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Quick Answer: Can You Grow A Lychee Tree In A Pot? How do you grow lychee in a pot? Place Damp Sand in a Pot Fill a 5-inch diameter pot, which has drainage holes, with the damp sand. Plant the lychee seeds 1 inch deep in the sand, covering them with sand. Enclose the pot in a 1-gallon, clear, plastic bag. Zip the bag shut, or fasten it shut with a tie, such as a twist-tie. Is it hard to grow a lychee tree? Since the tree is subtropical, it can be grown in USDA zones 10-11 only. A beautiful specimen tree with its shiny leaves and attractive fruit, lychee thrives in deep, fertile, well-draining soil. They prefer an acidic soil of pH 5.0-5.5. When growing lychee trees, be sure to plant them in a protected area. How much space does a lychee tree need? If you have the land, the optimal spacing for a lychee tree is a 15′ radius from the center of the trunk in all directions. If you leave 10 or more feet access between rows this implies a row spacing of 40′. Do lychee trees need a lot of water? Water: Lychees need regular watering during the growing season. Soils with too much salt in them, especially in the Southwest require regular watering to prevent salt build-up. Lychees should not be in standing water, as it will stunt their growth. You might be interested: Question: Is There A Smudge Tool In Paint? How long does it take for lychee tree to produce fruit? As with every fruiting tree, the time must be right. Lychee trees don’t begin producing fruit for 3-5 years from planting – when grown from cuttings or grafting. Trees grown from seed, may take up to 10-15 years to fruit. So a lack of fruit may just mean the tree is too young. Is there a dwarf lychee tree? The Emperor Lychee Tree (Litchi chinensis ‘Emperor’) is a beautiful tropical dwarf tree that produces large, juicy fruit larger than that of the regular Lychee tree. Planting directions (in ground): Select an area of the landscape that does not flood, lychees grow best in well-draining soils. How do you grow a lychee tree? How to grow lychees in a garden 1. Choose a sunny spot with well drained soil. 2. If planting bare-rooted plants, remove plastic and soak roots in a bucket of water for 30 minutes prior to planting. 3. Dig a planting hole twice the width of the rootball and to the same depth. How big does a litchi tree grow? Here’s what it takes to produce this tasty subtropical fruit. The litchi is an evergreen tree up to 20m high and bearing fleshy fruits. How do you take care of a lychee tree? Litchi is a sub-tropical fruit and thrives best under moist sub-tropical climate. It usually prefers low elevation and can be grown up to an altitude of 800 m. (m.s.l.). Deep, well drained loamy soil, rich in organic matter and having pH in the range of 5.0 to 7.0 is ideal for the crop. You might be interested: Readers ask: What Is Glucose Simple? Do lychee trees fruit every year? Lychee trees grow in recurrent cycles of growth followed by periods of dormancy. Typically, a South Florida lychee tree will experience 4 – 6 annual growth flushes depending on the age and size of a tree. Do lychee trees have invasive roots? View All 3’s Edible Fruit Trees Without I have looked up on the invasiveness of lychee roots, I imagine, that they are classified as non-invasive and shallow, especially if it is a airlayered (marcotted) tree. It’s more the tree height and canopy size with limbs breaking who cause structure damage. Why is my lychee tree dying? Drought stress can cause dried out leaves and defoliation of lychee trees. Lychee growers recommend growing lychee in a full sun site with protection from wind. Though they will require deep watering during periods of drought, they are otherwise infrequently watered to allow them to grow their own deep, vigorous roots.
David L. Anderson’s Vietnamization: Politics, Strategy, Legacy offers a persuasive answer to an old question: Could the United States have won the Vietnam War if only American leaders had done more to bolster the South Vietnamese military during and after the withdrawal of U.S. forces? Over the years, numerous authors of have answered in the affirmative. If only Washington had done more to equip and train the South Vietnamese, goes the argument, the government in Saigon could have preserved its independence over the long run. Anderson rejects this contention in no uncertain terms. He delivers his argument via incisive analysis of “Vietnamization,” a cornerstone of U.S. policy embraced by Richard Nixon after he became president in January 1969. Mounting opposition to the war convinced Nixon that he must withdraw U.S. forces from Vietnam. And yet, notes Anderson, Nixon and his top foreign policy aide, Henry Kissinger, also believed that they could not simply abandon the fight. The solution was the “Vietnamization” of the war—the replacement of U.S. combat troops with beefed-up South Vietnamese forces. Vietnamization was, Anderson argues, a political success for Nixon. Expansion of South Vietnamese forces meant that the administration could plausibly claim it had a plan for victory even as U.S. troops went home. In strategic terms, however, Anderson argues that Vietnamization was a total failure. Although the Nixon administration pumped vast resources into South Vietnam, Saigon’s military stood no chance of staving off defeat once U.S. forces had left. Anderson’s explanation of this failure hits some points that will be familiar to readers versed in the history of the war. With admirable concision, the book argues that South Vietnamese armed forces, like the Saigon regime more generally, suffered from poor leadership, rampant corruption, indifference among the general population, and the taint of dependence on foreigners. But Anderson adds valuable nuances by demonstrating the unsurmountable challenges that confronted South Vietnamese personnel charged with quickly learning technical and specialized tasks that had been carried out by highly trained Americans. In making the latter point, Anderson relies partly on an autobiographical chapter narrating his experiences in Vietnam as a sergeant in the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1970. Breaking from the dense prose that prevails elsewhere in the book, Anderson colorfully relates his frustrations with the language barriers that separated him from his South Vietnamese counterparts at a time when the two militaries needed to work closely. He also shares his dawning awareness that South Vietnamese personnel would need as much as eight to ten years to grasp the complexities of communications equipment provided by the United States, far more than the brief period allowed by the Nixon administration, to create a fully capable force. Another highlight of the book is Anderson’s final chapter, which deftly compares American failures to create robust state institutions in Vietnam with more recent missteps in Iraq and Afghanistan. In all three places, Anderson contends, Americans ignored formidable political, cultural, and historical realities and saddled themselves with impossible challenges. Mark Atwood Lawrence University of Texas at Austin
Question: Can Anxiety Cause Tics? When should I go to the doctor for a tic? How can I calm my anxiety tics? There are some simple things you can do that may help to improve your or your child’s tics.avoid stress, anxiety and boredom – for example, try to find a relaxing and enjoyable activity to do (such as sport or a hobby). … avoid becoming too tired – try to get a good night’s sleep whenever possible.More items… How do you stop a tic? While you can’t cure tics, you can take some easy steps to lessen their impact:Don’t focus on it. If you know you have a tic, forget about it. … Try to avoid stress-filled situations as much as you can — stress only makes tics worse.Get enough sleep. Being tired can makes tics worse. … Let it out! … A tic? What can trigger tics? Can you have tics without Tourette’s? All kids who have Tourette syndrome have tics — but a person can have tics without having Tourette syndrome. Some health conditions and medicine, for instance, can cause tics. And many kids have tics that disappear on their own in a few months or a year. So, it’s important for doctors to know what’s causing the tics. What are tics a sign of? It’s not clear what causes tics. They’re thought to be due to changes in the parts of the brain that control movement. They can run in families, and there’s likely to be a genetic cause in many cases. They also often happen alongside other conditions, such as: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Can anxiety tics be verbal? What are anxious tics? Tics are often confused with nervous behavior. They intensify during periods of stress and don’t happen during sleep. Tics occur repeatedly, but they don’t usually have a rhythm. People with tics may uncontrollably raise their eyebrows, shrug their shoulders, flare their nostrils, or clench their fists. Are tics a mental illness? Tic disorders are defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) based on type (motor or phonic) and duration of tics (sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic movements). Tic disorders are defined similarly by the World Health Organization (ICD-10 codes). What vitamins help with tics? Why do tics stop?
Ulithi is a large atoll in western Micronesia. The indigenous religion of Ulithi included a pantheon of sky gods, including a supreme god called I'aluep, the 'Big Spirit' or 'Great Spirit'. However, these gods were considered remote, and deified spirits of the dead were ritually more important. Most of the population of Ulithi converted to Roman Catholicism in the 1930s and 1940s.
What kind of diseases can you get from smoking? What kind of diseases can you get from smoking? Smoking can cause lung disease by damaging your airways and the small air sacs (alveoli) found in your lungs.1,2. Lung diseases caused by smoking include COPD, which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.1,2. What are some of the health effects of smoking? How is smoking related to chronic respiratory diseases? makes chronic lung diseases more severe; and increases the risk for respiratory infections. Genetic factors make some people more susceptible to lung disease from smoking. Although the lung has ways to protect itself from injury by inhaled agents, these defenses are overwhelmed when cigarette smoke is inhaled repeatedly over time. Which is the most common cause of death from smoking? More people die from lung cancer than any other type of cancer. Cigarette smoking is the number one risk factor for lung cancer; it’s responsible for 87% of lung cancer deaths. Your chance of still being alive five years after being diagnosed is less than 1 in 5. 2. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) What kind of diseases can you catch by smoking? 12 Diseases Caused by Smoking \| Infographic Lung Cancer. Smoking dramatically increases your chances of developing lung cancer. COPD. Smoking is the cause of 9 in 10 COPD related deaths. Heart Disease. Stroke. Aortic Aneurysm. Oropharyngeal Cancer. Esophageal Cancer. Cataracts. Type 2 Diabetes. Rheumatoid Arthritis. What illnesses are caused from smoking cigarettes? Stroke. Smoking doubles the risk of stroke. According to the National Stroke Association, smoking causes a lack of oxygen in the blood and makes the heart work harder. What respiratory diseases are associated by smoking? Smoking affects the lungs in numerous ways, and can be classified under the following headings: smoking related-interstitial lung diseases (SR-ILD) respiratory bronchiolitis (RB) respiratory bronchiolitis-ILD (RB-ILD) desquamative interstitial pneumonitis (DIP) pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) other acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) neoplasms lung cancer tracheal tumors What causes more deaths, smoking or drinking?
Dai Edwards: the first stored program computer Dai Edwards discusses the Manchester Baby computer, the world's first stored program computer. Now at that time there was computing on the ENIAC in the States, which was a very large machine, 18,000 valves. Its memory was on punch cards, so obviously the access to it was very slow and things. And whilst that could provide the data in and the data out, the programme had to be set up by setting switches on the various units and connecting cables. And depending on the complexity of the problem and getting the connections all right, this could take days if it was simple, but obviously up to weeks if it was much more difficult. So the idea of the cathode ray tube store was when your program were right and you introduced them, you just had to feed the information into the memory, the computer would obey it. Shortly afterwards you could replace that program with another program, and it would run that. And of course the time to do that was relatively short, certainly compared with a day [laughs]. It came as a bit of a surprise to us to find out what was going on, because earlier in the year when the machine had actually worked, in June, we were undergraduates in the department and nothing had ever filtered through to us. So the first thing was very surprised. The next thing was when we saw the equipment. It obviously looked something like the thing that’s at the back of us, the machine at the back of us now which is a replica, but of course I think the actual machine was not quite as clean and the wires were not quite as tidy either. But the thing that impressed me was that all the valves seems to be put in from underneath, and I thought there was a danger that these might actually drop out, but that never actually seemed to happen. But we were really enthused because we felt there was great potential in developing this into a user system and there seemed to be problems around which people needed to have this sort of machine for. We already knew about areas where people were using teams, using mechanical calculators, fifty mechanical calculators, to try and solve their problems, and they were desperate to get something which was more capable. The Baby was built by FC Williams and Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill. They built it in conjunction with technicians in the university who actually built the chassis, cut the metal, you know, obtained the racks and all that sort of thing. The CRT, just like this one, has been used, as it were, originally for producing an instrument, like an oscilloscope, but now we’re talking about using it as a memory in a computer. And the idea is that you can store on this screen, which you can see the white screen, you can store in separate places on this screen, discreet places, you can store different charges. And those charges can be coupled to a metal plate which covers the screen, so when they change that signal is coupled to the metal plate and you amplify it and you can detect what they are. And you can detect a nought and a one. And you can in fact display that on a raster where there’s a picture showing a thirty-two by thirty-two display of distinct areas where information is stored. Each of those can be a one or a nought. What the Baby machine here was, you know, originally built for, was to test that it not only worked statically to show steady pictures, but it could be used with all that information being changed at electronic speeds. And that was the reason for building the Baby computer, it was a test bed for that purpose. I mentioned the ENIAC already that it was doing digital computing, but it was a fixed programme machine. The Baby demonstrated the fact that you could now make a programmable computer. Related Audio Clips To listen to the full interview visit http://sounds.bl.uk Related disciplines
How To Tell If Cilantro Is Bad – Detailed Information Cilantro is an annual herb in the family of Apiaceae. Its flowers are numerous, small, white or pink, collected in an inflorescence. Likewise, its taste cannot be confused with anything because it is slightly bitter, tart, and very pronounced. This spicy plant is used not only in cooking but also in perfumery and cosmetics. It this become essential to know how to tell if cilantro is bad. Most often, we add cilantro to various dishes, giving them a pleasant aroma. In addition to excellent taste, this plant contains many beneficial substances for the body. Together with a dietitian, it has many benefits. How To Tell If Cilantro Is Bad “is my cilantro still good to eat?” via Reddit How To Tell If Cilantro Is Bad? 1. Off smell You can tell if cilantro is bad by smelling. If you get off odor or smell that means it is bad. Throw it out immediately and buy a new one from the store. 2. Weak flavor You need to taste the vegetable. If the flavor is weak and the plant is has lost its potency, it is bad and is not suitable for human consumption. 3. Mushy cilantro Check the veggie’s texture. If it is slimy, mushy and soft, such plant is bad and need to be thrown away. How To Grow Cilantro To Ensure A Good Harvest How To Tell If Cilantro Is Bad 2 via pxhere 1. Choose the location Cilantro seed is convenient because it grows well both in sunny areas and in partial shade. Growing up, the plant forms compact bushes with beautifully carved leaves resembling parsley. And cilantro, with its aroma, repels many pests, so its proximity to other crops can be helpful. Sowing cilantro is recommended in areas where cereals, potatoes or legumes were grown last year. But after carrots, late varieties of cabbage and herbs such as anise, fennel, celery, parsnips and parsley, planting cilantro is not recommended. This is because the soil no longer contains the substances necessary for its development. 2. Soil The future harvest directly depends on the structure and quality of the soil. Cilantro seed grows well on the loose and humus-rich soils; therefore, the garden must be fertilized before planting. It is better to do this in the fall, introducing manure for digging, bird droppings diluted in water, rotted compost, or using complex mineral preparations. Fertilizers are evenly distributed in the soil during the winter, which the spring melting of snow will also facilitate. Heavy clay soil is entirely unsuitable for growing cilantro from seeds. Such soils are usually poor in nutrient content, and that is water stagnation often occurs, leading to the death of the root system. Remember, when improving the quality of the land, you should limit the application of peat, which can unnecessarily increase the level of acidity and make it unsuitable for growing coriander. 3. Sowing and growing Since cilantro is quite cold-resistant, it can be sown from April as soon as the snow melts and the ground thaws. In this case, you will pick off the first leaves for the salad at the beginning of summer. You can get a harvest of fragrant greens even earlier if you plant outlets through seedlings. To do this, in February, several seeds are sown in cups or boxes and grown at home on a windowsill. And with the onset of spring, seedlings are planted in a greenhouse or simply in open ground. But it should be noted that growth in greenhouses allows you to feast on a delicious barbecue with spicy cilantro by the May holidays. Bearing in mind the helpful neighborhood of cilantro with other crops, it is often sown randomly, scattering seeds over other beds, in aisles, along the edges of plantings or paths. >> Related Post: Why Is My Cilantro Turning Yellow – Crucial Guide 11 Awesome Tips When You Want To Grow Cilantro Indoors Harvesting For Future Use The first young leaves with an amazing aroma and a whole range of vitamins will be ready for harvest in a month. Cilantro is used in fresh salads, side dishes, meat preparation, and fish dishes. Also, it adds a unique flavor to soups. Chopped leaves give sauces and marinades a specific, “oriental” character. When harvesting it for fresh use, leave a few rosettes of cilantro for the seeds. By about the middle of summer, the bush will drive out the arrow and bloom, and by August, fruits are formed on the umbrella. After they are fully ripe, up to a handful of seeds can be obtained from each plant. After collecting them, they must be dried and used whole or ground to prepare your favorite dishes. Cilantro greens are also harvested for the winter, drying leaves torn from branches or freezing them. Uses Of Cilantro • To prevent diabetes Studies have shown that cilantro promotes insulin secretion and help to lower blood sugar levels. • Great for eyes and skin Cilantro has a positive effect on eye and skin health. And all thanks to the high content of vitamin A. Nutritionists recommend foods rich in vitamin A for protection against eye diseases, including age-related diseases. • Act like antibacterial property Another use of cilantro is to act as an antibacterial property. Cilantro effectively fights salmonella and Enterobacteriaceae. • Detoxification The most important health benefit of cilantro is the ability torid the body of heavy metals when combined with chlorella and garlic extract. Cilantro is used in the chelation of heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and aluminum from the body. It can also eliminate gas in the stomach. • A storehouse of vitamin K Cilantro is a good source of vitamin K, which has been shown to slow neuronal damage in the brain in Alzheimer’s patients. • It has phytonutrients Cilantro contains many beneficial substances. Among them are phytonutrients, namely borneol, camphor, geraniol, kaempferol, limonene, linalool, and others. They are powerful antioxidants designed to fight free radicals and strengthen the body’s immune system. Cilantro is an annual plant with a powerful aroma that can be felt at a distance from where it grows. It has thin and branched stems, and the leaves are basal, long-petiolate, and three separate with denticles at the edges. The upper leaves are sessile, pinnate, with filamentous lobules. There are times when cilantro starts to smell bad, and this article gives you complete information. Leave a Reply
"On the night He was betrayed"...that's how Paul began his criticism of the Corinthian Christians for eating the bread and drinking the cup in an unworthy manner (1 Cor. 11: 23-34). For him, the context of the Last Supper was important. It was on the night before Jesus was killed that He 'broke bread'. If only they had realised it, they would observe the custom properly. That was a night of agony for Jesus. He knew that He was going to be killed. What did He do to earn the hatred of His own people, except that He loved them? His heart broke as He thought of the breaking of His body and the shedding of His blood the next day. So He broke the bread and said to His disciples. "Do this in remembrance of me." He shared the cup with them and repeated the same words. In rememberance of Jesus and His love, the disciples gathered as often as they could and 'broke bread'.' What then, is the Holy Qurbana? First of all, it is a Transforming Memory. A transforming memory of the breaking of the body of Christ, a meaningful pointer to the Cross and all that it means for us. We repeat Christ's 'breaking of bread', which in itself was a prophetic symbol of the 'breaking' of the heart of God. The broken bread reveals the broken heart of God. If we forget this truth, we shall never understand the meaning of the Holy Qurbana. Second, its a Joyful Celebration. A joyful celebration of God's victory over sin and death. 'With glad and sincere hearts' the early disciples broke bread (Acts 2: 46). They remembered that Jesus had died, yet they knew Him to be their living Lord because He was raised from the dead. They would never have 'broken bread' with gladness to celebrate a tragedy. The love that suffered came out in triumph, so we respond to it with cheerful attitude. Third, it is an Effective Communion. A communion that is a meaningful experience of relating ourselves with Christ, and with one another. In Qurbana we met with the One who said "Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood remains in me, and I in him." In that sense, we can understand the presence of Christ with the sanctified bread and wine. In a real sense, then, Qurbana becomes a sacrament for us, a channel of divine grace, whereby God remains in us, and we in Him. Fourth, it is an Open Proclamation. "Whenever you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord's death until He comes." The Lord's 'death' is not to be understood in isolation from what led Him to the Cross, namely, His kingdom ministry. Proclamation involves our joining Him in His mission, taking up our own cross and following Him. Thereby, we will know the fellowship of His sufferings, becoming like Him in His death. Fifth, it is an Anticipation of the Parousia. An anticipation of the coming of Christ in glory and the final establishment of God's kingdom. Every time we assemble for Qurbana, we look forward to the fulfilment of the goal of history. Qurbana becomes an undeniable sign of the telos (the end), the realisation of our ultimate hope. So we pray "Your death, O Lord, we commemorate, Your ressurection we celebrate; and Your second coming we await". Last, but not least, Qurbana is an offering of ourselves. In fact, that's what the word means. Its original reference is to God's gift of Himself, the greatest offering of all. So, in thankful response, we offer ourselves to Him, as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God, which is our spiritual worship. It is a pledge for the newness of our life and a promise not to conform any longer to the pattern of this world. (Excerpts from Rev. Dr. Abraham P. Athyal's book 'Holy Qurbana: Response to 175 Questions')
Peru - History Archaeological evidence indicates that Peru has been inhabited for at least 12,000 years. Perhaps as early as 6,000 years ago, the first primitive farmers appeared. Between 500 BC and AD 1000 at least five separate civilizations developed. The Paracas, on the southern coast, produced elaborately embroidered textiles. The Chavín, in the highlands, were noted for their great carved stone monoliths. The Mochica on the north coast, produced realistic pottery figures of human beings and animals. The Nazca in the south were noted for the giant figures of animals in the ground that can be seen only from the sky. The Chimú were the most developed of these groups. The Quechua Empire, whose emperors had the title Sapa Inca, was established in the 13th century. During the next 300 years, the extraordinary empire of the Incas, with its capital at Cuzco, spread its spiritual and temporal power to northern Ecuador, middle Chile, and the Argentine plains. By means of a system of paved highways, the small Cuzco hierarchy communicated its interests to a population of 8–12 million. The intensive agriculture of scarcely tillable lands, held in common and controlled by the state, created a disciplined economy. The ayllu, a kinship group that also constituted an agrarian community, was the basic unit of the Inca Empire, economically and spiritually. The Incas were sun worshipers and embalmed their dead. Their advanced civilization used a calendar and a decimal system of counting, but never developed a wheel. Peru remained a Spanish stronghold into the 19th century, with little internal agitation for independence. One notable exception was the abortive revolt led by a mestizo known as Tupac Amaru II in 1780. Otherwise, Peruvian royalists helped the crown suppress uprisings in Peru and elsewhere. In the end, Peru was liberated by outsiders—José de San Martín of Argentina and Simón Bolívar of Venezuela. San Martín landed on Peruvian shores in 1820 and on 28 July 1821 proclaimed Peru's independence. The royalists were not quelled, however, until the Spaniards were defeated by forces under Bolívar at Junín and under Antonio José de Sucre at Ayacucho in 1824. The victory at Ayacucho on 9 December put an end to Spanish domination on the South American continent, although the Spanish flag did not cease to fly over Peru until 1826. Between 1826 and 1908, Peruvian presidents ruled an unstable republic plagued by rivalries between military chieftains (caudillos) and by a rigid class system. Marshal Ramón Castilla, president from 1845 to 1851 and from 1855 to 1862, abolished Amerindian tributes and introduced progressive measures. Between the 1850s and the mid-1880s, Peru experienced an economic boom financed by sales of guano in Europe. A program of road building was implemented, and an American entrepreneur, Henry Meiggs, was hired by the government to build a railroad network in the Andes. In 1866, a Spanish attempt to regain possession of Peru was frustrated off Callao. An 1871 armistice was followed in 1879 by the formal recognition of Peruvian independence by Spain. The War of the Pacific (1879–84) followed, in which Chile vanquished the forces of Peru and Bolivia and occupied Lima from 1881 to 1883. Under the Treaty of Ancón, signed in October 1883, and subsequent agreements, Peru was forced to give up the nitrate-rich provinces of Tarapacá and Arica. Peru entered the 20th century with a constitutional democratic government and a stable economy. This period of moderate reform came to an end in 1919, when a businessman, Augusto Leguía y Salcedo, who had served as constitutionally elected president during 1908–12, took power in a military coup and began to modernize the country along capitalistic lines. It was in opposition to Leguía's dictatorship, which had the backing of US bankers, that a Peruvian intellectual, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, founded the leftist American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA). In 1930, after the worldwide depression reached Peru, Leguía was overthrown by Luis M. Sánchez-Cerro, who became Peru's constitutional president in 1931 after an election which the Apristas (the followers of APRA) denounced as fraudulent. An Aprista uprising in 1932 was followed by the assassination of Sánchez-Cerro in April 1933, but the military and its conservative allies maneuvered successfully to keep APRA out of power. Manuel Prado y Ugartache served as president during World War II, a period that also brought the eruption of a border war with Ecuador in 1941. The 1942 Protocol of Rio de Janeiro, which resolved the conflict on terms favorable to Peru, was subsequently repudiated by Ecuador. In 1945, Prado permitted free elections and legalized APRA. Haya de la Torre and the Apristas supported José Luis Bustamante y Rivera, who won the elections, and APRA (changing its name to the People's Party) received a majority in Congress. In 1948, military leaders charged the president with being too lenient with the Apristas and dividing the armed forces. A coup led by Gen. Manuel A. Odría ousted Bustamante, and APRA was again outlawed. Several hundred Apristas were jailed, while others went into exile. In January 1949, Haya de la Torre found refuge in the Colombian embassy, where he lived for the next five years. Under the rule of Odría and his military board of governors, the Peruvian economy flourished. Agriculture, industry, and education were stimulated by modernizing measures, and foreign trade prospered. Odría announced his retirement in 1956, and promoted his own candidate for the presidency. In a free election, the opposition candidate, former President Prado (tacitly supported by the outlawed APRA) returned to office. In 1969, the military government, under the presidency of Gen. Juan Velasco Alvarado, began enacting a series of social and economic reforms. This time, they did not worry about opposition, ruling instead by decree. By 1974 they had converted private landholdings into agricultural cooperatives, nationalized a number of basic industries, and had mandated profit-sharing schemes for industrial workers. A government-sponsored social mobilization agency, the National System for Support of Social Mobilization (Sistema Nacional de Apoyo a la Movilización Social—SINAMOS) was established in 1971. The military also reached out to Peru's long-neglected Amerindian population, making Tupac Amaru a national symbol, and recognizing Quechua as an official national language. Belaúnde's second term was even less a success than his first. Adverse weather conditions and the world recession accompanied ill-conceived policies that led to triple-digit inflation. Austerity programs caused increased rates of unemployment, and currency problems pinched the Peruvian middle-class. Perhaps most disturbing of all, a small Maoist guerrilla group, Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) was operating openly in the Andes, especially around Ayacucho. Despite passage of an antiterrorist law in 1981, terrorist activities intensified. During the first four months of 1983, more than 450 people lost their lives. The government's campaign against terrorism, beginning in May 1983 and continuing through 1985, resulted in the disappearance of thousands, charges of mass killings, and the granting of unlimited power to the armed forces. Meanwhile, the AP's tenuous hold on the government was slipping. The AP won only 15% of the vote in the 1983 municipal elections. By 1985, with Peru on the brink of an economic collapse, the AP received a mere 7% of the vote. By 1990, Peruvians began to cast about for someone to deliver the country from its economic and social woes. Neither APRA nor the AP had any credibility. In a surprise, Alberto Fujimori, the son of Japanese immigrants, defeated conservative novelist Mario Vargas Llosa by 57% to 34%. Other candidates totaled a little over 9%. Fujimori immediately imposed a draconian set of austerity measures designed to curb inflation. These measures caused a great deal of economic dislocation, but did reduce inflation to pre-1988 levels. Fujimori continued to rule by martial law, and took decisive steps to end terrorist opposition and violence in Peru. In 1996, the second-highest leader of Sendero, Elizabeth Cardenas Huayta, was arrested. The Tupac Amaru rebel movement was decimated in April 1997 when military commandos stormed the Japanese Embassy, where the rebels had been holding hostages since December 1996, and killed all 14 of the Tupac Amaru guerillas who had carried out the siege (only one hostage died in the raid, from a heart attack as a result of a gunshot wound). Opposition parties also were weak and divided. Former President Alain García, who fled the country in 1992, and faced corruption charges, became a possible candidate. Fujimori's supporters in Congress quickly approved a law banning any former officeholder facing criminal charges from running for election. Yet, Fujimori remained vulnerable. A two-year recession and widespread unemployment had left one of two Peruvians living in poverty by mid-1999. Fujimori also was under a great deal of international pressure to rectify undemocratic conduct. In June 1999, members of the US House of Representatives said they were concerned at the "erosion of democracy and the rule of law" in Peru. A Senate subcommittee said it should be consulted before the White House gave any more American intelligence to Peru. Later that year, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights rejected Peru's bid to withdraw from its jurisdiction, saying it would continue to summon Peruvian officials to declare in reported abuses. Within weeks of the April 2000 elections, Fujimori seemed all but certain of winning the presidency for a third term. Yet, a virtual unknown had suddenly become a viable candidate, winning support from throughout the country. Alejandro Toledo, a 54-year-old business school professor, was soon ahead of other challengers trying to defeat Fujimori. The US-educated Toledo had a modest upbringing. His father was a bricklayer, and his mother sold fish at a street market. Of strong Indian features, Toledo quickly gained an important following in Peru's Amerindian communities, where Fujimori had found support. The election was held on 9 April, with several international organizations monitoring polling stations. The political crisis resulting from the rigged election led to president Fujimori's resignation and exile in Japan. A new presidential election was held in April 2001. Alejandro Toledo ended first with 36.5% of the vote, but he was forced into a runoff with former president Alan García (25.8%) who had returned to the country after Fujimori's resignation. Toledo went on to win the runoff with 53.1% of the vote. But García's impressive 46.9% transformed the former discredited president into a powerful actor in Peruvian politics. Toledo became the first Peruvian of indigenous heritage to become president. Yet, his popularity and support during the first months of his administration began to fall as accusations of corruption and moral improprieties tainted his presidency. Toledo's effort to prosecute those responsible for corruption and human rights violations during the Fujimori government also distracted him from the urgent social and economic challenges facing his country. During his tenure, Toledo has suffered from dismal approval ratings, ranging in the single digits. His personalist leadership and the lack of discipline within his political party have also hindered and hurt the process of democratic restoration in Peru. Also read article about Peru from Wikipedia User Contributions: Report this comment as inappropriate Jan 4, 2008 @ 4:16 pm i just want to congratulation for the great contribution and study that you have done about Peru. i hope one day i will be able to contribute something for this webside Report this comment as inappropriate Jun 3, 2008 @ 5:17 pm very interesting, thanks for the help on my Peru report. This site had more information than any other site I've been to so far so thanks again. keep at it! Your friend, Leonard Hansen Report this comment as inappropriate Jan 20, 2010 @ 3:15 pm How would you cite these articles? Who is the author(s)? From what source do you get your information?
1. Stubenrauch, James M. senior editor 'Blowing brains' linked to neurologic illness in slaughterhouse workers. Article Content New illnesses don't always burst upon the world in dramatic fashion, as sudden acute respiratory syndrome did several years ago. Sometimes, as was the case with progressive inflammatory neuropathy, they first appear as unobtrusively as exhausted factory workers dragging themselves up a long flight of stairs. Carole Bower, MSN, RN, manager of occupational health at Quality Pork Processors, a large slaughterhouse in Austin, Minnesota, was treating two workers who had been on disability because of neurologic symptoms. She noticed that they had difficulty climbing the stairs to the third floor clinic. Over several months in late 2006 and early 2007, several other employees reported a similar and unusual combination of symptoms: overwhelming muscle fatigue and weakness, numbness, and tingling in the legs. Some also reported weakness and sensations in their arms. Bower and her two colleagues, Jan Johnson, RN, and Diana Barrera, LPN, began to suspect that they were dealing with an occupational illness that had something to do with the slaughterhouse environment. Bower notified the plant's management and referred the workers to nearby Austin Medical Center, part of the Mayo Health System. They were subsequently evaluated by peripheral neuropathy specialists at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, who in turn notified the Minnesota Department of Health. "We just felt so concerned about these employees," Bower told AJN. "We felt that openness to the investigation was the best response for the corporation. We provided open access to the plant, the equipment, and the employees-those who had symptoms and those who didn't." Stacy Holzbauer, DVM, MPH, DACVPM, a public health officer at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) who had been assigned to the Minnesota Department of Health as part of a two-year training program, participated in the epidemiologic investigation. "Carole was very astute in recognizing that something was going on, and we were fortunate that the patients were all sent to the same medical facility," she said. "The continuity of care made it a lot easier for people who were experts in the field to agree that something was wrong and that it was a new syndrome." She added that "the plant was completely cooperative from day one." The illness is called progressive inflammatory neuropathy (PIN), according to the CDC. (For a "working case definition" of PIN and a discussion of this investigation, go to Although it's similar to both acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies, "its neurological symptoms have an unusual pattern of progression," said Aaron DeVries, MD, MPH, a medical epidemiologist in the infectious disease prevention and control section of the Minnesota Department of Health. "Other similar illnesses progress either very rapidly or very slowly. This one falls somewhere in the middle." Figure. Susan Kruse ... - Click to enlarge in new windowFigure. Susan Kruse (left) worked at Quality Pork Processors in Austin, Minnesota, for 15 years before becoming too sick to work. She was diagnosed with progressive inflammatory neuropathy. She rests on the couch after a five and a half hour IV treatment at Austin Medical Center. According to DeVries, Guillain-Barre syndrome, for example, an acute inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy, typically progresses over the course of a few days to a few weeks and resolves fairly quickly; in contrast, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy may progress over several months to several years, and resolves very slowly, if at all. Figure. An aerial vi... - Click to enlarge in new windowFigure. An aerial view of Hormel Foods Corp (left) and Quality Pork Processors in Austin, Minnesota. Investigators found nothing unique about the pigs that were processed in the plant and nothing to indicate a food-borne pathogen, so they knew the meat the plant produced posed no danger to consumers. They conducted extensive interviews with affected workers, checking medications, vaccinations, travel history, and possible exposures to chemicals and other toxins. They found no factor common to all of them except that those who were affected worked in a particular part of the slaughterhouse. Think of a slaughterhouse as an assembly line in reverse, where whole animals are disassembled piece by piece. The pig enters at one end of the facility and is killed, bled, and skinned. Next the internal organs, head, and feet are removed and the carcass is split in half in the "warm room." Then in the "cold room" the carcass halves are further divided into the cuts of meat that are sold to wholesalers. At Quality Pork Processors, roughly 17,000 pigs are processed each day. The investigators discovered that all of the affected employees worked in the warm room, and all were stationed at or had regular contact with the "head table." Here, about 40 workers per shift harvest the skeletal muscle that surrounds the skulls-a prime ingredient in pork sausage-and, as a last step, blow the brains out of the skulls with a high-pressure compressed air system, exposing those in the area to spattered and perhaps aerosolized neurologic tissue. In all, there have been 16 confirmed cases of PIN and one probable case since 2004, Holzbauer said. The practice of blowing brains out of pig skulls was stopped and active surveillance is ongoing. Once the common work area was discovered, the CDC worked with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and several other federal and state agencies to survey similar plants, focusing on the 25 largest swine slaughterhouses in the country. Only two other plants, in Indiana and Nebraska, were using the compressed air devices to blow out the pig brains. Eight additional cases of PIN were eventually found (six confirmed and one probable case in Indiana and one confirmed case in Nebraska), bringing the total to two probable and 23 confirmed cases. Again, proximity to the head table-the brain removal operation-seemed to be the common factor. The cause of the illness is still under investigation. So far, no infectious agents have been found. One likely hypothesis is that the illness is an autoimmune disorder: either by inhalation or mucus membrane contact, a person is exposed to some component of the pig's neurologic tissue (perhaps a protein or a lipid), and the immune system develops antibodies that then attack the body's own nerve tissue as if it were foreign matter. Those who develop this response may or may not be genetically predisposed to it. According to Holzbauer and DeVries, only a few patients have had prolonged symptoms; most have recovered either on their own or with treatment, usually with steroids, plasma exchange, or IV immunoglobulin therapy, as well as physical therapy. But no one really knows whether these treatments are effective because the case numbers are so small. Three of the workers remain on disability, but the rest are working full time, although some still aren't ready for heavy lifting. "Many of our employees are immigrants," Bower noted, "so we help with their need for interpreters, as well as managing their medical appointments and transportation." She said the plant's management has been very accommodating to the workers' need for flexible schedules and reassignment to less-demanding tasks. As for the impact of the investigation and the discovery of the new syndrome, Bower said, "This has been significant for all of us." She noted with satisfaction that once the plant discontinued the practice of removing brains with compressed air, there have been no new cases of PIN. James M. Stubenrauch, senior editor
Great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran) A question that most people ask when seeing a hammerhead shark is why they developed such a particular wide head shape. In addition to the advantage of having an increased amount of electric sensors on their snout, with which they can detect their prey, the shape appears to make it less strenuous to swim because it lessens the drag of the water. On top of that, scientists also found out that hammerheads usually swim slightly tilted to optimally reduce the water drag. In the Dutch Caribbean, it is unknown how hammerheads use the area, but it may just be a vagrant species as tracking studies from the United States demonstrated that great hammerheads are highly migratory species that undertake journeys of hundreds of miles. A recent study on great hammerhead sharks in Bimini showed that they can make large scale return migrations of a whopping 3030 km. The biology of great hammerheads is mostly an enigma, but we do know they can grow to as much as six meters, although a length of four meters is more common. You can find the species both close inshore over the reef, as well as migrating further offshore over deeper waters depending on their life stage and the time of year. It takes a young hammerhead shark many years to mature for reproduction, which doesn’t happen until they’re about 2,5 meters long. After that, females start giving birth one every two years to 6-42 pups growing in at 50-70 cm. The diet of hammerhead consists of shellfish, squid, and other fish, including southern stingrays. The giant hammerhead shark is one of the eight shark species that are now officially protected under the international Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW) Protocol, which is the only cross-border legislative instrument for nature conservation in the Wider Caribbean Region. This fact sheet with information about the species was produced to support the proposals for listing. Other shark species: Whale shark Nurse shark Caribbean reef shark Tiger shark Spotted eagle ray Giant manta ray Lemon shark Bull shark
Sinusitis Specialist One of the leading sinusitis specialists in Edina, Minnesota, Dr. Benoit Tano has treated many residents of Greater Minneapolis who suffered from sinusitis. Many of his patients have recommended him to friends who suffered from sinusitis, for which he is both honored and grateful. Sinusitis Q & A What Is Sinusitis? Sinusitis refers to an inflammation of the tissues that line the sinuses. When a person is healthy, their sinuses are full of air. If the airways become blocked, however, bacteria, viruses, and fungi can grow in them and cause an infection. The swelling induced by the infection often causes headaches, pain, pressure, and nasal congestion, along with other possible symptoms. Are Sinus Infections Contagious? Although the pathogens that cause sinus infections technically could pass from one person to another, sinus infections aren’t viewed as contagious. The bacteria, viruses, and fungi that cause them are usually trapped in the sinus, which is why they’re causing an infection in the first place, and, therefore, won’t pass to another person under normal conditions. Can Allergies Cause Sinus Infections? Allergies themselves won’t cause a sinus infection because allergies are the immune system’s overreaction to benign allergens. Allergies, however, can cause congestion that can trap bacteria, viruses, or fungi in the sinuses and lead to a sinus infection. Additionally, allergies can delay the recovery from an existing sinus infection. How Is Sinusitis Treated? Allergists use several methods to treat sinusitis. Often, simple cases can be fully treated with a simple decongestant and antibiotic. Persistent or recurring cases of sinusitis may require additional treatments, such as vapor treatments, nasal sprays, antihistamines, and oral steroids. Often, these treatments along with lifestyle changes are enough to reduce the frequency of sinus infections. In extremely severe cases, though, surgery may be appropriate. Only a medical doctor is qualified to make this assessment. Who Should See a Doctor About Sinusitis? Anyone who has persistent or recurrent sinusitis symptoms should contact Dr. Tano. It's important to treat quickly sinus infections that aren't going away on their own, as they can worsen, and a visit to Integrative Immunity may be able to help determine why you’re suffering from recurring sinus infections. Accepted Insurance Providers Please contact the office with any insurance related questions.
Master The Skills Of Finance And Succeed. Money is a broad term that encompasses a great deal of various points relating to the research study, manufacturing, allowance, and management of cashes. In basic terms, financing is the science that deals with the understanding of just how cash is created, assigned, and also used to develop economic wealth. Just like all other sciences, there are various subtopics within money. These include microeconomics, macroeconomics, international economics, decision concept, financial development, organization institutions, possession rates, aspect evaluation, individual as well as team financing, danger monitoring, portfolio optimization, monetary markets, and political economy. There are lots of books, short articles, e-newsletters, web sites, and also programs on every one of these subtopics, so you ought to do an extensive look for them prior to selecting which one to research. Among the much more interesting areas of money that students commonly overlook or never really value is the moment worth of money. As a matter of fact, this was the topic of my bachelor’s degree, and also I bear in mind being told that financing would be one of the better programs to take if you plan on going into service for yourself. The standard premise of this statement is that there is only so much money readily available to invest, and also at the end of the day, it is just worth spending cash on what you will certainly get back in return. As a result, it makes sense that needs to conserve as much of their income as feasible, so regarding have as much capital as feasible to buy the stock exchange, bonds, real estate, products, and more. Another area of monetary planning that few individuals ever consider is budgeting, or merely handling their funds. There are 3 almosts all to any kind of great budget: properties, liabilities, and also net worth. Possessions, which consist of every little thing that an individual owns, is known as equity. Obligations consist of every little thing that a person has that they owe, such as a mortgage or vehicle loan. And also, lastly, total assets, which includes all the monetary worths that a person has acquired via their savings accounts, supplies, bonds, mutual funds, etc. It needs to be kept in mind that there is more to the subject of economic preparation than simply these three major areas, since there are lots of other facets of the field of money that go far beyond them. For instance, one of the most essential facets of public financing, as shown by the name itself, is budgeting. Without normal monetary strategies, organizations as well as people can not properly handle their budgets, and as a result, the degree of total debt in the economic situation increases. The function of budgeting is to educate government officials and residents concerning the schedule of funds, both short-term and also lasting, in addition to setup and also attaining lasting goals. Along with budgeting, another crucial aspect of personal finance is danger administration. If an investor or business person does not have the devices essential to effectively handle the risks that they deal with, after that they will likely stop working. This is why the field of monetary management is called “individual financing”. In addition to the three major aspects of financial planning, there are likewise four extra elements to individual money: estate planning, tax obligation administration, purchasing safety and securities (such as supplies and bonds), as well as building riches. Additionally, there are numerous subtopics in the location of personal financing, consisting of housing money, retired life, youngster assistance, etc. The study of business economics is incredibly broad, covering virtually every area of human activity. Lots of people know with at the very least some part of this educational program, although for most people, business economics is possibly the least intriguing of the 4 major areas of research study in the field of business economics. Some trainees in the field of business economics pick to focus on a certain location of business economics, such as microeconomics, macroeconomics, international money, organization economics, or public financing. Additionally, there are numerous various other areas of research that fall under the bigger area of business economics, including healthcare, engineering, modern technology, accounting, and so on. The study of audit is vital to the understanding of all the subjects on the planet of finance and organization. Bookkeeping provides goal, concrete information regarding purchases, allowing supervisors to make enlightened choices about those transactions. Accountants give a vital function in all the different monetary aspects of society-for instance, accounting offers the information needed by federal governments and financial institutions to examine the threats involved in certain projects; physician utilize accounting details to treat their individuals; companies make use of accounting records to compute the cost of their product or services; etc. As you can see, the entire area of accounting is intimately attached to the understanding of financing as well as service. Exclusive positionings are an additional type of financing, this time around for small financiers. These investment groups make large acquisitions of business supplies or various other sorts of properties. These financiers then utilize their preserved funds to buy back their own supply at a later day at a profit. Personal placements are coming to be more prominent amongst small finance companies. Risk management is the final significant kind of money. This is a location of finance that deals with the correct administration of dangers within the financial investment profile of any financier. In general, risk administration handle reviewing, in addition to interacting with financiers regarding the various aspects of the portfolio. One area that is especially unique to this field is the location of credit score danger. Business that trade on the New York Stock Exchange must fulfill minimum criteria for credit report danger, including the capacity to generate enough capital to satisfy their obligations, along with satisfy other monetary requirements. All of the 3 basic areas of financing are complicated and call for innovative systems to help supervisors and capitalists make the most effective feasible decisions. Also the most basic type of fund financial investment can have extremely significant effects for any type of investor. When people make bad financial decisions, they can have incredibly negative repercussions for their very own finances. Poor financial investments can cause a tragic decline in an investor’s general wealth. This can be particularly problematic for older people who are much less likely to have a substantial amount of added funds offered to absorb big losses. Check over here The capability to effectively spend, handle, as well as control one’s very own funds is something that everybody need to be interested in. There are lots of specific fields of money that a person might focus their focus on, in addition to the capability for more information concerning the general topic of financing. When starting out on the planet of equity research study, it is an excellent idea to take as numerous courses as you can. Doing this will certainly outfit you with the information needed to assist you to manage your very own funds, whatever sort of investment you might be interested in. Leave a Reply
Born: September 10, 1791, Wapping, Middlesex, England. Died: January 7, 1867, Homerton, Hackney, Middlesex, England. Edmeston was an architect and surveyor by profession. He served as the church warden at St. Barnabas, Homerton. He strongly supported the London Orphan Asylum, and visited there frequently. It is said he wrote 2,000 hymns, one each Sunday. Memento Mori Millions of feet entraversed here, Where are their parted spirits? Each in a dark or glorious sphere His own reward inherits: Where they have fled we soon shall fly, And join them in eternity. The crowds who earth’s arena tread, Each busy in his station, Are few, compared with all the dead Of every age and nation: The world of life counts millions o’er, That of the dead hath many more. It is a solemn thought that we, Life’s little journey rounded, Must launch upon that endless sea, Which shore hath never bounded: A sea of happiness and love, Or gulphs below and clouds above. A holy Judge, a righteous doom, A bar where none dissemble; A short quick passage to the tomb— How should we stop and tremble! Great God! as years pass swiftly by, Write on each heart, Thou—thou must die! James Edmeston Sacred Poetry, 1848 Help Needed
The director film Added: Shelonda Clemens - Date: 19.07.2021 23:55 - Views: 31675 - Clicks: 1243 Are you creative, a visual storyteller, and a great problem solver? You may want to consider a career as a film director! Film directors are in charge of making sure that every component of a movie runs smoothly — they have a say in how the scenes unfold, what props are going to be used, how the characters should look, and who should play specific parts. Note the difference between a film director and a producer: A film director controls a film's artistic and dramatic aspects, and visualizes the script while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision. The producer initiates, coordinates, supervises, and controls matters such as raising funding, hiring key personnel, and arranging for distributors. A film director is in charge of the three main phases of filmmaking — pre-production, production and post-production. Film directors work on a movie from conception to delivery, working with individuals in charge of lighting, scenery, writing, and so forth, to make sure all elements come together. They generally don't do post-production work, but are in charge of overseeing it. In addition to having control over nearly every aspect of the movie, film directors also have a large role in the smaller technical aspects of the film. They read over the script to make sure it makes sense, decide where the actors are going to stand, and how they will move. Directors also help actors to better understand the characters they are playing by explaining the motivation behind a particular action, or painting a clearer picture of the character's back-story. Once the editing team gets to work, the film director has the final say as to how the shots look and how they should be blended together. The director can also decide if the crew needs to do another take of a particular scene or scenes and when one scene should fade into the next. Film directors also have the responsibility of handling most of the budgetary concerns of a film, figuring out how to make the movie work on a tight budget. This might involve hiring actors who will work for lower pay, asking family members or friends to help out with some of the behind-the-scenes work, or coming up with less expensive strategies for executing an idea. Film directors have distinct personalities. They are unstructured, original, nonconforming, and innovative. Does this sound like you? Take our free career test to find out if film director is one of your top career matches. Film directors are typically under an enormous amount of stress, since they make most of the decisions, and those decisions ultimately determine whether the film will be a success or not. The entire production process of a film can take over a year. The production phase is the busiest and most time-consuming period. The work schedule can vary considerably — for example, ten hours on Monday and then an entirely different set of hours on Tuesday. Working on weekends and evenings is often part of the schedule as well. The post-production phase is less hectic, giving directors an opportunity to look for their next project. What is a Film Director? Are you suited to be a film director? The director film email: [email protected] - phone:(279) 650-2200 x 4195 What does a film director do?
The Lad, the first novel about the Holocaust A story of survival in the Nazi concentration camps, The Lad is a gripping, harrowing tale of an ordinary Jew’s struggle to survive. The Lad follows a Jewish boy in the camp of Auschwitz, where he is sent for the sole purpose of serving as a human shield. The lad is told by his Jewish parents that if he ever wanted to go back to his village, he had better prepare himself to be murdered. The lad’s life has been marked by suffering and humiliation, but his determination to survive in Auschwitz continues. In order to save his life, the lad must overcome a terrible obstacle: the fact that he is Jewish and therefore, in effect, has a right to live. The book is a novel of survival and, despite the protagonist’s tragic past, The Lads novel is a story of hope. The Lad recounts a story in which the lad has a chance to become a human being again, one that will give him the strength and courage to overcome his past. In The Lad’s novel, the reader sees the protagonist grow up, learn the ways of life in the town of Dachau, and, perhaps, become a man again. The Lodges story is one of survival, hope, and hope alone.
Japanese Institute of Technology and Engineering Sewage Built in Saitama, Edogawa City, Tokyo, Japan Under the floor of Tokyo, underground, unfolds a landscape worthy of any great imagination, the G-Cans Project, the sewage of the city. Started in 1992 at a cost of 1,500 million euros, was built to avoid the heavy rains, especially in times of Monzón, and even a Sutnami, can cause major flooding in the Japanese capital, for the purpose of bone to collect enormous amounts of water. The place is also used for guided tours or filming movies and commercials, although this may be suspended depending on the weather. The government of Japan has made possible this feat through the Japanese Institute of Technology and Engineering of sewage, which together with the private sector has built a veritable underground city in Edogawa City, Saitama region, one of the great neighborhoods or areas of Tokyo. The project unfolds along 6.4 miles of tunnels connecting the silos of 5 to 65 meters in height, at a depth of 50 meters under the surface of the city. This drainage, the more sophisticated world, is also known as “The Cathedral” because of the issue presented with its gigantic columns of over 20 meters tall. The main tank measuring 177 meters long and 78 meters deep by 25 meters in height Each of its 59 columns weighs 500 tons and all are connected to 10MW pump capable of moving 200 tons of water per second to the Edogawa River. It has 5 silos with a diameter of 32 meters and 65 meters in height, connected by tunnels along the 6.4 miles. Channels and Turbines It can move its channels to 44 million liters. The system is powered by 14,000 turbines which can pump up to 200 tons of water per second. Each turbine uses the same energy as the engine of a Boeing 737. These giant aqueducts are in operation when the rainfall exceeds the limit that can generate these floods and excess water are transported mainly to the Edogawa River and several smaller rivers along 6.5 kilometers. Structure and Materials The excavation is an extreme example of cutting edge technology. Its engineering is the most innovative structures and materials, combined with tons of concrete. The application of new communications technology allows instant control from an operations center. G-Cans Project 1 / 24
Colossus of RhodesColossus of Rhodes - One of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World. A statue of the sun-god, Helios, it was built between 294 and 282 B.C. to commemorate the island's victory over Antigonus Monophthalmus (the "One-eyed"). Antigonus was one of Alexander the Great's generals and tried to conquer his own empire. Made of bronze, the statue was 110 feet tall (33.5m) and was erected at the mouth of the harbor to welcome incoming ships. Unfortunately the Colossus stood for only 56 years due to an earthquake that knocked it over in 226 B.C..
The Sound of Deception — What Makes a Speaker Credible? Anne Schröder, Simon Stone, Peter Birkholz The detection of deception in human speech is a difficult task but can be performed above chance level by human listeners even when only audio data is provided. Still, it is highly contested, which speech features could be used to help identify lies. In this study, we examined a set of phonetic and paralinguistic cues and their influence on the credibility of speech using an analysis-by-synthesis approach. 33 linguistically neutral utterances with different manipulated cues (unfilled pauses, phonation type, higher speech rate, tremolo and raised F0) were synthesized using articulatory synthesis. These utterances were presented to 50 subjects who were asked to choose the more credible utterance. From those choices, a credibility score was calculated for each cue. The results show a significant increase in credibility when a tremolo is inserted or the breathiness is increased, and a decrease in credibility when a pause is inserted or the F0 is raised. Other cues also had a significant, but less pronounced influence on the credibility while some only showed trends. In summary, the study showed that the credibility of a factually unverifiable utterance is in parts controlled by the presented paralinguistic cues. DOI: 10.21437/Interspeech.2017-384 Cite as: Schröder, A., Stone, S., Birkholz, P. (2017) The Sound of Deception — What Makes a Speaker Credible?. Proc. Interspeech 2017, 1467-1471, DOI: 10.21437/Interspeech.2017-384. author={Anne Schröder and Simon Stone and Peter Birkholz}, title={The Sound of Deception — What Makes a Speaker Credible?}, booktitle={Proc. Interspeech 2017},
How LLEM Is Solving the Literacy Crisis There are many intellectually advanced and creative minds in Nigeria; however, it is still alarming to learn that according to a recent survey undertaken by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), a staggering 90 million individuals in Nigeria are functionally illiterate. Children in Nigeria face numerous obstacles in their pursuit of a good education. At LLEM, we know that letting them fail is not an option, and we are doing everything in our power to meet their educational needs. Nigerians face illiteracy for many reasons. 1. Sometimes the problem is that their families cannot afford to enroll them in a good school. Consequently, Nigeria has been dubbed as the country with the most significant number of “out-of-school children” worldwide. This is devastating because Nigeria is not a poor country per se. It just has huge wealth disparities. 1. Cultural beliefs and practices also play a substantial role in keeping people illiterate. For instance, in the northern part of Nigeria, priority is given to male children. It is believed that female children will eventually get married and won’t need an education, so they do not really need to attend school. Despite free primary education in many states across the country, the number of Nigeria’s out-of-school children still stands above 10.5 million. Finding a Solution The solution to this menace is educating Nigerian parents and helping them realize why school participation is essential. However, because many parents themselves are illiterate, they often do fully grasp the seriousness of the situation. When a parent is not educated either, they are unlikely to be interested in educating their children. Fortunately, every problem has a corresponding solution. But is Nigeria ready to tackle this critical problem? LLEM says yes, and this is where we can help. We step in and reinforce the importance of having children attend school. Since the government cannot fulfill this responsibility, our organization must do it. LLEM is positioned to help improve the nation’s illiteracy rate: 1. LLEM supplies outreach and sensitization in the rural areas that are the most affected by illiteracy. Sometimes what these people need is reorientation on the importance of education. There has to be a mindset shift for anything to work, especially in these areas. 2. LLEM provides availability and accessibility of books and reading materials. As they say, “Readers are leaders.” We cannot eradicate illiteracy if there are no resources. LLEM provides our school with myriad resources in order for young readers to thrive. At LLEM International, we are dedicated to providing outreach activities to these vulnerable rural communities. We provide them with educational materials, food, and other basic living amenities. At LLEM International, we believe that children’s minds must be nourished so they can flourish. We therefore encourage partnerships and donations. If you would like to partner with us to improve community literacy, please reach out to us. Every Nigerian child deserves the best!
Show Summary Details Page of Evaluating mental healthcare systems by studying pathways to care Evaluating mental healthcare systems by studying pathways to care Evaluating mental healthcare systems by studying pathways to care Adriana Mihai , Vesna Jordanova , Umberto Volpe , and Norman Sartorius Page of date: 29 November 2021 Pathways to care studies describe the way people seek care for mental disorders and give an insight on how mental health systems work. These studies provide data that can be used to generate health policy and to improve the quality of services, proposing interventions that contribute to the better use of resources and that provide more effective care. The Pathway Encounter Form is a standardized method for describing pathways to care. Data collection is simple and can be done as a part of routine assessment, without additional resources. Studies of pathways make it possible to compare care in different regions or in the same region at different times. The results of pathway studies should be interpreted in relation to their cultural, social, and economic context. They may serve people working within mental health facilities, administrators, and policy makers in their efforts to improve the provision of mental healthcare. Please subscribe or login to access full text content.
