 86 billion to 100 billion in humans, the worm offers a “simplified” mirror of our genome and is the ideal tool for neurobiology research. “It provides a simpler way of studying how the brain functions,” the scientist says. “For example, due to the similarity in ageing molecules, researchers use C. elegans to better understand the human ageing process.”⁄
Yacht Isabela II sailing in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador What kinds of ships sail in the Galapagos Islands? User Avatar Author: Johanna Alvear Larenas 1 year ago Reading time: ( words) The types of vessels allowed to sail through the Galapagos Islands are technically expedition vessels. Though you sometimes hear folks refer to them as “cruise ships”, this is a sort of false impression. Here, we expand on what makes expedition vessels different from much larger ships that are more commonly thought of as “cruises”. Have a look at our video! Travel is one of the most enriching activities we can enjoy! Watch this video to see how we are working to make your experience safer. There are eight categories of ships that correspond to various size measurements. These go as follows: Organizations like Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA), the Center for Disease Control (CDC), and Cruise Critic have adopted these categories, which are determined by a concept of measurement called gross registered tonnage (GRT). This is basically the total volume within a marine transport vessel. Each registered ton is equal to 100 ft3 (2.83 m3). How do visitors and residents get around in the Galapagos? Folks who live in the Galapagos, as well as those who are just visiting, mostly get around by ship. These vessels come in several different sizes, but none of them are as big as what we tend to think of when we hear the phrase “cruise ship”. They are limited in size and carefully regulated in order to protect the very fragile ecosystems in this region. For context, the Galapagos Islands are an amazing place comprised of numerous islands, islets, and rocks, with a total land area of 3,040 mi2 (7,880 km2). They are located along the equator, about 670 mi (1,000 km) off the coast of their home nation Ecuador. 97% of the archipelago is part of the Galapagos National Park and Marine Reserve. It is protected and monitored by this governmental authority established in 1959. What ships CAN sail through the Galapagos Islands? Given all the restrictions on visiting the Galapagos National Park, it’s clear that most ships won’t be able to sail the waters in the archipelago, let alone bring people to shore. The ones that can visit the islands are often called expedition vesselswhich include two categories of ships eligible to sail through the Galapagos Islands. These are Intimate Ships, and Extra Small Ships. (And, if you’re lucky, you’ll find that the ship you select for your voyage will include an onboard medical officer, available 24/7.) Extra Small Ships Capacity: Approximately 100 passengers Average GRT: Approximately 3,000 Santa Cruz II Galapagos Expedition Vessel These ships are capable of housing one hundred passengers and a full crew. Extra Small Ships offer the “best of both worlds” in terms of personal space, amenities, and the necessary speed to travel between islands during a five- to seven-day itinerary. Like intimate ships, these, too, are agile, but their GRT is closer to 3,000. What’s nice about traveling aboard a slightly larger ship like this one is having access to numerous ample spaces and multiple certified naturalist guides Chat with a Destination Expert to learn more about Santa Cruz II, the premier expedition vessel in this category. Intimate Ships Capacity: Approximately 40 guests Average GRT: Approximately 1,000 Yacht La Pinta, a Galapagos Expedition Vessel Intimate ships are agile and capable of guaranteeing comfort in far-off, inaccessible regions. These tend to carry around 40 passengers plus a relatively small crew. Their GRT is under 1,000 and they can still accommodate multiple spaces and all the necessary equipment used to explore and experience the islands. The nice thing about this size vessel is that it is just big enough to feature exclusive site visits to various places within the GNP Chat with a Destination Expert to learn more about intimate ships like Yacht La Pinta and Yacht Isabela II. Pro Tip: Not sure how crowded your ship is going to be? Ask about the occupancy rate. One of the best things about traveling to the Galapagos is that all ships with access to the National Park are subject to an occupancy limit similar to that of hotels in different parts of the world. Now, this is where you can become a savvy traveler. Forget all the complicated stuff about boat size or tonnage and simply ask how many beds they have on board, because that’s how the occupancy limit is enforced. We have an offer just for you! What ships CANNOT sail through the Galapagos Islands? Now that you know what the ideal size for ships is in order to not disturb the one-of-a-kind creatures inhabiting this peculiar archipelago, let’s have a look at those which are not allowed to sail through the tranquil waters of the Galapagos Marine Reserve. Here are some examples of ships that are not allowed to sail in the Galapagos National Park: Super Mega Cruise Ships Capacity: Approximately 5,000 guests. Average GRT: Approximately 140,000. What you’ll never, ever see in the Galapagos: those large cruise line ships so common in the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. These gargantuan vessels dwarf even the Large Ship category, reaching high up with anywhere up to eighteen decks! The largest of these cruise ships is longer than a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier and boasts a capacity of around 5,000 passengers. Though, some even carry 6,800 passengers! Large Ships Capacity: Approximately 3,000 guests. Average GRT: Approximately 60,000. The next category of ship that is NOT permitted to travel through the Galapagos is the Large Ship. These vessels tend to carry around 3,000 guests. Their GRT is upwards of 60,000 – more than 20 times that of the largest vessels in the archipelago. Large ships are those that you typically see in ads for cruises to destinations in the Caribbean. They tend to stick to major cities and ports. Medium Ships Capacity: Approximately 450 guests. Average GRT: Approximately 30,000. First up: Medium Ships. The name might sound like they won’t do much harm, but these are the kind that sail through places with extreme weather, meaning they need a bigger and stronger build. Their GRT is 10 times that of the smallest vessels sailing in Galapagos! You often find them in very remote destinations like Antarctica, carrying approximately 450 guests. Experiencing the destination The Galapagos Islands are home to a fascinating niche of extraordinary wildlife featuring species so unique, you may not see them anywhere else. What’s the purpose of boarding a ship to traverse a destination like this oneif not to explore it? Why would you want to remain inside a ship, playing cards or watching a movie, when you’re surrounded by a cluster of remote and well-preserved islands, safe from the hustle and bustle of your everyday coastal vacation spot, just beckoning to be explored? One thing that makes the Galapagos National Park and Marine Reserve so special is that they are ideal for research and exploration. Continual efforts to preserve and protect the archipelago are funded by tourism, which is carefully regulated, and adheres to the policies and rules of the GNP. Thanks to this important component, the visitor experience is filled with the stuff of true expeditioners’ dreams. In the company of certified naturalist guides, you’re free to explore to your heart’s content, and to do so safely. Galapagos Giant Tortoise Reserve Ready to ditch the crowds aboard massive cruises in favor of the adventure and wonder that awaits in the Galapagos Islands? Chat with a destination expert today! Such uniquely diverse and fragile ecosystems thrive when they are undisturbed and well protected. The GNP’s hard limit on ship size inside the archipelago enables us to appreciate these islands free of massive tourism. By allowing a maximum of 100 guests per vessel, restricting the number of ships allowed in the archipelago, and keeping the size of expedition groups down to at most 16 explorers, the policies of the GNP help ensure the future of this remarkable place. Choose an expedition vessel and you will not only see the exquisite Enchanted Isles: you will connect to this paradise so deeply that you will have truly lived it. You’re in good hands. Get in touch. 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(David Kovalenko/Unsplash) 22 MAY 2018 The most comprehensive study ever of the weight of all living biomass on the planet has discovered humans account for only about 0.01 percent of life on Earth – but despite our physical insignificance compared to the teeming masses around us, history shows there's no doubt over whose dominion this is. "I would hope this gives people a perspective on the very dominant role that humanity now plays on Earth," biologist Ron Milo from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel told The Guardian. "It is definitely striking, our disproportionate place on Earth." Milo and fellow researchers spent three years combing the existing scientific literature on the planet's biomass to provide the most up-to-date and comprehensive estimate on the mass of all the kingdoms of life. In terms of carbon content – which means we don't need to factor in the varying water masses of different kinds of animals, plants, and other life forms – the team's census suggests the total biomass of the planet amounts to approximately 550 gigatonnes of carbon (Gt C). Then we hit fungi. At about 12 Gt C, they're about six times more abundant than all animal life on the planet, which comes after archaea (7 Gt C) and protists (4 Gt C). While the biomass of humans is only about 0.06 Gt C, we're almost 10 times more abundant than wild mammals, which represent only 0.007 Gt C. "When I do a puzzle with my daughters, there is usually an elephant next to a giraffe next to a rhino," Milo told The Guardian. It didn't use to be this way, of course. This inadvertent culling has had a massive effect on the overall biosphere, leading to a situation where scientists say we're now in the midst of a mass extinction event that is almost without precedent. "The fact that the biomass of fungi exceeds that of all animals sort of puts us in our place," evolutionary biologist James Hanken from Harvard University, who wasn't involved in the study, told AP. If only that were true.
• December Harvest Of The Month: Test your Cabbage knowledge: True or False Find the answers under the DYK 1. The heaviest cabbage ever grown weighted over 125 pounds! 2. Cabbages grow underground like carrots. 3. The word cabbage comes from the french word for head. 4. Cabbage is in the same plant family as potatoes. 5. If you eat cabbage, you are less likely to get cancer. Traditional International Cabbage Cuisine Kimchi - traditionally cabbage, hot peppers, and other spices which are fermented to create a very flavorful sauce and side dish. Kimchi is the national dish for Korea. Sauerkraut - meaning "sour cabbage" in German. Sauerkraut is fermented cabbage often served with pork. Sauerkraut is a popular dish in Germany, Russia, Poland, the Netherlands and parts of France . Curtido - fermented cabbage dish that includes onions and carrots (similar to kimchi and saurkraut). Traditionally eaten with pupusas (thick corn tortillas filled with meat or cheese: this dish originated in El Salvador Surkal - cabbage dish that is cooked in butter, often with apples and caraway (seed/spice). This dish is common in Norway and Sweden. Coleslaw - shredded (sometimes chopped) raw cabbage salad tossed in a dressing. Originating in Europe the dressing was made with a vinegar and oil dressing. Now a common summer dish in the US, however most often mixed with shredded carrots and a mayonnaise or buttermilk dressing. Golumpki - cooked cabbage leaves wrapped around a mixture of meat, onions, and rice. The dish is then baked in a pan often with a basic tomato sauce. This dish originated from Poland. Thoran - most often made with cabbage, peppers, curry, onion, and coconut (sometimes other vegetables such as beets, spinach, or green beans) - most often served over rice. This is a dish from southwestern India. Bubble & Squeak - traditionally a breakfast dish made using leftovers from the night before... mostly of cabbage and potatoes, sometimes carrots, peas, or chopped meat. These vegetables are either made into a little cake and fried in a pan until heated and golden brown, this can also be packed in a baking dish and heated until worm and crisp on top. Bubble and squeak is a common dish in England and the rest of the UK, the name originates from the sound of the 'cakes' frying in the pan. Bubble and Squeak was offered as part of the school lunch
One place for hosting & domains How To Nest HTML Elements Part of the Series: How To Build a Website With HTML HTML elements can be nested, meaning that one element can be placed inside another element. Nesting allows you to apply multiple HTML tags to a single piece of content. For example, try pasting the following code snippet inside your index.html file: <strong>My bold text and <em>my bold and emphasized text</em></strong> Save your file and reload it in the browser. (For instructions on creating an index.html file, please see our tutorial here or for loading the file in your browser, see our tutorial here.) You should receive something like this: My bold text and my bold and emphasized text Nesting Best Practices Note that it is recommended to always close nested tags in the reverse order that they were opened. For example, in the example below, the <em> tag closes first as it was the last tag to open. The <strong> tag closes last as it was the first to open. This sentence contains HTML elements that are <strong><em>nested according to best practices</em></strong>. As a counter example, the following HTML code contains tags that are not nested according to best practices, as the <strong> tag closes before the <em> tag: This sentence contains HTML elements that are <strong><em>not nested according to best practices</strong></em>. While not technically necessary for rendering your HTML in the browser, nesting your tags in the proper order can help improve the readability of your HTML code for you or other developers. Source link
A dialogue between two friends about overpopulation English dialogue between two friends about overpopulation has been given here. The short but comprehensive dialogue covers the effects of overpopulation. The increasing population of the world may have bad consequences on the world. An English dialogue between two friends about overpopulation The conversation between two friends about the rising population of the world has been beautifully discussed here in this dialogue. The students can learn this dialogue to use in papers. Conversation on overpopulation (Bilal sitting in the garden, Saad looks at him, he walks toward him and sits with him on the bench) Saad: Hi Bilal, How are you dear? Bilal: Hello Saad, I am fine, what about you? Saad: I am good too; don't you have work today? Bilal: My shift is off today, I came here to relax my mind. Saad: So, what is your plan for this Eid? Bilal: I have no plans in real. Saad: Why you are not going to your hometown? Once, you mentioned it. Bilal: I will stay here in my apartment; all the seats of railway and airplanes are booked already. I tried my best to get one but failed. Saad: Yes, a lot of people are going to their home places because of Eid. Seats for the whole week are booked already. This is because of overpopulation and fewer resources in the country. Bilal: You are right. The population is increasing so badly, even if one wants to visit somewhere in case of emergency even; one can’t. The resources are getting limited because of the increasing population. Saad: Yes, the population is not only causing the transport issues. It comes with a lot more issues and problems. Bilal: What kind of problems, Saad? Saad: Because of the population problem, society is facing educational problems, health issues, shelter issues, and pollution too. Bilal: Do you think that it can be controlled? Saad: Yes, personally I think the government should take account of the population issue, increase awareness in the people using different platforms about overpopulation and its bad effects. Bilal: Yaa, this may be helpful. However, the education community will easily get the point. Saad: If the population will control a lot of national and international issues will be easy to handle. Bilal: Yes, people should be aware especially in the uneducated areas, lack of knowledge is the main issue behind overpopulation. Saad: Yes, this is correct. We are celebrating the Eid party this weekend. Will you come and join us? Bilal: It will be a great pleasure for me. I am also free these days because of Eid vacations. Saad: I have to go now. Hopefully, see you later. Bilal: Yes sure, Goodbye! Saad: Take Care, Goodbye! A dialogue between two friends about overpopulation A dialogue between two friends about overpopulation Reviewed by Saif Ullah ZahidonFebruary 23, 2021 Rating: 5 No comments:
Essay On Green Economy 709 Words3 Pages The Green Economy The Green economy is a “system of economic activities related to the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services that results in improved human well-being over the long term, while not exposing future generations to significant environmental risks or ecological scarcities” (Environmental Affairs, n/d). The green economy results in the improved well-being of humans as well as social equity while reducing environmental risks and the ecological scarcities (SALGA, n/d). Sustainable Development Sustainable development can be described as the “development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (Sustainable Development Commission, n/d).…show more content… This is due to unplanned urbanization and the city not being able to manage with the increasing population. As there is no open space for parks and recreation areas and no trees to release to oxygen, there is limited free and clean air for the population in a city like Port Elizabeth. A method to prevent this from happening is by setting aside land that can be used for parks and recreation areas and will not be affected by the population growth. Planting trees creates “urban lungs” in a city. (National Geographic, n/d). Social Challenges The need for quality education is a major problem in most urban cities. Those who obtain an education are the ones who live nearest to the district where the school is located. The children who do not have the same opportunities do not receive a high standard of education or no education at all. Port Elizabeth had the lowest matric pass rate last year in the country. The need for better health care in Port Elizabeth is a high priority for those who live in the city. Some people, such as those who are part of the lower socioeconomic group in the city cannot afford to go to hospitals where they will receive better care and instead have to go to places that are not fully equipped to provide the best healthcare. These people cannot afford health More about Essay On Green Economy Open Document
Personal tools Nuclear Wastes (Luzern, Switzerland - Alvin Wei-Cheng Wong) Nuclear waste is the material that nuclear fuel becomes after it is used in a reactor. From the outside, it looks exactly like the fuel that was loaded into the reactor - assemblies of metal rods enclosing fuel pellets. But since nuclear reactions have occurred, the contents aren’t quite the same. Nuclear energy is released when a nuclear fuel atom snaps into two. The key component of nuclear waste is the leftover smaller atoms, known as fission products. Regulated Radioactive Waste Volume Radioactive Content High-Level Waste 3% 95% Intermediate-Level Waste 7% 4% Low-Level Waste 90% 1% [U.S.NRC]: Radioactive Waste - Regulated Waste • Low-level waste (LLW) includes radioactively contaminated protective clothing, tools, filters, rags, medical tubes, and many other items. • Waste incidental to reprocessing (WIR) refers to certain waste byproducts that result from reprocessing spent nuclear fuel, which the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has distinguished from high-level waste. • High-level waste (HLW) is "irradiated" or used nuclear reactor fuel. • Uranium mill tailings are the residues remaining after the processing of natural ore to extract uranium and thorium. [More to come ...] Document Actions
Important Shortcuts for Auto Service and Repairs Crucial Metrics to Consider When Selecting an Electric Vehicle Battery by Emilia Latvala In March 2021, Australians purchased 411 electric cars, up from 248 bought in the whole of 2020. While the numbers are still low, it is a clear indication of the country's direction regarding the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). One aspect that makes EVs popular is that the batteries are designed to last for long before replacement. However, mechanical damages can shorten an EV's battery life, warranting premature replacement. This article highlights critical metrics to consider when buying an EV battery. It is essential to consider the operating voltage of an EV when purchasing a battery. Usually, the voltage is determined by a battery's electrode material. The best way to classify battery electrode materials is to categorise them as either aqueous-based or lithium-based. Aqueous electrodes, such as lead-acid, zinc-carbon, and nickel, have nominal voltages of at least 1.23V. On the other hand, lithium-based batteries rely on organic electrolytes that provide approximately 3.6 to more than 4V. Given that electric cars need enough voltage to operate the motor and electrical components, lithium-based batteries are the best choice due to their high voltage. However, you should remember that some EV batteries have a sloping discharge curve that could influence the cut-off voltage. Temperature Range If you own an electric vehicle, you should drive it in any weather conditions without the battery dying. Notably, the operating temperature range of a battery is dictated by its chemical makeup. For instance, aqueous electrolyte-based batteries shut off when temperatures hit 0 C. On the other hand, lithium-based EV batteries running on organic electrolytes can efficiently operate at sub-zero temperatures. That said, the performance of lithium-based batteries drops gradually as temperatures fall further. Temperature also plays a critical role in the discharge of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. For instance, when environmental temperatures are close to freezing, a trickle charge is recommended for lithium batteries. It helps prevent lithium dendritic plating problems, which reduces the risk of thermal runaway. Battery Composition An electric vehicle's battery composition dictates the amount of power it can generate. Since different EVs have varying power needs, the battery composition depends on the type of car you own. Ultimately, EVs use batteries clustered into cells, modules and packs, where a cluster of cells forms a module, and a group of modules makes up a pack. Thus, the size of a battery pack depends on your preference. For instance, if the driving range is the most critical specification, you should choose a high-energy-density battery comprising more cells. Contact a car battery provider to learn more.
• MIBG Therapy for Neuroblastoma Dana-Farber/Boston Children's was the first hospital in New England to offer MIBG therapy (metaiodobenzylguanidine) to treat high-risk neuroblastoma (including relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma) and is currently one of only about 10 hospitals in the country to provide this therapy. Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is a compound that can be combined with radioactive iodine (I-131) to deliver targeted radiation therapy. Originally developed as a blood pressure medication, oncologists began using it more recently to deliver targeted radiation to neuroblastoma. I-131 MIBG is administered to a child through an intravenous line and absorbed by tumor cells, which are killed by radiation emitted by the radioactive I-131. This therapy destroys tumors while sparing normal, healthy tissue. MIBG therapy is generally more effective, less painful, and requires less time in the hospital than other treatment options. Learn more about how MIBG therapy is used to treat neuroblastoma on the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute website.
Apologetics Class 12/3/2017 Here is the video we watched today in the apologetics class – Homosexuality with Compassion & Clarity – Sean McDowell: Here is the note-taking form I handed out: Homosexuality- Compassion and Clarity – Sean McDowell 1. “I can’t keep living because my life is a living Hell. I can’t die because I will go to Hell” – Christian Teen 2. Questions for Thought: 1. How would your l_______ change if you had same sex attraction? 2. How would it affect your r____________? 3. How would it affect your f____________? 4. How would it affect your f____________? 3. Aren’t all sins e___________? 4. What bad impressions do Christians leave that prevent us from even being h____________? 5. “Outsiders say our hostility toward gays – not just opposition to homosexual politics and behaviors, but disdain for gay i______________ – has become virtually synonymous with the Christian faith” – David Kinnaman, author of “UnChristian” 6. “We must obey God rather than men” – Acts 5:29 7. All sins are not equal, but there is a sense in which sin is equal: any sin can eternally s_____________ us from a loving and Holy God. 8. 5 General Biblical Truths: 1. There is not a single passage in the OT or NT that s____________ homosexuality 2. Until the middle of the 20th century, not a single Church leader a_____________ homosexuality 3. Every regulation in the Bible assumes m__________-f___________ sex. 4. Every P_____________ or wise saying in the Bible assumes heterosexuality 5. The Ten Commandments assume h________________ 9. 3 Passages from the Bible that lay out God’s on marriage/sexuality: 1. Genesis 2:24/Matthew 19:4-6 2. Leviticus 18:22 3. Romans 1:26-27 10. How do we as a Church respond? 1. Speak with t___________________ 2. Do not allow gay j___________ and comments 3. Preach the Gospel: Change is P_____________ 4. Be prepared to s______________ 11. “For it is better to suffer for doing good, if that should be God’s will, than for doing evil” 1 Peter 3:17 Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Quick Answer: How Does Visualization Help In Decision Making? What is visualization and its types? What is Dashboard in data visualization? Dashboards are a data visualization tool that allow all users to understand the analytics that matter to their business, department or project. Even for non-technical users, dashboards allow them to participate and understand the analytics process by compiling data and visualizing trends and occurrences. What are the three most important principles of data visualization? Right at the onset credit unions should internalize the three most important principles of good visualization, the 3 s’s: simple, standard and scalable.Simple refers to the ease with which the visual reports can be interpreted. … Standard: Good visualization needs standardized data structure and elements.More items…• Which data visualization tool is best? The best data visualization tools include Google Charts, Tableau, Grafana, Chartist. js, FusionCharts, Datawrapper, Infogram, ChartBlocks, and D3. js. The best tools offer a variety of visualization styles, are easy to use, and can handle large data sets. What are the four stages of visualization? These stages are exploration, analysis, synthesis, and presentation. What makes a good data visualization? What are the two basic types of data visualization? How is data visualization used in healthcare? Why is data visualization important for healthcare? Data visualization brings the most important takeaways in the health industry into focus, helps us identify patterns and correlations, and makes data analysis more efficient. For all of these reasons, it’s safe to say that the health industry today could hardly survive without data visualization. How is data used when driving decision making? Here’s a five-step process you can use to get started with data-driven decisions.Look at your objectives and prioritize. Any decision you make needs to start with your business’ goals at the core. … Find and present relevant data. … Draw conclusions from that data. … Plan your strategy. … Measure success and repeat. Why is data visualization important how visualizing data improve decision making? How can data visualization improve healthcare decision making? Data visualization helps in simplifying this process and allows decision-makers to derive analytical results from information presented visually. Patterns, trends and correlations that might go undetected in text-based data can be exposed and recognised easier with data visualization. What is the purpose of visualization? Visualization or visualisation (see spelling differences) is any technique for creating images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message. Visualization through visual imagery has been an effective way to communicate both abstract and concrete ideas since the dawn of humanity. How do you interpret data visualization? Tips for reading charts, graphs & moreIdentify what information the chart is meant to convey. … Identify information contained on each axis.Identify range covered by each axis.Look for patterns or trends. … Look for averages and/or exceptions.Look for bold or highlighted data.Read the specific data.More items…• Why is data visualization so important? Data visualizations make big and small data easier for the human brain to understand, and visualization also makes it easier to detect patterns, trends, and outliers in groups of data. Good data visualizations should place meaning into complicated datasets so that their message is clear and concise. What are the benefits of data visualization? Data visualization provides us with a quick, clear understanding of the information. Thanks to graphic representations, we can visualize large volumes of data in an understandable and coherent way, which in turn helps us comprehend the information and draw conclusions and insights. Which is the best technique if data has many dimensions? The best way to go higher than three dimensions is to use plot facets, color, shapes, sizes, depth and so on. You can also use time as a dimension by making an animated plot for other attributes over time (considering time is a dimension in the data). Check out Hans Roslin’s excellent talk to get an idea of the same! How does data visualization influence decision making? Data visualization turns raw data into a universally, consumable form. By providing access to valuable information, you give people the tools to develop more informed opinions and empower them to contribute their perspective in the decision-making process.
There are several components that make up pipeline operational costs. Generally, the main operational cost of a mineral or tailings slurry pipeline is the pumping energy needed to keep product flowing, followed by spare parts and labor costs. Other important considerations for selecting the transportation alternatives include the initial deployment of CAPEX and OPEX. It is very important to consider the operational costs of a project’s transportation component when selecting the most suitable ways and means of transporting a product to market. Choosing a transportation system with a relatively low capital costs and high operating costs, which can heavily escalate over time, can be costly to the business in the future. Energy Consumption A pipeline’s total energy consumption depends on product lift or fall and the resulting frictional loss within the pipe. Depending on the pipeline route, gravity can provide much of this transport energy, resulting in no demand for pumping energy. In Brazil, the most common form of energy consumption is a combination of gravity and pumping, depending on the transportation route. In the Andes region of South America where slurry transport begins at 3,000 to 4,000 meters above sea level and ends in coastal regions, very little or no pumping power is necessary. In flatter terrain such as Minas Gerais, Brazil, energy consumption needs can account for 60 to 70% of system operating costs. Generally, much of the electrical supply for transporting mineral concentrate via pipeline in Brazil comes from lower-cost, renewable, hydro-electric sources. The difference in energy consumption costs when transporting slurry along steep vs. flat routes illustrates the importance of having adequate control of this input. In the right physical environments, pipelines can provide a less costly, more environmentally friendly alternative to other transportation options. A hypothetical iron concentrate pipeline provides a practical energy consumption case in point. If a slurry pipeline were to originate somewhere in the iron quadrilateral zone in Minais Gerais and terminate at a point along the southeast coast of Brazil, what would the energy consumption be per ton or iron concentrate transported? The answer depends on several factors; however, given a transport capacity of 20 million tons per year, the energy consumption for this pipeline would represent approximately US$ 0.55 per ton transported – much less than $1 per ton. Spare Parts and Labor Pipeline equipment is highly operational: spare parts consumption typically falls below the mineral sector’s norm at 3% of equipment cost. In addition, most parts are nationally available, thereby minimizing international demand. Pipelines do not require a large labor pool. A reduced number of staff are needed during a pipeline’s operational phase relative to other transportation modes, resulting a significant cost savings. For example, a large, 500-km pipeline with two pump stations would require only about 120 workers for operation. Although fewer workers are needed to operate a pipeline, some specialist staff members would be required including technicians with expertise in hydraulics and pumps. Also, since pipeline equipment is generally differentiated, maintenance of positive displacement pumps requires specialised training. Engineering Design and Maintenance Carefully selecting an engineering company with a strong project track record and long history of successful projects is undoubtedly the best way to protect a project’s bottom line while mitigating project risk. Sometimes, decisions to save on engineering costs during design and construction (averaging between 4% and 5% of project’s total value) can result in higher operational costs later on. Choosing an experienced engineering firm capable of accurately forecasting energy consumption requirements will help reduce project costs – and risk – over the entire life cycle of a project. Engineering costs do not represent a significant additional cost in the overall investment picture of a project, and yet a good engineering partner can help a client reduce project, environmental, and budgetary risk. Post-construction, a well-structured, well-planned maintenance program will enable most slurry pipelines to remain approximately 98% operational. No other transportation alternative can match the operational productivity of a pipeline. Compared to other transportation options, which have higher operational risks and costs, slurry pipelines have become the preferred transportation option for many producers. For good reason – pipelines have been operating in Brazil for more than 35 years with very few reported accidents or personal injuries.
about us Medical term used to describe an abnormal condition An infection that causes a person's immune system to attack itself.That could mean the virus is killing them or that they're getting worse.That's what the term "medical term" is all about.The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has used the term for a long time, starting in the early 1990s.But it hasn't always been the right word to Read More
March 7, 2020 The Light March 7, 2020 John 12:27-36 This weekend’s reading: Job 2:11-13 On the first day of creation God created light and then separated the light from the dark. There’s an old Jewish Midrash saying that goes, “and the rest of the Bible is the children of God learning to distinguish the light from the dark.” One would assume it would be easy to distinguish light from dark. But the bible provides story after story where we either couldn’t tell the difference or choose the darkness over the light. So 2,000 years ago, God would take on human flesh and remind the people of the importance of knowing light from dark and then choosing to live in the light. This lent, ask God to reveal to you, the ways darkness has snuck into your life. • How do you picture the lifestyle of a Child of Light? • What areas of similarity and differences are there with how you live your life? • Where do we use candle light in our weekend services? • Christ says, “I am the Light of the world” (John 8). What is it about light, that makes it a good metaphor for Jesus?
Skip to content 79. Shaders – creating mist and lighting up the dark June 7, 2013 You can create some very cool effects with lighting using a shader, without getting into all the technicalities of lighting. First, check out this code: You can walk around in this forest (instructions are in the output are at left), and adjust the level of mist with the parameter. Then try turning the mist off with the boolean parameter. Now we are in darkness, holding a light, and the Visibility parameters controls how strong your light is. Again, you can walk around the forest. These two effects come from virtually the same code. Remember, a little earlier, we found that if we reduce r,g,b and a together, we get a misty effect, but if we reduce r,g,b and keep a the same, our object goes dark instead. So we can flick between mist and dark very easily, depending on what we do with a. But in both cases, the secret is in making the light (or mist) vary with distance. In Codea first, I put this in draw, for each shader m. Visibility is a Codea parameter which can vary between (say) 10 and 1000, and the idea is that you can’t see anything at a distance further than this. Now I need to tell my shader where I am, so it can measure the distance to each object. m.shader.pos=vec2(posX,-posZ) --current position Now, in my vertex shader, I make these changes uniform vec2 pos; uniform float dist; //and in the main function.... float d=distance(pos,vec2(position.x,position.z)); float j=clamp(1.-d/dist,0.,1.); So we first define pos and dist so we can use them, then we calculate the distance between pos, and the current vertex position. We then calculate the colour reduction factor j so it is 0 if the distance is greater than dist, and 1 if the distance is 0. The clamp function simply makes sure the value stays between 0 and 1. So in this case, we adjust r,g,b and a by the factor, giving a nice misty effect which gets stronger into the distance. Now I want to include the option of darkness, because I know it doesn’t require much change to the shader. In Codea, I add a parameter called Mist that is true if mist is on, and false if we want darkness. I also set a variable minLight=0.2, so we don’t go to complete blackness, as you will see. In draw, I alter the background lighting, so if we are using darkness, it goes dark too. if Mist==true then background(220) else background(220math.max(minLight,Visibility/1000)) end I pass the minimum light level to the shader, as well as an indicator of whether we want mist or darkness. if Mist==true then m.shader.mist=1 else m.shader.mist=0 end In the shader, I need to define the two new uniform variables, and modify the main code. uniform float mist; uniform float minLight; // and in main vec4 c=color; if (mist==0.) c.rgb = c.rgbmax(minLight,j); else c=c*j; The code is the same until we have calculated the adjustment j. Then, if we want darkness, we need to adjust the rgb (but not a) of color, which means we need a new variable because color is read only. We also apply a minimum light level of minLight. There is one more complication. The distance calculation relies on the fact that the vertex position holds the current location of the vertex. But if you have set the mesh up with x,z=0,0 (intending to translate to the actual position in the draw function), the vertex position in the shader will be 0,0, instead of its actual position. So we somehow have to pass through the actual x,z position in this case. We could do it with extra variables, but instead we can simply deduct that x,z from the camera position x,z, like so where m.pos.x and m.pos.z is the intended location of the current mesh. This isn’t ideal because it’s the x,z of the whole mesh, not the current vertex in that mesh, but it is close enough in most situations. From → Shaders Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Select Page One of the major lessons taught in public health training is the importance of having health care and public health professionals who can communicate and practice in a way that is sensitive to different perspectives, cultures or beliefs. This means that epidemiologists, dieticians, health services researchers, physicians and others should embrace diversity and differences (along a variety of dimensions, including race, age, gender, political identify, abilities and more) and show respect for people as they help them. Evidence shows that cultural competence or sensitivity or (just plain?) respect improves quality of care and health outcomes and reduces health disparities. (Cultural Competence Education for Students in Medicine and Public Health, 2012) Novels can be a rich source of diverse perspectives and life experiences, even when these views are not the focus. Obviously, one person cannot understand everyone’s culture or background. One person can read stories that give some insight into the tragedies, triumphs and day-to-day activities that make up different lived experiences. Sometimes the freedom and creativity of fiction can help readers get past barriers of understanding and on to the similarities and differences among individuals, communities and societies. So, the next time you are looking for a book or other piece of literature, try something with a voice very different from your own. Enjoy. Then, think about how your resulting insights might be a catalyst for improving your health or health care experiences as a health expert/professional or patient/consumer/community member. Below are two novels with very different and real voices and perspectives. Philipp Meyer’s American Rust (2009) Sandra Cisneros’ The House on Mango Street (1984) “Esperanza Cordero, a girl coming of age in the Hispanic quarter of Chicago, uses poems and stories to express thoughts and emotions about her oppressive environment.” ( review) What fictional novels are great literature AND views of life for different communities? BTW, I found American Rust here: Nine Writers Carrying the Torch for Men’s Fiction and The House on Mango Street here: Literary Latino: Latino Fiction. Image credits: All images are owned by the authors (and/or their associates).