When World War I and Pandemic Influenced the 1920 Presidential Election Lashed by a squall of historical events over four harrowing years, exhausted Americans longed to catch their collective breath as Election Day approached. The four years leading up to the presidential election of 1920 had delivered a ghastly confluence of war, pestilence, terrorism and unemployment. As soon as World War I finished taking the lives of 100,000 Americans, a global influenza pandemic stole another 650,000 more. Race riots, labor strikes and a string of anarchist bombings—including one that slaughtered 38 people on Wall Street—rocked American cities following the war. The American economy was far from roaring in 1920 as unemployment soared and stock prices plummeted. Americans bitterly divided over whether to join the League of Nations, and fears of the spread of communism after the Russian Revolution sparked the Red Scare and Palmer Raids. A cheating scandal had tainted the national pastime with accusations that the “Black Sox” had conspired with gamblers to fix the 1919 World Series. Even the heavens appeared to offer little salvation as a cluster of nearly 40 tornadoes struck from Georgia to Wisconsin on Palm Sunday in 1920, leaving more than 380 dead. READ MORE: Why the Second Wave of the 1918 Spanish Flu Was So Deadly The 'best of the second-raters' Against this turbulent backdrop, the Republican Party gathered in Chicago in June 1920 to select its nominee to succeed President Woodrow Wilson, who had suffered a debilitating stroke months earlier. Seeking to regain the White House, Republicans settled on a dark-horse candidate, Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio, on the tenth ballot. “There ain’t any first-raters this year,” declared Connecticut Senator Frank Brandegee. “We got a lot of second-raters, and Warren Harding is the best of the second-raters.” A small-town newspaper publisher from a swing state in the American heartland who bridged the party’s progressive and conservative wings, Harding was a safe choice who could deliver just the sort of political comfort Americans craved. Harding promised nerve-wracked voters anything but radical change. In a May 1920 speech in Boston, he declared, “America's present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy; not revolution, but restoration; not agitation, but adjustment; not surgery, but serenity; not the dramatic, but the dispassionate; not experiment, but equipoise; not submergence in internationality, but sustainment in triumphant nationality.” READ MORE: The Race to Pass Suffrage Before the 1920 Election Back to ‘normalcy’ When he returned from the Senate to his home town of Marion, Ohio, in July, Harding proclaimed to his neighbors, “Normal men and back to normalcy will steady a civilization which has been fevered by the supreme upheaval of all the world.” “Back to normalcy” and “return to normalcy” were quickly adopted as Harding campaign slogans (along with another one, “America First.”) Harding’s mention of “normalcy” sparked not just a political debate, but a grammatical one as well. Critics of the Republican nominee claimed the word was a malaprop uttered by Harding when he actually meant to say “normality.” The candidate pressed back. “I have noticed that word caused considerable newspaper editors to change it to ‘normality,’” Harding told the press. “I have looked for ‘normality’ in my dictionary, and I do not find it there. ‘Normalcy,’ however, I find, and it is a good word.” Indeed, the term appeared in newspapers of the day, and Merriam-Webster traces its origins back to at least 1855. Harding insisted his desire for “normalcy” was not a longing to turn back the clock. “By ‘normalcy’ I do not mean the old order, but a regular, steady order of things,” he said. “I mean normal procedure, the natural way, without excess. I don’t believe the old order can or should come back, but we must have normal order, or, as I have said, ‘normalcy.’” The ‘front porch campaign’ Echoing his promise of a return to simpler, less chaotic times, Harding ran a campaign straight out of the 1890s, a time before the progressivism of Theodore Roosevelt, the idealism of Wilson and the turmoil of populism. While his Democratic opponent, Ohio Governor James M. Cox, travelled 22,000 miles around the country to hold campaign rallies, Harding rarely ventured further than his doorstep and emulated William McKinley’s path to the White House with a “Front Porch Campaign.” Pilgrims came by the thousands to Harding’s house just off Main Street in Marion and gathered on the front lawn around the verandah to hear the candidate orate from the top step. Foreshadowing selfie lines a century later, voters waited their turns to have photographs taken with Harding and his wife, Florence, that were sent to their hometown newspapers. Harding’s milquetoast personality and small-town appeal spoke to the times: He won by a landslide in both the Electoral College and the popular vote to become the 29th president of the United States. He carried 37 of 48 states, including every state outside the South. The Republican ticket captured more than 16 million votes, nearly double those tallied by Cox and his vice-presidential running mate, Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Republican Party also won sizable majorities in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate. “Our supreme task is the resumption of our onward, normal way,” Harding declared in his inaugural address. But while America emerged from under the clouds of recession, pandemic and war in the ensuing years, the Harding presidency generated its own turbulence. Prohibition saw a rise in gang violence and organized crime. Harding’s cabinet was plagued by corruption such as the Teapot Dome Scandal, in which oil men bribed Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall for drilling rights on federal land. Harding would not finish his four-year term. He died in 1923 at the age of 57 in a San Francisco hotel room while on a cross-country tour of the United States. The political lessons of the 1918 pandemic Illustrated \| Getty Images, Library of Congress, iStock Unexpected natural disasters have a way of revealing undiagnosed pathologies in a country's economic, social, and political systems. For the United States in 2020, the still-unfolding COVID-19 viral calamity has exposed the upside-down nature of work and reward in our society. Millions of low-wage, low-status workers are holding supply (and sanity) chains and critical everyday processes in place while the wealthy escape to their vacation homes and many in the middle class get either a taste of round-the-clock daycare or a reminder that many of their jobs maybe aren't that important in the first place. While other countries have pledged indefinite financial support for all citizens, the U.S. Congress passed a series of woefully inadequate measures seemingly designed to plunge the country into a turbocharged Great Depression. Worse, President Trump's decision to take counsel from crackpot law professors and his useless son-in-law instead of public health professionals means that many states are only now taking the steps necessary to contain the spread of this awful virus. Despite the brief polling sugar high from a rally-around-the-flag effect, the president and his obeisant red state governors own the response to this crisis. With unemployment headed to levels not seen even in the 1930s, as many as 200,000 Americans condemned to die agonizing deaths in hospital isolation wards and millions trapped in houses away from friends, family, and any source of joy, there will likely be a reckoning in November. How significant the ruling party's punishment will be depends on a number of factors. Political scientist Alan Abramowitz's "Time For Change" model of post-WWII presidential elections featuring an incumbent shows that two factors — second quarter economic growth, and the president's net approval rating in June — are decisive in the incumbent party's fortunes. Let's say, for example, that President Trump's approval rating eventually floats back down to the net -7.7 mark where it was on Super Tuesday, what we might now think of as the last normal day any of us will experience for months. Let's also say that second quarter economic growth comes in at -5 percent, which is significantly less dire than what economists now think is likely. What currently looks like a best-case scenario in these variables for Trump would yield something in the range of a 388-150 Electoral College landslide for the Democratic nominee in November, according to Abramowitz. However, these models simply cannot account for the Black Swan nature of this crisis, or whether President Trump's base will ever acknowledge his administration's role in leaving America defenseless to the ravages of COVID-19. It is certainly possible that he will successfully emit some kind of blame miasma at other targets — Democrats for impeaching him, governors like Andrew Cuomo for not acting quickly enough, Congress for failing to pass a sufficient relief package, the Obama administration for whatever he can — and get away with it. But that strategy seems likely to run into limitations given the likely scale of human and economic suffering that is in store for this country. To get a better sense of what awaits the GOP in November, we might also look at how natural disasters effect parties-in-power around the world. Here, the data is mixed. Some studies have shown little effect. And sometimes, as with Hurricane Sandy just before the 2012 election, incumbents seem to benefit. A 2011 paper presented at the International Studies Association conference by Constantine Boussalis, Travis Coan, and Parina Patel looked at the effects of natural disasters like hurricanes, tsunamis, and earthquakes on subsequent elections between 1980 and 2007. They found that incumbent parties and leaders are most likely to be punished by voters if a) the state lacks the capacity or wherewithal to respond appropriately and b) enough time — but not too much time! — has passed for voters to assign blame to the incumbents. The United States, the richest and most powerful country in the world, certainly possesses the wherewithal to respond capably to this disaster. But thus far the federal government has failed comprehensively to prevent the spread of the virus, to provide the needed testing, to distribute the necessary protective equipment for health care workers, and to put the kind of cash in people's pockets needed to avoid large-scale economic displacement. It is hard to identify any feature of this crisis that has been competently managed by these White House ineptocrats. Is COVID-19 a "natural disaster"? In some ways yes, but the closest analogue to our current situation might actually be located more distantly in our own history: the 1920 presidential election. That year the incumbent, Democrat Woodrow Wilson, ailing and nearing the end of his second term, did not seek re-election. The country was just emerging from the terrible ravages of the 1918-1919 Spanish flu epidemic which had killed between 17 and 100 million people worldwide, including about 675,000 Americans, as well as from the aftermath of World War I. Perhaps worst of all for Democrats, the economy plummeted into a sharp recession beginning in January 1920, with industrial production plummeting by a third and unemployment spiking to nearly 12 percent over the following year. While public opinion polling did not exist 100 years ago, it is hard to imagine anything other than decisive opposition to the Wilson administration and its policies. The 1920 election therefore features the convergence of all three variables — a sharp economic downturn in the second quarter of the election year plus an unpopular incumbent president who presided over the application of difficult and painful measures to fight off an exogenous shock in the form of a flu pandemic. Really, there is absolutely nothing remotely as similar to this year as the 1920 election. What happened? Republican Warren Harding, campaigning on a "return to normalcy" (sound familiar?) won more than 60 percent of the vote and a towering majority in the Electoral College. Republicans added massively to narrow majorities in both chambers of Congress. It was a thorough repudiation of nominee James Cox and the Democratic Party. Republicans would go on to preside over the Roaring Twenties, winning the next three presidential elections and maintaining unified control of Congress until 1931. There's one more structural similarity. Woodrow Wilson was the only Democrat to win the presidency between 1896 and 1932, and one of only two Democrats to win the office between the end of the Civil War and the Great Depression. His original election in 1912, like Donald Trump's in 2016, was a fluke produced in part by third-party spoilers. In 1912, it was former president Theodore Roosevelt, who split the Republican vote all over the country with incumbent Republican President William Taft. Democrats have won the most votes in every presidential election since 1992 with the exception of 2004. Only bizarre and antiquated institutions like the Electoral College prevent us from seeing that we are already likely in the midst of a long period of Democratic dominance of national politics. In that sense, even before COVID-19 crashed the economy and menaced millions, the president was probably facing an uphill battle. Will President Trump lose by Harding-Cox margins? Of course not, not in today's hyper-polarized political environment. He could still win. But unless he somehow rises to the occasion of this crisis and does real, recognizable good instead of play-acting as the president for half an hour every day at his press conferences, he's in deep trouble. This Isn’t The First Time America Has Weathered A Crisis In An Election Year The COVID-19 pandemic has already disrupted public life in a number of ways &mdash large events are canceled, restaurants are closed and many of us are stuck at home &mdash but a fundamental aspect of our democratic society could also be under threat: voting. Already, eight states or territories have postponed their presidential primaries &mdash but depending on how long this pandemic affects day-to-day life in the United States, it could impact the November general election, too. But this isn&rsquot the first time our country has had to go to the polls in a time of crisis. Elections have occurred during economic catastrophes like the Great Depression as well as during both world wars. The good news is we&rsquove always managed to hold general elections &mdash even in the midst of the Civil War &mdash but the bad news is that our ability to vote is often hampered. And turnout has usually fallen because voting became harder or costlier in the face of natural or man-made calamities. Looking ahead to the November election, recent primary elections show that states need to be prepared for the worst when it comes to making sure people can vote despite a health crisis. Take last Tuesday. Ohio postponed its election and in Illinois, where there isn&rsquot a tradition of voting by mail, turnout was much lower than in the other two states that voted. (Florida and Arizona both generally cast a large percentage of ballots by mail.) There&rsquos still a lot we don&rsquot know about the current health crisis we find ourselves in &mdash how long will the urgency of the coronavirus threat last, for example, or how things will look come November &mdash but if we&rsquore looking at elections comparable to our current moment, the most relevant may be the 1918 midterm. That fall, in the waning days of World War I, the Spanish flu &mdash a strain of influenza that got that name because Spain was one of the few countries to report on it freely &mdash ravaged the United States, killing hundreds of thousands of people, many in the lead-up to the November election. In response to this devastating disease, public health officials tried to limit its spread, but those mitigation policies affected political campaigns. Marian Moser Jones, a professor at the University of Maryland School of Public Health who studies the influenza pandemic, pointed to bans on public gatherings, which we&rsquore seeing now too. &ldquo[Y]ou couldn&rsquot have the usual election speeches, which were then even more important because you didn&rsquot have television or radio,&rdquo Jones said. &ldquo[Candidates] had to actually campaign via newspaper editorials and mailings.&rdquo This was particularly true out west, where the pandemic&rsquos severity peaked in the days before the election. Even election night changed: There was a ban on the display of election returns on large boards outside of newspaper offices so that crowds wouldn&rsquot gather to watch results come in, Jones told me. And in Los Angeles, &ldquoelection officers locked themselves in each voting booth to count the votes and to prevent flu transmission.&rdquo The Spanish flu also likely contributed to lower turnout on Election Day. About 40 percent of the voting-eligible population cast ballots in the 1918 midterm election, down sharply from the 50 to 52 percent that voted in the previous two midterms. Jason Marisam, who studied the effect of influenza on the 1918 election as a legal fellow at Harvard Law School (he&rsquos now an assistant attorney general in Minnesota), told me that it probably did have an effect on people voting. &ldquoThe San Francisco Chronicle ran photos of Election Day, people lining up to vote all wearing these masks. They called it the first masked ballot in U.S. history,&rdquo said Marisam. &ldquoYou have to think that that kind of mentality had an impact on turnout.&rdquo Observers back in 1918 attributed the drop in turnout to the effects of the pandemic, too. &ldquoThe Los Angeles Times estimated that the flu had kept 40,000 people away from the polls in San Francisco,&rdquo said Jones, adding that newspaper accounts of voting in Arizona and New Mexico talked about the disinfection of polling places and a &ldquolight vote&rdquo due to influenza and the absence of many men due to the war. There&rsquos one obvious complication when we examine turnout in 1918: the First World War. It&rsquos difficult to separate out influenza&rsquos effect on the election because around 2 million men were also fighting overseas in 1918, and not much was done to help them vote. That meant a sizable chunk of the electorate was effectively disenfranchised, as only men 21 years or older could vote in much of the country. (Remember, the 19th Amendment, which gave women the right to vote, wasn&rsquot ratified until summer 1920.) Nonetheless, even if influenza only explains part of the drop-off in voter turnout, Marisam estimated it was still likely responsible for hundreds of thousands of people not voting. But despite public health worries associated with influenza, Marisam told me he could find no evidence that people discussed postponing the 1918 election. Civic pride and patriotism were high during World War I, as war bond campaigns and propaganda from the Committee on Public Information encouraged Americans to do their part to support the war effort. And newspapers encouraged citizens to go to the polls despite the Spanish flu with headlines like &ldquoEvery Loyal Californian Will Cast Vote At Election Today&rdquo in the Los Angeles Times. There also wasn&rsquot a national debate over whether the results were legitimate, even though turnout was lower, and in some parts of the country, officials claimed influenza may have affected the results in congressional and local elections. Of course, the 1918 election isn&rsquot the only election to be held during a time of crisis (although it did take place during one of our country&rsquos massive health crises). But just like the 1918 election, other federal elections also held during world wars saw depressed turnout. In 1942, during World War II, the government tried to buoy turnout by passing the Soldiers Voting Act, which helped states send federal ballots to service members. It didn&rsquot work particularly well: Less than 30,000 federal ballots were cast under its provisions 1 and turnout in 1942 was very low &mdash just 34 percent of the voting-eligible population cast a ballot, making it the second-lowest midterm turnout since the ratification of the 19th Amendment (only 1926, at 33 percent, was lower). Trying to avoid the same problems in 1944, Congress passed a military ballot law ahead of the election that helped at least 2.6 million soldiers cast ballots &mdash enough to make a difference for President Franklin Roosevelt in at least one state. (He won enough military votes in New Jersey to overcome his deficit among civilian votes, according to a contemporaneous study.) Still, turnout in 1944 was lower than the previous two presidential elections, and as you can see in the table below, voter turnout in elections during U.S. involvement in the two world wars was lower than in previous midterm and presidential elections. Turnout fell during world wars compared to past elections Turnout among the voting-eligible population during WWI and WWII compared to the previous two midterm or presidential elections World War I Midterm Turnout 1910 52.0% 1914 50.4 1918 39.9 World War II Midterm Turnout 1934 44.5% 1938 46.6 1942 33.9 World War II Presidential Turnout 1936 61.0% 1940 62.4 1944 55.9 Source: U.S. Elections Project, Vital Statistics of American Politics But it&rsquos not just war and disease that have disrupted our elections. Sudden natural disasters have also impeded voting, as demonstrated by Hurricane Sandy, which hit the East Coast just days ahead of the 2012 election. New Jersey and New York were especially hard-hit, and leaders there had to work to ease voting access in the storm&rsquos aftermath. In New Jersey, the government designated those displaced by the storm as &ldquooverseas voters,&rdquo which allowed them to email or fax absentee ballots, though some localities weren&rsquot able to effectively handle the surge in absentee requests. And in parts of New York City, some voters had to cast ballots in tents because of the damage to polling locations. It&rsquos unlikely that Sandy&rsquos effects altered the presidential outcome, given that both New Jersey and New York were safely Democratic, but turnout was down in areas affected by storm surge in New Jersey. One study from political scientists at Stony Brook University found that the storm possibly helped Barack Obama carry Virginia because of how it affected turnout in parts of the state. Other disasters like 9/11 have disrupted our elections more dramatically. New York&rsquos primary election was actually scheduled for Sept. 11, 2001, but the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center that morning prompted New York Gov. George Pataki to postpone the election, and the state instead held its primaries two weeks later. Obviously, this was an especially extreme case, but the suddenness of the delay is a reminder that sometimes elections can&rsquot go on. And it&rsquos arguably why states should be preparing now for how voting will work in November. Turnout has usually declined in crisis elections &mdash sometimes dramatically &mdash and Illinois&rsquos diminished turnout last Tuesday demonstrated that it could be challenging to hold an election if COVID-19 is still a significant danger come November, particularly if some states remain reliant on in-person voting. Edward Foley, an election law expert at the Ohio State University&rsquos Moritz College of Law, told me that states need to start adapting their voting systems. &ldquoThe focus of attention should be on how to conduct a November election that maximizes opportunity for voter participation under current circumstances,&rdquo Foley said. &ldquoAnd that means ramping up capacity for vote by mail in states that are not traditionally used to vote by mail.&rdquo However, many states could struggle to adopt vote-by-mail electoral systems because of legal, logistical and election security challenges. These include changing laws to provide more time for delivering, collecting and processing mailed-in ballots, as well as ensuring that a person only votes once. There are seemingly mundane obstacles to be overcome, like getting enough high-quality paper for printing ballots and having enough envelopes! It&rsquos enough to make you wonder if there could even be talk of postponing the 2020 election. But altering the presidential and congressional elections scheduled for November is very hard. It would require congressional action, and such a move would be unprecedented. Fortunately, state and federal governments have time to get ahead of many potential election challenges stemming from COVID-19. &ldquoIf [states] start doing that preparation, I don&rsquot anticipate any reason why Congress would want to change the date of the November election,&rdquo Foley said. Whether our leaders will make the necessary changes, however, remains to be seen. Election Day "Social distancing" echoes can be seen in instructions that appeared in Fresno's 1918 voting guidelines, which urged "not congregating at the polls and avoiding needless exposure." "Persons are advised to enter the polling places where enclosed, one or two at a time, and to exercise all sanitary precautions," and included the mandatory face masks in California, The Fresno Morning Republican stated. The San Francisco Chronicle wryly noted that it was "the first masked ballot ever known in the history of America." Monterey Daily Cypress, Nov. 4, 2018. Reports depicted California polling places as the "quietest within memory" and said they welcomed only the most ardent voters, like Nancy Elworthy, 92, who said while she was almost blind, she still believed voting was "the duty" of every citizen. It is unclear if Elworthy noticed either her fellow voters, described by poll workers as "confessedly suffering from influenza" or that the polling booths lacked spray and disinfectant, according to the Chronicle. "I must get back to bed at once," one other voter told the paper upon exiting. "I really should not have come out to vote with this flu!" New Mexicans were too "afraid of the flu" to vote, and Arizona polls had "light turnout" even with the state's promise to regularly disinfect polling booths, the El Paso Herald reported. The election was a "rather quiet one" in Minnesota, the Little Falls Herald reported, and in Utah, the Parowan Times diagnosed one cause of low turnout: "Many women who usually vote were unable to go to the polls because of being compelled to remain at home to care for the unwell." Some poll sites were unable to open due to "too much influenza," according The Sacramento Bee, declaring "there were not enough citizens who were well enough." Several newsrooms were also forced to close because of quarantine laws. The Long Beach Press announced it was unable to report election results for the first time in its history and respectfully requested that readers not call to ask questions, since the telephone company's workforce was "weakened" due to sickness. Voter turnout was lower than in the previous midterm elections. While World War I impacted the number of eligible voters, an analysis by Jason Marisam in the Election Law Journal found the flu had a "significant effect" on turnout. "If just a fraction of the drop in turnout from 1914 to 1918 was due to the presence of the flu, then the disease was responsible for hundreds of thousands of people not voting," Marisam noted of the more than 10% decrease in voters. The flu was used as scapegoat for congressional losses by the Republican National Chairman and prompted legal challenges in some communities, such as when a defeated North Dakota state legislative candidate asserted election officials had unfairly delivered ballots to houses in some districts and not others, according to the Grand Forks Herald. Today, as American government leaders face another pandemic, historians recognize similar challenges for the federal government system now as it confronted during Spanish flu era. "I think there is something of not absorbing the historical lessons that contributed to our delays and actions," Harvard University professor Alex Keyssar, who specializes in election history, told CBS News. "To be clear, it's not to say that everybody in the [Trump] administration should have been read up on the 1918 flu&hellipbut there should be some center of expertise which does absorb those historical lessons to whom policymakers turn." Also, states mostly control their own elections, which has resulted in a patchwork across states of both emergency response and political decisions, Keyssar explained. As states stake their hopes on the relatively quick development of antiviral treatments in the next few months before the general election, most states that have yet to vote in primary elections are reluctant to risk increasing the spread of the virus. At this point, knowledge that COVID-19 is highly contagious and the belief that it has a higher mortality rate than the flu has convinced eleven states to postpone their presidential primaries, five states to expand absentee voting, and after a series of legal battles over the past few days, Wisconsin is pushing ahead with its in-person primary on Tuesday. As some election officials did in 1918, Wisconsin has promised to disinfect polling booths and maintain social distancing. How Much Did COVID-19 Affect The 2020 Election? Enough time has passed since the 2020 presidential election that we can now ask: What effect did COVID-19, arguably the biggest event of the year &mdash of the century, even &mdash have on the election outcome? Partisans don&rsquot just disagree, they hate one another \| FiveThirtyEight Let&rsquos start with what history can tell us. That is, given what we know about elections held in the middle of a pandemic, what effect should we have expected the novel coronavirus to have had? If you&rsquore scratching your head trying to think of a good comparison, that might be because we don&rsquot really have one. The closest analogy to what we experienced in the U.S. in 2020 is the 1918-19 influenza pandemic, which also broke out during an election year and killed hundreds of thousands of Americans. 1 The effect of the pandemic on the 1918 midterms has been studied, too. But political scientists Chris Achen and Larry Bartels found that it had no particular effect on the election outcome the Democrats (in control of the White House at the time) did no worse in congressional elections in places where the disease hit hard than in places where it didn&rsquot. A somewhat different approach by Leticia Arroyo Abad and Noel Maurer found only a very small effect on the congressional vote in 1918 and no subsequent effect on the 1920 election. Now, that doesn&rsquot prove that a pandemic can&rsquot affect an election. Maybe the fact that the 1918 election was a midterm election played a role here that is, even if people did blame Woodrow Wilson&rsquos presidency for the pandemic, they didn&rsquot extend that to the rest of his party. And maybe the pandemic would have had a greater effect if the country hadn&rsquot been engaged in World War I at the time. It&rsquos also possible that many people didn&rsquot yet think of the federal government as responsible for matters of public health. 2 But returning to the present day, what do we know about the role COVID-19 played in the 2020 presidential election? One way to answer this question is to dig into state-level results and subtract Trump&rsquos vote share in 2020 from his vote share in 2016, measuring how much his vote improved or declined across those two elections. What we find, however, is no statistically significant relationship. That is, Trump did no worse &mdash and possibly slightly better &mdash in states with higher COVID-19 mortality rates. The same is true if we compare the vote against per capita COVID-19 cases. Other researchers have also found this same pattern of Trump doing no worse, and possibly even better, at the county level in areas with higher COVID-19 mortalities. And, perhaps somewhat counterintuitively, I also found in my analysis that the economy appeared to be somewhat weaker in states where there were more COVID-19 cases, and somewhat stronger where there were more COVID-19 deaths. One possible explanation is that places with fewer health restrictions on businesses helped produce a stronger economy in those areas (helping Trump) even while spreading the disease, and in the end, the economy just had a greater effect on people&rsquos votes. Researcher Solomon Messing discovered an added wrinkle in that more COVID-19 deaths seem to have hurt Trump in very white counties, while the same wasn&rsquot true in counties where a large share of the population isn&rsquot white. To be clear, we still don&rsquot have a great sense of why these patterns occurred, and none of this is to suggest that Trump did better in some areas because of the coronavirus. But, suffice it to say, this pattern is not the sort of thing many would expect given how poorly most Americans thought Trump handled the pandemic. What also makes it difficult to detect the effect of COVID-19 on the election? Like so many other issues in American politics, the pandemic was quickly interpreted through partisan lenses. The fact that the initial fallout in March didn&rsquot give Trump much of a &ldquorally-around-the-flag&rdquo effect, or a temporary boost in popularity given the crisis, is telling. But, then again, so is the fact that it didn&rsquot seem to hurt him all that much either. Post-World War I turmoil in the United States This Isn’t the First Time America Has Voted During a Pandemic. Here’s How the 1918 Flu Affected That Year’s Election Election Day 2020 will be unprecedented in any number of ways, but it won’t be the first time the U.S. has held elections during a global pandemic&mdashor the first time a public-health crisis has changed the way campaigning and voting take place. As the midterm elections of 1918 approached, World War I was winding down, but a new strain of the flu was surging. It had been spreading earlier in the year, but is believed to have mutated into a more deadly, more contagious strain that fall. Data analyzed by Tom Ewing, a professor of history at Virginia Tech, reveal that death rates in northeastern cities had spiked in late September and mid-October in 1918, and had sharply declined by Election Day on Nov. 5, while West Coast cities were in the throes of ongoing outbreaks. “In much of the country, particularly the East Coast and the upper Midwest, the epidemic is really on the decline by early November,” says Ewing. “There are still some local restrictions, but generally there is a sense in a lot of East Coast cities [that] if it’s not over, at least it’s been contained and is not a real concern. On the West Coast, in the mountain states, to some extent the Southwest, there are quite a few cases and quite a few restrictions in early November.” So it makes sense that, in the run-up to the election, the extent to which the flu affected campaigning depended on where voters lived. Photos of Election Day throughout New York State show civilians, soldiers, sailors and even gubernatorial candidate Al Smith standing next to one another, sharing candy, not wearing masks. But in other areas, the flu played a major role in shaping the campaign season. Then, as now, in-person campaigning, speeches, rallies, and gatherings to watch the returns were halted or severely restricted. Just as Democratic Vice Presidential nominee Kamala Harris paused campaign travel on Thursday after two staffers tested positive for COVID-19, and other 2020 campaigners swap indoor events for virtual events, 1918 campaigners had to move away from in-person methods of getting their messages out. Nationwide, candidates and campaign managers did more interviews, says J. Alexander Navarro, Assistant Director of the Center for the History of Medicine at the University of Michigan, and used the written word to communicate with voters. “Direct mailings had been used before, but this gets ramped up as a result of candidates not being able to meet directly with voters,” he says. “The campaign has been most unusual this year in that it has been one carried on principally through literature,” declared the Nov. 2, 1918, edition of Utah’s Deseret Evening News, one of many newspaper articles in the Center for the History of Medicine’s digital archive the Influenza Encyclopedia. “State headquarters have employed large corps of workers to distribute reading matter throughout the state in behalf of candidates for justices of the supreme court and congressmen. In some cases, personal canvassing and visiting has been done, but this has proved not altogether successful inasmuch as the state health board has discouraged such procedure because of the prevalence of Spanish influenza and the subsequent ban placed on public gatherings of all kinds.” Similarly, in California, the Oakland Tribune reported that “letter-writing, advertising, and telephoning took place instead of speech-making.” The pandemic wasn’t a political football the way it is today. President Wilson never publicly addressed it, and the federal government was not expected to play a significant role in individuals’ healthcare matters. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention wasn’t founded until 1946, and Medicare and Medicaid date back to the Great Society legislation of the 1960s. However, decisions about which public places stayed open or closed did get political. Throughout 1918, states had been ratifying what would become The 18th Amendment, banning the manufacture, sale, and transportation of “intoxicating liquors.” Prohibition advocates, who had long cast saloons as a threat to public health, were thrilled when cities closed them to curb the spread of the virus. (On the flip side, whiskey was seen as a treatment for influenza, and police and bootleggers alike kept hospitals stocked with confiscated liquor.) The closure of those spaces disrupted normal campaign tactics. Oct. 20, 1918, Oakland Tribune article “‘Flu’ Holds Candidates In Leash” informed readers that “With the lodges, clubs, social dance halls, and other gathering places where the elusive voter was sought out under the ban, the handshaking and orating candidate is figuratively hamstrung.” When Election Day rolled around, the pandemic continued to shape voter behavior, and many of the basic precautions taken at polling places are the same as those taken in 2020. In Seattle, citizens made a point of getting to their polling places earlier in the day to “avoid the dangerous congestion…in the late afternoon.” In Salt Lake City, tents replaced some poorly ventilated polling places. In Oakland, Calif., the Election Day edition of the Oakland Tribune declared it “One of the Queerest Elections in the History of California.” Election officials faced a shortage of poll workers because so many who had signed up had come down with the flu, and struggled to find replacements because people were afraid of getting sick. Local health officials tried to reassure the public that it was safe to vote. “Thousands of people who go to the polls today to cast their votes will be confronted by masked men for the first time in their lives,” the Los Angeles Times reported in its Election Day edition. “This edict was not issued to frighten people away from the polls, it is said, but rather to throw around voters an additional protection against the disease.” “There is not the slightest danger in voting if you wear your mask,” health officials in Oakland said in a statement on the front page of the Nov. 2, 1918, Tribune. “If you are staying home you are not being benefited by the fresh air and sunshine that you will enjoy performing your patriotic duty as an American Citizen.” The city enforced the mask-wearing mandate too. About a dozen men who were arguing about election returns were each fined $10 (which would be about $185 in Sept. 2020) for removing their masks. Such reassurances in newspapers were necessary to get out the vote, says Christopher Nichols, a historian of the Progressive Era and Director of the Oregon State University Center for the Humanities. “Americans are fearful. They didn’t get clear, rapid, coherent communication from the Wilson Administration or Surgeon General Rupert Blue,” he says, “so they don’t know what advice to follow and need to have regular communication from journalists that polling stations will be open to have confidence to go out.” But those tactics may not have been enough. The 1918 election saw a dip in turnout, though it’s impossible to say how much of that shift was attributable to the pandemic versus the fact that many American men were still abroad fighting in World War I. While turnout is typically lower in midterm elections than in general elections, turnout in the Election of 1918 was about 40%, down around 10% from the two previous midterm elections (in 1914 and 1910), according to Navarro. In the end, Republicans won control of Congress, and the leadership change is partly why the U.S. did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations. “The 1918 election is a referendum on an unpopular war, and the U.S. rebukes that war at the ballot box, ending hopes of Democrats ramming through much legislation and eviscerating Wilson’s claims to popularity about his war effort and peacemaking,” says Nichols. The war would end just days after the election, with the armistice arriving on Nov. 11. The pandemic, however, despite appearances to the contrary, continued for more than a year, and ultimately killed about 675,000 Americans and at least 50 million people worldwide, while infecting about 500 million people&mdashone-third of the global population. Whether voting in person caused any spikes in cases is likewise impossible to say, as many cities relaxed their gathering restrictions to celebrate the end of World War I. In Denver, for example, the city began to reopen before Election Day and Armistice Day, and shortly thereafter residents found themselves facing a death rate worse than the beginning of the deadly second wave of flu. “We’ll never know how much the combination of people turning out to vote in person&mdashand then roughly one week later, gathering to celebrate the end of the war&mdashexacerbated spread and suffering,” says Nichols. Today, Americans have many more opportunities to vote that can help mitigate the “dangerous congestion” feared in 1918, from voting by mail to voting early at satellite polling places. As TIME has previously reported, masks and social distancing saved lives back then, and can do so again this Election Day. And the fight to prevent future pandemics continued well after Election Day 1918, as it will this year too. Thousands of telegrams flooded that newly elected Congress in the summer of 1919, urging lawmakers to support a bill to fund an investigation to avoid a repeat of the pandemic&mdashand reminding them that another Election Day would arrive soon enough. “There is time for Congress to do something toward helping health officials, physicians, and others interested in public health to prevent a recurrence of the flu epidemic&mdashto halt the coming of another DEATH MONTH,” declared a front-page article in North Dakota’s Bismarck Tribune, which was shared with TIME by researchers at the genealogy website MyHeritage. “But Congress must act quickly. Usually Congress does NOT act quickly. Mostly Congress takes its time and acts when it gets good and ready. Often Congress needs a prodding from the home voters.” Ottoman entry into World War I was the result of two recently purchased ships of its navy, still manned by their German crews and commanded by their German admiral, carrying out the Black Sea Raid on 29 October 1914. There were a number of factors that conspired to influence the Ottoman government, and encourage them into entering the war. The political reasons for the Ottoman Sultan's entry into the war are disputed. [1] and the Ottoman Empire was an agricultural state in an age of industrial warfare. [2] Also, the economic resources of the empire were depleted by the cost of the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913. The reasons for the Ottoman action were not immediately clear. [3] The Ottoman entry into World War I began on 29 October 1914 when it launched the Black Sea Raid against Russian ports. Following the attack, Russia and its allies (Britain and France) declared war on the Ottomans in November 1914. The Ottoman Empire started military action after three months of formal neutrality, but it had signed a secret alliance with the Central Powers in August 1914. The great landmass of Anatolia was between the Ottoman army's headquarters in Istanbul and many of the theatres of war. During Abdul Hamid II's reign civilian communications had improved, but the road and rail network was not ready for war. [2] It took more than a month to reach Syria and nearly two months to reach Mesopotamia. To reach the border with Russia, the railway ran only 60 km east of Ankara, and from there, it was 35 days to Erzurum. [2] The Army used Trabzon port as a logistical shortcut to the east. It took less time to arrive at any of those fronts from London than from the Ottoman War Department because of the poor condition of Ottoman supply ships. The empire fell into disorder with the declaration of war along with Germany. On 11 November a conspiracy was discovered in Constantinople against Germans and the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) in which some of the CUP leaders were shot. That followed the 12 November revolt in Adrianople against the German military mission. On 13 November, a bomb exploded in Enver Pasha's palace, which killed five German officers but failed to kill Enver Pasha. On 18 November there were more anti-German plots. Committees formed around the country to rid the country of those who sided with Germany. Army and navy officers protested against the assumption of authority by Germans. On 4 December, widespread riots took place throughout the country. On 13 December, an anti-war demonstration was led by women in Konak (Izmir) and Erzurum. Throughout December, the CUP dealt with mutiny among soldiers in barracks and among naval crews. The head of the German Military Mission, Field Marshal von der Goltz, survived a conspiracy against his life. Military power remained firmly in the hands of War Minister Enver Pasha, domestic issues (civil matters) were under Interior Minister Talat Pasha, and, interestingly, Cemal Pasha had sole control over Ottoman Syria. [4] Provincial governors ran their regions with differing degrees of autonomy. [4] An interesting case is Izmir Rahmi Bey behaved almost as if his region was a neutral zone between the warring states. [5] War with Russia Edit The Ottoman's entrance into the war greatly increased the Triple Entente's military burdens. Russia had to fight alone on the Caucasus Campaign but fought with the United Kingdom on the Persian Campaign. İsmail Enver Pasha set off for the Battle of Sarikamish with the intention of recapturing Batum and Kars, overrunning Georgia and occupying north-western Persia and the oil fields. Fighting the Russians in the Caucasus, however, the Ottomans lost ground, and over 100,000 soldiers, in a series of battles. 60,000 Ottoman soldiers died in the winter of 1916–17 on the Mus—Bitlis section of the front. [6] The Ottomans preferred to keep the Caucasus militarily silent as they had to regroup reserves to retake Baghdad and Palestine from the British. 1917 and the first half of 1918 was the time for negotiations. On 5 December 1917, the armistice of Erzincan (Erzincan Cease-fire Agreement) was signed between the Russians and Ottomans in Erzincan that ended the armed conflicts between Russia and Ottoman Empire. [7] On 3 March, the Grand vizier Talat Pasha signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Russian SFSR. It stipulated that Bolshevik Russia cede Batum, Kars, and Ardahan. In addition to these provisions, a secret clause was inserted which obligated the Russians to demobilize Armenian national forces. [8] From 14 March to April 1918 the Trabzon peace conference was held between the Ottoman Empire and the delegation of the Transcaucasian Diet. Enver Pasha offered to surrender all ambitions in the Caucasus in return for recognition of the Ottoman reacquisition of the east Anatolian provinces at Brest-Litovsk at the end of the negotiations. [9] On 5 April, the head of the Transcaucasian delegation Akaki Chkhenkeli accepted the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a basis for more negotiations and wired the governing bodies urging them to accept this position. [10] The mood prevailing in Tiflis was very different. Tiflis acknowledge the existence of a state of war between themselves and the Ottoman Empire. [10] In April 1918, the Ottoman 3rd Army finally went on the offensive in Armenia. Opposition from Armenian forces led to the Battle of Sardarapat, the Battle of Kara Killisse, and the Battle of Bash Abaran. On 28 May 1918, the Armenian National Council based in Tiflis declared the First Republic of Armenia. The new Republic of Armenia was forced to sign the Treaty of Batum. In July 1918, the Ottomans faced the Centrocaspian Dictatorship at the Battle of Baku, with the goal of taking Armenian/Russian/British occupied Baku on the Caspian Sea. War with Britain Edit The British captured Basra in November 1914, and marched north into Iraq. [6] Initially Ahmed Djemal Pasha was ordered to gather an army in Palestine to threaten the Suez Canal. In response, the Allies—including the newly formed Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ("ANZACs")—opened another front with the Battle of Gallipoli. The army led by Ahmed Djemal Pasha (Fourth Army) to eject the British from Egypt was stopped at the Suez canal in February 1915, and again the next summer. [6] The canal was vital to the British war effort. In addition, the 1915 locust plague broke out in the Palestine region the Ottoman military hospitals record the period as March–October 1915. The expected, and feared, British invasion came not through Cilicia or northern Syria, but through the straits. [4] The aim of the Dardanelles campaign was to support Russia. Most military observers recognized that the uneducated Ottoman soldier was lost without good leadership, and at Gallipoli Mustafa Kemal realized the capabilities of his men if their officers led from the front. [12] The war was something from a different era, as the agrarian Ottoman Empire faced two industrialized forces in silent predawn attacks, officers with drawn swords went ahead of troops and the troops shouted their battlecry of "Allahu Akbar!" when they reached the enemy's trenches. [12] The United Kingdom was obliged to defend India and the southern Persian oil territory by undertaking the Mesopotamian campaign. Britain also had to protect Egypt in the Sinai-Palestine-Syria Campaign. These campaigns strained Allied resources and relieved Germany. The repulse of British forces in Palestine in the spring of 1917 was followed by the loss of Jerusalem in December of the same year. [6] The Ottoman authorities deported the entire civilian population of Jaffa and Tel Aviv, The Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation, pursuant to the order from Ahmed Jamal Pasha on 6 April 1917. The Muslim evacuees were allowed to return before long. At the same period the Balfour Declaration was being negotiated (published on 2 November 1917) in which the British Government declared its support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine. Ahmed Jamal Pasha effectively separated these groups. The Jewish evacuees returned after the British conquest of Palestine. [13] The Ottomans were eventually defeated due to key attacks by the British general Edmund Allenby. Empire on the Home Front Edit The war tested to the limit the empire's relations with its Arab population. [14] In February 1915 in Syria, Cemal Pasha exercised absolute power in both military and civil affairs. [15] Cemal Pasha was convinced that an uprising among local Arabs was imminent. [14] Leading Arabs were executed, and notable families deported to Anatolia. [14] Cemal's policies did nothing to alleviate the famine that was gripping Syria it was exacerbated by a British and French blockade of the coastal ports, the requisitioning of transports, profiteering and — strikingly — Cemal's preference for spending scarce funds on public works and the restoration of historic monuments [14] [16] During the war, Britain had been a major sponsor of Arab nationalist thought and ideology, primarily as a weapon to use against the power of the Empire. Sharif Hussein ibn Ali rebelled against the Ottoman rule during the Arab Revolt of 1916. In August he was replaced by Sharif Haydar, but in October he proclaimed himself king of Arabia and in December was recognized by the British as an independent ruler. [14] There was little the Empire could do to influence the course of events, other than try to prevent news of the uprising spreading to keep it from demoralizing the army or acting as propaganda for anti-Ottoman Arab factions. [14] On 3 October 1918 forces of the Arab Revolt entered Damascus accompanied by British troops, ending 400 years of Ottoman rule. War in Eastern Europe Edit In order to support the other Central Powers, Enver Pasha sent 3 Army Corps or around 100,000 men to fight in Eastern Europe. [17] under command of Mustafa Hilmi Pasha participated in the Romanian Campaign between September 1916 and April 1918. under command of Yakup Şevki Subaşı and later Cevat Pasha fought in Galicia against the Russians between August 1916 and August 1917. under command of Abdul Kerim Pasha participated in the Salonika Campaign between December 1916 and May 1917. • The Rumeli Field Detachment (reinforced 177th Infantry Regiment) remained in Macedonia until May 1918. 1915 Edit On 10 September 1915, Interior Minister Talat Pasha abolished the "Capitulations". On 10 September 1915 Grand Vizier Said Halim Pasha annulled (Vizer had the authority on annuls) the Capitulations, which ended the special privileges they granted to foreign nationals. The capitulation holders refused to recognize his action (unilateral action). [2] The American ambassador expressed the Great Power view: The capitulary regime, as it exists in the Empire, is not an autonomous institution of the Empire, but the result of international treaties, of diplomatic agreements and of contractual acts of various sorts. The regime, consequently, cannot be modified in any of its parts and still less suppressed in its entirety by the Ottoman Government except in consequence of an understanding with the contracting Powers. [18] Beside the capitulations, there was another issue which evolved under the shadow of capitulations. The debt and financial control (revenue generation) of the empire was intertwined under single institution, which its board was constituted from Great Powers rather than Ottomans. There is no sovereignty in this design. The public debt could and did interfere in state affairs because it controlled (collected) one-quarter of state revenues. [18] The debt was administered by the Ottoman Public Debt Administration and its power extended to the Imperial Ottoman Bank (equates to modern central banks). Debt Administration controlled many of the important revenues of the empire. The council had power over every financial affairs. Its control extended to determine the tax on livestock in districts. Ottoman public debt was part of a larger scheme of political control, through which the commercial interests of the world had sought to gain advantages that may not be to Empire's interest. The immediate purpose of the abolition of capitulations and the cancellation of foreign debt repayments was to reduce the foreign stranglehold on the Ottoman economy a second purpose — and one to which great political weight was attached – was to extirpate non—Muslims from the economy by transferring assets to Muslim Turks and encouraging their participation with government contracts and subsidies. [19] The Ottoman–German Alliance was an alliance was ratified on August 2, 1914, shortly following the outbreak of War I. The alliance was created as part of a joint-cooperative effort that would strengthen and modernize the failing Ottoman military, as well as provide Germany safe passage into neighboring British colonies. [20] 1915 Edit The Constantinople Agreement on 18 March 1915 was a set of secret assurances, which Great Britain promised to give the Capital and the Dardanelles to the Russians in the event of victory. [21] The city of Constantinople was intended to be a free port. During 1915, British forces invalidated the Anglo-Ottoman Convention, declaring Kuwait to be an "independent sheikdom under British protectorate." [ This quote needs a citation ] 1916 Edit The French-Armenian Agreement of 27 October 1916, was reported to the interior minister, Talat Pasha, which agreement negotiations were performed with the leadership of Boghos Nubar the chairman of the Armenian National Assembly and one of the founder of the AGBU. 1917 Edit In 1917 the Ottoman Cabinet considered maintaining relations with Washington after the United States had declared war on Germany on 6 April. But the views of the war party prevailed and they insisted on maintaining a common front with their allies. Thus, relations with America were broken on 20 April 1917. Russian SFSR Edit The 1917 Russian revolution changed the realities. The war devastated not only Russian soldiers, but also the Russian economy, which was breaking down under the heightened strain of wartime demand by the end of 1915. The tsarist regime's advances for the security on its southern borders proved ruinous. [22] The tsarist regime's desire to control the Eastern Anatolia and the straits (perceived as an underbelly), in the end created the conditions that brought about Russia's own downfall. Unable to use Straits disrupted the Russian supply chain, Russia might have survived without the Straits, but the strain was the tipping point for its war economy. [22] This question was left to Soviet historians: "whether a less aggressive policy toward the Ottoman Empire before the war would have caused Istanbul to maintain neutrality or whether Russia later might have induced Istanbul to leave the war, [a] the outcome of tsarist future would be different. [22] Nicholas's inept handling of his country and the war destroyed the Tsar and ended up costing him both his reign and his life. Enver immediately instructed the Vehib Pasha, Third Army, to propose a ceasefire to Russia’s Caucasus Army. [23] Vehib cautioned withdrawing forces, as due to the politics in Russia — neither Russia’s Caucasus Army nor Caucasian civil authorities give assurance that an armistice would hold. [24] On 7 November 1917 the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin overthrew the Provisional Government in a violent coup plunged Russia into multitude of civil wars between different ethnic groups. The slow dissolution of Russia’s Caucasus Army relieved one form of military threat from the east but brought another one. Russia was a long time threat, but at the same time kept the civil unrest in his land at bay without spreading to Ottomans in a violent. On 3 December the Ottoman foreign minister Ahmed Nesimi Bey informed the "Chamber of Deputies" about the prospects. The Chamber discussed the possible outcomes and priorities. On 15 December Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers signed. On 18 December Armistice of Erzincan signed. The Bolsheviks’ anti-imperialist formula of peace with no annexations and no indemnities was close to Ottoman position. The Bolsheviks' position brought a conflict with the Germany's aim to preserve control over the East European lands it occupied and with Bulgaria's claims on Dobruja and parts of Serbia. In December Enver informed the Quadruple Alliance that they would like to see the 1877 border (Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)), pointing out that the only Ottomans lost territory and 1877 border was Ottoman territories inhabited by Muslims. [25] Ottomans did not push the 1877 position too hard, scared to fall back to bilateral agreements. On the other hand, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria clearly stood behind on the pulling back the Ottoman and Russian forces from Iran. [26] Ottomans wanted Muslim Iran be under its own control. The ambassador to Berlin, Ibrahim Hakki Pasha, wrote: "Although Russia may be in a weakened state today, it is always an awesome enemy and it is probable that in a short time it will recover its former might and power. [25] On 22 December 1917, the first meeting between Ottomans and the Bolsheviks, the temporary head Zeki Pasha, until Talat Pasha's arrival, requested of Lev Kamenev to put an end to atrocities being committed on Russian-occupied territory by Armenian partisans. Kamenev agreed and added "an international commission should be established to oversee the return of refugees (by own consent) and deportees (by forced relocation) to Eastern Anatolia. The battle of ideals, rhetoric, and material for the fate of Eastern Anatolia opened with this dialog . [25] The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk represented an enormous success for the empire. [ according to whom? ] Minister of Foreign Affairs Halil Bey announced the achievement of peace to the Chamber of Deputies. He cheered the deputies further with his prediction of the imminent signing of a third peace treaty (the first Ukraine, second Russia, and with Romania). Halil Bey thought the Entente to cease hostilities and bring a rapid end to the war. The creation of an independent Ukraine promised to cripple Russia, and the recovery of Kars, Ardahan and Batum gave the CUP a tangible prize. Nationalism emerged at the center of the diplomatic struggle between the Central Powers and the Bolsheviks. The Empire recognized that Russia’s Muslims, their co-religionists, were disorganized and dispersed could not become an organized entity in the future battles of ideals, rhetoric, and material. Thus, the Ottomans mobilized the Caucasus Committee to make claims on behalf of the Muslims. [27] The Caucasus Committee had declined Ottoman earnest requests to break from Russia and embrace independence. The Caucasian Christians was far ahead in this new world concept. Helping the Caucasian Muslims to be free, like their neighbors, would be the Ottomans’ challenge. [27] 1918 Edit In the overall war effort, the CUP was convinced that empire's contribution was essential. Ottoman armies had tied down large numbers of Allied troops on various fronts, keeping them away from theatres in Europe where they would have been used against German and Austrian forces. Moreover, they claimed that their success at Gallipoli had been an important factor in bringing about the collapse of Russia, resulting in the revolution of April 1917. They had turned the war in favor of Germany and her allies. [28] Hopes were initially high for the Ottomans that their losses in the Middle East might be compensated for by successes in the Caucasus Campaign. Enver Pasha maintained an optimistic stance, hid information that made the Ottoman position appear weak, and let most of the Ottoman elite believe that the war was still winnable. [29] Caucasus (Armenia–Azerbaijan–Georgia) Edit Ottoman policy toward the Caucasus evolved according to the changing demands of the diplomatic and geopolitical environment. [30] What was the Ottoman premise in involving with the Azerbaijan and the North Caucasus? The principle of "self-determination" became the criterion, or at least in part, to give them a chance to stand on their feet. [31] The Bolsheviks did not regard national separatism in this region as a lasting force. Their expectation was whole region come under a "voluntary and honest union" [b] and this union bearing no resemblance to Lenin’s famous description of Russia as a "prison house of peoples." [32] Lenin's arrival to Russia was formally welcomed by Nikolay Chkheidze, the Menshevik Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet. Ottoman's did not see a chance of these new states to stand against new Russia. These new Muslim states needed support to be emerged as viable independent states. In order to consolidate a buffer zone with Russia (both for the Empire and these new states), however, Ottomans needed to expel the Bolsheviks from Azerbaijan and the North Caucasus before the end of war. [33] Based on 1917 negotiations, Enver concluded that Empire should not to expect much military assistance from the Muslims of the Caucasus as they were the one in need. Enver also knew the importance of Kars—Julfa railroad and the adjacent areas for this support. Goal was set forward beginning from 1918 to end of the war. The Empire duly recognized the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic in February 1918. This preference to remain part of Russia led Caucasusian politics to the Trebizond Peace Conference to base their diplomacy on the incoherent assertion that they were an integral part of Russia but yet not bound [30] The representatives were Rauf Bey for the Empire, and Akaki Chkhenkeli from the Transcaucasian delegation. On 11 May, a new peace conference opened at Batum. The Treaty of Batum was signed on 4 June 1918, in Batum between the Ottoman Empire and three Trans-Caucasus states: First Republic of Armenia, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Democratic Republic of Georgia. The goal was to assist Azerbaijan Democratic Republic at Battle of Baku, then turn north to assist the embattled Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus and then sweep southward to encircle the British in Mesopotamia and retake Baghdad. [31] The British in Mesopotamia already moving north, with forty vans (claimed to loaded with gold and silver for buying mercenary) accompanied with only a brigade, to establish a foothold. At the time Baku was under the control of the 26 Baku Commissars which were Bolshevik and Left Socialist Revolutionary (SR) members of the Baku Soviet Commune. The commune was established in the city of Baku. In this plan, they expected resistance from Bolshevik Russia and Britain, but also Germany, which opposed the extension of their influence into the Caucasus. [31] Ottoman's goal to side with Muslims of Azerbaijan and MRNC managed to get Bolsheviks of Russia, Britain and Germany on the same side of a conflict box at this brief point in the history. 1920 Presidential Election The Democrats nominated newspaper publisher and Governor James M. Cox in turn the Republicans chose Senator Warren G. Harding, another Ohio newspaper publisher. Cox launched an energetic campaign against Senator Harding, and did all he could to defeat him. To help his campaign, he chose future president Franklin D. Roosevelt as his running mate. Harding virtually ignored Cox and essentially campaigned against Wilson, calling for a return to "normalcy" with an almost 4-to-1 spending advantage, he won a landslide victory. Harding's victory remains the largest popular-vote percentage margin (60.3% to 34.1%) in Presidential elections after the victory of James Monroe in the election of 1820. Popular in Human Interest I think a lot of us know that the comparison between that time and this one cannot fly. But we turn to the 1920s because it’s impossible to imagine how COVID will live on in our lives. Remember when we were still surprised at the idea that people “forgot” the 1918–19 pandemic? When COVID felt so huge to us that we couldn’t imagine it getting smaller in the rearview? I can’t believe I ever wondered. The past year has taught me that for Americans, our pathological optimism can move mountains. At the end of her book American Pandemic, historian Nancy Bristow argues that the people in the throes of flu amnesia in the 1920s were engaged in “a process common in the nation’s history”—the “drowning-out” of “narratives of anguish with the noise of public optimism.” Imagine, Bristow writes, how the “sense of opportunity and progress would have sounded to someone who had lost a mother, a brother, a wife, a son.” This was the hidden 1920s—a decade of private grief. It’s the only part I know for sure we’ll be doing again.
Uploaded by farazmirza095 assignment lab operating system 1: Show priorities of all processes. 2: Show only one process with highest priority. 3: change the process priority of “7736” to -5 using renice command. 4: change the process priority “7736” to 0 using top command. 5: Add a user uol1 and check whether the user is locked or not by trouble shooting. 6: lock uol1 using GUI. 7: Change the full name of uol1 to “First User” using terminal. 8: Write a command to insert text on the terminal. The command should stop after typing “END” and all the written text should be saved in a new file named file1.txt. 9: create two files named file2.txt and file3.txt respectively. Enter some text in both files. Now write a command that merge the text of both files and copy into a new file named file4.txt. 10: create a file named file5.txt and enter some text in it. Now send this file to user “uol1”. Uol1 should edit this file. 11: Redirect all bash users in a file named users1.txt. 12: Redirect all users which are currently LOGGED IN in a file named log.txt.
.International Women’s Day – March 8 A Century of Our Struggle! by Surjeet Kalsey 100 yeas of struggle: women of the world marching on continuously marching on and keeping their struggle alive for equality, respect and dignity! Yet the destination is far far away there were thorns and stones on the path! Marching through centuries on the rough road our hearts ache and our feet bleed with blisters. Somewhere on the way we are lost! As if we fail to feel the pain of another of our own and stand against each other making to feel insulted and ridiculed in front of others in the crowd. Still marching on the never ending path women hold hands and many banners marching endlessly together! Sometimes we feel that we fail ourselves, our own struggle, and we ourselves squeeze our own blisters! Shamelessly, nothing moves forward we are still on the margin, we are still being stoned, still being raped the violence has not stopped seems as if we have failed ourselves and we are blamed for. The society, the history, the trends, the attitudes are still chanting Manu Simriti…. A century long history of our struggle will continue to end our sufferings Our sacrifices will continue to get freedom from prejudices and offerings of humiliation. Struggle will continue, March on! March on! Voiceless Women by Surjeet Kalsey Yes, they are still sitting there quietly waiting for someone someone will come and inscribe their fate on their foreheads or a stream of passion would sprung up from within or a straw would become a pen. Women are sitting in the house as if they are sitting on the street without its floor without its door but walls are still their retreat Voiceless women live in this house within these four walls without its door, without its floor quietly they wait for someone would come and spread out earth under their feet. The tale they wanted to tell that has become aged, stopped. The tale is circling within circle from ages and their voice is not heard their eyes are lit like lamps on their wrinkled faces – waiting waiting and waiting someone will come. Their story is being written in their wrinkles they will bury their story with their bodies or a straw would become a pen or they would remain voiceless even in this age! United We March!