How a Multi Color LED Works ? A LED that emits one colour when forward biased and another colour when reverse biased is called a multicolour LED. One commonly used schematic symbol for these LEDs is shown in below figure. Multi Color LED Principle Multi Color LED’s actually contain two pn junctions that are connected in reverse-parallel i.e. they are in parallel with anode of one being connected to the cathode of the other. If positive potential is applied to the top terminal as shown in Fig. (i), the pn junction on the left will light. Note that the device current passes through the left pn junction. If the polarity of the voltage source is reversed as shown in Fig. (ii), the pn junction on the right will light. Note that the direction of device current has reversed and is now passing through the right pn junction. Multicolour LEDs are typically red when biased in one direction and green when biased in the other. If a multicolour LED is switched fast enough between two polarities, the LED will produce a third colour. A red/green LED will produce a yellow light when rapidly switched back and forth between biasing polarities. No comments You May Also Like : Half Wave Rectifier Working Animation Half Wave Rectifier Principle Half-Wave Rectifier Operation The below Figure illustrates the process called half-wave rectification. A diode is connected to an ac source and to a load resistor, RL, ...
Examples of Humanitarian Acts: Giving Aid in Different Ways Whether you are interested in involving yourself in some humanitarian efforts or simply want to know more about the subject, becoming familiar with examples of humanitarian acts can be helpful in order to better understand how to assist fellow human beings. Humanitarian acts come in all sizes. Going overseas to help feed starving children is a humanitarian act, but so is an individual giving a small monthly contribution to a local charity for the homeless or sponsoring a hungry child who lives in another country. There are many humanitarian examples, from small-scale individual actions to massive humanitarian aid efforts. humanitarian act volunteers food bank humanitarian act volunteers food bank Day-to-Day Humanitarian Action Examples A humanitarian can be defined as, "a person who cares about people and who often participates in charity or does good work to show that care." Therefore, many, many acts fall into this category. Caring about people and doing good works does not have to be done through an official organization. Individuals can contribute to the humanitarian effort themselves. • Take a homeless person out to dinner or provide them with funds to purchase one or more meals. • Donate money to a larger organization that helps people who are facing difficult situations or are otherwise in need. • Assist an individual who is disabled. • Visit an elderly person in the hospital or in a nursing home. • Reach out to a person who is often left out at work or school. • Raise funds for or deliver meals to a family in the community who is in need. • Take food, clothing and other supplies to people whose lives are impacted by a devastating injury or illness. • Provide aid and assistance to those who lose their homes due to natural disasters or other catastrophic events • Make a weekly donation to a local food pantry. • Offer to babysit for free for a struggling family. • Stand up for a person who is often teased by or put down by others. • Help take care of a sick or elderly family member or friend. • Organize a group of people to visit a nursing home to entertain or spend time with the residents • Giving speeches about how others can get involved in humanitarian acts. • Publish articles to motivate others to engage in humanitarian acts All of these actions can help out fellow humans who are facing situations. Anyone who wants to make a difference can do so through small gestures. Local Humanitarian Examples and Actions You don't have to act all by yourself in order to engage in humanitarian acts. While global humanitarian aid often gets the most publicity, there are countless locally locally-centered community involvement programs that would greatly appreciate your assistance with positively impacting other humans. • Volunteer at a local soup kitchen or homeless shelter, especially during a time of year that they don't have a lot of volunteers already. • Donate things like socks, jackets, blankets, and toiletry supplies to a homeless shelter, which they can in term share with people who are homeless. • Donate blood to the American Red Cross or other nonprofit blood donation organizations to help those facing difficult medical situations. • Spearhead an effort to host a blood drive at the company where you work or your church, to help generate even more blood donations. • Participate in a charitable drive that's focused on helping needy families, such as Toys for Tots or the Salvation Army's Angel Tree program. • Volunteer with a school or after-school program time to help struggling students to better learn their subject matter. • Volunteer your time at any local charity that provides aid and assistance to people in need in your community. • Serve as a foster parent to a child who is in the foster care system. • Visit a local orphanage to spend time playing with the children, helping with their homework or tutoring them. • Volunteer with the local Migrant Head Start program in your area. • Organize a group of friends to go into a local Ronald McDonald House and prepare a meal for the families who are staying there, all of whom have critically sick children in the hospital. • Participate in a nonviolent protest to speak out against injustices to human rights. • Spend time serving your community or another community in need, as an Americorps VISTA volunteer. • Volunteer with Meals on Wheels or another organization that delivers hot meals to homebound elderly residents. • Volunteer with a local food bank, organizing and categorizing donations for distribution or giving out food boxes to needy families or individuals. • Volunteer with an animal rescue organization, helping to care for the animals and working diligently to find people to adopt the animals. All of these actions have the potential to greatly benefit the community and the people living there, even if the efforts are not part of a large, well-known humanitarian group or movement Large-Scale Humanitarian Aid Examples Of course, humanitarian aid also takes place on a global level. Across the world, people come together in organized groups to help provide for the needy, homeless, hungry, and others in need of assistance, such as those in war-torn regions or areas that have been devastated by catastrophic weather events. Many international charity organizations participate in ongoing large-scale humanitarian aid, though smaller organizations also often get involved. • The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation engages in humanitarian aid focused on combatting poverty, disease and a lack of equality around the world. A lot of their work is focused on taking steps to ensure that people in impoverished, undeveloped areas have access to the clean drinking water they need to survive. • The United States government participates in many humanitarian aid efforts through the U.S. Department of State, often to people in war-torn regions such as Somalia and Iraq. The government also often provides protection and support for charitable organizations that go into dangerous areas to offer aid to residents. • Save the Children is a well-known group that works to assist children in need in areas of the world where there is not enough money for proper nutrition, medicine and other basic needs. The group collects donations and supplies for these children and sends volunteers to help them. • Catholic Relief Services reaches out to people in impoverished parts of the world, providing direct aid and support. The group also shares information and tools to help people living in poverty learn how to survive and thrive. • Volunteers with the Peace Corps go to struggling areas to bring help and aid in many forms. Peace Corp efforts include education, health promotion, youth programs, and community development, agricultural support, recovery from disasters or war, and much more. • Not everyone in the world has healthcare. Doctors Without Borders is an international humanitarian aid organization that strives to bring medical attention, surgical procedures, vaccinations for children, and other healthcare services and education to countries that have been ravaged by poverty and other detrimental factors. • The United Way is an international organization committed to doing good in the communities they serve. They are committed to contributing to the common good on a worldwide basis. There are opportunities to get involved with the United Way's mission through the many nonprofit agencies that fall under its umbrella. • So many people in the world are living at or below the poverty line or who face injustice on a daily basis. Oxfam International is one of the many groups that diligently work to end these terrible problems through humanitarian aid. Donations and volunteers are welcome. The organization also has an Oxfam America entity. Ideas for Getting Involved Maybe you've been inspired to participate in some humanitarian efforts. Anyone can incorporate small-scale humanitarian actions into their life on a daily basis, either acting individually or getting involved with a local, national or even international organization that is committed to humanitarian acts. • soup kitchens • senior citizen citizens or services • nursing homes • schools • curches • centers for struggling students • hospitals • homeless shelters • social services organizations • large scale charitable organizations, such as the top 100 charities Humanitarian organizations are always seeking assistance from donors and/or organizations. Reach out to the groups that provide aid to the populations you are most interested in helping with and let them know you'd like to give of your time, talent or money in order to contribute to the community (or the world) through humanitarian acts. The group may have programs or projects with which you can assist, or may provide you with some ideas that you could implement on your own. If you're not sure which groups to reach out to, you may want to begin by identifying the United Way agencies in your community. The organizations that receive financial support from the United Way are all charitable entities that rely on volunteers and donors to help provide various humanitarian aid examples. You Can Make a Difference in the World Don't think that one person can't make a difference. You absolutely can. The smallest individual actions can make a huge difference in the lives of people facing grave difficulties. Whether you act on your own or get involved with a local or massive humanitarian relief organization, your generosity is sure to be greatly appreciated. Now that you're familiar with some humanitarian examples and have ideas on how you can engage in humanitarian acts, turn your attention to the bigger issues of why humanitarianism is so important. Start by exploring examples of social justice issues facing the world. Then, investigate the concepts of ethics, morals and values.
Fashion is ale dressing up and garments, according to the hottest trends on the market and their in conjunction with today’s fads. Fashion is a formalized type of personal-expression, inside a selected context and at a certain time, of apparel, necklaces, facial foundation and footwear hair style, and the body stances. To use common practice, the term also means a layout defined by the style field, as exactly what is at this time popular. Today, trend is now just about the most common solutions to voice ones inner desires, via stylish clothes and accessories. The skill of manner designing was made apparent while in the 16th and 17 ages, if your discovered adult men from Europe put together alternative methods of increasing the aesthetic negative effects of outfits. While using the development and development of the scientific discipline of garments, vogue begun acquiring its concepts into several offices, for instance design design and style, fashion marketing, fashion submitting, and trend human resources. There are many other names of fashion, which are more best known high fashion. The leading purpose of fashion and makers industries is usually to gratify and remember to the requirements individuals, through providing fashionable trends. They and industrialists, based in Europe, have given a different classification to the concept of vogue. Fashion is understood to be the initial type of dressing granted place and time. Specifically, it will be the distinctive type of dressing supplied place and time. They have given a fully new intending to the term, that’s used to indicate trendy or thigh, modern, current fashions, or ludicrous. With all the passageway of modernity and time, vogue changed its varieties and boundaries. It acquired numerous new kinds, for example evening gowns, salwar kameez, and upper jaw truck caps. These forms have given rise to different kinds of societal and state trend. Moreover, a new reasoning behind trend was seen, including activitiesclothes and casuals, get the job done put on, college and college or university attire, distinctive attire for women, and informal attire. However, while using the increase of the Indian society in The european countries, a fresh term called Indian trend become popular, so as to outline new forms of attire. The leading intent behind donning clothing was to remain comfy,comfortable and dried, and trendy. According to their geographical circumstance persons familiar with costume. As an example, should you be from the remote control community where people put on easy attire, then you will need to obtain clothing that have been developed specifically to hold you warm. Should you remain in an urban area, you would then try to dress in classy apparel, in case you belonged into a community, very simple clothes would be great, similarly. That is why graphic designers started out to a target the requirements of the people, when making garments. Today, designers are going to complete producing outfits that are suitable for absolutely everyone. Nowadays, Paris has become famous for fashion styles and tendencies. This is because Paris is known as the capital of fashion. Paris owners several trend displays and trend 2 or 3 weeks, the place makers from worldwide demonstrate their most current creations. Besides, outfits are also chose by celebrities at trend months and vogue indicates. Celebrities like Paris Hilton, Elle Macpherson, Victoria Beckham, Madonna, Julia Roberts, Cara Delevingne, Kate Moss, Jennifer Lopez, and Shakira all make a look and feel at several trend demonstrates and trend days. As mentioned earlier, clothes are pretty much dependent upon the sociable and ethnic areas of people. In order to make specific kinds of clothing which will match their needs, personality, and habits, fashion designers expend a long time considering the life styles of folks. Alternatively sophisticated and comfortable, as well. Though it may be noticeable that products are influenced by customs and sociable factors, designers keep find new strategies to express themselves, evidently this way, outfits come to be more than simply components worn out for style reason. New movements could be started from designers’ private preference, or they may come from surprising layouts that hook their attention. One such craze for the past several years could be the ‘minimalist’ design of outfit, described as geometric types, clean feet, uncomplicated but elegant sections, and recreational wear. Minimalists dress in garments which have as much variety as you possibly can, with virtually no overpowering components. Minimalists’ outfits are not only fashionable, however they are really relaxed, at the same time. If you have any questions about where by and how to use party wear lehenga choli, you can get in touch with us at the web-page. Linked content pointed out by followers of the web page: Talking to click hyperlink look at here now
• \| Apples for bone health apples for bone health We have all heard the old saying, “An apple a day keeps the doctor away”. Now to prove it, it can help keep osteoporosis at bay. Osteoporosis is one of the common bone problems. It causes bones to become weak and brittle. The bone density decreases, and there is less or no bone renewal (bones are living tissues that break down and get replaced). To put it simply, the quality of the bones deteriorates. Here’s how apples help in maintaining bone health. Osteoporosis is dangerous as it can cause fractures very easily (hip, spine, and wrist, especially). It can cause severe ache and extreme trouble in walking and standing up. It can get older people bedridden and physically dependent. Bone is an active tissue that constantly remodels itself (it breaks down and rebuilds). If the rate of bone breakdown is more than that of build-up, then there’s an issue of osteoporosis. We might claim that we have had ample intake of milk so, we won’t get affected. However, osteoporosis usually occurs in the later years of life. To cure it, people may take calcium or vitamin-D supplements. However, for how long can you take these medications? Katherine Tucker, professor of Nutritional Epidemiology in the Department of Health Sciences at Northeastern University, said, “While calcium and vitamin D are important, they are just two whole hosts of important nutrients. How we get them is just as important as how much we get.” Apples are full of antioxidants, fibre, and vitamin C. It has ascorbic acid that is an antioxidant and is an essential nutrient for the body. Researchers believe that the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in fruits help promote bone density and strength. Eating a fresh apple provides a bone-building phytonutrient called phloridzin, which is a flavonoid antioxidant unique to apples (peels mainly) that helps improve bone density hence reducing breakdown. Apart from preventing osteoporosis, they help with digestion, brain function as well. Apples also have boron, a mineral needed for metabolism and absorption of other nutrients. Apples are also rich in potassium that benefit heart health too. However, just eating apples won’t do. To prevent seeing the orthopaedist, one has to cut down on cola, excessive alcohol (red wine is good for bone health), too much salt, etc. Osteoporosis is often associated with high-protein diets because there are high calcium concentrations in the urine of people given high doses of protein. Tucker’s analyses with her colleagues in the Framingham Osteoporosis Study have proved that high protein diets lead to the least amount of bone loss in older people. However, protein is acid-producing. So, to balance it, we need nutrients like magnesium and potassium. And voila! Apples are rich in these nutrients. It is never too late to start doing something good. After all, prevention is better than cure. So, start eating an apple every day. Arpita Priyadarshinee
Two pipelines in Slapton have turned up evidence of Iron Age and Roman activity. One Iron Age pit and four Roman ditches were found on the Kingsbury to Buncefield pipeline along with pottery and brick of both periods. More Roman pottery was found in a pipeline south of Whaddon Farm. The medieval history of the village is better documented. There are thirteenth century records of a watermill and fifteenth century records of Slapton BridgeSlapton, Horton and South Whaddon manors were separate in the medieval period. There are also some medieval earthworks visible on aerial photographs in the fields south of Slaptonbury Mill, which look like house platforms and an enclosure. There are other earthworks around Whaddon Farm that suggest this was a larger settlement in the medieval to post-medieval period. The only surviving medieval building is Holy Cross church with its fourteenth century nave and aisles and fifteenth century tower, though the chancel was rebuilt in the nineteenth century. There are records that Slaptonbury Farm was a medieval or early post-medieval house, but it was demolished in the nineteenth century. Similarly Horton Hall may have been a medieval house with its own moat and chapel and it had a medieval dovecote in the grounds but it was also demolished in the nineteenth century. Otherwise, the oldest secular buildings are Lanthorn Cottage, which is though to be sixteenth century, with King’s Head Cottage and the Carpenter’s Arms both being seventeenth century. Much of the later history of Slapton that has shaped the settlement relates to the nineteenth century Grand Junction or Union Canal with its lock, lock-keeper’s cottage, bridge and pumping station. No doubt the nineteenth century coprolite workings known from historic documents relied on the canal to transport products.
Oh Sweet Sugar! How often can you resist a warm doughnut, a French Vanilla, or a hot waffle topped with chocolate, it is quite hard to do that right? Well don’t worry, you are not alone, millions of people feel the same, it is our biochemical side of the body, let’s go quickly over this subject see what are the different types of Sugar, where are they found, why do we need them and when should we say: Thank you sugar, that’s enough! What is Sugar? Or should we say what are sugars, sugars are from the carbohydrates family, so basically they are considered as sources of energy, they are divided into 3 groups based on the complexity of their chemical structure; Monosaccharides are the most basic forms of sugar, when up to 10 Monosaccharides bind together, they are named Oligosaccharide (Oligo means “few”), and then we have polysaccharides that are a combination of more than 10 Monosaccharides, Below are the most common sugars: Why do we need sugar? Sugar is needed as it is considered an energy source for our body; in fact, all carbohydrates break down due to metabolism into small molecular sugars. In other cases, a mix of sugar and salt with water is considered as an elementary dehydration treatment or what is known as “Oral Rehydration Treatment” ORT. How much sugar is recommended per day? According to the world health organization, there are two recommendation for sugars intake for, a strong recommendation that says that one should consume 10% only of the total energy intake in the form of sugars. And a conditional recommendation (which is the most common) is to even drop it down to 5%, so assuming the average calories an adult would consume daily is 2000 Calories, then 200 of them (50 g) with an optimal case of 100 cals. (25 g) is to be sugar. What does 25g of Sugar in real life look like? Why should we consume Sugars more consciously? It is known to everybody that Sugar consumption is related to dental caries over the years and that is what the World health organization or the WHO alerts for, but what is considered to be potentially riskier is this: That is it for now about sugar, don’t overdo it but also don’t eliminate it, it is always good to keep the balance. Stay Positive, Stay healthy, Stay grateful! Leave a Reply
Bionic Cornea Are a New Horizon in Curing Blindness Bionic cornea may be the next breakthrough in new medical technology. The recent advancements in bionics have achieved some of the most amazing medical developments that we have ever seen, including truly inspirational feats of engineering. Bionics has especially revolutionized prosthetics for those who have lost limbs and engineered amazing new implants for those who are deaf or hearing impaired. But what is the next horizon in the world on human bionics? Many experts think that the cornea could be next. Let’s take a closer look. Bionic Cornea Are a New Horizon in Curing Blindness Source: Pixabay The current developments Bionic eyes might seem like something from science fiction. From Batou’s iconic eyes in the Ghost in the Shell anime to the more magical alternative of Mad-Eye Moody’s prosthetic eye in the Harry Potter franchise, we are already used to seeing bionic eyes replacing human ones on the screen. Since the media influences a lot of the technological developments that we pursue in the ‘real’ world, it is not surprising that there are projects already underway to develop functional bionic cornea. There have been several initiatives already which have seen prototypes given to participants. These have typically allowed participants to regain their sight in some limited capacity and have laid down the foundation for further research and development. The ‘Argus II’ is one example of a bionic eye, notable as one of the first attempts to commercialize bionic eye technology. Bionic Cornea Are a New Horizon in Curing Blindness Argos II System, Source: Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology The ‘Argus II’ is used to treat people who suffer from retinitis pigmentosa — a genetic disorder that causes loss of vision. The Argus II is implanted via surgery onto the patient’s retina, enabling them to perceive some light and motion. Patients must wear glasses with a camera mounted on them, which records images and sends them to the Argus II, wirelessly, which the brain then interprets as light. After some adjustment, eventually, this enables patients to see their surroundings, objects, and large texts. Real-world application One of the problems with blindness is that approximately 89 percent occurs within poorer countries, where people often cannot afford the basic treatments that can help to avoid blindness. It will be a long time before they can afford bionic cornea, so in the meantime, the most effective route to tackling worldwide blindness is to prevent and cure the diseases that most often cause blindness. Tej Kohli, technologist and investor who backs ventures in the fields of AI, robotics and biotechnology, is a well-known proponent of preventing blindness in poorer communities. In Tej Kohli's blog, he notes that some of the leading causes of cornea blindness are environmentally driven and that if we are to tackle the issues of poverty and inequality that lead to avoidable blindness, it will precipitate a massive shift in healthcare as a whole. In that scenario, bionic eyes could be used to treat those with unavoidable blindness, rather than being regarded as a primary healthcare treatment for everyone. Source: PALMIHELP/iStock Future developments If the fully functional bionic cornea becomes a reality, such sophisticated pieces of bionic engineering will offer a great potential to take our understanding of our bodies to the next level. However, the real challenge will not be mastering the technology but making it affordable and accessible within the world’s poorer communities where blindness is most prevalent. Follow Us on Stay on top of the latest engineering news Just enter your email and we’ll take care of the rest:
Definition of 'inconvenience' Word Frequency In Top 1000 words 1. Something that is not convenient, something that bothers. 2. The quality of being inconvenient. 3. Something inconvenient. 4. The state or quality of being inconvenient. 5. The quality or condition of being inconvenient; lack of convenience; unfitness; unsuitableness; inexpediency; awkwardness. 7. an inconvenient discomfort 8. the quality of not being useful or convenient 9. Synonyms Awkwardness, unwieldiness, incommodiousness, trouble, annoyance. 10. Incommodiousness; embarrassing character; troublesomeness; unfitness: as, the inconvenience of an ill-planned house. 11. The quality of being inconvenient; want of convenience. 12. That which incommodes or gives trouble or uneasiness; anything that impedes or hampers; disadvantage; difficulty. 13. To bother; to discomfort 14. To put to inconvenience; incommode. 15. To cause inconvenience to; trouble. 16. To put to inconvenience; to incommode. 1. We will pay compensation in full and apologise for the inconvenience caused. 2. It apologised to you for the inconvenience caused. 3. The post office has apologised to you for the inconvenience caused and the time it took to resolve your problem. 4. We apologise for the inconvenience caused. 5. It has also paid additional compensation of 250 for the distress and inconvenience she suffered. 6. We apologise for any inconvenience caused," said the spokesman. 7. What they do causes great inconvenience to innocent people. 8. We would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused to passengers. 9. We should take imported inflation seriously and not just treat it as a minor inconvenience. 10. This had the potential to cause me great inconvenience as my husband was away for four weeks. 11. We sincerely apologise for any inconvenience caused. 12. This is more than a minor inconvenience. 13. The closing of the shop caused great inconvenience. 14. We have apologised for the inconvenience caused and are making sure that we put this right. 15. The minor inconvenience is made up for by the superb views over the loch. 16. We are sorry for any inconvenience caused. 17. The fact that she was completely untrained was simply a minor inconvenience. 18. There are some cases where it is not only a question of financial loss and inconvenience but the distress as well. 19. Honestly, the practical inconvenience is not the problem. 20. Although few could hope to get home, they would cause the enemy immense trouble and inconvenience. 21. In recognition of the distress and inconvenience caused, we have offered a payment of redress. 22. Here, the bride could show only distress and inconvenience. 23. To do so would entail great inconvenience and high costs for learning to deal with a new distributor's system. 24. Banking and shopping are increasingly being done online, which means a theft can be more than just a practical inconvenience. 25. Yet, on balance, not a great inconvenience. 26. You may also get 25 to 500 compensation for distress and inconvenience. 27. Yesterday a chain spokesman said: 'We apologise for any distress or inconvenience caused. 28. It is impossible to get at them now without going to a Library, which is a great inconvenience. 29. No, you've got to put up with all the inconvenience and costs of growing your crops or rearing animals. 30. I experienced no sort of difficulty or inconvenience on the road, being generally taken for an Afghan. 31. If such was the case, she reasoned, then any simple home facial could produce a similar result at far less cost and inconvenience. 32. ‘The 48-hour strikes would mean huge personal inconvenience.’ 33. ‘Besides personal inconvenience, there are environmental and economic impacts to this situation as well.’ 34. ‘It needs to be cherished and supported, even if this involves a certain amount of personal inconvenience.’ 35. ‘With nuisances that cause personal discomfort and inconvenience, such as noise or smell, it will be more difficult to apply general principles.’ 36. ‘It is not clear if patients regard such inconvenience and disturbance as worth while to obtain accurate readings or what patients feel about the alternatives.’ 37. ‘I am doubly grateful, therefore, that he is here, in spite of considerable personal inconvenience.’ 38. ‘Often such duty-based helping concern causes considerable personal sacrifice or inconvenience to the leader.’ 39. ‘It is going to cause hardship and inconvenience to many people.’ 41. ‘However, while inconvenience for many people had been substantial, it was a near miracle that no serious damage to property had occurred.’ 42. ‘The old wires and shortage of posts often cause inconvenience to people and also cause damage to the transformer.’ 43. ‘They decided to spare the authorities any inconvenience and leave the people shivering with cold.’ 44. ‘Not only did it cause inconvenience for people but the council must have lost a lot of revenue with lost parking tickets.’ 45. ‘Every year over a million elderly people suffer the pain and inconvenience of broken bones.’ 47. ‘Besides the badly scarred skin, the failure can damage patients' urethra and rectum, which causes inconvenience and severe pain.’ 48. ‘Most authors on the subject state that people with colour blindness will adapt without any serious inconvenience or problems.’ 49. ‘This is bound to cause inconvenience to users but is surely worthwhile given the long-term benefits of the project.’ 50. ‘Apart from causing public nuisance and inconvenience to the commuters this also leads to road accidents.’ 51. ‘Hess said his fingers go white in cold temperatures, and he will continue to suffer pain and inconvenience as a result.’ 53. ‘In these films, everyone who deserves to be happy ends up with what he or she desires, despite any temporary inconveniences or minor setbacks.’ 54. ‘The other artists are those who tend to ignore what is comforting and instead champion life's difficulties, contradictions and inconveniences.’ 55. ‘He has plunged too many depths to be upset by small set backs or inconveniences.’ 57. ‘In total contrast, the English bishops recited the problems and inconveniences surrounding abstinence.’ 58. ‘All we are really doing is causing greater problems and inconveniences for each other.’ 59. ‘We have supported the changes at the Hardenhuish Sports Club complex even though we have been adversely affected by noise and other inconveniences.’ 60. ‘Some are asked to endure hardships and inconveniences never experienced by most people.’ 61. ‘The setbacks might range from muddy inconveniences to life-threatening crossings, and it remains for each driver to make a realistic and cautious assessment of the road ahead.’ 63. ‘But I'm also sure that as we find ourselves more secure again - once again secure in our own society, that some of the things that are inconveniences now will go away and go back to our normal way of doing business.’ 64. ‘The essential point is that people who read and write weblogs, like those who see value in Usenet, or those who rely on email, are prepared to put up with a few inconveniences for the sake of the benefits of their chosen communications medium.’ 65. ‘Those who have pushed for copyright maximization over the past decade or so have been able to do so unfettered by inconveniences like public deliberation or even serious attention.’ 66. ‘On the eve of a bus strike that is expected to cause daily inconveniences for Lower Mainland transit users, disgruntled bus workers said the company that runs the service is treating them unfairly.’ 67. ‘The union is expected to start with an overtime ban, which will likely result in minor inconveniences like delays in moving patients around the hospital and meal deliveries, said Adams.’ 68. ‘I think we're all going to have inconveniences.’ 69. ‘It is characterised by a lack of vitamins in the human body after the hard winter, a time when people are far more susceptible to various unwelcome sicknesses and physical inconveniences.’ 70. ‘Add these little inconveniences and inefficiencies up, and multiply them by millions of people, and you probably have a significant drag on the economy.’ 71. ‘Anyway, we had a lot of inconveniences.’ 72. ‘Also that some have been inconvenienced, with difficulties in reaching Bootham.’ 74. ‘Members of Fulford Parish Council fear residents will be greatly inconvenienced by the loss of the Main Street petrol station and its small shop.’ 75. ‘Allette said the roadblocks inconvenienced some residents and could have caused problems in an emergency.’ 76. ‘The poor condition of the tracks and ice on the rails contributed to the demise of Missoula's remaining horse-drawn streetcars, inconveniencing residents, university students in particular.’ 77. ‘He agreed that while residents will be inconvenienced, it is worthwhile, as their living conditions will improve.’ 78. ‘They argue that Hualien residents have been inconvenienced and subject to disrespect and distrust.’ 79. ‘I can invite people round without worrying about inconveniencing anyone!’ 80. ‘Failure to participate in tournaments of such magnitude at the eleventh hour, he added, would be costly as the organisers demand heavy fines for inconveniencing them.’ 81. ‘Mr Sichimba said it was illegal for people to rear goats in residential areas as they were inconveniencing other residents.’ 82. ‘He said residents in Kilcoo and Castlewellan were extremely inconvenienced by last Tuesday's operation.’ 83. ‘Eccrine sweat is initially odourless, but patients are embarrassed and inconvenienced by having sodden clothing and damp hands.’ 84. ‘There are several ways for people with legitimate questions or difficulties to find help without inconveniencing hundreds of others.’ 85. ‘He had even parked on the other side of the road, facing the oncoming traffic so that he wouldn't be inconvenienced by having to move to the passenger seat.’ 86. ‘This worries some insiders that visitors and participants will be inconvenienced.’ 87. ‘A designated smoking room works because it accommodates those who choose to smoke without inconveniencing those who don't.’ 88. ‘‘I am concerned about the continuing number of breakdowns of service which is inconveniencing passengers on the Sligo to Dublin line,’ said Deputy Ellis.’ 89. ‘The bath is open all day, making it possible for me to go swimming with a disability, not inconveniencing others.’ 90. ‘We will be able to scan in-patients when they need it without inconveniencing out-patients.’ 91. ‘Our law enforcing agencies and especially the intelligence wings can study the situation around the Parliament House in Delhi and plan security measures without inconveniencing the public.’ 92. it was an inconvinience to move all the furniture in the room but there was no choice Other users have misspelling inconvenience as: 1. inconvience 19.39% 2. inconvinience 11.08% 3. inconvienence 4.52% 4. inconvinence 3.64% 5. inconvienience 3.5% 6. inconveniencias 2.92% 7. inconviences 1.6% 8. inconveince 1.6% 9. inconvince 1.46% 10. inconveniency 1.46% 11. 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Did you know that your plants can get sunburned? And I’m not talking about plants that have been moved from inside to a sunny spot outside, but plants in your home that you may move into a high light window from a low light area. An unfortunate African violet I care for a few plants at my church and this one was sitting back many feet and to the side of a huge south window. It was getting the right amount of light and doing well. Unfortunately, someone thought it would do better ON the windowsill because all plants should be on the windowsill, right? This is what I came back to the next week. Ahhhhh! How the plant looked before I removed the burnt leaves Notice the flowers don’t really have too much damage. Since the leaves are the part of the plant using sunlight, they were the only parts that were damaged. It was weird to see gorgeous flowers on top of these horribly burned leaves. If plants could scream or cry, I’m sure this one would have. I spilled boiling tea on my hand the other day and I had ice on it for hours. It was so painful! Too bad the violet didn’t have a friendly Aloe vera nearby to lend some soothing gel. I wasn’t home and didn’t have my aloe, either. Plants do like windowsills as long as it is the one that will meet its needs. If it had been moved to an east window it would have been fine. Southern exposure The sunlight in a Southern exposure is intense in the summer and really best for your high-light-loving plants. Cacti and other succulents, crotons, and ficus love it. It isn’t as bright in the winter as the sun is lower in the sky, but in the spring and into the summer, it is hot. The violet had previously been approximately 5 feet from the window, receiving bright light. The area outside is a courtyard, surrounded by 2 wings of the church, and the only open area faces directly south. The sun on the sill is extremely strong, so the violet may have been sunburned even if it had just arrived from the grower. It had been in its previous position for a few weeks and so was acclimated to that exposure. Setting it back in the direct sun was the same as putting a white pasty Michigander in the hot sun after a long, dark winter. We ARE going to burn! Acclimatize your plants. This was moved to a south windowsill, a situation no African violet would like at any time. (Unless the south window had a sheer curtain or an awning or a tree outside shading the window) The point is, if you are going to move a plant, ANY plant from a low light area to a higher light, it should be done slowly and gradually. The plant needs to gradually get used to a higher light situation and it is called acclimation. Which exposure is best? The moral of the story is, find out what light your plant needs before you place it in your home. If you researched African violets, you would find that they like a bright light, but not intense, hot sun. I’ve found that an east exposure is the best, but the west is fine too. I removed the damaged leaves and placed the plant back from the window where it had previously been and hopefully, it will recover nicely. Has this ever happened to one of your plants? Have a great week, plant friends! Pin It on Pinterest Share This
Exclamation mark formed in space by two colliding galaxies An awesome image that has been released by Nasa shows two galaxies colliding to resemble an enormous purple exclamation mark. The celestial shape was partly captured by the famous Hubble Telescope and is currently happening 450 million light years from Earth in the constellation of Bootes. According to NASA, the pair of gas-rich spiral galaxies known together as Arp 302 are in the early stages of interaction. The edge-on galaxy near the top of the image is called VV 340 North and the face-on galaxy at the bottom of the image is VV 340 South. During their interaction, an enormous amount of infrared light is radiated by the gas from massive stars that are forming at a rate similar to the most vigorous giant star-forming regions in our own Milky Way. [Related story: New photos of Mars crater emerges] Millions of years later the two spirals will merge - much like the Milky Way and Andromeda are expected to do billions of years from now. The merging galaxies generate energy at a rate that is tens to hundreds of times larger than that emitted by a typical galaxy. Watch the video of the galaxies colliding below.