Runoff: Surface and Overland Water Runoff When rain falls onto the earth, it just doesn’t sit there, it starts moving according to the laws of gravity. A portion of the precipitation seeps into the ground to replenish Earth’s groundwater. Most of it flows downhill as runoff. Runoff is extremely important in that not only does it keep rivers and lakes full of water, but it also changes the landscape by the action of erosion. Flowing water has tremendous power it can move boulders and carve out canyons; check out the Grand Canyon! Some definitions of runoff:. Meteorological factors affecting runoff: * Rainfall intensity * Rainfall amount * Rainfall duration * Distribution of rainfall over the watersheds * Direction of storm movement Antecedent precipitation and resulting soil moisture Physical characteristics affecting runoff: * Land use * Vegetation * Soil type * Drainage area * Basin shape * Elevation * Slope * Topography * Direction of orientation * Drainage network patterns Runoff and water quality : Why might stormwater runoff be a problem? Runoff can carry a lot of sediment Florida, Oct. 14, 1999. When Hurricane Irene passed over Florida in 1999, the heavy rainfall over land caused extensive amounts of runoff that first entered Florida’s rivers which then dumped the runoff water, containing lots of sediment, into the Atlantic Ocean. The end.…. Who can submit a Proposal? A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth’s shadow.This can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are exactly or very closely aligned (in syzygy) with Earth between the other two, and only on the night of a full moon. The type and length of a lunar eclipse depend on the Moon’s proximity to either node of its orbit. Totality during the lunar eclipse of 21 January 2019. Direct sunlight is being blocked by the Earth, and the only light reaching it is sunlight refracted by Earth’s atmosphere, producing a reddish color. Latter phases of the partial lunar eclipse on 17 July 2019 taken from GloucestershireUnited Kingdom. A totally eclipsed Moon is sometimes called a blood moon for its reddish color, which is caused by Earth completely blocking direct sunlight from reaching the Moon. The only light reflected from the lunar surface has been refracted by Earth’s atmosphere. This light appears reddish for the same reason that a sunset or sunrise does: the Rayleigh scattering of bluer light. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. A total lunar eclipse can last up to nearly 2 hours, while a total solar eclipse lasts only up to a few minutes at any given place, because the Moon’s shadow is smaller. Also unlike solar eclipses, lunar eclipses are safe to view without any eye protection or special precautions, as they are dimmer than the full Moon. Types of Lunar Eclipse: A total penumbral lunar eclipse dims the Moon in direct proportion to the area of the Sun’s disk covered by Earth. This comparison of the Moon (within the southern part of Earth’s shadow) during the penumbral lunar eclipse of January 1999 (left) and the Moon outside the shadow (right) shows this slight darkening. Penumbral Lunar Eclipse This occurs when the Moon passes through Earth’s penumbra. The penumbra causes a subtle dimming of the lunar surface, which is only visible to the naked eye when about 70% of the Moon’s diameter has immersed into Earth’s penumbra.A special type of penumbral eclipse is a total penumbral lunar eclipse, during which the Moon lies exclusively within Earth’s penumbra. Total penumbral eclipses are rare, and when these occur, the portion of the Moon closest to the umbra may appear slightly darker than the rest of the lunar disk. Partial lunar eclipse This occurs when only a portion of the Moon enters Earth’s umbra, while a total lunar eclipse occurs when the entire Moon enters the planet’s umbra. The Moon’s average orbital speed is about 1.03 km/s (2,300 mph), or a little more than its diameter per hour, so totality may last up to nearly 107 minutes. Nevertheless, the total time between the first and the last contacts of the Moon’s limb with Earth’s shadow is much longer and could last up to 236 minutes. Total lunar eclipse This occurs when the moon falls entirely within the earth’s umbra. Just prior to complete entry, the brightness of the lunar limb– the curved edge of the moon still being hit by direct sunlight– will cause the rest of the moon to appear comparatively dim. The moment the moon enters a complete eclipse, the entire surface will become more or less uniformly bright. Later, as the moon’s opposite limb is struck by sunlight, the overall disk will again become obscured. This is because as viewed from the Earth, the brightness of a lunar limb is generally greater than that of the rest of the surface due to reflections from the many surface irregularities within the limb: sunlight striking these irregularities is always reflected back in greater quantities than that striking more central parts, and is why the edges of full moons generally appear brighter than the rest of the lunar surface. Central lunar eclipse This is a total lunar eclipse during which the Moon passes through the centre of Earth’s shadow, contacting the antisolar point. This type of lunar eclipse is relatively rare. The relative distance of the Moon from Earth at the time of an eclipse can affect the eclipse’s duration. In particular, when the Moon is near apogee, the farthest point from Earth in its orbit, its orbital speed is the slowest. The diameter of Earth’s umbra does not decrease appreciably within the changes in the Moon’s orbital distance. Thus, the concurrence of a totally eclipsed Moon near apogee will lengthen the duration of totality. A selenelion or selenehelion, also called a horizontal eclipse, occurs where and when both the Sun and an eclipsed Moon can be observed at the same time. The event can only be observed just before sunset or just after sunrise, when both bodies will appear just above opposite horizons at nearly opposite points in the sky. A selenelion occurs during every total lunar eclipse it is an experience of the observer, not a planetary event separate from the lunar eclipse itself. Typically, observers on Earth located on high mountain ridges undergoing false sunrise or false sunset at the same moment of a total lunar eclipse will be able to experience it. Although during selenelion the Moon is completely within the Earth’s umbra, both it and the Sun can be observed in the sky because atmospheric refraction causes each body to appear higher (i.e., more central) in the sky than its true geometric planetary position. The timing of total lunar eclipses is determined by what are known as its “contacts” (moments of contact with Earth’s shadow) P1 (First contact): Beginning of the penumbral eclipse. Earth’s penumbra touches the Moon’s outer limb. U1 (Second contact): Beginning of the partial eclipse. Earth’s umbra touches the Moon’s outer limb. U2 (Third contact): Beginning of the total eclipse. The Moon’s surface is entirely within Earth’s umbra. Greatest eclipse: The peak stage of the total eclipse. The Moon is at its closest to the center of Earth’s umbra. U3 (Fourth contact): End of the total eclipse. The Moon’s outer limb exits Earth’s umbra. U4 (Fifth contact): End of the partial eclipse. Earth’s umbra leaves the Moon’s surface. P4 (Sixth contact): End of the penumbral eclipse. Earth’s penumbra no longer makes contact with the Moon. Danjon scale: Chandrayaan2 is India’s second lunar probe, and its first attempt to make a soft landing on the Moon. It has an Orbiter, which will go around the Moon for a year in an orbit of 100 km from the surface, and a Lander and a Rover that will land on the Moon. Once there, the Rover will separate from the Lander, and will move around on the lunar surface. Both the Lander and the Rover are expected to be active for one month. CHANDRAYAAN BEGUN ITS JOURNEY: Chandrayaan-2 satellite had begun its journey towards the moon leaving the earth’s orbit in the dark hours on August 14, after a crucial maneuver called Trans Lunar Insertion (TLI) that was carried out by Isro to place the spacecraft on “Lunar Transfer Trajectory” India’s Moon mission: Chandrayaan-2 will be a ground-breaking mission to the south pole of the moon and should land on a high plain between two craters, Manzinus C and Simpelius N, which are around 70° south. In a major milestone for India’s second Moon mission, the Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft had successfully entered the lunar orbit on August 20 by performing Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI) maneuver. On August 22, Isro released the first image of the moon captured by Chandrayaan-2. On September 2,Vikram’ successfully separated from the orbiter, following which two de-orbiting manoeuvres were performed to bring the lander closer to the Moon. Vikram’ and ‘Pragyan’ As India attempted a soft landing on the lunar surface on September 7, all eyes were on the lander ‘Vikram’ and rover ‘Pragyan’. The 1,471-kg ‘Vikram‘, named after Vikram Sarabhai, father of the Indian space programme, was designed to execute a soft landing on the lunar surface, and to function for one lunar day, which is equivalent to about 14 earth days. Chandrayaan, which means “moon vehicle” in Sanskrit, exemplifies the resurgence of international interest in space. The US, China and private corporations are among those racing to explore everything from resource mining to extraterrestrial colonies on the moon and even Mars. LAUNCHED IN: India’s second mission to the Moon, Chandrayaan-2 was launched on 22nd July 2019 from Satish Dhawan Space Center, Sriharikota. The Orbiter which was injected into a lunar orbit on 2nd Sept 2019, carries 8 experiments to address many open questions on lunar science. The end .. Poverty in India Poverty is the state of not having enough material possessions or income for a person basic needs. Poverty may include social, economic, and political elements. Absolute poverty is the complete lack of the means necessary to meet basic personal needs, such as food, clothing, and shelter. Poverty is linked with negative conditions such as substandard housing, homelessness, inadequate nutrition and food insecurity, inadequate child care, lack of access to health care, unsafe neighborhoods, and under resourced schools which adversely impact our nation’s children. There are several definitions of poverty, and scholars disagree as to which definition is appropriate for India. Inside India, both income-based poverty definition and consumption-based poverty statistics are in use. Outside India, the World Bank and institutions of the United Nations use a broader definition to compare poverty among nations, including India, based on purchasing power parity (PPP), as well as a nominal relative basis. Each state in India has its poverty threshold to determine how many people are below its poverty line and to reflect regional economic conditions. These differences in definitions yield a complex and conflicting picture about poverty in India, both internally and when compared to other developing countries of the world. More than 800 million people in India are considered poor. Most of them live in the countryside and keep afloat with odd jobs. The lack of employment which provides a livable wage in rural areas is driving many Indians into rapidly growing metropolitan areas such as Bombay, Delhi, Bangalore or Calcutta. There, most of them expect a life of poverty and despair in the mega-slums, made up of millions of corrugated ironworks, without sufficient drinking water supply, without garbage disposal and in many cases without electricity. Poor hygiene conditions cause diseases such as cholera, typhus and dysentery, which affects children more. Poverty in India impacts children, families and individuals in a variety of different ways through: • High infant mortality • Malnutrition • Child labour • Lack of education • Child marriage • HIV / AIDS Around 75 million more people in India fell into poverty last year because of the pandemic-induced economic recession, compared with what it would have been without the outbreak, an analysis by Pew Research Center showed on Thursday. That number in India accounts for nearly 60% of the global increase in poverty in 2020, the analysis showed. It defined the poor as people who live on $2 or less daily. India has achieved annual growth exceeding 7 per cent over the last 15 years and continues to pull millions of people out of poverty, according to the World Bank. The country has halved its poverty rate over the past three decades and has seen strong improvements in most human development outcomes, a report by the international financial institution has found. Growth is expected to continue and, the elimination of extreme poverty in the next decade is within reach, said the bank, which warned that the country’s development trajectory faces considerable challenges. Rail Transport in India What is Employment Screening and How to Do Employment Screening Employment screening enables you to verify the skills, experience and qualifications of a candidate to assist you in making your hiring and recruitment decisions. This provides you with all of the available information about a candidate to make the most accurate decision and safeguard your hiring process. Employment screening also helps to protect your company’s reputation and ensure that your financial and people risk is minimised. Photo by Edmond Dantu00e8s on Many employers will conduct pre-employment screenings before they send you a job offer. Potential employers will typically perform a screening sometime during the interview process to assist in their hiring decision. There are a variety of screenings potential employers can use to get a thorough understanding of your background. In this article, we will explain what pre-employment screening is and how you can prepare for it. What is pre-employment screening? Also sometimes called a “background check,” a pre-employment screening is a verification of your information and background. Employers can use screenings to determine if you can handle sensitive or confidential information and to assess skills that are relevant to the position. Depending on the job, employers can conduct one or more of these common pre-employment screens: • Social security number (SSN) tracing is used to find all of the names, date of birth and addresses associated with that SSN. This trace makes it possible for employers to find areas to search for additional records. • Criminal history screenings check records in various local, state, national, federal and even international databases. Some criminal history screenings may require you to submit your fingerprints. Criminal record checks will often include a combination of records derived from multiple sources. They can be done at county, state, federal, or even international levels. Companies can commonly access this data from just online databases. • Using those databases to check criminal records is referred to as screen-scraping. This process can sometimes turn up charges against job applicants that are very old or have been dismissed. • It’s possible that checking criminal records will protect a company in any negligent hiring lawsuits. However, there are laws in many states which specify just how information from these criminal records can be used when evaluating job candidates. • Criminal background checks will often include the following: • FBI Fingerprint Database Search – Submitting fingerprints to the FBI database will not necessarily result in a comprehensive picture of a job candidate’s criminal history. That is because the database depends upon local jurisdictions to provide information regarding arrests and their final dispositions. A great deal of information may be missing. This search should comprise only one small part of any pre-employment screening. • National Criminal Record Search (NCRD) – This database is constructed from information in the repositories at the municipal, circuit, district, and superior court levels, plus the FBI, Department of Corrections, U.S. Customs, DEA, U.S. Marshal, Department of Justice and Secret Service. It identifies criminal offenses not only where the job candidate has worked or lived, but from all over the country. The national database allows instant access to hundreds of millions of records, including the National Sex Offender Registry. • Federal Criminal Records Search – Bank robbery, embezzlement, interstate drug trafficking are just some examples of the type of federal offenses that won’t show up on state and county level searches because they fall under federal jurisdiction. That is why a search of federal crime records is suggested for a thorough pre-employment screening. • Statewide Criminal Records Search – Records of felonies and misdemeanors are usually found in the central repositories of each state. The information is provided by courts, corrections, and law enforcement agencies all over the state. However, the quality of these searches can vary widely from state to state, since each one gets to decide how data is imported and who is allowed access to it. The information is not always accurate, or up to date. Depending on the state, the records may not even cover all levels of its court system. • County Criminal Record Search – Local county and municipal records will be available through this search. • Public records screenings can search motor vehicle records, driving history, credit history, bankruptcy records, workers’ compensation records, civil records and sometimes medical records. • Verifications and credentials screenings check the accuracy of your education or degree received, previous employment, professional certifications or licenses, professional references and military service records. Particularly for entry-level employees, employers like to verify a job applicant’s degree, academic performance or major. The Family Right to Privacy Act requires that schools obtain consent from the former student before they release any type of academic records. • These reports will verify the dates students attended the academic institution, which fields were studied, the degree earned, grade point averages, and the date of graduation. The Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) covers all of the background checks included in an education verification screening. • Controlled substance screenings are conducted by a health care provider to ensure your employment complies with company-wide policies on illicit substances. • Lie detector or polygraph tests can only be required by companies that provide security services or manufacture or distribute controlled substances. Most private companies are not allowed to use lie detector tests as a form of pre-employment screening. However, certain types of businesses are exempt from this prohibition, such as alarm, guard or armored car services, as well as those who dispense, distribute, or manufacture pharmaceuticals. • Pre-employment assessments are tests your potential employer may ask you to take to determine your abilities as they relate to the role. Drug Testing Worker’s Compensation Claims History Credit History Screening Pre-employment screening of the credit history of job candidates is regulated by the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). Employers are not only required to obtain the consent of all applicants to perform such a search, they must also provide the applicant with access to the results. Sex Offender Registry Screening Employers may conduct searches through registries at both the state and Federal level to find out if job applicants are on sex offender lists. This type of pre-employment screening allows them to avoid endangering their staff or tarnishing their reputation by removing sex offenders from their pool of prospective employees. Motor Vehicle Records Screening This information comes from a state’s Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) and is usually immediately available. Records of license suspensions, accidents, convictions, violation or any disciplinary actions are included in the results from DMV. Companies whose employees operate motor vehicles in the course of their work, such as trucking, delivery or sales, are most likely to require this type of pre-employment screening. Employment Verification Employers verify previous employment listed on resumes and job applications using this type of pre-employment screening. It is also used to check the accuracy of dates of employment, job title, and other related details. However, some of the employers which job candidates list on their resume or application may have policies which limit what type of information they will provide about a former employee. Another important screening element is to verify that a job applicant is eligible to work in this country. All workers in the United States are required to complete an I-9 Employment Verification Form in order to prove their identity and eligibility. Supervisor/Reference Interviews Employers will sometimes want to interview references or former supervisors, in order to evaluate the ability of a candidate to perform the job in question. In these cases, the employers will usually be required to provide written permission from the applicant before anyone will speak with them. This pre-employment screening will provide information regarding the possibility that a job applicant might prove to be a threat to the economy or national security foreign policy of the United Sates. A county based search of civil records is commonly used by employers as a guide to a job candidate’s character. This pre-employment screening will reveal lawsuits which are based on the applicant’s failure to fulfill the terms of a contract, it will also reveal all civil lawsuits which have been filed against the potential employee. A civil records search will also make it easy to see whether a job candidate makes a habit of filing lawsuits. It can be a useful tool for determining whether a potential employee is reliable or not. Licensing and Professional Certification Verification The pre-employment screening will reveal whether a license is valid, the expiration date, and whether the applicant has been the subject of any type of disciplinary action. Military Service Records Records available on veterans will show the dates served, the type of discharge, and the rank held at time of discharge. Bankruptcy Records It’s easy to verify whether a job applicant has filed for bankruptcy. However, employers are prohibited from using that information against the applicant. Medical Records Verification Companies are not allowed to check a job candidate’s medical records under any circumstances. They are not even allowed to ask specific questions about a candidate’s medical history. One exception is when companies make medical exams a requirement of that job, and all similar ones, so that everyone in those positions are required to undergo an exam. In other words, they can’t require a person who is limping to have a medical exam unless all other applicants are also required to undergo an exam as a requisite of employment. Marine Pollution Pollution in ocean is a major problem that is affecting the ocean and the rest of the Earth, too.Pollution in the ocean directly affects ocean organisms and indirectly affects human health and resources.Oil spills, toxic wastes, and dumping of other harmful materials are all major sources of pollution in the ocean. Marine Pollution: Marine pollution is a combination of chemicals and trash,most of which comes from land sources and is washed or blown into the ocean. Some of the main causes for the marine pollution is as follows • Ocean dumping Land runoff • Oil spills • Littering • Ocean mining • Noise pollution Ocean dumping: Land runoff: Eighty percent of marine pollution comes from land run off. Oil spills: Contamination of seawater due to an oil pour, as a result of an accident or human error, is termed an oil spill. Marine litter is not only ugly it can harm ocean ecosystems wildlife, and humans. It can gure coral reels and bottom dwelling species and entangle or drown ocean wildlife. Some marine animals ingest smaller plastic particles and choke or starve Ocean Mining (Deep Sea Mining): Mining under the ocean for gold, silver, copper, cobalt,etc is another source for ocean pollution.Deep sea mining could even make climate change worse. The disruption caused by the machines may release carbon stored in deep sea sediments. Noise Pollution in the ocean: Devastating Effects of Ocean Pollution: 1. Effect of Toxic Wastes on Marine Animals: 2. Disruption to the Cycle of Coral Oil spill floats on the surface of the water and prevents sunlight from reaching to marine plants and affects the process of photosynthesis. 3. Depletes Oxygen Content in Water: When oxygen levels go down, the chances of survival of marine animals like whales, turtles, sharks, dolphins, penguins for a long time also goes down. 4. Failure in the Reproductive System of Sea Animals 5. Effect on Food Chain: Chemicals used in industries are ingested into small animals in the ocean and are later eaten by large animals, which then affects the whole food chain. 6. Affects Human Health: Animals from impacted food chain are then eaten by humans, which affects their health as toxins from these contaminated animals get deposited in the tissues of people and can lead to cancer, birth defects or long term health problems. Solutions to Ocean Pollution: 1. Reducing the Use of Plastic Products 2. Use Reusable Bottles and Cutlery 3. Recycle Whatever You Can 4. Stop Littering the Beach, and Start Cleaning It 5. Reducing the Use of Chemical Fertilize 6. Reducing the Energy Use • We must help to stop ocean pollution, by recycling, using decomposable materials instead of plastic or glass to decrease our accumulating waste. Marine animals are suffering due to our actions, and if we do not put a halt to pollution soon, we too will suffer the consequences. Code of Ethics A code of ethics sets out an organization’s ethical guidelines and best practices to follow for honesty, integrity, and professionalism. It is a document that outlines the core values and ethics of business that professionals must follow. The codes of ethics are determined by the professional body, company management or the association. The main types of codes of ethics include a compliance-based code of ethics, a value-based code of ethics, and a code of ethics among professionals. A code of ethics will start by setting out the values that underpin the code and will describe an organization’s obligation to its stakeholders. The code is publicly available and addressed to anyone with an interest in that organization’s activities and the way it operates. It will include details of how the organization plans to implement its values and vision, as well as guidance to staff on ethical standards and how to achieve them. Types of Codes of Ethics A code of ethics can take a variety of forms, but the general goal is to ensure that a business and its employees are following state and federal laws, conducting themselves with an idea that can be exemplary, and ensuring that the business being conducted is beneficial for all stakeholders. The following are three types of codes of ethics found in the business. Compliance-Based Code of Ethics This type of code of ethics is based on clear-cut rules and well-defined consequences rather than individual monitoring of personal behaviour. Despite strict adherence to the law, some compliance-based codes of conduct do not thus promote a climate of moral responsibility within the company. Value-Based Code of Ethics Code of Ethics Among Professionals E-Technology in Agriculture Photo by Quang Nguyen Vinh on E-Agriculture is a new area of knowledge emerging out of the convergence of IT and farming techniques. It enhances the agricultural value chain through the application of the Internet and related technologies. IT helps farmers to have better access to information which increases productivity. It also enables him to get better prices through the information of changes in price in different markets. The information related to policies and programs of the government, schemes for farmers, institutions through which these schemes are implemented, innovations in agriculture, Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs), Institutions providing new agricultural inputs(high yielding seeds, new fertilizers etc) and training in new techniques are disseminated to farmers through the use of Information technology to ensure inclusiveness and to avoid digital divide. The advantages of E-Agriculture are – 1. Better and spontaneous agricultural practices. 2. Better marketing exposure and pricing. 3. Lessening of agricultural risks and enhanced incomes. 4. Better awareness and information. 5. Enhanced networking and communication. 6. Facility of online trading and e-commerce. 7. Better representation at various forums, authorities and platform. 8. E-agriculture can play vital role in the increased food production and productivity in India. Access to price information, access to agriculture information, access to national and international markets, increasing production efficiency and creating a ‘conducive policy environment’ are the beneficial outcomes of e-Agriculture which enhances the quality of life of farmers. In India, there have been several initiatives by State and Central Governments to meet the various challenges facing the agriculture sector in the country. The E-Agriculture is part of the Mission Mode Project, which has been included in NeGP (under National E-governance Plan) to consolidate the various learnings from the past, integrate all the diverse and disparate efforts currently underway, and upscale them to cover the entire country. In the framework of agriculture, the impact of information technology can be evaluated broadly under two categories. First, Information technology is a tool for direct contribution to agricultural productivity and secondly, it is an indirect tool for empowering agriculturalists to make informed and quality decisions that will have a positive impact on the agriculture and allied activities conducted. Precision agriculture which is popular in developed countries broadly uses information technology to make a direct contribution to agricultural efficiency. It is well recognized that E-Agriculture is a developing field focusing on the augmentation of agricultural and rural development through better information and communication processes. More precisely, e-Agriculture involves the conceptualization, design, development, evaluation and application of innovative ways to use information and communication technologies in the rural area, with a primary focus on agriculture. Information technology can aid Indian farmers to get significant information regarding agro-inputs, crop production technologies, agro-processing, market support, agro-finance and management of farm agri-business. The agricultural extension tool is becoming dependent on Information technology to provide appropriate and location-specific technologies for the farmers to provide timely and proficient advice to the farmers. Information technology can be the best means not only to develop agricultural extension but also to expand agriculture research and education system. Information and communication technologies can enhance the agricultural sector in developing countries by functioning as pioneering solutions to agricultural challenges. Information technology is drastically changing the lives of humans in all areas including the agriculture sector. Information technology use computers along with telecommunication equipment for the retrieval, storage, transmission and manipulation of data, which are aimed to improve competence in the agriculture sector. The Bhagavad Gita The Bhagavad Gita (“The Song of the Lord”) is is among the most important religious texts of Hinduism. The Gita is the sixth book of the Mahabharata, one of India’s most famous epic poems. The work is also known as the Shrimad Bhagavad Gita, Iswara Gita, the Ananta Gita, the Hari Gita, the Vyasa Gita, or simply the Gita. The Gita is a dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna, right before the start of the climactic Kurukshetra War in the Hindu epic Mahabharata The Bhagavad Gita is a poem written in the Sanskrit language. It has a total of 700 verses which are structured into several ancient Indian poetic meters, with the principal being the shloka. It has 18 chapters in total. Each shloka consists of a couplet, thus the entire text consists of 1,400 lines. It’s unclear exactly when the Gita was composed as estimates vary widely, but several scholars suggest it was completed around 200 CE and then inserted into the larger work; many see it as the first fully realized yogic scripture. In the Indian tradition, the Bhagavad Gita, as well as the epic Mahabharata of which it is a part, is attributed to the sage Vyasa, whose full name was Krishna Dvaipayana, also called Veda-Vyasa. Another Hindu legend states that Vyasa narrated it while the elephant-headed deity Ganesha broke one of his tusks and wrote down the Mahabharata along with the Bhagavad Gita. The Gita is a dialogue between the warrior-prince Arjuna and the god Krishna who is serving as his charioteer at the Battle of Kurukshetra fought between Arjuna’s family and allies (the Pandavas) and those of the prince Duryodhana and his family (the Kauravas) and their allies. Arjuna and his brothers have been exiled from the kingdom of Kurukshetra for 13 years and cut off from their rightful heritage by another faction of the family; the Gita takes up their struggle to reclaim the throne, which requires that Arjuna wage war against his kinsmen, bringing his considerable military skills to bear. This dialogue is recited by the Kauravan counselor Sanjaya to his blind king Dhritarashtra (both far from the battleground) as Krishna has given Sanjaya mystical sight so he will be able to see and report the battle to the king. On the battlefield, the armies of the Pandavas and the Kauravas have gathered, ready to fight. The Pandava prince Arjuna asks his charioteer Krishna to drive to the center of the battlefield so that he can get a good look at both the armies and all those who are going to fight on both sides. He sees that some among his enemies are his own relatives, beloved friends, and revered teachers. He does not want to fight to kill them and is thus filled with doubt and despair on the battlefield. He drops his bow, wonders if he should renounce and just leave the battlefield. He turns to his charioteer and guide Krishna, for advice on the rationale for war, his choices and the right thing to do. The Bhagavad Gita is the compilation of Arjuna’s questions and moral dilemma, Krishna’s answers and insights that elaborate on a variety of philosophical concepts. The compiled dialogue goes far beyond the “a rationale for war”; it touches on many human ethical dilemmas, philosophical issues and life’s choices. The Gita has three major themes: knowledge, action and love. The setting of the Gita on a battlefield has been interpreted as an allegory for the ethical and moral struggles of human life. The Gita combines the concepts expressed in the central texts of Hinduism – the Vedas and Upanishads – which are here synthesized into a single, coherent vision of belief in one God and the underlying unity of all existence. The text instructs on how one must elevate the mind and soul to look beyond appearances – which fool one into believing in duality and multiplicity – and recognize these are illusions; all humans and aspects of existence are a unified extension of the Divine which one will recognize once the trappings of illusion have been discarded. The Gita inspired the Bhakti (“devotion”) Movement which then influenced the development of Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. Krishna explains the path of selfless devotion as one of the paths toward self-actualization, recognition of the truth of existence, and liberation from the cycle of rebirth and death; the other two being jnana (“knowledge”) and karma (“action”). The Hare Krishna Movement of the present day is an expression of Bhakti, and the Gita remains their principal text. According to Flood and Martin, although the Gita is set in the context of a war epic, the narrative is structured to apply to all situations; it wrestles with questions about “who we are, how we should live our lives, and how should we act in the world”. Home Automation System Home automation or domotics is building automation for a home, called a smart home or a smart house. The word “domotics” is a contraction of the Latin word for a home (Domus) and the word robotics. The word “smart” in “smart home” refers to the system being aware of the state of its devices, which is done through the information and communication technologies (ICT) protocol and the Internet of Things (IoT). A home automation system will monitor and control home attributes such as lighting, climate, entertainment systems, and appliances. It may also include home security such as access control and alarm systems. Home automation allows you to control almost every aspect of your home through the Internet of Things. A home automation system typically connects controlled devices to a central smart home hub (also called a “gateway”). The user interface for controls of the system uses either wall-mounted terminals, tablet or desktop computers, a mobile phone application, or a Web interface that may also be accessible off-site through the Internet. Home automation has a high potential for sharing data between family members or trusted individuals for personal security and leads to energy-saving measures with a positive environmental impact in the future. Applications and technologies: Home automation is prevalent in a variety of different realms, including: Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC): it is possible to have remote control of all home energy monitors over the internet incorporating a simple and friendly user interface. Lighting control system: a “smart” network that incorporates communication between various lighting system inputs and outputs, using one or more central computing devices. Occupancy-aware control system: it is possible to sense the occupancy of the home using smart meters and environmental sensors like CO2 sensors, which can be integrated into the building automation system to trigger automatic responses for energy efficiency and building comfort applications. Appliance control and integration with the smart grid and a smart meter, taking advantage, for instance, of high solar panel output in the middle of the day to run washing machines. Home robots and security: a household security system integrated with a home automation system can provide additional services such as remote surveillance of security cameras over the Internet, or access control and central locking of all perimeter doors and windows. Leak detection, smoke and CO detectors Laundry-folding machine Indoor positioning systems (IPS). Home automation for the elderly and disabled. Pet and baby care, for example, tracking the pets and babies’ movements and controlling pet access rights. Air quality control (inside and outside). For example, Air Quality Egg is used by people at home to monitor the air quality and pollution level in the city and create a map of the pollution. Smart kitchen, with refrigerator inventory, premade cooking programs, cooking surveillance, etc. Voice control devices like Amazon Alexa or Google Home are used to control home appliances or systems. 1. Energy Savings Home automation systems have proven themselves in the arena of energy efficiency. Automated thermostats allow you to pre-program temperatures based on the time of day and the day of the week. And some even adjust to your behaviours, learning and adapting to your temperature preferences without your ever inputting a pre-selected schedule. Traditional or behaviour-based automation can also be applied to virtually every gadget that can be remotely controlled – from sprinkler systems to coffee makers. Actual energy savings ultimately depend on the type of device you select and its automation capabilities. But on average, product manufacturers estimate the systems can help consumers save anywhere from 10 to 15 per cent off of heating and cooling bills. 2. Convenience In today’s fast-paced society, the less you have to worry about, the better. Right? Convenience is another primary selling point of home automation devices, which virtually eliminate small hassles such as turning the lights off before you go to bed or adjusting the thermostat when you wake up in the morning. Many systems come with remote dashboard capabilities, so forgetting to turn off that coffee pot before you leave no longer requires a trip back to the house. Simply pull up the dashboard on a smart device or computer, and turn the coffee pot off in a matter of seconds. 3. Security Remote monitoring can put your mind at ease while you’re away from the house. With remote dashboards, lights and lamps can be turned on and off, and automated blinds can be raised and lowered. These capabilities – combined with automated security systems – can help you mitigate the risks of intrusions: you will be alerted immediately if something uncharacteristic happens. The Disadvantages 1. Installation Depending on the complexity of the system, installing a home automation device can be a significant burden on the homeowner. It can either cost you money if you hire an outside contractor or cost you time if you venture to do it yourself. 2. Complex Technology Automating everything in life may sound extremely appealing, but sometimes a good old-fashioned flip of the switch is a lot easier than reaching for your smartphone to turn lights on and off. Before you decide which system is right for you, think about how far you want to take home automation in your household. 3. System Compatibility Controlling all aspects of home automation from one centralized platform is important, but not all systems are compatible with one another. Your security system, for example, may require you to log in to one location to manage settings, while your smart thermostat may require you to log in to another platform to turn the air conditioner on and off. To truly leverage the convenience of home automation, you may need to invest in centralized platform technology to control all systems and devices from one location. 4. Cost Even though the price of home automation systems has become much more affordable in recent years, the cost to purchase and install a device can still add up. Consumer Reports offers a wide range of information and insights – including costs – on the best home automation systems on the market. Main purpose of home automation system is to provide ease to people to control different home appliances with the help of the android application present in their mobile phones and to save electricity, time and money. The sheer quantity of consumer attention generated by home automation technology means the biggest technology businesses and innovators have entered a race to overtake one another. That means better smart house technology is continually improved to coincide with our technological requirements. Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a form of international private business self-regulation which aims to contribute to societal goals of a philanthropic, activist, or charitable nature by engaging in or supporting volunteering or ethically-oriented practices. According to the World Business Council of Sustainable Development, corporate social responsibility is the “continuing commitment by business to contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the community and society at large.” It is also called corporate sustainability, sustainable business, corporate conscience, corporate citizenship, conscious capitalism, or responsible business. CSR is generally understood as being the way through which a company achieves a balance of economic, environmental and social imperatives (“Triple-Bottom-Line-Approach”), while at the same time addressing the expectations of shareholders and stakeholders. It is a management concept that helps companies be socially accountable to themselves, their stakeholders, and the public. Corporate social responsibility is now a familiar metric of how well a brand interacts with stakeholders and communities, both locally and globally. Some examples of CSR in action include: • Reducing carbon footprint • Engaging in charity work • Purchasing fair trade products • Investing in environmentally conscious businesses • Getting involved in volunteer work • Improving labour policies Types of Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility is divided into four categories: environmental, philanthropic, ethical, and economic responsibility. Environmental Responsibility: Environmental responsibility refers to the belief that organizations should behave as environmentally friendly as possible. It’s one of the most common forms of corporate social responsibility. Some companies use the term “environmental stewardship” to refer to such initiatives. Companies that seek to embrace environmental responsibility can do so in several ways: Reducing pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, the use of single-use plastics, water consumption, and general waste; Increasing reliance on renewable energy, sustainable resources, and recycled or partially recycled materials; Offsetting negative environmental impact; for example, by planting trees, funding research, and donating to related causes. Ethical Responsibility: Ethical responsibility is concerned with ensuring an organization is operating fairly and ethically. Organizations that embrace ethical responsibility aim to achieve fair treatment of all stakeholders, including leadership, investors, employees, suppliers, and customers. Firms can embrace ethical responsibility in different ways. For example, a business might set its own, higher minimum wage if the one mandated by the state or federal government doesn’t constitute a “livable wage.” Likewise, a business might require that products, ingredients, materials, or components be sourced according to free trade standards. In this regard, many firms have processes to ensure they’re not purchasing products resulting from slavery or child labour. Philanthropic Responsibility: Philanthropic responsibility refers to a business’s aim to actively make the world and society a better place. In addition to acting as ethically and environmentally friendly as possible, organizations are driven by philanthropic responsibility often dedicate a portion of their earnings. While many firms donate to charities and nonprofits that align with their guiding missions, others donate to worthy causes that don’t directly relate to their business. Others go so far as to create their charitable trust or organization to give back. Economic responsibility: Economic Responsibility is the practice of a firm backing all of its financial decisions in its commitment to do good in the areas listed above. The end goal is not to simply maximize profits, but positively impact the environment, people, and society. Examples of CSR Companies 1. Lego: The toy company has invested millions of dollars into addressing climate change and reducing waste. Lego’s environmentally conscious efforts include reduced packaging, using sustainable materials and investing in alternative energy. 5. Google: Google has demonstrated its commitment to the environment by investing in renewable energy sources and sustainable offices. The company’s CEO, Sundar Pichai, is also known to take stands on certain social issues. 6. Pfizer: The pharmaceutical company’s focus on “corporate citizenship” is reflected in its healthcare initiatives. Some of the company’s initiatives include spreading awareness about noninfectious diseases and providing accessible health services to women and children in need. While the goal of CSR is to push businesses to act responsibly and ethically toward the environment and community, there are some disadvantages. Engaging in CSR is not always cheap. It can rely on expensive structures and strategies to plan, execute and measure. A poorly planned CSR strategy that doesn’t deliver what it says it can quickly become a failure and business liability. The impact on a business’s reputation can be detrimental, and the community will be quick to scrutinise its actions. H&M’s Greenwashing campaign is an example of a misleading or disingenuous CSR – Swedish fast-fashion chain H&M has been called out recently for supplying insufficient information about the sustainability of their “sustainable style” collection. This is known as greenwashing (the act of giving a false impression that a company and its products are more environmentally friendly than they truly are). The internationally renowned fashion company has marked some of its products as ethical and environmentally friendly, yet they still produce materials at a non-environmentally friendly rate. The Norwegian Consumer Authority called out the chain for failing to produce sufficient information on how their products have “environmental benefits”. As a result, H&M have received criticism in the media. The movement toward CSR has had an impact in several domains. For example, many companies have taken steps to improve the environmental sustainability of their operations, through measures such as installing renewable energy sources or purchasing carbon offsets. In managing supply chains, efforts have also been taken to eliminate reliance on unethical labour practices, such as child labour and slavery. As the use of corporate responsibility expands, it is becoming increasingly important to have a socially conscious image. Consumers, employees and stakeholders prioritize CSR when choosing a brand or company, and they are holding corporations accountable for effecting social change with their business beliefs, practices and profits. In today’s socially conscious environment, employees and customers place a premium on working for and spending their money with businesses that prioritize CSR. A Brief Introduction to Constellations Constellations are a group of stars that form patterns in the sky. Constellations played a significant role in navigation for explorers of the Earth; these navigators created extensive star charts to help them find their way around the planet. The word “constellation” comes from the Late Latin term cōnstellātiō, which can be translated as “set of stars”; it came into use in Middle English during the 14th century. Ancient humans spent a lot of time observing star patterns in the sky. They identified clusters of stars as gods, goddesses, heroes, animals, and objects. They also created stories to go along with these star patterns, which became the basis for many of the myths passed through centuries by the Greeks, Romans, Polynesians, Indigenous Americans, and members of various African tribes and Asian cultures. Most of the constellation names we know came from the ancient Middle Eastern, Greek, and Roman culture. In some cases, the constellations may have had ceremonial or religious significance. In other cases, the star groupings helped to mark the passage of time between planting and harvesting. In 1930 the International Astronomical Union (IAU) officially listed 88 modern and ancient constellations in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres of the sky. In 1928 adopted official constellation boundaries that together cover the entire celestial sphere. It is roughly based on the traditional Greek constellations listed by Ptolemy in his Almagest in the 2nd century and Aratus’ work Phenomena, with early modern modifications and additions by Petrus Plancius (1592, 1597/98 and 1613), Johannes Hevelius (1690) and Nicolas Louis de Lacaille (1763), who named fourteen constellations and renamed a fifteenth one. 36 modern constellations predominantly lie in the northern sky, while 52 are found in the southern celestial hemisphere. Most constellations (more than 40) represent animals. Many were named after humans or figures from mythology, while some depict inanimate objects. Constellations are typically grouped around asterisms, which are patterns formed by bright stars that appear close to each other in the night sky. These asterisms are often the most conspicuous parts of constellations, which is why the term constellation is still colloquially (and incorrectly) used synonymously with asterism. The constellations themselves are much larger than asterisms and occupy considerably larger areas. For example, the Big Dipper, Little Dipper and Southern Cross are not constellations. They are asterisms formed by the brightest stars of the constellations Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, and Crux. Zodiac Constellations are constellations that lie along the plane of the ecliptic. The ecliptic, or the apparent path of the Sun, is defined by the circular path of the Sun across the sky, as seen from Earth. In other words, the Sun appears to pass through these constellations over the course of a year. There are 12 constellations in the zodiac family. They are: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpius, Sagittarius, Capricornus, Aquarius and Pisces. The northern zodiac constellations – Pisces, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer and Leo – are located in the eastern celestial hemisphere, while the southern – Virgo, Libra, Scorpius, Sagittarius, Capricornus and Aquarius – are found in the west. Some prominent constellations include: Ursa Major constellation lies in the northern sky. Its name means “the great bear,” or “the larger bear,” in Latin. The smaller bear is represented by Ursa Minor. Ursa Major is the largest northern constellation and third largest constellation in the sky. Its brightest stars form the Big Dipper asterism, one of the most recognizable shapes in the sky, also known as the Plough. Ursa Major is well-known in most world cultures and associated with a number of myths. It was one of the constellations catalogued by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the 2nd century. In Greek mythology, it is associated with Callisto, a nymph who was turned into a bear by Zeus’ jealous wife Hera. Cassiopeia is one of the most easily recognizable constellations in the northern night sky. Nicknamed the W constellation, Cassiopeia is easily recognizable for the prominent W asterism formed by its five brightest stars. The constellation is named after the vain queen Cassiopeia in Greek Mythology, wife of the King Cepheus of Aethiopia. Cassiopeia can be found high in the northeastern sky on October evenings, not far from Polaris, the North Star. Andromeda constellation is located in the northern sky, between Cassiopeia’s W asterism and the Great Square of Pegasus. The constellation was named after the mythical princess Andromeda, the daughter of Queen Cassiopeia and wife of the Greek hero Perseus. It is also known as the Chained Maiden, Persea (wife of Perseus), or Cepheis (daughter of Cepheus). Pegasus is one of the most prominent constellations in the northern sky. It was listed by the astronomer Ptolemy during the 2nd century and was named after a winged horse in Greek mythology. The brightest star in the constellation is Epsilon Pegasi, which forms the creature’s nose. Pegasus belonged to Poseidon, the god of the sea, earthquakes, and storms. In a battle between Perseus and Medusa, Perseus decapitated her and the winged horse “sprang” from her blood. In the Northern Hemisphere, the Pegasus constellation can be found high in the sky from the end of summer through autumn. Orion is one of the brightest and best known constellations in the night sky and lies on the celestial equator. It is named after Orion the hunter in Greek mythology. In mythology, Orion was a supernaturally gifted hunter, and the son of Poseidon. He proclaimed himself as the greatest hunter in the world. This angered Zeus’s wife Hera, who had a scorpion kill him. Out of compassion, Zeus put Orion into the sky. Located on the celestial equator and made up of bright young blue giants or supergiants, it is one of the most prominent and recognizable constellations in the sky and can be seen throughout the world. Orion’s Belt includes the three most prominent stars in the constellation: Alnilam, Mintaka, and Alnitak. Orion is clearly visible in the night sky from November to February. Each Latin constellation name has two forms: the nominative, for use, when talking about the constellation itself, and the genitive, or possessive, used in star names. For instance: Hamal, the brightest star in the constellation Aries (nominative form), is also called Alpha Arietis (genitive form), meaning literally “the alpha of Aries”. The 88 officially recognized constellations are visible at different times throughout the year. Each season has distinctive star patterns because the visibility of stars in the sky change as the Earth orbits the Sun. The Northern and Southern Hemisphere skies are very different from each other, and there are some patterns in each that cannot be viewed between hemispheres. In general, most people can see about 40-50 constellations over a year. Most people can see more than half of them throughout the year, though it can depend on where they live. The best way to learn them all is to observe throughout the year and study the individual stars in each constellation. To identify the constellations, most observers use star charts found online and in astronomy books. Others use planetarium software such as Stellarium or an astronomy app. The Life of John Keats John Keats was an English Romantic poet. He was one of the main figures of the second generation of Romantic poets, along with Lord Byron and P B Shelley. Although his poems were not generally well-received by critics during his lifetime, his reputation grew after his death, and by the end of the 19th century, he had become one of the most beloved of all English poets. Today his poems and letters are some of the most popular and most analyzed in English literature. John Keats was born in Moorgate, London on 31 October 1795 to Thomas Keats and his wife, Frances Jennings, and was the oldest of 5 siblings. He lost both his parents at a young age. Keats attended the Clarke school at Enfield, two miles away, that was run by John Clarke, whose son Charles Cowden Clarke did much to encourage Keats’s literary aspirations. After the death of Keats’s mother in 1810, his grandmother made Richard Abbey their guardian. In 1811, John Keats was apprenticed to a surgeon at Edmonton. He broke off his apprenticeship in 1814 and went to London, where he worked as a dresser, or junior house surgeon, at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ hospitals. In 1816 Keats became a licensed apothecary, but he never practiced his profession, deciding instead to write poetry. His literary interests had crystallized by this time, and after 1817 he devoted himself entirely to poetry. Charles Cowden Clarke had introduced the young Keats to the poetry of Edmund Spenser and the Elizabethans, and these were his earliest models. His first mature poem is the sonnet “On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer” (1816), which was inspired by his reading of George Chapman’s classic 17th-century translation of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Clarke also introduced Keats to the journalist, contemporary poet, and editor of the Examiner – Leigh Hunt, and Keats made friends in Hunt’s circle of literary men, including poets Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Wordsworth, and John Hamilton Reynolds. The group’s influence enabled Keats to see his first volume, Poems by John Keats, published in March 1817. In 1817 Keats left London briefly for a trip to the Isle of Wight and Canterbury and began work on Endymion, his first long poem. On his return to London, he moved into lodgings in Hampstead with his brothers. Endymion appeared in 1818. This work is a long poem divided into four 1,000-line sections and composed in loose rhymed couplets. The poem narrates a version of the Greek legend of the love of the moon goddess Diana for Endymion, a mortal shepherd, but Keats emphasizes Endymion’s love for the goddess rather than on hers for him. Soon after the completion of Endymion, Keats wrote “Isabella or the Pot of Basil” in 1818 which was a narrative poem based on a grotesque and tragic tale from Boccaccio’s Decameron. It was during the year 1819 that all his greatest poetry was written, which included: The Eve of St. Agnes, a romantic love story amid a family feud and Lamia, the story of a witch who is transformed by Hermes from a serpent into a beautiful maiden and then into a serpent again, and the two versions of Hyperion. During the same year, he also wrote the great odes (“On Indolence,” “On a Grecian Urn,” “To Psyche,” “To a Nightingale,” “On Melancholy,” and “To Autumn”). All the odes were composed between March and June 1819 except “To Autumn,” which is from September. These odes are Keats’s most distinctive poetic achievement. They are essentially lyrical meditations on some object or quality that prompts the poet to confront the conflicting impulses of his inner being and to reflect upon his longings and their relations to the wider world around him. This subject was forced upon Keats by the painful death of his brother and his failing health, and the odes highlight his struggle for self-awareness and certainty through the liberating powers of his imagination. Keats’ central theme of all his poetry is imagination mainly concerned with beauty because it was the only consolation he found in a life full of sadness and misunderstanding. The memory of beauty was to him a source of pure joy. For Keats, beauty is intrinsically tied to life as it should be, where humans and nature are in complete harmony with one another, where beauty is dynamic, changeable, in process, and includes its fulfillment. He loved nature just for its own sake and for the glory and loveliness’ which he everywhere found in it, and no modern poet has even been nearer than he was to the simple ‘poetry of earth’. Keats’ letters were first published in 1848 and 1878. During the 19th century, critics disregarded them as distractions from his poetic works. During the 20th century, they became almost as admired and studied as his poetry, and are highly regarded within the canon of English literary correspondence. T. S. Eliot described them as, “certainly the most notable and most important ever written by any English poet.” He had been increasingly ill throughout 1819, and by the beginning of 1820, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis, a disease that had afflicted many of his family members, Keats traveled along with Joseph Severn to Italy in hopes of finding treatment. Keats died in Rome on 23 February 1821 at the age of 25. The United Nations The United Nations (UN) is one of the largest and most familiar international organizations. It is an intergovernmental organization responsible for maintaining international peace and security and international cooperation among nations. The organization’s objectives include maintaining international peace and security, protecting human rights, delivering humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable development, and upholding international law. The UN succeeded the ineffective League of Nations, the first worldwide intergovernmental organization whose mission was to maintain world peace. The League of Nations was created by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and disbanded in 1946. The League lasted for 26 years; after which the United Nations (UN) replaced it in 1946 and inherited several agencies and organizations founded by the League. The UN was established after WWII to prevent future wars. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; with the addition of South Sudan in 2011, membership is now 193, representing almost all of the world’s sovereign states. UN is headquartered in New York City and has other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague. Charter of the United Nations: The Charter of the United Nations, also known as the UN Charter, is the founding document of the United Nations. The Charter establishes the purposes, governing structure, and the overall framework of the UN system. It was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, after the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945. The United Nations can take action on many issues due to its unique international character and the powers vested in its Charter, which is considered an international treaty. As a charter, its rules and obligations are binding on all members. The UN has four main purposes: • To maintain peace throughout the world. • To develop friendly relations among nations. • To help countries work together to improve people’s lives, to conquer hunger, disease and illiteracy. The Main Bodies of the United Nations: The United Nations is part of a broader framework called the UN System, which includes many institutions and entities. It has six principal organs – The General Assembly: The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) is the main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ. All 193 Member States of the UN are represented in the General Assembly, making it the only UN body with universal representation. The Security Council: The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. It is responsible for establishing peacekeeping operations, international sanctions and authorization of military action. It has 15 Members (5 permanent and 10 non-permanent members) with each member having one vote. The Economic and Social Council: The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is a central forum responsible for discussing and coordinating international economic and social issues and formulating policy recommendations. It is the central platform for reflection, debate, and innovative thinking on sustainable development. It has 54 member states, and over 1,600 NGOs have consultative status with the council to participate in the works of the UN. The International Court of Justice (ICJ): The International Court of Justice (ICJ), sometimes known as the World Court, is the primary judicial organ of the UN. It is a universal court for international law; its functions are to settle legal disputes between states following international law and gives advisory opinions on legal issues. The ICJ consists of a panel of 15 judges elected by the UN General Assembly and Security Council for nine-year terms. The UN Secretariat: The United Nations Secretariat is the administrative organ of the UN, headed by the United Nations Secretary-General and assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide. It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed by the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and other bodies. The Trusteeship Council: The Trusteeship Council was established in 1945 to provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories under the administration of seven Member States. It also aimed to prepare the Territories for self-government and independence. By 1994, all Trust Territories had attained self-government or independence. The Trusteeship Council suspended operation on 1 November 1994. Specialized Agencies of the UN: The UN specialized agencies are autonomous organizations working with the United Nations. All were brought into relationship with the UN through negotiated agreement, some of which include – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Health Organization (WHO) The World Bank Group (WBG) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) World Meteorological Organization (WMO) United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Programmes and Funds of the UN: The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) The World Food Programme (WFP) The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) UN Women Successes and Failures of the United Nations: The U.N. is credited with helping negotiate 172 peaceful settlements and helping more than 30 million refugees. It has provided safe drinking water to more than a billion people and food to millions of people across 80 nations. It has assisted countries with their elections, provided vaccinations for children, helped millions of women with maternal health and protected human rights through some 80 treatise and declarations. Currently, approximately 100,000 peacekeepers from 120 countries are serving in 13 missions. The U.N. and its agencies have had success in coordinating global efforts against diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Ebola, cholera, influenza, yellow fever, meningitis and COVID-19, and has helped eradicate smallpox and polio from most of the world. Ten U.N. agencies and U.N. personnel have received Nobel prizes for peace. UN inaction is responsible for a number of ongoing crisis, including Russia’s takeover of part of Ukraine; China occupying disputed territories in South China Sea; the Iraq War; the Israel-Palestine conflict; civil wars in Syria, Yemen, Libya and the Democratic Republic of Congo; and the treatment of Rohingyas in Myanmar, Ughyurs in China and Kashmiris in India. Despite having many short-comings, the United Nations plays a crucial role in the world. The work of the United Nations reaches every corner of the globe. Although it is best known for peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance, there are many other ways the United Nations and its System (specialized agencies, funds and programmes) affect our lives and make a change in the world. E-commerce, also known as electronic commerce, refers to the buying and selling of goods and services, or the transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network, primarily the internet. Electronic commerce draws on such technologies as electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. In the emerging global economy, e-commerce and e-business have increasingly become a necessary component of a business strategy and a strong catalyst for economic development. Photo Credits: Grace Kim, The Balance Business-to-Consumer (B2C): Business-to-Consumer (B2C), also called B-to-C, refers to the transaction of goods and services that take place directly between a business and a consumer, who is the end-users of its products or services. This type of ecommerce is among the most popular and widely known sales models. B2C traditionally referred to mall shopping, eating out at restaurants, pay-per-view movies, and infomercials. However, the rise of the internet created a whole new B2C business channel in the form of e-commerce or selling goods and services over the internet. Amazon is an example of B2C e-commerce. Business-to-Business (B2B): Business-to-business (B2B), also called B-to-B, is a form of transaction between businesses, such as one involving a manufacturer and wholesaler, or a wholesaler and a retailer. Simply put, it refers to business transactions between two companies. These transactions commonly happen in the supply chain, where one company will purchase raw materials from another to be used in the manufacturing process. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C): Customer-to-customer (C2C), also called C2C, is a form of business model whereby customers can trade with each other, typically in an online environment. C2C transactions actually represent a form of bartering. It represents a market environment where one customer purchases goods from another customer using a third-party business or platform to facilitate the transaction. Two implementations of C2C markets are auctions and classified advertisements. eBay and Etsy are examples of C2C companies. M-commerce, also called Mobile Commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services, paying bills, mobile ticketing and doing transactions through wireless handheld devices such as smartphones and tablets. Many choose to think of mobile commerce as “a retail outlet in your customer’s pocket.” M-commerce can be used by businesses to improve their customer base and increase their revenue. Some types of m commerce include online shopping, mobile banking, mobile app payments through PayPal and Google Pay, and booking tickets online. F-commerce, also called Facebook Commerce, refers to the selling of goods and services on Facebook. It has become a major online trading vehicle. Facebook being a popular social media site provides a captive audience to transact business. Many small businesses rely more on their social media presence than they do on traditional websites. This is one of the newest forms of e-commerce, that has become popular with young entrepreneurs which makes shopping on Facebook pages convenient for the young generation. Positive Psychology Photo by Julia Avamotive on Positive psychology is the scientific study of what makes life most worth living, focusing on both individual and societal well-being. It is a field of study that has been growing steadily throughout the years as individuals and researchers look for common ground on better well-being. As a field, positive psychology deals with topics like character strengths, optimism, life satisfaction, happiness, well-being, gratitude, compassion, self-esteem and self-confidence, hope, and elevation. Positive psychology focuses on eudaimonia, an Ancient Greek term for “the good life” and the concept for reflection on the factors that contribute the most to a well-lived and fulfilling life. Positive psychology began as a new domain of psychology in 1998. It became popular when Martin Seligman, who is known as the ‘father of positive psychology’, chose it as the theme for his term as president of the American Psychological Association. He was of the belief that past practices of psychology weren’t helpful and the new ones should instead focus on the enhancement of positive human attributes. From this point in time, theories and research examined positive psychology interventions that help make life worth living and how to define, quantify, and create wellbeing. Positive psychology can have a range of real-world applications in areas including education, therapy, self-help, stress management, and workplace issues. Positive psychology focuses on the positive events and influences in life, which includes: Positive experiences (happiness, joy, inspiration, and love). Positive states and traits (gratitude, resilience, and compassion). Positive institutions (applying positive principles within entire organizations and institutions). Three Levels of Positive Psychology: Subjective level: focuses on feelings of happiness, well-being, and optimism and how these feelings transform your daily experience. Individual-level: a combination of the feelings in the subjective level along with virtues such as forgiveness, love, and courage. Group level: positive interaction with your community, including virtues like altruism and social responsibility that strengthen social bonds. The PERMA Model of Well-Being: The PERMA Model is a well-being theory developed by positive psychologist Martin Seligman. It identifies five essential elements to well-being. PERMA is an acronym for the five elements of well-being – Positive Emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishments. Positive Emotions: Positive Emotions is much more than just happiness. It includes other emotions such as hope, joy, compassion, pride, and gratitude. Positive emotions are prime indicators of flourishing and can help improve well being. Increasing positive emotions helps individuals build physical, intellectual, psychological, and social resources that lead to this resilience and overall well-being. Engagement: Engagement is something that an individual becomes engrossed in and is in line with the ‘flow’ concept, which includes the loss of self-consciousness and full involvement in an activity. This concept of engagement occurs when there is a perfect combination of skill and challenge involved. The concept of engagement is something much more powerful than simply “being happy,” but happiness is one of the many byproducts of engagement. Relationships: Relationships include all the various interactions individuals have with partners, friends, family members, colleagues, and their community at large. Relationships in this model refer to feeling supported, loved, and valued by others. It is based on the idea that humans are inherently social creatures. Meaning: Having a purpose in life helps individuals focus on what is important in the face of significant challenges or adversity. Having meaning or purpose in life is different for everyone. A sense of meaning is guided by personal values, and people who have a purpose in life live longer, have greater life satisfaction and have fewer health problems. Accomplishments: A sense of accomplishment is the result of working toward and reaching goals, mastering an endeavour, and having self-motivation to finish what you set out to do. This contributes to well-being because individuals can look at their lives with a sense of pride. Accomplishment includes having a passion to attain goals. But flourishing and well-being come when accomplishment is tied to striving toward things with an internal motivation or working toward something just for the sake of the pursuit and improvement. What is HR – Human Resource Human Resources (HR) What Is Human Resources (HR)? Human resources (HR) is the division of a business that is charged with finding, screening, recruiting, and training job applicants, as well as administering employee-benefit programs. HR plays a key role in helping companies deal with a fast-changing business environment and a greater demand for quality employees in the 21st century. John R. Commons, an American institutional economist, first coined the term “human resource” in his book “The Distribution of Wealth,” published in 1893. However, it was not until the 19th century that HR departments were formerly developed and tasked with addressing misunderstandings between employees and their employers. Photo by Edmond Dantu00e8s on Human resources (HR) is the division of a business that is charged with finding, screening, recruiting, and training job applicants, and administering employee-benefit programs. Additional human resources responsibilities include compensation and benefits, recruitment, firing, and keeping up to date with any laws that may affect the company and its employees. Many companies have moved away from traditional in-house human resources (HR) administrative duties and outsourced tasks like payroll and benefits to outside vendors. Understanding Human Resources The presence of an HR department is an essential component of any business, regardless of the organization’s size. An HR department is tasked with maximizing employee productivity and protecting the company from any issues that may arise within the workforce. HR responsibilities include compensation and benefits, recruitment, firing, and keeping up to date with any laws that may affect the company and its employees. Research conducted by The Conference Board, a member-driven economic think tank, has found six key people-related activities that HR must effectively do to add value to a company. These include: Managing and using people effectively Tying performance appraisal and compensation to competencies Developing competencies that enhance individual and organizational performance Increasing the innovation, creativity, and flexibility necessary to enhance competitiveness Applying new approaches to work process design, succession planning, career development, and inter-organizational mobility Managing the implementation and integration of technology through improved staffing, training, and communication with employees1 Beginning in the 1980s, there was a push for strategic initiatives within HR departments. This movement was based on research related to the impact of employee-related issues on a firm’s long-term business success. Collectively, these strategies are sometimes referred to as human resource management (HRM) strategies. HRM is a comprehensive approach to managing employees and an organization’s culture and environment. It focuses on the recruitment, management, and general direction of the people who work in an organization. An HR department that adopts HRM strategies typically plays a more active role in improving an organization’s workforce. They may recommend processes, approaches, and business solutions to management. Google is one example of an organization that has adopted a more active approach to employee relations through their HR department. The company offers tons of employee perks, and the company headquarters have a wide range of facilities for employees, including wellness centers, roller hockey rinks, and horseshoe pits. For Google, happy employees are equivalent to productive employees. There are many online portal where you can search for HR professionals and get your Human Resources executive search completed with ease. Special Considerations Since the start of the 20th century, some companies have started outsourcing some of the more traditional administrative, transactional HR functions in an effort to free the department to recommend and implement more meaningful, value-adding programs that impact the business in positive ways. Functions that may be outsourced in this process include payroll administration, employee benefits, recruitment, background checks, exit interviews, risk management, dispute resolution, safety inspection, and office policies. The use of more moderns tools, such as the best recruitment software, can also afford HR departments more leeway by improving their efficiency. Compete Risk Free with $100,000 in Virtual Cash Put your trading skills to the test with our FREE Stock Simulator. Compete with thousands of Investopedia traders and trade your way to the top! Submit trades in a virtual environment before you start risking your own money. Practice trading strategies so that when you’re ready to enter the real market, you’ve had the practice you need. Photo by Lucas Pezeta on Yoga is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines that has its origins in ancient India. The word Yoga first appeared in the oldest sacred texts, the Rig Veda and is derived from the Sanskrit root “Yuj” which means to join or unite. According to the Yogic scriptures, the practice of Yoga leads an individual to the union of consciousness with that of universal Consciousness. It eventually leads to a great harmony between the human mind and body, man & nature. The prime objective of Yoga is Self-realization, to overcome all types of sufferings prompting ‘the state of salvation’ (Moksha) or ‘freedom’ (Kaivalya). Yoga in the Bhagavad Gita: The Bhagavad Gita (‘Song of the Lord’) is part of the Mahabharata and contains extensive teachings on the discipline of yoga. In addition to an entire chapter (chapter. 6) dedicated to traditional yoga practice, including meditation, it introduces three prominent types of yoga: Karma yoga: The yoga of action. Bhakti yoga: The yoga of devotion. Jnana yoga: The yoga of knowledge. The Gita consists of 18 chapters and 700 shlokas (verses), with each chapter named as a different yoga, thus delineating eighteen different yogas. Some scholars divide the Gita into three sections: the first six chapters with 280 shlokas dealing with Karma yoga, the middle six containing 209 shlokas with Bhakti yoga, and the last six chapters with 211 shlokas as Jnana yoga; however, this is rough because elements of karma, bhakti and jnana are found in all the chapters. Branches of Yoga: Raja Yoga: Raja yoga is also known as ‘Classical Yoga’ and this approach is closely linked to Patanjali’s Eight Fold Path of Yoga. Raja refers to ‘royal’, ‘chief’ or ‘king’, and alludes to being the best or highest form of yoga. The focal point of this branch is meditation, aiming to ‘control’ the intellect and thoughts through meditation. A connection with ‘God’ or ‘consciousness’ is worked towards by un-identifying with the ego-based self and identifying with the universal true Self. Karma Yoga: Karma Yoga (Religion of Love), also known as the ‘yoga of action’ is based on the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita. Karma Yoga is an intrinsic part of many types of yoga. The word ‘Karma’ is derived from the sanskrit Kri, meaning ‘to do’. Karma yoga suggests that we relinquish attachment to the consequences of our actions and instead focus on the moment in action. Awareness of each thought, word and deed and mindfulness are an important part of Karma yoga, which allows the practitioner to truly experience that moment-in-action. Karma yoga is based upon selfless service and acting without any expectation of benefitting from the service. It occupies a large part of Indian thought and through this practice, union with ‘the divine’ is achieved through making any action an offering to God. Hatha Yoga: Hatha yoga is also known as ‘the yoga of force’. Many teachers equate Ha to mean ‘Sun’ and Tha to the moon, and reason that the physical yoga practice is intended to ‘balance’ the Sun and Moon energies within us. Whilst the physical yoga practice is intended to bring about a state of equilibrium within the human organism, the real meaning and essence of Hatha yoga is to change the physical body and mind by way of experimentation, movement and physical ‘force’. Hatha yoga is anything that uses the physical body. First mentioned and practised around 1100AD, it is the most ‘modern’ branch of yoga. Bhakti Yoga: Bhakti yoga is also known as the ‘yoga of devotion’ and describes the path of devotion. The word Bhakti comes from the word ‘Bhaj’, of which the essence is ‘to share’. This form of yoga is based upon the heart, love and devotion towards a chosen deity. Much like Karma yoga, dedicating all actions towards a deity or ‘God’ is an intrinsic part of Bhakti yoga. Seeing the divine in all of creation, bhakti yoga is a positive way to channel the emotions. The path of bhakti provides us with an opportunity to cultivate acceptance and tolerance for everyone we come into contact with. Bhakti yogis express the devotional nature of their path in their every thought, word, and deed. Jnana Yoga: Jnana yoga, also known as the ‘yoga of knowledge’ is the yoga of the mind, of wisdom, the path of the sage or scholar. This is the yoga of ‘knowing’, of realizing the truth of oneself. This path requires development of the intellect through the study of the scriptures and texts of the yogic tradition. The jnana yoga approach is considered the most difficult and at the same time the most direct. It involves serious study and will appeal to those who are more intellectually inclined. Yoga as a Physical Practice: Yoga as an exercise is a physical activity consisting of asanas, often connected by flowing sequences called vinyasas, sometimes accompanied by the breathing exercises of pranayama, and usually ending with a period of relaxation or meditation. Yoga as exercise was created in what has been called the Modern Yoga Renaissance by the blending of Western styles of gymnastics with postures from Haṭha yoga in India in the 20th century, pioneered by Shri Yogendra and Swami Kuvalayananda. Today, yoga has developed into a worldwide multi-billion dollar business, involving classes, certification of teachers, clothing, books, videos, equipment, and holidays. In 2015, The United Nations General Assembly established 21 June as “International Day of Yoga” and celebrated annually. On 1 December 2016, UNESCO listed yoga as an intangible cultural heritage. Benefits of Yoga: Building muscle strength Enhancing flexibility Promoting better breathing Supporting heart health Helping with treatment for addiction Reducing stress, anxiety, depression, and chronic pain Improving sleep Enhancing overall well-being and quality of life Yoga is the medicine for nearly every problem. As you practice yoga, it does not only help you to improve your physical body but also helps in maintaining your inner peace and relaxing your mind. Yoga is not just a one-day practice; it’s a lifelong commitment. The Role of Civil Services in a Democracy Importance of the Civil Services: Functions of the Civil Services: • Handling financial operations of the state Problems Affecting the Civil Services Today: • Lack of professionalism and poor capacity building. • Resistance to change from the civil servants themselves. What is digital marketing? What is digital marketing? Digital Marketing in 2021: 1.Voice Search Optimization: • According to research on voice search, they found that 55% of teenagers use voice search every day. This massive adoption by the entire generation shows how popular voice search is going to get in the future. • Google claims that they have achieved 95% accuracy with their Voice Search. With higher precision of search, the ease of use factor for voice search has jumped up. Now with better accuracy to match what you ask for, and the ease of using your voice to get results makes the process personalized and attractive. 2. Programmatic Advertising: • Programmatic Ad Buying is the use of software to purchase digital advertising. While the traditional method includes human negotiation, requests for proposals, and quotes, programmatic buying makes use of algorithms and machines to buy ads. • Programmatic Advertising is when AI is used to automate so that advertisers can target more specific audiences. • Programmatic Advertising is rapidly increasing every year and is predicted to be used for a huge majority of display advertising in the next couple of years. 3. Chatbots: • Chatbots are considered one of the top digital marketing trends in 2021,the AI-based technology makes use of instant messaging to chat with customers, and with site visitors. It is designed to communicate with customers by textual or auditory methods. • Businesses can leverage the use of chatbots to engage with customers. Since there are plenty of users visiting the website at once, it advantageous to have a technology that answers hundreds of users at once. The benefits of having chatbots are 24/7 customer service, instant responses to inquiries, and answers to simple questions. 4. Personalization: • If you want to outperform your competitors and want to stand out in the market, you must focus on personalizing content, products, emails, etc. Personalization is the next big trend that will soon become an industry standard. • The best example to understand the power of personalization are Amazon and Netflix, they have personalized recommended movies for each user. Here are some other examples of brands that are progressively using personalization at present. 5. Video Marketing: • Video Marketing is also one of the top digital marketing trends in 2021 and is likely to be at the top for more years to come. Here are some stats that will demonstrate the importance of including a video in your digital marketing current trends list. • One of the issues faced by marketers in recent years was to showcase long-form texts on mobile screens, as it becomes too difficult and tedious for users to read them. 6. Instagram Reels: • The Instagram Reels was great news for marketers & content creators. Especially since Tik Tok was banned in a few countries, reels have served as the best replacement. • The great news for digital marketers is that Reels are providing more than double engagement rates when compared to posting a normal video. • video can present the same information in a much better way regardless of the device. • As a marketer, you can use this feature to showcase many kinds of content such as informative content, behind the scenes of the organization, product reviews, etc. Disasters and Disaster Management Photo by Denniz Futalan on A disaster is a sudden event that results in massive damage, loss, and destruction of life and property beyond a community’s capacity to cope. It can be either natural or human-made and leads to disruption of the daily life of the community. The damage caused by disasters is immeasurable and varies with the geographical location, climate and the type of earth surface/degree of vulnerability. It causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses. Disasters are classified as per origin, into natural and man-made disasters. Natural disasters include earthquakes, volcanoes, hurricanes, floods, and fires. Man-made disasters can include hazardous material spills, fires, groundwater contamination, transportation accidents, structure failures, mining accidents, explosions and acts of terrorism. No country is immune from disaster, though vulnerability to disaster varies from country to country. There are four main types of disaster: Natural disasters. These disasters include floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcano eruptions that can have immediate impacts on human health, as well as seconday impacts causing further death and suffering from floods causing landslides, earthquakes resulting in fires, tsunamis causing widespread flooding and typhoons sinking ferries Complex emergencies. These emergencies involve a breakdown of authority, looting and attacks on strategic installations. Complex emergencies include conflict situations and war. Pandemic emergencies. These emergencies involve a sudden onset of a contagious disease that affects health and disrupts services and businesses, bringing economic and social costs. Worst Disasters of India: A few of the worst disasters India has faced: The Bengal Famine (1943): The Bengal famine of 1943 affected the Bengal province of British during World War II. An estimated 2.1–3 million died of starvation, malaria, and other diseases aggravated by malnutrition, population displacement, unsanitary conditions and lack of health care. Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984): The Bhopal Disaster is considered among the world’s worst industrial disasters. It occurred due to a gas leak incident on the night of 2–3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. At least 30 tonnes of methyl isocyanate gas killed more than 15,000 people and affected over 600,000 workers. Gujarat Earthquake (2001): The Gujarat earthquake, also known as the Bhuj earthquake, occurred on 26 January, 2001. Bhuj, Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Kutch, Surat, Surendranagar, Rajkot district, Jamnagar and Jodia districts of Gujarat. The earthquake killed between 13,805 and 20,023 people, injured another 167,000 and destroyed nearly 340,000 buildings. Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami (2004): The Indian Ocean tsunami occurred on December 26, 2004 affected parts of southern India and Andaman Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka, Indonesia etc., and resulted in the death of more than 2 lakh people. Uttarakhand Flash Floods (2013): The Uttarakhand Flash Floods of 2013 caused devastating floods and landslides, becoming the country’s worst natural disaster since the 2004 tsunami. It affected 12 out of 13 districts of the state. Four districts were worst affected namely; Rudraprayag, Uttarkashi, Pithoragarh, and Chamoli. Disaster Management: Photo by Pixabay on Disaster management refers to the conservation of lives and property during natural or human-made disasters. Disaster management plans are multi-layered and help tackle catastrophes such as floods, hurricanes, fires, mass failure of utilities, and the rapid spread of disease and droughts. Disaster management includes seven administrative decisions and operational activities: Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, Recovery, and Rehabilitation. There are three key stages of activities in disaster management: 1. Before a disaster: to reduce the potential for human, material, or environmental losses caused by hazards and to ensure that these losses are minimized when disaster strikes; 2. During a disaster: to ensure that the needs and provisions of victims are met to alleviate and minimize suffering; and 3. After a disaster: to achieve rapid and durable recovery which does not reproduce the original vulnerable conditions. National Disaster Management Authority: The Government of India set up a High-Powered Committee (HPC) in August 1999 in recognition of the importance of Disaster Management as a national priority, and a nation committee after the Gujarat earthquake, for making recommendations on the preparation of Disaster Management plans and suggestion effective mitigation mechanisms. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is the apex body for Disaster Management in India, headed by the Prime Minister. The NDMA was established through the Disaster Management Act 2005 enacted by the Government of India. NDMA is responsible for framing policies, laying down guidelines and best practices for coordinating with the State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) to ensure a holistic and distributed approach to disaster management. The vision of the National Disaster Management Authority is “to build a safer and disaster resilient India by a holistic, pro-active, technology driven and sustainable development strategy that involves all stakeholders and fosters a culture of prevention, preparedness and mitigation.” Functions and Responsibilities: • Lay down policies on disaster management • Approve the National Plan • Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation • Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of the National Institute of Disaster Management. Disasters are inevitable. Countries need to be prepared to survive unforeseeable impending disasters. It is necessary to stay watchful, and a structured and preplanned preparedness and a healthy response to the disaster will help save lives. Environmental Pollution Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes harm to plants, animals and human beings. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is the largest environmental cause of disease and premature death. Pollution causes more than 9 million premature deaths (16% of all deaths worldwide). Major forms of pollution include air pollution, light pollution, noise pollution, plastic pollution, soil contamination, radioactive contamination, thermal pollution, and water pollution. The following are a few types of pollution: Air Pollution: Air pollution is the presence of undesirable substances in the air that are harmful to human health and the environment. It is the contamination of the air by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. Vehicle emissions, fuel oils and natural gas to heat homes, by-products of manufacturing and power generation, particularly coal-fueled power plants, and fumes from chemical products are the primary sources of human-made air pollution. Pollutants include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Air pollution has various health effects. Short-term exposure to air pollutants is closely related to COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, asthma, respiratory disease, and high rates of hospitalization (a measurement of morbidity).The long-term effects associated with air pollution are chronic asthma, pulmonary insufficiency, cardiovascular diseases, and cardiovascular mortality. Water Pollution: Water pollution occurs when harmful substances—often chemicals or microorganisms—contaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the environment. Water pollution reduces the ability of the body of water to provide the ecosystem services that it would otherwise provide. Water pollution traditionally is attributed to four sources: sewage, industry, agriculture, and urban runoff. The main water pollutants include bacteria, viruses, parasites, fertilisers, pesticides, pharmaceutical products, nitrates, phosphates, plastics, faecal waste and even radioactive substances. Water pollutants may cause disease or act as poisons. Bacteria and parasites in poorly treated sewage may enter drinking water supplies and cause digestive problems such as cholera and diarrhoea. Hazardous chemicals, pesticides, and herbicides from industries, farms, homes and golf courses can cause acute toxicity and immediate death, or chronic toxicity that can lead to neurological problems or cancers. Light Pollution: Light pollution refers to the excessive and unwanted use of poorly implemented artificial light by urban and other heavily-populated areas. This light is from artificial sources, mainly electricity from houses, offices, streetlamps, billboards or car headlights. It disrupts the natural patterns of wildlife, contributes to the increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, disrupts human sleep and the activities of nocturnal animals, and obscures the stars in the night sky. There are three other kinds of light pollution: glare, clutter, and light trespass. Glare is excessive brightness that can cause visual discomfort (when driving). Clutter is bright, confusing, and excessive groups of light sources (Times Square in New York City). Light trespass is when light extends into an area where it is not wanted or needed (like a streetlight illuminating a nearby bedroom window). Noise Pollution: Noise pollution, also known as environmental noise, refers to the unwanted or excessive sound that can impact human health, wildlife, and environmental quality. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines noise above 65 decibels (dB) as noise pollution. To be precise, noise becomes harmful when it exceeds 75 decibels (dB) and is painful above 120 dB. The sources of noise include loud music, transportation, lawn care maintenance, construction, electrical generators, wind turbines, explosions, and people. Poor urban planning may give rise to noise disintegration or pollution, side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential areas. This type of pollution can contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans and an increased incidence of coronary artery disease. In animals, noise can increase the risk of death by altering predator or prey detection and avoidance, interfering with reproduction and navigation, and contributing to permanent hearing loss. Soil Pollution: Soil pollution or soil contamination refers to the toxic chemicals (pollutants or contaminants) in the soil in high concentrations that poses a risk to human health and the ecosystem. Soil pollution consists of pollutants and contaminants. The major pollutants are biological agents and human activities. Soil pollution is mainly caused by deforestation, soil erosion, mining activities, industrialization, construction activities, sewage treatment, and overcrowded landfills. Soil pollution affects plants, animals and humans alike. While anyone is susceptible to soil pollution, soil pollution effects may vary based on age, general health status and other factors, such as the type of pollutant or contaminant inhaled or ingested. Soil pollution may cause a variety of health problems, starting with headaches, nausea, fatigue, skin rash, eye irritation and potentially resulting in more serious conditions like neuromuscular blockage, kidney and liver damage and various forms of cancer. Digital Marketing Strategies Search Engine Optimization (SEO): Search Engine Marketing (SEM): Pay-per-Click (PPC): Social Media Marketing (SMM): Content Marketing: Email Marketing: Mobile Marketing: An internship is a period of work experience offered by an organization for a limited period. Once confined to medical graduates, an internship is used practice for a wide range of placements in businesses, non-profit organizations and government agencies. They are typically undertaken by students and graduates looking to gain relevant skills and experience in a particular field. Employers benefit from these placements because they often recruit employees from their best interns, who have known capabilities, thus saving time and money in the long run. Internships are usually arranged by third-party organizations that recruit interns on behalf of industry groups. Rules vary from country to country about when interns should be regarded as employees. The system can be open to exploitation by unscrupulous employers Some benefits of Internship for college students 1. Apply your theory 2. Get a feel for the work environment 3. Boost your confidence You will have a much clearer idea of your strengths, weaknesses, likes and dislikes. Most importantly, knowing that you have hands-on experience will give you far more confidence when it comes to job seeking and interviews. 4. Build networks 5. Improve your CV 6. Getting a reference or letter of recommendation (With some references What does your taste in music reveal about you? pink headphone isolates on blue background. Music plays an important role in the lives of people all over the world, which is why many wonder what individual factors might influence musical preferences. Ever thought, Could the contents of your playlist, for example, reveal something about your personality? Personality Traits Linked to Musical Styles One large-scale study conducted by researchers at Heriot-Watt University looked at more than 36,000 participants from all over the world. Participants were asked to rate more than 104 different musical styles in addition to offering information about aspects of their personalities. According to the researcher, Adrian North, the reason people sometimes feel defensive about their taste in music might be related to how much it relates to attitudes and personality. North suggests that people define themselves through music and use it to relate to other people. His research points to the connection that people often make between who they are as an individual and their musical tastes. Keep in mind that these are the results published in only one study rather than being replicated and validated by a variety of researchers and different study designs. The following are some of the personality traits the study linked to certain musical styles. Pop Music Fans of the top 40 pop hits tend to be extroverted, honest, and conventional. While pop music lovers are hardworking and have high self-esteem, researchers suggest that they tend to be less creative and more uneasy. Rap and Hip/Hop Music Despite the stereotype that rap lovers are more aggressive or violent, researchers have found no such link. Rap fans do tend to have high self-esteem and are usually outgoing. Country Music Rock/Heavy Metal Music Despite the sometimes aggressive image that rock and heavy metal music project, researchers found that fans of this style of music are usually quite gentle. They tend to be creative, but are often introverted and may suffer from low self-esteem. Indie Music Dance Music According to researchers, people who prefer dance music are usually outgoing and assertive. They also tend to rank high on the trait of openness to experience, one of the five major personality traits. People who prefer fast-paced electronic music also tend to rank low on gentleness. Classical Music Jazz, Blues, and Soul Music What is Customized Report Writing Service Report writing is an art and skill that all students should learn during their academic years in the university as this skill skill is must for a corporate and professional life. Together, we can achieve this by utilizing custom report writing tools to extract data from your system and present it back to you in almost any format you desire. We have years of experience optimizing the functionality that exists within custom report writers. The customization request we receive most often is to present data based on certain circumstances, also known as conditional reporting. For example, when analyzing the profitability report of your business, you may want the color of a field to change when invoices are below a 25% margin level, or to have the ability to define this margin level each time you run the report. This is just one example, and these types of conditions are limitless as defined by your needs. Take advantage of our expertise to work with Oasis Solutions to either design the report exactly as you need, or let us train you to design your own custom report. Photo by on It is a fact that the role of custom report writing is very vital and essential in order to determine the business needs and improvement required to enhance the organization. People can use the top free statistical software of 2020 to make their custom report effective and efficient. In these types of reports, an individual tends to work on the critical parts of the data so that higher dignitaries would come into a position to know about the loopholes in the management, sales, and other key areas. In a custom report basically, you have to pick the dimensions and metrics and plan how would you showcase that information as per the convenience of the reader? Almost, all the finest education system in the world loves to inculcate custom report knowledge amongst the students who are willing to learn the same art. Let us now attain some deep knowledge regarding the same subject. Some true statements regarding the role of custom report writing • It is a fact that a detailed object present in Master-Detail cannot be treated as a secondary object for sure. • A person who is creating a report can choose any object unless and until it isn’t visible to him or her. • When the primary object of the report is deleted then make sure to delete reports related to it. • As soon as the report type is saved with the primary object then the primary object cannot be changed. • It is quite obvious that custom summary formulas can take reference from other custom summary formulas. • Also, reports can be grouped or organized by a custom summary formula result in a proper way. Steps to create a custom report type in salesforce There are several steps that help with the presentation of the custom reports and it is very essential to learn those ways in order to make your report effective and professional • From the setup section, you have to enter report type in the Quick find box • Then, click on the new custom report type and choose the primary object of the specific report. • Make sure to enter the report type label and report type name that can be of 50 characters. • Do not forget to select the category in which you want to store the report. • In the end, you should select the development status and click on the next option. What are the benefits of making custom reports? The role of custom report writing possesses lots of significance in the life of an individual who is making different reports on a daily basis and in the below section you are going to get some idea about the same. • Help to save time with automation: time-saving is one of the most prominent key benefits of making custom reports because it eradicates the long process of crunching the numbers in Excel and then having to create the report. • Create excellent custom visualization: creating your own visualization as per your comfort zone helps to attain better interpretation of the data and it also lets a person make informed decisions by granting instant solutions. • Give a measurement of performance: every organization works on different goals that make them use different metrics and with the usage of custom reports one can easily design his or her goal and perspective about anything related to work. • Increased productivity: as we all know due to possessing flexible features custom reports tend to work in an excellent manner for all types of organizations by translating any data into actionable insight in an appropriate manner. Pros and cons of creating custom reports • Controlling: senior people who hold the decision-making power in an organization often use these reports to take over the control of the crucial decisions about the organization. • Motivating employees: through different reports, managers tend to get knowledge about the contribution of his or her employees that helps the staff to get appraisal and recognition of their work. • Evaluating performance: by reading several reports one can easily evaluate the performance of the employees working on all levels in a better and proper manner. • Helps in decision-making: these reports generally point out the loopholes in the policies and way of working in the organization that leads to the best decision making • Biasness: it is a fact that if an individual who is making the reports tends to favor some person or the situation then he or she would end up creating biased reports. • Time-consuming: creating and generating reports is a time-consuming process and it tends to waste valuable time on useless data gathering. • Expensive: making different reports may lead to an increase in the cost or expense of an organization because it needs experimentation and evaluation. • Difficult to understand: it is the most obvious fact that these reports could become complex to understand because they include the deep study of various factors. Method to create a custom student report Custom student reports can be considered as a tricky task because it includes complex features like naming the report, specifying the report criteria, choosing the data field to be included, and so on. • First of all, you have to click on the module access icon then the data and reports option followed by choosing the custom reports option. • Tap on the new student report option present on the top right side of the screen and enter the name of the report into the field. • Make sure to select the report criteria and do not forget to choose the data field to be included in the report by clicking the arrow icon. • In the end, you need to click on the save button situated at the bottom of the page and click on the show report option to get a preview. Custom Report Writing Service I hope, you are now well aware of the use and role of custom report writing. 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Providing online classes as per the region’s preferences is our responsibility. All you need to do is to connect with the experts as and when you need expert guidance. Capitalism is an economic system in which a country’s trade, industry, and profits, are controlled by private companies instead of the people who contribute their time and labour to the company. In this system, private entities own the factors of production such as entrepreneurship, capital goods, natural resources, and workforce. Individual capitalists are typically wealthy people who have a large amount of capital invested into the business and benefit from the capitalistic system by making increased profits and thereby accumulating more wealth. Capitalism requires a free market economy to succeed. It distributes goods and services according to the laws of supply and demand. The law of demand says that when demand increases for a particular product, its price rises. When competitors realize they can make a higher profit, they increase production. The greater the supply reduces prices to a level where only the best competitors remain. Capitalism results in the best products for the best prices because consumers will pay more for what they want the most. Businesses provide what customers want at the highest prices, but the prices are limited by business competition, making their products as efficiently as possible to maximize profit. Most important for economic growth is the reward of capitalism for innovation, including new products and more efficient production methods. Capitalism does not provide for those who lack competitive skills, including the elderly, children, the developmentally disabled, and caretakers. To keep society functioning, capitalism requires government policies that value the family unit. Despite the idea of a level playing field, capitalism does not promote equality of opportunity. Those without good nutrition, support, and education may never even make it, and society will never benefit from their valuable skills. People who can find work may face low wages, limited possibilities for advancement, and potentially unsafe working conditions. In the short term, this inequality may seem to be in the best interest of capitalism’s winners. They have fewer competitive threats and may use their power to rig the system by creating barriers to entry. Capitalism also ignores external costs, such as pollution and climate change, in its pursuit of increasing levels of consumption and growth. The system makes goods cheaper and more accessible in the short run, but over time, it depletes natural resources, lowers the quality of life in the affected areas, and increases costs for everyone. Story of Netflix By consistently doing the obvious. Sustainable Development Sustainable development refers to development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is the idea that human societies must live and meet their needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development attempts to minimize greenhouse gases, reduce global warming, preserve environmental resources, and provide communities that allow people to reach their fullest potentials. The concept of sustainable development formed the basis of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The summit marked the first international attempt to draw up action plans and strategies for moving towards a more sustainable pattern of development. It was attended by over 100 Heads of State and representatives from 178 national governments. Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, the first woman prime minister of Norway was asked to chair a United Nations commission to address “a global agenda for change.” She came to make strong impact on the commission’s work, widely referred to as the Brundtland Commission. She developed the broad political concept of sustainable development in the course of extensive public hearings. Brundtland has become known as the “mother of sustainability” since the release of the 1987 report, Our Common Future Pillars of Sustainability: The three pillars of sustainability are a powerful tool for defining the Sustainable Development problem. This consists of the Social, and Environmental, and Economic pillars. Social Sustainability: Social Sustainability is the ability of a social system, such as a country, family, or organization, to function at a defined level of social well-being and harmony indefinitely. Problems like war, endemic poverty, widespread injustice, and low education rate are symptoms of a socially unsustainable system. Environmental Sustainability: Environmental Sustainability is the ability of the environment to support a defined level of environmental quality and natural resource extraction rates indefinitely. This is the world’s biggest actual problem, though, since the consequences of not solving the problem now are delayed, the problem receives too low a priority to be solved. Economic Sustainability: Economic Sustainability is the ability of an economy to support a defined level of economic production indefinitely. Since the Great Recession of 2008, this is the world’s biggest apparent problem that endangers progress due to environmental sustainability. Sustainable Development Goals: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the global goals, includes 17 interlinked goals, addressing global challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice. In 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the SDGs intending to meet the target by 2030. The goals are a blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. 2. Zero Hunger – End hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. 3. Good Health and Well-Being – Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all of all ages. 4. Quality Education – Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all. 7. Affordable and Clean Energy – Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. 10. Reduced Inequalities – Reduce inequality within and among countries. Benefits of solo travel These days, an increasing number of modern explorers are taking vacations by themselves. As the solo travel movement goes from strength to strength, we are highlighting some of the positive aspects of taking a trip on your own. Here is my look at the benefits of solo travel. You can be completely selfish This may be the only context in which selfishness isn’t a bad thing. Traveling with others means making plans with others. Checking out local landmarks, museums, restaurants, and attractions can be challenging when each traveler has something different in mind. But what if you could spend each day in any way you like? Fancy spending six hours in a single museum, or trekking for miles in chilly conditions? Go right ahead. You meet interesting people When you travel with others, you typically stick together. In other words, you’re less likely to wander away from your group. But traveling alone brings something truly valuable to the table – you’ll be more likely to chat with locals, meet new friends and generally be more sociable. You come to know yourself more intimately These days, we’re constantly bombarded by stimulation – relentless connectivity to others, as well as the Internet. Rarely do we get the chance to sit with ourselves and simply be. Solo travel provides the opportunity to do just that. Being on your own in a new place serves as a permission slip to slow down, without the distractions you’d feel buzzing around you when traveling with companions. Being alone, and embracing it, is a wonderful part of solo travel. You can rest without feeling guilty Feeling wiped out from a long flight? Or from exploring a new city on foot? Let’s face it, there’s only so much running around you can do. But when you’re traveling with friends, the pressure to keep going can be intense. When traveling alone, on the other hand, you can head back to your room for a guilt-free mid-afternoon nap. Traveling alone can provide the restful break you need. Photo: Darkydoors/Shutterstock You step outside your comfort zone When traveling with friends, you often troubleshoot travel hiccups together. Can’t find your way around? The solution usually comes by talking it over. Taking a trip on your means you have to get out of any tricky trip situations by yourself, which can help with problem-solving, dealing with pressure, and developing self-belief. You’re less likely to feel stressed out When you’re out and about with your usual friends from home, it’s easy for old routines and group dynamics to creep up on you. Not so when you’re on your own. You’re there for you and you alone – the only drama you’re going to experience is the drama you make yourself. You’ll have the time and inspiration to work on creative projects Been dying to delve into a creative project? Whether it’s writing poetry, developing a new business plan, or playing the guitar, traveling alone provides the opportunity – and inspiration – to tap into these desires. When you’re untethered to the demands of others you’ll probably find it easier to nurture your creativity. It might make you happier in the long term Research suggests that getting into vacation mode has the potential to increase our happiness levels. And spending time alone has also been shown to stave off depression. The takeaway? Heading off on a solo adventure just might be good for your overall well-being. Solo travel can help you develop new skills. Photo: Daxiao Productions/Shutterstock You’ll probably improve your language skills What better way to learn a new language than to throw yourself in headfirst? Full immersion in a foreign culture (and tongue) is possibly the best way to dismantle the language barrier. When traveling with others, you’re more likely to rely on them for help with translating. And, let’s face it, chances are high that you’ll communicate with one another in your native language. When you’re alone, on the other hand, you’re forced to constantly practice the new language. (With reference from Esports in India Picture source : Esports pertain to a sports competition through video games organized into the multiplayer setting. It has successfully taken over the Indian market because of the promotion and campaign on various online streaming platforms like YouTube. The esports industry is not new, but not many people are aware that it has been around for a decade already. It just so happen that it became popular in India just recently as more developers and investors showed interest in the Indian market. The most common esports genre in the Indian market today is the following: MOBA (Multiplayer Online Battle Arena) RTS (Real-Time Strategy) FPS (First Person Shooter) Card games Battle Royale Esports in India India ranked 16 on the Forbes list, making it a multi-billion dollar industry. A decade ago, India’s online gaming sector is lame, with only 25 game developers. Today, there are over 250 game developers in the country. Some of the big names in the industry had already invested in India’s gaming sector, such as Tencent, Nazara, Paytm, and Alibaba. The revenue generated in sports mostly came from companies like Oppo and Asus. India has hosted some of the most significant tournaments in esports, such as PUBG Mobile Series 2019 and the Electronic Sports League, participated by Dota 2 players from different parts of the world. Counter-Strike – It was first released in early 2012, and since then, it becomes the most popular and widely played esports in the country. Back then, India was not a hub for esports. Today, India is recognized internationally for esports, and counterstrike has a lot to do with it. Dota 2 – It is the first esport that dominated the Indian market; a multiplayer online battle game played by two teams with each team consisting of five players. Esports sector during pandemic: Online gaming is one of the reasons why India’s economy is still surviving despite the global pandemic. The number of online gamers using their smartphone has grown by 60% if you compare the data during pre-covid and lockdown. The high youth population and the affordability and accessibility of smartphones are the primary reasons why India’s online gaming sector is thriving. It has also paved the way for an online casino portal for Indian players. Another factor that paved the way to the growth of the online gaming market is the penetration of high-speed 4G internet. Stakeholders’ role in India’s esports growth E-commerce platforms has a lot to do with the growth of esports in India. They make sure that the gaming enthusiasts will have access to the hardware and accessory they need for the game. Some of the notable e-commerce include Asus and Flipkart. Online gamers prefer to use gaming devices and tools with top-notch performance. Companies that produce such gaming paraphernalia ensure the demands are met while keeping in mind affordability and accessibility. Companies like Amazon and Flipkart ensure that gaming products are available and affordable. Connectivity is a major contributor to the gaming industry’s growth. Telecommunication providers have been working 24/7 to provide the best data plans, keeping in mind high-speed data access and affordability. Data availability is made possible through Reliance Jo’s effort to set up thousands of mobile towers across the country, ensuring high-speed connection. Written with REFERENCE from Impact of Globalisation on India Globalisation refers to the interdependence of world economies and populations brought about by trade in goods and services, technology, and the flow of investment, people, and information. It includes the creation of networks and pursuits transgressing social, economical, and geographical barriers. One of the effects of globalization is that it promotes and increases interactions between different regions and populations around the globe. India is one of the countries which experienced significant success after the initiation and implementation of globalisation. The growth of foreign investment in corporate, retail, and the scientific sector increased enormously. It tremendously impacted the social, monetary, cultural, and political aspects of the country. In recent years, globalisation has increased due to improvements in transportation and information technology, and improved global synergies have led to the growth of trade and culture globally. The Indian economy has witnessed drastic growth since it integrated into a global economy in 1991. It had a tremendous impact on the economic condition. Although India has had immense economic growth, not all sectors of the country have benefited. Globalisation did not have a positive impact on agriculture. Agriculture now contributes only about 20% to the GDP. International norms imposed by WTO and multilateral companies have directed funds of the agriculture sector to private-sector enterprises. Agriculture has received reduced government support, affecting farmers because production costs are very high, while commodity costs are low. Greater integration of global commodities markets leads to a constant fluctuation in prices, which has increased the vulnerability of Indian farmers, who are also increasingly dependent on seeds sold by the MNCs. Globalisation has led to an increase in the consumer products market. They have a a variety choices in selecting goods. People in cities working in high paying jobs have a greater income to spend on lifestyle goods. There has been an increase in the demand for products like meat, egg, pulses, organic food as a result. It has also led to protein inflation. Protein food inflation contributes a large part to the food inflation in India. It is evident from rising prices of pulses and animal proteins in the form of eggs, milk and meat. With an improvement in the standard of living and rising income level, the food habits of people change. People tend toward taking more protein intensive foods. This shift in dietary pattern, along with the rising population results in an overwhelming demand for protein-rich food, which the supply side could not meet. Thus resulting in a demand-supply mismatch thereby, causing inflation. Outsourcing is one of the principal results of globalisation. In outsourcing, a company recruits regular service from outside sources, often from other nations. As a kind of economic venture, outsourcing has increased, in recent times, because of the increase in quick methods of communication, especially the growth of information technology (IT). Voice-based business processes, accountancy, record keeping, music recording, banking services, book transcription, film editing, clinical advice, or teachers are outsourced from advanced countries to India. Another sector the government has neglected is public health. India has one of the lowest ratios of public to private health expenditure. The rate of epidemics among the poor has increased, leading to outbreaks of contagious diseases becoming common. Globalisation has provided a relatively better environment for women. Technology has made education in India accessible for more people, especially women, decreasing the gender gap stratified by gender roles. Women now have access to more jobs and are more involved in avenues generally reserved for men. It has increased the number of women in competitive professions, empowering them. The increasing migration coupled with financial independence has led to the breaking of joint families into nuclear ones. The western influence of individualism has led to an aspirational generation of youth. Concepts of national identity, family, job and tradition are changing rapidly and significantly. The rise of nuclear families has reduced the social security that the joint family provided, leading to greater economic, health and emotional vulnerability of old age individuals. The current generation, especially, the young have an identity that gives them a sense of belonging to a worldwide culture, which includes an awareness of events, practices, styles and information that are a part of the global culture. People have developed a bicultural identity or perhaps a hybrid identity, which means that part of their identity is rooted in the local culture and another part that stems from an awareness of one’s relation to the global world. The development of these global identities is no longer just a part of immigrants and ethnic minorities. Media plays a significant role in developing a global identity. Yet, along with this new global identity, people also retain and develop their local identity for daily interactions with their family, friends and community. We cannot say that the impact of globalisation has been totallly positive or totally negative. It has been both. However, it becomes a point of concern when an overwhelming impact of globalization can be observed in Indian culture. Social Anxiety Disorder Social anxiety disorder (SAD), also known as social phobia, is an anxiety disorder that involves intense fear of social settings. Everyday interactions can cause a significant amount of anxiety, and self-consciousness, due to the constant fear of being scrutinized and judged negatively by people. According to ICD-10 guidelines, the main diagnostic criteria of social phobia are fear of being the center of attention or behaving in a way that will be embarrassing or humiliating. People experience anxiety in several social situations, from meaningful encounters to everyday trivial ones. They can experience overwhelming anxiety or fear in social situations, such as meeting new people, being on a job interview, answering a question in class, talking to a cashier in a store, answering the phone and making new friends. Even everyday things like eating or drinking in front of others or using a public restroom may cause anxiety. Social anxiety disorder is referred to an illness of lost opportunities where “individuals make major life choices to accommodate their illness”. Social anxiety disorder is known to appear at an early age in most cases. 50% of people with this disorder develop it by the age of 11, and 80% develop it by age 20. This early age of onset may lead to people with social anxiety disorder being particularly vulnerable to depressive illnesses, substance use, and other psychological conflicts. Generally, social anxiety begins at a specific point in an individual’s life, which develops over time as the person struggles to recover. Eventually, mild social awkwardness can develop into symptoms of social anxiety or phobia. Social anxiety isn’t the same as just “shyness”. Shyness is short-term and doesn’t impact daily life majorly or lead to excessive social avoidance. Whereas social anxiety is persistent, interferes with everyday life, and disrupts one’s ability to attend school, work, and develop close relationships. This disorder could lead to the following: Low self-esteem Trouble being assertive Negative self-talk Hypersensitivity to criticism Poor social skills Isolation and difficulty in social relationships Low academic and employment achievement Research into the causes of social anxiety and social phobia is wide-ranging with encompassing multiple perspectives. Scientists haven’t yet figured out the exact cause. Studies suggest that genetics can play a part in combination with environmental factors. Genetics: Anxiety disorders tend to run in families. Studies suggest that parents of people with social anxiety disorder tend to be more socially isolated themselves, and shyness in adoptive parents is associated with shyness in adopted children. Growing up with overprotective and hypercritical parents has also been associated with social anxiety disorder. Adolescents who found having an insecure (anxious-ambivalent) attachment with their mother as infants were twice as likely to develop anxiety disorders by late adolescence, including social phobia Brain structure: A structure in the brain called the amygdala could play a role in controlling the fear response. People who have an overactive amygdala may have a heightened fear response, causing more anxiety in social settings. Social Environment and Experiences: A social anxiety disorder may be a learned behaviour. Half of the people diagnosed had the anxiety worsened due to a specific traumatic, unpleasant or embarrassing social situation. Direct experiences, observing or hearing about the socially negative experiences of others, or verbal warnings of social problems and dangers, may also make the development of a social anxiety disorder more likely. Longer-term effects of not fitting in or being bullied, rejected, or ignored are also causes. Signs and Symptoms: Physical Symptoms • Shortness of Breath • Excessive Sweating • Blushing • Blurred Vision • Shaking • Dry Mouth • Trembling Voice • Palpitations • Muscle Tension • Nausea • Headaches • Numbness or tingling in extremities • Dizziness • Chest tightness Behavioral Symptoms • Avoiding what makes you anxious • Fidgeting or other nervous actions • Isolating yourself and limiting actions related to the social situation • Leaving or escaping from a feared social or performance situation Emotional Symptoms • Fear of rejection, humiliation • Worrying about being left out or being unable to overcome anxiety • Feeling defeated as if there is something “wrong” with you • Feeling exposed or vulnerable around others Cognitive Symptoms • Racing thoughts • Worrying about what people will think • Believing everyone is looking at you or judging you • Thinking it is not worth the discomfort of trying to socialize • Assuming the worst about a situation or interaction • Analyzing social interactions after it’s over • Negative evaluations of yourself Clinicians use a predetermined set of criteria to diagnose SAD, also known as the DSM-5. The following is an overview, which also corresponds to its presentation and help with the understanding of social anxiety disorder. Fear or anxiety is evident in social situations, where possible scrutiny may be experienced. Aversion to situations in order to avoid getting embarrassed, humiliated, or rejected. If the person is able to endure it, it is often done with intense fear or anxiety Anxiety experienced by an individual that is not proportional to the situation If the fear or anxiety has lasted for 6 months or longer. When an individual experiences anxiety or distress that affects their daily living Anxiety or fear that is not associated with a medical condition, medication or substance abuse Treatments depend on the severity of your emotional and physical symptoms and how well you function daily. The length of treatment also varies. Some people may respond well to initial treatment and not require anything further, while others may require some form of support throughout their lives. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: CBT is the first-line psychotherapeutic treatment for this disorder. It is a type of psychotherapy useful for treating social anxiety disorder. CBT teaches you different ways of thinking, behaving, and reacting to situations that help you feel less anxious and fearful. It can also help you learn and practice social skills. CBT delivered in a group format can be especially helpful. Psychoanalysis: Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy involve a therapist helping you to understand underlying issues from childhood that may have contributed to your social anxiety. It is most useful for people who have deeper unresolved conflicts contributing to their anxiety. Psychoanalysis may also be useful in some instances to explore potential resistance to change. Support Groups: Many people with social anxiety also find support groups helpful. In a group of people who all have a social anxiety disorder, you can receive unbiased, honest feedback about how others in the group see you. This way, you can learn that your thoughts about judgment and rejection are distorted. You can also learn how others with social anxiety disorder approach and overcome the fear of social situations. Medication: There are three types of medications used to help treat social anxiety disorder – Anti-anxiety medications Accounting Concept and Convention Accounting is a business language, which is used to communicate financial information to the company’s stakeholders, regarding the performance, profitability and position of the enterprise and help them in rational decision making. The financial statement is based on various concepts and conventions. Accounting concepts are the fundamental accounting assumptions that act as a foundation for recording business transactions and preparation of final accounts Definition of Accounting Concept Accounting Concepts can be understood as the basic accounting assumption, which acts as a foundation for the preparation of the financial statement of an enterprise. Indeed, these form a basis for formulating the accounting principles, methods and procedures, to record and present the financial transactions of the business. These concepts provide an integrated structure and rational approach to the accounting process. Every financial transaction that occurs is interpreted taking into consideration the accounting concepts, which guide the accounting methods. • Business Entity Concept: The concept assumes that the business enterprise is independent of its owners. • Money Measurement Concept: As per this concept, only those transactions which can be expressed in monetary terms are recorded in the books of accounts. • Cost concept: This concept holds that all the assets of the enterprise are recorded in the accounts at their purchase price • Going Concern Concept: The concept assumes that the business will have a perpetual succession, i.e. it will continue its operations for an indefinite period. • Dual Aspect Concept: It is the primary rule of accounting, which states that every transaction affects two accounts. • Realization Concept: As per this concept, revenue should be recorded by the firm only when it is realized. • Accrual Concept: The concept states that revenue is to be recognized when they become receivable, while expenses should be recognized when they become due for payment. • Periodicity Concept: The concept says that a financial statement should be prepared for every period, i.e. at the end of the financial year. • Matching Concept: The concept holds that, the revenue for the period, should match the expenses. Definition of Accounting Convention Accounting Conventions, as the name suggest are the practice adopted by an enterprise over a period of time, that rely on the general agreement between the accounting bodies and help in assisting the accountant at the time of preparation of financial statement of the company. To improve the quality of financial information, the accountancy bodies of the world may modify or change any accounting convention. Given below are the basic accounting conventions: • Consistency: Financial statements can be compared only when the accounting policies are followed consistently by the firm over the period. However, changes can be made only in special circumstances. • Disclosure: This principle states that the financial statement should be prepared in such a way that it fairly discloses all the material information to the users, to help them in taking a rational decision. • Conservatism: This convention states that the firm should not anticipate incomes and gains, but provide for all expenses and losses. • Materiality: This concept is an exception to the full disclosure convention which states that only those items to be disclosed in the financial statement which has a significant economic effect. The Impact of Ecommerce The impact of e-commerce is far and wide with a ripple effect from small business to global enterprise. 1. Large retailers are forced to sell online. For many retailers, the growth of e-commerce has expanded their brands’ reach and positively impacted their bottom lines. But for retailers who have been slow to embrace the online marketplace, the impact has been different. Retailers that fall into the middle ground are the ones feeling the biggest changes in response to the impact of e-commerce. In February of 2019, online sales narrowly surpassed general merchandise stores for the first time, including department stores, warehouse clubs, and supercenters. Because Amazon Prime took away the price of shipping, more consumers are comfortable with online shopping. • Ecommerce helps small businesses sell directly to customers. For many small businesses, e-commerce adoption has been a slow process. However, those who’ve embraced it have discovered e-commerce can open doors to new opportunities. Slowly, small business owners are launching e-commerce stores and diversifying their offerings, reaching more customers, and better-accommodating customers who prefer online/mobile shopping. Pre-pandemic, small businesses were working to expand their e-commerce presence. Today, 23% of small business owners feel they’ll have to strengthen their e-commerce capabilities to survive in a post-pandemic world. Another 23% of small business owners have created a website or updated their existing one since COVID-19 lockdowns began. 2. B2B companies start offering B2C-like online ordering experiences. B2B companies are working to improve their customer experiences online to catch up with B2C companies. This includes creating an omnichannel experience with multiple touchpoints and using data to create personalized relationships with customers. Ecommerce solutions enable self-service, provide more user-friendly platforms for price comparison, and help B2B brands maintain relationships with buyers, too. By 2026, B2B transactions are expected to reach $63,084 billion. 3. The rise of e-commerce marketplaces. Ecommerce marketplaces have been on the rise around the world since the mid-1990s with the launch of giants we know today, such as Amazon, Alibaba, and others 4. Supply chain management has evolved. Survey data shows that one of e-commerce’s main impacts on supply chain management is that it shortens product life cycles. In response, some warehousers are now offering value-added services to help make e-commerce and retail operations more seamless and effective. These services include: 1. Separation of stock/storage for online vs. retail sales. 2. Different packaging services. 3. Inventory/logistics oversight. 5. New jobs are created but traditional retail jobs are reduced. Jobs related to e-commerce are up 2x over the last five years, far outpacing other types of retail concerning growth. However, growth in e-commerce jobs is only a small piece of the overall employment puzzle. A few quick facts on how e-commerce has impacted employment: • Ecommerce jobs are up 334%, adding 178,000 jobs since 2002. • Most e-commerce jobs are located in medium to large metropolitan areas. • Most e-commerce companies have four or fewer employees. 6. Customers shop differently. Ecommerce (and now omnichannel retail) has had a major impact on customers. It is revolutionizing the way modern consumers shop. And not only do customers frequently use eCommerce sites to shop: 51% of Americans now prefer to shop online rather than in-store. Millennials are the largest demographic of online shoppers (67%), but Gen X and baby boomers are close behind at 56% and 41% participating in online shopping activities respectively. 7. Social media lets consumers easily share products to buy online. Researchers have discovered that e-commerce has made an interesting social impact, especially within the context of social media. 8. Global e-commerce is growing rapidly. In 2018, an estimated 1.8 billion people worldwide made an online purchase. Chinese platform, Taobao, is the biggest online marketplace with a gross market value (GMV) of $484 billion. For context, Tmall and Amazon ranked second and third with $458 and $339 billion GMV in annual third-party global market value respectively. An Introduction to Halley’s Comet Image Credit: NASA Halley’s Comet, officially known as 1P/Halley, is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 75–76 years. It is the most famous known comet and is the only known short-period comet that is regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth and thus can be viewed twice in a human lifetime. The comet made its last appearance in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061. Comet Halley was the first comet recognized as a periodic or short-period comet, with an orbit lasting 200 years or less. Its shape vaguely resembles that of a peanut shell, and its dimensions are about 9.3 by 5 miles (15 kilometres by 8 kilometres). It is one of the darkest or least reflective objects in the solar system, reflecting only 3% of the light that falls on it. While it travels around the Sun, Halley leaves behind a trail of dust and ice particles that form the annual Orionid Meteor shower every October. Halley’s periodic returns have been subject to scientific investigation since the 16th century. Although it was around for centuries, it wasn’t until 1705 that Edmond Halley, an English astronomer and physicist, calculated its orbit and predicted its next appearance. He noted the three occurrences of the comet, used Isaac Newton’s recently developed Laws of Motion and some observational records and concluded that the comets which appeared in 1531, 1607, and 1682 were the same comet, and predicted that it would appear again in 1758. As foretold, the comet did reappear, but unfortunately, Edmond Halley wasn’t around to see its appearance. In 1759, Nicholas-Louis de Lacaille, a French astronomer, named the comet after Halley to honour him. History of the Comet: Some historians believe that the comet was sighted as early as 467 BCE by the ancient Greeks. A comet in ancient Greece, recorded between 468 and 466 BC with its timing, location, duration, and an associated meteor shower all suggest it was Halley. The first official known sighting of this comet, according to historical records, occurred in the year 240 BC. The Chinese recorded this sighting in the Chinese chronicle ‘Records of the Grand Historian’ or ‘Shiji’, which describes a comet that appeared in the east and then moved north. In 1066, the comet was seen in England and was considered an omen. Later that year, King Harold II of England was overthrown and killed at the Battle of Hastings by William the Conqueror, who then claimed the throne. The battle depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry chronicles those events and prominently displays the comet as a star. In 1456, on a return passage, Pope Calixtus III determined that the comet was an agent of the devil, attempted to excommunicate this natural phenomenon, and ordered special prayers for the city’s protection. His misguided attempt to frame it as a religious issue failed because the comet came back 76 years later. He wasn’t the only person of the time to misinterpret what the comet was. Around the same time, while Turkish forces laid siege to Belgrade, the comet was described as a fearsome celestial apparition “with a long tail like that of a dragon.” Modern Observations: The comet’s reappearance in 1986 sparked great interest in scientists around the world, who planned extensive plans to observe it closely. It marked the first time scientists were able to study it with sophisticated and developed technology. The high-quality images returned by the probes were the first of their kind, providing a fascinating insight into Halley and proving that its core is a solid mass primarily composed of dust and ice. Five spacecraft from the USSR, Japan, and the European Space Agency journeyed to Comet Halley. ESA’s Giotto obtained close-up photos of the comet’s nucleus. Halley being large and active, with a well-defined and regular orbit, was a relatively easy target for Giotto and the other probes.
Best answer: How do social workers use feminist theory? What are the principles of feminist social work? Findings reveal that the interviewees perceive feminist practice as significantly different from traditional social work practice based on four analytical principles: (1) gender analysis, (2) awareness of power relations, (3) analysis of welfare services as structures of oppression, and (4) utilization of feminist How can social workers help women’s rights? Social workers can advocate for the impoverished by pushing for laws and policies that increase opportunities. Specific to women’s needs, social workers can advocate for women to have greater access to employment, housing, and education. Advocating can take many forms. Why is social theory important in social work? Social work theory provides a starting point for social workers to create interventions and plan their work. … The theories help social workers better understand complex human behaviors and social environments, which influence their clients’ lives and problems. What is critical theory in social work? The term critical theories refers to theories that critique social injustice from a variety of perspectives, including racism, ethnocentrism, the patriarchy, ableism, and others. … Critical theories help define social justice, as well as identify sources of oppression that are barriers to achieving it. THIS IS IMPORTANT: What is an adjective for feminism? What are the limitations of feminist theory? The problem with Feminist Theory is that it typically the subject depicted in the text is rooted in social and cultural spheres. Instead of looking at the individual (in regards to how they fit into society and how others look at them), the texts normally examines the society the characters live within. What is gender equality in social work? Social workers in different parts of the world are actively involved in programmes which aim to curb gender based violence, reduce the oppression and exploitation of women, and work towards gender equality and a more equal distribution of resources. What is role of social worker? Social workers aim to improve people’s lives by helping with social and interpersonal difficulties, promoting human rights and wellbeing. Social workers protect children and adults with support needs from harm. How do social workers help to combat poverty? Advocacy. Sometimes, clients in poverty are unable to speak up for themselves to obtain needed resources. … Social workers help the poor by providing advocacy services, such as acting as mediators or directly intervening with social services organizations or governmental agencies. How do theories help social workers? Theories helped social workers explain why people behave as they do, to better understand how the environment affects behavior, to guild their interventions, and to predict what is likely to be the result of a particular social work intervention. A theory helps to explain a situation and perhaps, how it came about. How do social workers use social learning theory? THIS IS IMPORTANT: When was the first wave of feminism? Why is the social learning theory useful? What are examples of critical theories? What are the main principles of critical theory?
Making Green Energy Affordable: Steps towards the FutureMaking green energy affordable and scalable is going to be one of the most important topics of the next century. Fossil fuels will run out – it’s only a matter of time – and we need to be prepared for that eventuality when it happens. How do we make green energy affordable? Let’s take a look at the primary challenges, possible solutions and what you personally can do to help. ==> The Primary Challenges The primary challenge of green energy is its cost. At the moment, energy invested into green sources yields a return that’s anywhere between three to ten times more expensive than fossil fuels. That’s why there’s so much more money to be made in fossil fuels than green energy. The return on capital is much higher. The intermittent nature of green energy is also a big challenge. For example, wind doesn’t always blow and the sun doesn’t always shine, making wind and solar power difficult to handle consistently. ==> Working Towards a Solution How does one overcome these challenges? In order to make green energy scalable, a new technology that’s as profitable (or close to as profitable) as fossil fuels and coal needs to be discovered. As long as green energy is only profitable when subsidized by governments, it won’t take off to the scale of fossil fuels. The reason fossil fuels is such a huge industry is because so much money can be poured into it profitably. In order for green energy to get the same amount of investment, it needs to offer the same level of profitability. ==> What Can You Personally Do? Chances are, you’re not a banker or scientist who’s actively working in the green energy industry. How can you personally help progress our future? There are a couple things you can do. The first is to get involved in local politics to get more green energy subsidies. Yes, it’s true that energy subsidies are not a scalable way to grow green energy. However, the more money the green energy earns as a whole, the more money they’ll have to experiment with. Subsidies might not be scalable, but they’ll help companies get themselves to scalability. Getting our planet to a green future doesn’t happen overnight. It’ll take major breakthroughs, but it’ll also take a collective effort on all of our parts.
SAT Math Multiple Choice Question 962: Answer and Explanation Home > SAT Test > SAT Math Multiple Choice Practice Tests Test Information Question: 962 In the diagram above,and. Confirmation of which of the following facts would be sufficient to prove that thetwo triangles are congruent? • A. • B. • C. • D. Correct Answer: A Difficulty: Easy Category: Additional Topics in Math / Geometry Strategic Advice: Think about the options for proving that two triangles are congruent. Then, find the choice that satisfies one of those options. Getting to the Answer: You're given two congruent pairs of sides, so your options are SSS and SAS. A quick scan of the choices shows that none of them provides congruence for the missing sides, so SSS is out. In order to have SAS, you need to know that the angles between the two congruent sides are congruent. The middle angles in this case are ∠L and ∠O and (as shown below), so the answer must be (A). Previous Next
How are diamonds evaluated? On the matter of quality and thus the value of a cut diamond, the criteria are known as 4Cs they are Color, Clarity, Cut and Carat. Obviously, it helps to have apparatus like spectroscopes and spectrophotometers, stereomicroscopes, electric balances and also proportionscopes, but a knowledge of a basic technique enables a fairly accurate assessment of a diamond to be made with nothing more than a 10k loupe and the human eye. Color-the point of color grading is to mark the degree of deviation from whitest possible stone down to the yellowest which is still acceptable as being of gem quality. There are a number of grading systems in use, but the most widely accepted internationally has become that of the Gemological Institute of America(GIA). Their grading certificate ma seem a bit unromantic when compared with the more descriptive and emotive terminology of some of the other systems, but they leave less room for doubt, a fact which can only be of benefit to the trade and the public. The most commonly accepted grading systems at the moment are the two American ones-Gemology Institute of America (GIA) and American Gem Society (AGS) . Color grading judgement is not easily acquired and a beginner, for example, would detect no trace of color in the grades down to L on the GIA scale and its equivalents. This is particularly true when the diamond viewed from the front or face up position and the eye confused by the spectrum colors. Grading is therefore carried out by holding the diamond in a slim V-shaped piece of white paper or card and viewing it through the side. Face up viewed. Left to right; J and I color, G and F color, all GIA certified Pavilion viewed. Left to right, J and I color, G and F color, all GIA certified More practice will enable the grader to distinguish more and more finely between stones, but to aid the process, many use grading stones of ascertained color as a basis for comparison. Lighting is vitally important. Sunlight, for example, contains ultraviolet light which can cause the diamond being examined to fluoresce very slightly blue but enough to hide any hint of yellow. This is in part why the windows of sorting rooms of the Diamond Trading Company in London all face north. Clarity-having ascertained a diamond’s color, the next step is ti grade it according to clarity by assessing its degree of freedom from imperfections. This can be done simply by using a 10x loupe and examining the stone both internally and externally. Clarity grading is more straightforward than color grading, but arguable classifications can still arise. Once again there is no universally accepted standard despite the apparently close correspondence between the standards used in the United States, in the United Kingdom and Scandinavia. The grades range down from “flawless” for a stone which is totally transparent and free from internal marks of any sort when seen through a 10x loupe to “heavy spotted” where the marks or inclusions are clearly visible to the naked eye. Contrary to popular opinion, very few inclusions are actually carbon spots, and many spots which appear black may nit be inclusions at all but simply other varieties of imperfection. They may be tiny bubbles or groups of bubbles, called cloud; cleavage cracks, called feathers or butterflies; which are similar to knots in wood and arise from the contact point of twinned crystals. Marks on the surface of the diamond taken to account as well as internally flaws; also included are minor imperfections resulting from cutting. But again, problem can and do arise from the fact that certain flaws are acceptable under some classifications and not under others. A number of reputable firms make up their own classifications. Tiffany‘s, for example, grades its stones into five types. If no flaws are visible through a 10x lens, the stone is graded “flawless” if a slight flaw is visible, it is graded M1 or M2 depending upon it size (M means microscopic). The third class is VS1 (very small), the fourth S (small), and the fifth and final category is “imperfect” where the flaw can be seen with naked eye. Inclusions are tiny crystals of other minerals that crystallized at the same time as the diamond. The vast majority of diamonds have such inclusions, usually crystals of olivine and garnet. Cut-diamond cutting is a craft that requires great skill; inevitably though, some cutters will fall short of perfection and turn out misshapen stones. This is not the same as deliberately producing a stone which does not conform with the ideal proportions, since the aim may be to eliminate otherwise awkwardly positioned flaws or to balance weight against quality. In such cases the “make” of the diamond, as the cut is called, may not fit the ideal but it will not be far off; and the advantages of cutting it in this way will probably outweigh the disadvantages as a result of gains in weight and clarity. A badly cut stone is something else. It may be asymmetrical, or have badly proportioned facets of varying sizes, or culet which is not centered. Hearts effect shown when viewed through pavilion Arrows effect shown when viewed through table/face up The crown may be too deep or too shallow, the girdle too thin, or the culet too pointed. With practice it is relatively easy to assess proportions by eye alone, especially by using the reflections in the table of the stone as a guide. A stone with a pavilion that is too shallow will reveal a circular reflection of the girdle when viewed through the table, giving a “fish-eye” effect. Too deep a pavilion on the other hand, will throw up a black reflection in the center of the table. Carat-the weight of a diamond is measured in carats, an ancient measuring unit derived from the seeds of the carob tree. These small black beans are remarkably uniform in weight, but an international standard metric carat has now been agreed upon which is equal to 0.2 gram. There are 142 carats to the ounce and the carat is commonly divided into 100 points. Diamonds of less than 1 carat in weight are known as “pointers.” A small portable chemical scale can be used to weigh diamonds to within a hundredth part of a carat, although many jewelers now use more sophisticated electric balances. It is possible to judge weights by measurement of standard brilliant-cut stones, but it must be realized that assessments made on the basis of this sort of guide can only be approximate. All 4Cs are taken into account in arriving at a value for a diamond, and a flawless 1.5-carat stone of good color will be worth more than a heavy spotted 2.5-carat light yellow. Nevertheless, given that a diamond is of good color, clarity and cut, carat weight is the most critical factor in determining price. One reason for this, apart from the scarcity of the bigger stones, is that while fashion and local taste may affect the desirability of color and the extreme rarity of the truly flawless diamond increases the demand for slightly less-perfect stones, weight remains the only constant and easily calculable factor under the grading systems most commonly used today.
You are using an outdated webbrowser. Please update your browser software. Sie benützen einen veralteten Webbrowser. Bitte aktualisieren Sie Ihre Browsersoftware. The “red beech” A tree of many names In the German language, the European Beech is called “Rotbuche” (“red beech”), which is misleading to many. In this context, the name is derived from its slightly reddish timber. Copper Beech © Lisa Mäder Beech (front) and European hornbeam (back) © Lisa Mäder The red-leaved beech, however, which is very popular in parks, is called the Copper Beech (Fagus sylvatica f. purpurea) and is a variety of the European Beech. It lacks an enzyme to break down anthocyanins (red leaf pigments), which in turn colour the leaf surface red. Scientists refer to the beech as Fagus sylvatica, which means the beech from the forest. In English, our beech is called the European beech because it is the only beech species native to Europe. Which makes German-speakers wonder about the origin of the European hornbeam. Its German name is “Hainbuche”, literally a “grove beech”, and it is a native tree species too, however, its name is misleading. The European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) belongs to the birch family and is thus more closely related to the birch and to the hazel.
A man is experiencing dorsalgia at office. Have you ever heard of dorsalgia? It is a spinal pain that emerges from several different parts of your backbone. So, considering the particular spine section where the pain initiates, dorsalgia can be categorized into six types: cervical, cervicothoracic, thoracic, thoracolumbar, lumbar, and lumbosacral. Hence, the intensity of the condition depends on which part of the backbone is affected and what is the possible source of pain. Therefore, to rightly determine the basis of the pain, you require a proper diagnosis by a professional. What are the Types of Dorsalgia? Cervical Dorsalgia Cervical dorsalgia, also regarded as cervicalgia, is a condition that causes spinal pain. If you feel my back is killing me, then your cervical spine might have some problem. Pain in your neck portion that might follow after an injury is usually due to cervical spine degeneration. Cervicothoracic Dorsalgia As signified in the term, this category of dorsalgia encompasses cervical and thoracic spinal regions as the cervical spine is the topmost section of the vertebrae that is a part of the neck region. While the thoracic spine is the second part of the spinal column, it occurs between the cervical spine and lumbar spine. So pain emerges from both regions. Thoracic Dorsalgia This backache emerges from only your thoracic vertebral segments. As your thoracic region is one of the most rarely used body parts, it occurs once in a blue moon. Thoracolumbar Dorsalgia This category of dorsalgia involves the thoracic and lumbar spine. If you have Thoracolumbar Dorsalgia, your doctor may diagnose it through upper and lower back pain images. Physicians may also consider lumbago during diagnosis. Lumbar Dorsalgia Did you know that your lumbar spine is positioned at the end of the thoracic spine and travels down to the point where the sacral spine begins? This part of the backbone is used frequently in daily activities, so lumbar dorsalgia is quite common. Lumbosacral Dorsalgia It is backache clipart that initiates from the lumbar and sacral spinal cord. So, if you have Lumbosacral Dorsalgia, you may feel immediate and shooting pain in your backbone that is triggered by irritation of the posterior spinal artery or sensitive vertebral column innervation. A common symptom of this condition is pseudoclaudication. What are the Symptoms? Fluctuating among the six dorsalgia categories, the symptoms of this ailment are usually common in the majority of patients. So, if you experience shooting spinal pain or neck pain, along with a burning sensation, you might be suspected of dorsalgia. However, a strong back can prevent it. Therefore, you might find it challenging to shift your position, like walking upstairs or getting up from the chair. Besides, you may also experience pain or problems flexing down. Generally, shifting posture is a painful action for dorsalgia patients. However, in a few cases, if you have compromised nerves due to herniated spinal discs, the signs may extend to impassiveness of the upper and lower extremities. Moreover, there is a possibility that you might experience a stinging feeling. Hence, these issues make it problematic for the patient to carry out everyday activities efficiently. What is the Treatment? If you are looking for urgent care for back pain, you may visit the most trusted and renowned Premier Pain Center for the best treatment. You might have to choose from two endorsed treatment options: conservative therapy and surgery. Though, your physician will determine the treatment option based on diagnosis or etiology. Do you know what etiology is? It is to determine the source of a provided condition and its seriousness. So, before deciding on a particular treatment option, a trusted physician will closely examine the results of your diagnosis and then use etiology to determine the likely causes and discuss your preference. Conservative Therapy A physician may opt for conservative therapy to treat dorsalgia if your condition is at its initial stages. The doctor may consider several factors to diagnose the primary cause like if you have constipation and back pain, upper back pain pregnancy or back pain when I sneeze then the treatment will be based on it. So, the treatment may involve prescribing pain killer medications, rehabilitation, chiropractic therapy, massage therapy, and pain management intrusion for probable shots. Your doctor may consider pain management shots if other conservative treatments are not effective. So, your doctor may inject anti-inflammatory medicines into the problematic region to see the results. These shots help establish and confirm the diagnosis and reason for pain. Another treatment would be a yoga wheel for back pain. However, if the conservative treatment is ineffective, then your doctor might opt for surgical treatment. Surgical Treatment Your physician may opt for a surgical intervention to treat dorsalgia after careful examination of your diagnosis report. And if your doctor thinks that your condition is critical, they are likely to recommend surgery. Also, if physiotherapy is ineffective, your doctor may choose to perform surgery to save your state from deteriorating. The physician may also consider ankylosing spondylitis life expectancy before proceeding with the surgery. Besides, the type of surgery depends on the root cause of the dorsalgia. There are several sorts of dorsalgia surgeries like: It helps treat a herniated disc, electrical stimulation to bar the pain-causing signals reaching your brain, backbone fusion to merge two vertebral discs to diminish pain, and artificial disc replacement to replace the problematic disc with a synthetic one. Trusted specialists usually emphasize the integrated approach to treat dorsalgia and choose the best treatment option according to your condition and medical history. Competent doctors try their best to avoid invasive surgeries. Instead, use cutting-edge treatments. What are the Risks and Side Effects of These Treatments for Dorsalgia? Many patients may develop gastrointestinal or stomach-related issues or cardiac (heart) ailments after consuming Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). While acetaminophen intake is likely to cause nausea and potential liver problems. Apart from this, some people may suffer from fatigue when they consume muscle relaxants, while others might experience blurred vision or dryness of the mouth. And if your spine specialist chooses to treat you through dry needling, it involves bleeding and bruising at the position where the doctor injects the needle. Some might even faint. Likewise, facet shots may cause low side effect risk, and the most typical effects may include temporary pain. Rarely, patients may suffer from infections or adverse reactions to cortisone-like weight-gain or water-retaining. While TENS units are typically safe if used the right way. Hence, spinning the instinct too high or positioning electrodes on sensitive skin can cause burning or irritation. Experts recommend that pregnant ladies, people with cardiac issues, and patients with implanted devices should not go for TENS units. Dorsalgia treatment also includes surgeries but has a high risk of spinal infection from drug use, while anesthesia might also cause reactions. At the same time, discectomies are likely to cause excessive bleeding or blood clots. However, if your doctor opts for spinal fusion surgery, you must discuss the risk of bone fusion and backbone injury failure before the treatment.
• Because it carries the connotation of collaboration and mutual respect – and thus offers a guidepost to inter-personal and inter-societal concord and peace. The term is also very important philosophically. The word “dialogue” comes from the Greek and is composed of two parts: “dia” and “logos”. Logos means something like reason, meaning, and also (simply) word. Dia means “in-between” or “betwixt-and-between”. Hence dia-logue means that reason or meaning is not the monopoly of one party but emerges in the intercourse or communication between parties or agents. The logos here is a shared logos and depends crucially on the participation of several or many people. Viewed from this angle, the turn to dialogue can be seen as part and parcel of the so-called “linguistic turn” or “turn to language” which is a central feature of the twentieth century. The linguistic turn involved a turning away from a philosophy concentrated on the singular “I”, on ego consciousness, on what Descartes called the “cogito” (I think). His formula “ego cogito ergo sum” (I think therefore I am) implied that reality could be known by the thinking ego alone – without any need to refer to other people. In large measure, Western philosophy from Descartes to Kant was a philosophy without language and without communication. Truth could be established unilaterally by the thinking ego. His contemporary Karl Jaspers developed a theory of existential communication as a precondition for human self-understanding. At the same time, Martin Buber formulated a philosophy and even a theology of the “in-between” anchored in the communicative relation between “I and Thou”. Heidegger’s student Hans-Georg Gadamer can be called the quintessential philosopher of dialogue because of his insistence that every inter-personal encounter and every interpretation of texts (hermeneutics) depends on a dialogue where participants are willing to transgress their self-centeredness in the direction of a “fusion of horizons”. Please consider giving a tax-free donation to Reset this year Any amount will help show your support for our activities In Europe and elsewhere (Reset DOC) In the US (Reset Dialogues)
Ctenopharyngodon idella – Grass Carp is the Largest Fish Production Ctenopharyngodon idella grass carp (Last Updated On: April 12, 2021) Ctenopharyngodon idella or grass carp is a kind of popular fish. Ctenopharyngodon idella or grass carp grows soon and a good source of fish protein. Grass carp usually consumes submerged plants that have soft / tender, non-fibrous shoots and leaves. Some common plants that they will easily consume are Hydrilla, Allodia, Bladderwort, Contile, Najas, Milfell, Potomatone SPI. (Pondweed), seedlings and nitella. grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella or grass carp The color of the cow is dark olive, being shaded brown-yellow on the sides, with a white belly and large, slightly colored fibers. Grass carp grows very quickly. Small fish that store 20 mm (7.9 inches) in spring will reach more than 45 cm (18 inches) when read. The average length is about 60-100 cm (23.5-39.5 inches). Grass carp (Stenopharyngodon idella) are the species of fish that are most commonly produced in more than five million tons of aquatic varieties every year. It is a large vegetable freshwater fish species in the Cyprinid, a region east of the Amur River, on the Siberia-China border from East Vietnam. This Asian carp is the only species of the genus Stenopheringan. It is cultivated in China for food but was introduced in Europe and the US to control aquatic weeds. It is a large, aquatic river and its associated floodplain lake, with a wide temperature tolerance. The grass carp will enter breeding conditions and spawn at temperatures of 20 to 30 ° C (68 to 86 68 F). Grass carp can be in pretty good shape with an adequate food supply. They can grow incredibly fast by up to 2 inches per month and weigh up to 20 pounds in the first 2 years. On average, grass carp’s weight is around 40 pounds. The length of the carp can be up to 4 feet in common. However, some full extended grass carp might be at around 100 pounds on average. There is no tooth in the jaws of the Grass Carp, but it does have teeth in it. … Grass Carp has a maximum age of 21 years. Grass carp eat primarily aquatic plants, but when a deficiency occurs, they will eat detritus, insects, and other invertebrates. There are usually two situations that lead to the collection of grass carp from the pond. The first occurs when the infestation is controlled by plant growth, especially in ponds with the highest concentration (20 grass carp per stock). Ctenopharyngodon idella - Grass carp In 1994, Pennsylvania Grass Carp legalized imports until they became triploid varieties. … Grass carp relies almost entirely on aquatic plants for their diet. According to the PA Fish and Boat Commission, they prefer to eat the following aquatic plants: Pondweeds (Potamogeton species). C. idella, grass carp is considered a potential insect. … common small pond with a feeding ring for grass carp. … Moreover, a vigorous campaign is being conducted against the spread of grass carp on indigenous, invasive fish species. Don’t eat fish eggs, young fish, or electronic signals, though baby grass carp are ubiquitous. Feed the tree from top to bottom so that the mud doesn’t move. However, in the pond and the lake where the grass carp has eliminated all the submerged plants, the water is boiling. The species is popular among freshwater anchors and can be caught using a variety of techniques. Carp are ubiquitous; They eat aquatic plants, insects, crustaceans, worms, fish eggs, and other food sources. Grass carp are very cautious and easily spooked. Cherry tomatoes, tomato worms, tomatoes, watermelon (red and spots), freshly cut grass, acorns, new oak leaves and green, dog food, catfish food, catalpa worms, kidneys, or lima beans are some of the popular food for the Grass Carp species, which are commonly available. Grass carp should never be stocked in a pond where there is a substantial risk of escape. Grass carp live in rivers in their natural environment so they actively look for running water. They can be avoided with approximately 3 inches of water flow through the unprotected spillway. Grass carp meat is white, tender, smooth in texture, and with practically no “facial” taste. That should be enjoyable about anyone – but like all carp on grass carp, like Milkfish has “spinal problems” (bangus), it’s a fish in relative order. Koi, goldfish, and grass carp are known to eat leaves and occasional roots of water lilies. Of these, grass carp are considered the most effective in controlling the population of lily pads. The maximum length is 2.0 meters (6.6 feet) and they rise to 45 kg (99 pounds). According to a survey, they live an average of five to nine years, the oldest being 5 years. Silver Lake Washington has a thriving population of grass carp that surpasses the 15-year mark they eat more than three times their daily body weight. They thrive on small lakes and backwaters that provide an ample supply of freshwater plants. New Evidence of Grass Carp in Three Great Lakes This species occurs in the west of lakes, ponds, pools, and large river streams, preferring large, slow-flowing or permanent reservoirs with vegetation. In the wild, grass carp spread to the fast-moving river, and their eggs, which are somewhat heavier than water, develop when they fly, suspended by turbulence. Eggs are thought to die when drowned below. Adult species feed mainly on aquatic plants. They feed on high aquatic plants and in submerged terrestrial plants but can take on detritus, insects, and other invertebrates. Use as weed control Grass Carp was introduced in New Zealand in 1966 to control the growth of aquatic plants. Unlike other introduced fish brought to New Zealand, the potential value and effects of grass carp were explored in safe facilities before use in field tests. They are now approved by the New Zealand Government for the control of aquatic weeds, although specific approval is required for each instance. The breed was introduced in the Netherlands in 1973 to control a large number of aquatic weeds. The publication was controlled and controlled by the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality. In both of these countries, control is made easier by the fact that grass carp are rarely impossible to reproduce naturally because of their very specific breeding requirements, but control is obtained through the use of sterile, triploid fish elsewhere. Leave a Reply
Sleep Disorders / Treatment • aspd What is ASPD? • Caring for your CPAP Many patients with respiratory problems use positive airway pressure therapy. This can be for a problem that affects movement of air into and out of the lungs (e.g. obstructive sleep apnea, obesity or a respiratory muscle disorder) or the lungs themselves (e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary • Central Sleep Apnea What is Central Sleep Apnea? While asleep, there may be pauses in breathing, which are called apneas. Up to 5 brief apnoeas an hour may be seen in normal adults. For people with central sleep apnea (CSA), the apneas last longer and occur more frequently. The body does not make an attempt • Childhood Snoring How are snoring and sleep apnea related? • Chronic Fatigue Are people with CFS just tired? People with CFS are more than “just tired”. They suffer from an intense fatigue and exhaustion that won’t go away. Physical or mental activity can make their CFS symptoms worse. To recover, the person must rest for longer than usual. People with CFS have 1. Insomnia Insomnia is when it is hard to get to sleep or stay asleep. Often, the cause is discomfort from an illness. Other times, it can be feeling upset, sad or stressed. In these cases, what needs to be done is to get rid of the cause. But in other cases, there is • Cpa What is CPAP? How does CPAP work? CPAP is a simple • CPAP Why is it important to use CPAP? CPAP can improve • Delayed sleep Phase What is delayed sleep phase syndrome? • Depression I think I’m depressed, how do I know? • HerbalRemedies header Why try herbs to help your sleep? About 40% of people use alternative or complementary medicines at least occasionally. This can be for many reasons, including problems with sleep. Some people who are concerned about using sleeping pills will turn to herbal remedies to help them sleep (see our • Insomnia updated 1. What is insomnia? • Click here to view a fact sheet about Insomnia in simplified Chinese. These translated fact sheets were funded by a grant from the Australian Chinese Community Foundation. • melatonin new What is melatonin? • OSA banner 1. What is it? • OralAppliances What are oral appliances? Oral appliances are one of the options that you can use to treat mild or moderate obstructive sleep apnea, as well as snoring. They are also called Mandibular Advancement Splints (MAS) or Mandibular Advancement Devices (MAD) or Mandibular Repositioning Appliances (MRA) • SleepSpecialists The Australasian Sleep Association, the national professional body of sleep specialists and sleep scientists, maintains a list of sleep services offered by its members. These include services for adults and children. This list can be found at: • SleepStudy What is a sleep study? A sleep study is a medical test. Sleep is monitored to assist with the diagnosis of sleep problems. It may be done in the home or by staying overnight in a specialised sleep clinic, whichever is best for you. What happens in a sleep study that is completed in a sleep • SleepingTablets What Are Sleeping Tablets?
New study: Wine tastes in the brain and not in the mouth Wine tasting is a complicated process in the human brain Certainly many people like to drink wine from time to time. But how do we actually determine the taste of wine? Researchers have now found that the taste perception of wine does not only take place in the mouth, but primarily in our brain. The scientists at the Yale School of Medicine found that the taste of wine is perceived in our brain. The results of the investigation were summarized by the author Dr. Gordon Shepherd in his book "Neuroenology: How the Brain Creates the Taste of Wine". Drinking wine puts a lot of strain on the brain Drinking wine is the ideal workout for your brain. Before drinking, smelling and analyzing the wine, requires exquisite control over one of the largest muscles in the human body, explains Dr. Shepherd. Then, when the liquid is put in the mouth, the intricate muscles of the tongue are combined with thousands of taste and smell receptors. The whole process takes more effort from the brain than listening to music or solving a difficult math problem, the author adds. Wine drinkers use their own frame of reference for flavor processing Dr. Shepherd has spent years studying how the human brain processes taste. He found that the taste is much more subjective than previously thought. Every drinker uses their own frame of reference to process the taste. This depends heavily on our own memories and emotions, the author explains. What does the smell of wine do? Two things are particularly important for the taste perception of wine: the movement of the wine through the mouth and the movement of the air through the nose and throat. The most important contribution from our sense of smell does not come from sniffing the wine, but from the molecules that are released in our mouth when we exhale, the study author is quoted by the English-language journal “The Independent”. The brain creates the taste of the wine The molecules in wine have no taste, but when they stimulate our brain, the brain creates taste in the same way that color creates it, said Dr. The brain creates color by reacting to the effects created when the light hits the objects we see, which are actually inherently colorless. The taste is not in the wine, the taste is created by the brain of the wine drinker, explains the expert. Swallowing is important for wine tasting It is typical to spit the wine into a bucket during a wine tasting. However, swallowing is an important part of the tasting process, explains Dr. Sheperd. After a few small sips, the brain is already saturated with information. This makes processing the taste difficult. Unwanted consequences when consuming too much wine In addition to the difficulty in processing the taste in the human brain, consuming too much wine can cause significant unpleasant effects, which in the worst case can lead to alcohol poisoning. (as) Author and source information Video: Wine 101 with UW Professor Michael Wagner (November 2021).
It is the top of the page Link to move within a page Text to (c) Global to navigation (g) How Works site(i)へ Petting Capybara Biopark is known as "Paradise of Capybara" in Japan. About 20 Capybara lives in a large field. Visitors can get into the field, touch any time and even feed if you buy the food. They are originally gentle and they have become very familiar to humans in Biopark. So you do not need to be afraid. Please approached slowly so as not to scare them, please gently scratch them. When it doesn't go well, the capybara food which is sold will be helpful. Capybara will come close to you and ask you to feed. You and capybara will be good friends soon. Scratch to please capybara. Please see the video on the left of this page. It is a way of stroking Capybara found by our staff and recently many fun are enjoying it. The important point is scratching the butt. They do not have a tail, but there is a place like a trail of a tail. They feel very comfortable when you scratch there. Capybara becomes fluffy gradually and lie down and sleep at the end. Please look at a happy sleeping face. Seasonal events The capybara's open-air bath has become very famous even outside of Japan. It is introduced in detail on the page following. Please see this page about it. You can see Capybaras eating their favorite fruit "watermelon" in summer. They are normally very calm, watermelon excite them. You are able to see their wild side at the time. You can see the "capybara's watermelon time" in August. You maybe able to see special versions of it like "Huge watermelon" and "iced watermelon" sometimes. From here it is How It Works site. How It Works of the site is up to here.
Top 10 Tips On Organic Gardening There are several types of lettuce like butterhead, crisphead, leaf and romaine lettuce. The most common type of lettuce that is purchased in the local super market is the crisphead like iceberg. Butterhead is a small variety with soft tender leaves that don’t grow tightly packed. It has a some what buttery flavor. Leaf varieties are the most common in the home garden. There leaves are ruffled or curly and come in a variety of color from red to deep green. Romaine is a tall variety that has ridged leaves that are tightly packed together with a dark green outer leaf and the inner leaves being lighter in color. It is considered the most favored variety among most people. After you have the soil tested, it will be time to condition the soil for growing vegetables organically. When conditioning, you should turn your soil 10-12 inches and add organic matter. The best form of organic matter is compost. Compost can be manmade, or you can make your own. Using compost releases natural nutrients within the soil and helps the soil retain water. The amount of compost to use is determined by the type of soil and weather conditions for your area. Once again, get recommendations from your local extension office. Ever Bamboo products are made from Moso bamboo charcoal. Moso bamboo grows rapidly, with some stalks reaching as high as 70 feet. The stalks are grown for 5 years then cut down and burned inside an oven at temperatures over 1,112.0 degrees Fahrenheit. Growing and cutting down bamboo is environmentally friendly, as it is considered a renewable-resource material. What makes bamboo charcoal so amazing? It has high porosity, giving it excellent absorption properties. Prepare your garden beds that you plan on growing your beet crop by raking all roots, rocks and other debris from the soil. Add compost to the soil to lighten it and add organic matter to the soils structure. Avoid fresh manure, this can cause what is known as forked root. Beets will benefit best if they are planted either in hilled rows or raised beds. Organic Gardening is different from regular gardening, most notably in the preparation of the soil. If you feel that all you have to do is mark off a piece of land in your backyard and throw down some seeds, and that’s your garden, you are very mistaken. At the conclusion of this text, you should have a proper picture on how to have good soil for organic gardening. Grow your own produce. The increasing cost of vegetables and fruit nowadays is spurring people on to start their own garden. Remember that when you grow your own produce, you are in charge of exactly how you grow it, and with an organic garden you can be sure that it is grown in the most natural state. Peoples who have tried foods grown in the hydroponic system complained about the lack of flavor. However, there is much flavor with the aquaponics system as the plants and the fish have been raised with their natural foods. #2. You can set up your garden in one of two ways. You can either scalp the soil by taking away all existing grass and other ground cover and then break up the dirt, or you can smother the existing grass and ground cover with a thick layer of newspaper an/or cardboard covered by good planting soil. If you choose the latter, you will need to use landscape timbers, bricks or rocks to build walls around your raised bed garden. Organic Gardening – Protecting Your Water Garden From Contamination Planting your own produce is very popular in Sacramento and growing, particularly among people who want fresh organic produce, can’t afford the supermarket prices, find some farmer’s markets aren’t organic, and need to eat healthier foods and to fight childhood obesity. Even school gardens are growing in popularity. In Sacramento county, in addition to what’s in the city, there are a total so far of 60 community gardens. First of all, you need to know what Organic Gardening is. To give a basic definition it is when you only use natural items to help your plants grow. This means that you don’t use any type of pesticides or synthetic fertilizers to try and get your garden going. Many people will actually take kitchen scraps and other wastes to make their own composts so that they can fertilize. This entire process of being organic usually does take a bit longer than most other types of gardening but there are a lot of additional benefits that come with it. I had already laid beer traps. These are shallow hummus containers filled with the cheapest beer. The Rodale folks rated a malt beverage number one, followed by Michelob and Bud. The next morning I only found large slugs, so I figure even slimy insects have an alcohol age limit. Save your old panty hose for use in your garden. When you are growing vines with fruit on vertical supports you can drape the panty hose around the fruit and secure it to the vertical support. The panty hose won’t restrict the growth because it will expand as the fruit grows. You will want to measure to determine if your soil as the proper amount of phosphates, hydrogen and acidity. Maybe you have learned of this as being the pH levels. To acquire a testing kit to determine the pH of your soil, you can search the internet or go to your local garden shop. A better way to check out your soil is usually to take a sample to your local nursery or county agriculture agent. Both alternatives will probably give you a good idea about the quality of your soil. It ought not cost very much to obtain this information. For example, human hair spread around the garden will keep out rabbits. Lavender and basil deter ants. Rosemary will repel mosquitoes. The way that you arrange your plants can help protect certain vegetables, too. Garlic and peppers planted around tomatoes and squash will help protect them from harmful insects and rodents.