How much electricity do humans produce? Can the human body produce electricity? Can the human body power a light bulb? Here’s a little known fact: The human body, at any given moment, produces energy equivalent to a 100 watt light bulb. In that sense, we’re always wasting our energy—energy that can be used to, well, power a light bulb. How much energy does a human produce per hour? How much heat per hour do humans dissipate? joules ingested per day. joules of energy per day, since most of us are in some sort of equilibrium with our surroundings. Assuming most of this energy leaves us in the form of heat, I calculate that on average we radiate ~350,000 J of energy per hour. IT IS IMPORTANT: Question: What is heating effect of electric current derive an expression? Are humans bioelectric? Bioelectricity refers to electrical currents occurring within or produced by the human body. Bioelectric currents are generated by a number of different biological processes, and are used by cells to conduct impulses along nerve fibbers, to regulate tissue and organ functions, and to govern metabolism. How can I generate electricity at home for free? Generating Electricity at Home 2. Wind Turbines. … 3. Solar and Wind Hybrid Systems. … 4. Microhydropower Systems. … 5. Solar Water Heaters. … 6. Geothermal Heat Pumps. Can humans produce electricity like eels? Fish with exotic powers have long captured the imagination. Although structurally similar to batteries, the electric organs (EO) of the fish who wield them are operationally more like the Marx generators. … Can a magnet really power a light bulb? Yes, easiest way is if the light bulb is made of an ampule filled with a ionizable gas. Once the magnetic field gets strong enough, the bulb will light up momentarilly with no need for any electrical connection to anything else. Can you light a bulb with an onion? OXNARD, Calif., July 17, 2009 – In the new world of renewable energy, California onion bulbs now will power light bulbs – the common vegetable has transitioned from a simple food stock to a mini-power plant. Can humans be used as batteries? US researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder have created a gadget that harvests body heat and converts it into energy. In a move that will give chills to fans of the dystopian movie The Matrix, scientists have developed a wearable device that could use the human body to replace batteries. IT IS IMPORTANT: Frequent question: How electricity is generated from waves Wikipedia? How many joules does it take to kill you? Under certain conditions, 10^-18 joules can kill a human. Normally this would be imperceptible. However, if this energy comes in the form of a photon, it is enough to ionize DNA molecules, causing mutations. What are the 4 types of energy do humans have? What happens when you have too much electricity in your body? Energy sources
Technology Changes Schools A businessman working on a touch screen. One of the hardest things to do is to relate to the interests of kids in school. Some teachers have a great ability to do this, but others struggle to do so because the kids they teach have grown up with technology. Older teachers often shy away from technology because they feel they cannot learn how to use it. However, attendees of the WCC continue to develop excellent teaching tools through technological advances that any teacher can learn to use. Here are some ways that this conference is changing the teaching profession. Over the course of the years, different U.S. presidents have emphasised the importance of a great education. They have put laws into place that both help, and sometimes accidentally hurt, the education of our students. For example, one controversial move that was made by President Bush, was the No Child Left Behind initiative. Parents and teacher actually saw this as a disservice to the students because some students were passed on to the next grade level without the proper education that they need. New computer technologies developed by the attendees of the WCC work against this issue. A great example of the new incorporation of technology in the classroom, is the introduction of Apples iPads. These devices serve almost all of the same functions of a normal computer. They are much more convenient to use because they are much smaller, and they can be stored in far greater numbers than laptops. The iPad has changed the school environment because students can work with them from the comfort of their own desks. They do not have to sign up with a computer lab in order to type term paper, do research, or develop a new project. An iPad is a great device for people who wish to see their students succeed in an ever-changing world. Some of the more notable developments in teaching materials allows teachers to conduct all of their classwork online. In the past it was unheard of to consider holding class sessions virtually. Now, more teachers are going online to conduct classes, and they complete all grading there as well. This cuts down on the use of paper and other materials. It also cuts down on the time it takes to receive work from students. Submissions and questions are submitted for immediate review. Members of the World Computer Conference help teachers and students to use new technologies so that students are prepared to become successful in a competitive world. There is an unlimited amount of potential when it comes to technology in the classroom. Teachers can monitor what students are doing from a main computer. Students can use computer programs to create and research science projects that others have never even dreamed of. We need to allow our students to use technology and advanced computer systems so that they can help to come up with solutions to real-world problems such as pollution and the use of natural resources. The WCC provides a platform for these developments to take shape. WCC Impact On Medical Science Events that have the ability to change the ways in which people lead healthier lives are incredibly important, and this is why the World Computer Conference ranks in this category. Medical advances are crucial for people who must overcome devastating injuries. Veterans of war often face uncertainty because their injuries require so much time to heal. However, an event like the WCC brings new ideas to the table for medical science. Computers continue to evolve each year, and with these advancements, they bridge the gap between the health field and technology. One of the major issues that people face when developing new medications and recovery tools, is money. Money drives all innovation, but some people are limited in this realm. The WCC brings together computer experts and medical personnel so that they can learn from one another. History shows that these professionals bring their own skills to the table, and then they impart their knowledge on others at the event. Some computers are able to create models for people to project how much money it will take for a development to occur. Some investments are worth the money, and simulators help people to make hard decisions. The medical community constantly works hard to develop the changes that are necessary to help patients live healthy lives. Computer models show both physical and mental effects of certain events on the body. Some computers that are developed with help from others at the WCC, are able to make accurate predictions for future success. Imagine being able to load a program that not only tells you the best course of action to take when developing medicine, but also helps you to spend your money properly so that all research funds go to a good cause. Human error is natural, so everyone benefits when a computer can back them up. War veterans face a tough road ahead if they have been severely injured. Mental issues, such as depression and PTSD, are real threats to a returning soldier’s survival. Computer programs developed by those at the WCC enable doctors to determine the best course of action so that they can treat these brave patients. In other instances, war veterans lose limbs in action. Prosthetic limb development has improved drastically over the years. Some of these limbs act as computers, and they enable veterans to walk, grip, or run, even when they suffered an amputation. Every person has a different recovery rate, and the way in which the body heals is determined by hard work and genetics. However, during physical therapy, it is critical to have a computer on hand that is capable of reading a person’s vital signs. This is hard to do if you only rely on a patient’s spoken word. The physical therapy process for those who suffer injuries is tough to go through, but a well-developed technology that helps doctors to make sound assessments sets them up for success. The WCC features people who have a true desire to see advancements in medicine. <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links">Posted in</span> Uncategorized \| Comments Off on WCC Impact On Medical Science Robotic and Computer Innovations It is no secret that the World Computer Conference is one that repeatedly takes on a life of its on There is a bit of mystery surrounding the event because a select group of the most innovative, intelligent, and technology savvy people, are the main ones who attend it. Professors from various colleges also attend this conference to share their research, and to better understand the ways in which technologies shape our lives. That said, one of the most popular reasons that people attend the event, is to find out more about the latest research involving robotic innovations. Robots are moveable computers with various capabilities. Demonstrative robots, or those that perform specific actions, are the ones that capture the attention of people all over the world. Some of them respond to voice commands, and they are able to take on a life on their own. Several keynote speeches over the years have addressed these robots and their primary functions. Sometimes the speeches revolve around making robotics work better, and others address brand new ideas that are hard to bring to life. The WCC is the perfect platform for this because others might have ideas on how best to create the perfect robot. Most people agree that robots have the ability to serve those who are disabled. The primary goal of computer developers is to help people who need it the most. Those who are confined to wheel chairs can benefit from improvements in the chair’s design. A wheel chair can be developed to act much like a full robot, especially when it is given voice controls. This is important because some people are not able to use their legs or arms, and their voices are the only thing that helps them live independently. Disabled people benefit from technological advances that are brought to the WCC. Improvements in work environments is another reason why visitors to the WCC focus on robot development. Consider how much more money can be made when computer improvements help workers to become more efficient with their time. Robotic innovations for assembly lines allow workers to get a much needed break from the physical labor that they must endure. CEO’s pay close attention to what people bring to the conference because someone’s idea might be the answer for a struggling corporation’s woes. It pays to keep a keen eye out for inventions and research that can serve a meaningful purpose in the work place. The WCC addresses school issues as well. Education innovations provide incredible tools for students to experience technology in school. Kids have a natural curiosity to learn about the way things work. Technology teachers can take what they learn from a WCC, and then apply it to what they teach students. Whenever lessons can be enhanced through new technology, all students benefit from their newfound knowledge. The WCC is the perfect event for people who love to be a part of history, and for those who enjoy stepping outside of the box. World Computer Advantages The World Computer Congress is the premier arena for people of many backgrounds to come together and share ideas. Extensive research is shared at the event, and this leads to more important findings that have the potential to change the lives of others. Professors from many prestigious universities descend on one place per year for this conference. Consider the fact that when all of these great minds come together, real technological action has the potential to become great. Those who enjoy the event are appreciative of the ways in which technology continues to shape society. Whenever you bring brilliant mind together, something extraordinary is bound to happen. This is the main reason why the event is held. These minds come together to create something that the world community finds useful. After previous WCC events, participants were able to apply what they learned to their own research in order to make their products or inventions much more efficient. Without the event, some of these people might not have had the opportunity to see their inventions come to reality. They would still be floundering about how to make something come to fruition. The WCC turns ideas into reality. Most people agree that the WCC event is useful because it provides a central location for brilliant people to come together to better the lives of others. Research symposiums and presentations captures the minds of those who love to make a difference. Egos are eft at the door because most of the attendees relish the fact that they get to be in the company of other brilliant minds. Event organisers realise that they stand to benefit from announcing the WCC far in advance so that researchers have time to prepare for it. Once they do get to prepare, their keynotes are an excellent addition. The event is also a place where new ideas or inventions and research, are brought to the public for the very first time from laptop cases to software. Some technology developers keep their plans secret so that they can rest assured that others do not steal their ideas before they even have a chance to bring the idea to fruition. However, at the WCC, people are proud to show off what they have learned from others during their creative and experimental processes. Attendees leave others in wonder until the last minute so they can make an impact with what they bring to the table during the conference. Perhaps most important is the fact that the WCC is a place where people share new ideas to improve the lives of others through computer technology. Issues regarding food, money, and housing, are all addressed in some capacity. Sometimes these issues are addressed directly, and other times indirectly, through the presentations provided by the WCC. At the WCC it is human nature to be inquisitive of the latest technologies. This is a computer engineerâ€™s dream, and it is one that has changed the career paths for many who have come to the conferences to gain knowledge. Importance of the World Computer Conference <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links">Posted in</span> Uncategorized \| Comments Off on Importance of the World Computer Conference
Animal Farm by George Orwell Satisfactory Essays Animal Farm - Orwell Animal Farm. Orwell (who's real name is Eric Blair) wrote animal farm in 1943 to describe how he felt about dictators and leaders during revolutions. A paralleled in Animal Farm), Orwell believe that once leaders had achieved their goal, they should resign and let the community take over and a committee should make the decisions. However in the Russian revolution Josef Stalin (the leader in this case) did not resign and (in my words) became corrupt, as he thought that Capitalism no longer communism was the best way to go, the idea that the original plan that even was equal got thrown out the window after the revolution. People greed and hunger for power is overwhelming and each time someone has obtained this power it has been met with by conflict. The only way the human race has progressed (shall we say) is by the slaughter of one another. Most wars are a good example of this. However when someone does come to total power (totalitarianism) the community don't realize what power they have in these situations. If one worker refuses to do his duty then he is met with conflict and is set t death or another form of punishment, but if the mass of them form together and protest then there is little that the person with total dominance can do, he has to met the problem with another solution than conflict, he has to agree to something that is in the best interest of the people. They see what will happen to an individual and become scared and don't have the courage to stand up for what they believe is right. As we see in Animal Farm. In Animal Farm the animals (which represent workers) rebel against Mr Jones and his ways, because it was the last wishes of a dying pig. Mr Jones, the original owner of the farm forgot to feed them and always treated them like badly. In Animal Farm, the animals rebel against Mr Jones because the 'Old Major' told them to as a last request before he passed away. He had the idea of a perfect society in which animals would rule and everyone would have equal opportunities. As Mr Jones never treated them correctly or had any respect fop the animals. Old Major had a dream that he and the others should rebel and stand up for what they believed. Old Major came up with a speech and suggested that the animals should break free and eat their fill when they felt like I, Get Access
PhD Defence by Simon Lehnskov Lange Title: Terahertz-Enabled Ultrafast Electron Field Emission Principal supervisor: Prof. Peter Uhd Jepsen, DTU Fotonik Co Supervisor: Prof. Jes Broeng, DTU Entrepreneurship Evaluation Board Prof. Franz X Kärtner, CFEL, University of Hamburg, Germany Prof. Frank Hegmann, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Senior Researcher Stela Canulecsu, DTU Fotonik Master of the Ceremony Assistant Prof.: Edmund Kelleher, DTU Fotonik This PhD work explores ways to use ultrafast electron field emission (FE) as an enabling phenomenon for the development of new technologies. The work has been carried out as a research project of both fundamental science and innovation. Ultrafast electron FE is a phenomenon that occurs in physics when a strong electric field from a short laser pulse is applied to a subject like an atom, a molecule or solid state material. As a result, electrons residing inside the subject can undergo quantum mechanical tunneling to emit into the surrounding environment. The FE phenomenon is mostly accessible if the laser pulse consists of infrared light. In this work, we rely on the particular part of infrared light that is called terahertz (THz). We find that it is possible to enable FE when illuminating an artificial surface – called a metasurface - with THz light. The metasurface is designed with computer simulations and fabricated in a cleanroom. As a result of the interaction between THz light and the metasurface, we observe that we can emit electrons in ultrashort bunches and thus make an ultrafast electron gun. We demonstrate how this electron gun can be used to emit electrons directly into a polymer as a basis for initiating and observing chemical reactions on an ultrafast time scale. This technique can potentially enable a broader scientific audience to conduct a range of time-resolved experiments that were previously impossible on normal lab scales. We also demonstrate how to use the metasurface as a detector for infrared light, which is of great practical importance for many fields of science and applications. This detector is sensitive to the electric field of the light and can hence resolve a range of properties of the light that are commonly hard to access. We expand this detection principle to a vacuum electronic platform, where we embed our metasurfaces into very sensitive light detectors called photomultiplier tubes (PMT). This work is done in collaboration with the Japanese company Hamamatsu Photonics. The results show great promise to make a novel class of detectors for all infrared light. In the coming years, DTU and Hamamatsu Photonics will continue the joint development of this technology, thus showing that fundamental research and innovation can go hand in hand. Mon 10 Feb 20 13:30 - 16:30 Lyngby Campus Building 341, auditorium 22
Nutritional Eating The Best Guide To Healthy Eating Tips for Seniors The Definitive Guide for Nutrition and Physical Activity - Health & Senior Services glycation end productsheterocyclic amines, All of these substances have actually been linked to a number of health conditions, consisting of cancer and heart problem(,,). Healthier cooking techniques include: bakingbroilingpoachingpressure cookingsimmeringslow cookingstewingsous-vide, These approaches don't promote the formation of these hazardous substances and may make your food healthier(37,). 9. Take omega-3 and vitamin D supplements, Approximately 1 billion people around the globe lack vitamin D(). Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that's extremely essential for bone health andthe correct functioning of your immune system. In fact, every cell in your body has a receptor for vitamin D , suggesting its value (,). These have lots of crucial roles in the body, consisting of lowering inflammation, maintaining heart health, and promoting appropriate brain function(). The Western diet is usually really high in omega-6 fats, which increase inflammation and have actually been connected to many persistent diseases(). Omega-3s assist battle this swelling and keep your body in a more well balanced state(). Omega-3s and vitamin D can often be found together in many supplements. Consuming out doesn't need to involve unhealthy foods. Think about upgrading your preferred junk food restaurant to one with much healthier options. NUTRITIONAL PROGRAM HELP IMPROVE NURSES' EATING HABITS - Erudite Nursing Institute ™ Nutrition - WhiteCoatPocket There are lots of healthy junk food restaurants and fusion kitchens providing healthy and scrumptious meals. They may simply be a fantastic replacement for your preferred burger or pizza joint. Deciding what to have for dinner can be a consistent cause of aggravation, which is why lots of people tend to use the same dishes once again and once again. Chances are you've been cooking the exact same recipes on autopilot for several years. How Does Healthy Eating Prevent Disease? - Life Line Screening50 Foods That Are Super Healthy Get This Report on Healthy eating and women - Office on Women's Health Whether these are healthy or unhealthy recipes, attempting something brand-new can be a fun method to add more diversity to your diet. This can change up your food and nutrient intakes and hopefully include some brand-new and nutritious recipes to your routine. Additionally, try to make a healthier variation of a preferred recipe by exploring with brand-new ingredients, herbs, and spices.Potatoes are very filling and a typical side to many meals(). Eat your greens first, A great way to guarantee that you eat your greens is to enjoy them as a starter. By doing so, you'll probably surface all of your greens while you're at your hungriest. This might cause you to consume less of other, maybe less healthy, components of the meal later on. Plus, consuming vegetables
Mistaken identity is a defense in criminal law which claims the actual innocence of the criminal defendant, and attempts to undermine the evidence of guilt by asserting that any eyewitness to the crime incorrectly thought that they saw the defendant, when in fact the person seen by the witness was someone else. Primeau Forensics has seen an increasing number of forensic image comparison cases over the last several months. The reason behind this increase? We believe it is due to more and more litigators discovering how useful forensic image comparison can be to an investigation. There are three major reasons why image comparison investigations can be useful to the trier of fact: 1. Forensic image comparison investigations minimize bias and apply forensic analysis for the identification of subjects from CCTV video surveillance recording systems. Objective reasoning over subjective reasoning. 2. An image comparison investigation evaluates the quality of the digital imagery. 3. An image comparison investigation evaluates the detail within the digital imagery to determine if the images meet the necessary criteria to identify characteristics of a subject for comparison evaluation. Our experts have witnessed law enforcement and litigators attempt to identify a subject without accessing the digital imagery for sufficient identifiers, such as class and individual characteristics. In many cases, digital imagery extracted from CCTV video surveillance systems lacks the quality needed to identify a subject. However, a lack of identifiers can be used to exclude the identification of subjects. Learn more about the criteria we apply to compare images accurately by following this link. Identification Bias Experts at Primeau Forensics minimize the opportunity for bias throughout each investigation, especially forensic image comparison investigations. We are trained in the following criteria to ensure we avoid biasing. LEVA Level 4: Forensic Video Analysis and The Law Forensic video analysis involves the interpretation of evidence and can include subjectivity. Bias can adversely affect the reliability of our results. It can negatively influence what we do and how we think. With this in mind, it is our duty to recognize how bias can affect our work and take steps to minimize or eliminate it. Bias awareness is defined as the “inclination or prejudice for or against one person or group, especially in a way considered to be unfair”. Bias can make determinations for the trier of fact that are not based on objective reasoning, but rather subjective reasoning. There are two major types of bias that can influence a determination in court: 1. Motivational Bias: Includes conscious decision making, desiring or expecting a certain outcome. Desiring or expecting a certain reward. Trying to please people. 2. Cognitive Bias: Unconscious or unintended. Processing information through your own likes, dislikes, and experiences. A distortion in how we perceive facts. Threatens objectivity. Types of cognitive bias include, but are not limited to, the following; contextual bias, confirmation bias, selection bias, expectation bias, anchoring/focalism, role effects. Mistaken Identity Case Study Primeau Forensics recently experienced a case in which incorporated image comparison. A family member of a young African-American male recently sent us a CCTV security video recording that showed two young men breaking into a school. We immediately noticed that poor video quality and inefficient lighting could make identification difficult. However, we extracted several video frames for forensic image enhancement and clarified them as much as scientifically possible. See examples of the evidence below: Our client was accused of being one of these men and charged with breaking and entering, as well as the destruction of property. Two serious charges that could change his integrity and future very quickly. The identification of our client was based upon shoes worn in the recording. Not only was this identifier insufficient for individual characteristics identification, but the basis of the identification had no scientific foundation. The school conducted an internal investigation and interviewed its students, showing them the surveillance video and asking if they could identify the two men. Students identified our client as someone who may have owned shoes similar to those seen in the recording. Keep in mind, manufacturers create hundreds, if not thousands, of a specific type of shoe. A shoe is often not unique enough to identify a suspect. Especially because multiple students could have the same shoe. Forensic image comparison requires the forensic examiner to be able to make identifications based on specific details about the person or item for identification. But as you can see in the images above, poor image quality made an identification or comparative analysis impossible. How Primeau Forensics Was Able to Help In order to accurately interpret the content of an image, it is imperative to recognize conditions and limitations. In this case, extracted CCTV surveillance frames that became our images of the ‘unknown’ criminal were not useful for identification purposes, even after forensic image enhancement. There are two ways to look at this case. 1. First, we began hoping to identify the young men in the video and show that it is not our client. 2. Secondly, we observed and explained that the quality of the CCTV video recording was too poor to make an identification. It was not scientifically possible to make an identification from this poor recording. Both of these are solutions that can help the litigators. Our experts explained the preliminary analysis results to the man’s family, stating all of the aforementioned reasons as to why the video was unreliable for identification purposes. While we did not provide formal documents for this case, we recently learned that the court dropped all charges against this man. Contact an Expert We often look at image comparison analysis as a must-have outcome in order to identify. However, that is not always the case. Image comparison analysis can’t always be performed, which is a helpful solution for criminal defense litigators. Contact us for more information on forensic image comparison and the analysis our experts perform.
When was Midway named? When was Midway named? Chicago Midway Airport was first opened as a commercial airport in 1927, under the name Chicago Municipal Airport. Prior to this, the location served as a much smaller airspace for airmail services. The airport was renamed Chicago Midway in 1949, in rememberance of the Battle of Midway in 1942. Why is Chicago the midway? Origins of the name “Midway” is a reference to the Midway Plaisance, a long, green swath of boulevard space bordering the southern end of the campus between 59th and 60th Streets and running from Washington Park to Jackson Park on Chicago’s South Side. How long is the runway on Midway Island? Henderson Field (Midway Atoll) Direction Length ft m 6/24 7,800 2,377 Why is Chicago called the Midway? Are there 2 airports in Chicago? Visitors to Chicago have a choice to make when it comes to trip planning: Should they fly into O’Hare (ORD), a sprawling international airport, or Midway (MDW), which offers more convenient access to the city but with many fewer choices of flights. Today we’re going to take a look at the pros and cons of each. Is Southwest leaving Midway Airport? Why is it called Ord? Chicago O’Hare International Airport: ORD It was renamed in 1949 to honor local Medal of Honor recipient Edward O’Hare, the Navy’s first flying ace during World War II. OR comes from the first two letters of Orchard, and D comes from the last letter in Field, making up the airport code ORD. How did Midway Airport in Chicago get its name? The airport got its name from The Battle of Midway, which took place during Second World War, and was crucial in weakening Japan’s hold on the Pacific Ocean. Chicago Midway International Airport (IATA: MDW, ICIAO: KMDW, FAA LID: MDW) was constructed in 1923 on a 320-acre plot and was initially named Chicago Air Park. How big of a city is Midway Airport? Midway International Airport was purchased from the Chicago Board of Education by Chicago City in 1982 for $16 million. Chicago, officially the city of Chicago with the population of 2,716,450 people, is the third most heavily settled city in the United States and the largest city in the state of Illinois, USA. When did the new Midway Airport terminal open? Midway was a focus city for Vanguard Airlines from 1997 to 2000. The Chicago Transit Authority displaced the Carlton Midway Inn to open a new CTA terminal at the airport on October 31, 1993, for the new Chicago ‘L’ Orange Line that connected Midway to Chicago’s Loop. Are there any airports named after people in Chicago? We have an airport, two of them, named after, you know, Midway Airport, O’Hare Airport,” Emanuel said. “These are people who have been transformative in the city of Chicago. But we have airports named after battleships.” Back To Top
How To Remove Directories and Files in Linux Last Updated: How To Remove Directories and Files in Linux Learn how to remove directories and files using terminal in Ubuntu, Debian and other Linux distros with this step by step guide. Linux is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux Kernel. Everything is a file in Linux even including the directories. There are multiple ways of removing a directory in Linux. You can use file managers like Nautilus, Dolphin, Xfe file manager, etc. You can then delete files and directories using the manager’s graphical user interface. Another way of removing directories and files is via the command-line interface. Removing directories using the graphical interface is easy and needs no mention, but if you want to know how to remove directories or files using a command line, then you have come to the right place. Here we will explain how to delete directories in Linux using the rmdir, rm commands. Removing directories or files from the command line permanently deletes them i.e directories and files are not moved to the trash bin and cannot be fully recovered. Commands to remove directories and files in Linux There are two commands that you can use to delete a directory in Linux: 1. rmdir rmdir command remove directory command removes directories only if they are empty. Some common options are: - -help prints information about the command along with the syntax and various options that can be used with the command. - -ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is non-empty. -p, - -parents remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors i.e removes the specified DIRECTORY and also its parent DIRECTORY if any. -v, - -verbose if you want to see a detailed output log for every processed directory then you can pass this option as an argument to the command. rmdir removes the directory only if the directory is empty. If you try to remove an empty directory you will get rmdir: failed to remove directory: No such file or directory error. To remove the empty directory use rm command. • Delete a directory and its parent directory rmdir -p dir/dir1 This command will first delete the dir1 which is inside of dir and then afterward delete the parent directory i.e dir • To remove a directory named dir1 rmdir dir1 • Remove multiple directories rmdir dir1 dir2 dir3 First dir1 will be removed then dir2 and after that dir3. 2. rm command rm short for remove is used to remove directories, files, and symbolic links. By default, it does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. Some common options are: -f,- -force ignore nonexistent files and arguments, never prompt. -i prompt before every removal. -r, -R, - -recursive remove directories and their contents recursively. -d, - -dir remove empty directories -v, - -verbose shows logs about the current operation being performed by the command • To delete a directory named dir1. rm dir1 • To forcefully remove a write-protected directory or file without getting prompt for the confirmation of removal rm -rf [filename\|directory] • To get a confirmation prompt before removing a file or directory rm -i [filename\|directory] • To delete all the files and sub-directories recursively of the parent directory rm -r dir All the files and sub-directories of dir will be deleted • Removing more than one file at a time rm x.txt y.txt z.txt Files will be removed in the same order as in the command. Conclusion: Remove Directories and Files in Linux Easily That's all! These were the two commands to remove directories and files in Linux. If you want to get more info about these commands type man rmdir or man rm in the terminal. Read : 7 Best Download Managers For Linux Tags: linuxhow-toterminal Dinker Thakur
Physical Therapy for the TMJ Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on linkedin Share on email Have you or someone you know ever dealt with jaw pain? What about popping/clicking of the jaw or problems with fully opening or closing the mouth? This could possibly involve the Temporomandibular Complex (TMC). While not commonly known, physical therapy can help with these symptoms, deficits or limitations. The TMC is made up of the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) and the surrounding structures and muscles. Thus, it allows opening and closing of your mouth, talking, chewing and yawning. Symptoms that can be associated with Temporomandibular Dysfunction or Disease (TMD) are: Physical Therapy Approaches Deficits in the neck, specifically the upper cervical spine, are often found and related to these symptoms or problems of the TMJ. The upper cervical spine relates to the chewing muscles. This means the cervical spine must be addressed in many cases. Physical therapy aims to address these deficits with several approaches: The best posture is a moving posture (any prolonged position/posture is typically not a good position/posture). However, a forward-head posture specifically can increase muscle activation and tone of the muscles that chew and close the mouth. This can lead to more compression of the TMJ and teeth grinding. This could potentially cause pain, headaches or joint dysfunction. Dentists will work to help with teeth alignment. When the teeth fit together better, this can reduce the surrounding muscle tone. An “occlusive approach” refers to approaching TMD from a teeth alignment standpoint. When necessary, your physical therapist will work closely with your dental clinician. This ensures both approaches (joint specific and occlusive) are appropriate and addressed correctly. Occupational Considerations Some common work-related activities can tend to worsen TMD and its associated symptoms. These can add compression at the TMJ. This is just a small list of commonly seen positions/activities that can influence the TMJ. As always, it depends on the person. Again, no perfect posture exists (“the best posture is a moving posture”). Not all of the activities listed above will be problematic for everybody. Having a physical therapist who specializes in TMJ treatment is important. They can help guide a person through the process, in addition to manual therapy and targeted exercises. In addition, they can coordinate care with other providers to ensure the most effective care is provided. Are you experiencing jaw pain? TMJ Treatment Blog Posts You May Be Interested In Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI as we commonly know it, is an imaging tool that allows us to visualize tissues... Kneecaps really aren’t a big deal. They sit there, minding their own business until they start to hurt a little,... Physical Therapist Kat Burns was traveling to visit family over the holidays on a red eye flight from San Francisco to Cleveland.... How can we help you today?
Advantages and Safety Requirements of Shot Blasting Advantages and Safety Requirements of Shot Blasting Any industry that uses metal requires shot blasting technology. It is a technology that helps the metal building and the steel structure industry protect and maintain steel and metal products. Today, with the advancement of technology, one can find a plethora of shot blast machinery to perform this task. However, before looking at the functionality of these machines, one should have an idea of how these machines can be beneficial for industries. It will help a person understand why shot blasting makes such an essential part of the metal industry. . What is Shot Blasting? Shot blasting is a technique that helps the manufacturers to clean, induce strength and polish the steel and metal surfaces. Industries such as aerospace, construction, automotive, foundry, rail, ship-building, and many more can function by incorporating this technique. Shot blasting includes two different processes such as wheel blasting and air blasting that are explained below. Wheel Blasting: By rotating a turbine wheel, wheel blasting converts electric motor energy into abrasive energy. Each wheel blasting wheel can endure the capacity of approximately 60 kg per minute to 1200 kg per minute. This technique is common when big parts or large areas of metal or steel require cleaning or polishing. It can derust, descale, deburr, desand or simply clean metal and steel surfaces. The type of machine wheel blasting technique requires may vary depending upon the method of transportation of the components to be blasted. Some wheel blasting machines are below: 1. Table Machines 2. Manipulator Machines 3. Thorough or Roller Conveyors 4. Strip Descaling Systems Air Blasting: It is a technique of shot blasting that sends compressed air through the nozzle for a pneumatic acceleration of abrasive media on the surface. Wet blasting is another technique of air blasting that uses a media-water mix to blast components. There are various methods of using air blasting or wet blasting techniques. One can either install the blast nozzles in fixed positions or operate the blast nozzles manually. One can also use automatic nozzle manipulators or robots as the shot blast machinery. The choice of abrasive media plays a vital role in determining the air blasting task. Usually, one can use any type of dry or free running abrasive media for air blasting or wet blasting. Advantages of Shot Blasting: Here are some advantages of shot blasting, which can help industries protect and maintain metal and steel surfaces. 1. Removal of Corrosion: To remove all forms of rust and corrosive materials from steel and metal surfaces, shot blasting is an ideal technique. Some common types of corrosives that develop on metal and steel surfaces are rust, chemical stains, mill scale, faded or chipped paint, and heat treatment scale. The main advantage of shot blasting is that it makes sure that the strength of the product will not reduce and the base of the product will not be affected. 2. Preparation of Surface: Every industry that uses metal prefers shot blasting because it is by far the most effective and efficient process of preparing surfaces. Before painting or coating metal surfaces, shot blasting ensures a lot of advantages. It makes sure that the blasted surface and the protective coating have an extremely powerful bond. Also, shot blasting helps to reveal any type of defects and errors on surfaces. Finally, shot blasting helps to increase the lifespan of the surfaces and enhances the endurance of any future coating on them. 3. Environmental Benefits: The removal of corrosion and preparation of surfaces can be done easily with shot blasting. However, if someone is worried about the impact of shot blasting on the environment, the person should know that it is an environment-friendly option. Shot blasting uses abrasion to clean the surface of the metal products, which is safe for the environment. A usual shot blasting process does not involve the use of chemicals or acids. The shot blast machinery only requires a cleanup of the physical pellets. Proper blasting machinery consists of a powerful vacuum and dust collecting system that blows away all the blasted steel or dust of media. The biggest advantage of blasting for a safe environment is that it gives industries the freedom and convenience to recycle the materials used in the process. . Safety Requirements of Shot Blasting Technique: Though shot blasting is an effective and efficient way of preparing metal surfaces for the industries, the workers or professionals who perform this task should be aware of a few safety requirements. Blasting different surfaces can produce numerous hazardous situations that the professionals need to be constantly exposed to. For instance, airborne dust particles can lead to various health issues. Also, lead, manganese, and calcium are some toxic metals that can arise health issues. Therefore, they must wear protective gear to save their lives from health hazards. Some common health issues that may arise from an unsafe shot blasting process are mentioned below. • Irritation to the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs • Respiratory issues from dust particles • Health issues from the contact of lead, manganese, and calcium particles • Mild to severe hearing problems For all these above reasons, shot-blasting professionals must wear protective clothing, masks, and shoes. While handling the shot media, one must wear leather leggings, aprons, and gloves. Also, one should carry out the media blasting procedure under medical supervision. Shot blasting environment may create a constant noise. Therefore, besides ensuring these conditions, one should also be careful about the protection of hearing or ears. . Conclusion: Shot blasting is one of the best techniques for preparing steel and metal surfaces for construction. It ensures proper cleaning, strengthening, and polishing of hard metal surfaces. Shot blasting can be carried out indoors as well as outdoors. Usage of proper shot blast machinery ensures the efficient performance of the technology. Hence, one should get the machines and other equipment from a reliable manufacturer. Depending upon the quality, design, and updated technology of the machinery, the process can get easier to perform. Also, the companies should ensure the protection of the professionals who carry out the hefty task. John Norwood
Beware of parts being cracked by spring devices Use chip judgment. The high speed tool steel turning tool is used for medium speed cutting on the lathe, and the brass chips form a belt. The bronze chips are fragmented. The finish of the brass workpiece is much better than the bronze. therefore. Different materials of brass and bronze can be easily judged based on the shape of the chip and the finish of the workpiece. For aluminum and aluminum alloys, cutting can be used because the fractures are all silvery white. When using a high speed tool steel external turning tool for medium speed turning on a lathe. Industrial pure aluminum is also known as soft aluminum swarf. The chip removal is not smooth. The cutting edge is often stuck on the tip of the turning tool, and the surface of the workpiece is poorly finished, while the hard aluminum and the chip are properly discharged. The surface finish of the workpiece is high. From the above cutting characteristics, it is easy to distinguish between soft aluminum and hard aluminum different materials, sound identification. The most obvious sound identification is applied to the identification of soft aluminum and hard strokes. Soft aluminum rods and hard rods with the same length and diameter are used. At the same height, they fall freely on the concrete floor, soft aluminum gives a low sound, and the hard aluminum rod makes a crisp sound. Therefore, the use of such sound discrimination can be used as an auxiliary identification method for distinguishing soft aluminum from hard aluminum. Six hand identification. For two different metal materials of the same length and the same diameter, it is often soft in the hand. Hard different feelings. In the identification of sparks, when different materials contact the grinding wheel respectively, it will be considered that the alloy structural steel is harder than the carbon steel, and the stainless steel is harder than the alloy structural steel. When using sound discrimination, the hard aluminum rod is held in the hand and it feels harder than soft aluminum. therefore. Apply this kind of hand identification. It can also be used as an auxiliary identification method for identifying metal materials. In the maintenance of agricultural machinery. If the above identification method can be applied to identify the same or similar conclusions from different angles, then the majority of the identification methods jointly identify the metal material that is confirmed, and the grade is as correct. Why can't the farm car be overfilled? The fuel tank is when the agricultural vehicle is hot. Diesel fuel will be heated and swelled, and the vehicle will be bumpy if it is overfilled. Diesel easily escapes from the fuel tank cap, not only wastes fuel, but also affects the car's capacity so it can only be added to the fuel tank volume of 90. The oil sump is overfilled with oil in the oil sump. Exceeding the upper line of the oil gauge, the oil will break into the combustion chamber. Causes the engine oil to burn blue smoke, not only, the consumption of oil. And it is prone to speeding accidents. Too much oil also increases the connecting rod. Crankshaft. The running resistance of the camshaft is likely to cause the engine to overheat, so the oil of the oil pan can only be added between the two lines of the oil mark. That is to say. Do not exceed the upper score line when twisting, and use no less than the lower score line. The oil in the air filter oil bath type air filter oil pan should be added to the engraved position. If it is too full, the oil will be sucked into the cylinder for combustion. It is easy to cause carbon deposits or speeding accidents. The inner hub of the wheel hub is relatively large, mainly for the purpose of heat dissipation. If the hub is filled with grease when the rolling bearing is installed, it will not only increase the running resistance. Moreover, the grease absorbs the friction heat and becomes thin and flows out, which affects the normal operation of the brake. Therefore, it is only necessary to apply an appropriate amount of grease on the rolling bearing during maintenance, and the space outside the bearing should not be oiled. This is called cavity lubrication. Its benefits. It saves a lot of grease and can reduce the resistance to exercise. It can prevent the grease from overflowing and cause the related parts to work abnormally, such as brake failure. The oil in the hydraulic shock absorber front fork of the wheel fork agricultural wheel truck cannot be added too much. Otherwise the front fork inner volume cannot be changed. The upper tube and the lower tube are equal to the body. This prevents the front fork from damping. Cooling water pump If the water pump bearing is overfilled. Will cause premature damage to the water seal. Beware of the parts being cracked by the spring device in the maintenance of the diesel engine when installing the components with the spring device. Care should be taken to prevent cracking of the components due to the effects of spring tension. An example is given to illustrate that the injector's pressure regulating screw should be loosened before disassembling the injector needle valve. Then remove the needle valve coupler. otherwise. When the needle valve member is inserted or unscrewed from the injector tight cap and tightened with the injector body, the ejector pin is pressed tightly by the pressure regulating spring. The needle valve is easily damaged during the tightening of the cap. Position the pin. The ejector pin and the joint surface of the injector body and the needle valve body cause oil leakage of the injector. Loosen the adjusting screw beforehand. Not only can it be installed smoothly, but it will not damage the parts. When the valve rocker arm mechanism is installed, there is always a tendency for the spring inside and outside the valve to stretch. Therefore, when the rocker arm opens the valve, the valve rocker arm is in the state of being forced at both ends. The head receives the top force of the camshaft and the push rod. The other end is subjected to the tension of the valve spring. In addition, there is a radial slit under the rocker seat, so it is easy to crack the rocker seat when the valve rocker mechanism is installed. To do this, tighten the rocker arm long bolts and the fixing nuts on the short bolts several times alternately. For single cylinder diesel engines. It is best to disassemble the rocker arm mechanism in the closed state of the valve or to tighten the inner screw on the long screw of the rocker. 3 When installing the timing gear cover of the horizontal single-cylinder diesel engine, the fuel injection pump assembly is installed in the timing gear. The lower left of the chamber cover. The fuel pump roller is always at the far right under the tension of the plunger spring. Therefore, the camshaft cam of the camshaft should be turned to the right. Avoid hitting the fuel pump roller against it. In order to ensure that the fuel pump roller is not caught by the pump oil cam, the fuel pump roller can be turned to the left from the inspection hole by a word screwdriver. Then close the timing gear cover. This operation prevents the pump oil cam from cracking the fuel injection pump housing. 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December 1941 US and World Events plus Additional Resources On December 20, 1941, senior Chinese officials in Chungking reported Claire Lee Chennault’s name to United Press International reporters to commemorate the first aerial attack made by the international air force called the American Volunteer Group on Japanese ships. Claire Lee Chennault was the commanding general of the Fourteenth Army Air Force in China during World War II and the leader of the Flying Tigers. Chennault grew up in Louisiana and was a member of the U.S. Air Service during World War I. After a career as an instructor at the Army Corps Tactical School, Chennault retired in 1937 and left the U.S. for China where he became an advisor to Chiang Kai-shek. Chennault was sent to the United States during the beginning of World War II to recruit for an American-supported air force in China. He convinced FDR to authorize the purchase of fighter jets for China as well as to allow American military pilots to leave active duty to fight with China. This group of pilots became known as the Flying Tigers, and by December 1941 they were able to make strides against the Japanese. Chennault spent most of the war advocating to FDR for more air power in China. He retired in July 1945 and returned to China.