\| by admin \| No comments What are Buddha’s sacred objects? Daoism is the religion of the bodhisattvas, and it is considered a source of religious and spiritual enlightenment for the vast majority of people in China. It is believed to have originated in ancient China, with Buddhist monks living in ancient temples throughout the country, and to be the source of a number of teachings including the Dao. However, Daoist beliefs have changed greatly over the centuries, as Buddhism and Taoism have supplanted it. Daoists are still believed to be revered and worshipped in China, but their sacred objects have undergone significant change over the years, and now can be found in almost every Chinese city. One of the most popular and widely venerated Buddhist objects is the Buddha statue. This Buddhist holy statue was built by Emperor Taizong around the same time as the Daxing dynasty, and depicts a Buddha surrounded by other monks, holding the four cardinal points of the compass. These four points form a compass with four directions, and the Buddha’s eyes are depicted as shining. The Buddha statue has been on display in several Chinese cities since the 1980s. Daxiang is known as the most famous Buddhist temple in China due to its rich Buddhist tradition. This temple is home to the Temple of the Sun, and is also home to several Buddhist shrines. Its name translates as “Sun Shrine”. The temple is known for its numerous statues of the Buddha, and its main shrine is the Dazong Temple. The Dazang Temple is one of the largest and most important Buddhist shrine in China and is known by its Chinese title, the Dangong Temple of Dao, which means “The Shrine of the Daos”. The Dao is the source and center of all Buddhist teachings and is worshipped throughout China, and can be visited by anyone who has a spiritual interest in Buddhism. The temples are open to the public, and tourists are welcomed to visit during their day. There are also many Buddhist temples and monasteries throughout the world, which are also considered sacred. The Chinese word for “sacred” is dao. Buddhist sacred objects are often made of gold, silver, or bronze, and are decorated with designs of deities or spirits. They can be painted on, decorated with, or carved into a variety of shapes. There is a wide variety of objects found at Buddhist temples. One particularly popular object is the golden bowl, which is usually carved in three-dimensional shapes and usually held in a decorative position in front of a statue of the deity. Another popular object that is very popular among the public is the sacred cow. The sacred cow is a symbol of devotion and is sometimes found in Chinese artwork. Other objects that are often found at temples include the Buddha bowl, the Buddha statues, the sacred water-lilies, the golden Buddha head, and more. One common practice is to carve a Buddha image into the temple walls, and then decorate the temple with these Buddha statues. Some temples also decorate their walls with images of deities. Many Buddhist temples also have a temple library, where visitors can study Buddhist scriptures, as well as study history and literature. Other important Buddhist temples include Taizing, the capital of the central region of Sichuan province, and Jinan, the second-largest city in China’s Heilongjiang province. The city of Jinan has one of China’s oldest and largest Buddhist temples, the Grand Xuanji Temple. This is also known as Grand Daoshi Temple. Other temples are located in the provinces of Szechuan, Henan, Hubei, and Yunnan. There have been reports of Buddhist temples being vandalized. In some cases, Buddhist shrinks have been burned, or their inscriptions have been defaced. Many temples have also been destroyed due to pollution, fires, and other environmental issues. However no one has yet been convicted of burning a Buddhist temple. Many people in modern China have no idea about Buddhism, and some believe it is a religion invented by Westerners. Buddhism is not the only religion practiced in China but the number of temples and shrines has increased over the past decades, with more temples being built each year. The vast majority are located on the coast, with the exception of the cities of Qinghai and Sichang, which all have smaller populations and are not considered holy by many. Buddhism has also been the subject of controversy for centuries. For centuries, there have been many claims that Buddhism is an “imperial religion” that is “immoral” and “a foreign religion”. Some Westerners have also criticized Buddhism for being “culturally harmful”, “spiritual poison”, “anti-Chinese”, and “an obstacle to Western culture”. It is estimated that more than 1,400 temples have been built in China over the last two centuries. Some scholars believe that these temples may have been intentionally built by the Chinese government to house large numbers of
Drone footage shows two ports side-by-side, but 2,500 years apart We bring to light the unknown sunken port of Ancient Eretria, which is only 30 meters from the modern port, but is separated by 2,400 years from it. This jetty is the western end of the port of Eretria. It is a monumental construction of raw stones that extends for about 600 meters in a direction from NW to NNA. At its NNA end, where the lighthouse of the modern port is located, it faces east for about 55 meters, closing protecting, from the south, the entrance of the port. The first 300 meters of the construction are covered by a modern jetty which after these first meters runs parallel to the ancient along its entire length. The ancient construction along its entire length maintains a constant width (8 meters) and is located -86 cm lower than the current sea level. The original construction dates back to the beginning of the second half of the 4th century BC with some reinforcing modifications at the beginning of the 3rd century BC. century. The first reference of Eretria to the ancient Greek literature is made in the Homeric epics (Ilias B, 537) where together with the other Evian cities it participates in the Trojan campaign. The city owes its great flourishing to the maritime trade during the 9th and 8th BC. century. The city's trade contacts with the Eastern Mediterranean are close, mainly with the region of Syria, Palestine and Cyprus. Eretria flourishes and great prosperity of the city is placed in the 8th BC. century, a period that participates in the 2nd Greek colonization, together with Chalkida, founding in 775 BC. in the Gulf of Naples the Monkeys (today's Ischia). While in the North Aegean the main colony of Eretria is Mendi in Halkidiki. At the end of the 8th BC. century the great controversy broke out between Chalkida and Eretria for the occupation of the Lilantian field, which ends with a possible defeat of Eretria. In ancient Greek literature the memory of an Eretrian sea empire is strong, an echo of the events of the geometric and early archaic period. The name of the city itself is etymologically explained as a derivative of the noun Eretmon and wants to indicate the "rowing city with its constantly flowing inhabitants" according to the proposal of archaeologist Nikolaos Kontoleontos. Related to the purely naval character of the city are both the epigraphically documented beginning of the Aeneauts, directly connected with the Eretrian navigation, a principle already active in the 6th century BC, and the cult in the closed port of the Eretrian naval hero Nafstolos. According to an inscription which was found integrated in a modern wall, in the area of the present port, during the first half of the 6th BC. century Eretria controls with its fleet both the southern and the northern passage of the Evoikos to the open sea. During the Ionian revolt, Eretria helps the revolted Ionians by sending 5 five triremes as help. This destruction is due to its destruction by the Persians in 480 BC. The city of Eretria participates in the naval battle of Artemisio with 7 seven triremes. Eretria takes part in the Athenian Alliance from which it renounced in 411 BC. year in which the Spartans destroy the Athenian fleet in the port of Eretria. After 411 BC. The first community of Evia is founded, with Eretria as its seat. Between 377- 357 BC. Eretria belongs to the Second Athenian Alliance, while between 341 and 338 BC. the public of Evia is re-established. In the period of the successors, the control of the strategy of the position makes it the apple of the Dispute for the Macedonian kingdoms. Important is the historical period mentioned that the city is ruled by the Eretrian Cynic philosopher Menedemos, who ruled the city in the first half of the beginning of the 3rd century BC. .Χ. century until he was exiled in 274 BC. In 198 BC. the city is occupied and destroyed by the Leucian brother of the Roman Titus Quintus Flaminus, victor of Pydna. Flamininos gives the city partial independence and re-establishes the Evia public, in which Eretria also participates. The city, although it does not maintain its original prosperity, continues to exist until the 7th AD. century in the same place, a period when the fear of pirates pushes the inhabitants to move it inland, to the security offered by the wooded slopes of Mount Eretria. In 87 BC. Eretria allied with Mithridates and was completely destroyed for the second time by the Romans in 86 BC.
In economics, inflation refers to a general progressive increase in prices of goods and services in an economy.[1] When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation corresponds to a reduction in the purchasing power of money.[2][3] The opposite of inflation is deflation, a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services. The common measure of inflation is the inflation rate, the annualised percentage change in a general price index.[4] Price inflation (CPI year-on-year) in the United States from 1914 to 2018. Inflation in countries around the world in 2019. Prices will not all increase at the same rates. Attaching a representative value to a set of prices is an instance of the index number problem.[5] The consumer price index is often used for this purpose; the employment cost index is used for wages in America. Differential movement between consumer prices and wages constitutes a change in the standard of living. Most economists favour a low and steady rate of inflation.[6] Low (as opposed to zero or negative) inflation reduces the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn, and reduces the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary policy from stabilising the economy.[7] The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to monetary authorities. Generally, these monetary authorities are the central banks that control monetary policy through the setting of interest rates, by carrying out open market operations and (more rarely) changing commercial bank reserve requirements.[8] The term inflation appeared in America in the mid-nineteenth century, “not in reference to something that happens to prices, but as something that happens to a paper currency”.[9] Today, however, it is understood as referring to a sustained increase in the general price level (as distinct from short-term fluctuations). The expression “price inflation” may either be synonymous with “inflation” or reflect some more restrictive definition of “price”. Changes to the wage level are described as “wage inflation” and changes to the money supply as “monetary inflation”. These terms are sometimes assumed to identify the causative factor. More specific forms of inflation refer to sectors whose prices vary semi-independently from the general trend. “House price inflation” applies to changes in the house price index[10] while “energy inflation” is dominated by the costs of oil and gas.[11] Related conceptsEdit Other economic concepts related to inflation include: deflation – a fall in the general price level; disinflation – a decrease in the rate of inflation; hyperinflation – an out-of-control inflationary spiral; stagflation – a combination of inflation, slow economic growth and high unemployment; reflation – an attempt to raise the general level of prices to counteract deflationary pressures; and asset price inflation – a general rise in the prices of financial assets without a corresponding increase in the prices of goods or services; agflation – an advanced increase in the price for food and industrial agricultural crops when compared with the general rise in prices. Theoretical backgroundEdit Classical economicsEdit By the nineteenth century, economists categorised three separate factors that cause a rise or fall in the price of goods: a change in the value or production costs of the good, a change in the price of money which then was usually a fluctuation in the commodity price of the metallic content in the currency, and currency depreciation resulting from an increased supply of currency relative to the quantity of redeemable metal backing the currency. Following the proliferation of private banknote currency printed during the American Civil War, the term "inflation" started to appear as a direct reference to the currency depreciation that occurred as the quantity of redeemable banknotes outstripped the quantity of metal available for their redemption. At that time, the term inflation referred to the devaluation of the currency, and not to a rise in the price of goods.[12] This relationship between the over-supply of banknotes and a resulting depreciation in their value was noted by earlier classical economists such as David Hume and David Ricardo, who would go on to examine and debate what effect a currency devaluation (later termed monetary inflation) has on the price of goods (later termed price inflation, and eventually just inflation).[13] Historically, large infusions of gold or silver into an economy had led to inflation. For instance, when silver was used as currency, the government could collect silver coins, melt them down, mix them with other metals such as copper or lead and reissue them at the same nominal value, a process known as debasement. At the ascent of Nero as Roman emperor in AD 54, the denarius contained more than 90% silver, but by the 270s hardly any silver was left. By diluting the silver with other metals, the government could issue more coins without increasing the amount of silver used to make them. When the cost of each coin is lowered in this way, the government profits from an increase in seigniorage.[14] This practice would increase the money supply but at the same time the relative value of each coin would be lowered. As the relative value of the coins becomes lower, consumers would need to give more coins in exchange for the same goods and services as before. These goods and services would experience a price increase as the value of each coin is reduced.[15] The adoption of fiat currency by many countries, from the 18th century onwards, made much larger variations in the supply of money possible. Rapid increases in the money supply have taken place a number of times in countries experiencing political crises, producing hyperinflations – episodes of extreme inflation rates much higher than those observed in earlier periods of commodity money. The hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic of Germany is a notable example. Currently, the hyperinflation in Venezuela is the highest in the world, with an annual inflation rate of 833,997% as of October 2018.[16] However, since the 1980s, inflation has been held low and stable in countries with independent central banks. This has led to a moderation of the business cycle and a reduction in variation in most macroeconomic indicators - an event known as the Great Moderation.[17] Historical inflationary periodsEdit Silver purity through time in early Roman imperial silver coins. To increase the number of silver coins in circulation while short on silver, the Roman imperial government repeatedly debased the coins. They melted relatively pure silver coins and then struck new silver coins of lower purity but of nominally equal value. Silver coins were relatively pure before Nero (AD 54-68), but by the 270s had hardly any silver left. The silver content of Roman silver coins rapidly declined during the Crisis of the Third Century. Rapid increases in the quantity of money or in the overall money supply have occurred in many different societies throughout history, changing with different forms of money used.[18][19] Ancient ChinaEdit Song Dynasty China introduced the practice of printing paper money to create fiat currency.[20] During the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, the government spent a great deal of money fighting costly wars, and reacted by printing more money, leading to inflation.[21] Fearing the inflation that plagued the Yuan dynasty, the Ming Dynasty initially rejected the use of paper money, and reverted to using copper coins.[22] Medieval EgyptEdit During the Malian king Mansa Musa's hajj to Mecca in 1324, he was reportedly accompanied by a camel train that included thousands of people and nearly a hundred camels. When he passed through Cairo, he spent or gave away so much gold that it depressed its price in Egypt for over a decade, causing high inflation.[23] A contemporary Arab historian remarked about Mansa Musa's visit: — Chihab Al-Umari, Kingdom of Mali[24] "Price revolution" in Western EuropeEdit From the second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th, Western Europe experienced a major inflationary cycle referred to as the "price revolution",[25][26] with prices on average rising perhaps sixfold over 150 years. This is often attributed to the influx of gold and silver from the New World into Habsburg Spain.[27] The silver spread throughout a previously cash-starved Europe and caused widespread inflation.[28][29] Others scholars however point out that demographic factors started the upward pressure on prices prior to the arrival of New World gold and silver, that is European population growth after the depopulation caused by the Black Death pandemic. Responses to rising prices such as debasing goods and coinage exacerbated the underlying inflationary trend which was compounded further by New World silver only in the latter half of the 16th century.[30] US Consumer Price Index (CPI) 1969 to 2019, obtained from the FRED Database. Inflation is the increase in the CPI. Since there are many possible measures of the price level, there are many possible measures of price inflation. Most frequently, the term "inflation" refers to a rise in a broad price index representing the overall price level for goods and services in the economy. The Consumer Price Index (CPI), the Personal consumption expenditures price index (PCEPI) and the GDP deflator are some examples of broad price indices. However, "inflation" may also be used to describe a rising price level within a narrower set of assets, goods or services within the economy, such as commodities (including food, fuel, metals), tangible assets (such as real estate), financial assets (such as stocks, bonds), services (such as entertainment and health care), or labor. Although the values of capital assets are often casually said to "inflate," this should not be confused with inflation as a defined term; a more accurate description for an increase in the value of a capital asset is appreciation. The Reuters-CRB Index (CCI), the Producer Price Index, and Employment Cost Index (ECI) are examples of narrow price indices used to measure price inflation in particular sectors of the economy. Core inflation is a measure of inflation for a subset of consumer prices that excludes food and energy prices, which rise and fall more than other prices in the short term. The Federal Reserve Board pays particular attention to the core inflation rate to get a better estimate of long-term future inflation trends overall.[31] The inflation rate is most widely calculated by determining the movement or change in a price index, typically the consumer price index.[32] The inflation rate is the percentage change of a price index over time. The Retail Prices Index is also a measure of inflation that is commonly used in the United Kingdom. It is broader than the CPI and contains a larger basket of goods and services. To illustrate the method of calculation, in January 2007, the U.S. Consumer Price Index was 202.416, and in January 2008 it was 211.080. The formula for calculating the annual percentage rate inflation in the CPI over the course of the year is: The resulting inflation rate for the CPI in this one-year period is 4.28%, meaning the general level of prices for typical U.S. consumers rose by approximately four percent in 2007.[33] Other widely used price indices for calculating price inflation include the following: • Producer price indices (PPIs) which measures average changes in prices received by domestic producers for their output. This differs from the CPI in that price subsidization, profits, and taxes may cause the amount received by the producer to differ from what the consumer paid. There is also typically a delay between an increase in the PPI and any eventual increase in the CPI. Producer price index measures the pressure being put on producers by the costs of their raw materials. This could be "passed on" to consumers, or it could be absorbed by profits, or offset by increasing productivity. In India and the United States, an earlier version of the PPI was called the Wholesale price index. • Commodity price indices, which measure the price of a selection of commodities. In the present commodity price indices are weighted by the relative importance of the components to the "all in" cost of an employee. • Core price indices: because food and oil prices can change quickly due to changes in supply and demand conditions in the food and oil markets, it can be difficult to detect the long run trend in price levels when those prices are included. Therefore, most statistical agencies also report a measure of 'core inflation', which removes the most volatile components (such as food and oil) from a broad price index like the CPI. Because core inflation is less affected by short run supply and demand conditions in specific markets, central banks rely on it to better measure the inflationary impact of current monetary policy. Other common measures of inflation are: • GDP deflator is a measure of the price of all the goods and services included in gross domestic product (GDP). The US Commerce Department publishes a deflator series for US GDP, defined as its nominal GDP measure divided by its real GDP measure. • Regional inflation The Bureau of Labor Statistics breaks down CPI-U calculations down to different regions of the US. • Historical inflation Before collecting consistent econometric data became standard for governments, and for the purpose of comparing absolute, rather than relative standards of living, various economists have calculated imputed inflation figures. Most inflation data before the early 20th century is imputed based on the known costs of goods, rather than compiled at the time. It is also used to adjust for the differences in real standard of living for the presence of technology. • Asset price inflation is an undue increase in the prices of real or financial assets, such as stock (equity) and real estate. While there is no widely accepted index of this type, some central bankers have suggested that it would be better to aim at stabilizing a wider general price level inflation measure that includes some asset prices, instead of stabilizing CPI or core inflation only. The reason is that by raising interest rates when stock prices or real estate prices rise, and lowering them when these asset prices fall, central banks might be more successful in avoiding bubbles and crashes in asset prices.[dubious ] Issues in measuringEdit Measuring inflation in an economy requires objective means of differentiating changes in nominal prices on a common set of goods and services, and distinguishing them from those price shifts resulting from changes in value such as volume, quality, or performance. For example, if the price of a can of corn changes from $0.90 to $1.00 over the course of a year, with no change in quality, then this price difference represents inflation. This single price change would not, however, represent general inflation in an overall economy. To measure overall inflation, the price change of a large "basket" of representative goods and services is measured. This is the purpose of a price index, which is the combined price of a "basket" of many goods and services. The combined price is the sum of the weighted prices of items in the "basket". A weighted price is calculated by multiplying the unit price of an item by the number of that item the average consumer purchases. Weighted pricing is a necessary means to measuring the impact of individual unit price changes on the economy's overall inflation. The Consumer Price Index, for example, uses data collected by surveying households to determine what proportion of the typical consumer's overall spending is spent on specific goods and services, and weights the average prices of those items accordingly. Those weighted average prices are combined to calculate the overall price. To better relate price changes over time, indexes typically choose a "base year" price and assign it a value of 100. Index prices in subsequent years are then expressed in relation to the base year price.[8] While comparing inflation measures for various periods one has to take into consideration the base effect as well. Inflation measures are often modified over time, either for the relative weight of goods in the basket, or in the way in which goods and services from the present are compared with goods and services from the past. Basket weights are updated regularly, usually every year, to adapt to changes in consumer behavior. Sudden changes in consumer behavior can still introduce a weighting bias in inflation measurement. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic it has been shown that the basket of goods and services was no longer representative of consumption during the crisis, as numerous goods and services could no longer be consumed due to government containment measures (“lock-downs”).[34] Over time, adjustments are also made to the type of goods and services selected to reflect changes in the sorts of goods and services purchased by 'typical consumers'. New products may be introduced, older products disappear, the quality of existing products may change, and consumer preferences can shift. Both the sorts of goods and services which are included in the "basket" and the weighted price used in inflation measures will be changed over time to keep pace with the changing marketplace.[citation needed] Different segments of the population may naturally consume different "baskets" of goods and services and may even experience different inflation rates. It is argued that companies have put more innovation into bringing down prices for wealthy families than for poor families.[35] Inflation numbers are often seasonally adjusted to differentiate expected cyclical cost shifts. For example, home heating costs are expected to rise in colder months, and seasonal adjustments are often used when measuring for inflation to compensate for cyclical spikes in energy or fuel demand. Inflation numbers may be averaged or otherwise subjected to statistical techniques to remove statistical noise and volatility of individual prices.[citation needed] Most inflation indices are calculated from weighted averages of selected price changes. This necessarily introduces distortion, and can lead to legitimate disputes about what the true inflation rate is. This problem can be overcome by including all available price changes in the calculation, and then choosing the median value.[37] In some other cases, governments may intentionally report false inflation rates; for instance, during the presidency of Cristina Kirchner (2007–2015) the government of Argentina was criticised for manipulating economic data, such as inflation and GDP figures, for political gain and to reduce payments on its inflation-indexed debt.[38][39] Inflation expectationsEdit Inflation expectations or expected inflation is the rate of inflation that is anticipated for some period of time in the foreseeable future. There are two major approaches to modeling the formation of inflation expectations. Adaptive expectations models them as a weighted average of what was expected one period earlier and the actual rate of inflation that most recently occurred. Rational expectations models them as unbiased, in the sense that the expected inflation rate is not systematically above or systematically below the inflation rate that actually occurs. A long-standing survey of inflation expectations is the University of Michigan survey.[40] Inflation expectations affect the economy in several ways. They are more or less built into nominal interest rates, so that a rise (or fall) in the expected inflation rate will typically result in a rise (or fall) in nominal interest rates, giving a smaller effect if any on real interest rates. In addition, higher expected inflation tends to be built into the rate of wage increases, giving a smaller effect if any on the changes in real wages. Moreover, the response of inflationary expectations to monetary policy can influence the division of the effects of policy between inflation and unemployment (see Monetary policy credibility). Historically, a great deal of economic literature was concerned with the question of what causes inflation and what effect it has. There were different schools of thought as to the causes of inflation. Most can be divided into two broad areas: quality theories of inflation and quantity theories of inflation. The quality theory of inflation rests on the expectation of a seller accepting currency to be able to exchange that currency at a later time for goods they desire as a buyer. The quantity theory of inflation rests on the quantity equation of money that relates the money supply, its velocity, and the nominal value of exchanges. Currently, the quantity theory of money is widely accepted as an accurate model of inflation in the long run. Consequently, there is now broad agreement among economists that in the long run, the inflation rate is essentially dependent on the growth rate of the money supply relative to the growth of the economy. However, in the short and medium term inflation may be affected by supply and demand pressures in the economy, and influenced by the relative elasticity of wages, prices and interest rates.[41] The question of whether the short-term effects last long enough to be important is the central topic of debate between monetarist and Keynesian economists. In monetarism prices and wages adjust quickly enough to make other factors merely marginal behavior on a general trend-line. In the Keynesian view, prices and wages adjust at different rates, and these differences have enough effects on real output to be "long term" in the view of people in an economy. Keynesian viewEdit Keynesian economics proposes that changes in the money supply do not directly affect prices in the short run, and that visible inflation is the result of demand pressures in the economy expressing themselves in prices. There are three major sources of inflation, as part of what Robert J. Gordon calls the "triangle model":[42] • Demand-pull inflation is caused by increases in aggregate demand due to increased private and government spending, etc. Demand inflation encourages economic growth since the excess demand and favourable market conditions will stimulate investment and expansion. • Cost-push inflation, also called "supply shock inflation," is caused by a drop in aggregate supply (potential output). This may be due to natural disasters, or increased prices of inputs. For example, a sudden decrease in the supply of oil, leading to increased oil prices, can cause cost-push inflation. Producers for whom oil is a part of their costs could then pass this on to consumers in the form of increased prices. Another example stems from unexpectedly high insured losses, either legitimate (catastrophes) or fraudulent (which might be particularly prevalent in times of recession).[citation needed] High inflation can prompt employees to demand rapid wage increases, to keep up with consumer prices. In the cost-push theory of inflation, rising wages in turn can help fuel inflation. In the case of collective bargaining, wage growth will be set as a function of inflationary expectations, which will be higher when inflation is high. This can cause a wage spiral.[43] In a sense, inflation begets further inflationary expectations, which beget further inflation. • Built-in inflation is induced by adaptive expectations, and is often linked to the "price/wage spiral". It involves workers trying to keep their wages up with prices (above the rate of inflation), and firms passing these higher labor costs on to their customers as higher prices, leading to a feedback loop. Built-in inflation reflects events in the past, and so might be seen as hangover inflation. Demand-pull theory states that inflation accelerates when aggregate demand increases beyond the ability of the economy to produce (its potential output). Hence, any factor that increases aggregate demand can cause inflation.[44] However, in the long run, aggregate demand can be held above productive capacity only by increasing the quantity of money in circulation faster than the real growth rate of the economy. Another (although much less common) cause can be a rapid decline in the demand for money, as happened in Europe during the Black Death, or in the Japanese occupied territories just before the defeat of Japan in 1945. The effect of money on inflation is most obvious when governments finance spending in a crisis, such as a civil war, by printing money excessively. This sometimes leads to hyperinflation, a condition where prices can double in a month or even daily.[45] The money supply is also thought to play a major role in determining moderate levels of inflation, although there are differences of opinion on how important it is. For example, monetarist economists believe that the link is very strong; Keynesian economists, by contrast, typically emphasize the role of aggregate demand in the economy rather than the money supply in determining inflation. That is, for Keynesians, the money supply is only one determinant of aggregate demand. Some Keynesian economists also disagree with the notion that central banks fully control the money supply, arguing that central banks have little control, since the money supply adapts to the demand for bank credit issued by commercial banks. This is known as the theory of endogenous money, and has been advocated strongly by post-Keynesians as far back as the 1960s. This position is not universally accepted – banks create money by making loans, but the aggregate volume of these loans diminishes as real interest rates increase. Thus, central banks can influence the money supply by making money cheaper or more expensive, thus increasing or decreasing its production. A fundamental concept in inflation analysis is the relationship between inflation and unemployment, called the Phillips curve. This model suggests that there is a trade-off between price stability and employment. Therefore, some level of inflation could be considered desirable to minimize unemployment. The Phillips curve model described the U.S. experience well in the 1960s but failed to describe the stagflation experienced in the 1970s. Thus, modern macroeconomics describes inflation using a Phillips curve that is able to shift due to such matters as supply shocks and structural inflation. The former refers to such events like the 1973 oil crisis, while the latter refers to the price/wage spiral and inflationary expectations implying that inflation is the new normal. Thus, the Phillips curve represents only the demand-pull component of the triangle model. Another concept of note is the potential output (sometimes called the "natural gross domestic product"), a level of GDP, where the economy is at its optimal level of production given institutional and natural constraints. (This level of output corresponds to the Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment, NAIRU, or the "natural" rate of unemployment or the full-employment unemployment rate.) If GDP exceeds its potential (and unemployment is below the NAIRU), the theory says that inflation will accelerate as suppliers increase their prices and built-in inflation worsens. If GDP falls below its potential level (and unemployment is above the NAIRU), inflation will decelerate as suppliers attempt to fill excess capacity, cutting prices and undermining built-in inflation.[46] However, one problem with this theory for policy-making purposes is that the exact level of potential output (and of the NAIRU) is generally unknown and tends to change over time. Inflation also seems to act in an asymmetric way, rising more quickly than it falls. Worse, it can change because of policy: for example, high unemployment under British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher might have led to a rise in the NAIRU (and a fall in potential) because many of the unemployed found themselves as structurally unemployed, unable to find jobs that fit their skills. A rise in structural unemployment implies that a smaller percentage of the labor force can find jobs at the NAIRU, where the economy avoids crossing the threshold into the realm of accelerating inflation. A connection between inflation and unemployment has been drawn since the emergence of large scale unemployment in the 19th century, and connections continue to be drawn today. However, the unemployment rate generally only affects inflation in the short-term but not the long-term.[47] In the long term, the velocity of money is far more predictive of inflation than low unemployment.[48] In Marxian economics, the unemployed serve as a reserve army of labor, which restrain wage inflation. In the 20th century, similar concepts in Keynesian economics include the NAIRU (Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment) and the Phillips curve. Monetarist viewEdit Inflation and the growth of money supply (M2) Monetarists believe the most significant factor influencing inflation or deflation is how fast the money supply grows or shrinks. They consider fiscal policy, or government spending and taxation, as ineffective in controlling inflation.[49] The monetarist economist Milton Friedman famously stated, "Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon."[50] Monetarists assert that the empirical study of monetary history shows that inflation has always been a monetary phenomenon. The quantity theory of money, simply stated, says that any change in the amount of money in a system will change the price level. This theory begins with the equation of exchange: is the nominal quantity of money; is the velocity of money in final expenditures; is the general price level; is an index of the real value of final expenditures; In this formula, the general price level is related to the level of real economic activity (Q), the quantity of money (M) and the velocity of money (V). The formula is an identity because the velocity of money (V) is defined to be the ratio of final nominal expenditure ( ) to the quantity of money (M). Monetarists assume that the velocity of money is unaffected by monetary policy (at least in the long run), and the real value of output is determined in the long run by the productive capacity of the economy. Under these assumptions, the primary driver of the change in the general price level is changes in the quantity of money. With exogenous velocity (that is, velocity being determined externally and not being influenced by monetary policy), the money supply determines the value of nominal output (which equals final expenditure) in the short run. In practice, velocity is not exogenous in the short run, and so the formula does not necessarily imply a stable short-run relationship between the money supply and nominal output. However, in the long run, changes in velocity are assumed to be determined by the evolution of the payments mechanism. If velocity is relatively unaffected by monetary policy, the long-run rate of increase in prices (the inflation rate) is equal to the long-run growth rate of the money supply plus the exogenous long-run rate of velocity growth minus the long run growth rate of real output.[51] Effect of economic growthEdit If economic growth matches the growth of the money supply, inflation should not occur when all else is equal.[52] A large variety of factors can affect the rate of both. For example, investment in market production, infrastructure, education, and preventive health care can all grow an economy in greater amounts than the investment spending.[53][54] Rational expectations theoryEdit Rational expectations theory holds that economic actors look rationally into the future when trying to maximize their well-being, and do not respond solely to immediate opportunity costs and pressures. In this view, while generally grounded in monetarism, future expectations and strategies are important for inflation as well. A core assertion of rational expectations theory is that actors will seek to "head off" central-bank decisions by acting in ways that fulfill predictions of higher inflation. This means that central banks must establish their credibility in fighting inflation, or economic actors will make bets that the central bank will expand the money supply rapidly enough to prevent recession, even at the expense of exacerbating inflation. Thus, if a central bank has a reputation as being "soft" on inflation, when it announces a new policy of fighting inflation with restrictive monetary growth economic agents will not believe that the policy will persist; their inflationary expectations will remain high, and so will inflation. On the other hand, if the central bank has a reputation of being "tough" on inflation, then such a policy announcement will be believed and inflationary expectations will come down rapidly, thus allowing inflation itself to come down rapidly with minimal economic disruption. Heterodox viewsEdit There are also other theories about inflation that are no longer accepted by mainstream economists.[citation needed] Austrian viewEdit The Austrian School stresses that inflation is not uniform over all assets, goods, and services. Inflation depends on differences in markets and on where newly created money and credit enter the economy.[citation needed] Ludwig von Mises said that inflation should refer to an increase in the quantity of money, that is not offset by a corresponding increase in the need for money, and that price inflation will necessarily follow, always leaving a poorer[55] nation.[56][57] Real bills doctrineEdit The real bills doctrine asserts that banks should issue their money in exchange for short-term real bills of adequate value. As long as banks only issue a dollar in exchange for assets worth at least a dollar, the issuing bank's assets will naturally move in step with its issuance of money, and the money will hold its value. Should the bank fail to get or maintain assets of adequate value, then the bank's money will lose value, just as any financial security will lose value if its asset backing diminishes. The real bills doctrine (also known as the backing theory) thus asserts that inflation results when money outruns its issuer's assets. The quantity theory of money, in contrast, claims that inflation results when money outruns the economy's production of goods. Currency and banking schools of economics argue the RBD, that banks should also be able to issue currency against bills of trading, which is "real bills" that they buy from merchants. This theory was important in the 19th century in debates between "Banking" and "Currency" schools of monetary soundness, and in the formation of the Federal Reserve. In the wake of the collapse of the international gold standard post 1913, and the move towards deficit financing of government, RBD has remained a minor topic, primarily of interest in limited contexts, such as currency boards. It is generally held in ill repute today, with Frederic Mishkin, a governor of the Federal Reserve going so far as to say it had been "completely discredited." The debate between currency, or quantity theory, and the banking schools during the 19th century prefigures current questions about the credibility of money in the present. In the 19th century, the banking schools had greater influence in policy in the United States and Great Britain, while the currency schools had more influence "on the continent", that is in non-British countries, particularly in the Latin Monetary Union and the earlier Scandinavia monetary union. In 2019 monetary historians Thomas M. Humphrey and Richard H. Timberlake published "Gold, the Real Bills Doctrine, and the Fed: Sources of Monetary Disorder 1922-1938".[58] Effects of inflationEdit General effectEdit Inflation is the decrease in the purchasing power of a currency. That is, when the general level of prices rise, each monetary unit can buy fewer goods and services in aggregate. The impact of inflation differs on different sectors of the economy, with some sectors being adversely impacted while others benefitting. For example, with inflation, those segments in society which own physical assets, such as property, stock etc., benefit from the price/value of their holdings going up, when those who seek to acquire them will need to pay more for them. Their ability to do so will depend on the degree to which their income is fixed. For example, increases in payments to workers and pensioners often lag behind inflation, and for some people income is fixed. Also, individuals or institutions with cash assets will experience a decline in the purchasing power of the cash. Increases in the price level (inflation) erode the real value of money (the functional currency) and other items with an underlying monetary nature. Debtors who have debts with a fixed nominal rate of interest will see a reduction in the "real" interest rate as the inflation rate rises. The real interest on a loan is the nominal rate minus the inflation rate. The formula R = N-I approximates the correct answer as long as both the nominal interest rate and the inflation rate are small. The correct equation is r = n/i where r, n and i are expressed as ratios (e.g. 1.2 for +20%, 0.8 for −20%). As an example, when the inflation rate is 3%, a loan with a nominal interest rate of 5% would have a real interest rate of approximately 2% (in fact, it's 1.94%). Any unexpected increase in the inflation rate would decrease the real interest rate. Banks and other lenders adjust for this inflation risk either by including an inflation risk premium to fixed interest rate loans, or lending at an adjustable rate. Restaurant increasing prices by $1.00 due to inflation High or unpredictable inflation rates are regarded as harmful to an overall economy. They add inefficiencies in the market, and make it difficult for companies to budget or plan long-term. Inflation can act as a drag on productivity as companies are forced to shift resources away from products and services to focus on profit and losses from currency inflation.[8] Uncertainty about the future purchasing power of money discourages investment and saving.[59] Inflation can also impose hidden tax increases. For instance, inflated earnings push taxpayers into higher income tax rates unless the tax brackets are indexed to inflation. With high inflation, purchasing power is redistributed from those on fixed nominal incomes, such as some pensioners whose pensions are not indexed to the price level, towards those with variable incomes whose earnings may better keep pace with the inflation.[8] This redistribution of purchasing power will also occur between international trading partners. Where fixed exchange rates are imposed, higher inflation in one economy than another will cause the first economy's exports to become more expensive and affect the balance of trade. There can also be negative impacts to trade from an increased instability in currency exchange prices caused by unpredictable inflation. People buy durable and/or non-perishable commodities and other goods as stores of wealth, to avoid the losses expected from the declining purchasing power of money, creating shortages of the hoarded goods. Social unrest and revolts Inflation can lead to massive demonstrations and revolutions. For example, inflation and in particular food inflation is considered one of the main reasons that caused the 2010–11 Tunisian revolution[60] and the 2011 Egyptian revolution,[61] according to many observers including Robert Zoellick,[62] president of the World Bank. Tunisian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was ousted, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak was also ousted after only 18 days of demonstrations, and protests soon spread in many countries of North Africa and Middle East. If inflation becomes too high, it can cause people to severely curtail their use of the currency, leading to an acceleration in the inflation rate. High and accelerating inflation grossly interferes with the normal workings of the economy, hurting its ability to supply goods. Hyperinflation can lead to the abandonment of the use of the country's currency (for example as in North Korea) leading to the adoption of an external currency (dollarization).[63] Allocative efficiency A change in the supply or demand for a good will normally cause its relative price to change, signaling the buyers and sellers that they should re-allocate resources in response to the new market conditions. But when prices are constantly changing due to inflation, price changes due to genuine relative price signals are difficult to distinguish from price changes due to general inflation, so agents are slow to respond to them. The result is a loss of allocative efficiency. Shoe leather cost High inflation increases the opportunity cost of holding cash balances and can induce people to hold a greater portion of their assets in interest paying accounts. However, since cash is still needed to carry out transactions this means that more "trips to the bank" are necessary to make withdrawals, proverbially wearing out the "shoe leather" with each trip. Menu costs With high inflation, firms must change their prices often to keep up with economy-wide changes. But often changing prices is itself a costly activity whether explicitly, as with the need to print new menus, or implicitly, as with the extra time and effort needed to change prices constantly. Inflation serves as a hidden tax on currency holdings.[64][65] Labour-market adjustments Nominal wages are slow to adjust downwards. This can lead to prolonged disequilibrium and high unemployment in the labor market. Since inflation allows real wages to fall even if nominal wages are kept constant, moderate inflation enables labor markets to reach equilibrium faster.[66] Room to maneuver The primary tools for controlling the money supply are the ability to set the discount rate, the rate at which banks can borrow from the central bank, and open market operations, which are the central bank's interventions into the bonds market with the aim of affecting the nominal interest rate. If an economy finds itself in a recession with already low, or even zero, nominal interest rates, then the bank cannot cut these rates further (since negative nominal interest rates are impossible) to stimulate the economy – this situation is known as a liquidity trap. Mundell–Tobin effect The Nobel laureate Robert Mundell noted that moderate inflation would induce savers to substitute lending for some money holding as a means to finance future spending. That substitution would cause market clearing real interest rates to fall.[67] The lower real rate of interest would induce more borrowing to finance investment. In a similar vein, Nobel laureate James Tobin noted that such inflation would cause businesses to substitute investment in physical capital (plant, equipment, and inventories) for money balances in their asset portfolios. That substitution would mean choosing the making of investments with lower rates of real return. (The rates of return are lower because the investments with higher rates of return were already being made before.)[68] The two related effects are known as the Mundell–Tobin effect. Unless the economy is already overinvesting according to models of economic growth theory, that extra investment resulting from the effect would be seen as positive. Instability with deflation Economist S.C. Tsiang noted that once substantial deflation is expected, two important effects will appear; both a result of money holding substituting for lending as a vehicle for saving.[69] The first was that continually falling prices and the resulting incentive to hoard money will cause instability resulting from the likely increasing fear, while money hoards grow in value, that the value of those hoards are at risk, as people realize that a movement to trade those money hoards for real goods and assets will quickly drive those prices up. Any movement to spend those hoards "once started would become a tremendous avalanche, which could rampage for a long time before it would spend itself."[70] Thus, a regime of long-term deflation is likely to be interrupted by periodic spikes of rapid inflation and consequent real economic disruptions. The second effect noted by Tsiang is that when savers have substituted money holding for lending on financial markets, the role of those markets in channeling savings into investment is undermined. With nominal interest rates driven to zero, or near zero, from the competition with a high return money asset, there would be no price mechanism in whatever is left of those markets. With financial markets effectively euthanized, the remaining goods and physical asset prices would move in perverse directions. For example, an increased desire to save could not push interest rates further down (and thereby stimulate investment) but would instead cause additional money hoarding, driving consumer prices further down and making investment in consumer goods production thereby less attractive. Moderate inflation, once its expectation is incorporated into nominal interest rates, would give those interest rates room to go both up and down in response to shifting investment opportunities, or savers' preferences, and thus allow financial markets to function in a more normal fashion. Cost-of-living allowanceEdit The real purchasing power of fixed payments is eroded by inflation unless they are inflation-adjusted to keep their real values constant. In many countries, employment contracts, pension benefits, and government entitlements (such as social security) are tied to a cost-of-living index, typically to the consumer price index.[71] A cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) adjusts salaries based on changes in a cost-of-living index. It does not control inflation, but rather seeks to mitigate the consequences of inflation for those on fixed incomes. Salaries are typically adjusted annually in low inflation economies. During hyperinflation they are adjusted more often.[71] They may also be tied to a cost-of-living index that varies by geographic location if the employee moves. Annual escalation clauses in employment contracts can specify retroactive or future percentage increases in worker pay which are not tied to any index. These negotiated increases in pay are colloquially referred to as cost-of-living adjustments ("COLAs") or cost-of-living increases because of their similarity to increases tied to externally determined indexes.[72] Such arrangements mitigate the benefit of increased labour market flexibility mentioned above. Controlling inflationEdit The U.S. effective federal funds rate charted over fifty years Monetary policyEdit Although both fiscal and monetary policy can affect inflation, ever since the 1980s, most countries primarily rely on monetary policy to control inflation. When inflation beyond an acceptable level is taking place, the country's central bank can increase the interest rate, which typically will tend to slow or stop the growth of the money supply. Some central banks have a symmetrical inflation target while others only control inflation when it rises above a threshold, whether publicly disclosed or not. In the 21st century, most economists favor a low and steady rate of inflation. In most countries, central banks or other monetary authorities are tasked with keeping their interbank lending rates at low stable levels, and the target inflation rate of about 2% to 3%. Central banks target a low inflation rate because they believe that high inflation is economically costly because it would create uncertainty about differences in relative prices and about the inflation rate itself. A low positive inflation rate is targeted rather than a zero or negative one because the latter could cause or worsen recessions;[6] low (as opposed to zero or negative) inflation reduces the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn, and reduces the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the economy.[7] Higher interest rates reduce the economy's money supply because fewer people seek loans. When banks make loans, the loan proceeds are generally deposited in bank accounts that are part of the money supply. Therefore, when a person pays back a loan and no other loans are made to replace it, the amount of bank deposits and hence the money supply decrease. For example, in the early 1980s, when the federal funds rate exceeded 15%, the quantity of Federal Reserve dollars fell 8.1%, from US$8.6 trillion down to $7.9 trillion. In the latter part of the 20th century, there was a debate between Keynesians and monetarists about the appropriate instrument to use to control inflation. Monetarists emphasize a low and steady growth rate of the money supply, while the Keynesians emphasize reducing aggregate demand during economic expansions and increasing demand during recessions to keep inflation stable. Control of aggregate demand can be achieved using both monetary policy and fiscal policy (increased taxation or reduced government spending to reduce demand). Other methodsEdit Fixed exchange ratesEdit Under a fixed exchange rate currency regime, a country's currency is tied in value to another single currency or to a basket of other currencies (or sometimes to another measure of value, such as gold). A fixed exchange rate is usually used to stabilize the value of a currency, vis-a-vis the currency it is pegged to. It can also be used as a means to control inflation. However, as the value of the reference currency rises and falls, so does the currency pegged to it. This essentially means that the inflation rate in the fixed exchange rate country is determined by the inflation rate of the country the currency is pegged to. In addition, a fixed exchange rate prevents a government from using domestic monetary policy to achieve macroeconomic stability. Under the Bretton Woods agreement, most countries around the world had currencies that were fixed to the U.S. dollar. This limited inflation in those countries, but also exposed them to the danger of speculative attacks. After the Bretton Woods agreement broke down in the early 1970s, countries gradually turned to floating exchange rates. However, in the later part of the 20th century, some countries reverted to a fixed exchange rate as part of an attempt to control inflation. This policy of using a fixed exchange rate to control inflation was used in many countries in South America in the later part of the 20th century (e.g. Argentina (1991–2002), Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Pakistan, etc.). Gold standardEdit Two 20 krona gold coins from the Scandinavian Monetary Union, a historical example of an international gold standard The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common medium of exchange is paper notes (or other monetary token) that are normally freely convertible into pre-set, fixed quantities of gold. The standard specifies how the gold backing would be implemented, including the amount of specie per currency unit. The currency itself has no innate value, but is accepted by traders because it can be redeemed for the equivalent specie. A U.S. silver certificate, for example, could be redeemed for an actual piece of silver. The gold standard was partially abandoned via the international adoption of the Bretton Woods system. Under this system all other major currencies were tied at fixed rates to the US dollar, which itself was tied by the US government to gold at the rate of US$35 per ounce. The Bretton Woods system broke down in 1971, causing most countries to switch to fiat money – money backed only by the laws of the country. Under a gold standard, the long term rate of inflation (or deflation) would be determined by the growth rate of the supply of gold relative to total output.[73] Critics argue that this will cause arbitrary fluctuations in the inflation rate, and that monetary policy would essentially be determined by gold mining.[74][75] Wage and price controlsEdit Another method attempted in the past have been wage and price controls ("incomes policies"). Wage and price controls have been successful in wartime environments in combination with rationing. However, their use in other contexts is far more mixed. Notable failures of their use include the 1972 imposition of wage and price controls by Richard Nixon. More successful examples include the Prices and Incomes Accord in Australia and the Wassenaar Agreement in the Netherlands. In general, wage and price controls are regarded as a temporary and exceptional measure, only effective when coupled with policies designed to reduce the underlying causes of inflation during the wage and price control regime, for example, winning the war being fought. They often have perverse effects, due to the distorted signals they send to the market. Artificially low prices often cause rationing and shortages and discourage future investment, resulting in yet further shortages. The usual economic analysis is that any product or service that is under-priced is overconsumed. For example, if the official price of bread is too low, there will be too little bread at official prices, and too little investment in bread making by the market to satisfy future needs, thereby exacerbating the problem in the long term. Temporary controls may complement a recession as a way to fight inflation: the controls make the recession more efficient as a way to fight inflation (reducing the need to increase unemployment), while the recession prevents the kinds of distortions that controls cause when demand is high. However, in general the advice of economists is not to impose price controls but to liberalize prices by assuming that the economy will adjust and abandon unprofitable economic activity. The lower activity will place fewer demands on whatever commodities were driving inflation, whether labor or resources, and inflation will fall with total economic output. This often produces a severe recession, as productive capacity is reallocated and is thus often very unpopular with the people whose livelihoods are destroyed (see creative destruction). See alsoEdit 1. ^ Multiple sources: • What Is Inflation?, Cleveland Federal Reserve, October 21, 2014 • "Overview of BLS Statistics on Inflation and Prices : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". Bureau of Labor Statistics. June 5, 2019. • Nasiha Salwati; David Wessel (June 28, 2021). "How does the government measure inflation?". Brookings Institution. • "The Fed - What is inflation and how does the Federal Reserve evaluate changes in the rate of inflation?". Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. September 9, 2016. 2. ^ Why price stability? Archived October 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Central Bank of Iceland, Accessed on September 11, 2008. 3. ^ Paul H. Walgenbach, Norman E. Dittrich and Ernest I. Hanson, (1973), Financial Accounting, New York: Harcourt Brace Javonovich, Inc. Page 429. "The Measuring Unit principle: The unit of measure in accounting shall be the base money unit of the most relevant currency. This principle also assumes that the unit of measure is stable; that is, changes in its general purchasing power are not considered sufficiently important to require adjustments to the basic financial statements." 4. ^ Mankiw 2002, pp. 22–32 5. ^ Discussed at many points in Joseph Schumpeter’s “History of Economic Analysis” (1954). 6. ^ a b Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers. "Death and Taxes, Including Inflation: the Public versus Economists" (January 2007).[1] p. 56 7. ^ a b "Escaping from a Liquidity Trap and Deflation: The Foolproof Way and Others" Lars E.O. Svensson, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 17, Issue 4 Fall 2003, pp. 145–166 8. ^ a b c d Taylor, Timothy (2008). Principles of Economics. Freeload Press. ISBN 978-1-930789-05-0. 9. ^ Bryan, Michael F., "On the Origin and Evolution of the Word Inflation", Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Economic Commentary, 15 October 1997. 10. ^ UK House Price Index. 11. ^ Ieva Rubene and Gerrit Koester, “Recent dynamics in energy inflation: the role of base effects and taxes” (2021). 12. ^ Bryan, Michael F. (October 15, 1997). "On the Origin and Evolution of the Word "Inflation"". Economic Commentary. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Economic Commentary (October 15, 1997). 13. ^ Mark Blaug, "Economic Theory in Retrospect", pg. 129: "...this was the cause of inflation, or, to use the language of the day, 'the depreciation of banknotes.'" 14. ^ "Annual Report (2006), Royal Canadian Mint, p. 4" (PDF). Retrieved May 21, 2011. 15. ^ Frank Shostak, "Commodity Prices and Inflation: What's the connection", Mises Institute 16. ^ Corina, Pons; Luc, Cohen; O'Brien, Rosalba (November 7, 2018). "Venezuela's annual inflation hit 833,997 percent in October: Congress". Reuters. Retrieved November 9, 2018. 17. ^ Baker, Gerard (January 19, 2007). "Welcome to 'the Great Moderation'". The Times. London: Times Newspapers. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved April 15, 2011. 18. ^ Dobson, Roger (January 27, 2002). "How Alexander caused a great Babylon inflation". The Independent. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2010. 19. ^ Harl, Kenneth W. (June 19, 1996). Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5291-9. 20. ^ Richard von Glahn (December 27, 1996). Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700. University of California Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-520-20408-9. 21. ^ Paul S. Ropp (July 9, 2010). China in World History. Oxford University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-19-517073-3. 22. ^ Peter Bernholz (2003). Monetary Regimes and Inflation: History, Economic and Political Relationships. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 53–55. ISBN 978-1-84376-155-6. 23. ^ Mansa Musa. Black History Pages 24. ^ "Kingdom of Mali – Primary Source Documents". African studies Center. Boston University. Retrieved January 30, 2012. 25. ^ Earl J. Hamilton, American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain, 1501–1650 Harvard Economic Studies, 43 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1934) 26. ^ "John Munro: The Monetary Origins of the 'Price Revolution':South Germany Silver Mining, Merchant Banking, and Venetian Commerce, 1470–1540, Toronto 2003" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2009. 27. ^ Walton, Timothy R. (1994). The Spanish Treasure Fleets. Pineapple Press (FL). p. 85. ISBN 1-56164-049-2. 28. ^ Bernholz, Peter; Kugler, Peter (August 1, 2007). "The Price Revolution in the 16th Century: Empirical Results from a Structural Vectorautoregression Model" – via Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) 29. ^ Tracy, James D. (1994). Handbook of European History 1400–1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 655. ISBN 90-04-09762-7. 30. ^ Hackett Fischer, David (1996). The Great Wave. Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-19-512121-X. 31. ^ Kiley, Michael J. (July 2008). Estimating the common trend rate of inflation for consumer prices and consumer prices excluding food and energy prices (PDF). Finance and Economic Discussion Series. Federal Reserve Board. Retrieved May 13, 2015. 32. ^ See: The consumer price index measures movements in prices of a fixed basket of goods and services purchased by a "typical consumer". 33. ^ The numbers reported here refer to the US Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers, All Items, series CPIAUCNS, from base level 100 in base year 1982. They were downloaded from the FRED database at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis on August 8, 2008. 34. ^ Seiler, Pascal (September 16, 2020). "Weighting bias and inflation in the time of COVID-19: evidence from Swiss transaction data". Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics. 156 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/s41937-020-00057-7. ISSN 2235-6282. PMC 7493696. PMID 32959014. 35. ^ Botella, Elena (November 8, 2019). "That "Inflation Inequality" Report Has a Major Problem". Slate. Retrieved November 11, 2019. 36. ^ Kenton, Will. "Why Core Inflation is Important". Investopedia. Retrieved January 17, 2020. 37. ^ "Median Price Changes: An Alternative Approach to Measuring Current Monetary Inflation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2011. Retrieved May 21, 2011. 38. ^ Wroughton, Lesley (February 2, 2013). "IMF reprimands Argentina for inaccurate economic data". Reuters. Retrieved February 2, 2013. 39. ^ "Argentina Becomes First Nation Censured by IMF on Economic Data". February 2, 2013. Retrieved February 2, 2013. 40. ^ "University of Michigan: Inflation Expectation". Economic Research, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. January 1978. 41. ^ Bank, European Central (July 1, 2004). "Introductory statement to the press conference". European Central Bank. Archived from the original on August 12, 2015. 42. ^ Robert J. Gordon (1988), Macroeconomics: Theory and Policy, 2nd ed., Chap. 22.4, 'Modern theories of inflation'. McGraw-Hill. 43. ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica". Retrieved September 13, 2014. 44. ^ O'Sullivan, Arthur; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003) [January 2002]. Economics: Principles in Action. The Wall Street Journal:Classroom Edition (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall: Addison Wesley Longman. p. 341. ISBN 0-13-063085-3.CS1 maint: location (link) 45. ^ Hanke, Steve H. (2012). "World Hyperinflations" (PDF). 46. ^ Coe, David T. "Nominal Wages. The NAIRU and Wage Flexibility" (PDF). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) 47. ^ Chang, R. (1997) "Is Low Unemployment Inflationary?" Archived November 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review 1Q97:4–13 48. ^ Oliver Hossfeld (2010) "US Money Demand, Monetary Overhang, and Inflation Prediction" Archived November 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine International Network for Economic Research working paper no. 2010.4 49. ^ Lagassé, Paul (2000). "Monetarism". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-7876-5015-3. 50. ^ Friedman, Milton; Schwartz, Anna Jacobson (1963). A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960. Princeton University Press. 51. ^ Mankiw 2002, pp. 81–107 52. ^ Sigrauski, Miguel (1961). "Inflation and Economic Growth". Journal of Political Economy. 75 (6): 796–810. CiteSeerX doi:10.1086/259360. S2CID 153472492. 53. ^ Henderson, David R. (1999). "Does Growth Cause Inflation?". Cato Policy Report. 21. 54. ^ "In Investing, It's When You Start And When You Finish". New York Times. January 2, 2012. 55. ^ Mises, Ludwig von. "Human Action". OLL. 56. ^ Von Mises, Ludwig (1912). The Theory of Money and Credit (PDF) (1953 ed.). Yale University Press. p. 240. Retrieved January 23, 2014. In theoretical investigation there is only one meaning that can rationally be attached to the expression Inflation: an increase in the quantity of money (in the broader sense of the term, so as to include fiduciary media as well), that is not offset by a corresponding increase in the demand for money (again in the broader sense of the term), so that a fall in the objective exchange-value of money must occur. 58. ^ Humphrey, Thomas M.; Timberlake, Richard H. (2019). Gold, the Real Bills Doctrine, and the Fed : sources of monetary disorder 1922-1938 (First ed.). Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute. ISBN 978-1-948647-13-7. 59. ^ Bulkley, George (March 1981). "Personal Savings and Anticipated Inflation". The Economic Journal. 91 (361): 124–135. doi:10.2307/2231702. JSTOR 2231702. 60. ^ "Les Egyptiens souffrent aussi de l'accélération de l'inflation", Céline Jeancourt-Galignani – La Tribune, February 10, 2011 61. ^ AFP (January 27, 2011). "Egypt protests a ticking time bomb: Analysts". The New Age. Archived from the original on February 9, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2011. 62. ^ "Les prix alimentaires proches de "la cote d'alerte"" – Le Figaro, with AFP, February 20, 2011 63. ^ Steve H. Hanke (July 2013). "North Korea: From Hyperinflation to Dollarization?". Retrieved August 21, 2014. 64. ^ Cooley, Thomas F.; Hansen, Gary D. (1989). "The Inflation Tax in a Real Business Cycle Model". The American Economic Review. 79 (4): 733–748. ISSN 0002-8282. JSTOR 1827929. 65. ^ "Inflation: A Tax on Money Holdings". Retrieved October 7, 2021. 66. ^ Tobin, James, American Economic Review, march (1969), "Inflation and Unemployment" 67. ^ Mundell, James (1963). "Inflation and Real Interest". Journal of Political Economy. LXXI (3): 280–83. doi:10.1086/258771. S2CID 153733633. 68. ^ Tobin, J. Econometrica, Vol. 33, (1965), pp. 671–84 "Money and Economic Growth" 69. ^ Tsiang, S. C. (1969). "A Critical Note on the Optimum Supply of Money". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. 1 (2): 266–280. doi:10.2307/1991274. JSTOR 1991274. 70. ^ Tsiang, 1969 (p272) 71. ^ a b Flanagan, Tammy (September 8, 2006). "COLA Wars". Government Executive. National Journal Group. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved September 23, 2008. 72. ^ SueKunkel. "Cost-Of-Living Adjustment (COLA)". Retrieved May 15, 2018. 73. ^ Bordo, Michael D. (2002). "Gold Standard". The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Library of Economics and Liberty. 74. ^ Barsky, Robert B; DeLong, J Bradford (1991). "Forecasting Pre-World War I Inflation: The Fisher Effect and the Gold Standard". Quarterly Journal of Economics. 106 (3): 815–36. doi:10.2307/2937928. JSTOR 2937928. Retrieved September 27, 2008. 75. ^ DeLong, Brad. "Why Not the Gold Standard?". Archived from the original on October 18, 2010. Retrieved September 25, 2008. Further readingEdit External linksEdit
Saturday, February 13, 2016 Overview of Norwegian Costumes, part 2. The eastern heartland Hello all, This is the second part of my overview of the costumes of Norway. This will cover the central row of provinces in Eastern Norway, the yellow and orange ones on the map below, minus the ones I covered in the first article. This includes the provinces of Oppland, Buskerud, Telemark, and East and West Agder. All of these have at least some areas in which folk costumes were a living tradition or within living memory at the beginning of the 20th cent. The National Bunad Council Bunad- og Folkedraktrådet , the authority on national costumes appointed by the government, has developed five categories to grade modern day bunads according to ‘authentic’ regional folk clothing: Category 1 – a bunad that represents a final link in the development of a folk costume. This is basically an original folk costume that has taken on the function of a bunad. Category 2 – a bunad that has a background in a particular folk costume that is out of use but not forgotten. It is generally reconstructed from first-hand knowledge, with many examples extant. Category 3 – a bunad that has been reconstructed from preserved folk garments which reflect the actual time and region of the piece. Pictures and writings may be used as sources in reconstruction. Category 4 – a bunad that has been made based on random and incomplete folk material. Missing pieces have been designed to match the style of the materials. Category 5 – a bunad that has been completely or partially freely composed. It was the 1800s bunad movement that has given these types of bunad their status. New bunads are being designed every year, and must go through the strict judgement process of the National Bunad Council in order to be classified as a proper ‘bunad’. The council is very strict in making sure new additions follow closely the traditions and history of the area. Because of this, many designs today, even though they have the same function as a bunad, generally don’t make the cut and thus can not be called ‘bunads’. They receive the name ‘drakt’ instead. . Costumes are readily available in Norway, there are many businesses which make them. These are called Husflid. They are, however, expensive, as the Norwegians believe in paying a living wage to people who do things like embroider or weave by hand. For every one of these costumes, whether bunad or drakt, there is at least one sewing house, or husflid, which specializes in making it. So let us continue. This is divided into the three districts of Vestoppland, Gudbrandsdal, and Valdres. The image at the top of the article is one of the bunads from Gudbrandsdal which has never gone out of usage, the Rondestakken. One of the costumes which represent this region was designed by the noted artist Alf Lundeby in 1932. The Lundeby costume comes in black, blue, or white. It remains very popular. Lundeby Drakt cat 5 Vestoppland Bunad This was designed in 1937 from pieces found in different parts of Vestoppland. cat 5 The next three costumes each represent a part of Vestoppland. Hadeland Bunad Hadeland is the southern part of Vestoppland, around Randsfjord. The Hadeland Bunad is an accurate reconstruction of the local dress in the mid 1800s. It was made in plaids of different colors. Plaids are common in several neighboring districts as well. Girls wore a pale cap, married women a black one. The cap had a lace ruffle, similar to that in some Danish costumes. Like with all bunads, an underskirt must be worn. cat 3 Toten is in the east central part of Vestoppland. Toten drakt This design was finalized in 1971, based on pieces of costume found in this area. men cat 5, women cat 4 Land, or Nordre Land, is in the northern part of Vestoppland. Work on the costume started in 1927 and was finalized in 1980. The embroidery was taken from an old shawl found in Hadeland. cat 5 Gudbrandsdal is a valley which extends from Lillehammer to the northwest. The men wear a red wool plaid vest, or, for more formal occasions, a brocade vest may be worn. Sometimes an older form of frock coat may be worn as well. This is shown in the second image. cat 4 Rondastakken or Livkjol cat 1 This bunad is part of a living tradition in the valley. It is not designed or reconstructed.The most recent version is called rondastakken, which means 'striped skirt'. These were made with homewoven cloth, striped for the skirt, and plaid for the attached bodice. Livkjol means 'bodice skirt' and refers to the construction. Other types of cloth were also used in the past, and these have now come back into use. It was known that in the early 1800's it was the fashion to wear embroidered skirts. Some of these skirts have been preserved in museums. Embroidery from these skirts were copied onto wool and used to make a livkjol with an embroidered skirt. This was the origin of the Gudbrandsdal Bunad. The original skirt for this embroidery was from Lom. cat 4 The same embroidery was used in the 1920s to make the Gudbrandsdal Formal bunad. The bodice was also made of wook most often of the same color and also received embroidery, as did the pocket. An apron with matching embroidery was also sometimes worn. This became very popular and was the origin of the Embroidered Bunad type which was copied in so many places around Norway with different embroidery patterns, several of which we have already seen. cat 5 Another designed bunad used embroidery from a skirt found at the Graffer Farm. This is called the Graffer Bunad and remains very popular today. cat 4 Jorde Bunad This was designed by Maria Jorde from Bøverdal in Lom. cat 5 Other similar bunads represent particular parts of Gudbrandsdal. Lesja Bunad or Rutastakk cat 2 Gausdals Bunad cat 4 Dovre Bunad cat 5 Lillehammer Bunad. This comes in blue with multicolored embroidery, or green or red with monochromatic gold embroidery of the same design. cat 5 This valley lies in the southern part of Oppland. This is the Valdres equivalent of the Rondestakken of Gudbrandsdal. In this bunad, the skirt as well as the bodice is plaid, of many kinds. The matching mens costume also features a plaid wool vest and a black jacket. This was common in the second half of the 19th cent. cat 3 Valdres has two livkjol type embroidered bunads. The 'Old' Valdres Bunad This was designed in 1914. cat 5 The 'New' Valdres Bunad This was designed in 1948. cat 5 The South. or lower Valdres Bunad cat 3 Upper Valdres Bunad, or Bringedukdrakt This has been established as the bunad for Upper Valdres, namely Vang and Slidre. The second term refers to the stomacher or plastron which is inserted into the bodice. This was typical for the first half of the 19th cent. The everyday costume is plain blue. cat 3 Buskerud borders on Oslo on the southeast, but also extends up into two major mountain valleys, Hallingdal and Nemedal. These border Valdres, Telemark and Hordaland, all areas in which the costume tradition is strong. There are also smaller distinct areas in central Buskerud, Ringerike in the north, and the coherent costume region of Siggdal-Eggedal-Krødsherad in the center. The lowland areas lost their costume tradition early, but the high mountain valleys were still wearing their traditional costumes at the beginning of the 20th century when the bunad movement began. This is just downstream from Valdres in the same valley. In the past it was an independent fief. It extends south to the province of Oslo. There is both a local drakt cat 4 and an embroidered bunad. cat 5 Mends bunad is cat 3 Ådal is a valley in the municipality of Ringerike They have their own embroidered bunad, designed in 1938 cat 5 This bunad was designed in 1954 cat 5 Lower Buskerud This is shown in light blue on the map with the exception of Ringerike. In these low lying areas close to the capitol, the bunads are designed or recreated. There is an embroidered bunad, cat 5,which was designed in 1939 for all of Lower Buskerud: Eiker, Lier, Drammen, Modum, Hurum, Sandsvaer and Røyken. Some of these also have their own bunads or drakten. Hurum Bunad This was a free composition in 1994 cat 5 Røyken drakt A free composition in 1992 cat 5 Lier Bunad This was a free composition completed in 1974. men cat 4, women cat 5 Modum drakt cat 5 Eiker drakt cat 5 Kongsberg drakt cat 5 This is one of the most famous valleys of Norway for costume, embroidery and folklore. These three valleys have distinct costumes, but they intergrade from one to the other. I have written an article on Hallingdal already. I may have to update it, as I have learned more since I wrote it. This is an area where the local costume is well remembered, and there are many examples to be found around the valley. Upper Hallingdal cat 1 This consists of the municipalities of Hol and Ål. This man is in a Rogaland Bunad, not Hallingdal The upper Hallingdal bunad is noted for its embroidery, an extremely short bodice, black apron for the dress bunad, and quite complex headdresses for both married women and single girls, as seen in the last two images above. Hulda Garborg, who was so instrumental in reviving interest in Norwegian folk costumes in the early 20th cent. thought that it was important to make the costumes modern and easy to wear. She took this costume and simplified it. Perhaps the biggest change is that she replaced the headdress with a simple embroidered cap similar to that worn in Lower Hallingdal. This simplified bunad became very popular, and many people mistakenly believe it to be the authentic Upper Hallingdal bunad. Here are some examples. Lower Hallingal This consists of the municipalities of Hemsedal, Gol, and Nes. The costumes are quite similar to that of Upper Hallingdal, but they traditionally wore the cap, they used a flowered or plaid apron for the formal costume, and there are other minor differences. They sometimes wore a kerchief tied around the cap, as is the custom in mid Buskerud. cat 1 There are two mens bunads, one is rather plain black, cat 1, and the other is highly embroidered, cat 4. The second is very popular with men all over Norway who want a colorful embroidered bunad. The everyday bunad from Hallingdal is also well remembered and still worn. It has no apron and is black or plaid. Mid Buskerud This consists of Sigdal - Eggedal, Krødsherad, and sometimes Flå. This municipality is technically in Lower Hallingdal, but the costume is perhaps closer to the Mid Buskerud costume. cat 4 Sigdal - Eggedal, Krødsherad cat 3 This lies over the mountains south of Hallingdal, and is north of Telemark. Mans bunad There are three. The gray jacket is used all over the valley, but there are also two different black bunads for Lower and upper Numedal Gray Jacket cat 2 Lower Numedal mens bunad with round jacket cat 3 Upper Numedal mens bunad with short jacket. cat 3 Lower Numedal, Flesberg cat 2 Upper Numedal cat 3 There is also an embroidered bunad which was designed for Numedal in 1938. cat 4 Telemark is perhaps the richest province in Norway as regards costumes. The costumes were a living tradition well into the 20th cent. There are many examples of different embroideries and cuts. However, many of these reflect individual variations and different time periods. There are only three costume districts in Telemark: East Telemark, West Telemark and Tinn. This map also separates the coastal area. This was distinct culturally, but did not keep much in the way of costume. I have written a series of articles on Telemark already. Mens Bunad cat 3 The embroidered bands which cross over the shoulders were originally suspenders which held up the skirt. The bodice was attached to the second underskirt. The embroidery is often done freehand, and there is much individual variation. cat 1 This is an older costume from the early 1800s which shows the influence of neighboring Numedal. cat 3 East Telemark Mans bunad with gray jacket cat 2 This is the most common version. It comes from the same period as the beltestakk. Stakk og Liv This means skirt and bodice. It is the most recent and simplest form of the East Telemark folk costume which was in use into the 1970s. cat 1 cat 2 This is an older form of the costume which was revived. It has a great deal of ornament in the form of ribbon, but has embroidery only on the shirt. The skirt is exceptionally full, which makes it fun to dance in. Because of the lack of embroidery, it is fairly inexpensive and very popular today. It is named after the very wide card woven sash which is an integral part of this costume. This means red jacket and is the common embroidered form of the East Telemark Bunad. It is based on an even older form of the folk costume. cat 3 West Telemark The costume and embroidery tradition is just as rich in West Telemark. The various costume types are associated with different periods of history. The older, more elaborately embroidered forms were used as the basis for the modern bunad. This is the most recent form of the costume, this came into being around 1910. This was thought at the time to be stylishly modern. It reintroduced the old embroidery on the bodice. cat 1 This bunad was in use roughly from 1895 to 1915 or so. It is distinguished by the embroidered bib attached to the front of the bodice. The apron was sometimes embroidered. cat 2 This is the most recent living form of the mans bunad in plain black. It matches the two womens bunads above. cat 1 Bringeklutbunad and Gray Jacket bunad These were worn in the early to mid 1800s by women and men, respectively. Relatively recently they have been reconstructed and begun to be worn again. cat 3 Vest Telemark bunad The most popular bunad today is the elaborately embroidered one which was worn even earlier, roughly from 1750 to 1850. cat 4 This is a coastal area. To my knowledge this is the only coastal costume to be reconstructed in Telemark. cat 4 In ancient times this was a petty kingdom, The name is so old that the meaning of it has been lost. Today it is divided into two provinces, West Agder and East Agder. This is the southernmost point of Norway. This area is small, and I am surprised that It was divided in two. It is sometimes referred to as the southland. It includes Setesdal in which the folk costume is a living tradition, and coastal areas which have revived theirs. You will notice part of the coast is depicted in white with the heading 'unspecified'. This district holds much the same position in Norway that Andalusia does in Spain. The costume is iconic for the country, but is not at all typical. cat 1 The everyday costume for the women is a white jumper with black bands on the hem. The men wear a sort of overall. For Sundays and feast days, a second black jumper with bands of red and green on the hem was worn over this. The men put on an embroidered vest with either a fancy knitted sweater or short embroidered jacket. The bunad was reconstructed from old costume pieces in 1926. There are various kerchiefs and aprons preserved with different embroidery designs. cat 4 This began to be reconstructed in 1917. This bunad may be worn with a variety of embroidered pockets, many of which are to be found. Very similar pockets are also worn in West Agder. cat 4 West Agder There is only one bunad for most of West Agder. The striped skirt is worn by unmarried girls or by married women on regular days. On feastdays married women wear a finely pleated black skirt. The colorful high headdress was worn by married women. Girls wore a lower one which was much less ornamented. The skirt was held up by buttoning it to woven suspenders. Shawls with various embroidery patterns were also worn. As in Iveland, the embroidery on the pockets varied quite a bit. cat 4 Here are some embroidered shawls from West Agder with the names of the locations in which they were found. cat 4 This is the northernmost valley of Vest Agder There is also an Agderdrakt which is a free composition for all of Agder. It features several local wildflowers. I have only seen one photo of it.\ cat 5 This concludes part 2. Thank you for reading. I hope that you have found this to be interesting and informative. I hope that some of you might be inspired to try some of the incredible embroidery which is found in this area. Source Material: Bjorn Sverre hol Haugen, 'Norsk Bunadleksikon' Oslo, 2009 1. You do an amazing job of pulling this very informative information together. Thank you! Do you have information on Rogaland Bunads, and Stavanger Bunads in particular? I am wanting to do some embroidery from that area since we just found that it is where my mothers mother was born. Thank you for any information you may have! 1. You can write me at my eail or wait for part 3 to come out. Rogaland has basically one bunad with different embroideries from different parts of the province. I can send you some images if you like. Stavanger does have its own drakt, but I am not very impressed by it. Here is a website from which you can order kits or full costumes. 2. I am working on parts 3 and 4 of this series now. part 4 will be published first, part 3 will include Rogaland. Sou you will see it when i finish. Keep an eye out for it. Thank you for your comment. 3. One small correction on the West-Agder women's bunad; the skirt is not buttoned to the vest. instead, the skirt is buttoned to woven suspenders which are worn under the vest. 1. It is the ends of the suspenders that you see hanging down at the front... 2. Thank you for the information 4. Hei. Har lett år og dag etter en drakt/bunad som er mer lokal for Kongsberg enn det Buskerud bunaden er. Finnes det virkelig en egen drakt for Kongsberg?!!Henriette. 😄 5. This comment has been removed by the author. 6. I am annotating an old family diary of a trip to Norway in 1927. I would like to include a color picture of the traditional bunad rondastakken from the area where my Norwegian family lives. Could I have permission to use one of your photos in this book? Lorie
Get help now Essays on British Empire We found 5 free papers on British Empire Passive Resistance British Empire Civil Disobedience Mahatma Gandhi Social movements Words: 456 (2 pages) What is Passive Resistance? Passive Resistance is the nonviolent act of resisting to methods of the government, a dweller of power, or certain laws. Since 1897, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi has acted on this idea, after questioning his people’s [Indians] status with the British Empire. There were many protest, five in which Gandhi was arrested. When… Evaluate the Relative Importance American Revolution British Empire Thirteen Colonies United Kingdom United States Words: 445 (2 pages) Question: Evaluate the relative importance of the following as factors prompting Americans to rebel in 1776: parliamentary taxation British military measures restrictions of civil liberties the legacy of colonial religious and political ideas. Introduction: a. Time Frame/organization of the paper: As a result of the Seven Years’ War, Britain was buried in debt caused by… Ecohejdi Research Paper During the 1500 British Empire United Kingdom Words: 1541 (7 pages) During the 1500 to 1800s, the strength and stature of a state dependedupon its political power, which can be traced to how self-sufficing itwas. Endeavoring to be self-sufficing was what states sought after ; dependence was non a feature of a powerful state. Raw materialswere the most needed point to beef up the cardinal authorities,… Reza Shah: The Founder of Modern Iran? British Empire Nazi Germany Soviet Union United Kingdom World War II Words: 6838 (28 pages) Reza Shah: The Founder of Modern Iran? Introduction Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878-1944) or commonly known as Reza Shah was one of the most dominating figures in the history of Iran. From being a common soldier to a king, he undoubtedly left his stamp on his country. He was responsible for the transformation of Iran… Stalemate Research Paper By the end British Empire International Relations International security National Security World War I Words: 1340 (6 pages) Stalemate Essay, Research Paper By the terminal of 1914 the war had reached deadlock. This was due to the failure of both the Germans Schlieffen Plan and the Gallic Plan Seventeen. Both these programs were said by each side to stop the war ‘ by Christmas ’ and neither side had perceived the thought of… Hi, my name is Amy 👋 Get help with your paper
4234 - "'As Elites de Cor" do Sul da Bahia: Cacao, Color and Social Mobility in Early 20th Century Brazil The cacao growers and their families who dominated southern Bahia in the first part of the twentieth century numbered among the wealthiest people in the Brazilian northeast at that time. Yet, few of these men and women resembled the aristocratic planters of Brazil ’s famous sugar plantations. Many had been born into northeastern Brazil ’s African and Amerindian descended free poor; all of them had once worked with their hands. Long after they had hired others to work for them, donned business suits and elegant dresses, and moved into mansions in the city, their skin color, the shape of their bodies and the calluses on their hands and feet marked their origins as working men and women. They had done the seemingly impossible—they had gone from rags to riches in Bahia—the most tradition bound socially hierarchical society in nineteenth and twentieth-century Brazil . These men and women represent an important, but understudied, phenomenon in Brazil : social mobility on the part of the rural poor. Since the 1950s, historians and social scientists—including myself—have devoted much more attention to the impediments to upward social mobility in Brazil than to the elements that made it possible. Largely, they have done so in an effort to call attention to the serious obstacles to success that Brazilians of African descent have suffered despite Brazil’s famous—or infamous—“myth of racial democracy.” Yet in failing to study social mobility more fully, we have missed an opportunity to investigate the circumstances in which the poor might succeed. Thales de Azevedo labeled these well-to-do families a “colored elite,” but otherwise they have received very little attention. [1] This paper addresses that gap, challenging the notion that either race or class formed a permanent and total barrier to success. [1] Thales de Azevedo, As elites de côr: Um estudo de ascensão social. (São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1955). Palavras-chaves: social mobility, cacao, Brazil Autores: Mahony, Mary Ann (Central Connecticut State University, Ud States of Am / USA)
May Calls For Free Speech Controls on the Internet In Response To London Attacks Theresa_MayWe have previously discussed how politicians often attack free speech and other rights to show that they are “tough” on terror after attacks. Prime Minister Theresa May however may have set a record. May did not hesitate in immediately blaming the Internet and calling for government regulation of free speech to combat attacks like the one in London. Of course, if these terrorists were connected to ISIS (or inspired by ISIS), their extremism was not caused by free speech on the Internet. Indeed, the Internet often allows security to track extremists on the web. May wants new rules for cyberspace would “deprive the extremists of their safe spaces online” and impose new controls over such speech. Governments have long sought to regulate the Internet, which remains the single greatest invention for free speech since the emergence of the printing press. Government naturally gravitate toward more and more control over communications. China has taken the lead in curtailing free speech on the Internet but Western nations often run into free speech principles when officials demand control over the web. Thus, governments often wait for an attack to try to get people to surrender their free speech willingly. There is nothing like fear to get a free people to give up part of their freedom. The only thing missing was May saying “England Prevails”: England of course has been a free fall for free speech. We have previously discussed the alarming rollback on free speech rights in the West, particularly in France (here and here and here and here and here and here) and England ( here and here and here and here and here and here and here and here and here and here). Even the Home Secretary has been accused of hate speech for criticizing immigrant workers. The combination of the increasing English criminalization of speech with new Internet controls could be a deadly combination for free speech. It is alarming how many citizens will dismiss free speech principles when told that less freedom will make them more safe. It is the ancient Siren’s Call of all governments. May is only the latest government official to blame free speech – an easy target for governments who long for greater control over communications. However, the United Kingdom shows that it is easy to surrender rights but it is very hard to regain those rights. Citizens should tell May that her job is to make Britain safe while preserving the freedoms that define Britain. 60 thoughts on “May Calls For Free Speech Controls on the Internet In Response To London Attacks” 1. Eric understands the internet very well. He knows how to control it and uses it relentlessly in the pursuit of more money and power. He sells those services to the IC, working hand in glove with them. There are people trying to recreate the internet so that people like Eric can no longer have the kind of control they do have over it. I hope they succeed. Eric Schmidt 3. I have been watching a lot of documentaries on the Italian and Irish mafia. You really want them to be able to talk. That is where you get all the good info. 1. Paul, You think and believe exactly like some of the faculty members at Evergreen. While they are authoritarians of the left, you are an authoritarian of the right. Torture is against our law. If you advocate torture you advocate renouncing the rights innumerated in our Constitution. One of the Evergreen professors agrees about this entirely with you. She also does not support the rule of law. She stated that certain people do not have rights. That is exactly your argument here. Certain people, those people you don’t like, don’t have rights. You are in essential agreement over a profound idea–that rights only apply sometimes, to people whom we like, and otherwise, they do not apply. I think the govt. has done very well in encouraging people, both right and left, to end their support for the rule of law and to join with the oligarchy in supporting a police state. They have done a very good job. I’m sorry that you are willing to allow the violations of the rights of others. Someday, that person who has no rights may be you or a friend. 1. Jill – I went to college in the early 60s when students were taking over colleges and one of things I learned was that only a small portion of the student body was involved. Most just wanted to go to class and get their degree. They could care less who took over the President’s office or ROTC, etc. Actually, they were a big joke on campus, nobody respected them, except the faculty that were directing their movements. I do not thing students have a right to slander other students or faculty on campus, nor shut down their ability to speak. And I think if they do, they lose their right to speak. Speech on college campuses in not absolute. 1. Paul, We agree that it is wrong to slander other students or faculty as well as shut down their ability to speak. I was responding to your recommendation of torture, even though torture is against our law and even against the law in the UK,. 4. Look what else Ms. May has suppressed: Clearly, her actions are about the control of the population, not keeping people safe from terrorism. If you want to stop terrorists here is a plan: 1. stop creating them by bombing 2. stop funding them 3. stop training them using your nation’s special forces 4. stop passing along intelligence to them 5. quit ignoring warning, that just looks like you may have wanted it to go down and don’t care about civilian deaths (which you don’t) 6. stop arming known supporters of terrorists (See Ken Roger’s post above) A robust internet is a threat to repressive govts. It is necessary to curb free speech because that govt. and ours is doing great evil in the world. Neither govt. wants their own citizens to know what they are doing or to oppose them. Human life means nothing to either govt. That is the truth, a truth they wish suppressed at all costs. 5. Here’s a very good example of why Theresa May wants to control information on the Internet: “Terror in Britain: What Did the Prime Minister Know? “By John Pilger, John Pilger’s Website, 01 June 17 “The unsayable in Britain’s general election campaign is this.The causes of the Manchester atrocity, in which 22 mostly young people were murdered by a jihadist, are being suppressed to protect the secrets of British foreign policy. “Critical questions – such as why the security service MI5 maintained terrorist ‘assets’ in Manchester and why the government did not warn the public of the threat in their midst – remain unanswered, deflected by the promise of an internal ‘review.’ The LIFG is described by Britain as a terrorist organisation which seeks a ‘hardline Islamic state’ in Libya and ‘is part of the wider global Islamist extremist movement, as inspired by al-Qaida.’ [Emphasis added] “The ‘smoking gun’ is that when Theresa May was Home Secretary, LIFG jihadists were allowed to travel unhindered across Europe and encouraged to engage in ‘battle:’ first to remove Mu’ammar Gadaffi in Libya, then to join al-Qaida affiliated groups in Syria. “Last year, the FBI reportedly placed Abedi on a ‘terrorist watch list’ and warned MI5 that his group was looking for a ‘political target’ in Britain. Why wasn’t he apprehended and the network around him prevented from planning and executing the atrocity on 22 May? “These questions arise because of an FBI leak that demolished the ‘lone wolf’ spin in the wake of the 22 May attack – thus, the panicky, uncharacteristic outrage directed at Washington from London and Donald Trump’s apology. 1. “By John Pilger, Have you considered retailing the National Inquirer. ? 6. I will again point out, the leaders of the UK, Italy, France and Germany are all childless. That is a visceral problem. 1. The American/European/Australian birthrates are in a “death spiral.” It will be impossible “…to secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity…” as soon there will be no posterity. The true misogyny is that which is engaged in by women who absolutely hate the “natural” birth process and the “natural” imperative of a lifetime of bearing and nurturing offspring – women who reject the “natural” physical requirement of women to perpetuate the family/race/species. Merkel is a barren woman who was raised in East Germany, indoctrinated and trained by radical communists, which cannot be considered “mainstream” or “normal.” The President of France married “his mother” who criminally abused him in school. 1. No, they’re not. Total fertility rates in the United States, Ireland, France, Britain, Israel, Australia, New Zealand, and 3 of the 5 Scandinavian states are adequate. Russia’s has been depressed for a generation, but has been improving at a considerable clip the last 15 years or so. 1. Let’s see. A population of 760 million and falling, on a planet with 7 billion. Doesn’t exactly sound like hegemony. Looks like foreign women have been working very hard. Are population levels natural evolution or intelligent design? 7. Here’s what is scaring elitists in government. Their primary and in my thoughts, ONLY duty, is to keep its people safe. They can’t do that. Fine. Then LET US keep ourselves safe. Let us defend ourselves. Those poor bloaks in the UK can’t own a gun and now their govt. wants to take away MORE of their speech rights. The tipping point is coming. People are starting to realize more PERSONAL freedom and LESS govt. is what our current situation is screaming. Churchill is spinning in his grave. 1. Is Trump trying to provoke a terrorist attack to take personal freedoms ? Would not put it past him. 1. Good question Joe. Please tell us what prompted you to ask it and we can analyze it to provide a reasonable answer. 8. T. May wants some controls on free speech. In England religious schools get government money. All major religions get government money for their schools. 1. May is trying to get elected. Now she is barely ahead of the far left Corbyn. 9. Theresa May spends too much time in the powder room. She paints her finger nails bloody red & lipstick is bloody red. Notice the jewelry she wears. Necklace, rings & bracelets say something. High maintenance is top priority. 1. Shall we extrapolate then that Hillary in the gutter, literally, is “low maintenance” and therefore ironically “attractive?” 10. OT, but extremely coincidental. I read a couple of reviews for David Horowitz’s books today on Amazon. I go to Salon to read an article by Bill Moyers,. In the middle of the article a video pops up from the WaPo: “David Horowitz’s charity ties to the White House” All I can say is: 11. I should really read what Ms May actually proposed. In war there is censorship till the war is over. I am not advocating this, I am just putting it out there. Ms May, I guess, is going beyond war type censorship as its is not a old style war. We have this crazy civil war in Syria. In case you haven’t noticed much chaos is spreading. The US is not exactly neutral in this endeavor. Its picked a side. Its not even a winning side. Its like build-a-side-workshop. 12. Um, England doesn’t have a First Amendment. It’s a monarchy. They have a Queen. 1. England is part of the United Kingdom, a constitutional monarchy in which power is exercised by a Prime Minister, Cabinet and Parliament. The United Kingdom may use the English language to effect, through translation, understanding of the universal language of freedom coined by the American Founders to hold dominion in perpetuity. The American Founders considered every possible freedom to be “natural,” “God-given,” inalienable and universal. 13. Yes, let’s drive ISIS off the open web and force them to use VPNs and dark web onion sites. That will help! 1. Conversations that cannot take place in open society will take place in the dark hidden places where reasonable people have no chance to refute the dangerous arguments and less chance to inform themselves of dangerous forces organizing in our midst. Let them talk openly. That way we have a chance to learn their values, their strategy, how they recruit, who they recruit, and maybe lean enough thwart their next attack. 14. 1st Amendment I think we can all understand that. It means that the SOVEREIGN, the People, will direct the SUBJECT of the SOVEREIGN, the government, to effect security using means and methods other than those which violate the Constitution. Since the welfare state is funded through unconstitutional redistribution, American must shut it all down and fund security appropriately and to the level necessary with the proceeds. The United Kingdom may use the English language to effect translation of the universal language of freedom coined by the American Founders to hold dominion in perpetuity. 15. “It is alarming how many citizens will dismiss free speech principles when told that less freedom will make them more safe.” It was inevitable that May would exploit the London Terrorist Attacks as an excuse to propose censoring the internet. The Oligarchy is terrified that we’re able to investigate many issues instead of swallowing the propaganda-pap fed to us via their corporate-MSM shills. The Oligarchy needs a tame, subservient population willing to nod our heads compliantly–any deviation from their agenda (Wars 4 Profit, Monsanto land grabs, Corporate-take-all control) is upsetting to their accumulation of wealth. Brexit surprised them. Hillary’s loss shocked them. Now they’ve got to find a way to isolate us from communicating with each other. Hillary also barked hints at censoring the internet during her CodeCon screed last week. She’s blaming Russia–but what she didn’t bet on, was that many progressives, including many feminists would spend time studying the backgrounds; track-records; and inconsistencies in what the candidates said versus their actions. Many decent people, Democrat & Republican, don’t like a cheat. Bernie Sanders was cheated–and Hillary’s attempt to re-write history won’t alter that fact. But, if they can censor the internet–here, Trump’s lackeys are already doing it by trampling on Net Neutrality. Well, it’s coming. The UK uses processes and procedures: their people comply. Here, our politicos will use sophistry–they control US via money: ergo, they’ll claim that the internet is still free & open–but in truth, the rich will be able to access anything they want–whilst the rest of us won’t be able to afford the costs to access many sources of information: That’s the worst kind of betrayal of Freedom of Speech. 1. I still want to know what dirt did Hillary have on Bernie that she got him to campaign for her after she shafted him in the primaries. I would have told her to kiss a duck. However, one of the Podesta emails mentions that they have something and I would love to know what it was. 1. Those who oppose the Clintons usually go POOF one way or another. Hillary plays hard-ball. Tho’ I suspect that she “advised” Bernie Sanders that if he didn’t support her, that she’d destroy him politically or even worse. She’s out for herself–with no concern for our nation–ergo, we have Trump. “Hitch” had her number:– 2. CV Brown – it wasn’t covered in the MSM, so I don’t know what implant he had. What was it? 1. How very astute. The Founders made it clear that this experiment would require “good men.” Comments are closed.
Readers ask: What Are Three Things That You As An Individual Can Do To Decrease Your Ecological Footprint? Then, incorporate these suggestions to reduce your ecological footprint and make a positive impact! • Reduce Your Use of Single-Use, Disposable Plastics. • Switch to Renewable Energy. • Eat Less Meat. • Reduce your Waste. • Recycle Responsibly. • Drive Less. • Reduce Your Water Use. • Support Local. How can individuals reduce their ecological footprint? Use Cleaner Transportation Walk, bike, or take public transport whenever possible. If you don’t own and drive a car on average you can reduce your total ecological footprint by as much as 20 per cent. Using it less will reduce your footprint, helps to avoid traffic jam and keeps your citys air cleaner. How can I reduce my ecological footprint energy? Reduce Your Footprint at Home 1. Use energy efficient LED light bulbs. 2. Make your garden or backyard pollinator friendly. 3. Recycle what you can’t reuse and compost organic waste. 4. Create a green roof or go solar. 5. Power your home with green energy. 6. Use cold water for washing and rinsing your laundry. What can you do to reduce the ecological footprint of your food? Here are 9 simple ways to minimize your carbon footprint through dietary and lifestyle choices. • Stop wasting food. • Ditch the plastic. • Eat less meat. • Try plant-based protein. • Cut back on dairy. • Eat more fiber-rich foods. • Grow your own produce. • Don’t eat excess calories. What are 5 ways to reduce your carbon footprint? 5 Ways To Reduce Your Footprint Significantly • Avoid Mass Market, Throw Away Fashion. • Reduce your Meat and Diary Consumption. • Refuse Single-Use Plastic. • Reduce and Rethink your Transportation. • Switch to Green Energy. Why should we reduce our ecological footprint? At our current rate of consumption, we’re absorbing 157% of the natural resources on the planet, meaning we’d need an Earth and a half to maintain our ecological footprint. In order to preserve our remaining resources, it’s crucial that we reduce our consumption. You might be interested: FAQ: When Born What Size Is The Babys Head In Relation To The Rest Of His Her Body? How can a teenager reduce their carbon footprint? Consuming more fruits, vegetables, beans, and nuts is clearly the only way to truly reduce your impact and improve your health at the same time. You help by eating local produce. Food grown in your own city or state reduces your carbon footprint by keeping it from being shipped anywhere else. What is the most effective way to reduce your carbon footprint? Overall, eating low down the food chain as often as you can is a probably a good way to reduce your carbon footprint and stay healthy, say experts. That means filling your plate with vegetables, fruits, grains and beans. What can be done as a community to minimize our impact on the environment? Clean, renewable energy systems, such as solar and wind, can reduce your impact on the environment significantly while lowering your energy bill. A variety of federal, state and local incentives are available to make installing renewable energy more affordable. How can we reduce carbon? How to limit your carbon footprint? 1. Consume local and seasonal products (forget strawberries in winter) 2. Limit meat consumption, especially beef. 3. Select fish from sustainable fishing. 4. Bring reusable shopping bags and avoid products with excessive plastic packaging. 5. Make sure to buy only what you need, to avoid waste. How can you reduce your carbon footprint at work? How to Reduce Your Carbon Footprint at the Office 1. Use public transportation or carpool. How you get to work has a huge impact on your carbon output. 2. Choose a laptop over a desktop. Laptops are 80% more energy efficient, making this a no brainer. 3. Avoid printing. < 4. Eat mindfully. 5. Rethink the office itself. You might be interested: FAQ: Who burned rome? How can we reduce carbon in the atmosphere? Here are six options for removing carbon from the atmosphere: 1. 1) Forests. 2. 2) Farms. 3. 3) Bio-energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) 4. 4) Direct Air Capture. 5. 5) Carbon Mineralization. 6. 6) Ocean-based Concepts. 7. The Future of Carbon Removal.
Directly to word page Vague search(google) Home > Return in a sentence Return in a sentence up(1) down(2) Sentence count:242+56 Only show simple sentencesPosted:2016-07-24Updated:2016-12-13 Synonym: come backgive backgo backreimburserepayrevertrevisitAntonym: departSimilar words: in returnin return fortake turnsturnturn onturn offturn inturn toMeaning: [rɪ'tɜrn /-'tɜːn] n. 1. document giving the tax collector information about the taxpayer's tax liability 2. a coming to or returning home 3. the occurrence of a change in direction back in the opposite direction 4. getting something back again 5. the act of going back to a prior location 6. the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property 7. happening again (especially at regular intervals) 8. a quick reply to a question or remark (especially a witty or critical one) 9. the key on electric typewriters or computer keyboards that causes a carriage return and a line feed 10. a reciprocal group action 11. a tennis stroke that sends the ball back to the other player 12. (American football) the act of running back the ball after a kickoff or punt or interception or fumble 13. the act of someone appearing again. v. 1. come back to place where one has been before, or return to a previous activity 2. give back 3. go back to a previous state 4. go back to something earlier 5. bring back to the point of departure 6. return in kind 7. make a return 8. answer back 9. be restored 10. pay back 11. pass down 12. elect again 13. be inherited by 14. return to a previous position; in mathematics 15. give or supply 16. submit (a report, etc.) to someone in authority. Random good picture Not show 31. The return may be made on the same steamship. 32. The return flight of the aircraft was delayed. 33. I often return in dreams to my hometown. 34. Return the book to the library. 35. Life is a on return journey. 36. Mr Brown did not return home until eleven o'clock. 37. I waited a long time for him to return. 38. When will you return to the office? 39. He took out a court injunction against the newspaper demanding the return of the document. 40. The country has been able to celebrate the return of its independence so brutally snuffed out in 1940. 41. In his galumphing way he managed to wake the whole house on his return. 42. I felt a growing sense of alarm when he did not return that night. 43. The students return in October for the start of the new academic year. 44. They are offering a reward for the return of their cat. 45. A barge was about a hundred yards away, waiting to return seaward. 46. Russia, he said, had reached the point of no return on the road to reform and had to go forward. 47. The Education Secretary accuses teachers of wanting to return to a dark age. 48. We're hoping for a return to normality as soon as possible. 49. This makes it extremely simple to save what you find with an electronic bookmark so you can return to it later. 50. A mixture of selected funds is an optimum choice for future security and return on investment. 51. I bought him a bottle of drink in return for his kindness. 52. I will return, find you, love you(, marry you and live without shame. 53. An astronaut will attempt to leave the stationary spaceship and then return to it. 54. It was hard to return to mundane matters after such excitement. 55. If love is misunderstanding, who let I can return to perfect. 56. Your mother is very grieved by your refusal to return home. 57. You again how boethius observed all still could not return to the origin. 58. This return to realism has produced a revival of interest in a number of artists. 59. There were perfectly cogent reasons why Julian Cavendish should be told of the Major's impending return. 60. Please return your seat to an upright position and fasten your belt. More similar words: in returnin return fortake turnsturnturn onturn offturn inturn toin turnturn outturn upturn awayturn downturn overturn intofurnitureget uplet upset upmeet up withburn upjournalburn outretailretainretirestretchburningretreatretired Total 242, 30 Per page 2/9 «first pre next last» goto Leave a comment Welcome to leave a comment about this page! Your name: Latest commentsInto the comment page>> More words
What Makes an Animal a Pet How would you define the word “pet?” Which animals are considered pets and which are not? When we say the word pet, we are usually thinking about animals such as dogs, cats, birds and guinea pigs. But there are some countries where dogs and cats are considered food and there are people who raise chickens, pigs, goats and donkeys as pets. Even stranger (and controversial), some people consider lynxes, llamas and giraffes to be pets. So, what makes an animal a pet? The simplest answer is that a pet is a domesticated animal. Dictionary.com defines pet as “any domesticated or tamed animal that is kept as a companion and cared for affectionately.” Any animal which can live a healthy life in captivity can be raised as a pet. A koala, for example, while looking cute and cuddly, is not a good pet because its life span would be shortened considerably if it were living in captivity. On the other hand, house cats have an extremely long lifespan since they are removed from the dangers that lurk for them outside. Another possible definition of a pet is an animal which has a bond with its owner. Some animals bond more naturally than others. Cats are considered to be less affectionate than dogs but they very much appreciate human attention and this is why they are such popular pets. Other animals such as iguanas are not naturally affectionate but when properly trained can also bond with humans. Whether a bond develops with a pet which is not naturally affectionate is mostly a factor of how much time the owner can devote to the pet. Adopt a pet This definition doesn’t include animals like fish which do not bond with people but are clearly considered to be pets. Possibly the definition of a pet is any animal which is not kept for economic reasons. A breeder of dogs would then not be considered a pet owner. A farmer would not say he had pet pigs but a person keeping a pig in his backyard for fun would call it a pet. Local laws define what is considered a pet in certain areas. Some laws prohibit keeping livestock anywhere other than a farm. Others prohibit keeping certain types of rare pets, especially dangerous ones. Animal conservationists would argue against keeping a pet which belongs to an endangered species. The pet industry has caused many animals to almost disappear from the wild. Some species of snakes, iguanas and frogs are dwindling in number in their natural habitats because they are being caught and sold as pets. Evolutionary biologist Jared Diamond says animal species must meet six criteria in order to be considered for domestication: 1. They should have a flexible diet, making them less expensive to own 2. A fast maturity rate compared to the human life 3. Ability to breed in captivity 4. A pleasant disposition (not aggressive) 5. Does not attempt to flee when startled 6. Social creatures that recognize a hierarchy of dominance (so that they will accept their owner as the leader of the pack) In conclusion, while there are guidelines and social norms as to which animals are considered pets and which are not, this is clearly also a subjective matter. What one person considers to be a pet another might consider to be a wild animal, a pest, or possibly even dinner. External links 1. Julie’s Jungle – a breeder of exotic pets such as Muntjacs, Caracal Lynxes, Siberian Lynxes, Servals, genets, Fennec Foxes, Kinkajou, Coatimundi, Nigerian Dwarf Goats and Suri Alpacas. 2. What Makes an Animal a Pet Facebook Comments Box
Love and Care to the Indigenous People As the pandemic has impacted the lives of some indigenous people, Tzu Chi volunteers delivered relief supplies and extended care to them. Volunteers also grabbed the opportunity to share the concepts of recycling and environmental protection. Situated by Sungai Beban in Kota Tinggi, SJK(T) Ladang Sungai Papan is a small-scale primary school with only seven students – two Indian and five biracial children of Chinese and indigenous Orang Seletar. In early 2020, P. Thenmoly, the school headmaster, requested her teachers to seek help from Tzu Chi Kota Tinggi for education subsidies for the underprivileged students. Hence, accompanied by the teachers, Tzu Chi volunteers visited each of the families. After their assessments, Tzu Chi offered the subsidies to six students, and will extend care especially to the indigenous people living in crude floating wooden houses and relying on the sea for sustenance. Volunteers crossing the wooden bridge to visit the families. [Photograph by Tsze Hut Sea] Volunteers presented face masks to Principal P. Thenmoly of SJK(T) Ladang Sungai Papan. [Photograph by Wong Kuan Fong] On August 31, Malaysia’s National Day, after an hour journey through rugged palm oil estate to Sungai Beban, volunteers had to cross a shaky wooden bridge to reach the families. Besides giving face masks and hand sanitizers to the indigenous people, each student beneficiary was given a bamboo bank and encouraged to save some coins daily to help others like themselves. Volunteers carrying baskets of food supplies to the village for distribution. [Photograph by Wong Kuan Fong] Distributing food to alleviate their burdens Due to poor economic situations, the demand for seafood has dropped and this greatly affected the incomes of the indigenous people. As this compounded their already difficult lives, volunteers also rendered short-term relief to help them get through the tough times. Living in a remote area with poor mode of transportation, it is not easy for the residents to get fresh supplies of fruits and vegetables. Hence, the indigenous people mainly consume seafood as their staple food. In order to include some fresh fruits and vegetables in their diet, volunteer Yeo Yoke Lin made the purchase along with rice and other food supplies. In the afternoon of October 11, together with ten other volunteers, they revisited to distribute the food supplies. The indigenous people were pleased to receive them and thanked the volunteers profusely. Tee bte Achai, a 58-year-old grandmother, has been living by Sungai Beban for 36 years. Together with her husband, they relied on the sea to raise their nine children. She was grateful for the food supplies which formed part of their daily necessities. Tee bte Achai set example by collecting recyclables around her house. [Photograph by Wong Kuan Fong] Volunteers imparting environmental concepts to the indigenous people. [Photograph by Tsze Hut Sea] Nooraoni, a tanned-looking lady with a defined facial contour, is Tee’s daughter-in-law. She has six school-going children. Her husband is a fisherman, who also hunts occasionally for some extra income for the family. “Thank you for your help. Sometimes we really don’t have anything to eat. Life has been very difficult.” These food supplies came in time to lighten their household burden. Learning to recycle for a cleaner environment The indigenous people live by the sea. Each time as the tide recedes, it brings rubbish from the sea to shore, accumulates along the coastline thereby polluting their living environment. While there to distribute the food supplies, the volunteers took the opportunity to share about recycling as a protection to their environment, keeping it clean and free from pollutants. Richard (in red top), a Primary 6 student, led his cousins in collecting recyclables. [Photograph by Tsze Hut Sea] With a poster on the branch of a mango tree, volunteers gathered the indigenous people. “By recycling 50 kg of papers, we can save a 20-year-old big tree. By recycling an aluminum beverage can, we can conserve enough energy to run a television for three hours...” Volunteer Heng Kwe Lang shared about littering and its threat to the environment and marine life. Throwing rubbish into the sea only pollutes the ocean further. She urged them not to litter, but instead to collect recyclable items which can later be sold to supplement their income or if they wish can be donated to Tzu Chi to help others in need. Everyone present was listening intently, eager to learn more. The volunteers then led Tee, her two daughters-in-law and more than a dozen grandchildren into a recycling activity. They picked up rubbish in their surroundings, sorted the rubbish collected and cleaned the recyclables. With the environmental awareness created and knowledge imparted, it is hoped that they can work together for a cleaner home and environment. Pin It
Total Number of words made out of Hissed = 42 Hissed is an acceptable word in Scrabble with 10 points. Hissed is an accepted word in Word with Friends having 9 points. Hissed is a 6 letter medium Word starting with H and ending with D. Below are Total 42 words made out of this word. Anagrams of hissed 1). dishes 5 letter Words made out of hissed 1). sides 2). sheds 3). hides 4). shied 5). shies 4 letter Words made out of hissed 1). seis 2). ides 3). hide 4). hied 5). hiss 6). shed 7). dies 8). side 9). dish 10). hies 11). diss 12). shes 13). edhs 3 letter Words made out of hissed 1). sei 2). ids 3). hid 4). she 5). his 6). ess 7). hes 8). edh 9). dis 10). hie 11). sis 12). die 2 letter Words made out of hissed 1). ed 2). de 3). si 4). eh 5). es 6). he 7). hi 8). is 9). id 10). sh Hissed Meaning :- of Hiss Find Words which Also see:- 1. Vowel only words 2. consonant only words 3. 7 Letter words 4. Words with J 5. Words with Z 6. Words with X 7. Words with Q 8. Words that start with Q 9. Words that start with Z 10. Words that start with F 11. Words that start with X Word Finder Tools 1. Scrabble finder 2. Words with friends finder 3. Anagram Finder 4. Crossword Solver Words made after changing First letter with any other letter in hissed dissed kissed missed wissed Words made after changing Last letter with any other letter in hissed hisser hisses Note: There are 1 anagrams of the word hissed. Anagrams are meaningful words made after rearranging all the letters of the word. Note There are 2 vowel letters and 4 consonant letters in the word hissed. H is 8th, I is 9th, S is 19th, E is 5th, D is 4th, Letter of Alphabet series.
Best Answer Input storage processing output The above is almost correct. Actually, it's the closest I've seen to the correct answer. The question is actually 40+ years old and was asked of me in an engineering class back in 1968. Back then it was 'What are the 5 parts of a computer.' Storage is too vague. The answer here is memory. Technically s computer does NOT need storage, aka a hard drive or a floppy etc to be a computer. It needs: CPU (for processing commands) Input (from a keyboard, or a floppy, a hard drive etc to input both commands and data) Output ( to a monitor, a printer, magnetic tape, paper tape, punch cards etc) Memory ( the place an actual program and or data that the CPU uses MUST reside) The 5th item I alluded to is the Arithmetic Processor. The CPU proocesses the commands while the Arithmetic Processor manipulates the data to add, subtract, multiply and divide. In today's computers (post-1985) the CPU and the Arithmetic Processor are on the same chip. Previously, for those who remember the Z80 and the 8080 processors, for more "computing power" you could install an Aritmetic Processor to upgrade the PC and give the built-in arithemtic processor more capability. User Avatar Wiki User 2008-10-05 20:59:56 This answer is: User Avatar Study guides 23 cards Can creditors freeze bank accounts if they sue What are ethics of marketing What is the second best phone company What is the best way to cook meatballs See all cards 24 cards Password for world mathes day What is a fund of hedge fund Asset management ratios Can creditors freeze bank accounts if they sue See all cards 19 cards Propaganda is a technique What propaganda technique is used in this example You can become one of the millions who already own an Amazing Toy What propaganda technique is The movie was the best you have ever seen It was absolutely hilarious you laughed until you cried What propaganda technique is used in this example don't settle for those cheap foreign imports See all cards Add your answer: Earn +20 pts Q: What are four parts of a computer? Write your answer... Related questions What is the four main parts of the computer boot process? What is the four main parts of the computer boot process?According to mine four main parts of the computer boot process are as follows:1. POST (Power On Self Test)2. Execute the Autoexec3. Boot Loader4. Batch file Give the parts of the keyboard? A computer keyboard has four key parts. The four keyboard parts are: the typing area, the numeric pad, the function keys, and the cursor control keys. What are the four main parts of a computer? the screen, keyboard, charger and the designer Four fundamental parts of a computer? Input Output Memory Processor Four parts of a computer system? RAM, storage, Motherboard, PSU. What Are the four main parts of computer keyboard? the tyanta, ballobaloob, peypyope and the bayaaahaompe Four functional parts of computer hardware? What are the 4 basic part of a computer? The four basic parts of a computer is the processor, input devices, output devices and the display. What are the four main parts of a computer four stage model? screen, keyboard, mouse and CPU or output, input, processing and storage. What the parts of the first computer? Without all four parts, its not a computer:Arithmetic Logic UnitControl UnitMemory UnitInput/Output UnitsAny of these could be arbitrary chosen as the firstpart. Four parts of Computer system? a computer system include four parts distinct part: 1- Hardware 2-Software 3-Data 4-User External parts of a computer? what are the external parts of a computer? Parts of a computer mouse? parts of a computer mouse Name the 2 components of a computer? There are four main parts in every computer system. An Input device, output device, CPU and Memory. Computer Parts? form_title= Computer Parts form_header= Buy computer parts from certified professionals. What is the make and model of your computer?= _ [50] What parts do you need?= _ [50] Will you need help with the installation?*- () Yes () No What are the parts on the computer called? There are a lot of parts on a computer..... which one? What are peripherals? They are parts to a computer. They are parts to a computer.these are the sides. Example photo of the parts of the computer? pictures of computer parts What are some electric computer parts? All computer parts: Is the mouse part of the four main parts of the computer? No mouse is not the main part of computer because if mouse can't work we can use keyboard as an alternative of mouse, mouse is necessary but not the main . What were the parts of hardware for computer during 1975? what is hardware computer parts The computer's processor consists of what parts? The computer's processor consists of what parts? What mandatory parts that are no longer mandatory on a computer? what are mandatory that is no longer mandatory parts from a computer What are the five parts of computer keyboard? There are 5 part of computer keyboard Am looking for a software to that can be used to split an image into four parts and print each part of the four into full separate paper? Look at Microsoft Paint. It's most likely already on your computer.
Most houses nowadays are warmed by a furnace but some have wood fireplaces and wood stoves as an alternative heating source. Some houses may just have wood burners as the only way to warm their house. These more simple ways of heating your home can provide that comfort and warmth during winter compared to a gas furnace. However, using wood stoves also presents risks, such as accidental fires and carbon monoxide poisoning. Keep a fire extinguisher handy. A portable fire extinguisher can help you to quickly put out a small fire. Ensure your home is equipped with smoke and carbon monoxide (CO) alarms. Install them outside each bedroom and on every level of the home. To minimize those risks, follow these 4 wood burner safety tips: 1. It is not recommended to store your firewood in wet places as the wood will absorb a lot of the moisture around it. Inside of garages or in wood sheds are best as they allow for air to pass through keeping the firewood dry. Place your wood stove on a floor pad at least three feet away from walls, furniture, curtains, and other flammable material. Similarly, keep anything that can burn at least three feet away from the stove. 2. Before the heating season begins, have your chimney, flue vents, and stove inspected and cleaned by a certified chimney sweep. As a DIY task, check latches, hinges, and gaskets regularly, and keep an eye out for damage. Remove ashes regularly (every 3-5 burns or once a week) and dispose of them safely. Let ashes cool (as they can contain live coals) before discarding them in a covered metal container. Keep the container outside, 10 or more feet away from your home and other buildings. 3. Burn only dry, seasoned wood, such as maple, beech, ash, hickory or oak. Don’t burn green wood, cardboard or trash to prevent creosote buildup in your chimney flue. Never use gasoline, charcoal starter fluid or other flammable liquids to start your fire or to increase the intensity of the fire. These substances might explode or flare up. 4. Do not leave small children unattended around open fireplaces or wood-burning stoves for even 5 seconds. That’s just enough time for them to test how hot fire is by putting their hand into the fire causes serious burns which may require an emergency room visit. Teach them to stay at least three feet away from a hot stove. Don’t allow pets near the stove, either. Here are some principal do’s and don’ts: DO—make sure there is enough clearance between the stove and combustible materials, including floors, walls, and ceilings. DO—place the stove on a noncombustible, fire-resistant base. DO—have a person inspect the chimney. DO—burn only dry, well-seasoned wood. DO—consider opening a window a crack for ventilation. DO—dispose of ashes in a closed metal container outside the house. DON’T—extend the stove pipe through a wall or ceiling unless there is no possible alternative. DON’T—connect a wood stove to a fireplace chimney unless the fireplace has been sealed off. DON’T—connect a wood stove to a chimney serving another appliance burning other fuels. DON’T—start a stove fire with flammable fluids, such as gasoline. DON’T—burn trash in a stove; doing so can start a chimney fire. DON’T—let a wood fire full logs unattended or overnight. Some residual wood or ashes burning with the right circumstances is fine. Let Blue River Restoration be the friend to help you out so tragic accidents do not happen.
wood texture background Count Coins and Bills to $10 Start Practice Right Arrow start read along button Count Coins and Bills to $10 Let's pretend you're selling lemonade! You keep a jar on the table for people to put their money in. jar with money in it At the end of the day, you count all the money inside the jar. How much money did you earn? It looks like there are different types of money in your jar. Some are bills, some are coins: 👉Bills are the paper money. They are worth dollars. 👍Coins are the round money. They are worth cents. Here are some tips for counting money: 1. Separate the coins from the bills. coins and bills 2. Count the bills first. Bills are larger and easier to count. Each bill is worth a different amount of dollars: $10, $5, $1 It's pretty easy to see how much a bill is worth. The value is written on the top and bottom corners. Can you assign the correct value next to each bill in your pile? $5 bill and 2 $1 bills Great! Now let's add the values together. $5 + $1 + $1 = $7 We read this as seven dollars 🖊 When we write the amount of bills we have, we always put a dollar sign ($) before the number. Why don't you write this amount down on a piece of paper? 3. Next, we'll count all the coins. Let's take a look at the coin chart to see what different coins are worth: Now look at the coins in your pile. Can you assign the correct value next to each coin? various coins That looks like a lot of coins! Before we add them all together, let's rearrange them so that it's easier for us to count them. Why not stack the same coins together like this: quarters, dimes, nickels That way we can skip count the value of each coin • Skip count the quarters by 25c • Skip count the dimes by 10c • Skip count the nickels by 5c. counting coins Now we can add them together: 50c + 30c + 10c = 90c We read this as ninety cents 🖊 When we write the amount of coins we have, we always put the cent (c) sign at the end. Why don't you write down this amount on a piece of paper? Can you guess that last step? 🤔 4. Add the bills and the coins together! What is $7 + 90c ? This is where it gets tricky. You might think that $7 + 90c = $97 or 97c. But that's way off! Dollars and cents are different. key pointOne dollar is worth 100 cents. key pointWe use a decimal point to separate the dollars from the cents. $7 + 90c = $7.90 We read this as "Seven dollars and ninety cents". You might have seen this written on price tags when you go shopping to buy clothes and food. 😃 Tip: All digits to the left of a decimal point are worth 1 or more. The digits to the left of a decimal point are 99 cents or less. Dollars and Cents Are you ready for a tricky question? If $7 + 90c = $7.90.... What is $7 + 100c? You might think that it equals $7.100 (seven dollars and one hundred cents), but that's not how we would count it. 👉 Remember, 100c = $1. So $7 + 100c becomes: $7 + $1 = $8 Tips for Counting Coins key pointWhen counting large amounts of coins, try finding combinations of coins that make $1. It'll help you count much faster. 4 quarters make $1 10 dimes make $1 20 nickels make $1 100 pennies make $1 Tips for Counting Bills When counting $1 bills, count up by 1's. When counting $5 bills, skip count by fives. When counting $10 bills, skip count by tens. Great job learning how to count coins and bills! Watch and Learn Let's practice counting bills and coins up to $10. 😃 Start Practice Right Arrow Assign icon Assign to students Duplicate icon Question bank icon Edit Questions Duplicate icon Question bank icon View Questions Assign icon Class Ace Grid Background Class Ace Device Mockups Start a 7 day free trial. Membership includes: Checkmark icon Password-Free Login!🧚‍♀️ Checkmark icon 2,500+ Effective Self-Paced Lessons Checkmark icon Time-Saving Teacher Tools Checkmark icon Question Bank Checkmark icon Student Analytics Review student progress from the teacher profile. Checkmark icon Assignment Tools Choose a Plan Folder tabs background Student hat icon Up to 5 students $39.99 / Year $6.99 / Month$3.33 / Month You save $43.89 with the annual plan 7 day free trial Zoom in
People: MOST Unbelievable Swords Ever Unearthed People: MOST Unbelievable Swords Ever Unearthed Awesome People: MOST Unbelievable Swords Ever Unearthed From swords for samurai and kings, to swords that can cut through stone here are the histories of some of the most incredible swords ever unearthed. 8) The Wallace Sword: At a massive 5 feet 4 inches long from razor-sharp blade to hilt , the Wallace sword is an intimidating piece of metalwork. Believed to be wielded by William Wallace himself during the Wars of Scottish Independence, the Wallace Sword is surrounded in mystery and much debate. Allegedly, the sword was sent to John de Menteith, the Governor of Dumbarton Castle, after Wallace’s execution in 1305. From there, the sword’s location is unknown until 1505 when King James IV of Scotland paid for the sword’s hilt, pommel, scabbard, and belt to be replaced. According to legend, the King ordered this due to Wallace’s original components being comprised of the dried skin of English commander Hugh Cressingham after his defeat at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. After this, the sword once again goes missing, with no written mention of it until three centuries later, when a letter was received from the War Office in 1875. The letter states that in 1825, the sword was sent to the Tower of London to be repaired. The sword was then sent to Dr. Samuel Meyrick to be analyzed. Dr. Meyrick concluded that the sword’s components could not have belonged to Wallace, citing them as being made no earlier than the 16th century. A heated debate has developed around the authenticity of the Wallace sword, as many find Dr.Meyrick’s evaluation to be invalid due to him not examining the actual blade of the sword, only the parts that were likely replaced by King James. Recent studies have revealed that there are pieces of a 13th century blade in the sword but during repairs, metals from other time periods have been mixed in, making it incredibly difficult to precisely date the sword and nearly impossible to cite an owner. 7) Tizona: Tizona, and its sister sword, Colada, was wielded by Rodrigo Diaz, better known as El Cid. With a name literally meaning, “firebrand”, this sword struck fear into the hearts of countless men during its time at El Cid’s side. El Cid was an incredibly strong military strategist and warrior, fighting for the Castille. He fought with Tizona against the Moors as a chief general of Alfonso VI’s army. It is alleged that El Cid won Tizona from its previous owner, King Yusef of Valencia. Stories of his military prowess rapidly spread, sparking poems and folktales that have survived even into modern times, several surrounding El Cid being chosen by God and Tizona’s supposed magical powers. Tizona’s powers are believed to be related to the bravery and strength of its wielder, growing most powerful when in the hands of El Cid. It is said that men faced with Tizona in a fight will drop to their knees and beg forgiveness or flee if the sword is owned by the right man. One popular story features El Cid after his death in 1099: in it, El Cid was seated, in full armor, in a church with Tizona at his side. A Jewish man plucked a hair from the deceased El Cid’s beard and the sword struck him down, nearly killing him. After being attended to, the man repents and allows himself to be baptized, the power of the sword converting him. Whether any of these tales hold any truth is up to interpretation but the power of Tizona in the hands of El Cid can historically never be denied. 6) Durendal: Durendal is arguably one of the most interesting swords of all time. Given to legendary paladin Roland by King Charlemagne, Durendal is said to contain a tooth from Saint Peter, a piece of Jesus Christ’s mother, Mary’s clothing, blood from Basil of Caesarea, and hair from Saint Denis all within its gold hilt. The wild claims do not end there, though, as Durendal is said to be the strongest sword of all time, fully capable of slicing large boulders in half with just one swing. It is cited in local lore as the cause of an area in the Pyrenees known as “Roland’s Breech” due to Roland swinging it into the rocks, leaving behind a large gash. The sword is also entirely indestructible by any known human means. The location of Durendal is not currently known, though several fake swords have appeared. Some claim it was stolen away by Henry Curtmantel in 1183 after being placed in the chapel of Mary while others claim it was simply lost or destroyed. The most popular story among locals is that Roland threw the sword into the cliffs of Rocamadour, where it stuck due to the sharpness of the blade, though the tourist offices claim it to be a replica. 5) Legbiter 4) The Sword of Goujian 3) The Seven-Branched Sword 2) Joyeuse 1)Curved saber of San Martín Get more info on really intresting people from around the globe and beyound Here: Leave a Reply
SAT Math Multiple Choice Question 154: Answer and Explanation Home > SAT Test > SAT Math Multiple Choice Practice Tests Test Information Question: 154 4. Which of the following is equivalent to the expression • A. • B. • C. • D. x-1 Correct Answer: D D Factor the expression to get . Reduce the fraction to get , or . Another way of writing is x-1. Therefore, the correct answer is (D). Previous Next
Get with the program Advanced Placement (AP) and International Baccalaureate (IB) classes are put into place to challenge exceptional students. It can be noted students at the school are strongly encouraged to take at least one AP or IB course during their time in high school. However, are these types of classes really for everyone? “Students who are planning to take these advanced courses need to be prepared to work hard,” IB biology teacher Maria Sotomayor said. “These are advanced courses for a reason, and the goal of the advanced courses are to push students to perform as best they can, so the students should expect just that.” AP courses consist of standardized high school courses which are roughly equivalent to undergraduate college courses. After completing an AP class, students typically take the AP exam in that subject, which can earn them credits and accelerated placement in college. The fact that all of the AP credits can be transferred over to your college degree if you get four or five, really attracts a lot of students, like junior Dina Chang. “AP really allows a student to see how certain events affect other things in the world and prepares them for their future in college,” Chang said. “Which is a really nice perspective to have. This is one benefit to AP since IB really goes into depth about topics, you’re able to learn more like you would in a college setting.” On the other hand, IB courses have gained popularity lately for setting high standards of learning and emphasizing creative and critical thinking. IB students are more responsible for their own learning experience, choosing topics to learn about and creating their own projects. In doing so, teachers act more as supervisors or mentors. IB emphasizes the importance of research and pushes students to learn from their fellow students rather than teachers. Beyond preparing students for critical thinking and college-level work, the full IB program requires students to express themselves through writing and community service. The Programme tries to develop thoughtful, intelligent and caring young people who help to create a better and more peaceful world through ‘intercultural understanding’ and respect. “If I could go back in time to when I made my decision to join IB,” Chang said. “I would do it in a heartbeat because it really has given me an incredible opportunity to study abroad doing things I love, such as being a journalist. There are many differences between the AP and IB programs. The AP comparison only fits in a high school with an IB diploma program where students are allowed to take one or more IB classes in their strongest subjects. Even then, IB and AP classes tend to differ in teaching method and testing. Some see AP as more focused on written learning and standardized tests. In contrast, IB classes and assessments tend to involve more research, writing, and hands-on evaluation. “You’re given a lot of work to complete, so you must be organized,” Junior August Wagner said. “IB courses are definitely hard, so you shouldn’t just join the program because you think it’s what’s right, but because you’re confident in yourself in your school work.” A key difference is the final exam. IB exams are set up to challenge students to apply what they have learned into new situations, such as reviewing a case study, in an effort to test students’ ability to react to new information in a short period of time. The tests given (often essays) are then sent to one of 6,000 trained international examiners to be graded alongside work from other IB students worldwide. “So far, I’ve only taken one IB exam,” junior Mary Olivia Rentner said. “My teacher gave me a lot of review packets, which I did, and that seemed to work just fine for me. You just have to really want to do well and put in the effort to see the results.” There are numerous benefits to both programs, however, it is advised not to overload a class schedule with AP and IB courses. Each course requires a large portion of a student’s attention and time. These time-consuming classes especially demand all of a student’s effort when preparing for the end of the year exams. It is crucial to create and maintain strong study habits in order to retain information for these exams. “Good candidates for the AP and IB programs are students that have great study habits,” junior Negar Kueen said. “However, these classes are advanced for a reason. The courses are very rigorous and there are nights that you don’t get any sleep, but in the end, you can look back and say ‘Wow… I did it’.”
Why is Supplementation Important for People Who Work a Lot? It is difficult to meet all of your nutritional requirements with food alone. The reason for this is simple: not all types of food contain all the essential nutrients, in the required amounts, every day. In fact, even eating a varied diet doesn’t make it likely that an individual will consume everything they need. This is where supplementation comes in handy! Here are the top reasons why supplementation is important, especially if you work a lot. What Is Supplementation? Supplementation is the process of adding beneficial substances to one’s diet in order to promote healthy living. There are many different kinds of supplements, including vitamin pills, meal replacement shakes, protein powders, pre-workout mixes, and so on. For example, if you know that you do not consume enough magnesium for your recommended daily allowance (RDA), you may want to take a magnesium supplement, thus reaching your RDA. Here’s why supplementation is important. To Increase Focus Levels People who work a lot often suffer from mental fatigue. In fact, according to studies a significant percentage of workers have reported that they have been affected by mental fatigue in their lifetime. This is due to the fact that stress affects cognitive function. It can result in a reduced memory capacity and a lack of focus. Mental fatigue is caused by the depletion of neurotransmitters, like dopamine, which is vital for cognitive function. Supplements, nootropic supplements especially, are designed to boost cognitive function. When choosing a nootropic supplement, research is key. There are a lot of blogs dedicated to such reviews, so it shouldn’t be hard. For instance, a popular nootropic is Focus Factor and this Focus Factor guide explains the pros and cons of this supplement. Thus you’ll be able to make an informed decision. Further, people who work a lot tend to have higher cortisol levels than those who do not work at all. Cortisol is one of the key stress hormones that deplete neurotransmitters when present in excess amounts. Therefore, by reducing your cortisol levels (for example by consuming magnesium or melatonin), you may be able to increase focus and reduce mental fatigue. To Enhance Physical Performance The body requires a large number of nutrients, in particular protein and carbohydrate-rich foods, to function properly. In order to meet the required nutrient intake, most people need to consume three normal-sized meals per day. However, that is not always possible for those who work a lot. For example, there are some jobs where it’s impossible for employees to take a break and eat during their eight-hour shifts (e.g., truck drivers). In this case, supplementation can be a great way to make sure your body gets all the energy it requires every single day. To Prevent Deficiencies Essential nutrients are not always available. Therefore, supplementation prevents deficiencies caused by increased requirements due to stress, work overloads, and so forth. Here are the most common deficiencies to beware of: Protein Deficiency People who work a lot may lack protein in their diets. This is because many people cannot find the time to eat three normal-sized meals per day. In fact, the protein intake of many working individuals is below the recommended daily allowance (RDA), which is 55.00g for men and 45.00g for women per day, depending on a person’s age and lifestyle. The effects of this deficiency include fatigue, cognitive decline, loss of lean body mass (instead of fat). Carbohydrate Deficiency People who work a lot often lack carbohydrates in their diets, which means that their glycogen stores get depleted, and they may become fatigued and suffer from cognitive decline. Carbohydrate deficiency is common among endurance athletes who train for long periods of time every day and eat only one large meal per day. The effects of this deficiency include cramps, lethargy, lack of motivation Vitamin B Deficiency People who work a lot or exercise intensely often suffer from vitamin B deficiencies because these vitamins are water-soluble and therefore easily lost through sweating. As a result, fatigue, skin problems, and psychological issues like anxiety, depression may develop. Calcium Deficiency People who work a lot or exercise intensely often lack calcium in their diets due to the fact that many people consume large amounts of coffee, which inhibits the absorption of calcium. This is particularly problematic for women who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or post-menopausal because they have an increased need for calcium. Calcium deficiency results in muscle cramps, depression, anxiety, and high blood pressure. To Convey Messages Clearly and Concisely One of the things people who work a lot often find difficult is to communicate effectively. It may be because they don’t have enough time to prepare their thoughts and sentences, or maybe they’re simply dealing with too much information at once. There’s also another factor: if you’re working in a rush it’s harder to express yourself properly. Hectic environments can lead to miscommunication and misunderstandings. A great way to avoid such problems is by using supplements that aid decision-making and help individuals process information more accurately. Such supplements can help you improve your decision-making skills and recall important information, which will ultimately help you communicate with your colleagues more clearly. If you work a lot and don’t have enough time to eat three meals a day, consider taking supplements in order to prevent the onset of nutrient deficiencies. In addition, if you want to focus or be more effective in your communication with other people, try using supplements that will help your brain process information better.