How to gauge consensus – use a Consensogram Quality learning provides administrators, educators, and students with the thinking and practical quality improvement tools necessary to continually improve schools, classrooms and learning. The Consensogram is one of these powerful and easy-to-use quality improvement tools. Image of a consensogram A consensogram The Consensogram facilitates collaboration to support planning and decision making through the collection and display of data. It can be used to gain important insights into the perceptions of stakeholders (most often relating to their level of commitment, effort, or understanding). The quick-to-construct chart reveals the frequency and distribution of responses. Although anonymous, it allows individuals to view their response in relation to the others in the group. The Consensogram gives voice to the silent majority and perspective to the vocal minority. At QLA, we use frequently use the Consensogram: applying it to diverse situations for the purpose of obtaining important data to better inform ‘where to next’. How to 1. Predetermine the question relating to the data to be collected. Make sure the question is seeking a personalised response – it contains an “I” or “my” or “me”. We want people to give their view. E.g. “To what degree am I committed to…” or “To what degree do I understand…” It can help to begin the question with ‘To what degree…’ 2. Predetermine the scale you wish to use. The scale may be zero to 10 or a percentage scale between zero and 100 percent. 3. Issue each person with one sticky note. Make sure the sticky notes are all the same size. Colour is not important. 4. Explain that you want people to write a number on their sticky note in response to the question posed. • No negative numbers. • If using the zero to 10 scale: the number should be a whole number (not a fraction e.g. 3¾ or 3.75, 55%), and a six or nine should be underlined so they can be distinguished. • If using the zero to 100% scale, the numbers should be multiples of ten percent, i.e. 0%, 10%, 20%, and so on. • Names are not required on the sticky notes. 5. Ask people to write down their response. This shouldn’t take long! 6. Collect the sticky notes and construct the Consensogram, usually on flip chart paper. Label the consensogram with the question and a vertical axis showing the scale. 7. Interpret the Consensogram with the group and use it to inform what to do next. 8. Capture a record of your Consensogram by taking a photograph or saving the data on a spreadsheet. You can use a Consensogram template. Some examples Students feeling prepared for high school Consensogram: students feeling prepared for high school Consensogram: students feeling prepared for high school This first example was prepared by a classroom teacher to determine how confident Year 6 students were feeling about their transitioning to high school. So what do the data reveal? • There is significant variation; the students believe they are prepared to different degrees for their move to high school (scores range from 10 to 4). • There is one outlier (special cause) – that is; one student who is having a very different experience to others in the class (giving a rating of one). They report that they feel unprepared for the transition. So where to next? • There is opportunity to improve student confidence by working with the whole class to identify and work together to eliminate or minimise the biggest barriers to their feeling prepared. • There is opportunity to invite the student who is feeling unprepared to work with the teacher one-on-one (case manage) to address their specific needs for transiting. This student should not be singled out in front of the class, but an invitation issued to the whole class for that individual to have a quiet word with the teacher at a convenient time. The ensuing discussion may also inform the transitioning process for the rest of the class. Student engagement This example was created during a QLA professional development Consensogram: how engaged are students in my classroom? Consensogram: how engaged are students in my classroom? workshop with a small group of 11 teachers. The question was: “To what degree are my students fully engaged: taking responsibility for their learning, setting their own goals and tracking their progress?” So what do the data reveal? • There is variation; the teachers believe their students are at different levels of engagement in their classroom. • The data appears normally distributed data (a bell curve); there are no outliers (special causes) – that is; none of the teachers are having a very different experience to others in the group. So where to next? • There is opportunity to improve student engagement; all of the data points are below 5 on the scale. • This data can help the group to understand the agreed current state and can motivate people to engage with improvement. It can also provide baseline data to monitor the impact of improvement efforts in the future. Commitment to school purpose This example was created during school strategic planning with key stakeholders of a small school (parents, staff and students). A draft Consensogram: how committed am I to our school purpose? Consensogram: how committed am I to our school purpose? purpose statement was developed using stakeholder input (using a P3T Tool). The Consensogram was then used to measure the level of commitment to the draft statement. The question was: “How committed am I personally to the purpose of the school?” The use of the Consensogram averted the need for long, frequently unproductive dialogue. It revealed the following: • There is variation; the stakeholders exhibit different levels of commitment to the school purpose. • Most are stakeholders are highly committed (the majority indicating a commitment level of 8-10). • A group of five stakeholders are less committed (a commitment level of 4-6). Their experience may be different to others in the group. So where to next? • This presents an opportunity to invite the stakeholders with a different experience to share. It is very likely something can be learned to improve the purpose statement for everyone. Learn more… Watch a video example of a Consensogram being used for school planning (Hargraves System Mapping) on YouTube. Investigate the key quality improvement tools and concepts underpinning the use of the Consensogram, plus more examples in Improving Learning: A how to guide for school improvement. Purchase a Using data to improve guide. Download a Consensogram MS Excel template. Facebooktwittergoogle_plusredditpinterestlinkedinmailby feather One thought on “How to gauge consensus – use a Consensogram” Leave a Reply
7 Key Aspects of Payroll Compliance 7 Key Aspects of Payroll Compliance 1. Federal wage and hour laws The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) sets the federal wages and hour standards which are administered by the U.S. Department of Labor. These standards cover: • Federal minimum wage. • Overtime pay and exemptions. • Work hours, including meals and rest breaks. • Child labor, including permissible occupations and work hours. • Recordkeeping for nonexempt and exempt employees, including timekeeping and payroll records. The FLSA also limits the deductions that can be made from nonexempt and exempt employees’ pay. 2. State wage and hour laws These regulations are established individually by states. Some states have only a few wage and hour laws, choosing largely to follow the FLSA. Other states, such as California and New York, have extensive wage and hour laws — many of which are more generous to employees than those of the FLSA are. Also, many states have wage and hour laws that are not addressed under the FLSA (e.g., final paychecks, pay stubs, frequency of pay and direct deposit). Some cities and counties have local wage and hour ordinances, such as local minimum wage. 3. Wage garnishments Title III of the Consumer Credit Protection Act (CCPA) regulates federal wage garnishment limits for consumer debts, child support and alimony. Some states have lower garnishment thresholds than the CCPA does. Separate laws apply to garnishments for federal student loans and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) wage levies. 4. Employee benefits Payroll is responsible for deducting benefits contributions from employees’ wages and administering benefits payments. Therefore, employers must know which payroll laws apply to the benefits they provide. For example, pretax benefits, post-tax benefits and mandatory paid time off all have different rules. 5. Federal employment taxes The IRS oversees federal employment tax laws, which require employers to withhold federal income tax, Social Security tax and Medicare tax from employees’ wages. Employers must also pay their own share of Social Security and Medicare taxes plus federal unemployment tax. 6. State and local employment taxes Most employers must withhold state income tax from employees’ wages. (Nine states do not require state income tax withholding.) Depending on your location, you may need to withhold other state taxes from your employees’ wages. For example, employers in California must withhold state disability insurance tax, and employers in New Jersey must withhold state unemployment tax. Moreover, some cities and counties require local income tax withholding. On the employer side, most employers must pay state unemployment tax plus any other taxes levied by the state. Further, a few local governments impose local taxes on employers. Note that some states have reciprocal tax agreements for employees who live in one state but work in another. 7. Payroll reporting Employers must file periodic reports with the appropriate federal, state and local agencies. This includes: • Form W-2 reporting. • Federal employment tax reporting. • State wage and tax reporting. • Local wage and tax reporting, if applicable. As you work toward payroll compliance, consider other relevant aspects not covered in this article, such as state laws for unclaimed paychecks and the use of payroll cards. Get monthly payroll and tax updates straight to your inbox. Copyright © IndustryNewsletters All rights reserved.
Global Development Global development is a term that politicians, think tanks and scholars frequently use when they discuss foreign aid, but what is it? Simply put, global development refers to the actions countries or organizations take to lend aid to other countries in need around the world. The United States frequently contributes to global development in the form of directed financial aid through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). In 2018, the U.S. gave a total of $29 billion of foreign aid. The countries that received the largest amount of aid in 2018 include Ethiopia, South Sudan, Afghanistan and Syria. The monetary aid that countries or organizations provide, such as the $29 billion from the U.S., supports a specific program of development. The breakdown for monetary aid to Ethiopia in 2018 shows that the primary sector receiving aid was Emergency Response at approximately $409 million with Developmental Food Aid receiving the second-largest amount of aid at approximately $142 million. Global Development and Climate Change With the increased degradation of natural resources and the frequent occurrence of natural disasters, sustainable development acquires a new meaning. In Ethiopia, USAID implemented a program under its Food Security sector to help pastoralists living in rural areas of Ethiopia to sustain themselves despite worsening droughts. A USAID program in Ethiopia has made it possible for pastoralists to collect and sell their milk to a regular buyer, thus creating a dependable source of income for many families in the area. Programs such as this one create food and economic security for families where there previously was none or where security was undependable. Past programs for global development have found success by taking into account the resources that communities require and what the availability of those resources might be in the future. The focus of the development itself may also face necessary change in response to a changing environment. If a community has begun to experience repeated damage from natural disasters, foreign aid for development could focus on preparing the community to meet future disasters. For example, the Pacific Islands have experienced an increase in weather-related natural disasters in recent years resulting in washed-out roads, a shortage of freshwater and widespread power outages. Recurring storms of this strength make life difficult for all people living on the islands, but especially those with disabilities. In 2017, USAID partnered with the University of the South Pacific as part of its USAID Ready Project to work to create a five-month-long management course for individuals with disabilities. This course gives participants skills in risk assessment and business communications to equip them to advocate for the creation of sustainable solutions to the impacts of climate change that include people with disabilities. Global Development Projects There are many ongoing projects for global development around the world. Currently, the World Bank is developing a project of the Greater Accra Resilient and Integrated Development Project for Ghana. As it currently stands, the Odaw River Basin floods frequently and the lack of poor drainage for waste in the area contaminates the water of the river which is necessary for life in the region. This project’s objective is to create long-term solutions to flood and waste management of the Odaw River Basin in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana with a projected closing date of December 31, 2025. By this projected end date, the World Bank aims to increase the capacity of the Odaw River to carry floodwaters, increase the upstream detention of floodwater, create a forecast system for floods, increase the amount of solid waste that people dispose of in sanitary landfills and increase the number of people who have access to urban living conditions. This program plans to achieve these end goals through the creation of new drains in the Odaw River as well as the rehabilitation of existing drains and the implementation of improved sanitation practices within low-income communities. With the proposed development in the Odaw River Basin from the World Bank, the quality of life for the people of this particular region of Ghana would improve significantly and see sustained improvement for future generations. Global development is a common and effective approach to foreign aid. When employed responsibly and intentionally, global development can be a force for good and a tool for the improvement of life for thousands of people around the world. – Anne Pietrow Photo: Flickr the global fragility act The Global Fragility Act of 2019 (H.R.2116/S.727) is one of the first-ever whole-of-government efforts to recognize regions where violent conflict exists or could potentially arise and address those issues through diplomatic, development and security efforts. Its main goal is not only to stabilize these areas but also prevent the emergence of violent conflict in countries that are at a higher risk or are more fragile due to a lack of governance and economic opportunity, as well as extreme poverty. What Is the Problem? With the current levels of humanitarian crises and extreme poverty worldwide, there is a great need for a bill like the Global Fragility Act. Globally there are over 134 million people that are in need of aid with the main causes being conflict and natural disasters. Additionally, over 550,000 people die annually as a result of violence, which has led to an increase in the need for aid from $3.5 billion in 2004 to about $20 billion currently. Unfortunately, when some provide assistance to address these issues, places mostly use it to address the consequences of violence rather than the root causes. What Is the Global Fragility Act? The Global Fragility Act is a bipartisan measure that will steer away from the focus placed on the symptoms of violence and instead solve the problem before it starts. It covers 12 different goals which will address the causes of fragility such as instability, weak governance and a lack of economic opportunities. The bill will resolve these issues by enhancing stabilization in the areas where conflict is prevalent. According to the Friends Committee on National Legislation, the bill aims to “establish an interagency initiative/strategy to reduce fragility and violence, select pilot countries where the U.S. will implement the initiative, provide critical funds for stabilization, prevention and crisis response, [and] mandate evaluation and accountability.” The inter-agency initiative is the first of its kind and will include the joint efforts of the U.S. State Department, Defense Department and USAID. These agencies will select countries and regions where conflict and violence are the most prevalent based on the most current data available regarding fragility, violence and number of people forcibly displaced, among other indicators. Additionally, the Global Fragility Act will also establish the Stabilization and Prevention Fund and the Complex Crises Fund. The Department of State and USAID will manage these with the intention of taking preventative or responsive measures to crises. Furthermore, the Act will also establish indicators to monitor the progress in the pilot regions, while also requiring the agencies involved to send biennial reports to Congress regarding how the program has developed in each region. Who Are Its Sponsors? The Global Fragility Act is a bipartisan effort given that it addresses issues that go beyond party adherence. As has been mentioned there are two versions of this bill, the House H.R.2116 bill and the Senate S.727 bill. Sponsors for the House bill include the following: Representatives Engel (D-NY), McCaul (R-TX), A. Smith (D-WA), Wagner (R-MO), Keating (D-MA) and Rooney (R-FL). The senators in support of the S.727 bill include Senators Coons (D-DE), Graham (R-SC), Merkley (D-OR), Rubio (R-FL) and Young (R-IN). There are a number of additional supporters, but these are the main sponsors, as well as the ones who introduced the bills to their respective chambers. Where Does It Stand Now? Currently, the Global Fragility Act has passed in the House of Representatives; however, it has yet to be approved in the Senate. On June 25, 2019, the Bill went to the Senate for consideration. Once the Senate approves it, it will then move on to the President to sign into law. However, everyone needs to support it for it to receive approval. The U.S. public can involve themselves and help turn this bill into law. U.S. senators are only a call, email or letter away. Constituents can find their senator’s contact information here and they can email Congress here. Voicing support for this bill would not only contribute to raising people out of poverty but also strengthening U.S. national security. Laura Rogers Photo: Pixabay global healthSince 1983, J.P. Morgan has hosted an annual healthcare conference to unite industry leaders, fast-companies, innovative technology creators and people willing to invest in these technologies. Though the company is known for being a global leader in financial services, J.P. Morgan has made global health a priority by donating nearly $200 million a year to nonprofits globally, leading volunteer services and using its access to capital to help local communities suffering from poverty. J.P. Morgan has made the following its core values: 1. Corporate responsibility 2. Health initiatives 3. Strengthening communities 4. Environmental sustainability In January 2018, Bill Gates made an appearance at the annual J.P. Morgan Healthcare Conference to discuss his thoughts. At the conference, Gates’ speech discussed recent progress in global health and what else still needs to be done. Initially, he pointed out how global health has been the focus of his foundation, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, for the last eight years. He explained how child mortality has decreased by 50 percent and credited new vaccines to reducing deaths due to rotavirus, pneumonia and malaria. Afterwards, he expressed the need for more innovation, explaining how funding research is the most elementary step in improving global health. He mentioned the current gap between the tools that are currently available to eliminate stubborn diseases and poverty and the tools that are needed, explaining that the only solution is innovation. He emphasized how “the tools and discoveries companies are working on can also lead to breakthrough solutions that save millions of lives in the world’s poorest countries.” He concluded his speech by emphasizing the need for more research into preterm births, as they account for half of newborn deaths. It has also become clear that a child’s nutrition and the microbiome in their stomach, or rather the interactions between the two, are the largest factor in determining the child’s survival rate. The best solution to this is ensuring that children have the proper ratio of microbes in their stomach, a problem Gates and his partners have started to tackle. Gates and his foundation have always made global health a priority. They work with partners globally to improve the following five program areas: 1. Global health, which focuses on developing new tools to reduce the spread of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, malaria and HIV. 2. Global development, which aims to finance the delivery of high-impact solutions, providing people with healthy, productive lives. 3. Global policy and advocacy, which promotes public policies and builds alliances with the government, the public and the private sectors. 4. Global growth and opportunity, which works to break down economic barriers in an effort to lift people out of poverty. 5. U.S. programs, which focuses on ensuring all students graduate from high school and have the opportunity to go to college. Thanks to Bill Gates, his foundation and the J.P. Morgan healthcare conference, investors and advancements will continue to increase, alleviating the burden of global poverty and improving global health. – Chylene Babb Photo: Flickr BRICS Summit The BRICS nations—Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa—account for a massive 30 percent of world’s GDP and a high proportion of international growth. These nations are key players on the world stage. The annual BRICS summit has helped galvanize a wide array of infrastructure projects, trade and poverty alleviation initiatives to ensure equitable and sustainable growth. BRICS is bolstering the capacities and capabilities of rising markets by tapping into their potentials. The New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement is contributing much to improving social security nets, bettering infrastructure networks and regulating governance. Each country is dedicating a fixed proportion to the BRICS Development Bank. The NDB has allocated over $1.4 billion to support four projects each in China, Russia and India. Over the course of 2017, more than $30 billion will be channeled toward supporting projects in other key realms. Similarly, the BRICS Business Council helps strengthen cooperation among BRICS countries in e-commerce, technical development and agenda-setting. The BRICS bloc works to integrate a number of global, national and regional development projects and agendas together, like the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals and the African Union 2063 Agenda. BRICS countries are capitalizing on their positions to encourage trade liberalization within the bloc, especially in regards to increasing efficiency and overcoming red tape and bureaucratic weaknesses often associated with free trade. The BRICS bloc strengthens positions of countries in Eurasia. In 2017 alone, it was reported that levels of trade between BRICS nations increased exponentially. Shipments to and from countries are reaching record heights. The growth of the manufacturing sector and e-commerce has increased exponentially. The bloc is also working collaboratively towards safeguarding the future by securing employment in the manufacturing sector and cushioning technology. The recent 2017 BRICS Summit held in Xiamen, China covered issues ranging from employment, commerce and finance, innovation and technology to reforms of the United Nations Security Council and improving counter-terrorism measures. As the BRICS bloc often invites many non-BRICs members to observe annual proceedings, it could possibly lead to the inclusion of more developing countries in future. For the recent BRICS summit, China invited countries such Tajikistan, Mexico, Thailand, Kenya and Egypt. The bloc wants to expand its potential and scope in future. However, even within BRICS nations, there are differences in aspects such as wealth distribution, growth rate and population control. China and India boast exponential growth rates, while countries such as Russia have been experiencing slower growth rates at present. As a host to this year’s BRICS Summit, China pledged $76.4 million for a BRICS economic and technology cooperation agenda. President Xi Jinping also pledged $4 million to the NDB. China’s Belt and Road Initiative was an important part of the discourse, seeing as it has gained much traction globally since its inception. South African President, Jacob Zuma, focused on the implementation of the U.N.’s Sustainable Development Goals 2030 to eradicate poverty at the 2017 BRICS Summit. Zuma spoke about the work of the African Union (AU) in this realm. The AU recently announced the opening of the African Regional Centre. Moreover, Zuma is also confident about the progress of the 23rd Conference of the Parties to the U.N. Framework Convention of Climate Change. At the BRICS Summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi was particularly concerned with tackling poverty and corruption, bolstering clean energy sectors, and ensuring gender parity. India recently joined the Shanghai Cooperation to ensure more social stability and economic security. Prime Minister Modi unveiled 10 “noble commitments” concerning key aspects like counter-terrorism, cybersecurity and disaster management. The BRICS commitment could also bring India closer toward normalizing relations with China, especially after the Doklam border conflict. Russia and India agreed to collaboratively work toward easing the War in Afghanistan. The leaders also focused on fortifying energy efficiency, tourism and improving youth exchanges, bilateral trade, and boosting investment in an integrated manner. Furthermore, Brazilian President Michel Termer aimed to secure more foreign investment during the course of the BRICS summit this year to possibly counter Brazil’s current period of languid growth. Termer expressed his wish to channel investment toward infrastructure projects and diversifying markets. Overall, future BRICS Summits will pave the way for pioneering global development initiatives and will be an important framework for governance and policymaking in the future, as it is essential that developing superpowers be immune to economic headwinds. It will also be the foundation for future agendas in the evolving world dynamic. Shivani Ekkanath Photo: Flickr When outside aid organizations enter developing countries with the best intentions to help, it is important that these organizations partner with local businesses and individuals. Community cooperation is essential to effective and long-term global development. The alternative is short-lived relief that lasts only as long as the aid organization’s presence persists in the region. Community cooperation, however, ensures that no vacuums are left in communities after aid is inevitably retracted. Creating self-sustaining communities is key to long term relief. There are many organizations that have grasped hold of this idea. The following are a few examples of such: Global Water Partnership (GWP) Global Water Partnership is a global action network whose goal is to reach a water-secure world. The organization has over 3,000 partners in 183 countries. It focuses on educating countries and communities about water management. GWP believes that good governance concerning water management can only be accomplished with collaborative efforts. Save the Children Save the Children believes that education helps children to reach their full potential. Through its education programs, Save the Children has helped train teachers and parents on effective teaching practices, encouraged education practices outside of the classroom and ensured that students continue learning after crises occur. World Vision World Vision is a Christian humanitarian organization that seeks to “empower people out of poverty.” Partnering with locals is the core of World Vision’s approach to global development. Local partnerships allow “programs to be more effective by benefiting from greater legitimacy, local knowledge, resources, and long-term ownership.” Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) CARE is a humanitarian aid organization that works around the globe to “save lives, defeat poverty and achieves social justice.” The organization’s approach to aid often involves partnering with locals. For instance, one of its facets for gender-based violence (GBV) relief involves equipping local activists with the tools needed to provide case managers for women and children who are survivors of GBV. CARE’s economic development programs also involve local education by teaching women and families sound financial habits and by creating entrepreneurs. The purpose of many nonprofit and aid organizations is to effectually become unneeded. A nonprofit fighting illiteracy wants everyone to eventually know how to read. Once literacy rates reach 100 percent (or 99 percent, accounting for margin of error), aid can withdraw from regions around the world. The longevity of the impact of these organizations is dependent on their ability to prepare future generations. If the hypothetical literacy-focused nonprofit withdrew without leaving behind any local teachers then future generations would be left in a disadvantageous state. A helping hand without explanation and aid without education is hurtful in the long term. Community cooperation is key to effective relief. Rebeca Ilisoi Photo: Flickr PEER Research Partnerships for Enhanced Engagement in Research is a competitive, international grants program that offers scientists researching funds in developing countries to address global development challenges. PEER Research is designed to leverage federal science agency funding from NASA, NIH, NSF, Smithsonian Institution, USDA and USGS by supporting scientists from impoverished countries in areas including water resource management, climate change, agriculture, nutrition and maternal and child health. Since its launch in 2011, PEER has supported more than 200 projects in over 45 countries, with a total investment of more than $50 million. These projects address gaps in scientific knowledge to combat global poverty. PEER not only catalyzes collaborative research between scientists in developing countries and their U.S.-funded counterparts but also elevates the use of science and technology to further USAID’s development objectives. “Collaboration is key for accelerating the impact of scientific research on development,” said Ann Mei Chang, USAID’s chief innovation officer and executive director of the U.S. Global Development Lab. Besides scientific collaboration, PEER Research also hopes to see scientists from developing countries improve their negotiating skills, innovation and commercialization, as well as different methods of communicating research to policymakers in their home countries. In this approach, PEER strives to strengthen the research ecosystem in developing countries and enable partners to become better collaborators in development. PEER significantly helps strengthen the global scientific research community by providing opportunities for the best scientists to collaborate on crucial development issues. The following are PEER’s past successful stories: Climate Change In Southeast Asia, researchers successfully built emissions models for predicting air quality scenarios. The findings have effectively informed policies in Vietnam, Thailand and Indonesia to reduce emissions. In Morocco, researchers have developed a computer-based instructional tool that helps translate Modern Standard Arabic into Moroccan Sign Language in real-time, aiding hearing-impaired students in learning and accessing education. Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission In Malawi, researchers work together to evaluate the effectiveness of Option B+, a promising antiretroviral treatment to mother-to-child HIV transmission and inform the public and the government of the results of their work. “The research partnerships nurtured through this program are crucial to building capacity among local scientists and research institutions, strengthening linkages with international research institutions and finding solutions to global development challenges,” said USAID Vietnam Mission Director Mike Greene. Yvie Yao Photo: Flickr Increasing Education Foreign Assistance: Unlocking a World of Promise Knowledge is power. This simple statement is more resonant than ever as the world moves towards a knowledge-based economy. In spite of the tremendous importance of education in building the lives of youth around the world, only a small share of the United States’ foreign aid budget goes to education and social programs. By increasing education foreign assistance for such programs, the U.S. could bolster its contribution to global development. Here are four facts about the current amount of U.S. foreign assistance for education: 1. Since 2010, spending budgeted for foreign assistance for education has fallen by 44 percent from $1.75 billion to $1.21 billion in 2016. This stands in stark comparison to the seven percent decline in the overall foreign assistance budget and the 13 percent increase in total federal spending over the same time period. 2. The U.S. spends only three percent of its total foreign assistance budget on social and educational programs, around half of which goes to basic education. By contrast, Australia spends around 25 percent of its foreign aid budget on such programs. The largest recipient of foreign assistance for education in the 2016 fiscal year is Afghanistan. Many of these programs target education for women and girls in a society where female education has traditionally received little support or even outright hostility. 3. In 2016 the military budget for the U.S. was $604.5 billion and foreign assistance spending on security was $8.77 billion, respectively 500 and 7.2 times higher than spending on foreign assistance for education. 4. Since 2006, 123 different countries have received foreign assistance for education from the U.S. Afghanistan received the most, $696.8 million, while Montenegro came in last with a little over $14,000. The other leading countries after Afghanistan were Ethiopia, Liberia, Kenya and Guatemala. Increasing education foreign assistance can bolster economic growth, encourage gender equality and build local capacities. For each additional year of schooling in a country, annual GDP growth rises by 0.37 percent, allowing for greater trade opportunities. The higher the proportion of the population enrolled in secondary education, the lower the risk of war. Therefore it is key to U.S. economic and national security interests that we continue to provide foreign assistance for education. Jonathan Hall-Eastman Photo: Flickr Foreign Aid Aside from leading to global development, improving foreign aid is essential in both promoting and protecting American values against emerging threats. Foreign aid provides relief to affected societies and thus prevents poverty from growing in new areas. In fact, recent aid efforts reduced poverty rates since 1990. This achievement in reducing poverty is a result of collective efforts at the individual, national and global levels. This made societies achieve more and more progress in a faster time. Technology is a helping factor as well and it could help achieve better efficiency and ensure even distribution of aid. Aid is not an obsolete measure and is very relevant to even the poorest of nations. Furthermore, Oxfam, a global NGO dedicated to fighting poverty believes that aid is the best hope and option for poor communities. Oxfam believes in bringing new and innovative ideas to reform aid. The goal is to be efficient and to leave no one behind. Some of the ideas are millennium villages, public-private partnerships and cash transfers. Oxfam believes aid works better if governments and people work closely in supporting local capabilities. However, the process of delivering aid is widely criticized. This was the case in Haiti where many countries sent aid but it was poorly delivered. This led to an outbreak of cholera for the next few years. At the latest World Humanitarian Summit in May, leaders suggested innovative ways to improve aid programs. However, many critics suggest that there should be a radical reform. This reform tasks local and national groups with leading the aid response. In the Middle East, there are many conflicts and tensions that require the attention of the international community. Recently, countries like the United Arab Emirates and Turkey started to take the initiative and increase their aid packages. In other regions such as South America, there are countries that both receive and give aid on the regional level. This helped regional capabilities to rise and depend on themselves toward more sustainable futures for generations to come. Noman Ahmed Ashraf Photo: Flickr Feed the FutureThe White House Summit on Global Development opened with a panel analyzing Feed the Future, a government initiative focused on improving global food security. In July 2016, President Obama signed the Global Food Security Act of 2016. This shows that increasing growth in the developing world and eradicating poverty are national security interests for the U.S. The Obama Administration has shown dedication to improving global food security by implementing government organizations to address the various problems of global food security. One of those government organizations is Feed the Future. Feed the Future began in 2009 and has focused on improving the agriculture industry of partner countries and nutrition to combat poverty and hunger. Their approach is as follows: 1. Selection Nineteen countries have been selected based on five criteria: • Level of need • Opportunity for partnership • Potential for agricultural growth • Opportunity for regional synergy • Resource availability 2. Strategic Planning The selected countries and the U.S. work together to make plans to create a more sustainable society through policy reform and domestic and foreign investments. 3. Implementation The U.S. makes core investments in the countries’ agricultural sectors, as well as women, nutrition and agricultural infrastructure. 4. Review and Scaling Up Progress reports of Feed the Future programming are published annually and reviewed so that programs can be improved upon for the future. In 2015, Feed the Future helped over 9 million farmers gain access to improved technologies and management practices. This increased agricultural productivity and boosted the agricultural economy by more than $800 million. The organization also improved the nutrition of over 17 million children under the age of five. In September 2015, many countries — including the U.S. — adopted a set of 17 goals to ensure a sustainable planet in the future. These goals, which are expected to be achieved by the year 2030 include, but are not limited to, no poverty, no hunger, good health and well-being, quality education and gender equality. Feed the Future is a vital part of the U.S. government’s role in achieving these goals. As the Obama administration comes to a close, one can only hope that government initiatives like Feed the Future will continue to prosper and take significant steps towards ending poverty and hunger. Ugochi Ihenatu Photo: Flickr Tobacco Control Reduces Poverty Tobacco and global poverty have an often overlooked connection. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), “Many studies have shown that in the poorest households in many low-income countries, spending on tobacco products often represent more than 10 percent of total household expenditure.” The WHO, the U.N. and other international organizations have recognized and researched this link to decrease tobacco use and poverty rates. Here are five ways tobacco control reduces poverty globally: 1. Tobacco control will relieve financial hardships. Tobacco addictions exacerbate an already stressful financial situation for those living in poverty. Families, as a result, have less to spend on food, education, healthcare and other necessities. Bangladesh, for example, spends 10 times the amount on tobacco than on education. Tobacco control reduces poverty by helping families spend less on tobacco, freeing up more income to spend on necessities. 2. Tobacco control will save lives. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports 6 million tobacco-related deaths worldwide per year. Tobacco users die 10 years earlier than non-users. Smoking also causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Tobacco control is known as one of the most effective ways to reduce consumption. Its implementation would reduce the amount of smoking-related illnesses, keeping more workers in the labor force and ease health care expenditures for families. 3. Tobacco control will reduce exploitation. Tobacco also affects those who produce it. Farmers who produce tobacco on a small-scale in developing countries depend heavily on the tobacco industry. Although large corporations provide credit for farmers, including seeds, fertilizer, pesticides and technological support, they expect the farmers to forgo profits and sell at the company’s contract price. This is further evidence that tobacco control reduces poverty. Furthermore, farmers’ children have saved the tobacco industry an estimated $1.2 billion in production costs through unpaid child labor. The industry employs 63 percent of children in tobacco-farming families, preventing 10-14 percent from attending school for work’s sake. The lack of education drives individuals deeper into poverty. Tobacco control reduces poverty not only by giving farmers better opportunities to provide for themselves, but also eliminating the need for children to sacrifice school for work, ultimately granting them the chance to move up social classes in the future. 4. Tobacco control will improve economies. Tobacco takes away 1-2 percent of the world’s GDP annually. A 2011 WHO report found that governments can introduce effective tobacco control measures for as little as $0.11 per person per year. If governments allocated the extra revenue from such taxes to their health budgets, WHO found this year in a report that “public expenditure on health would increase by four percent globally.” Currently, the costs of tobacco production outweigh the profits. For example, although Tanzania earns $50 million from tobacco sales annually, the African country spends $40 million on health care for tobacco-related cancers. Tobacco control in the form of taxes would increase government revenue and funds for the poor. 5. Tobacco control will help the achieve the SDGs. The U.N.’s Division for Sustainable Development seeks to reduce poverty and coordinate the 17 internationally agreed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The aforementioned effects of tobacco control directly align themselves with the SDGs, as they include no poverty or hunger, good health and well-being, quality education and economic growth worldwide by 2030. Because of its negative byproducts, tobacco use is considered a hindrance to global development. However, with proper tobacco control, individuals, governments and organizations believe it can provide sustainable benefits. Ashley Leon Photo: Pixabay
United Kingdom > Scotland > Kyntire Kintyre is a peninsula in western Scotland, in the southwest of Argyll and Bute. The peninsula stretches about 30 miles, from the Mull of Kintyre in the south to East Loch Tarbert in the north. The area immediately north of Kintyre is known as Knapdale. Kintyre Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary, one of the officers of arms at the Court of the Lord Lyon, is named after this peninsula. Kintyre, like Knapdale, contains several stone age sites; at Ballochroy is a trio of megaliths aligned with land features on the island of Jura, while a number of burial cairns still stand at Blasthill (near Southend, Argyll). Remains from the iron age are no less present, with the imposing Dun Skeig, a Celtic hillfort, located at the northern edge of Kintyre. The history of the presumed Pictish inhabitants of kintyre is not recorded, but a 2nd century BC stone fort survives at Kildonan (near Saddell), and it is not implausible that they continued to use Dun Skeig. The tip of Kintyre is just 12 miles from Ulster, and there has long been interaction across the straits of Moyle, as evidenced by neolithic finds in kintyre, such as flint tools characteristic of Antrim. In the early first millennium, an Irish invasion led to Gaelic colonisation of an area centred on the kintyre peninsula, establishing the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata. The latter was divided into a handful of regions, controlled by particular kin groups, of which the most powerful, the Cenél nGabráin, ruled over Kintyre, along with Knapdale, the region between Loch Awe and Loch Fyne (Craignish, Ardscotnish, Glassary, and Glenary), Arran, and Moyle (in Ulster). The kingdom thrived for a few centuries, and formed a springboard for Christianisation of the mainland. Sanda, an island adjacent the south coast of Kintyre, is strongly associated with Ninian, the first known missionary to the Picts, and contains an early 5th century chapel said to have been built by him. In 563, Columba arrived in Kintyre, to pay his respects to the kings of Dal Riata, before continuing to Iona, where he established a base for missionary activity throughout the Pictish regions beyond. Norwegian dominion Dál Riata was ultimately was destroyed when Norse vikings invaded, and established their own domain, spreading more extensively over the islands north and west of the mainland. Following the unification of Norway, they had become the Norwegian Kingdom of the Isles, locally controlled by Godred Crovan, and known by Norway as Suðreyjar (Old Norse, traditionally anglicised as Sodor), meaning southern isles. The former territory of Dal Riata acquired the geographic description Argyle (now Argyll): the Gaelic coast. In 1093, Magnus, the Norwegian king, launched a military campaign to assert his authority over the isles. Malcolm, the king of Scotland, responded with a written agreement, accepting that Magnus' had sovereign authority of over all the western lands that Magnus could encircle by boat. The unspecific wording led Magnus to have his boat dragged across the narrow isthmus at Tarbert, while he rode within it, so that he would thereby acquire Kintyre, in addition to the more natural islands of Arran and Bute. Supposedly, Magnus's campaign had been part of a conspiracy against Malcolm, by Donalbain, Malcolm's younger brother. When Malcolm was killed in battle a short time later, Donalbain invaded, seized the Scottish kingdom, and displaced Malcolm's sons from the throne; on becoming king, Donalbain confirmed Magnus' gains. Donalbain's apparent keenness to do this, however, weakened his support among the nobility, and Malcolm's son, Duncan, was able to depose him. A few years later, following a rebellion against Magnus' authority in the Isles, he launched another, fiercer, expedition. In 1098, aware of Magnus' actions, the new Scottish king, Edgar (another son of Malcolm), quitclaimed to Magnus all sovereign authority over the isles, and the whole of Kintyre and Knapdale. In the mid 12th century, Somerled, the husband of Godred Crovan's granddaughter, led a successful revolt against Norway, transforming Suðreyjar (including Kintyre) into an independent kingdom. After his death, nominal Norwegian authority was re-established, but de-facto authority was split between Somerled's sons and the Crovan dynasty. The exact allocation to Somerled's sons is unclear, but following a family dispute, Donald, Somerled's grandson, acquired Kintyre, together with Knapdale, Islay, and Jura. Donald's father, Reginald, established Saddell Abbey, in 1207. In the mid 13th century, increased tension between Norway and Scotland led to a series of Battles, culminating in the Battle of Largs, shortly after which the Norwegian king died. In 1266, his more peaceable successor ceded his nominal authority over Suðreyjar to the Scottish king (Alexander III) by the Treaty of Perth, in return for a very large sum of money. Although Alexander III generally acknowledged the semi-independent authority of Somerled's heirs, he did not give them back control of the mainland territory which Scottish forces had taken during the strife, including parts of Kintyre. Early Scottish rule In 1293, king John Balliol established shrieval authority by creating the post of sheriff of Kintyre. Shortly after, Robert de Bruys launched a civil war challenging John for the throne. By this point, Somerled's descendants had formed into three families - the MacRory, the MacDougalls, and the MacDonalds; the MacDougalls took John's side, while the MacDonalds and MacRory backed de Bruys. When de Bruys defeated John, he declared the MacDougall lands forfeit, and gave them to the MacDonalds. The head of the MacDonald family married the heir of the MacRory family, thereby acquiring the remaining share of Somerled's realm, and transforming it into the Lordship of the Isles, which lasted for over a century. After 4 years and 3 children, however, he divorced Amy, and married Margaret, the daughter of Robert II, the Scottish king, who gave him the remaining parts of Kintyre, along with the whole of Knapdale, as a dowry. In 1462, however, John, the then Lord of the Isles, plotted with the English king to conquer Scotland; civil war in England delayed the discovery of this for a decade. Upon the discovery, in 1475, there was a call for forfeiture, but a year John calmed the matter, by quitclaiming Ross (Easter, Wester, and Skye), Kintyre, and Knapdale, to Scotland. The Campbells and later At an unclear point before 1481, the sheriffdom of Kintyre became Tarbertshire, based at Tarbert at the northern edge of Kintyre; in that year, Tarbertshire was expanded to include Knapdale. However, comital authority remained absent following the quitclaim from the Lord of the Isles; following a law and order crisis in the region, king James IV of Scotland appointed Archibald Campbell, the Earl of Argyll as governor of Tarbert Castle, with implied authority over nearby castles such as Skipness. Following the Scottish reformation, the MacDonalds (opponents) and Campbells (supporters) came into more direct dispute. In 1607, Following a series of hostile actions from the MacDonalds, King James VI ordered the lands they landlorded in Kintyre to be transferred to the Archibald Campbell, heir of the earlier Archibald. Under pressure from the Campbells, the sheriff court moved to Inveraray at the extreme northeast of Tarbertshire, near the heart of Campbell power; somewhat inevitably, in 1633 shrieval authority was annexed by the sheriff of Argyll. Archibald's son, a dedicated supporter of the religious reformers, developed a plan to establish a large settlement, around the village of Kinlochkilkerran, at the south of Kintyre, composed of loyal Presbyterians from Lowland Scotland, in order to outnumber and undermine the local Catholic population, and reduce resistance to the state's religious reforms. Under his son, Archibald, this became Campbeltown. Their actions also had the effect of diluting Gaelic culture, gradually replacing it with a lowlands one. Comital powers were abolished by the Heritable Jurisdictions Act, leaving only the shrieval unit. In 1899, counties were formally created, on shrieval boundaries, by a Scottish Local Government Act; Kintyre therefore became part of the County of Argyll. Following late 20th century reforms, it is now within the wider region of Argyll and Bute. Bus and coach services Ferry services No railways remain in use today. From 1876 until 1931 the Campbeltown and Machrihanish Light Railway operated, initially built to transport coal. Associated peerage titles The Mull of Kintyre test is said to be an unofficial guideline of the British Board of Film Classification for the censorship of adult films and images. Alphabetical Index of Pages \| Hierarchical Index of Pages
Unit 5: Option 1 Share with us your top 5-10 code of ethics statements for using technology in the classroom and my professional workplace. 1. Always respect yourself and your future. 2. Show respect to others and never contribute to bullying. 3. Be an Upstander, not a bystander 4. If you think it may not be appropriate, it probably isn’t. Don’t do it. 5. It’s a privelage, not a right to use the internet at all times, don’t abuse it. 6. Always give people credit for their work, it’s not yours after all. 7. Make good choices. + There are no comments Add yours
May 5, 2021 admin 0 Comments What is a criminal defense investigator? This is an intriguing question. For one thing, a criminal defense investigator does not necessarily have to be a lawyer. In fact, many of the most successful criminal defense lawyers do not even have these types of people working for them. Instead, these specialized attorneys are responsible for investigating crimes, preparing their defense, and handling any courtroom proceedings in the event that a case goes to trial. Thus, there are several distinct personalities involved here. What is a criminal defense investigator A criminal investigator will collect evidence, interview witnesses, and perform investigative techniques such as surveillance. A prosecuting attorney may choose to have a private detective perform all or some of these tasks for them. Yet, the investigator may actually perform more of these duties. A good example of this is when a person is being questioned by the police and asks if they have seen a certain item, the answer might actually be an item that has been hidden from the cop, like a coin or some other concealed item. A criminal investigator will also be responsible for tracking down witnesses and acquiring crucial testimony to help a defense attorney paint a proper picture in court. Moreover, it may be that the investigator is called upon to determine whether there are grounds for probable cause to search and seize a suspect’s home or place of business. He or she will track down any evidence that will help build a strong case against any defendant. It is this type of investigator that many criminal defense lawyers depend on to assist them with their cases. Yet, there are times when the investigator is totally devoted to the defense side of the case. These are the types of agents who work exclusively for a defense attorney. They will spend all their time gathering evidence and interviewing potential witnesses. Yet, the defense investigator may actually visit the home of a potential witness. He or she will ask the homeowner a series of questions, then take pictures or video if necessary. After which, they will return to the office. Private detectives may sometimes be referred to as “private investigators” or “security agents”. However, this term does not accurately reflect the true nature of the job that these individuals perform. In fact, most investigators are sworn officers and must meet certain legal requirements before they can become agents. Most state criminal defense law firms will conduct an extensive background check before allowing any applicant to become a private detective. A background check will include everything from a sex offender record to driving records to a bankruptcy check. The majority of investigators have some form of legal education. They often receive their formal training at criminal law schools or by attending police academy classes. A successful investigator may also participate in state or county criminal defense workshops. The responsibilities of this legal expert vary from case to case. An investigator will interview witnesses, collect evidence, and evaluate various forms of evidence related to a case. These types of legal experts often take on complex cases such as sexual assault or murder cases. Private investigators can often be hired by defense attorneys to gather evidence and interview witnesses for a client’s case. If you have been accused of a crime, it is important that you find out if you are innocent. Sometimes the only way to know for sure is to consult with an investigator who can answer the question, “What is a criminal defense investigator?” Your attorney can also answer this question for you. Finding out the truth is vital in order to get the proper representation and to clear your name.
Skip to main content ESCAPE - Planning a safe escape Choosing an escape route Here are some tips to help you plan your escape from fire: • Keep all exits clear of obstructions, like bicycles Think about a safe place to go if you can’t escape The first priority is to keep people safe by getting them out of the building. If you can’t escape, you’ll need to find a room to take refuge in. This is especially important if you have difficulty moving around or going downstairs on your own. If you can’t get out, get everyone into one room: • Choose a room with a window • If you can put cushions, towels or bedding at the bottom of the door to block smoke • Open the window and call for help Make sure everyone in the house knows where door and window keys are kept Explain the plan Once you have made your plan, go through it with everyone in the household. You could also put a reminder of what to do in a fire somewhere where it will be seen regularly, like on the fridge door and put your address by the phone so that children can read it out to the emergency services. Practice the plan Make sure you have ‘walked through’ the plan with everyone in your household. Regularly remind everyone of what to do, and what not to do, in the event of a fire. See What to do if there is a fire for more information about escaping from a fire. Keep your guests safe from fire Your family or housemates may be familiar with your house or flat, but your guests may not be. If you have guests staying overnight tell them where the keys are kept and give them information about anything in the house they may not be familiar with, like how to unlock your front door. It’s particularly important to provide some fire safety information if you are hosting a party and people are drinking alcohol. Also, the risk of fire during celebrations may be higher due to candles, cooking and cigarettes. Click here for more information about candlescooking and smoking safely. Escape from a high-rise building Living above the first floor doesn’t necessarily make you any more at risk from fire. High-rise flats are built to be fire-proof: walls, ceilings and doors will hold back flames and smoke. Most of your planning should be the same as homes at ground level, but there are some key differences: • You won’t be able to use the lift if there is a fire, so choose an escape route that takes this into account • Count how many doors there are on the route to get to the stairs when you can’t use the lift, in case you can’t find your way • Regularly check that you can open the doors to stairways or escape routes from both sides If there is a fire elsewhere in the building, you are usually safest in your own flat, unless heat or smoke is affecting you. If you are affected, you should get out, stay out and call 999.
The Hazards of Self-Therapy 1. Self-honesty 2. A willingness to experience emotional pain/discomfort 3. Self-consciousness Why do we have feelings? The Virtue of Selfishness Continue reading Tantrums and Those Who Enable Them Hope for Agoraphobics The Philosophical Case Against Anti-Depressants The Good in Feeling Bad The good in bad feelingsOne of the most misleading and confusing distinctions people often make with emotions is to divide them into two groups: good feelings and bad feelings. Good feelings might include joy, pride, curiosity, warmth, confidence, concern, or trust and bad feelings might include anger, fear, jealousy, guilt, despair, grief, or hate. While certainly there is wisdom in distinguishing between the pleasant emotions and the unpleasant emotions, calling the unpleasant emotions “bad” is quite incorrect. All of our emotions, and the combinations of emotions that we can experience, have some survival benefit. This point is important: if any of our emotions were hazardous to our survival, then they would not be passed onto future generations. The fact that so called bad or negative emotions such as pain, fear, grief, sadness, and guilt exist indicates that they are very important for facilitating human survival. There is a rare genetic disease where a person is born without the ability to feel any physical pain. The life expectancy of these people is typically only about 20 years. They often die from serious burns that become gangrenous, and because they don’t feel any pain, they do not realise they have even burned themselves until it is too late for treatment to save them. Here it becomes clear that having a painless life will in fact also be a short life. Likewise, a person who never feels guilt will quickly find themselves locked away in prison or hated and scorned by the community, while those who do not feel fear will end up a delicious meal for a bear or in a serious accident because they did not take proper precautions. There are clear survival benefits for having pain, fear, and guilt. However, for the emotions of sadness and grief, the link between these emotions and increased chances of survival is a bit more complicated to understand. Continue reading The Philosophical Therapeutic Process Hubble_Telescope_PhilotherapyNever been to therapy before? Wondering how it can help? Curious about the therapeutic process? Each year, tens of millions of people seek therapy for a variety of reasons. Not all therapists are the same, though; there are many different schools of thought. Even within the same school, each therapist is unique in their approach to the therapeutic process. Philosophical therapists were arguably the first therapists in history, but are relatively few in numbers of practitioners today compared to the mainstream schools like behaviourism, psychoanalysis, and gestalt, just to name a few. Because philosophical therapy is different to most of the other schools, I have written this article to cover the most basic process of the philosophical therapeutic process. Questions, Questions, so many Questions The role of the philosophical therapist is to ask you questions about yourself. They might sometimes provide you with some terminology and jargon and this is merely to help improve your ability to understand yourself and to communicate better in the sessions. These questions will often appear obvious. Sometimes the therapist might ask you if you feel angry, to which you might respond with, “Well, of course, I am feeling angry!” You might be thinking at the time that this is a silly question, but for the therapist, this is a very important question to ask. On the topic of anger: some people do not know if they are experiencing anger. I have come across people who have been red in the face and shouting, but later on, when questioned about this, said they did not feel angry at all. So sometimes obvious questions like this will be asked just so the therapist can get an idea of how self-aware the client is. Continue reading Why Honesty Matters thomas-jefferson-quote-honesty-wisdomWhen asked what the most important component of mental health is my first three answers are honesty, honesty, and honesty. More specifically, I am talking about self-honesty, honesty about other people, and honesty to other people. However, the biggest challenge in any relationship is to be completely honest with another person. The feeling of “walking on eggshells” around someone close to you is so common that it’s hard to find anyone who does not relate to being too scared to be open and honest with someone close to them. Why is honesty such a big deal? Why is honesty so hard? How can honesty improve one’s life? How can honesty improve one’s relationships? In Isaac Asimov’s 1950 book, I, Robot, a manufacturing mistake created a telepathic robot. Because Robots were strictly illegal on Earth, the company was concerned for the public’s reaction if it ever got out that robots could now read minds, so they hushed it up and allowed only a handful of specialists to examine the robot to figure out what had gone wrong in its manufacture to create a mind-reading robot. Three researchers interviewed the robot, which they named Herbie. One found it to be a mathematical genius, the other a mathematical imbecile, and a third, a female psychologist was informed by Herbie that a man she had a crush on secretly admired her. The psychologist was jubilant to be told by the robot that it had read the mind of the man she liked and all her romantic fantasies were true: He wanted her, he admired her, he was single, and wanted to start a romance with her. Later, the psychologist was devastated and humiliated to discover that this man did not actually think any of these things. The telepathic robot had lied to her about everything. Continue reading The Lost Cause of Depression
Unlock This Lesson Unlock This Lesson Box Plots With Pandas and Matplotlib 00:00 In the previous lesson, you used factor() to get this nice box plot displayed, and now you’re going to take a little look a bit under the hood to just see how you could do the same thing in pandas directly. Now, you might want to… First of all, let’s take a look at huron and just prove that this is actually a DataFrame object. 00:19 So you see that the data that plotnine uses to create these plots is based on pandas. So you might wonder, “Okay, so I did some factor() on that, what happens if I run huron.factor() and pass in the column name? For example, "decade". Do I get anything here? No.” Okay, so the DataFrame object has no attribute 'factor', and this is because factor() is a function that comes from the R programming language. So, when you’re working with the plotnine API, you will find some such things where if you know pandas well, you might not actually know the functions that are used in there because it’s just based on a different programming language and uses the same API that ggplot2 uses. Okay, but so you can do the same thing in pandas, of course, as well. You would have to go and use .groupby() 01:09 and then pass in "decade", 01:11 and then you could even plot this if you wanted to. You can say "decade", "level", and then .plot() this. You would get something that’s somewhat similar to what you saw before. You can see it follows a similar trend. 01:25 You have little line graphs here instead of the box plots, so this is not exactly what you’re looking for, but you can see that there’s a similar trend already in there because you’re displaying the same data and also grouped it by decade. Also, you see that the axes aren’t very meaningful here. 01:41 So what you could do instead is fall back down another level and go into using Matplotlib, which is what also helps building the plots for plotnine. I could say from matplotlib.pyplot import boxplot. 02:00 And then you can say on this dataset, the huron dataset, make a box plot where you put "level" against "decade", 02:12 and now you can see that you built a similar graph to the one that you got with plotnine as well. So, I just wanted to show you this, that these are the libraries that are actually used by plotnine to build the plots, to do all the math that’s involved in here. 02:25 It’s built on top of pandas and it’s built on top of Matplotlib, and sometimes you will have to fall back to the underlying libraries if you want to do some of the transformations that can’t happen directly, just maybe because there’s no R equivalent to it or just because it wasn’t built into the API. 02:42 So, keep in mind that there is this pandas, Matplotlib layers underneath plotnine, and you can use them, but you might have to figure out the syntax being a little different than it is to what you see in plotnine, because plotnine uses the ggplot2 API, which comes from the R programming language. All right, this is all I wanted to show you here in this little exploration. In the next lesson, you’re going to look at scales: another layer in your layered grammar of graphics that you can change and work with. Become a Member to join the conversation.
The top predator in the ocean, with a “chainsaw” in his mouth, has long been extinct! Since human beings became the leader of the earth, they have been at the top of the food chain. In fact, human beings are just the king on land, and they are very weak in the ocean. The ocean is a mysterious world. There is no sunshine all the year round, which makes many creatures have to change their body functions and become more fierce in order to survive. Since the improvement of science and technology, more and more marine equipment have emerged, and human beings have more opportunities to understand the marine world. When we were children watching SpongeBob, we naively thought that the ocean world is very warm, all creatures can live in harmony, and there are all kinds of construction inside. However, this is not the case. What we know about the underwater world is only skin. The top predators in the ocean are sharks, which have been around for much longer than humans. It is understood that sharks began to evolve 400 million years ago. After such a long period of evolution, their predation ability has been unmatched. The top predator in the ocean, with a “chainsaw” in his mouth, has long been extinct! Our impression of the shark has a huge size, more important is the bite force of the teeth, as long as you capture a food, you can quickly tear it up, in the ocean is just like the overlord. There was once a Russian scientist who discovered a unique shark fossil. According to the test, it came from 1907. After that, other countries also found this shark fossil one after another. Many scientists think that the history of this shark is far longer than we thought. It has spiral teeth, which is quite different from other sharks. No matter flying in the sky or swimming in the water, there is no such strange looking creature. So what is the identity behind it? Since the discovery of this fossil, it has aroused widespread concern and controversy among scientists. Some scientists believe that this is the legendary spiral tooth shark. It was born 200-300 million years ago, and its largest size can exceed 15 meters. It belongs to an ancient fish. Its tooth shape is very strange, and its main teeth are fixed. Some people think that its teeth are used to kill prey. There are different opinions. Although it only looks like a layer of spiral teeth on the outside, it does not mean that there are no other teeth on the inside. Since only its fossil and prototype have been found, scientists can only guess. To be sure, this shark is one of the top predators in the ocean. Its extinction may be due to environmental reasons, but also partly due to food shortage. In the view of scientists, this kind of creature has no competitors. The biggest possibility of its extinction is the change of environment. The extinction of dinosaurs was also due to natural disasters. Otherwise, there would not be such a big change. Many people sigh that fortunately, this terrible spiral toothed shark has been completely destroyed. Otherwise, human beings would not dare to set foot in the ocean. What do you think of this shark fossil found by scientists What’s your opinion? You can leave a message for interaction. Related Articles Leave a Reply Back to top button
Single post Anxiety disorder Untitled design (3) “Anxiety disorder: A threat to mental health.” Anxiety disorder is like common weather blues that hits everyone at life-changing phases such as entering into teenage and adulthood. However, as the person gets fixed in the situation, the symptoms of anxiety start improving themselves without any treatment. However, when the situation/mental trauma goes on with time, it results in anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorder is like a web of a spider that broadens and broadens with time. Anxiety symptoms may include fear, agitation, overwhelmed, disconnection between brain & and body, etc. Although, anxiety symptoms can be stopped to deteriorate if one seeks the available treatment at the initial stage. The anxiety disorder treatment may include therapies, medications, and counseling. Let’s understand the anxiety with available stats and facts • Mental health surveys conclude that anxiety is the most common mental disorder amongst Americans. Nearly it affects 40 million people in the USA aged between 18 to 50. In other words, 18.1% of Americans go through the symptoms of anxiety each year. • Anxiety is seen as an easily treatable mental disorder if the treatment is approached at the right time. Despite being treatable disorders, yet only 36.9% of the total sufferer goes for medical treatment. • Social anxiety comes as the most common type of anxiety disorder amongst Americans that hit 12% of the adult population at some phases of their lives. The symbol of social anxiety disorder holds is fear of being around people and their judgment. • Studies found that people diagnosed with depression are also diagnosed with anxiety disorder. Therefore, if you find the symptoms mentioned earlier affecting your mental and physical state, seek the treatment at the right moment. • The occurrence of anxiety depends on several possible factors such as genetics, environment, traumas, brain chemistry, etc. therefore, keep yourself in check to prevent such diseases. • Past studies lead that women are more likely to meet the symptoms of anxiety as distinguished to men. The number of symptoms and intensity is high in women than in men. What are the currently available anxiety disorder tests? There are several sorts of anxiety tests available to assess whether one is under anxiety or not. However, the procedure of each test may vary, and the questions in the test might seem different. Therefore, it will be better to seek professional advice for your anxiety disorder test rather than going for an online assessment. In case if you are under anxiety the doctor may direct you to anxiety disorder treatment. Although, before assigning any treatment to you, the doctor will examine your precious medical history and other factors. The treatment to cope with the anxiety symptoms is different for children and adults. If you are younger than 18, the possibilities are high, that doctor may assign you treatment like therapies, lifestyle changes, and counseling. In contrast, if you are an adult, you might be directed for different treatments like medications (antidepressant and anti-anxiety), counseling, etc. However, rum the treatment under the supervision of the doctor. The doctor may stop, alter and change the treatment pattern to watch whether the improvement is taking place or not. The doctor may notify you to stop the treatment if he finds the necessity. Besides, the treatment may go up if the necessity comes to take such actions. But, do all such procedures under the doctor’s advice. If you operate the treatment with self-understanding, so there are higher chances, you may fall under the negative consequences of the treatment. What are the common symptoms of anxiety and depression? Anxiety and depression are both categorized under mental health disorders. Both hold power can occur at the same time. However, some studies prove that people with one mental health condition are prone to meet another simultaneously. 50% of people with anxiety suffered from depression and vice versa. Each condition might have a different precise cause, but the similarities in the symptoms are possible. The common symptoms of anxiety and depression are- • Irritability • Trouble in falling asleep • Difficulty in concentration • Feeling ill all the time The different symptoms (physical and emotions) of depression- • Decreased energy • Chronic fatigue • Change in weight and appetite • Feeling hopeless and pessimistic • Thoughts of suicide and self-harm • Irritability The different symptoms (physical and emotions) of anxiety • Irregular heartbeat • Sleeping troubles • Muscle tension • Panic • Dread • Emotional emptiness and loneliness Note: If you are going through the thoughts of suicide and self-harm, so you are requested to take the help of a doctor. Keep the things away from your reach that can hurt/harm badly, such as knives, medication, and guns. What are the types of anxiety disorders? Anxiety disorder Anxiety disorder There are several kinds of anxiety disorders. The symptoms of one type vary from another. However, the long-term persistence can be harmful and may lead to other medical conditions as well. Therefore, if you find yourself under any of the below-listed symptoms, you should meet the doctor at the initial stage. Generalized anxiety disorder- People with generalized anxiety disorder usually go through with excessive worry and nervousness. Excessive apprehension and nervousness can be in their personal, school, and workplace. It affects their personal communication skill, productivity level, and social life. The common symptoms of this type of anxiety are- • Challenges in controlling excessive worry and nervousness • Restlessness • Trouble in falling asleep People living with agoraphobia indicate fear towards the crowd and the public. They avoid public transport, being in open places, being social, going outside the home alone, or being around people. They find themselves embarrassing and panic in such situations. The long-term persistence of this can make the person housebound. Separation anxiety disorder- Separation anxiety disorder is a form of fear of being separated from the person and materialistic things they are attached to. Children are usually diagnosed with such kind of anxiety disorder. However, adults are also possible to meet such scenarios. People living with separation anxiety disorder can go through nightmares about being detached from the attachments. Specific phobias- The specific phobia indicates fear towards the specific situation, place, person, and object. People with such fear usually avoid the circumstances where they can meet the above-mentioned outcomes. Whenever they meet the situation they avoid, they get anxious and intense panic. Some examples of specific phobias are- • Height • Flying • Spiders • Blood Panic attacks- Panic attacks are the types of attacks with intense fear and agitation that can occur anytime, anywhere. During a panic attack, a person may go through the challenges like- • Palpitation • Sweating • Shivering • Troubles speaking and breathing Leave A Reply
What 'Hunger Games' Teaches Us about the Electoral College Recently, the California Senate voted to keep Donald Trump off the ballot in 2020 unless he releases his tax returns. Once again, this has brought the discussion of the electoral college to the forefront. The electoral college is one of the most ingenious things our founders gave us to ensure that all states in our republic are represented. Still, the left refuses to consider any argument in its favor. Scan the social media of any self-respecting social justice warrior, and you’re sure to find a couple of things: memes about woke books and love for big government. What you won’t find is any kind of acknowledgement that the central conflict in just about every one of the former could have been prevented by the latter. Just ask Katniss Everdeen and the rest of the kids in The Hunger Games why we need an electoral college. For those who don’t know, The Hunger Games trilogy takes place in a dystopian future in which America has been destroyed. Now known as Panem, the country is made of 12 struggling districts and the thriving capitol. Every year, two young people are chosen from each district, one boy and one girl, and they are sent to The Hunger Games. The kids then fight to the death. Winning is simple- be the last one left alive. Like the gladiators were in ancient Rome, this violent spectacle is big entertainment in the capitol while, in the districts, their children are being sent to their deaths. In the United States, there are a total of 538 electoral votes available. A majority is 270, so that’s what it takes to win. Simple enough, right? Taking the population of each district in Panem and using our current formula to allocate electoral votes, the capitol gets 3 electoral votes and the rest are allocated based on population. Panem has a total of 102 electoral votes, so any president would need 52 to win. There is no path to victory that doesn’t require at least four districts (including the capitol). If a candidate couldn’t get district six, which is a very poor district unlikely to vote with the capitol, there is no path that doesn’t require at least 7 districts (including the Capitol). How likely is it that any district, let alone at least three, but probably seven, is going to vote to send their children off to fight to the death for the entertainment of a distant and authoritarian government? Pretty unlikely. If Panem had an electoral college, they would need the support of the majority of the districts, which would mean calling an end to the Hunger Games. Even if the government bought off district six with better infrastructure, better schools, a higher standard of living, anything to get those votes, driving the other districts further into poverty, they would need two more districts to vote along with them. Would two more districts vote to continue the Hunger Games for the entire country? We don’t need an electoral college in America because there will be literal hunger games, but the principle remains the same. Without an electoral college, a few states (California, Florida, Texas) can execute mob rule that lets people in the majority of states have their and voices and needs trampled. These states would always have their needs meet. They would have all of the incentives, the tax breaks, the infrastructure, and their whims, while other states would be abandoned. Their roads and schools would be top notch while, in other states, they’d be left to deteriorate from neglect. With an electoral college, the FBI wouldn’t be able to get away with doing a great job investigating crime in California but ignore cases in South Dakota because all of the resources were allocated based on population alone. Workers wouldn’t be well protected in Texas but left in unsafe workplaces with bias and harassment running rampant in Delaware because the Department of Labor doesn’t really care what happens in a state with so few people. The genius of this system our founders created is that the government can’t afford to let any one state suffer too badly, too boldly, too explicitly. The needs of the entire nation must be taken into account, because every electoral vote counts. The electoral college is one of the only things that truly protects the little guy for whom liberals claim to fight. Liberals can protect them further by voting against oppressive federal power (you’ll actually find that to be a theme in all of the woke books on your bookshelf) and get back on track with state and local governments doing the heavy lifting. When people have a problem with the electoral college, they really have a problem with the size of the the federal government. We were meant to be a collection of states with the power resting there, and the federal government managing the few things that needed to be managed between them. Because the federal government has now been entrusted to do things it was never meant to do, people are upset that other states get a say in those matters. If you’re mad about the electoral college, vote for a smaller federal government. Then it won’t even matter. In the meantime, remember Panem.