An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge Literary Analysis 971 Words4 Pages Ambrose Bierce’s “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” revolves around the manipulation of time through the conflict of man versus nature. Bierce uses time in his favor as he switches between the past and the present life of the main character, Peyton Farquhar, as he lives his last moments. He uses this to show how time can be “subjective and phenomenal during times of emotional distress”. (BookRags). The manipulation of time that is unnoticeable whilst reading the story strengthens the themes that are present in this work, such as man’s denial of mortality, and the conjuring of irrational situations. The story begins with Confederate farmer, Peyton Farquhar, staring down into the water, noose around his neck, surrounded by soldiers who are responsible for his unfortunate demise. In the moments leading up to his hanging, his reality and perception of time become distorted and, "A sound which he could neither ignore nor…show more content… The soldiers around Peyton before his death can be seen as the personification of death itself, the faceless troops look on with order and cold precision, and Peyton remarks that “gentlemen are not excluded,” implying that just as death does not discriminate, neither do these soldiers. At the time that Peyton is being hung, he creates a fantasy in his mind that he has survived this, even though he is surrounded by these soldiers, by death, which finalizes his fate. Choosing not to accept his death, as many people continue to do even today, in a split second his mind creates a wild vision, that is devised to protect him from the reality of his inescapable death. This vision could have been conjured in the seconds before he truly died, with simple thoughts of escape, or a dream to see his wife and family one last time. But his thoughts do not save him, as death is a reality that must be accepted by all, and he meets his end while still grasping at Open Document
Is a Language Barrier the Biggest Challenge North & South Korea Face as They Train for the Winter Olympics? Some good news is already coming out of 2018: North and South Korea, who have long been sworn enemies, are joining forces for the winter Olympics which will be held in Pyeongchang later this year! You would think that sports teams from each country training together would be a seamless endeavour. After all, both nations speak the same language, right? While Korean is the official language of North and South Korea, it looks like dramatic differences in how the language is used may be resulting in something of a language barrier between teams training together. Let’s take a look at how and why this is happening. Photo via Flickr The 70-Year Gap North and South Korea have been divided for roughly 70 years now, and this has had a drastic result on the languages used by each country. It’s understandable that decades of separation can take a toll on a language, and the secluded nature of North Korea also plays a role in why the Korean language differs in the North as opposed to the South. The North Korean dialect is often mocked in South Korea because of its quaint and old-fashioned style. This can create problems for defectors from North Korea. It’s easy for those in the South to pick up on the accent, and many times people fleeing the North end up marginalized or ostracized due to their obvious roots. Photo via Pixabay There are also key differences in the types of words common in the North vs. the South. Because the South has clearly had more access to Western culture, the Korean spoken in this nation has seen itself influenced by the global spread of the English language. In South Korea it’s common to find English loanwords and the country has been open to foreign products and culture, often outpacing other developed nations in terms of technology. According to some studies, there are over 25,000 foreign loanwords currently used by South Koreans. This is in drastic juxtaposition to the North which, due to its socio-political climate and how isolated it is from the rest of the world, hasn’t seen its national language as influenced by other cultures and languages. Also, because North Korea largely functions as a hereditary dictatorship, there are some words that can only have meaning under this sort of government. One such example is the word imminban which is the term used for a type of political neighbourhood watch unit. Words like these hold no place in South Korean language because they are not applicable to the current political environment. Photo via Flickr The Olympic dream The dream of uniting teams in a quest to win gold at the Winter Olympics faces more challenges than North and South Korean teams simply finding time to train together. Some news sources have reported that during joint training sessions for the women’s hockey team players from the North and South have been struggling to understand one another. These language barriers result from the different terminology the women use. Hockey is a game that originated in the West. It’s believed that it was born from the stick-and-ball games British soldiers living in Canada and the U.S. would play on ice and snow during the winter. Because of this history, it stands to reason that the game’s terminology is originally in English. The game has since gone international and countries like South Korea have been exposed to it more and more through the media and international competitions. So, while South Korean players use mostly English words for the sporting terms, North Koreans use a variety of Korean language terms created specifically for the sport. To compound matters even further, the women’s hockey team has a Canadian-born coach who relies on a translator to communicate with the players. Add to this an extra layer of language barrier between North and South teammates, and a unique and complex situation arises. Learning Spanish? Take a free placement test to see how your level measures up! The 1 language But is the language situation between the North and South really all that grim? Experts say North Korean defectors who settle in South Korea are capable of quickly adjusting to the different language nuances and are able to accommodate what sorts of words they use, and even change their accents to fit more with the South Korean form of the language. So, while there can be a struggle to comprehend each other, most are optimistic that it will only prove to be a learning curve, and both sides will learn to understand one another. Who knows, perhaps a new type of sports language will emerge from the North and South joining together! Comments on Is a Language Barrier the Biggest Challenge North & South Korea Face as They Train for the Winter Olympics?
How to use Timeline Timeline of Scottish History James Hutton • Name : Hutton • Born : 1726 • Died : 1797 • Category : Science • Finest Moment : Publication of Theory of the Earth You can see, conveniently remotely by video, volcanos spitting out molten rock. The rocks harden, age, even wear down if enough time is allowed and flow into the seas, to be deposited as sediment and form new rocks with even more time. Geology has plenty of time, relative to the life span of a human. But several centuries ago, this explanation was as hotly debated as the magma issuing from these very volcanic vents. One side (the Vulcanists), followed Continental explorers like Desmeret and De Saussere, who thought that all rocks were formed by a molten process, an the other side (the Neptunists), who argued that all rocks were formed under water. It took a balanced thinker like the Edinburgh-born and educated Hutton, to actually look at the evidence in the field and realise that the truth, as is so often the case, lay between the two camps. Hutton was educated at Edinburgh University; studying first chemistry, then medicine. Initially he farmed in Norfolk, where he became aware of geology. Returning to Scotland, he made his money from producing Sal ammoniac from coal soot. This income permitted him to further pursue his interest in geology. In 1767 he returned to Edinburgh, writing scientific papers for the newly established Royal Society of Edinburgh. He began to formulate the theory of a rock cycle, whereby old rocks were destroyed by weathering, and new ones were formed from their sediments. '..the mountains have been formed by the hollowing out of the valleys, and the valleys have been hollowed out by the attrition of hard materials coming from the mountains.' To confirm his theory, Hutton and his friend the landscape artist John Clerk, went looking at examples in nature, finding interesting and scientifically valuable examples of unconformities on Arran, at Jedburgh, and at Siccar Point in Berwickshire. Hutton was eventually recognised as one of the founders of modern geology, and is buried in Greyfriars' Churchyard, Edinburgh. Print Email
Digestion Simulation To reinforce students' understanding of the human digestion process, the functions of several stomach and small intestine fluids are analyzed, and the concept of simulation is introduced through a short, introductory demonstration of how these fluids work. Students learn what simulation means and how it relates to the engineering process, particularly in biomedical engineering. Students can practice their understanding by using the associated activity to model a digestive process. The teacher demo requires vinegar, baking soda, water and aspirin.
Anoxias Meaning In Urdu Anoxias Meaning in English to Urdu is قِلَّتِ آکسیجَن, as written in Urdu and Qillat Oxygen, as written in Roman Urdu. Accurate Anoxias Translation, Synonyms and Antonyms. قِلَّتِ آکسیجَن Qillat Oxygen Anoxias Urdu Meaning - Find the correct meaning of Anoxias in Urdu, it is important to understand the word properly when we translate it from English to Urdu. There are always several meanings of each word in Urdu, the correct meaning of Anoxias in Urdu is قِلَّتِ آکسیجَن, and in roman we write it Qillat Oxygen. The other meanings are Qillat Oxygen and Bafton Mein Oxygen Ki Kami Ya Ghair Mojoodgi. After English to Urdu translation of Anoxias, If you have issues in pronunciation than you can hear the audio of it in the online dictionary.
Artificial Synapses Could Lead to Brainier, Super-Efficient Computers A self-organized mesh of artificial synapses might point the way to devices that match the brain’s energy-efficient computing prowess. Image may contain Pattern Graphics Art and Ornament Eric Nyquist/Quanta Magazine Brains, beyond their signature achievements in thinking and problem solving, are paragons of energy efficiency. The human brain’s power consumption resembles that of a 20-watt incandescent lightbulb. In contrast, one of the world’s largest and fastest supercomputers, the K computer in Kobe, Japan, consumes as much as 9.89 megawatts of energy—an amount roughly equivalent to the power usage of 10,000 households. Yet in 2013, even with that much power, it took the machine 40 minutes to simulate just a single second’s worth of 1 percent of human brain activity. Now engineering researchers at the California NanoSystems Institute at the University of California, Los Angeles, are hoping to match some of the brain’s computational and energy efficiency with systems that mirror the brain’s structure. They are building a device, perhaps the first one, that is “inspired by the brain to generate the properties that enable the brain to do what it does,” according to Adam Stieg, a research scientist and associate director of the institute, who leads the project with Jim Gimzewski, a professor of chemistry at UCLA. The device is a far cry from conventional computers, which are based on minute wires imprinted on silicon chips in highly ordered patterns. The current pilot version is a 2-millimeter-by-2-millimeter mesh of silver nanowires connected by artificial synapses. Unlike silicon circuitry, with its geometric precision, this device is messy, like “a highly interconnected plate of noodles,” Stieg said. And instead of being designed, the fine structure of the UCLA device essentially organized itself out of random chemical and electrical processes. Yet in its complexity, this silver mesh network resembles the brain. The mesh boasts 1 billion artificial synapses per square centimeter, which is within a couple of orders of magnitude of the real thing. The network’s electrical activity also displays a property unique to complex systems like the brain: “criticality,” a state between order and chaos indicative of maximum efficiency. This network of highly interconnected nanowires may look chaotic and random, but its structure and behavior resemble those of neurons in the brain. Researchers at the California NanoSystems Institute are developing it as a brainlike device for learning and computation.Eleanor Demis Moreover, preliminary experiments suggest that this neuromorphic (brainlike) silver wire mesh has great functional potential. It can already perform simple learning and logic operations. It can clean the unwanted noise from received signals, a capability that’s important for voice recognition and similar tasks that challenge conventional computers. And its existence proves the principle that it might be possible one day to build devices that can compute with an energy efficiency close to that of the brain. These advantages look especially appealing as the limits of miniaturization and efficiency for silicon microprocessors now loom. “Moore’s law is dead, transistors are no longer getting smaller, and [people] are going, ‘Oh, my God, what do we do now?’” said Alex Nugent, CEO of the Santa Fe-based neuromorphic computing company Knowm, who was not involved in the UCLA project. “I’m very excited about the idea, the direction of their work,” Nugent said. “Traditional computing platforms are a billion times less efficient.” Switches That Act Like Synapses Energy efficiency wasn’t Gimzewski’s motivation when he started the silver wire project 10 years ago. Rather, it was boredom. After using scanning tunneling microscopes to look at electronics at the atomic scale for 20 years, he said, “I was tired of perfection and precise control [and] got a little bored with reductionism.” In 2007, he accepted an invitation to study single atomic switches developed by a group that Masakazu Aono led at the International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics in Tsukuba, Japan. The switches contain the same ingredient that turns a silver spoon black when it touches an egg: silver sulfide, sandwiched between solid metallic silver. Masakazu Aono, director general of the International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics in Japan’s National Institute for Materials Science, is the leader of the group that developed the atomic switches that function like artificial synapses in the network.National Institute for Materials Science Applying voltage to the devices pushes positively charged silver ions out of the silver sulfide and toward the silver cathode layer, where they are reduced to metallic silver. Atom-wide filaments of silver grow, eventually closing the gap between the metallic silver sides. As a result, the switch is on and current can flow. Reversing the current flow has the opposite effect: The silver bridges shrink, and the switch turns off. Soon after developing the switch, however, Aono’s group started to see irregular behavior. The more often the switch was used, the more easily it would turn on. If it went unused for a while, it would slowly turn off by itself. In effect, the switch remembered its history. Aono and his colleagues also found that the switches seemed to interact with each other, such that turning on one switch would sometimes inhibit or turn off others nearby. Most of Aono’s group wanted to engineer these odd properties out of the switches. But Gimzewski and Stieg (who had just finished his doctorate in Gimzewski’s group) were reminded of synapses, the switches between nerve cells in the human brain, which also change their responses with experience and interact with each other. During one of their many visits to Japan, they had an idea. “We thought: Why don’t we try to embed them in a structure reminiscent of the cortex in a mammalian brain [and study that]?” Stieg said. Building such an intricate structure was a challenge, but Stieg and Audrius Avizienis, who had just joined the group as a graduate student, developed a protocol to do it. By pouring silver nitrate onto tiny copper spheres, they could induce a network of microscopically thin intersecting silver wires to grow. They could then expose the mesh to sulfur gas to create a silver sulfide layer between the silver wires, as in the Aono team’s original atomic switch. Self-Organized Criticality When Gimzewski and Stieg told others about their project, almost nobody thought it would work. Some said the device would show one type of static activity and then sit there, Stieg recalled. Others guessed the opposite: “They said the switching would cascade and the whole thing would just burn out,” Gimzewski said. But the device did not melt. Rather, as Gimzewski and Stieg observed through an infrared camera, the input current kept changing the paths it followed through the device—proof that activity in the network was not localized but rather distributed, as it is in the brain. Then, one fall day in 2010, while Avizienis and his fellow graduate student Henry Sillin were increasing the input voltage to the device, they suddenly saw the output voltage start to fluctuate, seemingly at random, as if the mesh of wires had come alive. “We just sat and watched it, fascinated,” Sillin said. The silver nanowire network (left) takes the form of a tiny square of mesh at the center of the device (right). The housing that holds the square mesh allows users to introduce signals as inputs and to measure the output results.Eleanor Demis (SEM image)/Henry Sillin (hand with device) They knew they were on to something. When Avizienis analyzed several days’ worth of monitoring data, he found that the network stayed at the same activity level for short periods more often than for long periods. They later found that smaller areas of activity were more common than larger ones. “That was really jaw-dropping,” Avizienis said, describing it as “the first [time] we pulled a power law out of this.” Power laws describe mathematical relationships in which one variable changes as a power of the other. They apply to systems in which larger scale, longer events are much less common than smaller scale, shorter ones—but are also still far more common than one would expect from a chance distribution. Per Bak, the Danish physicist who died in 2002, first proposed power laws as hallmarks of all kinds of complex dynamical systems that can organize over large timescales and long distances. Power-law behavior, he said, indicates that a complex system operates at a dynamical sweet spot between order and chaos, a state of “criticality” in which all parts are interacting and connected for maximum efficiency. As Bak predicted, power-law behavior has been observed in the human brain: In 2003, Dietmar Plenz, a neuroscientist with the National Institutes of Health, observed that groups of nerve cells activated others, which in turn activated others, often forming systemwide activation cascades. Plenz found that the sizes of these cascades fell along a power-law distribution, and that the brain was indeed operating in a way that maximized activity propagation without risking runaway activity. The fact that the UCLA device also shows power-law behavior is a big deal, Plenz said, because it suggests that, as in the brain, a delicate balance between activation and inhibition keeps all of its parts interacting with one another. The activity doesn’t overwhelm the network, but it also doesn’t die out. Gimzewski and Stieg later found an additional similarity between the silver network and the brain: Just as a sleeping human brain shows fewer short activation cascades than a brain that’s awake, brief activation states in the silver network become less common at lower energy inputs. In a way, then, reducing the energy input into the device can generate a state that resembles the sleeping state of the human brain. Training and Reservoir Computing But even if the silver wire network has brainlike properties, can it solve computing tasks? Preliminary experiments suggest the answer is yes, although the device is far from resembling a traditional computer. For one thing, there is no software. Instead, the researchers exploit the fact that the network can distort an input signal in many different ways, depending on where the output is measured. This suggests possible uses for voice or image recognition, because the device should be able to clean a noisy input signal. But it also suggests that the device could be used for a process called reservoir computing. Because one input could in principle generate many, perhaps millions, of different outputs (the “reservoir”), users can choose or combine outputs in such a way that the result is a desired computation of the inputs. For example, if you stimulate the device at two different places at the same time, chances are that one of the millions of different outputs will represent the sum of the two inputs. The challenge is to find the right outputs and decode them and to find out how best to encode information so that the network can understand it. The way to do this is by training the device: by running a task hundreds or perhaps thousands of times, first with one type of input and then with another, and comparing which output best solves a task. “We don’t program the device but we select the best way to encode the information such that the [network behaves] in an interesting and useful manner,” Gimzewski said. In work that’s soon to be published, the researchers trained the wire network to execute simple logic operations. And in unpublished experiments, they trained the network to solve the equivalent of a simple memory task taught to lab rats called a T-maze test. In the test, a rat in a T-shaped maze is rewarded when it learns to make the correct turn in response to a light. With its own version of training, the network could make the correct response 94 percent of the time. The silver nanowire network takes the form of a tiny square of mesh at the center of the device.Eleanor Demis So far, these results aren’t much more than a proof of principle, Nugent said. “A little rat making a decision in a T-maze is nowhere close to what somebody in machine learning does to evaluate their systems” on a traditional computer, he said. He doubts the device will lead to a chip that does much that’s useful in the next few years. But the potential, he emphasized, is huge. That’s because the network, like the brain, doesn’t separate processing and memory. Traditional computers need to shuttle information between different areas that handle the two functions. “All that extra communication adds up because it takes energy to charge wires,” Nugent said. With traditional machines, he said, “literally, you could run France on the electricity that it would take to simulate a full human brain at moderate resolution.” If devices like the silver wire network can eventually solve tasks as effectively as machine-learning algorithms running on traditional computers, they could do so using only one-billionth as much power. “As soon as they do that, they’re going to win in power efficiency, hands down,” Nugent said. The UCLA findings also lend support to the view that under the right circumstances, intelligent systems can form by self-organization, without the need for any template or process to design them. The silver network “emerged spontaneously,” said Todd Hylton, the former manager of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency program that supported early stages of the project. “As energy flows through [it], it’s this big dance because every time one new structure forms, the energy doesn’t go somewhere else. People have built computer models of networks that achieve some critical state. But this one just sort of did it all by itself.” Gimzewski believes that the silver wire network or devices like it might be better than traditional computers at making predictions about complex processes. Traditional computers model the world with equations that often only approximate complex phenomena. Neuromorphic atomic switch networks align their own innate structural complexity with that of the phenomenon they are modeling. They are also inherently fast—the state of the network can fluctuate at upward of tens of thousands of changes per second. “We are using a complex system to understand complex phenomena,” Gimzewski said. Earlier this year at a meeting of the American Chemical Society in San Francisco, Gimzewski, Stieg and their colleagues presented the results of an experiment in which they fed the device the first three years of a six-year data set of car traffic in Los Angeles, in the form of a series of pulses that indicated the number of cars passing by per hour. After hundreds of training runs, the output eventually predicted the statistical trend of the second half of the data set quite well, even though the device had never seen it. Perhaps one day, Gimzewski jokes, he might be able to use the network to predict the stock market. “I’d like that,” he said, adding that this was why he was trying to get his students to study atomic switch networks—“before they catch me making a fortune.”
As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases from Lithium battery new technology – 10 minutes is all you need for a full charge Over the past few years, there has been significant development with respect to batteries for devices. Furthermore, fast charging is another aspect of battery technology that has seen significant growth. Rachid Yazami, a professor at Nanyang Technological University, has recently developed a new type of fast charging technology. This technology can fully charge lithium batteries within 10 minutes. The professor’s most well-known achievement is the invention of the practical graphite anode for lithium batteries around 1983. His discovery is currently the basis of modern lithium batteries. Lithium battery Recently, Professor Yazami claimed that his company has realized the world’s fastest lithium battery fast charging technology. According to his report, the charging capacity is seven times faster than Tesla’s fast charging. The traditional charging method adopts constant current charging. The charging circuit controls the current at the very beginning, and it switches to constant voltage charging towards the end of the charging process. However, the new method is called “nonlinear voltammetry“, here the current changes in pulses throughout the process. He claims that this method is the same as going up a step. The voltage of each charging stage is kept constant until it reaches the next voltage after certain parameters are met, and it is finally full. This method allows the battery to take a short break during the charging process. Furthermore, the chemical reaction is slightly different from constant current charging. Fast charging affects battery life – Yazami A major drawback of the current fast charging technology is that it affects battery life. Yazami acknowledged this and expressed his hope to extend the life of lithium batteries through his own technology. He explained, “This fast charging technology can reduce the pressure on the battery to extend the life. It will probably extend the life of the battery pack of electric vehicles from 5 years to 10 years because the technology can reduce heat generation … My dream is in the future, is to charge electric vehicle batteries for only 10 minutes and it will take you for 800 kilometers.” Professor Yazami said that when Sony first invented the lithium-ion battery, the energy density was only 90Wh per kilogram. However, right now, the density is almost triple, about 270Wh per kilogram. At present, the latest commercial battery is 290Wh per kilogram. However, there is no mass production of any battery that achieves 300Wh per kilogram. This is because it will have safety risks and has a short lifespan. He also predicted that with the EU’s billions of dollars in investment, the proportion of lithium batteries manufactured in Europe will increase in the future. It will probably rise from the current 3% to about 20%. Source link We will be happy to hear your thoughts Leave a reply Enable registration in settings - general Compare items • Total (0)
Top professional medical molding machine manufacturer Home / News / Injection molding PRODUCT NEWS / Understand injection molding machine Use injection molding machine Understand injection molding machine Use injection molding machine Issue Time:2020-10-24 Understanding injection molding/products2095463/Top-Sale-molding-machine.htm What is injection molding: Injection molding is a manufacturing process for mass production of parts.It is most commonly used for mass production of the same parts, usually on a scale of tens of thousands or even millions of times. Why injection molding is used: The main advantage of injection molding is its ability to concentrate production.Once the machines and molds are ready, the price per unit of product during production is very low.As more parts are produced, prices will fall sharply.Other advantages include: Injection molding produces a lower rejection rate than traditional manufacturing processes, such as machining, and can reduce a large proportion of the original blank or sheet.It may be slightly higher for additive manufacturing processes with relatively lower rejection rates for 3D printing.Waste plastic in injection molding production usually comes from: sprue, sprue location and any spill from the cavity of the part The runner is simply the channel through which molten plastic is poured from the nozzle of the injection molding machine to the gate of the entire injection mold.It is separated from the mold itself.The runner is a channel system connected to the gate that directs molten plastic into the cavity of the mold.After the injection mold is filled (typically only a few seconds), the entire molten plastic cools, leaving solid plastic in the runner, gate, cavity itself, and possibly a little overflow on the edge of the part (if the seal is poor). Thermoplastic materials are materials that can be recycled.Crush gate/runner spout and any scrap parts.These recycled materials are then added proportionally to the new raw material.(Some of the plastic's properties can be degraded as it is molded over and over again.)Recycled materials are used for low quality components that do not require high performance characteristics. Injection molding is a highly repeatable process.That is, the second part of production will be exactly the same as the first part.This provides good control over product consistency and component reliability in mass production.What are the disadvantages of injection molding: Because of design, testing, and tooling requirements, the upfront costs can be very high.If you are going to mass produce parts, you need to make sure they are designed correctly the first time.The correct design includes: Design and then specification the prototype of the part itself Initial prototype development can be done on a 3D printer, often using different materials (such as ABS plastic) Design injection molds for initial production Injection moulds are usually developed in the production of 300-1000 injection product samples. Inspect and improve any details of the injection mold prior to mass production in the injection mold manufacturing facility. Potential negative effects of injection molding include: Two main disadvantages of injection molding are the high cost of tools and the long lead time required.The mold itself is a project and only a phase of the entire injection molding process.Before injection molding is produced, the parts must first be designed and prototyped (perhaps via CNC or 3D printing), and then the molds must be designed and made to produce the parts in duplicate.After the above two stages are completed and a large number of test adjustments are made, the parts can be molded by injection.The process of debugging molds before mass production takes time and money.Especially for multi - cavity mold forming parts.For example, you want to inject a new shampoo bottle cap.The hat might have threads to attach it to the bottle, hinges, buttons, and maybe some wrapping.A single cavity mold for the component can be manufactured first to ensure that all features are made as required.After commissioning, a new set of moulds can be made, forming up to 16 LIDS at a time.They first tested the mold with a single cavity, so they found any problems and did not need to modify each cavity 16 times. Because tools are usually made of steel (a very hard material) or aluminum, they are difficult to change.If plastic is to be added to parts, the mold cavity can be made larger by cutting steel or aluminum.But if you want to reduce plastic, you need to reduce the size of the tool cavity by adding aluminum or metal.This is very difficult and in many cases may mean scrapping the mold completely (or a part of it) and starting over. Injection molding requires uniform wall thickness.Generally, the thickness of the whole wall is about 2-3 mm.Maintaining a uniform wall thickness is important to prevent defects such as dents that should result from inconsistencies in the cooling process.A good rule of thumb is to keep the wall thickness less than or equal to 4 millimeters.The thicker the product wall is, the more materials are used, and the longer the molding cycle is, the higher the cost of each component is.On the contrary, if the wall thickness is more than 1mm or so, you may encounter problems when filling the mold (resulting in a lack of material or short shot).Designers can compensate by using materials with a higher melt flow index, such as nylon. In general, injection molding is not recommended for large parts.This is due to the size limitations of the injection molding machine and the mold itself.Although injection machines exist for making very large parts (a 1000-ton injection machine, for example, is about the size of a train carriage), it is very expensive.For this reason, larger parts than common injection molding machines are usually multi-piece. Large moulds require experienced design to avoid increasing project costs. Note for injection molding: Before you attempt to produce parts by injection molding, consider the following: Financial considerations Upfront costs: Substantial initial investment is required to prepare for injection product production.It's best to know this key point in advance. Production quantity To determine the number of parts to be produced, injection molding is the most cost-effective method of manufacturing Determine the number of parts that are expected to benefit from the investment (consider the costs of design, testing, production, assembly, marketing, and distribution, as well as the expected price points for sales). Design considerations Part design: Simplifying product geometry early on and minimizing the number of parts will pay dividends. Tool design: In advance in the mold design process to take into account the production process may appear defects.Consider gate locations and run simulation analyses using mold flow software such as Solidworks Plastics. Production considerations Cycle time: Minimize cycle time.Use sophisticated tools.Small changes can make a big difference, and reducing your cycle time by just a few seconds can save you a lot of money when you produce millions of parts. Assembly: Design your parts to minimize assembly.Injection molding is done in Southeast Asia mainly because of the cost advantage of assembling simple parts in the injection molding process.If the assembly process can be optimized in the process, it will save a lot of labor costs. Injection molding is a great technology for mass production.At this stage of production, 3D printing is more affordable and flexible for products in the early stages of design.
Zambia: Latest Data From Lusaka Morgue Analysis Shows Spike in Covid-19 Deaths Understanding the epidemiology of infectious diseases often rests heavily on the local resources available to conduct surveillance work. It is very easy to fall into the trap of believing that the absence of information about a given country or region means that diseases are not having an impact in those places. The apparently low rates of COVID-19 on the African continent are an example of this. Much of what we think we know about the impact of COVID-19 globally rests on aggregated data presented through portals like the Johns Hopkins COVID-19 website. Based on this, one could easily conclude that the pandemic hit the US harder than anywhere else in the world and that Africa has largely been spared. But COVID-19 spreads wherever the concentration of people allows. What distinguishes the US from most African countries is that the US has the most resources for disease surveillance in the world, including the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The existence and reliability of data may differ as a function of local capacity, expertise, resources and political will. In Africa, the highest concentration of cases appears to be in South Africa - a relatively high-income country with excellent capacity and resources for testing and surveillance. We have been measuring the fatal impact of COVID-19 in Zambia's capital Lusaka. It has shown us how difficult it is to do systematic surveillance. And yet the global health community has largely treated the low rates in most of Africa as a mystery. The most likely explanation is that the necessary resources for surveillance are inadequate and hence that we are not seeing a complete picture about what is really going on. For over four years, we have been collecting data on infant deaths as part of a project to study other diseases. When the COVID-19 pandemic broke out, we were able to amend our surveillance work to include this new virus and to determine what proportion of individuals across all ages in Lusaka tested positive through postmortem sampling. This was work funded by the Gates Foundation, and we shared our findings with the Zambian Ministry of Health. These data are representative and generalisable because we are sampling at the University Teaching Hospital morgue, which captures nearly all deaths that occur in the city across all age groups. While we lacked the resources to sample all deaths - 30-40 deaths per day is quite typical - we sampled a random sub-set of those. What we observed from June to September 2020 was that roughly one in five deceased individuals tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in our molecular laboratory in Lusaka. The rates we were seeing were roughly 10 times higher than what was being reported officially at the time. Since that initial report, we have continued to monitor COVID-19 deaths at the same morgue. The situation has clearly grown worse. Up to June 2021, we were detecting SARS-CoV-2 in roughly 25% of deaths. But in June itself the rate rose to an astonishing 87% of all deaths. We are currently in the process of an excess mortality analysis, comparing the COVID-19 year against the background rate of seasonal mortality over the preceding three years. This will help us better measure the impact of COVID-19. A lack of surveillance Our team is based at the University Teaching Hospital morgue. We attempt to enrol every third to fifth death that comes through, approaching the family or next of kin to obtain informed consent. Our consent rates have been very high (about 90%). We then obtain some clinical information about the events leading to the fatal illness, and obtain a nasal swab sample for testing. We use the US Centers for Disease Control's testing kits, which are considered to be a global gold standard. If we included detection of SARS-CoV-2 at any level of signal intensity on the PCR assay, we found it in 19% of all deaths between June and September 2020. Nearly three quarters of those deaths occurred outside medical care. Of these, none had been tested for the virus prior to death. Among the deaths that occurred at a hospital, only about a third had been tested prior to death. This tells us that the seemingly low rate of COVID-19 reported elsewhere was explained by a lack of systematic surveillance. COVID-19 seemed rare only because testing was rarely done. Of the 70 COVID-19 deaths we detected out of 342 deceased individuals, only six had been tested for COVID-19 before they died. And yet nearly all had had symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 - cough, fever, shortness of breath. In Zambia there are insufficient funds and capacity to do thorough surveillance. Zambia ranked 117th out of 128 countries in terms of economic competitiveness back in 2007. Wider picture The key concern is whether these results are unique to Zambia. We doubt it. It seems most likely that COVID-19 is having a severe impact in many (possibly most) parts of Africa, but this is simply going undocumented. As we have seen in the US - which has largely reopened its society after vaccinating over 180 million citizens - the only way out of this human calamity is vaccines. Only a few percent of Zambia's population has received any COVID vaccine. And while the goal is to vaccinate the population, Zambia's access to vaccines is severely limited. We hope that the COVAX initiative may change this situation. As long as Africa's "low COVID-19 rate" continues to be viewed as a puzzling enigma rather than a sign of inadequate surveillance, African countries will be at the back of the bus to get these life-saving commodities. In all likelihood, this is a catastrophe that is occurring on a continental scale yet is simply going unreported and hence unappreciated. To solve a problem like COVID-19, it is obviously essential to have accurate information about the true status of the situation. Christopher J. Gill, Associate Professor, Dept of Global Health; Infectious Diseases Specialist, Boston University
The City Magazine Since 1975 Follow the colorful life of the roseate spoonbill Follow the colorful life of the roseate spoonbill November 2020 Why the once rare birds are increasingly being spotted in Charleston Once rare in the Lowcountry, these pink-feathered birds with spoon-shaped bills have become a more common sight in recent years, thanks to preservation efforts and, surprisingly, climate change, which is expanding their breeding range. Roseate spoonbills (Platalea ajaja) are a delight to watch as they gracefully sweep their bills back and forth, foraging in tidal pools and creeks for a tasty dinner. Take a closer look at these lovely, long-legged wading birds that are increasingly making Charleston their full-time residence Comeback Kids By the early 1900s, the species was almost extinct in the US due to over-hunting for its colorful plumes and the loss of the bird‘s natural wading and nesting environments. Through preservation efforts, the roseate spoonbill has made a remarkable rebound with a population that is steadily spreading across the coastal Southeast. Birds of a Feather Spoonbills are social and often seen feeding in groups; flying in formation; and nesting with kindred species, such as herons, ibis, and storks. They establish their rookeries in low trees and shrubs overhanging ponds or lagoons. Creek Sweeper When feeding, the birds work in groups, swinging their spoon-shaped bills from side to side as they steadily walk the shallows, snapping up small fish, crabs, and shrimp. A chick isn‘t born with the namesake bill, but at about nine days old, its beak starts to flatten, and 30 days later, it is almost full size. Love Birds Courtship displays include dancing; clapping; and “gifting,” a mutual exchange of nesting materials. The female builds the nest, while the male provides her with twigs, sticks, and other supplies. The parents take turns sitting on the nest during incubation (about 22 days), and once the chicks hatch, they share the responsibility of feeding them. After about six weeks, the hatchlings develop wing feathers ready for test flights. They can live up to 15 years. More than a Pretty Face The long, flat, rounded bill is not this wader’s only unusual attribute. The birds also have bright red eyes and long pink legs. When they sleep, they stand on one leg with their heads tucked under a wing. They can grow to be two-and-a-half feet tall with a wingspan of up to five feet. Like ibis and storks, they fly with their necks outstretched. When they get old, they start to bald, losing the feathers on top of their heads. In The Pink Similar to flamingos, roseate spoonbills‘ pink coloration is a result of their diet of shrimp and other crustaceans that contain pigments called “carotenoids.” Their upper necks and backs are white, but depending on age and location, their wings and feathers can become such a deep pink that they appear almost red. The rose hues are enhanced as they mature.
Legionella Control Trustwater™ – Safe and Effective Water Disinfection – At Last Legionnaires Disease The condition known as Legionnaires disease was named after an outbreak of a severe pneumonia-like disease that occurred at the Belle Vue Stratford Hotel, Philadelphia, USA in 1976, where there was a convention of the American Legion. Legionella pneumophila, the causative organism for most cases of Legionnaires’ disease, was thought to have been present in the hotel’s cooling towers. Somehow, water droplets in the form of an aerosol contaminated the hotel’s air conditioning systems allowing the bacteria to come into contact with the convention guests, a highly susceptible population. What is Legionnaires’ disease? Legionnaires’ disease is a type of pneumonia. It was named after an outbreak of severe pneumonia which affected a meeting of the American Legion in 1976. It is an uncommon but serious disease. The illness occurs more frequently in men than women. It usually affects middle-aged or elderly people and it more commonly affects smokers or people with other chest problems. How do people get it? The germ that causes Legionnaires’ disease is a bacterium called Legionella pneumophila. People catch Legionnaires’ disease by inhaling small droplets of water suspended in the air which contain the Legionella bacterium. Where does it come from? The bacterium that causes Legionnaires’ disease is widespread in nature. Outbreaks occur from purpose-built water systems where temperatures are warm enough to encourage growth of the bacteria, e.g. in cooling towers, evaporative condensers and whirlpool spas and from water used for domestic purposes in buildings such as hospitals, dental surgeries and hotels. Biofilm is a collection of microorganisms that secrete sticky slime allowing them to form colonies on inert or living surfaces. Biofilms are an ideal media for harboring legionella microbes that contaminate water supplies and can become airborne and as such need eliminating. Legionella bacteria have been known for some time to live within biofilm that helps protect them from a chemical attack such as traditional chlorination. What’s the solution? Extensive tests have shown Trustwater™ to be the safest and most effective technology available to eliminate bacteria (Legionella), viruses, fungi, spores, protozoa and stubborn biofilm. Ecasol™ is a non-toxic, pH neutral solution that destroys all known microbes and is used in the Healthcare market to replace commonly used chemical disinfectants. It: • Destroys all forms of pathogens • Is produced on-site, on-demand • Replaces Cl02, Chlorine, ozone etc. • Is non-toxic • Is a true ‘clean’ technology • Is harmless to man & the environment adminLegionella Control
Skip to Main Content Political Philosophy Looking for Articles Tip: Usually, it's helpful to start a search trying out lots of synonyms for your topic. Then, narrow your search using the precise classifications (or subject headings) each database uses to sort its articles into categories. Web of Knowledge Web of Science is a particularly good database to hone in on articles about a theorist or theory and other topics, rather than just articles written by that theorist. You can search this in two ways. 1. From the home page, search the theorist as "topic." Then, search again from within the results for more specific topics such as stranger, exile, foreign, hospitality, etc. This first option locates and searches a group of articles that include the theorist in the abstract, title, or keywords. 2. From "Cited Reference Search," search the theorist as "cited author." Next, select all results and go to search. Next, from within the results, search for more specific topics such as stranger, exile, etc. This second option locates and searches within a narrower group of articles that specifically cite your theorist. Suggested Databases
I've been texting with some friends and I asked: He replied: So what exactly does the ~ったら　mean? I've gathered it might mean something like 'if I say...' Some examples of using this form would be greatly appreciated. • Related? japanese.stackexchange.com/a/5324/9831 – Chocolate May 8 '17 at 5:55 • As for the first sentence, it's better to ask like : 大体｛だいたい｝/普段｛ふだん｝どんな音楽｛おんがく｝を聴｛き｝きますか？ – mackygoo May 8 '17 at 13:38 You're right! Generally XたらY means "if X then Y." In this case, ...たら良い literally means "If... then (things will be good)" so なんて言ったら良いのか means "Oh, what should I say (in order for the situation to be good)" or more naturally "How should I put this." In the same sense, どうしたらいいのか分からない means I don't know what I should do (= I don't know the thing that, if I do it, things will be good). Normally 'たら' means 'if'.( conditional form) It can be used with ' もし' as well. Eg: もし私はロボットが持っていたらせんたくがべんりになるだろう。 (if i had a robot, cleanings would be easy) Your Answer
Which European country dominated southeast Asia? Great Britain, France, Spain, the Netherlands, and the United States were the imperialist countries that had colonies in Southeast Asia. Portugal also had a colony in the region but had the least impact. What European countries colonized Southeast Asia? Over the course of the nineteenth century, Southeast Asia is colonized by Britain, France, and Holland. In 1799, the Dutch government takes over the Dutch East India Company’s rule of parts of the Indonesian archipelago. Who controlled Southeast Asia? The major colonizers of Southeast Asia were Europeans, Japanese and the U.S. All in all, there were seven colonial powers in Southeast Asia: Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, Great Britain, France, the United States, and Japan. What 2 countries influenced Southeast Asia? It must be said that Southeast Asia did not accept all foreign influences in an indiscriminate manner. Two notably important external influences came from China and India, but Southeast Asia accepted only those influences and practices that were suitable to their local cultures. THIS IS INTERESTING: Is Malaysia a part of China? How did European colonization affect Southeast Asia? Which country has never been ruled by any other country? Many countries celebrate Independence Day to rejoice that they are no longer under colonial rule. Very few countries have never been either a colonizing power or become colonized. They include Saudi Arabia, Iran, Thailand, China, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and Ethiopia. What country was never colonized in Southeast Asia? For the past four centuries, Thai rulers exploited the rivalry between French Indochina and the British Empire, keeping Thailand as a buffer state between parts of Southeast Asia that were colonized by these two powers. What is the oldest country in Southeast Asia? Top 20 Oldest Cities In Southeast Asia • HOI AN, VIETNAM. Historical Region: Nguyen Dynasty. … • BOGOR, INDONESIA. Historical Region: Sunda Kingdom. … • TELUK INTAN, MALAYSIA. Historical Region: Perak Sultanate. What was the most powerful state to emerge in Southeast Asia before 1600? Question: What was the most powerful state to emerge in Southeast Asia before 1600 CE? Majapahit Angkor Funan What was the basis of the economies of both Angkor and Pagan? What does Southeast Asia mean? THIS IS INTERESTING: Which US city is closest to Singapore? Is Korea part of Southeast Asia? In business and economics, “East Asia” is sometimes used to refer to a wide geographical area covering ten Southeast Asian countries in ASEAN, Greater China, Japan and Korea. What is the difference between East Asia and Southeast Asia? It’s all about geography. East Asians are people who are from China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan or Mongolia, whereas South Asians are from Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka or Maldives. … People who are Southeast Asian come from countries that are south of China, but east of India. Was Thailand a part of India? So Thailand was never part of India, which is a country born in 1947. When were European countries kicked out of Asia? What are the negative effects of colonialism? What is the legacy of European and Japanese imperialism in Southeast Asia? European imperialism in Southeast Asia left a legacy of conquest, greed, and power over the people of Southeast Asia. One legacy of European imperialism in Southeast Asia was the wars of conquest among the European powers vying for increased territory after their initial colonization. Travel Blog
Quick Answer: What Is The Importance Of ICT Today? What are the benefits of ICT? How has ICT impacted our work lives? Information Communication Technology (ICT) has significantly changed the way people live, work, communicate and learn. Therefore, ICT influences many parts of our works and lives, as well as many of our free time activities. … ICT creates new forms of learning that can be customized to students needs. What is the advantage and disadvantage of ICT in education? What is ICT and why is it important in today’s world? Importance of ICT ICT permeates all aspects of life, providing newer, better, and quicker ways for people to interact, network, seek help, gain access to information, and learn. Besides its presence everywhere, Information and Communication Technology has an immense economic significance. What is the importance of ICT in society? What is the importance of ICT in education system of our country today? At the same time, ICT adds value to the processes of learning, and in the organization and management of learning institutions. The Internet is a driving force for much development and innovation in both developed and developing countries. Countries must be able to benefit from technological developments. How can ICT help students? Why is ICT important for teaching and learning? ICT helps teachers to interact with students. … It helps in improve Teaching skill, helps in innovative Teaching. It helps in effectiveness of classroom. It also helps in improving professional Development and Educational management as well as enhances Active Learning of teacher Trainees. What is the need and importance of ICT? Need and Importance of ICT in Education. “Smart technology” is the familiar terminology that is widely being used in every being’s life. Smartphones, tablets, gadgets, smart televisions, etc., are the products of smart technology that have made human life smarter, easier and accessible. What is the advantage and disadvantage of ICT? 1. Communication – Speed / time – money can be saved because it’s much quicker to move information around. With the help of ICT it has become quicker and more efficient.
brain ventricle brain ven·tricle (brān ventri-kĕl) One of four communicating cavities within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012 References in periodicals archive ? Since ischemic stroke regions are generally adjacent to the brain ventricle with similar intensity, it is a challenging task to segment ventricle. Laura feared her baby might not survive the birth, or may face major surgery, but as her pregnancy progressed Bella's kidneys developed and went back to the normal range, the hole in her heart was only 1mm so not considered a problem and the brain ventricle stayed only slightly over the cut-off. The experts found those who slept fewer hours showed evidence of faster brain ventricle enlargement, which is a sign of cognitive decline and increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. This may be related with enlarged brain ventricle and intrauterine polyhydramniosis (6). Following third brain ventricle injection of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-green fluorescent protein or CMV-LUC gene constructs, we established that cells in the telencephalon and optic tectum are transfected. The patient underwent four cycles of bleomycin/etoposide/cisplatin (BEP) regimen, and the MRI at four months from surgery (Figure 4) showed reduction of mass volume and normal size of brain ventricles. After four cycles of chemotherapy, beta-hCG serum level decreased, but complete normalization was not obtained (serum level was 26vIU/L). Although enlargement of third and lateral ventricles has been reported in bipolar patients in some studies, other studies showed no significant difference in the sizes of brain ventricles and posterior fossa structures, when bipolar patients were compared with healthy controls (22,26). [1] Though MRI has evolved as the new technique, yet visualisation of brain ventricles by CT remains the most widely accessible and affordable tool in Indian scenario.
As seen in my source, Hades loved being in his "beloved" Underworld rather than being in the outside world and Olympus, like all other gods. Yet it says that Hades occasionally and rarely left the Underworld. Other than the time he kidnapped Persephone, when would Hades leave the Underworld? Hades leaving his cozy domain was rare, but not unheard of. Persephone wasn't the only reason that compelled him to take a trip above ground, she wasn't even his only kidnapping; Leuce suffered a similar fate. Kidnappings aside, Hades was present when Hercules besieged Pylos, presumably collecting the souls of the dead: Source: Hom. Il. 5.395 In another instance, Hades visits Olympus to bring accusations against Asclepius: [4.71.3] So Zeus, in indignation, slew Asclepius with his thunderbolt, but Apollo, indignant at the slaying of Asclepius, murdered the Cyclopes who had forged the thunderbolt for Zeus; but at the death of the Cyclopes Zeus was again indignant and laid a command upon Apollo that he should serve as a labourer for a human being and that this should be the punishment he should receive fro him for his crimes. Source: Bibliotheca historica, Diodorus Siculus Your Answer
Othello Characters Othello Characters • Page: • Words: • Downloads: Even though the problem of women’s treatment is not the central one in Shakespeare’s ‘Othello’, still it is revealed in some very crucial episodes and helps an author to describe the essences of his characters more completely. For the men characters such as Iago and Othello women are more like spoil when the character Michael Cassio treats women with respect and politeness. The women characters Desdemona, Emilia, and Bianca consider their gender roles rather contradictory to each other and stand for different women’s values. Despite the fact that the piece is called Othello the most active character in it is Iago, as it is him who creates all the conflicts between characters. Iago is clearly the most sexist hero of the story and his attitude to women is straightly described in all of his speeches concerning women. For example, in the dialogue between Iago, his wife Emilia, and Desdemona about women (II.i.890-965) it turns out that according to Iago’s opinion women are only aimed to bring pleasure to men. Even despite being either beautiful or smart or even both, there is no way they can be really useful in this life whatsoever. Also, Iago’s attitude to women is shown in his constant contemptuous manner of interaction with them especially his evident disrespectful treatment of his own wife. The strangest thing in the moment when Iago confesses his love to Desdemona (II.i.1092) is why does he decide to send his beloved one to her doom? Probably, because for Iago women are just objects in his possession, he doesn’t consider them as worthy personalities. At the very beginning of the story Othello seems to be a decent man but the culmination of the story reveals his real attitude to women which is a consideration of them (especially his wife) as spoil that should either belong to their men or die. In the first part of the piece, Othello expresses his full dedication and love to his beautiful wife but later the smallest spark of hesitation turns into the greatest fire of jealousy in history. The emotional response to some phrases and manipulations created by Iago gives rise to the fatal actions of the jealous man. Othello becomes blinded by the jealousy based on nothing and in the episode when he asks Desdemona where the handkerchief he gave her is he denies listening to his wife’s answers (II.iv.2240-2285). The thing is that he is so sure that his wife is his thing that reasonable arguments mean nothing to him and he fails to be that decent and loving husband he is at the very beginning. So it turns out that his love means nothing if he doesn’t even try to figure things out and stop treating his wife as a thing. In contrast to the previous two characters, we observe the personal features of Cassio who treat women with respect and pays attention to their personalities. Cassio is dedicated both to Othello and his wife and Desdemona is highly reputable for him. Cassio interacts with Desdemona not on the level man-woman but on the highest interpersonal communicational level person-person which means that he expresses his respect and honor first of all to her personality and only after that to her being the wife of her husband (III.iii.1630-1655). Thus it is possible to judge Cassio’s attitude to women according to his respectful treatment of Desdemona. As for the women roles in the play Othello their personalities as women are quite contradictory. Desdemona, the main female character of the story, is a decent woman and a good wife. Both her words and actions show that she is devoted to her gender role as a wife. In the discussion between her Father and Othello about the way she fell in love with her husband Desdemona replies to her father that Brabantio was the man of her life before she got married to Othello, so now she has duties to her husband only (I.iii. 530-535). Desdemona’s dedication to her husband reaches the highest point when in the scene of her death she doesn’t confess that it was Othello who killed her (V.ii.3452-3453). Another woman who considers herself as dedicated to her man is Emilia but the two dedications are essentially opposite to each other. When Emilia and Desdemona discuss adultery Desdemona denies that there is any possible situation she could have cheated on her husband (IV.iii.3106). Although Emilia confesses that she would have done anything to get the world for her man even if adultery is needed for that. The episode describes Emilia as both a dedicated and flesh peddler woman. The point is that even though she says that she would do anything for her man she accepts that there is a possibility that she could have cheated on him which a priori makes her capable of betrayal. In order to depict different kinds of women probability, Shakespeare shows another female character of Bianca who is a courtesan. The essence of Bianca is shown in one small episode which describes the difference between her and Emilia when they meet each other and Bianca claims that she is the same woman Emilia is and the last one denies it (V.i.3288-3289). Indeed both women are the same in their nature but the main thing that makes Bianca even better than Emilia is that she is honest to herself and society that she is a flesh peddler one. Even though all of the women play different personal roles in their families and have a diverse reputation in society when it comes to men business their husbands are willing to give up on them to satisfy their own interests. Shakespeare’s Othello is quite a contradictory story concerning the role of women in it. On the one hand, it seems like the entire story is about love and jealousy to the woman that everyone adores. But at the end of the story, it turns out that all the men in the story don’t really care about the women’s lives and treat them as things, not personalities. The story reveals the important observation about life itself: we should always look behind that what words show to us and pay attention to the real actions, what are they truly about and in the favor of whom they work. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Othello: The Moor of Venice. Ed. Tucker Brooke and Lawrence Mason. New Haven: Yale UP, 1947. Print.
Increased energy extraction, delivery and conversion into heat and electricity is synonymous with human flourishing. The equation is pretty simple, increased utilization of energy resources allows humans to lever up their working productivity by orders of magnitude. Helping to reduce the time and costs associated with accomplishing certain tasks. The Industrial Age brought with it some forms of automation and the Digital Age took automation to a whole different level. Each advancement in automation opening up opportunities for humans to focus their efforts on other, untapped areas of the economy. This is why we are where we are today; mastering energy and using it to be as productive as possible. With all that being said, the utilization of energy per capita in the United States has flatlined since the early 1970s. (I wonder if anything significant happened during this period that would materially affect the economy's ability to accurately price risk.) And if the hysterics get their way, the amount of energy utilized per capita in the United States will likely fall over the next few decades. This is something that should be avoided at all costs, and, luckily for us, something that bitcoin fixes. Bitcoin fixes the flatlined Henry Adams curve and prevents it from collapsing because bitcoin mining demands cheap electricity to profitably produce hashes. Since bitcoin mining demands cheap electricity to profitably produce hashes, it means miners are incentivized more than most to produce the cheap electricity which allows them to produces hashes. As our friend ShiShi explains, energy use is synonymous with prosperity. Increased access to affordable energy lifts people out of extreme poverty. Individuals can use electricity to do work in less time than would be necessary via manual labor, which allows them to work quicker, and accomplish more work as a result, which results in more income. Actively attempting to reduce the amount of energy utilized by individuals is very anti-human. It is an attempt to force people to do more work than is necessary considering the technologies we have at our fingertips today. Anti-human sentiment is at an all time high in today's day and age. For a species that has conquered the natural world, erected enormous structures, developed communications technology that connects individuals from around the world instantaneously, and numerous other achievements many seem to think we are some type of plague to be hated. A very perplexing worldview that needs to be banished from our collective psyche. The ability to master the natural world to our own benefit at the scale that we have up to this point in history is something that should be celebrated and cherished as vociferously as possible. Yes, we have been a bit wasteful with our energy resources at times, but we have consistently gotten better over time and Bitcoin is here to take energy efficiency to another galaxy (potentially literally). Bitcoin incentivizes the production of cheap energy resources and distributed electrical grids. This one, natural incentive that was brought to the world in January 2009 may be the strongest force on the planet we have right now to get the Henry Adams curve back on track. The positive externalities that will emanate from this incentive are going to be profound. Mini grids will be constructed because bitcoin miners will need them and humans in the locale of these mini grids will benefit because these grids will likely have excess electricity that can be utilized for other uses. No joule left behind. Final thought... Donda lives up to the hype. Kanye will be on Tales from the Crypt one day. Mark my words.
Knowledge base Current List of Chinese Languages Considering China’s long and very dynamic history, along with the country’s size and population, it would be quite unreasonable to assume that Chinese people speak only one or maybe just a few languages. With Chinese territory being greater than Europe, the population accounting for nearly 20% of all the Earth’s population, and the history spanning for nearly 5,000 years, China contemporarily accounts for nearly 300 languages spoken across the country, according to the majority of approximations. Most of the Chinese languages are not mutually intelligible, meaning that the speakers in one region will not likely understand those in another region. That is why it is important to take such a multiplicity into consideration when learning Chinese and traveling to the country. What is the Main Language of China? With 300 variants of the Chinese language currently being in active use, questioning which language is considered to be the most important one would be somewhat incorrect. That is because the answer to that question would vary depending on the region you’re asking. For instance, the city of Beijing along with other few provinces would say that Standard Mandarin is the main language because it is considered a national language for those regions and the official language of China. At the same time, people in Guangzhou province would tell you that Cantonese variant of Chinese is the most important as it is recognized as the official language there. And this list would go on for very, very long. On top of all that, there are different perspectives on written language, as well as the braille writing system and, finally, the sign language. These would also vary across the regions of China just as the spoken languages, as well as differentiate on territories where Chinese is recognized as one of the official languages. For instance, Taiwan has its own variation of Chinese, while Singapore also demonstrates some nuances in its own use of the language. So, the correct question would be «what are the top 3 languages spoken in China at least?» That would largely narrow down the list and make this article far easier to read. How Many Languages are Spoken in China? Speaking of the top 3 languages spoken across the country, those would be the Standard Mandarin or sometimes simply called Mandarin, Wu Chinese, and Yue Chinese, or Cantonese language. The languages largely vary between each other, so, people from different regions of China may have a difficult time understanding each other. So, if you’d like to travel to China and would like to learn the language at least a little bit, you have to understand, which variation to learn, depending on the region you’d like to visit. Standard Mandarin Standard Mandarin language is the one spoken predominantly in Northern Chinese regions, most prominently, in the country’s capital, Beijing. Being spoken by nearly two-thirds of the Chinese population, Mandarin Chinese is also recognized as China’s official language and is supposed to be taught in all schools across the country. Mandarin was declared as the official language on the governmental level in 1955 when the Communist regime has taken over the country and the need to unify China has risen sharply. As a result, today, this variation of Chinese languages accounts for over 1 billion speakers in the country, although, only 10% of them can speak the language fluently, relying mostly on their regional variations. At the same time, Wu variation of the Chinese language is predominantly spoken in the Shanghai region, as well as in the provinces of Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Fujian, and Anhui. All of those territories account for about 81.5 million of Wu Chinese speakers in total, making this variation the second most popular language in China. Accounting for a rather long history, Wu Chinese achieved its widest spread in the 5th century and during the rise of the Ming Dynasty, the latter of which in turn made Shanghai a vital trade and cultural center of the country. Finally, Yue or Cantonese variation of Chinese language is widespread in the Guangdong province, which is one of the major provinces of China, as well as in the provinces of Hunan, and Hainan, accounting for about 62 million speakers. The major city where the Cantonese language is spoken in Guangzhou, which is currently considered to be one of the industrial centers in China. The name of this variation came from the former name of Guangdong, which was called Canton. The city was known as the largest port in China throughout history, hence, strongly influencing the spread of Cantonese variation across the country as well as other destinations around the world. Other Chinese Dialects Aside from the variations above, there are also Xiang, Min, Gan, and Hakka dialects that are considered the most spoken throughout China. As for the rest, it is hard to tell how many different languages are spoken in China in the first place, without even saying how many people speak which variation. Yet, approximately, 300 languages are currently being in use in the country. This number, of course, may be different, with some of the additional variations being spoken only by a few dozens of people living in rural areas. With all that being said, the situation with languages in China is made even more complex by the writing systems. Not that they are extremely complex on their own or that there are many writing systems. In fact, there are only two major writing systems in the country, none of which is anything particularly hard. Yet, it’s the use of those systems across the regions and corresponding spoken dialects that make the situation pretty confusing, even for the Chinese people. Simplified and Traditional Chinese Writing Systems Although the spoken languages in China are many, people don’t seem like having a hard time writing what they want to say. While it’s really hard to tell how many dialects in China are there, the writing systems are in a much simpler situation, with only two major writing systems being currently in use. The Traditional Chinese writing system was in wide use in China before the mid-20th century, Simplified Chinese was promoted by the Communist government since the 1950s. That was done due to the need to increase the literacy of the population as well as to dispose of any «odd» features of the language. The major difference between Simplified and Traditional Chinese is that the Simplified system is… well, simpler. More particularly, this is manifested in the following differences: • Reduced number of strokes. Chinese hieroglyphs are often considered very complex as they have to be drawn precisely, following the specific order of lines, as well as their length and intensity. The Simplified writing system has eliminated some strokes in certain hieroglyphs, thus, making them more easily read and written. • Reduced number of characters. Along with cutting down the lines within hieroglyphs, Simplified Chinese also cuts the number of the hieroglyphs themselves. This process is still on-going, with the Chinese government constantly updating their list. • Character use. As the process of simplifying and unifying of the writing system is dynamic and constant in China, certain characters are dropped gradually, not all at once. This means that certain characters become standardized for certain meanings. As time goes on, these hieroglyphs are used for specific words more often, thus, becoming an overall standard for the use in the formal language. The writing system of China does not seem to be that complex, however, the main issue here is that every region in China is autonomous regarding its language, hence, different provinces have different writing systems recognized as official. For instance, the Northern region of China that speaks predominantly Mandarin writes in Simplified Chinese. This system is also considered to be official in the country’s mainland. Yet, Hong Kong, for instance, uses Traditional Chinese characters in writing, along with Taiwan and Macao. There’s really no particular rule as to which region uses which writing system. If you want to travel or live in China or to speak and write in Chinese languages, you just have to decide with the region first and then start learning. Why Does China Have So Many Languages? It’s really hard to tell how many dialects of Chinese are there, but it’s quite simple to summarize why they are so many. The major reasons for such a strong diversity of Chinese language can be drawn to two main factors. Those would be the dynamics of language as well as the historical perspective. As for history, China is a very, very old country and one of the oldest civilizations in the world. On top of that, the population of China has always been great in number and was always scattered throughout a vast territory. Finally, some of the regions were largely divided by mountains, rivers, as well as political tensions. So, the language could develop separately in each region and province, or even town and village. This leads us to the second factor, which is the language dynamics. While the Chinese languages were very diverse throughout almost the entire history of the country, the researchers point out one major version of the language, now called the Classical Chinese, which was the form of the Old Chinese and in which most of the historical records of China are made. While this is an example of the written language, the spoken language probably followed suit and had quite a similar situation. Modern Trends and the Future of Chinese Languages Considering the current globalization trends, it is likely that China will speak its standardized language, Standard Mandarin, for the most part in the future. Of course, the provinces, like Guangdong that already have a very solid presence of Cantonese, will likely speak Cantonese for the next few generations at least. Yet, the majority of regional dialects will probably blend or be absorbed by other major dialects. Nevertheless, it will be very hard to make a conclusion as to what is the language of China for sure. Perhaps, the multiplicity of Chinese languages will remain for centuries to come. Considering the history of China, such a situation may be quite possible, even despite the globalization and all unification attempts.
Enteric Fever Diagnosis: Current Challenges and Future Directions Durga P NeupaneHari P Dulal, and Jeongmin Song Enteric fever is a life-threatening systemic febrile disease caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi (S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi). Unfortunately, the burden of the disease remains high primarily due to the global spread of various drug-resistant Salmonella strains despite continuous advancement in the field. An accurate diagnosis is critical for effective control of the disease. However, enteric fever diagnosis based on clinical presentations is challenging due to overlapping symptoms with other febrile illnesses that are also prevalent in endemic areas. Current laboratory tests display suboptimal sensitivity and specificity, and no diagnostic methods are available for identifying asymptomatic carriers. Several research programs have employed systemic approaches to identify more specific biomarkers for early detection and asymptomatic carrier detection. This review discusses the pros and cons of currently available diagnostic tests for enteric fever, the advancement of research toward improved diagnostic tests, and the challenges of discovering new ideal biomarkers and tests. Click here to read the article, published in Pathogens.
People usually tend to associate trauma with “blunt force.” This is certainly accurate, but trauma actually can refer to any kind of injury featuring a sudden onset. These injuries frequently require immediate medical attention and are serious health concerns. Factoring all of this in, we can also consider burns and cuts to be forms of trauma as well. Potential problems from trauma include severe pain, blood loss, and extreme tissue damage. Although there are exceptions, we typically refer to injuries from trauma as being “acute.” These are different than “chronic” conditions, which are those that develop over time in response to repeated actions and forces. Chronic injuries include stress fractures, plantar fasciitis, and Achilles tendinitis. Of course, no matter what kind of foot or ankle problem you experience—acute, chronic, or anything else—you need to have it addressed at the earliest possible opportunity by a skilled, trained podiatrist like Bruce Scudday, DPM in El Paso! Sports Injuries When talking about physical trauma, a major source of injury is physical activity – and especially sporting activities. It is essential to be physically active for optimal health, but there’s a certain degree of injury risk from doing so. (Of course, the benefits of exercise considerably outweigh any injury risk!) The most common sports injuries tend to be sprains, strains, and fractures. Sports Injury With regards to bone fractures, it is important to keep in mind that bones are responsible for providing structure for your body. Accordingly, they only “give” so much before succumbing to excessive force. Fortunately, our bodies have remarkable healing abilities – even when bones break. The key thing is to make sure they are in proper position to heal normally. Whereas fractures (broken bones) tend to be fairly straightforward and self-explanatory, some people get confused by sprains and strains. Both may have similar-sounding names and actual similarity in the fact they are soft tissue injuries. The key distinction, though, comes down to the specific tissues damaged. In the case of a sprain, a ligament—connective tissue attaching bone to bone—has been stretched beyond its intended range. A prime example of this is an ankle sprain. Ankle joints are supported by various ligaments. When a foot twists too far on the horizontal plane, it stretches the ligaments too far. Strains, on the other hand, happen when muscles are stretched too far. For example, you can strain your calf muscle. Specific sports injuries we see more often than others include plantar fasciitis, ankle sprains, Achilles tendinitis, and turf toe. This list is not comprehensive, so make sure you come in for proper diagnosis and treatment if you start to experience foot or ankle pain and/or dysfunction following physical activity. Basic First Aid for Trauma Injuries Given that there are many different foot and ankle sports injuries one can sustain, it’s important to know first aid measures to tend to an injury. The best starting point for virtually any (nonemergency) sports injury is RICE therapy: Taking time away from physical activity not only allows the body to heal itself, it is also a vital step for protecting the injured area and preventing greater damage from occurring. This particular practice both relieves pain and reduces inflammation. When we include an icing regimen as part of your injury treatment plan, be sure to wrap the ice or ice pack with a thin towel to reduce the risk of damaging your skin! As with icing, compression is a great practice for reducing inflammation in the injured area. Be careful not to wrap a bandage too tightly and cut off circulation, though. You can further reduce the amount of swelling and inflammation in an injured foot or ankle by elevating it above heart level. Doing so also forces you to rest, which is an important part of the healing process. Whereas this is a good starting point, do not underestimate the value of medication, particularly anti-inflammatories like ibuprofen and naproxen sodium. These medications can certainly help to relieve pain, but—perhaps even more importantly—they reduce inflammation in the affected area (which leads to faster healing). Continue appropriate first aid measures until you are able to see us at our El Paso office for professional diagnosis and treatment. Foot and Ankle Fractures The feet and ankles are particularly complex biomechanical structures responsible for providing both mobility and stability for our bodies. To accomplish those objectives, our lower limbs are comprised of a total of 52 bones (one-quarter of all bones in the human body) connected and supported by numerous ligaments, tendons, and muscles. When a patient suffers from a broken bone, one of the first steps is to evaluate the extent of the injury and then give it an appropriate identification. Bone Fractures Can Be Classified As The Following: Physical Trauma Causing Foot Pain El Paso Podiatrist Dr. Bruce Scudday Simple (or Stable) A simple fracture happens in response to physical trauma and the broken pieces of the bone are lined up and will heal normally if kept stable. Compound (or Open) Unlike a simple fracture, the pieces of bone in a compound fracture are not lined up in proper position to heal correctly. In some instances, a piece of bone will puncture the skin, and we refer to this as being an open fracture. In this case, the bone has shattered into three or more pieces and surgery is almost definitely necessary. Whereas simple and compound fractures often happen from an isolated source of physical trauma, stress fractures develop over time from an accumulation of forces. This is a fairly common overuse injury. To properly diagnose which kind of fracture you have sustained, we will likely require an imaging test, like an x-ray, bone scan, CT (computerized tomography) scan, or an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). When it comes to treating bone fractures, the body does the majority of the heavy lifting, but we are responsible for ensuring that bones are lined up correctly and the area is stabilized. The Body Repairs Broken Bones In Three Stages Bone production Bone remodeling During the final stage, bone tissue develops and becomes dense and compact. At this point, circulation resumes to its normal levels. Various factors play a role in dictating exactly how long the entire healing process will take. In most cases, a broken bone needs about 6 to 8 weeks for a significant degree of healing. Adult bones take longer to heal then children’s bones. Some of the tools and techniques Dr. Scudday might use include buddy-taping, casting, stiff-soled shoes, crutches, medication, and other conservative care methods (rest, ice, elevation). In cases of a compound fracture, surgery might be needed to line up the broken bone pieces, so they heal correctly. It is important to note that treatment for an open fracture should begin with seeking immediate medical care. Do not attempt to push the bone back inside the wound. Instead, try to control any bleeding, keep the area clean, and wait for trained medical personnel to arrive on the scene. Professional Care for Trauma Injuries No matter what kind of foot or ankle injury you sustain in response to physical trauma, you will be able to find the care you need here at the office of Bruce Scudday, DPM. Dr. Scudday will use diagnostic tools and techniques to determine the extent of the damage, and then create a customized treatment plan for you based on his professional diagnosis. 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views updated obturator (ob-tewr-ay-ter) n. 1. a wire or rod within a cannula or hollow needle for piercing tissues or fitting aspirating needles. 2. a removable form of denture that both closes a defect in the palate and also restores the dentition. 3. (o. muscle) either of two muscles that cover the outer surface of the anterior wall of the pelvis and are responsible for lateral rotation of the thigh and movements of the hip. o. foramen a large opening in the hip bone, below and slightly in front of the acetabulum. See also pelvis.