How Can I Decrease My Energy Use? Q: There are so many ways that I use electricity or burn oil or gas every day. Can you suggest changes to my energy use that will have the most impact? A: The answer depends on how you live your life. In the US, roughly one-third of our energy use comes from driving, one-third comes from home energy use, and one-third from industrial uses. That means that individuals contribute the majority of our carbon emissions. This month, I’ll borrow from a list compiled by to suggest some simple ways to reduce your personal energy use. I encourage you to visit this website to plug in your specific energy usages and calculate your own carbon footprint. Simple things: 1. Sign up for Energy for Tomorrow through We Energies, a program that will supply your electricity from renewable sources (e.g. wind, solar, and hydroelectric power) – this will reduce your carbon footprint contribution from electricity to zero. If your landlord pays for electricity, offer to pay the difference (on average $7 per month). 2. Do shopping in a single trip or combine with other errands. A higher percentage of carbon is emitted within the first 15 minutes of driving, before the car has warmed up. 3. Carshare or carpool to work, take the bus more often, or walk / bike when the weather permits. See if your employer will allow you to work from home one day a week. 4. Turn it off when not in use (lights, television, stereo, computer, etc.). 5. Turn down the heat (try just 1 to 2 degrees at a time) when you are home and turn down even more when you are not home or sleeping. 6. Turn down the water heater setting (just 2 degrees will make a significant saving). 7. Fill your dishwasher and washing machine with a full load. 8. Unplug your mobile phone as soon as it has finished charging and unplug all other non-essential appliances when not in use. 9. Hang out clothes to dry rather than using a dryer. 10. Go for a run rather than drive to the gym. A little investment (1-4 years pay off) 1. Fit all light sockets with energy-saving light bulbs such as compact fluorescents. 2. Insulate your hot water tank, attic, and walls (35% of heat generated in the house is lost through the walls. 3. Weatherproof windows with rubber or felt sealants and plastic. 4. Replace old appliances with new, EnergyStar rated ones. Secondary footprint: 1. Reduce your consumption of meat (meat production requires many times more energy and water than grains, fruits, and vegetables. 2. Don’t buy bottled water; get a Brita or PUR filter and your own reusable water bottle. 3. Buy local fruit and vegetables, especially organic, or even try growing your own. 4. Try to buy products made closer to home. 5. Recycle as much as possible; see if you can get down to 1 small garbage bag per week. Send your ecological inquiries to our resident ecologist at .
What are Mohawk arts and crafts like What are Mohawk arts and crafts like? The Mohawk and other Iroquois tribes were known for their mask carving, which is considered such a sacred art form that outsiders are still not permitted to view many of these masks. Beadwork and the more demanding porcupine quillwork are more common Mohawk crafts. The Mohawks also crafted wampum out of white and purple shell beads. Wampum beads were traded as a kind of currency, but they were more culturally important as an art material. The designs and pictures on wampum belts often told a story or represented a person's family. What was Mohawk music like? Iroquois water The two most important Mohawk instruments are drums and flutes. Iroquois drums were often filled with water to give them a distinctive sound different from the drums of other tribes. Most Mohawk music is very rhythmic and consists mostly of drumming and lively singing. Flutes were used to woo women in the Mohawk tribe. A young Mohawk man would play beautiful flute music outside his girlfriend's longhouse at night to show her he was thinking about her. From: http://www.geocities.com/bigorrin/mohawk_kids.htm
Saturday, July 27, 2019 Soviet nuclear disasters: Kyshtym The 1986 meltdown of reactor number 4 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant was the greatest nuclear disaster the world has yet seen. Less well known is the Kyshtym disaster in 1957, which resulted in a massive release of radioactive material in the Eastern Ural region of the Soviet Union. This was a catastrophic underground explosion at a nuclear storage facility near the Mayak power plant in the Eastern Ural region of the USSR. Information about the disaster was tightly restricted by Soviet authorities, with predictably bad consequences. Zhores Medvedev was one of the first qualified scientists to provide information and hypotheses about the Kyshtym disaster. His book Nuclear Disaster in the Urals was written while he was in exile in Great Britain and appeared in 1980. It is fascinating to learn that his reasoning is based on his study of ecological, biological, and environmental research done by Soviet scientists between 1957 and 1980. Medvedev was able to piece together the extent of contamination and the general nature of the cause of the event from basic information about radioactive contamination in lakes and streams in the region included incidentally in scientific reports from the period. It is very interesting to find that scientists in the United States were surprisingly skeptical about Medvedev's assertions. W. Stratton et al published a review analysis in Science in 1979 (link) that found Medvedev's reasoning unpersuasive. A steam explosion of one tank is not inconceivable but is most improbable, because the heat generation rate from a given amount of fission products is known precisely and is predictable. Means to dissipate this heat would be a part of the design and could be made highly reliable. (423) They offer an alternative hypothesis about any possible radioactive contamination in the Kyshtym region -- the handful of multimegaton nuclear weapons tests conducted by the USSR in the Novaya Zemlya area. We suggest that the observed data can be satisfied by postulating localized fallout (perhaps with precipitation) from explosion of a large nuclear weapon, or even from more than one explosion, because we have no limits on the length of time that fallout continued. (425) And they consider weather patterns during the relevant time period to argue that these tests could have been the source of radiation contamination identified by Medvedev. Novaya Zemlya is over 1000 miles north of Kyshtym (20 degrees of latitude). So the fallout from the nuclear tests may be a possible alternative hypothesis, but it is farfetched. They conclude: We can only conclude that, though a radiation release incident may well be supported by the available evidence, the magnitude of the incident may have been grossly exaggerated, the source chosen uncritically, and the dispersal mechanism ignored. Even so we find it hard to believe that an area of this magnitude could become contaminated and the event not discussed in detail or by more than one individual for more than 20 years. (425) The heart of their skepticism depends on an entirely indefensible assumption: that Soviet science, engineering, and management were entirely capable of designing and implementing a safe system for nuclear waste storage. They were perhaps right about the scientific and engineering capabilities of the Soviet system; but the management systems in place were woefully inadequate. Their account rested on an assumption of straightforward application of engineering knowledge to the problem; but they failed to take into account the defects of organization and oversight that were rampant within Soviet industrial systems. And in the end the core of Medvedev's claims have been validated. Another official report was compiled by Los Alamos scientists, released in 1982, that concluded unambiguously that Medvedev was mistaken, and that the widespread ecological devastation in the region resulted from small and gradual processes of contamination rather than a massive explosion of waste materials (link). Here is the conclusion put forward by the study's authors: What then did happen at Kyshtym? A disastrous nuclear accident that killed hundreds, injured thousands, and contaminated thousands of square miles of land? Or, a series of relatively minor incidents, embellished by rumor, and severely compounded by a history of sloppy practices associated with the complex? The latter seems more highly probable. So Medvedev is dismissed. After the collapse of the USSR voluminous records about the Kyshtym disaster became available from secret Soviet files, and those records make it plain that US scientists badly misjudged the nature of the Kyshtym disaster. Medvedev was much closer to the truth than were Stratton and his colleagues or the authors of the Los Alamos report. A scientific report based on Soviet-era documents that were released after the fall of the Soviet Union appeared in the Journal of Radiological Protection in 2017 (A V Akleyev et al 2017; link). Here is their brief description of the accident: Starting in the earliest period of Mayak PA activities, large amounts of liquid high-level radioactive waste from the radiochemical facility were placed into long-term controlled storage in metal tanks installed in concrete vaults. Each full tank contained 70–80 tons of radioactive wastes, mainly in the form of nitrate compounds. The tanks were water-cooled and equipped with temperature and liquid-level measurement devices. In September 1957, as a result of a failure of the temperature-control system of tank #14, cooling-water delivery became insufficient and radioactive decay caused an increase in temperature followed by complete evaporation of the water, and the nitrate salt deposits were heated to 330 °C–350 °C. The thermal explosion of tank #14 occurred on 29 September 1957 at 4:20 pm local time. At the time of the explosion the activity of the wastes contained in the tank was about 740 PBq [5, 6]. About 90% of the total activity settled in the immediate vicinity of the explosion site (within distances less than 5 km), primarily in the form of coarse particles. The explosion gave rise to a radioactive plume which dispersed into the atmosphere. About 2 × 106 Ci (74PBq) was dispersed by the wind (north-northeast direction with wind velocity of 5–10 m s−1) and caused the radioactive trace along the path of the plume [5]. Table 1 presents the latest estimates of radionuclide composition of the release used for reconstruction of doses in the EURT area. The mixture corresponded to uranium fission products formed in a nuclear reactor after a decay time of about 1 year, with depletion in 137Cs due to a special treatment of the radioactive waste involving the extraction of 137Cs [6]. (R20-21) Here is the region of radiation contamination (EURT) that Akleyev et al identify: This region represents a large area encompassing 23,000 square kilometers (8,880 square miles). Plainly Akleyev et al describe a massive disaster including a very large explosion in an underground nuclear waste storage facility, large-scale dispersal of nuclear materials, and evacuation of population throughout a large region. This is very close to the description provided by Medvedev. A somewhat surprising finding of the Akleyev study is that the exposed population did not show dramatically worse health outcomes and mortality relative to unexposed populations. For example, "Leukemia mortality rates over a 30-year period after the accident did not differ from those in the group of unexposed people" (R30). Their epidemiological study for cancers overall likewise indicates only a small effect of accidental radiation exposure on cancer incidence: The attributable risk (AR) of solid cancer incidence in the EURTC, which gives the proportion of excess cancer cases out of the sum of excess and baseline cases, calculated according to the linear model, made up 1.9% over the whole follow-up period. Therefore, only 27 cancer cases out of 1426 could be associated with accidental radiation exposure of the EURT population. AR is highest in the highest dose groups (250–500 mGy and >500 mGy) and exceeds 17%. So why did the explosion occur? James Mahaffey examines the case in detail in Atomic Accidents: A History of Nuclear Meltdowns and Disasters: From the Ozark Mountains to Fukushima. Here is his account: In the crash program to produce fissile bomb material, a great deal of plutonium was wasted in the crude separation process. Production officials decided that instead of being dumped irretrievably into the river, the plutonium that had failed to precipitate out, remaining in the extraction solution, should be saved for future processing. A big underground tank farm was built in 1953 to hold processed fission waste. Round steel tanks were installed in banks of 20, sitting on one large concrete slab poured at the bottom of an excavation, 27 feet deep. Each bank was equipped with a heat exchanger, removing the heat buildup from fission-product decay using water pipes wrapped around the tanks. The tanks were then buried under a backfill of dirt. The tanks began immediately to fill with various waste solutions from the extraction plant, with no particular distinction among the vessels. The tanks contained all the undesirable fission products, including cobalt-60, strontium-90, and cesium-137, along with unseparated plutonium and uranium, with both acetate and nitrate solutions pumped into the same volume. One tank could hold probably 100 tons of waste product. In 1956, a cooling-water pipe broke leading to one of the tanks. It would be a lot of work to dig up the tank, find the leak, and replace the pipe, so instead of going to all that trouble, the engineers in charge just turned off the water and forgot about it. A year passed. Not having any coolant flow and being insulated from the harsh Siberian winter by the fill dirt, the tank retained heat from the fission-product decay. Temperature inside reached 660 ° Fahrenheit, hot enough to melt lead and cast bullets. Under this condition, the nitrate solutions degraded into ammonium nitrate, or fertilizer, mixed with acetates. The water all boiled away, and what was left was enough solidified ANFO explosive to blow up Sterling Hall several times, being heated to the detonation point and laced with dangerous nuclides. [189] Sometime before 11: 00 P.M. on Sunday, September 29, 1957, the bomb went off, throwing a column of black smoke and debris reaching a kilometer into the sky, accented with larger fragments burning orange-red. The 160-ton concrete lid on the tank tumbled upward into the night like a badly thrown discus, and the ground thump was felt many miles away. Residents of Chelyabinsk rushed outside and looked at the lighted display to the northwest, as 20 million curies of radioactive dust spread out over everything sticking above ground. The high-level wind that night was blowing northeast, and a radioactive plume dusted the Earth in a tight line, about 300 kilometers long. This accident had not been a runaway explosion in an overworked Soviet production reactor. It was the world’s first “dirty bomb,” a powerful chemical explosive spreading radioactive nuclides having unusually high body burdens and guaranteed to cause havoc in the biosphere. The accidentally derived explosive in the tank was the equivalent of up to 100 tons of TNT, and there were probably 70 to 80 tons of radioactive waste thrown skyward. (KL 5295) So what were the primary organizational and social causes of this disaster? One is the haste created in nuclear design and construction created by Stalin's insistence on moving forward the Soviet nuclear weapons program as rapidly as possible. As is evident in the Chernobyl case as well, the political pressures on engineers and managers that followed from these political priorities often led to disastrous decisions and actions. A second is the institutionalized system of secrecy that surrounded industry generally, the military specifically, and the nuclear industry most especially. A third is the casual attitude taken by Soviet officials towards the health and wellbeing of the population. And a final cause highlighted by Mahaffey's account is the low level of attention given at the plant level to safety and maintenance of highly risky facilities. Stratton et al based their analysis on the fact that the heat-generating characteristics of nuclear waste were well understood and that effective means existed for controlling those risks. That may be, but what they failed to anticipate is that these risks would be fundamentally disregarded on the ground and in the supervisory system above the Kyshtym reactor complex. (It is interesting to note that Mahaffey himself underestimates the amount of information that is now available about the effects of the disaster. He writes that "studies of the effects of this disaster are extremely difficult, as records do not exist, and previous residents are hard to track down" (kl 5330). But the Akleyev study mentioned above provides extensive health details about the affected population made possible as a result of data collected during Soviet times and concealed.) Thursday, July 18, 2019 Safety and accident analysis: Longford Andrew Hopkins has written a number of fascinating case studies of industrial accidents, usually in the field of petrochemicals. These books are crucial reading for anyone interested in arriving at a better understanding of technological safety in the context of complex systems involving high-energy and tightly-coupled processes. Especially interesting is his Lessons from Longford: The ESSO Gas Plant Explosion. The Longford refining plant suffered an explosion and fire in 1998 that killed two workers, badly injured others, and interrupted the supply of natural gas to the state of Victoria for two weeks. Hopkins is a sociologist, but has developed substantial expertise in the technical details of petrochemical refining plants. He served as an expert witness in the Royal Commission hearings that investigated the accident. The accounts he offers of these disasters are genuinely fascinating to read. Hopkins makes the now-familiar point that companies often seek to lay responsibility for a major industrial accident on operator error or malfeasance. This was Esso's defense concerning its corporate liability in the Longford disaster. But, as Hopkins points out, the larger causes of failure go far beyond the individual operators whose decisions and actions were proximate to the event. Training, operating plans, hazard analysis, availability of appropriate onsite technical expertise -- these are all the responsibility of the owners and managers of the enterprise. And regulation and oversight of safety practices are the responsibility of stage agencies. So it is critical to examine the operations of a complex and dangerous technology system at all these levels. A crucial part of management's responsibility is to engage in formal "hazard and operability" (HAZOP) analysis. "A HAZOP involves systematically imagining everything that might go wrong in a processing plant and developing procedures or engineering solutions to avoid these potential problems" (26). This kind of analysis is especially critical in high-risk industries including chemical plants, petrochemical refineries, and nuclear reactors. It emerged during the Longford accident investigation that HAZOP analyses had been conducted for some aspects of risk but not for all -- even in areas where the parent company Exxon was itself already fully engaged in analysis of those risky scenarios. The risk of embrittlement of processing equipment when exposed to super-chilled conditions was one that Exxon had already drawn attention to at the corporate level because of prior incidents. A factor that Hopkins judges to be crucial to the occurrence of the Longford Esso disaster is the decision made by management to remove engineering staff from the plant to a central location where they could serve a larger number of facilities "more efficiently". A second relevant change was the relocation to Melbourne in 1992 of all the engineering staff who had previously worked at Longford, leaving the Longford operators without the engineering backup to which they were accustomed. Following their removal from Longford, engineers were expected to monitor the plant from a distance and operators were expected to telephone the engineers when they felt a need to. Perhaps predictably, these arrangements did not work effectively, and I shall argue in the next chapter that the absence of engineering expertise had certain long-term consequences which contributed to the accident. (34) One result of this decision is the fact that when the Longford incident began there were no engineering experts on site who could correctly identify the risks created by the incident. Technicians therefore restarted the process by reintroducing warm oil into the super-chilled heat exchanger. The metal had become brittle as a result of the extremely low temperatures and cracked, leading to the release of fuel and subsequent explosion and fire. As Hopkins points out, Exxon experts had long been aware of the hazards of embrittlement. However, it appears that the operating procedures developed by Esso at Longford ignored this risk, and operators and supervisors lacked the technical/scientific knowledge to recognize the hazard when it arose. The topic of "tight coupling" (the tight interconnection across different parts of a complex technological system) comes up frequently in discussions of technology accidents. Hopkins shows that the Longford case gives a new spin to this idea. In the case of the explosion and fire at Longford it turned out to be very important that plant 1 was interconnected by numerous plumbing connections to plants 2 and 3. This meant that fuel from plants 2 and 3 continued to flow into plant 1 and greatly extended the length of time it took to extinguish the fire. Plant 1 had to be fully isolated from plants 2 and 3 before the fire could be extinguished (or plants 2 and 3 could be restarted), and there were enough plumbing connections among them, poorly understood at the time of the fire, that took a great deal of time to disconnect (32). Hopkins addresses the issue of government regulation of high-risk industries in connection with the Longford disaster. Written in 1999 or so, he recognizes the trend towards "self-regulation" in place of government rules stipulating the operating of various industries. He contrasts this approach with deregulation -- the effort to allow the issue of safe operation to be governed by the market rather than by law. Whereas the old-style legislation required employers to comply with precise, often quite technical rules, the new style imposes an overarching requirement on employers that they provide a safe and healthy workplace for their employees, as far as practicable. (92) He notes that this approach does not necessarily reduce the need for government inspections; but the goal of regulatory inspection will be different. Inspectors will seek to satisfy themselves that the industry has done a responsible job of identify hazards and planning accordingly, rather than looking for violations of specific rules. (This parallels to some extent his discussion of two different philosophies of audit, one of which is much more conducive to increasing the systems-safety of high-risk industries; chapter 7.) But his preferred regulatory approach is what he describes as "safety case regulation". (Hopkins provides more detail about the workings of a safety case regime in Disastrous Decisions: The Human and Organisational Causes of the Gulf of Mexico Blowout, chapter 10.) The essence of the new approach is that the operator of a major hazard installation is required to make a case or demonstrate to the relevant authority that safety is being or will be effectively managed at the installation. Whereas under the self-regulatory approach, the facility operator is normally left to its own devices in deciding how to manage safety, under the safety case approach it must lay out its procedures for examination by the regulatory authority. (96) The preparation of a safety case would presumably include a comprehensive HAZOP analysis, along with procedures for preventing or responding to the occurrence of possible hazards. Hopkins reports that the safety case approach to regulation is being adopted by the EU, Australia, and the UK with respect to a number of high-risk industries. This discussion is highly relevant to the current debate over aircraft manufacturing safety and the role of the FAA in overseeing manufacturers. It is interesting to realize that Hopkins is implicitly critical of another of my favorite authors on the topic of accidents and technology safety, Charles Perrow. Perrow's central idea of "normal accidents" brings along with it a certain pessimism about the ability to increase safety in complex industrial and technological systems; accidents are inevitable and normal (Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies). Hopkins takes a more pragmatic approach and argues that there are engineering and management methodologies that can significantly reduce the likelihood and harm of accidents like the Esso gas plant explosion. His central point is that we don't need to be able to anticipate a long chain of unlikely events in order to identify the hazard in which these chains may eventuate -- for example, loss of coolant in a nuclear reactor or loss of warm oil in a refinery process. These final events of numerous different possible accident scenarios all require procedures in place that will guide the responses of engineers and technicians when "normal accidents" occur (33). Hopkins highlights the challenge to safety created by the ongoing modification of a power plant or chemical plant; later modifications may create hazards not anticipated by the rigorous accident analysis performed on the original design. Processing plants evolve and grow over time. A study of petroleum refineries in the US has shown that "the largest and most complex refineries in the sample are also the oldest ... Their complexity emerged as a result of historical accretion. Processes were modified, added, linked, enhanced and replaced over a history that greatly exceeded the memories of those who worked in the refinery. (33) This is one of the chief reasons why Perrow believes technological accidents are inevitable. However, Hopkins draws a different conclusion: However, those who are committed to accident prevention draw a different conclusion, namely, that it is important that every time physical changes are made to plant these changes be subjected to a systematic hazard identification process. ... Esso's own management of change philosophy recognises this. It notes that "changes potentially invalidate prior risk assessments and can create new risks, if not managed diligently." (33) (I believe this recommendation conforms to Nancy Leveson's theories of system safety engineering as well; link.) Here is the causal diagram that Hopkins offers for the occurrence of the explosion at Longford (122). The lowest level of the diagram represents the sequence of physical events and operator actions leading to the explosion, fatalities, and loss of gas supply. The next level represents the organizational factors identified in Longford's analysis of the event and its background. Central among these factors are the decision to withdraw engineers from the plant; a safety philosophy that focused on lost-time injuries rather than system hazards and processes; failures in the incident reporting system; failure to perform a HAZOP for plant 1; poor maintenance practices; inadequate audit practices; inadequate training for operators and supervisors; and a failure to identify the hazard created by interconnections with plants 2 and 3. The next level identifies the causes of the management failures -- Esso's overriding focus on cost-cutting and a failure by Exxon as the parent company to adequately oversee safety planning and share information from accidents at other plants. The final two levels of causation concern governmental and societal factors that contributed to the corporate behavior leading to the accident. (Here is a list of major industrial disasters; link.) Wednesday, July 17, 2019 Thai politics and Thai perspectives One of the benefits of attending international conferences is meeting interesting scholars from different countries and traditions. I had that pleasure while participating in the Asian Conference on Philosophy of the Social Sciences at Nankai University in June, where I met Chaiyan Rajchagool. Chaiyan is a Thai academic in the social sciences. He earned his undergraduate degree in Thailand and received a PhD in sociology from the University of Manchester (UK). He has served as a senior academic administrator in Thailand and is now an associate professor of political science at the University of Phayao in northern Thailand. He is an experienced observer and analyst of Thai society, and he is one of dozens of Thai academics summoned by the military following the military coup in 2014 (link). I had numerous conversations with Chaiyan in Tianjin, which I enjoyed very much. He was generous to share with me his 1994 book, The rise and fall of the Thai absolute monarchy: Foundations of the modern Thai state from feudalism to peripheral capitalism, and the book is interesting in many different ways. Fundamentally it provides a detailed account of the political and economic transition that Siam / Thailand underwent in the nineteenth century, and it makes innovative use of the best parts of the political sociology of the 1970s and 1980s to account for these processes. The book places the expansion of European colonialism in Southeast Asia at the center of the story of the emergence of the modern Thai state from mid nineteenth-century to the end of the absolute monarchy in the 1930s. Chaiyan seeks to understand the emergence of the modern Siamese and Thai state as a transition from "feudal" state formation to "peripheral capitalist" state formation. He puts this development from the 1850s to the end of the nineteenth century succinctly in the preface: In the mid-nineteenth century Siam was a conglomerate of petty states and principalities and did not exist as a single political entity.... Economically Siam was transformed into what may be termed, in accordance with our theoretical framework, peripheral capitalism. Accompanying this development was the transformation of old classes and the rise of new classes.... At the political level a struggle took place within the ruling class in Bangkok, and new institutional structures of power began to emerge. As a result the previously fragmented systems of power and administration were brought under unified centralized command in the form of the absolute monarchy. (xiii-xiv) This is a subtle, substantive, and rigorous account of the politics and economy of modern Siam / Thailand from the high point of western imperialism and colonialism in Asia to the twentieth century. The narrative is never dogmatic, and it offers an original and compelling account of the processes and causes leading to the formation of the Thai state and the absolutist monarchy. Chaiyan demonstrates a deep knowledge of the economic and political realities that existed on the ground in this region in the nineteenth century, and equally he shows expert knowledge about the institutions and strategies of the colonial powers in the region (Britain, France, Germany). I would compare the book to the theoretical insights about state formation of Michael Mann, Charles Tilly, and Fernand Braudel. Chaiyan's account of the development of the Thai state emphasizes the role of economic and political interests, both domestic and international. Fundamentally he argues that British interests in teak (and later tin) prompted a British strategy that would today be called "neo-colonial": using its influence in the mid-nineteenth-century to create a regime and state that was favorable to its interests, without directly annexing these territories into its colonial empire. But there were internal determinants of political change as well, deriving from the conflicts between powerful families and townships over the control of taxes. The year 1873-4 marks the beginning of a period in which the royalty attempted to take political control at the expense of the Bunnag nobility and its royal/noble allies. I have already noted that the Finance Office, founded in 1873, was to unify the collection f tax money from the various tax farmers under different ministries into a single office. To attain this goal, political enforcement and systematic administration were required. The Privy Council and the Council of State, established in June and August 1874, were the first high level state organizations. ... With the creation of a professional military force of 15,000 troops and 3,000 marines ... the decline of the nobility's power was irreversible, whereas the rise of the monarchy had never before had so promising a prospect. (85, 86) Part of the development of the monarchy involved a transition from the personal politics of the feudal politics of the earlier period to a more bureaucratic-administrative system of governance: Of interest in this regard was the fact that the state was moving away from the direct exercise of personal authority by members of the ruling class. this raises questions about the manner of articulation between the crown and the state. If direct personal control of the state characterizes a feudal state, the ruling class control of the state in a peripheral capitalist society takes the form of a more impersonal rule of law and administrative practice through which are mediated the influences of the politico-economic system and class interests. (88) Chaiyan makes superb use of some of the conceptual tools of materialist social science and non-doctrinaire Marxism, framing his account in terms of the changes that were underway in Southeast Asian with respect to the economic structure of everyday life (property, labor, class) as well as the imperatives of British imperialism. The references include some of the very best sources in social and historical theory and non-doctrinaire Marxism that were available in the 1980s: for example, Ben Anderson, Perry Anderson, Norberto Bobbio, Fernand Braudel, Gene Genovese, Michael Mann, Ralph Miliband, Nicos Poulantzas, James Scott, Theda Skocpol, Charles Tilly, and Immanuel Wallerstein, to name a few out of the hundreds of authors cited in the bibliography. Chaiyan offers a relevant quotation from Fernand Braudel that I hadn't seen before but that is more profound than any of Marx's own pronouncements about "base and superstructure": Any highly developed society can be broken down into several "ensembles": the economy, politics, culture, and the social hierarchy. The economy can only be understood in terms of the other "ensembles", for it both spreads itself about and opens its own doors to its neighbours. There is action and interaction. That rather special and partial form of the economy that is capitalism can only e fully explained in light of these contiguous "ensembles" and their encroachments; only then will it reveal its true face. So the state was either favorable or hostile to the financial world according to its own equilibrium and its own ability to stand firm. (Braudel Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism, 64-65) It is interesting to me that Chaiyan's treatment of the formation of a unified Thai state is attentive to the spatial and geophysical realities that were crucial to the expansion of central state power in the late nineteenth century. A geophysical map, not a political one, would serve us better, for such a map reveals the mainly geophysical barriers that imposed constraints on the extension of Bangkok power. The natural waterways, mountains, forests and so on all helped determine how effectively Bangkok could claim and exert its power over townships. (2) In actual fact, owing to geographical barriers and the consequent difficulty of communication, Bangkok exercised direct rule only over an area within a radius of two days travelling (by boat, cart, horse, or on foot). (3) Here is a map that shows the geophysical features of the region that eventually became unified Thailand, demonstrating stark delineation between lowlands and highlands: This is a topic that received much prominence in the more recent writings of James Scott on the politics of southeast Asia, and his concept of "Zomia" as a way of singling out the particular challenges of exercising central state power in the highlands of southeast Asia (link, link). Here is a map created by Martin Lewis (link) intended to indicate the scope of the highland population (Zomia). The map is discussed in an earlier post. And here is a map of the distribution of ethnic and language groups in Thailand (link), another important element in Chaiyan's account of the consolidation of the Thai monarchy: It is an interesting commentary on the privilege, priorities, and limitations of the global academic world that Chaiyan's very interesting book has almost no visibility in western scholarship. In its own way it is the equal of some of Charles Tilly's writings about the origins of the French state; and yet Tilly is on all reading lists on comparative politics and Chaiyan is not. The book is not cited in one of the main English language sources on the history of Thailand, A History of Thailand by Chris Baker and Pasuk Phongpaichit, published by Cambridge University Press, even though that book covers exactly the same period in chapter 3. Online academic citation databases permitted me to find only one academic article that provided substantive discussion or use of the book ("Autonomy and subordination in Thai history: the case for semicolonial analysis", Inter‐Asia Cultural Studies, 2007 8:3, 329-348; link). The author of this article, Peter Jackson, is an emeritus professor of Thai history and culture at the Australian National University. The book itself is on the shelves at the University of Michigan library, and I would expect it is available in many research libraries in the United States as well. So the very interesting theoretical and historical treatment that Chaiyan provides of state formation in Thailand seems not to have received much notice in western academic circles. Why is this? It is hard to avoid the inference that academic prestige and impact follow nations, languages, universities, and publishing houses. A history of a small developing nation, authored by a Thai intellectual at a small university, published by a somewhat obscure Thai publishing company, is not destined to make a large splash in elite European and North American academic worlds. But this is to the great disadvantage to precisely those worlds of thought and knowledge: if we are unlikely to be exposed to the writings of insightful scholars like Chaiyan Rajchagool, we are unlikely as well to understand the large historical changes our world has undergone over the past two centuries. Amazon comes in for a lot of criticism these days; but one thing it has contributed in a very positive way is the easy availability of books like this one for readers who would otherwise never be exposed to it. How many other intellectuals with the insights of a Tilly or a Braudel are there in India, Côte d'Ivoire, Thailand, Bolivia, or Barbados whom we will never interact with in a serious way because of the status barriers that exist in the academic world? * * * (It is fascinating to me that one of the influences on Chaiyan at the University of Manchester was Teodor Shanin. Shanin is a scholar whom I came to admire greatly at roughly the same time when I was engaged in research in peasant studies in connection with Understanding Peasant China: Case Studies in the Philosophy of Social Science.) Saturday, July 13, 2019 How things seem and why The idea that there is a stark separation between many of our ideas of the social world, on the one hand, and the realities of the social world in which we live is an old one. We think "fairness and equality", but what we get is exploitation, domination, and opportunity-capture. And there is a reasonable suspicion that this gap is in some sense intentional: interested parties have deceived us. In some sense it was the lesson of Plato's allegory of the cave; it is the view that Marx expresses in his ideas of ideology and false consciousness; Gramsci's theory of hegemony expresses the view; Nietzsche seems to have this separation in mind in much of his writing; and the Frankfurt School made much of it as well. The antidote to these forms of illusion, according to many of these theorists, is critique: careful, penetrating analysis and criticism of the presuppositions and claims of the ideological theory. (Here are several efforts within Understanding Society to engage in this kind of work; link, link, link.) Peter Baehr's recent book The Unmasking Style in Social Theory takes on this intellectual attitude of "unmasking" with a critical and generally skeptical eye. Baehr is an expert on the history of sociological theory who has written extensively on Hannah Arendt, Max Weber, and other fundamental contributors to contemporary social theory, and the book shows a deep knowledge of the history and intellectual traditions of social thought. The book picks out one particular aspect of the sociological tradition, the "style" of unmasking that he finds to be common in that history (and current practice). So what does Baehr mean by a style? In fact the overarching impression given by the book is that Baehr believes that much "unmasking" is itself biased, unfair, and dogmatic. He writes: Part of Baehr's suspicion of the "style" of unmasking seems to derive from an allergy to the language of post-modernism in the humanities and some areas of social theory: And he also associates the unmasking "style" with a culture of political correctness and a demand for compliance with a "progressive" agenda of political culture: These are currents of thought -- memes, theoretical frameworks, apperceptions of the true nature of contemporary society -- with which Baehr appears to have little patience. Baehr's statements about the unavoidable dogmatism of "unmasking" analysis and criticism are also surprisingly categorical. "The kind of analysis it requires is never conveyed to the reader as an interpretation of events, hypothetical and contestable." Really? Are there no honest scholars in the field of critical race theory, or in feminist epistemology and philosophy of science, or in the sociology of science and technology? What is this statement other than precisely the kind of wholesale rejection of the intellectual honesty of one's opponents that otherwise seems to animate Baehr's critique? The Unmasking Style is a bit of a paradox, in my view. It denounces the "style" of unmasking, and yet it reads as its own kind of wholesale discrediting of an intellectual orientation for which Baehr plainly has no patience. This is the orientation that takes seriously the facts of power, privilege, wealth, and racial and gender domination that continue to constitute the skeleton of our world. It is fine, of course, to disagree with this fundamental diagnosis of the dynamics of power, domination, and exploitation in the current world. But Baehr's book has many of the features of tone and rhetoric that the author vigorously criticizes in others. It is perplexing to find that this book offers so little of what the author seems to be calling for -- an intellectually open effort to discern the legitimate foundations of one's opponent's positions. For my view, readers of The Unmasking Style would be well advised to read as well one or two books by scholars like Frédéric Vandenberghe, including A Philosophical History of German Sociology, to gain a more sympathetic view of critical sociological theory and its efforts to discern the underlying power relations of the modern world (link). In general, I find that there is much more intellectual substance to efforts to uncover the interest-bias of various depictions of the capitalist world than Baehr is willing to recognize. How do energy companies shape the debate over climate change? How did Cold War ideologies influence the development of the social sciences in the 1950s? How has pro-business, anti-regulation propaganda made the roll-back of protections of the health and safety of the public possible? What is the meaning of the current administration's persistent language about "dangerous immigrants" in terms of racial prejudice? These are questions that invoke some kind of "demystifying" analysis that would seem to fall in the category of what Baehr classifies as "unmasking"; and yet it is urgent that we undertake those inquiries. A companion essay by Baehr, "The image of the veil in social theory", appears in Theory and Society this month (link), and takes a nuanced approach to the question of "mask" and "veil". The essay has little of the marks of polemical excess that seem to permeate the book itself. Here is the abstract to the essay: Tuesday, July 9, 2019 ABM fundamentalism I've just had the singular opportunity of participating in the habilitation examination of Gianluca Manzo at the Sorbonne, based on his excellent manuscript on the relevance of agent-based models for justifying causal claims in the social sciences. Manzo is currently a research fellow in sociology at CNRS in Paris (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), and is a prolific contributor to analytical sociology and computational social science. The habilitation essay is an excellent piece of work and I trust it will be published as an influential monograph. Manzo has the distinction of being expert both on the philosophical and theoretical debates that are underway about social causation and an active researcher in the field of ABM simulations. Pierre Demeulenaere served as a generous and sympathetic mentor. The committee consisted of Anouk Barberousse, Ivan Ermakoff, Andreas Flache, Olivier Godechot, and myself, and reviewer comments and observations were of the highest quality and rigor. It was a highly stimulating session. I asked Gianluca whether he would agree that ABM fundamentalism is incorrect, and was surprised to find that he defends the universal applicability of ABM as a tool to implement any sociological theory. According to him, it is a perfectly general and universal modeling platform that can in principle be applied to any sociological problem. He also made it clear that he does not maintain that the use of ABM methods is optimal for every sociological problem of explanation. His defense of the universal applicability of ABM simulation techniques therefore does not imply that Manzo privileges these techniques as best for every sociological problem. But as a formal matter, he holds that ABM technology possesses the resources necessary to represent any fully specified social theory within a simulation. The subsequent conversation succeeded in clarifying the underlying source of disagreement for me. What I realized in the discussion that ensued is that I was conflating two things in my label of ABM fundamentalism: the simulation technology and the substantive doctrine of generative social science. Epstein is a generativist, in the sense that he believes that social outcomes need in principle to be generated from a representation of facts about the individuals who make it up (Generative Social Science: Studies in Agent-Based Computational Modeling). Epstein is also an advocate of ABM techniques because they represent a particularly direct way of implementing a generativist explanation. But what Gianluca showed me is that ABM is not formally committed to the generativist dogma, and that an ABM simulation can perhaps incorporate factors at any social level. The insight that I gained, then, is that I should separate the substantive view of generativism from the formal mathematical tools of ABM simulations techniques. I am still unclear how this would work -- that is, how an ABM simulation might be created that did an adequate job of representing features at a wide range of levels -- actors, organizations, states, structures, and ideologies. For example, how could an ABM simulation be designed that could capture a complex sociological analysis such as Tilly's treatment of the Vendée, with peasants, protests, and merchants, the church, winegrowers' associations, and the strategies of the state? Tilly's historical narrative seems inherently multi-stranded and irreducible to a simulation. Similar points could be made about Michael Mann's comparative historical account of fascisms or Theda Skocpol's analysis of social revolutions. So there is still an open question for me in this topic. But I think I am persuaded that the fundamentalism to which I object is the substantive premise of generativism, not the formal computational methods of ABM simulations themselves. And if Gianluca is correct in saying that ABM is a universal simulation platform (as a Turing machine is a universal computational device) then the objection is misplaced. So this habilitation examination in Paris had exactly the effect for me that we would hope for in an academic interaction -- it led me to look at an important issue in a somewhat different way. Thank you, Gianluca!
Best answer: What type of reaction always releases energy? Chemical reactions that release energy are called exothermic. In exothermic reactions, more energy is released when the bonds are formed in the products than is used to break the bonds in the reactants. Exothermic reactions are accompanied by an increase in temperature of the reaction mixture. What type of reactions always require energy? All chemical reactions involve energy. Energy is used to break bonds in reactants, and energy is released when new bonds form in products. Endothermic reactions absorb energy, and exothermic reactions release energy. Which type of reaction releases energy quizlet? Chemical reactions that release energy, usually in the form of heat, are called exothermic reactions. Chemical reactions that absorb energy, usually in the form of heat, are called endothermic reactions. Many types of reactions can be endothermic or exothermic. Which reaction produces the most energy? The reaction which produce the most energy per mass is NUCLEAR FUSION. This is because, fusion involves the coming together of two nuclei; the binding energy that hold the nucleus together is very great. What process consumes energy? In energy consuming (endothermic) reactions the total energy of the products is more than that of the reactants – heat is taken from the surrounding substances. … The production of aluminium is another important example of an energy consuming process. IT IS IMPORTANT: What type of solids are electrical conductors? Is Delta H endothermic or exothermic? Using Delta H Which type of chemical reaction will absorb more energy than it releases quizlet? Endothermic reactions absorb more energy than they release. How is energy released during a chemical reaction quizlet? During all chemical reactions, an energy change occurs. In the reaction, heat is either released or absorbed. When a reaction releases heat to the surroundings, we call that reaction an Exothermic Reaction. … The energy here is used to break the bonds between the molecules of the atoms of the reactants. Does endergonic reactions release energy? These chemical reactions are called endergonic reactions; they are non-spontaneous. An endergonic reaction will not take place on its own without the addition of free energy. … Exergonic reactions release energy; endergonic reactions require energy to proceed. Energy sources
Question: How MSW is processed to be used to generate power? Electricity can be produced by burning “municipal solid waste” (MSW) as a fuel. … Burning MSW converts water to steam to drive a turbine connected to an electricity generator. Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) facilities process the MSW prior to direct combustion. How MSW is processed to be used to generate power is the process environmentally friendly? Incineration is mass burning of MSW which results into recovery of heat to produce steam and which can be further utilized to produce power through steam turbines. Why should MSW be processed? By processing MSW to give smaller particles and a more homogeneous particle size distribution, various subsequent sorting and separation processes become more effective and efficient. How is MSW generated? The heat treatment of MSW in an incinerator can generate heat, fuel, or gas. At present, the thermal conversion technology of MSW is mainly realized through three ways (incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification), including converting thermal energy into electrical energy (Kumar and Samadder, 2017). Which waste is highly infectious? Cultures and stocks of highly infectious agents, waste from autopsies, animal bodies, and other waste items that have been inoculated, infected, or in contact with such agents are called highly infectious waste. IT IS IMPORTANT: What is total amount of solar energy received by earth and atmosphere per year? Which country is the largest producer of electricity from solid waste? Japan has developed the projects of production of threads, paper and other useful materials. from banana peelings. Can waste be used as fuel? Waste gasification, a process for converting garbage into fuel and electricity without incinerating it, may be a step closer to large-scale commercialization. … Syngas can either be directly burned in gas turbines to produce electricity, or it can be converted into other fuels, including gasoline and ethanol. Which country generates electricity from waste? 1. Sweden. Sweden is a country that has set up several waste incineration plants in order to generate energy for heating purposes. It is one of the most successful countries to have converted waste into energy. What are the two types of solid waste? Due to the large variety of items that are considered solid waste, the type of waste is often divided into two categories. The categories of solid waste are referred to as municipal solid waste and non-municipal solid waste, and these two types of waste vary by where the waste originates. What are examples of organic waste? Examples of organic waste include green waste, food waste, food-soiled paper, non-hazardous wood waste, green waste, and landscape and pruning waste. When organic waste is dumped in landfills, it undergoes anaerobic decomposition (due to the lack of oxygen) and produces methane. Energy sources
What are the characteristics of the plant kingdom? 1) the presence in the cells of chloroplasts in which photosynthesis occurs 2) the presence in the cells of the membrane of cellulose and vacuoles with cell juice 3) grow throughout life, most do not mix from one place to another
Historic Information (July 6, 1943) The Congress Mine was developed by six main shafts the deepest of which (#3) was sunk 4000′ on the incline and altogether there are said to be some 20 miles of underground workings, which are now under water from the 1200′ level. There are two principal veins, the Congress and the Niagara, nearly parallel and some 300′ apart both striking in an easterly – westerly direction and dipping about 25° to the north or northeast. The width of the Congress vein which lies ,on the contact with the granite and a diorite dike varied from 3′ to 5′, and of the Niagara Vein, a fissure in granite, from 4 to 8′ the length of the pay shoots along their strike never exceeded 650′. The walls of both veins were well mineralized and since the stopes were usually broken 5 to 12 ft wide, lower grade material which would have pulled down the average grade of the vein-ore was either backfilled in the stopes or hoisted to the dumps along with the waste that was broken in the barren sections of the vein and in openings in the country rock. The old Congress Mining Company operated from March 1891 to the end of 1911 during which period they mined and milled or shipped 692,332 tons of ore from which 388,477 oz. of gold and 345,598 oz. of silver were recovered in bullion. The production from the Congress Vein is given as 370,022 tons with average recovered value of 0.70 oz. per ton and the production from the Niagara Vein is given as 293,220 tons with recovered average 0.415 oz. per ton. The balance came from the Queen of the Hills, or other veins. The average values recovered from the total output 0.561 oz. gold and 0.5 oz. silver. Considering the values which were left in the tailings or otherwise lost in treatment it is safe to say that the average content of this ore as mined was 0.64 oz. gold and 1.00 oz. silver equivalent to a value of over $23.00 per ton at present prices of metals. (The content have not been verified by Casa for accuracy. It is considered archived historic data, hence are not NI 43-101 compliant. )
Photo Sourced from Wikimedia Top 10 Facts about the Famous Bourbon Street in New Orleans For first time visitors to New Orleans, Bourbon Street is the epitome of party central. At night, Bourbon Street is lit by neon lights, loud music and decorated with beads. It was named after a royal family in France but there are debates that it was named after the popular American whisky. Strolling down this famous street, you will meet revellers holding their go cups. It is legal to have alcohol in party cups in New Orleans. As the most popular street in New Orleans, there are several pubs, dancing party crowds as well as Bourbon branded t-shirts. The street is a cultural landmark and dates back to the 18th century. Here are some top facts about Bourbon Street. 1. The Famous Bourbon Street runs parallel to the Mississippi River Bourbon Street runs parallel to the Mississippi River from the French Quarter’s Canal Street to Esplanade Avenue. In fact, Upper and Lower Bourbon refer to the upriver and downriver flow of the Mississippi. The street runs through 13 blocks at the heart of the French Quarter. Its name changes to Carondelet Street past canal street and Pauger Street past Esplanade. Upper Bourbon is near Cana Street while lower Bourbon is near the Esplanade. Most nightlife action takes place up the upriver stretch closer to Canal Street. St. Philip Street is primarily residential and quiet. 2. The Architecture along Bourbon Street is simply magnificent The French Quarter on Bourbon Street is not only historic but also the centre of the street. It is famous for its lively nightlife and brightly coloured buildings with wrought-iron balconies. The French Market has epicurean foods as well as local arts and crafts. Next to it is Jackson Square filled with energetic street performers in front of St. Louis Cathedral, one of the oldest buildings in New Orleans. This is another beautiful architectural masterpiece to checkout on Bourbon Street. The Old Absinthe House building was built in 1806 and functioned as an office building for a family-owned importing firm. 3. This Famous Street was not named after popular American Whisky By Ebgundy – Wikimedia Bourbon Street is named after a royal family of France. Bourbon Street used to be residential for the upper class in the 1800s. There were fancy restaurants on this street too. Engineer Adrien de Pauger, who is responsible for designing the street as well as the French Quarter, named it in 1721. He called it Rue Bourbon as a tribute to the royal house of Bourbon. Although Bourbon Street is no longer synonymous with royalty, it still catches the eye of every visitor in New Orleans. While its name may be associated with the royal family, some people have disputed that. They believe the name originated from Bourbon County in Kentucky. The popular American whisky is believed to have been named after the street. 4. It’s the Street to go to for a live Jazz performance Jazz music was born in Bourbon Street. Artists such as King Oliver and Jelly Roll Morton are famous for their jazz performances at the clubs on Bourbon Street. A stroll down Bourbon Street will usher you to music on every corner. Jazzy tunes during the day and danceable beats at night. The Fritzel European Jazz Club is where to be for old-fashioned jazz. It’s a live jazz performance every night. This building has been around for more than 200 years. In the past, famous entertainers made a kill playing jazz at the clubs. 5. There are several nightclubs along Bourbon Street than any other street in New Orleans By MusikAnimal – Wikimedia The nightclubs along Bourbon Street have been there since the 1940s and 19950s. There were more than 50 burlesque shows as well as exotic dancers. This street is for the better part of the day very quiet. During the French quarter’s festivals, the street is usually colourful and filled with people. One popular festival is the annual Mardi Gras. Alcohol consumption on the streets is allowed on the Quarter’s streets. Bourbon Street is party central for bachelorette parties, bachelor parties, and birthday celebrations. 6. Bourbon Street is where to be for all gay festivals in New Orleans Photo sourced from Wikimedia Lafitte-In-Exile is one of the oldest gay bars in the United States. Most of the gay bars are found at the intersection of Bourbon Street and St. Anne’s street. The Southern Decadence Festival which is held in this famous street hosts an array of gay-friendly festivities. These festivities last for the entire week. It attracts more than 100,000 participants. Some of the popular clubs include Oz and the Bourbon Pub. 7. Bourbon Street was founded in 1718 The street dates back to 1718 when New Orleans was founded by Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville. He was appointed Director-General for developing a colony in the territory. It was named by a French engineer, Adrien de Pauger in 1721. He named the street after a French Royal family that ruled New Orleans at that time. The French moved to Louisiana in the 1690s. 8. This Street became the entertainment centre in the 19th century Photo sourced from Wikimedia Bourbon Street became an entertainment strip in the late 19th century towards the early 20th century. The street became less of a residential place and more a party district. The nightclubs had jazz artists perform live for the revellers. The clubs did not have air conditioning but the people were not bothered. Dozens of drinking dens were opened along Bourbon Street that offered live music, gambling, and burlesque shows. 9. Bourbon Street used to be one of the most populated in New Orleans In 1805, about 697 residents of New Orleans lived on Bourbon Street. The Street was heavily populated throughout the Antebellum era. Middle-income families lived on this street. 10. Some of the most popular musicians started at Bourbon Street Chris Owens has been a part of the show at The Chris Owens Club at 500 Bourbon Street since the 1950s. Now in her 80s she still performs with a backing band. Aaron Neville is also another famous New Orleans musician. Dr John and Louis Prima, are among dozens of other talented jazz musicians from Bourbon Street. These musicians worked for several days a week. They would perform for between 2 hours and 8 hours.
Loose tube fibre cable is the most commonly utilised family of fibre optic cable for outdoor and long run telecommunications networks. It is ideally suited for outdoor environments where extreme environmental conditions play a major role in cable selection. Gel filled tubes offer protection for the fibres in wide operating temperatures. Armoured cables prevent damage from rodents, termites and physical damage. Constructed with layers of densly packed tubes of 250 micron fibre allow for high fibre counts in compact cable diameters. Utilising an S-Z arrangement of tubes wrapped around a central strength member. Fibre optic systems offers loose tube cable in: 1. Nylon jacket for standard installations 2. Sacrificial sheath for heavily termite infested areas 3. Fibreglass armoured for protection from non-burrowing rodents 4. Corrugated steel tape armoured for protection from a wide range of environmental factors
Often asked: What Does Theatrical Mean In French? What does saga mean in French? [ˈsɑːɡə ] 1. (= Nordic legend ) saga f. 2. (= long story) épopée f. What is Le Theatre in English? [ˈθɪətəʳ ] (Britain) theater (US) place where plays are put on ) théâtre m. What kind of accents are there in the word Theatre in French? What is the French word for performance? performance → exécution, performance, représentation, prestation, jeu. What does ongoing saga mean? adjective. An ongoing situation has been happening for quite a long time and seems likely to continue for some time in the future. What does the Japanese word saga mean? steep, craggy, rugged. Is Piscine feminine or masculine? This being said: “examen” is masculin singular and ” piscine” is feminine singular. Is Parc masculine or feminine in French? parc [le ~] noun. What are French movies? movie → film, cinéma, pellicule. You might be interested: Readers ask: What Does Theatrical Cut Mean? How is ç pronounced? Ç always sounds like [ “sss” ]! What does a with accent mean in French? An accent mark may change the sound of a letter, the meaning of a word, replace a letter that existed in old French, or have no perceivable effect at all. An accent aigu ( ) is only used on an e (é) and produces the sound ay, as in “day.” It may also replace an s from old French. What is the most common French accent? The l’accent aigu is the most common French accent mark. And, it only appears over the letter “e”. The purpose of this accent is to change the pronunciation. While “e” without an accent can be pronounced in several ways, with the acute accent it’s pronounced “eh”. Leave a Reply
Why Are Hats Not Allowed In School? Why are hats not allowed in school? Hats are not allowed in school because it is a sign of disrespect, contrary to etiquette rules. In addition, caps may cover student faces making it difficult for teachers to see student expressions, and teachers consider the use of hats in the course room distracting. High schools have rigid rules about hats and typically ask students to abide by a dress code. Therefore, hats are not allowed in high school for a long series of reasons. The main reason is that hats are distracting, and teachers can’t see which students are distracted. In addition, students may be prevented from paying attention to teachers and may have their views blocked by other students wearing hats. Teachers and school principals consider hats disrespectful too, and by tradition and etiquette wearing hats, indoors is not allowed. In some places, hats are a sign of a gang. Based on the most common etiquette rules, when people enter someone’s house, office space, schools, workplace, courthouse, and town hall, they are supposed to take off their hats. However, some colleges and universities can be more open to hats since students are already adults and there is less control. How Is Wearing a Hat In School Disrespectful? Taking off the hat once indoors is part of proper etiquette. It has been a tradition for a long time for men to remove their hats once inside a building. It is a tradition that is valid for all types of hats. The act of taking off the hat is a sign of respect. It comes from an old tradition back in Europe in the Middle Age. Knights were supposed to take off their helmets to show their faces. Therefore, covering one face and not showing it up when entering a building is a sign of disrespect. When a person doesn’t show the face in the presence of others, that person gives no value and importance to the people in front of him. Christianity has a long history of abiding by the same rules of taking off their hats when entering a church. While those rules may seem old to be applied in modern times, schools should teach students good manners and proper etiquette. For example, in most workplaces, hats are not common and are a sign of disrespect in front of customers, unless it is part of a uniform. Why are Hats Not Allowed in Schools? Some of the arguments against hats in school included the following: Hats make it less safe because it is harder for students to identify them, hats can distract students from class and hide those who are not paying attention, hats encourage the growth of lice and removing your head is a sign that you are trying to be rude. Why is it considered rude to wear a hat at school? The professor may find it distracting to wear a hat in class. It’s similar to leaving your cellphone ringing in the theater while you watch a performance. Why should HATS not be allowed in schools? Hats can be worn to create an outfit. It helps students feel at ease in school and not be judged. Students can use them to cover up their bad hair days or keep warm in winter. There is also the debate about headpieces and religions. Why is it considered disrespectful to wear a cap? According to the Emily Post Institute’s etiquette experts, removing your hat indoors is a sign of respect. It is believed that it began with medieval knights. According to todayifoundout.com, wearing a headband at the wrong time of the day is rude. Why are Hats Not Allowed in School – Similar Questions Why is it that ripped jeans are not allowed in schools? It is unfair to punish students who have holes in their jeans while those same students can wear more revealing skirts and shorts. Bates stated that school is about learning and those torn jeans can distract students from their studies. Students might pull on the string and make the hole bigger. What is the no-hat rule? The security officers enforce the no-hat rule on the corridors. They are also trained in handling legitimate safety issues. You cannot hide who your guard is if they are not present. If a security guard isn’t present, you can use a hood or cap to hide who you are. Is it considered rude to wear hats in class? It is considered bad manners in the US for a man to wear his hat indoors, especially in a formal setting such as a school classroom. There are exceptions for religious reasons and when the hat is part of a uniform or costume. Why do schools teach ineffective things? Why are schools teaching useless things to children instead of the things that you need to know as you get older? Why are schools not allowing cell phones in school One of the main reasons schools does not allow cell phones is their impact on long-term memory and student performance. Students who had cell phones in class performed worse even though they were not using them, possibly because of distractions. Is it rude for a woman to wear a hat in a restaurant? Your comfort hat might be fine in a cafe, diner, or another casual setting. However, if you plan to go out to dinner, you should leave it at your home. A statement that is, however, perfectly acceptable in a restaurant. Wearing a hat in the home is bad luck? Many superstitions are linked to hats. Some of these superstitions are now being modified into rules and etiquette. A hat indoors can cause headaches. If you put your hat on the back, it will bring you bad luck. What is the difference between a cap and a hat? A CAP is a brimless, visor-free head covering. A HAT is a headcover, usually with a crown or brim. Examples: A fedora is a crown with a curve and a border; a top cap has a flat top crown, and a narrow brim. Can we wear ripped jeans to school? Public schools have many garment rules that focus on girl clothes. These include the ban on spaghetti straps and shorts above the kneecap, as well as the ban on tops with spaghetti straps. Many schools have banned torn jeans, a popular female fashion trend. 21 Sept 2018. Can teachers wear ripped Jeans? The policy for staff prohibits jeans, see-through clothing, torn clothes, shorts or very tight-fitting clothes, sweat suits, shirts, and hats. However, gym teachers are allowed to wear athletic shoes. Can I wear ripped Jeans to College? You can pair your jeans with a polo top and a jacket and you’re good to move. However, avoid wearing ripped jeans if you’re attending events! Can a school take your hat? Yes. It is legal because no law makes it illegal for them to confiscate contraband. Read your student handbook, it clearly prohibits wearing helmets indoors. Can teachers take your mobile phone? Teachers can take your phone but not its contents. Only you can permit them. It is illegal for teachers to access your private information on your cellphone without your permission, and it is illegal to force you to do so. Is it okay to wear a hat to church? A hat should be removed from the church. Hats in churches are not permitted. To show respect, the hat should be briefly taken off or raised when passing in front of a church or funeral procession. It is not a strict protocol to wear a hat in church for women. What is homework? Homework is therefore slavery. With the passage of the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, slavery was eliminated. Since the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed, every American school has been illegally operated for the past 143-years. Education law. What is the most inefficient math? 5 Math Lessons You Do Not Really Need in the Real World • Calculus. • Polynomials • Logarithms • Geometric Proofs • Long division. Long division is a technique that divides numbers using only a small amount of time and notepaper. Why is school a waste? It’s all about quality. Traditional schooling focuses on getting the most hours into the school day. Another reason why school is wasteful of time is that it measures success in a structured and rigid way.
One type of heartburn medication can cause health problems if used on a long-term basis. Here’s some ways to ease heartburn with lifestyle changes. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a commonly prescribed class of drugs for people experiencing symptoms of heartburn. But a recent study found that using these drugs on a long-term basis could be linked to a shortened lifespan. The research, led by senior author Dr. Ziyad Al-Aly of the Washington University School of Medicine, pulled data on about 3.5 million people from a national U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs database. Researchers compared different groups of people: those who used PPIs and those who used histamine H2 receptor antagonists (H2 blockers), along with people who didn’t use either. In all, those who used PPIs had a 25 percent higher risk of death from all causes versus people who used H2 blockers. The data is in line with other reported risks of long-term PPI use, including a possible increased riskTrusted Source of bone fractures, the development of microscopic colitis, and a higher susceptibilityTrusted Source to pneumonia. It’s worth noting that PPIs are generally well-tolerated when taken on a short-term basis. But ultimately, for those experiencing heartburn, there are a number of simple ways to lessen symptoms — no prescription required. The best practice for anybody experiencing heartburn symptoms is to consult with their doctor, says Dr. Brenna Velker, a family physician and adjunct professor at Western University’s Department of Family Medicine in Ontario, as well as a blogger at the Huffington Post Canada. “There are certain things that can cause reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and you don’t want to treat the symptoms without resolving the issue,” Velker told Healthline. “If somebody is using a lot of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like Advil, they can damage the lining of the stomach and cause irritation, pain, and reflux,” she continued. “So first thing we would say is if you’re taking something like that, stop. Second thing is there’s actually bacteria called Helicobacter pylori that can cause reflux and GERD, so if that’s a possibility, we’d probably want to check that with blood work just to make sure that they’re not positive. If they are, then treating with anti-reflux medications, even a PPI, is not going to fix the problem.” After consultation with a doctor, if the telltale symptoms of heartburn are, in fact, heartburn and not something more serious, there are a number of ways to ease the pain that don’t involve taking prescription medications. 1. Weight loss Losing weight and improving general fitness has a positive effect on all facets of health, including heartburn and reflux. It isn’t hard to visualize the ways that excess weight can exacerbate heartburn symptoms, says Velker. “The more weight a person is carrying, especially on the abdomen that’s kind of pushing down on the stomach, the easier it is for things to come up through the esophagus,” she explains. “It makes sense, right? There’s more pressure down below, so it’s more likely to go up.” 2. Avoid certain foods Conventional wisdom dictates that certain spicy foods cause heartburn because their acidity irritates the stomach lining. But this isn’t necessarily true. While some foods do indeed irritate the stomach, the true culprit is foods that escape from the stomach and into the esophagus. They do this by causing the valve that separates the two areas to relax and stop doing its job effectively. “Certain foods have an effect on the lower esophageal sphincter,” explains Velker. “There’s basically a ring at the bottom of your esophagus where it meets the stomach, and then another ring at the top where it meets the throat. Both of those are supposed to close to make sure that food doesn’t come back up. Certain foods like caffeine, alcohol, and peppermint relax that lower sphincter, and so obviously if you open the door, it’s much easier for it to go through.” Velker also points out that smoking cigarettes can be a trigger for heartburn as the cigarette smoke tends to relax this valve. 3. Eat less In a culture where all-you-can-eat buffets are common and children are often implored to clean their plate, it can be tough to make the switch to mindful eating. While mindful eating — essentially eating slowly and consciously stopping once the body feels full — has a host of beneficial side effects, the most dramatic for people with heartburn may be the way that it reduces symptoms. It all makes sense when you picture the inner workings of your body — from throat to valve to esophagus to valve to stomach, says Velker. “This is all physics. If you fill it up, it’s going to be easier for it to overflow,” she said. “If you eat a lot of food or drink a lot of fluid, it’s going to be easier for it to overflow.” 4. Stay upright, stay comfortable While it might seem like a great idea to lie down for a post-dinner nap after eating a big meal, this is actually a great way to cause heartburn. “It’s gravity,” states Velker. “You want to use it for you — not against you, so make sure you stay upright for a couple of hours after eating. The typical story is somebody who has spicy food and a beer, has a big meal, then goes to lay down. That is a recipe for disaster.” Staying upright can help reduce stress on the stomach and esophagus. Another way to reduce stress on these areas is to avoid wearing tight clothing. “Tight clothing is similar to being overweight: it just puts extra pressure on that stomach,” says Velker. “If you have a balloon, and you’re squeezing the middle of it, you can imagine that if the balloon is open at the top, stuff is going to shoot out the top.” 5. Chew gum Really? Yes, really. “There is some evidence that chewing gum might help because it will trigger more swallowing — more saliva production — to kind of rinse whatever’s happening down back into the stomach,” says Velker. Indeed, a study publishedTrusted Source in the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics found that heartburn symptoms may be reduced by chewing gum for half an hour after meals. When it comes to understanding heartburn and reflux, it isn’t hard to visualize what’s happening. “Think of it like a balloon with a tube attached to it,” says Velker. “If the rings are not closed, or if there’s too much pressure on the balloon, or it’s too full, then things will escape.” While heartburn is a common ailment, it can cause extreme discomfort and even long-term damage related to inflammation and stomach acid. For these reasons, it’s worth taking steps to lessen symptoms — and see your doctor. “If you do these things and your symptoms don’t change, do go and see a doctor,” implores Velker. “There are some fairly dangerous things that can present with heartburn as a symptom, like stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, and a lot of other nasty things.” Ultimately, the best practice for people who want to curb heartburn symptoms without medication is pretty similar to what doctors are constantly telling their patients. “Essentially: eat well, exercise, don’t eat too much, don’t smoke, and don’t drink too much alcohol,” says Velker. “It’s the stuff that nobody wants to do.” JPeei Clinic
Events, Global Education, Indigenous Program Why Reconciliation Week is so important. My name is Isabella Carroll and I am a Year 11 boarder from Byron Bay and a descendant of the Kamilaroi people. The theme for 2021 Reconciliation week is ‘More than a word. Reconciliation takes action’. This means that we are making a movement towards braver and more impactful actions. At KRB we are supporting this action by learning during pastoral classes about what reconciliation means, why we celebrate it and about National Sorry Day and its importance. To make this engaging for all year groups we made a variety of activities for students to complete this week. These activities and events included making pledges as a school. These were made to express what actions we as individuals and a school are going to do. Every year group from ELC to 12 wrote a pledge onto a hand which was cut out and displayed on a large piece of board, one for every year. At the end of our Cultural Diversity Assembly, the whole school came outside onto the Fernan Fields where some of the KRB indigenous students, including myself, had the opportunity to speak to our fellow classmates. After we spoke, I called upon a Representative from every year group to come forward and plant a pledge into the Fernan Fields. This was KRB as a school standing forward and taking action. A few of the younger Indigenous students also went around to classes and got everyone to put their fingerprints onto a canvas. This just shows who we are as a school community, taking action on this year’s reconciliation to make change, and acknowledges the wrongdoings of the past. This year was so important to all the indigenous community as it was the 20th year of Reconciliation Australia so we tried really hard to make this week memorable for all students and staff, so the whole community could really get to understand what it means to us. It is so important that KRB as a school recognises Reconciliation Week as that they understand what has happened in the past and can now start to take action in many different ways. Bella Carroll Year 11 student
Aflatoxins in Coconut oil Aflatoxins in Coconut oil 13 April 2021 02:17 am Edible vegetable oils are an important component of the Sri Lankan diet. They are widely used to frying or temper during cooking or used in food processing industries. Coconut oil is the most widely used vegetable oil in Sri Lanka. According to Central Bank statistics 2019, Sri Lanka produced around 44,648 metric tons of coconut oil mainly for domestic consumption. The annual requirement of coconut oil for domestic and industrial purposes is about 180,000 metric tons (CDA statistics) and has to be imported to meet the demand. The coconut oil that imports to Sri Lanka come as crude or unrefined oil due to lower price and import tariff. What are Aflatoxins? Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi named Aspergillus flavus, A. parasitics and A. nomius and the most important mycotoxins with regard to the occurrence, toxicity, and impact on human health and trade. These fungi may infect and proliferate on a broad range of agricultural commodities, including copra, peanuts, corn, cottonseeds, sorghum, tree nuts, cocoa beans, spices, and rice resulting in the production of aflatoxins. (Internet images) Aflatoxins were first discovered in the early 1960s after more than thousands of turkeys in England died of poisoning from mould-contaminated Brazilian groundnut meal. Fungi or moulds are the main cause for spoilage and deterioration of food and feed crops. The fungi grow readily in tropical and subtropical conditions, with ambient temperature, moisture content and improper post-harvest practices. Fungi can infect crops in many stages; when the crop is in the field, while harvesting, transportation or storage. Cereals, cotton seeds, peanuts and tree nuts are reported to be the most highly infected food products due to improper drying and storage. The fungal genus Aspergillus has more than 200 species but it is reported only less than 20 of them produce aflatoxins. Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus are two species that produce toxic aflatoxins contaminating a wide range of food and stored grains that affect human health. Aflatoxin is produced at a temperature of 12-40 0C and requires 3-18% moisture. Out of about 20 aflatoxins identified, mainly B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), G2 (AFG2) and M1 (AFM1) are of public health importance. Aspergillus flavus mainly found in soil, corn, cotton seeds and tree nuts produce only B group aflatoxins whereas A. parasiticus in peanuts, produces aflatoxin B and G. Aflatoxin M1 is produced in the liver of animals following ingestion of high levels of aflatoxin B1 through animal feed, and it may be excreted in the milk and urine of animals. By consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated milk and milk-based products, aflatoxins M1 could indirectly enter to the human body. Aflatoxin B1 is reported to be the most potent and abundant toxin and classified as a class 1 carcinogen for humans. (Internet images) In the process of manufacturing coconut oil, the fresh coconut kernel, which contains a high percentage of water and oil is sun-dried and then subject to hot air curing to produce copra with a moisture content of less than 6%. During the drying process of coconut to get copra and storage, due to less hygienic practices, Aspergillus fungi can grow and produce aflatoxins. Figure 4: Chemical structures of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 Aflatoxins are difuranocoumarin derivatives with a bifuran group attached to one side of the coumarin nucleus, while a cyclopentanone ring (group B) or δ-lactone ring (group G) is attached to the other side. Aflatoxins are innately fluorescent compounds. They are named due to the colour they emit, AFB1 and AFB2 emit blue fluorescence and AFG1 and AFG2 green fluorescence. What are the health effects of aflatoxins? Humans can be exposed to aflatoxins by consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods. It is recorded that inhalation of AFB1 contaminated dust particles may increase the risk of getting lung cancer. It has been reported that long term consumption of aflatoxins contaminated foods, can cause aflatoxicosis, which is toxic hepatitis leading to jaundice and in severe cases, death. Aflatoxins mainly target the liver and chronic aflatoxicosis causes liver cancer, immune suppression and birth defects by the toxic effect on the embryo or fetus. Although AFM1 is less carcinogenic, it exhibits high genotoxic activity in both humans and animals. Prevention and Decontamination of aflatoxins in edible oils Proper pre-harvest and post-harvest handling are the easiest methods to prevent mould formation in crops, cereals and nuts, which will prevent the formation of aflatoxins. The toxicity of aflatoxins and their impact on food security, human and animal health led to many studies on decontaminating it from foods. Aflatoxins are highly heat stable and difficult to eliminate by conventional thermal treatments. Several physical (UV and gamma irradiation, microwaving, pulse light, absorbance), biological (using yeast and bacterial cells and enzymes) and chemical (Ozone, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium bisalphate, Hydrogen peroxide) techniques have been used for effective control and management of aflatoxins in foods. The process of alkali refining of crude vegetable oils with Sodium Hydroxide followed by washing with water and bleaching reduces the aflatoxins levels. How Aflatoxins are detected? Once the food commodity is contaminated with aflatoxin or any other contaminant, accurate assessment needs to be carried out to detect the level of contamination. There are many methods such as Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and LC-MS-MS used to detect the levels of aflatoxin contamination. Maximum permissible levels for aflatoxins in food and animal feed has been decided by regulatory bodies of the country. Total Aflatoxins ( mg/kg) Cereal and Cereal Products Maize and Rice Nuts for furthering processing Ready to eat nuts Dried fruits Oilseeds and oil seeds for further processing In 1960, Dr W R N Nathanael from Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila first reported the contamination of copra with fungi Aspergillus causing considerable loss and depreciation in the yield of coconut oil. Further studies by Prof. S N Arusecularatne, Dr U Samarajeewa and their research teams in 1970s and 1980s and recent study by Nuwan B Karunaratne and the research group, had reported the aflatoxin contamination in coconut products and coconut oil. Sri Lanka should adhere to limit given by Sri Lanka Standard Institute and according to SLS 32:2017 for Specification for Coconut oil, the product shall not exceed the level 5.0 mg/kg for aflatoxins AFB1 and 10.0 mg/kg for total aflatoxin. Figure 5: LC-MS-MS Industrial Technology Institute (ITI) with its experience and qualified scientists and high-end instruments are always ready to assist with any national issues. ITI has been engaged in aflatoxin testing in the different matrices such as food, spices, cereals, tea, milk, coconut oil etc. using TLC and HPLC for many years. Currently, the tests for aflatoxins are carried out using the LC-MS-MS producing more accurate and consistent results and enabling much lower aflatoxin detection limits. ITI issues many test reports monthly, on aflatoxins on the requests from the respective industries. Industrial Technology Institute 363, Bauddhaloka Mawatha Colombo 7
Skip to content ↓ Year 4 Year 4 is in the middle of Key Stage Two. As they are now in the upper half of the Junior Department, Year 4 pupils are expected to become more responsible and independent.  Three Year 4 girls will be selected to be ‘House Captains’ and another three will be selected to be ‘Sports Captains’ each term, based upon their qualities as role models. During the year, we hope that Year 4 will join Year 5 to participate in a team-building trip, involving outdoor challenges or a residential experience.  Year 4 pupils are taught mainly by their class teacher but are taught more lessons by different teachers every year in preparation for the Senior School.  Examples of our Knowledge Rich Projects include: Invasion (History) Your daughter will explore the effects of the Roman withdrawal and the chronology and geography of subsequent invasions. They will study the Anglo-Saxons and Vikings in detail, examining their reasons for invading, their settlements and their everyday life. Your daughter will also look at monasteries and the Anglo-Saxon legacy. They will consider how we know about life in this period and investigate the Sutton Hoo ship burial. They will learn about Athelstan, an Anglo-Saxon king, and what happened after his death, before ending the project by learning about the Norman invasion of 1066. Interconnected World (Geography) This essential skills and knowledge project teaches children about compass points and four and six-figure grid references. They learn about the tropics and the countries, climates and culture of North and South America. Children identify physical features in the United Kingdom and learn about the National Rail and canal networks. They conduct an enquiry to prove a hypothesis, gathering data from maps and surveys before drawing conclusions. Sound (Science) This project teaches children about sound and how sounds are made and travel as vibrations through a medium to the ear. They learn about pitch and volume and find out how both can be changed. Tomb Builders (Design and technology) This project teaches children about simple machines, including wheels, axles, inclined planes, pulleys and levers, exploring how they helped ancient builders to lift and move heavy loads. Warp and Weft (Art and Design) This project teaches children about the artform of weaving and how it has developed over time, including the materials and techniques required to create woven patterns and products.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition characterised by the accumulation of fat in the cells of the liver which as the name suggests, is not attributable to alcohol; rather, other dietary and lifestyle factors. Worryingly, the age of diagnosis is gradually decreasing with even teenagers and children being diagnosed with this condition. If NAFLD Is left untreated, it can lead to the development of NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis)- a more advanced form of liver disease whereby inflammation and hardening of the liver cells are additional features. Eventually, these can all lead to liver cirrhosis where the liver becomes scarred and unable to function properly, in addition to increasing the risk of liver cancer. This will be a huge problem since the liver plays very important roles in most of the processes involved in the body. This disease is becoming increasingly prevalent in the UK and the main cause appears to be lifestyle factors, such as diet and physical activity. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is still not completely understood, however we do know that by removing the root cause and giving the liver the opportunity to repair itself can be of great benefit. If you have been diagnosed with NAFLD, the following lifestyle changes are key to begin reversing this condition. 1) Weight The evidence regarding weight and fatty liver is clear. The more fat you carry around your abdomen, the more visceral fat you will have, leading to a greatly enlarged liver. Several studies have shown that a 5-10% decrease in body weight can help to control and, in some instances, reverse NAFLD. It is advised that any weight loss is gradual (0.5-1kg) in order for weight loss to be sustainable and changes to become permanent. Working with a dietitian can help guide you toward adopting healthier eating practices. 2) Saturated fat Studies have shown that the primary factor which influences the development of NAFLD is being in a calorie surplus and gaining weight, regardless of the macronutrient profile of the diet. However, when a person is no longer in a calorie surplus, then the difference in type of fats consumed can play a role in promoting fat accumulation in the liver. Studies suggest that a diet high in saturated fat can lead to liver fat accumulation to a greater extent than a diet higher in poly-unsaturated or mono-unsaturated fats. The latter two fats are thought to have protective roles against liver fat. When it comes to saturated fat, people should be encouraged to have less than 10% total energy intake per day, in keeping with general healthy eating guidelines. Saturated fat is found in butter, coconut oil, lard, pastries, the visible fat on meat and fried foods. Sources of poly and mono-unsaturated fats include vegetable oils, olive oil, fish, avocado, nuts and seeds 3) Sugar Fat in your liver doesn’t just come from eating fat. There is a process in our body called de novo lipogenesis (DNL) whereby the liver synthesises fatty acids from non-fat sources; this is primarily from consuming too much carbohydrate, particularly free sugars. In healthy people who do not have NAFLD, this contribution is relatively small (at about 5%). However, in people who have NAFLD, this process is substantially increased and may be up to 22-24%. In recent years, fructose has attracted much attention as being the leading free sugar causing fat in the liver. Interestingly, in overfeeding studies (whereby participants consume more calories than needed), no difference is seen between fructose and any other sugar in increasing the level of fat accumulation. Therefore, it appears that the increase in liver fat comes from overconsuming calories and the associated weight gain, not the actual sugar itself per se. Since we tend to overconsume sugar in general, it is a good idea to reduce the intake of high sugar foods in order to avoid being in an overfed state which can lead to DNL . 4) Specific nutrients of interest When it comes to NAFLD, there are a few nutrients that have been looked at that may play roles in reducing the liver fat: Vitamin E, omega 3 and garlic supplements. Oily Fish and Fish oils In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the health benefit of fish and fish oils, due to their omega 3 fatty acid content. Since omega 3 has been shown to reduce blood lipid levels, it has been theorised that it can also help to reduce liver fat and lower the associated liver inflammation. Different studies have used varying doses (1-3g) of omega 3 supplementation and the findings have been inconsistent. Some studies did show a therapeutic benefit such as improved liver enzyme levels and reduction in the inflammation of the liver. In contrast, other studies did not show any promising benefits. In view of this, it is prudent to advise that patients with NAFLD should aim to have 2-3 portions of oily fish weekly and if they cannot tolerate, then an omega 3 supplement of 1-2g per day is unlikely to cause harm. Be aware that higher doses of more than 3g have been shown to reduce the effectiveness of blood thinner medication so it’s a good idea to have a chat with your GP if you are taking any blood thinners. Vitamin E A number of small studies have looked at vitamin E supplementation and reduction of liver fat. Patients were given doses between 300-800IU and the findings from these studies were inconclusive. Two studies with much higher doses- up to 1000IU per day did show significant improvements in liver fat. Due to the conflicting results and data that suggests that high doses of vitamin E (more than 400IU/day) may increase the risk of stroke and all-cause mortality, vitamin E is currently not recommended as a treatment option. Garlic Supplement There is limited research to suggest that garlic can help reduce fat in the liver. The literature has shown that a dose of 800mg/day can be effective. However, since only one clinical trial has specifically looked at the effectiveness of garlic supplementation in NAFLD, more research is needed before we can conclusively say that garlic supplementation is indeed effective. Additionally, the trial had a small number of participants and the stage of their NAFLD was severe, thus making it difficult to extend this general advice to all people with NAFLD. However, no adverse effects were reported. And there you have some guidelines to help guide you with which areas of nutrition you may need to work on if you have recently been diagnosed with NAFLD. If you feel that you need some more tailored advice, don’t hesitate to reach out to me and request a free discovery call!
This article is based on a description in The Diaries of Lewis Carroll (1954). The actual game of Croquet is played on a lawn by two or more people, hitting balls across the ground with mallets. The players construct a course beforehand, consisting of wire hoops through which each player needs to hit his ball in order. The first player to hit his ball through the hoops in the proper order and then hit the wooden peg at the end of the course is the winner. The game Arithmetical Croquet was invented by Lewis Carroll as a mental game which one could easily play without any equipment (e.g., sitting on a beach or taking a walk). It is loosely based on an imaginary croquet course laid out in a straight line along the number line. There is a hoop at each multiple of ten (10, 20, ...) and the winning peg at 100. The position of each player's imaginary ball is represented by a number and play proceeds from left to right increasing along the number line toward 100. 1. The first player names a positive integer not greater than 8; the second does the same. The first then names a higher number, not advancing more than 8 beyond his last, and so on alternately. Whoever names 100, which is the 'winning peg', wins the game. 2. The numbers 10, 20, etc. are the 'hoops'. To 'take' a hoop, a player must go, from a number below it, to one the same distance above it. For example, to go from 17 to 23 would 'take' the hoop 20, but to go to any other number above 20 would 'miss it' and would be considered an illegal move. 3. It is also lawful to 'take' a hoop by playing 'into' it, in one turn, and out of it, to the same distance above it in the next turn: e.g. to play from 17 to 20, and then from 20 to 23 in the next turn, would 'take' the hoop 20. A player 'in' a hoop may not play out of it with any other than the number so ordered. 4. Whatever step one player takes, bars the other from taking an equal step, or the difference between it and 9. For example, if one player advances 2, the other may not advance 2 or 7. But a player has no 'barring' power when 'in' a hoop, or when at any number between 90 and 100, unless the other player is also at such a number. 5. The 'winning peg' may be 'missed' once. Once past 100, play proceeds in the opposite direction with the player decreasing his number according to the same rules as above. Missing the 'peg' twice loses the game. 6. When one player is 'in' a hoop, the other can keep him in, by playing the number his opponent needs for coming out, so as to bar him from using it. He can also do it by playing the difference between this and 9. And he may thus go on playing the two barring numbers alternately, but he may not play either twice running. For example, if one player has gone from 17 to 20, the other can keep him in by playing 3, 6, 3, 6, etc.
Nutritional Eating About Nutritional Guidelines: Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins <a href=Cholesterol Diet Diabetes Control And Healthy Food Nutritional Eating For Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction For Old People Conceptsenior Woman Holding Apples Super Fruit Stock Photo - Download Image Now - iStock"/>Don't forget, our FREE seminar on Nutritional Eating Tips and Tools is this Saturday at 10amAnyone is welcome to co… - Healthy choices, Healthy options, Nutrition The Nutrition Needs of Senior Citizens - Everyday HealthHealthy Eating for a Healthy Weight - Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity - CDC What Does Nutrition: Tips for Improving Your Health - Mean? U.S. Department of Health & Person Providers Get resources to assist you consume a healthy Diet with veggies, fruits, protein, grains, and dairy foods. Get This Report about Healthy Eating During Adolescence - Johns Hopkins Medicine A diet plan abundant in vegetables and fruits has been scientifically proven to provide various health advantages, such as minimizing your danger of numerous chronic diseases and keeping your body healthy. Nevertheless, making major modifications to your diet can in some cases appear very frustrating. Instead of making huge changes, it may be better to start with a couple of smaller sized ones. This post talks about 25 small modifications that can make a routine diet plan a bit healthier. Just remember you do not need to attempt to do them simultaneously. Rather, you might want to include these changes into your life in time. The speed at which you eat affects how much you consume, as well as how likely you are to get weight. Top Guidelines Of What science says about the best way to eat (and what we're Your appetite, just how much you eat, and how complete you get are all controlled by hormones. Hormones signal to your brain whether you're hungry or full. However, it takes about 20 minutes for your brain to get these messages. That's why consuming more gradually may provide your brain the time it needs to view that you're complete. Eating slowly is likewise connected to more thorough chewing, which has likewise been linked to improved weight control (, ). So, simply consuming slower and chewing more often might assist you consume less. You can quickly make your diet plan a bit healthier by selecting whole grain bread in location of standard refined grain bread. Getting My Nutrition and Food - Penn State Extension To Work Whole grains, on the other hand, have actually been linked to a range of health advantages, including a decreased threat of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer (,, ). They're likewise a good source of: fiber, B vitaminsminerals such as zinc, iron, magnesium, and manganese. There are lots of ranges of whole grain bread available, and a number of them even taste much better than improved bread. It's also more suitable that the bread includes entire seeds or grains.Greek yogurt(or Greek-style yogurt) is thicker and creamier than routine yogurt. It has actually been strained to remove its excess whey, which is the watery part of milk. This leads to an end product that's higher in fat and protein than routine yogurt. Just change some snacks or routine yogurt.
Karwa Chauth Karwa Chauth is an annual one-day festival that honors the Hindu god Shiva and goddess Parvati. It occurs on the fourth day after the full moon in the Hindu month of Kartik, which is usually in October. Goddess Parvati & Lord Shiva This festival honors the Hindu god Shiva and goddess Parvati. ©iStockphoto.com/kolluru ashok What Do People Do? Many married Hindu women begin a long and strict fast before sunrise and end after worshipping the Moon. They often wake up early in the morning, wear new and festive attire, and apply henna and other cosmetics to themselves. Karwa Chauth is an occasion where people gather and socialize with friends and family, exchange gifts and share home-cooked meals. It is a time for mothers to bless their married daughters and give them gifts. Unfortunately, virgins and widows are not allowed to participate in the celebrations. In the evening, a community women-only ceremony is held where women wear their best clothing and jewelry, and some in their wedding dresses. The women sit in a circle with their puja thalis and a version of the story of Karva Chauth is narrated with occasional pauses for singing. When the ceremony is complete, many wait for the Moonrise and then view its reflection in a vessel filled with water with their husband. Public Life Karwa Chauth is not a public holiday in India but is mostly observed in North India and in parts of Pakistan. It is not a nationwide public holiday in countries such as Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Karwa Chauth is an important festival to all Hindu married women because they believe that it will ensure prosperity, longevity, and the well-being of their husbands. There are many legends that are associated with Karwa Chauth but all contain the underlying concept that if a woman observes the fast of Karwa Chauth, they will be able to overcome their problems and ensure the safety and well-being of their husbands. Henna application is an old tradition that symbolizes luck and prosperity. It is believed that if a woman gets dark color from the henna, she will receive a lot of love and caring from her groom. The gift exchanges reflect the joy and happiness of a married life.
Inter thread communication in Java Communication Java Thread Inter thread communication in Java Inter thread communication in Java or cooperation is the process of coordinating the communication between the synchronized threads. This means, when a new thread wants to enter the critical section, it pauses the currently executing thread to allow the new thread. In this way, if the synchronized threads cooperate with each other, it reduces the risk of a deadlock situation. We can implement inter-thread communication using the wait, notify, and notifyAll methods of the Object class. Now, let’s see in detail each method below. wait method The wait() method pauses the current thread execution and waits until the time elapses or another thread invokes the notify() or notifyAll() method. We can invoke the wait() method only within the synchronized method or synchronized block since the thread must own the monitor, else it will throw an exception. Once it calls the wait() method, it releases the current lock monitor. public final void wait(long milliseconds) throws InterruptedException What is a monitor Whenever a synchronized thread wants to access a shared resource, it acquires a lock and enters the monitor. At a time, only one thread can own a monitor. The other threads need to wait until the first thread releases the monitor. notify method The notify method awakes the thread that called the wait method on the same resource. This causes the thread that was sleeping to resume its execution. If there were multiple threads in the wait state for the same shared resource, then it notifies any one of them. public final void notify() notifyAll method The notifyAll method awakes all the threads that call the wait method on the same resource. If there are multiple threads, then it wakes up the highest priority thread. public final void notifyAll() Example of inter-thread communication in Java Below is an example that helps you to understand how to implement inter-thread communication in java using wait, notify, and notifyAll methods. class Stock { int qty = 15; synchronized void purchaseStock(int quantity) { System.out.println("Purchase stock"); if(this.qty < quantity) { System.out.println("Insufficient quantity available"); try { catch(Exception e) { this.qty = this.qty - quantity; System.out.println("Purchase stock completed"); synchronized void addStock(int quantity) { System.out.println("Adding Product stock"); this.qty = this.qty + quantity; System.out.println("Add stock completed"); public class InterThreadDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { Stock s = new Stock(); new Thread() { public void run() { new Thread() { public void run() { Purchase stock Insufficient quantity available Adding Product stock Add stock completed Purchase stock completed Let us understand the above example in detail. See also How to sort an array in Java When the first thread calls the purchaseStock() method, it acquires the lock and checks if the required quantity is available in the stock. Since the requested quantity(which is 20) is lesser than the available quantity( which is 15), it calls the wait() method. Now it releases the lock and starts the second thread since the first thread is in the wait state. The second thread calls the addStock() method which adds the required quantity to the available stock and then invokes the notify() method. The notify() method wakes up the first thread that had called the wait() method and resumes the execution. Now, since the required stock is available, it decreases the requested quantity and updates the available stock, and completes the execution. Inter thread communication in JavaPin Difference between wait and sleep Though wait and sleep methods perform more or less the same operation, there are some differences as below. Belongs to the Object classBelongs to the Thread class It is a non-static methodIt is a static method Wait operation is interrupted by notify or notifyAll methodsSleep operation is interrupted after a specified timeout It releases lock when wait method is calledIt does not release or own any lock
Subject Verb Agreement Notes For Class 6 The ability to find the right topic and verb will help you correct the errors of the subject verb agreement. A. Directions: Use the current form of the verb in parentheses, which correspond in number to theme. Example: Rule 1: A subject will be in front of a sentence beginning with. It is a key rule for understanding the subjects. The word is the culprit in many, perhaps most, subject-verb-error. 12. No one knows how difficult it is to get first place. (Don`t use a singular verb after anyone) The fundamental rule of subject-verb concord is that a singular subject (the doer of an action spoken of in the sentence) always adopts a singular verb (the action performed in the sentence), while a plural subject always adopts a plural verb. Example: The list of items is on the desktop. If you know that the list is the topic, then choose for the verb. 2. For other irregular verbs, the past is simply the same as the participatory past (but different from the infinitive). For example, tell me, can you tell me about Sharan? She told me to come back the next day. (simple past) Did you tell anyone if you can change schools? (the past party – the present is perfect) I was told to come back the next day (the participatory past – passive) To have and have The Word have and have to say what people own or own. They are also used to talk about things that people do or receive, such as diseases. These words are the simple form of the present of the verb to have. Rule 8: With words that indicate parts (z.B. a quantity, a majority, one, a whole – Rule 1, which was given above in this section, is reversed, and we are directed after the No. If the name is singular, use a singular verb. If it`s plural. We use a plural verb. Questions 1. Choose the correct form of the verb that matches the theme. Subject-verb contract If you write a sentence, you need to make sure the subject and verb match. If the subject is a single name, or pronoune him, she or her, you need a singular verb. Use a plural verb if the subject is a plural noun, or the pronoun us, you or her. Collective nouns can be used with singular or plural verbs. If the members of the group all act together as one, use a singular verb. If group members act as individuals, use a plural verb. What and the goods The verbs were and were also forms of verb. What is the simple past of tender and is. The use was with the pronouns I, him, her and her, and with singu-lar Substantive. What is the simple past sen. The use were with the pronouns you, us and them, and with plural nouns. Here are the basic rules of the verb-subject agreement. We will use the standard to highlight themes once and verbs twice. Tags: Class 6 English Grammar worksheetssubject verb agreement rulessubject verb agreement worksheet Rule 3: The verb in an or, either/or, or neither/nor sentence agrees with the noun or pronoun closest to it. Examples (ii) May, must, must and must have and should not be “s” to sing or plural. What the Lord will ask, the servant will do.
The Importance of Mobility and Mobility Training By: Becky Bujwit, PT, DPT, SCS The term mobility is frequently used these days, but what does it mean? Mobility refers to how well you can move your body through a range of motion. It encompasses muscle strength, range of motion, and endurance capacity. With good mobility, you will be able to move efficiently with little to no restrictions which thus limits the likeliness of injuring yourself. The American Council of Exercise (ACE) calls mobility the cornerstone of fitness, which allows the body to move correctly. Without mobility, your posture becomes compromised and your body begins to move improperly. When this occurs your risk of pain and injury increases significantly. Actively working on mobility is called mobility training. There are several benefits to performing mobility training. It helps to prepare the body for the stress of training, helps to reduce the risk of injury, and it improves range of motion. As we begin to move and warm up our body, blood flow increases to our muscles which helps to prepare the muscles to work. Synovial fluid, the fluid in our joints that helps them to glide freely, is carried to the joints as well. These benefits are important to help prevent injuries while performing your sport or workout by allowing for improved form and technique. Mobility training can be performed many ways: foam rolling, using a massage stick, stretching, doing body weight movements, and massage guns are some of the ways that you can improve your overall mobility. One isn’t necessarily better than the other, all of them have their own benefits. The best thing is that when performed correctly they all result in a positive outcome, increased mobility and range of motion. The most popular form is foam rolling. It involves rolling your muscles up and down on a roll of foam. It typically is uncomfortable or even painful, but that can mean you need to be doing it even more. The more frequently one performs mobility, the less painful it will become. Below is an example of rolling out your quadriceps and hamstrings. Another form similar to foam rolling is using a massage stick. The massage stick is typically less painful and a little easier to use, but it might not be as effective as foam rolling. Below is an example of using a massage stick on your quadriceps. The final option in this category is the use of a new piece of technology, a massage gun. These are more expensive but very popular. The gun uses vibration and pressure to help loosen up the muscles. It is also an effective way to improve one’s mobility. You can also use body weight to perform movements to improve your mobility prior to a workout as well. These are best done after you have performed other mobility work. Below is one example of the many different movements that can be performed. This movement targets hamstrings, knees, ankles, and quadriceps. There are many other ways and many other devices out there to help you achieve improved mobility. The important thing is to incorporate it into your life, particularly before your workouts to help improve your maximum potential and prevent injuries!
Aura With Headache Typical migraine aura is a short-lived sensory experience coming before or during migraine and experienced by about 1/4 of all migraineurs. The experience can be visual, sensory, or result in problems with speaking or word finding. Typical visual changes are seeing spots, zigzags or crescents, flashes of light, or losing sight partially or fully, with any one of these lasting between 5 minutes and one hour. The symptoms, when they first occur, can be alarming. However, usually, typical migraine aura is a recurring and completely reversible phenomenon that heralds the onset of a migraine. Those affected sometimes use the aura symptoms as a signal for effective early treatment of the headache. There are treatments that can reduce the intensity or frequency of aura, and many times, the migraine itself can be improved by treating the aura. Visual changes are the most common form of aura, occurring in more than 90% of those migraineurs with aura. There can be spots, either colored or dark, circles increasing in size, zigzags, or crescent shapes, and light or dark alterations of vision. It is not uncommon to experience tunnel-like vision such that the sides of the visual field are darkened. When people see zigzags or crescents, this is termed a “positive” visual phenomenon. When people simply lose vision and see only black or dark, this is termed a “negative” phenomenon. The zigzags often assume the shape of forts from the Middle Ages and are referred to as “zigzag fortification spectra.” The shimmering that occurs in aura when vision is obscured is referred to as a “scintillating scotoma,” where a scotoma is a blind spot in vision. Sensory changes are the second most frequent form of typical migraine aura. These may consist of tingling or numbness on one side of the face, body, or tongue. Usually, the sensation change begins in the fingers and moves up the arm and then up to the chin and tongue in what is called a “cheiro-oral” aura. A third form of typical aura results in problems with speech or language, such as being temporarily unable to speak, slurred speech, being unable to find the right word, or using the wrong word to express an idea. All 3 common types of aura, and different symptoms within each type of aura, are considered typical if any one of them lasts less than an hour. Typical aura is not accompanied by actual weakness of the affected area, although sometimes migraineurs confuse extreme numbness as weakness. True weakness, such as being unable to lift an arm, is attributed to a more rare form of migraine aura, hemiplegic migraine. Aura is caused by a firing of nerves in the brain that serves a particular function. For example, a visual aura is caused by nerves firing in the visual cortex of the brain and is associated with a big increase in blood flow to serve the activated nerves. When the firing is complete, the nerves become quiet, and the blood flow drops because the nerves are no longer firing. This period of decreased blood flow is referred to as “cortical spreading depression,” but aura is really a spreading activation, with the depression only occurring after the activation. One common misconception is that other symptoms signaling an impending migraine represent aura. These symptoms, called premonitory symptoms or prodrome, are indications that a migraine is probably in the offing, but they do not represent true migraine aura. Premonitory symptoms might be feeling irritable, tired, yawning, or having an unexplained change in mood. Some people will become very energetic, and others have trouble concentrating. Nausea, blurred vision, and neck symptoms are other common signs of early or impending migraine. While these symptoms do not represent aura, they can be useful warning signals to prepare for a migraine and institute possibly helpful measures such as drinking fluids, reducing stress, noise, or reducing excessive environmental stimuli. True aura can be treated. Magnesium (400-500 mg) is one low side effect medication that can be used either at the onset of aura or used daily to prevent aura. Vitamin B2 or riboflavin (200-400 mg) per day can be used preventively, with no significant side effects. Many standard migraine preventive drugs also appear effective in reducing aura, such as topiramate and certain antidepressants. Some medications that probably effectively prevent aura may not work as well in prevention of migraine without aura, such as lamotrigine and verapamil. A different class of medications, not commonly used for migraine prevention alone, has shown promise in the prevention of aura. Memantine blocks the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor in the brain and is believed to inhibit the spread of brain signaling that occurs with aura. Magnesium may also work by plugging the NMDA glutamate receptor. The risk of stroke in women with migraine without aura is likely not increased beyond that of non-migraineurs. The risk is estimated to increase up to twice normal if a woman does have aura, but this risk remains very low overall. Adding in estrogen-containing contraception raises the stroke risk 6-fold, and in migraineurs with aura who smoke and use estrogen containing contraceptives, the risk of stroke becomes considerable at 9 times the expected level. Use of progesterone-only contraceptives is not clearly linked to stroke. It is strongly recommended that those who have migraine with aura as well as tobacco dependence, at any age, cease smoking. In women with aura older than age 35, particular caution is advised in using estrogen-containing contraceptives or taking hormone replacement therapy because of this additional risk. When discussing contraceptive options, women should notify their gynecologist or primary care doctor if they have migraine with aura. Anyone whose aura worsens after using hormonal therapy will need to stop it. If aura is atypical, for instance if individual visual, sensory, or speech symptoms last longer than an hour, or there is accompanying weakness, hormonal contraception containing estrogen should not be used. Aura is a common accompaniment to migraine, occurring in about one-quarter of those with migraine. It usually follows an established pattern in any given migraineur. When recognized as typical, it can be treatable and even serve as an early warning to begin addressing the migraine before significant pain onset. With reasonable precautions, such as avoidance of smoking and judicious consideration of estrogen contraception, migraine with aura is a treatable problem seldom associated with complications. Deborah Tepper, MD Cleveland Clinic Headache Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
We live in a world of ever-increasing interdependence between nations, but of growing enmity between cultures and religions and social groups. A lack of knowledge about other traditions and beliefs can be the catalyst for antagonism between individuals and groups when forced to live in close proximity. The idea of social cohesion permits us to comprehend the associations between populaces. To be sure, the thought of union makes space for a common character of the host community and migrants inside a typical interaction of regional turn of events and hence appears to react better to the issues engaged with intercultural exchange. Social cohesion depends on the social capital of people, for example their capacity to cooperate with others to the advantage of society overall. This idea of social capital is not able to, in any case, disregard the political and social structures on which relations are situated in a given society: social, class, gender and race relations, the degree of social insurance, the political framework that characterizes and ensures the extent of rights, pluralism and regard. With respect to this, Anatolian Heritage Federation aims to promote enduring interfaith and intercultural corporation, tolerance and dialogue by sharing the differences and similarities in cultures in an effort to achieve global peace in the foreseeable future through its member organization Intercultural Dialogue Institute. The Institute aims to eliminate or reduce false stereotypes, prejudices and unjustified fears through direct human communication. By this mission IDI aims to contribute to improvement of diversity, pluralism and multiculturalism throughout Canada.
learning about blogging Word Count: Thsi article discusses the use of fun maths games to enhance learning. fun maths games, math, tutoring, learning, mathematics Article Body: Ever wonder how you could get your son or daughter to be more interested in math? Math is hard work, but with some fun maths games, you can capture their attention while they learn. So, how can you find some fun maths games? They are actually not very hard to find. If you look up math games on, for instance, many books will come up that have math games. Or, you can look up math game on the internet for free, and find many free resources for math games. There are online games, or games that you can read about and play at home with your child. So, what is the best way to incorporate them into your child’s study schedule? It is best to cover the basics first, but let him know that the game awaits him if he masters the subject. Positive reinforcement is a proven technique for children. By saving the fun maths games for the end, you’ll not only grab your child’s attention for learning math, but you’ll give him a reward that he’ll enjoy and benefit from. Here is an example of a challenging, but fun game. Jot down on a piece of paper the number 1-20. The game is then to, using the same number no more than 5 times and using any standard mathematical function, try to have that written number as the result. For example, if trying to get the number 1 with 5, 7’s, one may come up with1 = (7 7)/7 7/7. For 2, you may come up with (7 7)*7/7/7 = 2. Pretty simple at first, but it gets challenging later on. This and other fun maths games can be used to challenge children to use math in new and creative ways. There are other fun maths games that can help a child expand his mind or your mind. For example, a popular game called Sudoku is being played by many adults these days. The game is easy enough for kids, but can be challenging enough for adults to enjoy. Try, and you’ll be hooked! Leave a Comment This div height required for enabling the sticky sidebar
Emoji Names and Keywords CLDR collects short character names and keywords for Emoji characters and sequences. No Font support • It is often useful to view related languages to see how the emoji are handled. You can see the last release results at http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/annotations/index.html , or open up the survey tool in another window and pick another language. 1. Go to the page http://unicode.org/emoji/charts/full-emoji-list.html (you can leave this window open while you work on the emoji section). Many of the emoji names are constructed, which means that in implementations emoji, multiple parts are used to construct and add on to other emoji. These emoji that can be used as parts to add on are found in under Characters in the Survey Tool, under Component, People, and Category. Please review these carefully! 1. Characters\People contains three values which are used to construct emoji. 1. All of these have examples marked by an ⓔ in the English Column. 2. Hover over the ⓔ to see how some sample constructed emoji would look in English. FAQ Tips for character names and keywords • Buttonized category: Add the wording "button" • Emoji specific to a country/region: reflect the usage in your locale. • If the Japanese beginner symbol (🔰) represents something else in your locale, you should adjust the name to reflect that. If it has no known meaning in your locale, you could refer to it as "shoshinsha mark" to make the origin clear. • For the “flower playing cards” 🎴: For example, in Swedish, the name is “hanafuda-spelkort, which use the Japanese name “Hanafuda” the translation of the English descriptive name. • Mahjong red dragon 🀄: For example, in Swedish, the name is “mahjong röd drake”, which is a Chinese name with the literal translation of the English red dragon. • Kaaba 🕋: For example, in Swedish, the name is Kaba, based on Swedish wikipedia https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaba. • Sensitivities in your locale. For example: Short Character Names Goals for the short names collected in CLDR are: When voting on the emoji names and keywords: • Follow the middle of sentence rule. See Capitalization guideline. Unique Names Tips on how to handle unique names: • try one of the following: • Add "zodiac" to all the zodiac signs • Add a term to qualify the animal/bug There are different ways emoji may have gender. • No specific gender • smilies or human-form emoji where the gender is hidden, such as person fencing. • Specific gender 1. Singletons (eg man) such as business man levitating. 2. Pairs (man, woman) such as prince and princess. 3. Full triples (man, woman, gender-neutral) such as man detective, woman detective, and just detective (either one). For the full triples, we need three unique names: • X1 (=male only; no females) • X2 (=female only; no males) • X3 (=either male or female) Gender-neutral forms • The label you use for a gender-neutral form must apply to either men or women in that role, and must have a different name than the "man" version or "woman" version. • For example • German uses Feuerwehrmann for “fireman” (male fireman) and “Feuerwehrfrau” for ‘firewoman’ (female firefighter) • When you add a gender-neutral name, you may get an error because it collides with the male or female forms. Be sure to fix such error before leaving the page. • For example, you cannot add Feuerwehrmann as a name for ‘firefighter’ (gender neutral), because that would collide with Feuerwehrmann for ‘male fireman’. • If your language only normally has two terms (eg "student" and "studentă") then there are a couple of possibilities: • A. If the word "student" excludes females, and "studentă" excludes males, then you would use X1="student", X2="studentă", and then a phrase for X3 such as "student/studentă" (see below). • B. If the word "student" can mean either male or female, then you would use X2="studentă", X3="student", and a qualified phrase for X1 such as the translated equivalent of "male student". • Note: if the wording has to be awkward for one of the forms, it is probably better to use the awkward language for the gender-neutral form, eg X3. • When looking for possible gender-neutral forms Be sure to review the way in which this has been done for other cases in your language (and related languages) so that you are as consistent as possible. Character Keywords When picking keywords, remember the following goals: Keywords vote calculation 1. {small} : 4 votes 2. {big \| large} : 3 votes 3. {big \| large \| grand} : 3 votes 2. Keyword de-duplication: If one keyword phrase is covered by other keyword phrases, then it will be removed. For example, the set {big bad wolf \| big \| bad \| wolf} ⇒ {bad \| big \| wolf}. This will happen automatically as you enter values. 1. Note that the items in the set are also automatically alphabetized: {big \| bad \| wolf} ⇒ {bad \| big \| wolf} Keywords in Survey Tool view Background: Unicode Std. vs CLDR names Animal Faces

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