In 1949, the Americans, British, and French combined their zones of occupation in West Germany to establish the Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Federal Republic of Germany). The Soviets responded by forming the Deutsche Demokratische Republik (German Democratic Republic) in East Germany. Encyclopedia Britannica In May 1955, ten years after the defeat of Nazi Germany in WWII, West Germany joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in a move to counter potential Soviet expansion in western Europe. With entrance into NATO, the Federal Republic of Germany became integral to the defense of Western Europe.
Skip to main content Premium Trial: Request an Annual Quote Duke s Bryan Cullen on the Research Applications of microRNAs Bryan Cullen Professor, molecular genetics/microbiology Duke University Medical Center At A Glance Name: Bryan Cullen Position: Professor, molecular genetics/microbiology Duke University Medical Center Background: PhD, microbiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry 1984 MSc, virology, University of Birmingham 1974 BSc, biological sciences, University of Warwick 1973 Starting his career in industry, working as a lab head for the now-defunct Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Bryan Cullen ultimately came to Duke University in 1987 as an assistant investigator and never left. Now, as director of the university's Center for Virology, he "uses viruses as model systems to study important phenomena in human cells," as he puts it. One of those phenomena is RNAi, and Cullen recently spoke with RNAi News about his work. Let's start with a breakdown of your lab and its overall focus. In terms of RNA interference, we started out with the idea of using RNA interference as a way of inhibiting HIV-1 and other viruses, and with the idea that RNA interference is an important antiviral defense mechanism. That led us into a lot of papers that we've published over the last two or three years on how exactly microRNAs are made. The reason we got into that [stemmed from an] idea that we came up with originally back in a paper published in 2002 in Molecular Cell, [which was that a way to express] small interfering RNAs stably was to take a natural human microRNA and the one we chose was mir-30 and then modify the stem of the stem loop in mir-30 so that it would now make a novel, artificial microRNA. The idea was to then use pol-II promoters to drive expression of the siRNA. Obviously, the more we knew about how authentic microRNAs were made and … the recognition signals that allowed them to be accurately processed by the cell, the more easily we'd be able to make an artificial microRNA that we could then use to target any gene we were interested in. That kind of took on a life of its own, and we became fascinated by the whole process of how microRNAs are made regardless of the utility of what we were learning. We had a paper earlier this year in The EMBO Journal where we defined for the first time the structural parameters of primary microRNA transcripts and how they're recognized by Drosha. I think our major contribution essentially is in publishing a number of manuscripts looking at how microRNAs are made. Our secondary one is then using that information to design more effective ways of expressing artificial microRNAs using RNA polymerase II, and that's what really led to my invitation to write a News & Views [for Nature Genetics this month] on these articles that have come out. … What's happened is that, obviously the RNA interference business started out with siRNAs, and that's still, in terms of drug development, the way to go. But in terms of doing things in the laboratory, doing screens, siRNAs are not necessarily the most efficient way to approach this problem. The first thing that was developed was the small hairpin RNA approach … and that is [an imitation in many ways] of a pre-microRNA, one of the intermediates in microRNA biogenesis. What we had done in our original 2002 paper and in three or four follow-up papers was show that you can actually make a primary microRNA that has an artificial stem, which allows you to knock down a target gene. We were really the only people doing this, and we were essentially throwing rocks into the water: it was generating a few ripples but not a lot of waves. [A significant effect] wasn't until [Greg] Hannon's people [at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory] decided to pay attention to our work. They initially started out by changing their shRNA design … to incorporate some of the information we had generated … to optimize their shRNAs to look more like microRNAs. They decided to base [their changes] on our work because they used mir-30 as a template, which is the one we had always chosen to work with. What they found was if they redesigned their short hairpin RNAs to look more like microRNAs they got better expression [although] they were still running them off of pol-III promoters. What I think was the surprising result for them … was they found when they incorporated these pol-III-driven cassettes into retroviral vectors, the pol-II promoter, which is present in retroviral vectors, was actually driving more microRNA biogenesis than the pol-III promoter was. They could actually take the pol-III promoter out of the system and get very nice levels of microRNA expression. That's because they had all of the cis-acting sequences in place that allow the microRNA to be excised from any RNA transcript, and it's position-independent and promoter-independent. They now took that information and, as we had done to some degree previously but they did a better job, showed that you could use pol-II to drive these microRNA expression cassettes that make artificial microRNAs that could get very high levels of artificial microRNA expression; they call them shRNA-mir. Perhaps more importantly from a scientific perspective, they showed that they could get very nice regulated expression of the microRNA using inducible or tissue-specific pol-II promoters. I think this probably hasn't got a lot of bearing in terms of clinical treatment, but … it generates a lot of tools [that] I think will be important for future use of RNAi interference in various forms of basic and applied research. How come you don't see possibilities in the therapeutic setting? If you're going to deliver one of these cassettes, you're going to have to do it using a gene therapy-type approach. Gene therapy has been promising for a long time, but it still hasn't [resulted in] any treatment. There are lots and lots of clinical trials that are always ongoing with gene therapy, but none of them have led to a treatment for any disease that is used on a routine basis in a clinical setting. And there are ongoing problems with gene therapy; of course the adenovirus approach led to that death at [the University of Pennsylvania in 1999], and there have been a couple of cases with retroviruses where there has been onset of T-cell leukemias. These are issues that still need to be carefully resolved and so I don't think gene therapy is likely to lead to any treatment in the near future. In the longer-distance future, if gene therapy can be made into a usable technique then this kind of RNA interference approach would be extraordinarily appropriate. It's a technical issue. When last we spoke, you were talking about the work you were doing looking into the characteristics of microRNAs associated with their binding to exportin-5, and you were doing some investigation into Drosha (see RNAi News, 7/30/2004). Can you touch on where you are now in that aspect of your work? A lot of that work has been published. Exportin-5 binds to what is about a 63- or 65-nucleotide stem loop with a 2-nucleotide overhang. The question is, what is exportin-5 seeing that allows it to recognize this RNA from among all the other RNAs in the cell? Not too surprisingly it turns out it's the actual characteristics of the stem. So exportin-5 likes a short 3' overhang [about] 2-nucleotides [long]. You need a stem of a certain length, which is about 17 base pairs or something like that. That's what it sees it doesn't actually see any sequence specificity. That was even more dramatic with the Drosha story, which was published in The EMBO Journal with a follow-up paper in JBC, both this year. What we were able to show was that Drosha actually sees a stem of a specific length, and the length is about 30 base pairs long. If it is significantly shorter than 30 base pairs, like 26 or something like that, or significantly longer, say 40, then the stem is no longer recognized by Drosha. That stem has to have a large terminal loop that's unstructured, and the terminal loop has to be bigger than 10 nucleotides. That has to be flanked in turn by single-stranded sequences, so the sequences around the stem themselves cannot be structured. If you present Drosha with something that looks like that, it sits down on the stem loop and measures 22 base pairs away from the junction of the stem and the loop so it's actually sort of a molecular ruler. Then it cleaves 22 base pairs away from the stem/loop junction, which is about two-thirds of the way down the stem. That leaves you then with the pre-microRNA, which is this RNA with a 2-nucletide 3' overhang and about a 22 base pair stem. And it has this large loop, and that's what's recognized by exportin-5; exportin-5 cares about the overhang and the stem, it doesn't care so much about the loop. Drosha cares a lot about the loop. That [pre-microRNA] is transported to the cytoplasm. Dicer is also a molecular ruler. Dicer binds to the base of the stem; it recognizes a 2-nucleotide overhang on an RNA stem. It's pretty catholic in its tastes it doesn't have to be anything too specific. Just a 2-nucleotide overhang on an RNA stem is fine for Dicer. What is does is then cleave 22 base pairs away remember, Drosha cleaves 22 base pairs down, Dicer cleaves 22 base pairs up. The net result of that is Dicer pretty precisely removes the terminal loop. That explains what is going on it's all RNA recognition. There's a lot of work to be done still in terms of trying to understand the domain organization of the RNase III enzymes and how they recognize their structures. But I think at the molecular level we have a good grasp now of what is being recognized and it is specific kinds of RNA structures that are being recognized. Where does that lead you and you lab into what you're focusing on now? What we're mostly focusing on now are viral microRNAs. We had a paper in press in PNAS back in April or so where we looked a Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus and showed that that virus makes 11 microRNAs. Tom Tuschl's lab [at Rockefeller University] has been very active in this field also he's had a couple of very nice papers. … We have papers submitted that I obviously can't tell you too much about looking at microRNA expression from a number of viruses and showing that several of the human viruses make microRNAs, and those microRNAs are in some cases highly conserved. The big thing we're working on now is identifying the exact targets of the viral microRNAs because the viral microRNAs are made by these viruses when they infect cells. The point is that, presumably, the microRNAs are made so that the virus can turn off genes that the host uses to defend itself against viruses. We have preliminary data identifying a target for one of the viral microRNAs that is a protein actually involved in mediating antigen presentation. Given the large number of microRNAs, I think what we're going to see is that a lot of these microRNAs are actually involved in attenuating aspects of the immune system. From a basic science perspective, it's fascinating. It [also] opens up the possibility of treating viral diseases by blocking their microRNAs. This is kind of the antagomir approach that was published in Nature a couple of weeks ago by the Rockefeller group (see RNAi News, 11/4/2005). If you could in some way specifically target the viral microRNAs, and if these viral microRNAs are critical, then you would be able to treat the viral disease, perhaps even cure it. The third thing is, these things are presumably microRNAs designed to inactivate human genes, and that offers you the potential to identify naturally designed microRNAs that are a very effective inhibitor of human genes, and potentially those might be genes involved in mediating inflammation or inappropriate immune responses in certain settings. So one of the things a lot of people have thought about with microRNAs or siRNAs is if they could be delivered locally to, say, an arthritic joint or to some location where there is inappropriate inflammation or excessive immune response. You might be able to identify viral microRNAs that are actually targeted against genes that you might want to turn off in a certain setting, so some of the reagents might be quite useful. Those are all pie-in-the-sky [ideas] of course, but they show that we are thinking ahead. File Attachments The Scan Booster for At-Risk Preprints OK to Mention Again Hundreds of Millions More to Share
Oxygen Sensor Theory What If Dyno Project Goal Issues needing resolution O2 Sensor Theory Combustion Dynamics Detonation Effects Supporting Math Progress Report Testing Procedures Political Rant Click images for larger Fan Shroud Beginning of engine stand Stock ignition w/marks Valve lapping with hot glue preheat bolt and valve with propane torch, use tubing and drill after cooled. Narrow and Wide Band Linear Oxygen Sensor Theory If you find any errors, or have differing opinions on this content, lets discuss it. I want this information to be as accurate as possible; otherwise it will not serve us well. Types of Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensors The exhaust gas oxygen sensor is typically used in electronic fuel injection systems where the oxygen content of the exhaust gas is measured and used to automatically adjust the fuel injectors to achieve a specific air to fuel ratio (a/f/r). This is referred to as closed-loop operation. Another popular use of the oxygen sensor is to measure a/f/r while performing engine tuning for power. In this way, a speed-density fuel injection system or carbrureted engine can be corrected for varying performance conditions. The tuner can use the measured results to recalibrate the a/f/r to an acceptable ratio. There are two basic types of OSs. Narrow band (four wires or less) and wide band (five wires or more). The narrow band sensors are designed to operate around an a/f/r of 14.7:1, and are of no use for power mixtures of a/f/r = 12.6:1. The wide band O2 sensor is designed to provide accurate indications from 10:1 through 20:1 a/f/r, which includes the power a/f/r of 12.6:1. I will now explain the operation of the narrow band sensor because it is a component part of the wide band sensor. Narrow Band Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensor The narrow band sensor is depicted below. This sensor consists of a porous zirconium material with two metalic leads that are not shown in the drawing. One lead is attached to engine ground, and the other lead connects the OS output voltage back to the engine control computer. The zirconium, when exposed to outside air on one side and exhaust gas on the other side, becomes a electromotive force (voltage) generator. This form of a chemical generator uses oxygen ions to develop its output voltage potential difference between the two metalic leads. The voltage generated depends upon the oxygen difference on the two sides of the zirconium electrode, and also requires that the zirconium element be sustained at a temperature of at least 600F degrees. Above 600F degrees, the narrow band oxygen sensor generates an output voltage proportional to the oxygen content of the exhaust gas. This oxygen sensor compares the oxygen present in the exhaust gas to the outside atmosphere oxygen content. When the exhaust gas mixture becomes rich, there is less oxygen left because the fuel burn used up most of the oxygen. When the mixture is lean, then there is not enough fuel to use up all the oxygen, which results in unburned surplus oxygen. These rich and lean conditions cause the narrow band OS to sharply switch between 0.6VDC (600mv when rich) and 0.3VDC (300mv when lean). The reference point for this switching action is referred to as the stoichiometric point (a/f/r = 14.7:1). Refer to the voltage waveform of the narrow band graph shown below. The stoichiometric condition of 14.7:1 a/f/r is important to automotive design because this a/f/r allows the catalytic converter to maximize its effect of reducing harmful exhaust gas emissions during the catalytic converter process. The stoich condition of engine mixture control coupled with catalytic converters is critical in reducing harmful automobile emissions. Therefore, this stoich a/f/r was the chosen reference for narrow band oxygen sensor development back in the 1980's. Stoich a/f/r is maintainable when an engine is operated at 15% or less of maximum engine power. 15% is the approximate cruise power requirement for most automobiles, and cruise is where the automobile engine operates during the majority of its use. When you push the pedal to the metal, then the engine management drops closed loop stoich measurement operation, and switches to an open loop richer a/f/r to protect the engine from detonation at high power levels. The below graph describes the lambda value and associated voltage output from the narrow band oxygen sensor unit. Lambda is a ratio of ratios. Some engine control designs use lambda as the unit of measure for the a/f/r whereas other engine control systems use the actual a/f/r value. When the a/f/r equals 14.7 parts air to 1 part fuel, the condition of stoichiometric is achieved and lambda is equal to one. When lambda equals 0.98, then the a/f/r is 15:1. This means that the 14.7:1 divided by 15:1 has a ratio of 0.98. Likewise, an a/f/r of 14.4:1 would result in a lambda of 1.02 ( 14.7:1 divided by 14.4:1). The narrow band sensor does not begin to generate it's full output voltage until it reaches about 600F degrees. Prior to this time the sensor is not conductive, and it is as if the circuit of the sensor is open. Although this narrow band OS sensor is fairly cheap ($25.00), it will not serve the needs of aircraft or boat engine tuners who want sustained power levels greater than 15%. It also does not serve the needs of auto tuners who are trying to prevent engine meltdown during bursts of high performance power. Wide Band Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensor The wide band sensor on the other hand does meet the high power lambda sensing requirements due to its linear nature. The wide band sensor is basically composed of two narrow band sensors within the same enclosure. The principle of operation of each sensor is the same as the narrow band sensor. What is different, is that one of the sensors is an oxygen pumping unit. The above diagram represents a typical wide band oxygen sensor. Notice the zirconium pumping cell and the zirconium sensing cell. The zirconium cells consist of a porous substrate with a conductive lead attached to each side of the substrate. These two cells are both made from the same materials as the narrow band oxygen sensor. The difference is that the pumping cell will move oxygen through the porous substrate from left to right or from right to left based upon the direction of the pumping cell current applied to the Ip+ and Ip- leads. When current is applied to the pumping cell, it passes oxygen ions from one side of the porous substrate to the other side. These design engineers were very crafty. They realized that if you could some how keep the sensing cell near stoichiometric condition, then the voltage generated by the sensing cell would be fairly linear. So they decided to monitor the exhaust gas in an exhaust sensing chamber (a diffusion restricted sample flow rate of the exhaust gas flow), and pump oxygen with the pumping cell into or out of the exhaust sensing chamber to reach stoichiometric condition within the exhaust sensing chamber. The oxygen ion pumping action will maintain the restricted flow exhaust sensing chamber stoich even though the exhaust gas within the exhaust gas chamber is other than stoich. Now you simply measure the pumping cell current to determine the actual wide band oxygen content of the exhaust gas chamber. Notice that the below lambda range now includes lambda's of 0.686 through 1.36 which covers an a/f/r range of 10:1 to 20:1 respectively. The measured pumping cell current would represent the true oxygen content of the exhaust gas chamber because of the required correction taking place within the exhaust sensing chamber. As the exhaust gas slowly (restricted inlet and outlet) drifts through the exhaust sensing chamber, the pumping cell continues to add or remove oxygen to maintain stoichiometric within the exhaust sensing chamber. For this wide band concept to work, the sensing cell must have a sealed stoichiometric reference chamber which is shown on the right side of the sensing cell in the drawing below. The sensing cell senses the oxygen content difference between the two sides of the sensing cell. Notice in the sensor diagram below, that the sensing cell has the reference cell on one side, and the exhaust sensing chamber on the other side. Therefore, the sensing cell will generate a voltage proportional to the oxygen content difference between reference chamber and the exhaust sense chamber. Those robin egg blue lines in the drawing are the electrode leads that attach to the cells and transmit electrical contact out of the oxygen sensor assembly. The pumping cell, on the other hand, has the exhaust gas chamber on one side and the exhaust sensing chamber on the other side. The pump cell either pumps oxygen ions from the exhaust gas chamber into the exhaust sensing chamber, or it pumps oxygen ions from the exhaust sensing chamber into the exhaust gas chamber. The polarity of the pumping current determines which way the oxygen ions will transfer. In either case, the oxygen content of the exhaust sensing chamber is modified. All we have to do now is to monitor the sense cell voltage output, and adjust the pumping current to maintain a constant sense cell output voltage which will remain within the linear range of the sense cell. What a clever design, because now the sensing cell is always operating within it's narrow band linear range of operation while the pumping cell current can indicate wide band oxygen content within the exhaust gas chamber. You may have to read this section a couple of times before it really soaks in. Wide Band Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensor Heater Problems Now that we understand the basic principle of operation, lets address some physical concerns. We already acknowledged that the temperature of the sensing cell must be greater than 600F degrees before the output voltage becomes active. In the real world you want the temperature to remain between 750F degrees and 900F degrees for the most linear output voltage. To maintain these temperatures, an electric heater unit is powered to heat the sensor to the proper operating temperature range. But there is another problem here. The exhaust gas temperature varies with engine power, and these variances affect the cell temperature regardless of the electric heater action. The exhaust gases can add to the heater power (during high engine power) and cease to add heat to the sensor during very low engine power levels. Therefore the heater circuit must be able to adjust itself for these exhaust gas flow temperature differences. Another problem is that the sensing cell will start developing output voltage below 700F degrees while the pumping cell can't effectively move oxygen ions until it has reached 700F degrees. This means that we can not use the sense cell output voltage until the pump cell oxygen ion pumping action can control the sense cell output voltage. So we need a fast heater during engine start up, and a detection system to determine when the wide band oxygen sensor output voltage is valid. Many WBOS controllers out there do not address the exhaust gas temperature fluctuations, and simply apply a fixed electrical power to the heater unit. They are branded as "non-scientific" models. The more accurate models must incorporate solutions to the temperature problems described above. Another concern is the factory established calibration resistor which is intended to compensate for manufacturing differences between units. This calibration resistor value will indicate a correction factor required for the pumping cell and the sensing cell interaction during operation. Last of all, exhaust gas back pressure can have an effect upon the sense cell output. This has to do with the porosity of the sense cell. If the cell material has pores to small, then exhaust gases will be restricted, and exhaust back pressure will vary the effectiveness of the pumping cell. If the pumping cell effectiveness changes, then the pumping cell current has a varying effect upon the sense cell. If the pumping cell has pores that are to large, then exhaust gas contaminates can get lodged into the pores and once again reduce the pumping cell effectiveness. OS manufacturer's attempt to select the optimum pore size, which reduces the effect of exhaust gas back pressure without contaminate problems. This optimum pore size is hard to maintain during volume manufacturing. Highly accurate OS controllers may want to consider this exhaust gas back pressure in the OS measurement process, if the back pressure is significant. High performance engines usually have mild back pressure and are not affected to any significant degree by exhaust gas back pressure changes to the OS measurements. Wide Band Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensor Controllers There are a couple of WBOS sensors available at a current price of about $120.00 each. In addition to being expensive, these sensors require elaborate heater and charge pump control as described above. Controllers for these wide-band OS sensors vary in price from $100.00 through $1,000.00, plus the sensor cost, depending upon the degree of accuracy required. Return to top of page. Return to HomePage Copyright © 2009 by Lynn W. Graves Reproduction or republication for commercial use prohibited without express written permission See website rules for further legal information Website owned and operated by Lynn W. Graves. Last updated (29Dec08 ), lynn@whatifdyno.com
Bagelen, the First Colonization Area in Indonesia Colonists in Bagelen, Gedong Tataan, Pesawaran, Lampung. Photos were made in 1927. (Photo Doc: Repro) In general, a group of colonists from Java who came to the Gedong Tataan area were divided into 5 stages, namely the first generation in 1905, the second generation in 1906, the third generation in 1907, the fourth generation in 1908 and the fifth generation arrived in 1909. INDEPHEDIA - The history of population movements between islands in Indonesia, or better known as transmigration, began during the occupation of the Dutch colonial government, which was then called colonization. Whereas those who follow this program are called colonists. Most of the people who colonize come from Java and their placement is on the island of Sumatra. The colonization program in Indonesia was a strategic part of ethical politics (etische politiek) launched by Governor General Van Deventer, namely politics of reciprocation towards the people which in general included irrigation programs, education and colonization itself. Ethical politics of strategic efforts used by the Dutch East Indies government when launching its expansion out of Java, especially those that were the main target of the area on the island of Sumatra. Their efforts to expand the plantation area outside of Java Island were built with a very accurate sociological and anthropological approach. The first colonization in Indonesia, the initial placement was in Lampung. Residents who came from Java Island were placed in Lampung began in 1905. At that time, the first generation caravan was brought by one of the leaders who acted as a coordinator named Kartoredjo. The group was also referred to as the forerunner of the residents of Bagelen Village, the first batch of Gedong Tataan. They mostly consist of colonists from the area of Bagelen, Purworejo, Kedu Residency, Central Java. The colonization group from Java moved to Lampung to be transported by ship docked at Teluk Betung Port. After they arrived at Teluk Betung Port, to the location of the placement then walk. The area they headed was a place called Gedong Tataan. For three days the group walked. Luggage from Java is carried or carried. When tired the group rests. The intended area, namely Gedong Tataan, turned out to still be in the form of thicket forest and the place has not been inhabited by many people. At that time, a group of colonists from the Kartoredjo generation were 43 people, of whom 3 were women. All three were given special assignments for cooking. At that time, how difficult it was to break through the forest. The road they passed was still a path. Meanwhile, Lampung's native inhabitants in this area are mostly still dwellings / dukuhs and banners. Upon arrival at the destination, they begin cutting down trees and shrubs in the area they are intended to. Henceforth, after the placement area was open, gradually these colonists built their dwellings clad in planks or wood and roofed thatch. The arrival of the colonists from Bagelen, Purworejo, Kedu, Central Java to Gedong Tataan, in its placement did not happen at once. The group came gradually over a period of several years. Along the same, prepared areas or residential land carried out by a group of predecessors. The presence of colonists with their place of residence, grew new villages in this area. Places that were once sparsely populated and still overgrown with trees and shrubs everywhere were gradually starting to settle more. After the arrival of colonists to this area, the development of new openings continued to progress. Not only in terms of the level of crowds and physical buildings, but also the area is gradually becoming more open. The colonists also increased. As migrants, they want to work to meet their daily needs and to develop their area even though everything is still limited at that time. In general, the group of colonists from Java who came to the Gedong Tataan area were divided into 5 stages, namely the first generation in 1905, the second generation in 1906, the third generation in 1907, the fourth generation in 1908 and the fifth generation arrived in 1909. colonists planned for the Dutch East Indies government for a period of 5 consecutive years. Furthermore, in 1910 the Dutch East Indies colonial government gave a policy by surrendering land in Bagelen Village, Gedong Tataan, to the villagers for 537 bauw or about 424 hectares. Every family head (KK) gets a share of 1 bauw land. With details, 0.25 bauw for the yard and 0.75 bauw for rice fields or cultivation. Broadly speaking, based on the monograph of Bagelen Village, Gedong Tataan, the number of colonization residents from the Bagelen area, Purworejo, Central Java, were brought to the Gedong Tataan area, the first group arrived in 1905 as many as 43 people, consisting of 40 men and 3 women led by Mr. Eteeng. In 1906, or the second group followed 203 people or 100 heads of households (KK) led by Mr. Heers. In 1907, there were more than 100 people or 50 families. This third group was led by Mr. Alweek. The fourth group in 1908 followed as many as 500 people or 250 families led by Mr. Baang and the fifth group in 1909, the number of lives brought was unclear. The same is true of leading the group. Of the five known waves, the arrival of the most colonists of his group was brought in in 1908. The group led by Tuan Baang reached 250 heads of households or as many as 500 people. While the group arrived a little in the first wave of 1905 led by Mr. Eteeng. The colonists brought in only 43 people, of which 3 were women. Based on the division of land to each head of the family, the houses of colonists in the area opened are arranged in a row with a position lined up and limited by a connecting road. Uniquely, the roads in this village are in the form of an intersection (three intersections) and a number of intersections that stretch straight to the next junction. Villages of colonists in Gedong Tataan from time to time continue to experience growth. From 1905 to 6 June 1987, Bagelen Village consisted of 10 (ten) hamlets, each in Bagelen I, Bagelen II, Bagelen III, Bagelen IV, Bagelen V (Jembarangan), Bagelen VI (Kutoarjo I), Bagelen VII ( Kutoarjo II), Bagelen VIII (Karang Anyar I), Bagelen IX (Karang Anyar II) and Bagelen X (Wonorejo). When Budi Utomo was the first modern organization in Indonesia to be established on May 20, 1908, which was a milestone in the beginning of the national movement, there were no signs that this organization had a major influence in Lampung, especially in the village of Begelen, Gedong Tataan. Budi Utomo's followers in this area have not yet been seen, even though here before and after colonization has taken place from 1905 to 1909. This is understandable, considering that the Javanese people who colonized the Pesawaran area at that time were mostly ordinary people who did not understand correctly in organizing. They are not to be educated or given freedom to participate in an organization. Meanwhile, Budi Utomo generally moved a lot among the educated, the nobility and prijajis all of whom could be classified as elite. Nevertheless, despite the milestones of the national movement in Java, the arrival of hundreds of colonists from Central Java (Central Java) to this area has also become a new chapter in the development and integration of people between islands in the country, before the government of the Republic of Indonesia (RI) program was known as transmigration. The development of the population's population continues to grow from time to time, making the village increasingly crowded. This increase in soul, is not only due to the arrival of a group of colonists in several stages, but its development is also from subsequent generations. Since June 6, 1987, Bagelen Village has been divided into several villages whose territory consists of a number of hamlets, including the Hamlet of Bagelen I, Bagelen II, Bagelen III and Bagelen IV. The village head (Kades) who once headed Bagelen Village, Gedong Tataan Subdistrict, included Poerwo (1905-1907), Kartoredjo (1907-1912), Sastro Sentiko (1912-1920), Pawiro Tinoyo (1920-1945), Mangunrejo ( 1945-1958), Sastro Suwarno (1958-1968), Suparman (1968-1970), Ahmad Fariji (1970-1980), Toyo Day Rizal (1980-1988), Wagiso (1988-2006) and Edi Supriyanto (2006 to period 2013). (***) Source: Book "Pesawaran District in Historical Strands", Author: Akhmad Sadad (Founder of INDEPHEDIA.com). Publisher: Pesawaran District Government, 2010-2011. Buka Komentar Tutup Komentar No comments: Write comment Back to Top
Computer Networks Intradomain Routing 22 minute read Intradomain Routing Routing Algorithms Let's assume that we have two hosts that have established a connection between them using TCP or UDP as we saw in the previous lecture. Each of the two hosts know the default router (or first-hop router as we say). When a host sends a packet, the packet is first transferred to that default router. But what happens after that? In this lecture we will see the algorithms that we need so that when a packet leaves the default router of the sending host will travel over a path towards the default router of the destination host. A packet will be able to travel from the sending host to the destination host with the help of intermediate routers. When a packet arrives at a router, the router is responsible to consult a forwarding table and then to determine the outgoing link interface to forward the packet. So by forwarding we refer to transferring a packet from an incoming link to an outgoing link within a single router. We will talk about forwarding in a following lecture. By routing we refer to how routers work together using routing protocols to determine the good paths (or good routes as we call them) over which the packets travel from the source to the destination node. When we have routers that belong to the same administrative domain we refer to the routing that takes place as intradomain routing. But when the routers belong to different administrative domains, we refer to interdomain routing. In this lecture we focus on intradomain routing algorithms or Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs). The two major classes of algorithms that we have are: A) link-state and B) distance-vector algorithms. For the following algorithms we represent each router as a node, and a link between two routers as an edge. Each edge is associated with a cost. In this lecture, we discuss intradomain routing, where all the nodes and subnets are owned and managed by the same organization. (In contrast, interdomain routing is about routing between different organizations – such as between two ISPs.) Before we begin talking about intradomain routing algorithms, what could weights on the graph edges represent in these diagrams, when we are seeking the least-cost path between two nodes? • Length of the cable • Time delay to traverse the link • Monetary cost • Link capacity • Current load on the link Linkstate Routing Algorithm In this topic, we will talk about the link state routing protocols, and more specifically about the Dijkstra's algorithm. In the linkstate routing protocol, the link costs and the network topology are known to all nodes (for example by broadcasting these values). Let's introduce some basic terminology. By u we represent our source node. By v we present every other node in the network. By D(v) we represent the cost of the current least cost path from u to v. By p(v) we present the previous node along the current least cost path from u to v. By N' we represent the subset of nodes along the current least-cost path from u to v. Initialization step. We note that the algorithm starts with an initialization step, where we initialize all the currently known least-cost paths from u to its directly attached neighbors. We know these costs because they are the costs of the immediate links. For nodes in the network that they are not directly attached to u, we initialize the cost path as infinity. We also initialize the set N' to include only the source node u. Iterations. After the initialization step, the algorithm follows with a loop that is executed for every destination node v in the network. At each iteration, we look at the set of nodes that are not included in N', and we identify the node (say w) with the least cost path from the previous iteration. We add that node w into N'. For every neighbor v of w, we update D(v) with the new cost which is either the old cost from u to v (from the previous iteration) or the known least path cost from source node u to w, plus the cost from w to v, whichever between the two quantities is the minimum. The algorithm exits by returning the shortest paths, and their costs, from the source node u to every other node v in the network. Linkstate Routing Algorithm - Example Let's look at an example of the linkstate routing algorithm. We have the graph below and we consider our source node to be u. Our goal is to compute the least-cost paths from u to all nodes v in the network. We start with the initialization step, where we set all the currently known least-cost paths from u to it's directly attached neighbors v, x and w. For the rest of the nodes in the network we set the cost to infinity, because they are not immediate neighbors to source node u. We also initialize the set N' to include only the source node u. The first row in our table represents the initialization step. In the first iteration, we look among the nodes that are not yet in N', and we select the node with the least cost from the previous iteration. In this case, this is node x. Then we update D for all the immediate neighbors of x, which in this case are nodes v and w. For example, we update D(w) as the minimum between: the cost we had from the previous iteration which is 5, and the cost from u to x (1) plus cost from x to w (3). The minimum between the two is 4. We update the second row in our table. We continue in a similar manner for the rest of the nodes in the table. The algorithm exits in the 5th iteration. Linkstate Routing Algorithm - Computational Complexity What is the computational complexity of the linkstate routing algorithm? In other words, in the worst case, how many computations are needed to find the least-cost paths from the source to all destinations in the network? In the first iteration we need to search through all nodes to find the node with the minimum path cost. But as we proceed in the next iterations, this number decreases. So in the second iteration we search through (n-1) nodes. This decrease continues at every step. So by the end of the algorithm, after we go through all the iterations, we will need to search through n(n+1)/2 nodes. Thus the complexity of the algorithm is in the order of n squared O(n^2). In the previous example, node u was the source node, and distances were calculated from u to each other node. Consider the same example, but let x be the source node. Notice that node x has more direct neighbors than u does. Suppose x is executing the linkstate algorithm as discussed, and has just finished the initialization step. Which of the following statements are true? Node x will execute the same number of iterations that node u did, as the number of immediate neighbors has no impact on the number of iterations the algorithm requires. Note that the algorithm continues iterating until N' = N - 1 that is, until every node is the graph is in N'. As there are 6 nodes, there will always be 5 iterations after initialization. Distance Vector Routing In this section, we will talk about the distance vector routing algorithm. The DV routing algorithm is iterative (the algorithm iterates until the neighbors do not have new updates to send to each other), asynchronous (the algorithm does not require the nodes to be synchronized with each other), and distributed (direct nodes send information to one another, and then they resend their results back after performing their own calculations, so the calculations are not happening in a centralized manner). The DV algorithm is based on the Bellman Ford Algorithm. Each node maintains its own distance vector, with the costs to reach every other node in the network. Then, from time to time, each node sends its own distance vector to its neighbor nodes. The neighbor nodes in turn, receive that distance vector and they use it to update their own distance vectors. In other words, the neighboring nodes exchange their distance vectors to update their own view of the network. How the vector update is happening? Each node x updates its own distance vector using the Bellman Ford equation: Dx(y) = minv{c(x,v) + Dv(y)} for each destination node y in the network. A node x, computes the least cost to reach destination node y, by considering the options that it has to reach y through each of its neighbor v. So node x considers the cost to reach neighbor v, and then it adds the least cost from that neighbor v to the final destination y. It calculates that quantity over all neighbors v and it takes the minimum. Formally, the DV algorithm is as follows: Distance Vector Routing Example Now, let's see an example of the distance vector routing algorithm. Let's consider the three node network shown here: In the first iteration, each node has its own view of the network, which is represented by an individual table. Every row in the table is the distance vector of each node. Node x has it's own table, and the same is true for nodes y and z. We note that in the first iteration, node x does not have any information about the y's and z's distance vectors, thus these values are set to infinity. In the second iteration, the nodes exchange their distance vectors and they update their individual views of the network. Node x computes its new distance vector, using the Bellman Ford equation for every destination node y and z. For each destination, node x compares the cost to reach that destination through a neighbor node. dx(y) = min{c(x,y) + dy(y), c(x,z)+dz(y) } = min{2+0, 7+1} = 2 dx(z) = min{c(x,y) + dy(z), c(x,z)+dz(z) } = min{2+1, 7+0} = 3 At the same time, node x receives the distance vectors from y and z from the first iteration. So it updates its table to reflect its view of the network accordingly. Nodes y and z repeat the same steps to update their own tables. In the third iteration, the nodes get the distance vectors from the previous iteration (if they have changed), and they repeat the same calculations. Finally, each node has its own routing table. Finally, at this point, there are no further updates send from the nodes, thus the nodes are not doing any further calculations on their distance vectors. The nodes enter a waiting mode, until there is a change in the link costs. Now, we will see what is happening when a node identifies that a link that it is connecting it to one of its neighbors as changed. Let's consider the following example topology below: Let's assume that the link cost between x-y changes to 1. 1. At time t0, y detects that cost to x has changed from 4 to 1, so it updates its distance vector and sends it to its neighbors. 2. At time t1, z receives the update from y. Now it thinks that is can reach x through y with a cost of 2. And it sends its new distance vector to its neighbors. 3. At time t2, y receives update from z. Y distance vector does not change its distance vector and does not send updates. In this scenario, we note that the fact that there was a decrease in the link cost, it propagated quickly among the nodes, as it only took a few iterations. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. Let's consider the following scenario where a link cost increases by a large amount. Let's assume that the link y-x has a new cost of 60. 1. At t0, y detects that cost has changed, now it will update its distance vector thinking that it can still reach x through z with a total cost of 5+1=6 2. At t1, we have a routing loop, where z thinks it can reach x through y and y thinks it can reach x through z. This will be causing the packets to be bouncing back and forth between y and z until their tables change. 3. z and y keep updating each other about their new cost to reach x. For example, y computes its new cost to be 6, it informs z. Then z computes its new cost to be 7, and it informs y, and so on. This back and forth continues for a total of 44 iterations, at which point z computes its cost to be larger than 50, and that point it will prefer to reach x directly rather than through y. In contrast to the previous scenario, this link cost change took a long time to propagate among the nodes of the network. This is known as the count-to-infinity problem. Poison Reverse A solution to the previous problem is the following idea, called poison reverse: since z reaches x through y, z will advertise to y that the distance to x is infinity (Dz(x)=infinity). However z knows that this is not true and Dz(x)=5. z tells this lie to y, as long as it knows that it can reach to x via y. Since y assumes that z has no path to x except via y, it will never send packets to x via z. So z poisons the path from z to y. Things change when the cost from x to y changes to 60. y will update its table and send packet to x directly with cost Dy(x)=60. It will inform z about its new cost to x, after this update is received. Then z will immediately shift its route to x to be via the direct (z,x) link at cost 50. Since there is a new path to x, z will inform y that Dz(x)=50. When y receives this update from z, y will update Dy(x)=51=c(y,z)+Dz(x). Since z is now on least cost path of y to reach x, y poisons the reverse path from z to x by. Y tells z that Dy(x)=inf, even though y knows that Dy(x)=51. This technique will solve the problem with 2 nodes, however poisoned reverse will not solve a general count to infinity problem involving 3 or more nodes that are not directly connected. Distance Vector Routing Protocol Example: RIP The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is based on the Distance Vector protocol. The first version, released as a part of the BSD version of Unix, uses hop count as a metric (i.e. assumes link cost as 1). The metric for choosing a path could be shortest distance, lowest cost or a load-balanced path. In RIP, routing updates are exchanged between neighbors periodically, using a RIP response message, as opposed to distance vectors in the DV Protocols. These messages, called RIP advertisements, contain information about sender's distances to destination subnets. Let's look at a simple RIP example to illustrate how it works. The figure below shows a portion of the network. Here, A, B, C and D denote the routers and w, x, y and z denote the subnet masks. Each router maintains a routing table, which contains its own distance vector as well as the router's forwarding table. If we have a look at the routing table of Router D, we will see that it has three columns: destination subnet, identification of the next router along the shortest path to the destination, and the number of hops to get to the destination along the shortest path. A routing table will have one row for each subnet in the AS. For this example, the table in the above figure indicates that to send a datagram from router D to destination subnet w, the datagram should first be forwarded to neighboring router A; the table also indicates that destination subnet w is two hops away along the shortest path. Now if router D receives from router A the advertisement (the routing table information of router A) shown in the figure below it merges the advertisement with the old routing table. In particular, router D learns that there is now a path through router A to subnet z that is shorter than the path through router B. Therefore, router D updates its table to account for the new shortest path. The updated routing table is shown in the figure below. As the Distance Vector algorithm is in the process of converging or as new links or routers are getting added to the AS, the shortest path is changing. Each node maintains a RIP Table (Routing Table), which will have one row for each subnet in the AS. RIP version 2 allows subnet entries to be aggregated using route aggregation techniques. If a router does not hear from its neighbor at least once every 180 seconds, that neighbor is considered to be no longer reachable (broken link). In this case, the local routing table is modified and changes are propagated. Routers send request and response messages over UDP, using port number 520, which is layered on top of network-layer IP protocol. RIP is actually implemented as an application-level process. Some of the challenges with RIP include updating routes, reducing convergence time, and avoiding loops/count-to-infinity problems. Linkstate Routing Protocol Example: OSPF Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol which uses a link state routing algorithm to find the best path between the source and the destination router. OSPF was introduced as an advancement of the RIP Protocol, operating in upper-tier ISPs. It is a link-state protocol that uses flooding of link-state information and a Dijkstra least-cost path algorithm. Advances include authentication of messages exchanged between routers, the option to use multiple same cost paths, and support for hierarchy within a single routing domain. As we have seen already, a link state routing algorithm is a dynamic routing algorithm in which each router shares knowledge of its neighbors with every other router in the network. The network topology that is built as a result can be viewed as a directed graph with preset weights for each edge assigned by the administrator. Hierarchy. An OSPF autonomous system can be configured hierarchically into areas. Each area runs its own OSPF link-state routing algorithm, with each router in an area broadcasting its link state to all other routers in that area. Within each area, one or more area border routers are responsible for routing packets outside the area. Exactly one OSPF area in the AS is configured to be the backbone area. The primary role of the backbone area is to route traffic between the other areas in the AS. The backbone always contains all area border routers in the AS and may contain non-border routers as well. For packets routing between two different areas, it is required that the packet be sent through an area border router, through the backbone and then to the area border router within the destination area, before finally reaching the destination. Operation. First, a graph (topological map) of the entire AS is constructed. Then, considering itself as the root node, each router computes the shortest-path tree to all subnets, by running Djikstra's algorithm locally. The link costs have been pre-configured by a network administrator. The administrator has a variety of choices while configuring the link costs. For instance, he may choose to set them to be inversely proportional to link capacity, or set them all to one. Given set of link weights, OSFP provides the mechanisms for determining least-cost path routing. Whenever there is a change in a link's state, the router broadcasts routing information to all other routers in the AS, not just to its neighboring routers. It also broadcasts a link's state periodically even if its state hasn't changed. Link State Advertisements. Every router within a domain that operates on OSPF uses Link State Advertisements (LSAs). LSA communicates the router's local routing topology to all other local routers in the same OSPF area. In practice, LSA is used for building a database (called the link state database) containing all the link states. LSAs are typically flooded to every router in the domain. This helps form a consistent network topology view. Any change in the topology requires corresponding changes in LSAs. Refresh rate for LSAs. OSPF typically has a refresh rate for LSAs, which has a default period of 30 minutes. If a link comes alive before this refresh period is reached, they routers connected to that link ensure LSA flooding. Since the process of flooding can happen multiple times, every router receives multiple copies of refreshes or changes - and stores the first received LSA change as new, and the subsequent ones as duplicates. Processing OSPF Messages in the Router In the previous section, we looked at OSPF fundamentals and how it operates using Link State Advertisements (LSA). In this section we will look at how the OSPF messages are processed in the router in more detail. To do this, let's begin with a simple model of a router given in the figure above. The router consists of a route processor (which is the main processing unit) and interface cards that receive data packets which are forwarded via a switching fabric. Let us break down router processing in a few steps: 1. Initially, the LS update packets which contain LSAs from a neighboring router reaches the current router's OSPF (which is the route processor). This is the first trigger for the route processor. As the LS Updates reach the router, a consistent view of the topology is being formed and this information is stored in the link-state database. Entries of LSAs correspond to the topology which is actually visible from the current router. 2. Using this information from the link-state database, the current router calculates the shortest path using shortest path first (SPF) algorithm. The result of this step is fed to the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) 3. The information in the FIB is used when a data packet arrives at an interface card of the router, where the next hop for the packet is decided and its forwarded to the outgoing interface card. To further understand OSPF processing, let's look at the following flow chart and view it in time slices (T1, T2, …, T7). We've already noted that the processing tasks begin at the receipt of an LS update packet (T1). For every LSA unpacked from the update packet, the OSPF protocol checks whether it is a new or a duplicate LSA. This is done by referring to the link-state database, and checking for the sequence number of the LSA to a matching LSA instance in the database. For every new LSA, the database is updated, an SPF calculation is scheduled (T2) and it's determined which interface the LSA needs to be flooded out of. In modern routers, the when of LSA flooding can be based on a timer. When all the LSAs from an LS update packet have been processed (T3), the LSAs are prepared and flooded out as an LS Update packet to the next router (T4). After this, we move on to the actual execution of SPF calculation within the router (T5 and T6). Since SPF calculation is a CPU-intensive task, SPF calculations are scheduled and carried out over a period of time (usually when LSA's are changed) so as to offset the CPU costs. After the SPF calculation is completed, the FIB is updated (T7). Hot Potato Routing In large networks, routers rely both on interdomain and intradomain routing protocols to route the traffic. The routers within the network use the intradomain routing protocols to find the best path to route the traffic within the network. In case when the final destination of the traffic is outside the network, then the traffic will travel towards the networks exit (egress points) before leaving the network. In some cases there are multiple egress points that the routers can choose from. These egress points (routers) can be equally good in the sense that they offer similarly good external paths to the final destination. In this case, hot potato routing is a technique/practice of choosing a path within the network, by choosing the closest egress point based on intradomain path cost (Interior Gateway Protocol/IGP cost). Let's look at an example. In the figure above, we have a network, and specifically we are looking at the a router located in Dallas and the router needs to forward traffic towards a destination. It could do so via New York or San Francisco. We assume that both egress points offer BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) path costs, so they are equally good egress points. In this case, the router has multiple egress points. We see that the IGP path cost for SF is 9 while the path cost for NY is 10. Thus, the router uses hot potato routing to choose to send the traffic to the destination via SF. Hot potato routing simplifies computations for the routers as they are already aware of the IGP path costs. It makes sure that the path remains consistent, since the next router in the path will also choose to send the packet to the same egress point. Hot potato routing also effectively reduces the network's resource consumption by getting the traffic out as soon as possible. Example Traffic Engineering Framework In this section we will see an example traffic engineering framework. It involves three main components: measure, model and control as shown in the below figure. As a first step, the network operator measures the topology of the network and traffic demands. The next step involves predicting the effect of change in IGP parameters on the traffic flow to evaluate different link weights. Finally, once the weights are decided, the new values are updated on the routers. Measure: The efficient assignment of link weights depends on the real time view of the network state which includes: • the operational routers and links, • the link capacity and IGP parameters configuration. The status of the network elements can be obtained using Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) polling or via SNMP traps. The link capacity and the IGP parameters can be gathered from the configuration data of the routers or external databases that enable the provisioning of the network elements. Furthermore, a software router could act as an IGP route monitor by participating in OSPF/IS-IS with operational routers and reporting real time topology information. In addition to the current network state, the network operator also requires an estimate of the traffic in the network that can be acquired either by prior history or by using the following measurement techniques: 1. Directly from the SNMP Management Information Bases (MIBs) 2. By combining packet-level measurements at the network edge using the information in routing tables 3. Network tomography which involves observing the aggregate load on the links along with the routing data 4. Direct observation of the traffic using new packet sampling techniques Model: This involves predicting the traffic flow through the network based on the IGP configuration. The best path between two routers is selected by calculating the shortest path between them when all the links belong to the same OSPF/IS-IS area. In case of large networks consisting of multiple OSPF/IS-IS areas, the path selection among routers in different areas is dependent on the summary information passed across the area boundaries. If there are multiple shortest paths between two routers, it is leveraged for load balancing by splitting the traffic almost evenly over these paths. The routing model thus aims to compute a set of paths between each pair of routers, with each path representing the fraction of traffic that passes through each link. The volume of traffic on a link can now be estimated by combining the output of the routing model and the estimated traffic demands. Control: The new link weights are applied on the affected routers by connecting to the router using telnet or ssh. The exact commands are dependent on the operating systems of the router. These updates may be automated or done manually depending on the size of the network. Once a router receives a weight change, it updates its link-state database and floods the newly updated value to the entire network. On receiving the updated value, each router in turn updates its link-state database, recomputes the shortest paths and updates affected entries in its forwarding table. Similar to when there is a topology change or a failure, this involves a transition period where there is a slightly inconsistent view of the shortest path for few destinations. Although the convergence after a weight change is faster than a failure scenario (as there is no delay in detecting a failure), it still involves a transient period in the network. Hence, understandably, changing the link weights is not done frequently and only done in scenarios where there is new hardware, equipment failures or changes in traffic demands. OMSCS Notes is made with in NYC by Matt Schlenker. Copyright © 2019-2021. All rights reserved. privacy policy
PTSD and Women Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), develops after a person is exposed to severe trauma. Although PTSD is often associated with combat, it can occur following any severe trauma, such as a natural disaster, terrorist incident, serious accident, personal assault, mass violence or sudden death of a loved one. People who develop PTSD may experience disturbing memories or nightmares that cause them to relieve the traumatic incident time and time again. Most people recover from the traumatic event, but some remain depressed or anxious for many months, or even years. PTSD affects both genders, but it affects women differently. Men are more likely to experience severe trauma, but women have a higher likelihood of developing symptoms of PTSD. How PTSD Affects Women Studies indicate that at least half of all women will experience some type of trauma at least one time during their life, and sexual assault is the most common form. Women are more likely than men to be neglected or sexually abused as children, and also have a substantially higher rate of domestic violence as adults. According to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD, women who develop PTSD as a result of sexual violence experience symptoms similar to those of male combat victims. Women in the Military Although the number of women in combat has increased in recent years, female soldiers are still greatly outnumbered by men. However, statistics indicate that women in the military are more likely to be sexually assaulted, which means that many female soldiers experience dual trauma. How PTSD Affects Women Differently Male PTSD sufferers frequently experience severe hostility and anger issues, while women with PTSD are more likely to develop severe depression or anxiety. Although men tend to turn to substance abuse more often as a means of coping with trauma, women can also develop issues with drug and alcohol addiction. Women may develop trust issues that interfere with personal relationships. They may face difficulties at work, and they may struggle with parenting. They may feel numb and detached from other people, and like their male counterparts, they may have severe insomnia or other sleep problems. Not all women who experience trauma will develop PTSD, but symptoms are more likely if: • Injury occurred during the traumatic event. • Other stresses were present following the event. • The trauma victim had a history of depression, anxiety or other mental health issues. • The event was very severe or life-threatening. • The trauma involved sexual attack or rape. • The victim lacks supportive friends and family. Treatment for PTSD in Women Female PTSD sufferers have many good options for treatment, yet many women are unaware that they have the disorder and others choose not to seek help. Antidepressants help many women with symptoms of anxiety or depression associated with PTSD. Various forms post-traumatic stress disorder treatment, including talk therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), are highly effective. The newest posts Our private articles and press releases
Science News Grade 4 Students Create Their Own Board Games to Reflect on Climate Control IPC Unit In their Climate Control IPC unit, students from Grade 4 - in their various groups - picked a particular topic (Energy, Plant & Animal, Atmosphere and Weather & Climate) and created a board game to reflect their understanding of the unit. The students were required to develop their own questions and answers for the game; to come up with a detailed written plan of the rules and guidelines and to use the unit's vocabulary words to demonstrate their climate control knowledge. Every group took turns, playing other group members' games and the students reflected on their board games the following days. Grade 4 and 3 Christina Furstenau As a grade level, the Grade 4 teachers invited the 3rd graders to join them in their game creation journey. The 4th graders were encouraged to mentor the 3rd graders to understand the concepts and the rules of the game, which they did extremely well! Grade 4 Board Games Christina Furstenau Kudos to all the hardworking students in Grade 4! Submit a News Article
Top Special Offer! Check discount Get 13% off your first order - useTopStart13discount code now! Exercise and nutrition significance on stress Exercise decreases stress in two ways: it increases the development of neurohormones such as noradrenaline, which enhances cognition, behavior, and cognitive functioning; and it improves learning, mood, and cognitive functioning. Noradrenaline raises the heart rate, which increases the size of the hippocampus. The hippocampus is an important part of the brain for learning; increasing its size ensures information acquisition and assimilation of new data. Exercise increases one's breathing rate, stimulating the supply of oxygen to all body parts and the brain. The circulation of oxygen promotes the optimal functioning of body cells, resulting in the effective execution of activities. Through physical exercise, heart rate increases resulting in the production of cytokines, which are a regulator of systemic inflammation. Cytokines, specifically the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) confine receptors on the cells that are infected and stimulates an antiviral response; which results in the death of the infected cells, preventing them from spreading. TNF-a also facilitates circulation of leucocytes through adjacent capillaries to the infected cells. Leukocytes play a role in preventing further infection of cells. The body has its defense system that automatically controls stress and brain inflammation. Microglia is one of the brain's defense system located throughout the spinal cord and the brain. Microglia contains potassium channels that detect even minute pathogens. The presence of potassium channels in microglia enables them to scavenge the central nervous system agents that are infectious, plagues, damaged synapses, and neurons. Infections may not fully attack the brain since the endothelial cells, referred to as blood-brain barrier prevents the infections from passing through. Microglia destroys the germs and pathogens realized and quickly reduce inflammation. The brain prepares one for survival as soon as it realizes one is under stress. During a stressful situation, the brain sends impulses to the adrenal glands via the spinal cord. The pulses stimulate the production of adrenaline hormone. Adrenaline causes increase in heart rate, blood pressure and increase sugar levels in the blood. Hypothalamus part of the brain also sends impulses to the pituitary glands which initiates the production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex. Cortisol is a stress hormone that boosts blood sugar and blood pressure to curb stress. By keeping up the blood sugar levels, increased heart rate, and blood pressure, the brain achieves its role of ensuring all body muscles work at the peak of their ability and the mind remains super-alert. Optimum levels of cortisol boost the brain's immunity system thus offering protection against infections that would probably lead to brain inflammation. To get started, one should identify an exercise that he or she is comfortable to partake. One could, therefore, consider simple exercises such as walking race and jogging, which act as anti-inflammatory agents. Simple tasks are advantageous for one does not necessarily need to go to the gymnasium; instead, he or she requires coming up with a daily routine. Dedication of 20 minutes time for exercise in a day is enough to perform the simple tasks. These activities do not require specific geographical areas for performance; one can race or jog within the surrounding environment. Simple tasks do not require exorbitant expenses. Running, for example only requires one's dedication, light clothes, and comfortable shoes to enable one perform the exercise with ease. Light attires are deemed appropriate for that kind of activity. They are also affordable. Despite situations of getting involved in business errands, one can still maintain the moderate exercise routine; before laying to rest, one can jog and walk around the room for 20 minutes. Frequent engagement in physical activity helps curb depression in many ways. Exercise stimulates the production of feel-good hormones such as endorphins and serotonin. Endorphins stimulate positive feeling thus reducing stress and depression (Prinz, Tay, and S). Serotonin regulates happiness, anxiety, and moods. Through exercise, the chemical is released and plays a role in maintaining recovery from depression. During exercise, the body temperatures increase stimulating the release of sweat by the sweat glands. By increasing bodily temperatures, there is a significant reduction of depression. As the body's temperature rises, cooling mechanisms are stimulated to bring the body to normal temperature levels from the skin to the brain. Sweating being one of the cooling devices is propagated, and as the body gets back to its normal levels of temperature, depression reduces as well (Dimitrov, Hulteng, and Hong). It is through regular exercises that there is a reduction of depression; because there is a decrease in immune system chemicals which worsen depression. An example of such substances is inflammatory cytokines. Inflammatory cytokines are a type of molecule discharged from immune cells like macrophages and helper T cells. The cells from which inflammatory cytokines originate from, promote cell inflammation. Production of excess inflammatory cytokines, therefore, propagates depression. (Yirmiya et al.) It is possible to reverse adverse effects of stress to the brain cells during the acute stage. When one suffers depression and stress at most instances, health problems are likely to arise that which might be out of control. Chronic stress can, therefore, suppress one's immunity system leading to rewiring of the brain making one vulnerable to depression. Works Cited Dimitrov, Stoyan, Elaine Hulteng, and Suzi Hong. "Inflammation and Exercise: Inhibition of Monocytic Intracellular Tnf Production by Acute Exercise Via Β2-Adrenergic Activation." Brain Behavior and Immunity. 61 (2017): 60-68. Print. Prinz, M, T L. Tay, Y Wolf, and S Jung. "Microglia: Unique and Common Features with Other Tissue Macrophages." Acta Neuropathologica. 128.3 (2014): 319-331. Print. Yirmiya, R, Y Pollak, M Morag, A reichenberg, O Barak, R Avitsur, Y Shavit, H Ovadia, J Weidenfeld, A morag, M E. Newman, and T Pollmächer. "Illness, Cytokines, and Depression." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 917.1 (2000): 478-487. Print. July 24, 2021
Module mod_rewrite Tutorial (Part 2): Rule Conditions Dirk Brockhausen In this tutorial's last instalment we started off with a discussion of the basics of Module mod_rewrite. In the example reviewed there we made use of a rule which, put in full words, states: "If access to file .htaccess is attempted, return an error message stating that access is denied." This rule is valid globally, i.e. everyone will receive the specified error message. We can, however, restrict a rule by what is termed "rule conditions" - in this case, the rule will only be executed if the condition set has actually been Syntax: The condition must precede the rule! Let us explain this procedure with an example. (The lines below are entries in file ".htaccess".) RewriteEngine on Options +FollowSymlinks RewriteBase / RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^EmailSiphon RewriteRule ^.$ - [F] The first three lines were covered in detail in Part 1 of this tutorial. Their function is to initialize the rewriting engine. The last two lines will refuse access to a spider carrying UserAgent "EmailSiphon". This specific spider is an email harvester culling addresses from web pages. Our line: RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^EmailSiphon is made up of the following three parts: Directive: RewriteCond TestString: %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} CondPattern: ^EmailSiphon The TestString is a server variable which is written in the general form of In our example we have defined the "HTTP_USER_AGENT" CondPattern is a regular expression. Before we continue with its specifics, let us take a look at regular expressions and their function in Regular expressions Regular expressions are a means of describing text patterns. They are used to check if a text pattern is present in any given text. Once determined, this pattern can then be manipulated. Regular expressions are similar to a small, compact programming language in its own right. E.g. the regular expression "s/abc/xyz/g" will globally replace the string "abc" in a text by "xyz". Here is an overview of the most important elements with some examples: .(dot) - text (any character) \| - alternation (i.e. /abc\|def/) - quantifier (any number is allowed) ^ $ - line anchors s - operator (string1 to be replaced by string2) g - modifier (search parses the whole text) Regular expressions are construed with the help of these elements and alphanumeric characters. Regular expressions are not used isolated by themselves; instead, they are integrated in other tools, e.g. in languages like Perl or in text editors such as Emacs. In connection with Module mod_rewrite they are used in the directives RewriteRule and RewriteCond. "^" represents the beginning of a string. It follows that the UserAgent must begin with string "EmailSiphon" and nothing else. ("NewEmailSiphon", for example, would not work.) In this case the condition would not be met. But as this particular regular expression doesn't contain the character "$" (end of line anchor), the UserAgent could, for example, be "EmailSiphon2". The last script line RewriteRule ^.$ - [F] defines what will happen when a spider is requesting The regular expression "^.$" signifies: If access to any file is requested, the error message "forbidden" will be displayed. The dot "." in the regular expression is a meta symbol (wildcard) and signifies any random character. "" signifies that the string may occur an unlimited number of times. In this case, regardless which specific page is called, an error message will be EmailSiphon is, of course, not the only email harvester. Another famous member of this family is So let's say we want to fend off this spider as well. In this case we will require another condition to be This gives us the following entries to file ".htaccess": RewriteEngine on Options +FollowSymlinks RewriteBase / RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^EmailSiphon [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^ExtractorPro RewriteRule ^.$ - [F] The third argument ([OR]) in line: RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^EmailSiphon [OR] is termed a "flag". In regard to conditions there exist two possible flags: NC (no case) OR (or next condition) Flag "NC" permits case insensitive testing of the condition pattern. RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^emailsiphon [NC] This line specifies that both "emailsiphon" and "EmailSiphon" shall be recognized. If you wish to use multiple flags, you may delimit them by commas. RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^EmailSiphon [NC,OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^ExtractorPro There are no restrictions to the number of conditions. Thus, you could block 10, 100, 1000 or more established email harvesters. Defining these 1000 conditions is merely a question of server performance and of ".htaccess" transparency. In the above example, the string "HTTP_USER_AGENT" is being used. Further server variables are: For example, if you want to block the spider comming from < www.cyveillance.com >, you will use variable RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} ^www\.cyveillance\.com$ RewriteRule ^.$ - [F] The dot "." in the domain name must be protected by "\" (backslash), otherwise it would be handled like any other meta character. If you want to block any given IP, the condition will RewriteCond %{REMOTE_ADDR} ^216\.32\.64\.10$ RewriteRule ^.$ - [F] In the regular expression, enter the IP in its entirety, delimited by the line anchors. You may even exclude a whole IP range from access: RewriteRule ^.$ - [F] This example will cover all individual IPs from "" through "". Here's a little teaser quiz for you to check out your skills. (The solution will be featured in the next part of our tutorial.) Enjoy! RewriteRule ^.$ - [F] Quiz question: If we don't write "^216\.32\.64\." for a regular expression in the configuration above, but "^216\.32\.64" instead, will we get the identical effect, i.e. will this exclude the same IPs? Up until now we have used a simple RewriteRule which will generate an error message. In the 3rd part of our tutorial we will analyze how RewriteRule may be used to redirect visitors to specific files. (to be continued ...) [Main text: 965 words/6718 characters] This text may freely be republished or distributed provided the following resource box is included intact either at the beginning or the end of the article and a complimentary copy or notice (link) is sent to the author at the address specified below: Dirk Brockhausen is the co-founder and principal of fantomaster.com Ltd. (UK) and fantomaster.com GmbH (Belgium), a company specializing in webmasters software development, industrial-strength cloaking and search engine positioning services. He holds a doctorate in physics and has worked as an SAP consultant and software developer since 1994. He is also Technical Editor of fantomNews, a free newsletter focusing on search engine optimization, available at: < http://fantomaster.com/fantomnews-sub.html > You can contact him at (c) copyright 2000 by fantomaster.com [ Back ] [ Main Menu ] Download Fuse Node.js Compiler
Skip to main contentSkip to main content It's best to see a GP if you're worried about your memory or are having problems with planning and organising. If you're worried about someone else, encourage them to make an appointment and perhaps suggest going with them. It's often very helpful having a friend or family member there. An accurate, timely diagnosis gives you the best chance to adjust, prepare and plan for the future, as well as access to treatments and support that may help. Memory problems are not just caused by dementia – they can also be caused by: • depression or anxiety • stress • medicines • alcohol or drugs • other health problems – such as hormonal disturbances or nutritional deficiencies Read about common causes of memory loss. A GP can carry out some simple checks to try to find out what the cause may be. They can then refer you to a specialist for assessment, if necessary. A GP will ask about your concerns and what you or your family have noticed. They'll also check other aspects of your health and carry out a physical examination. They may also organise some blood tests and ask about any medicines you're taking to rule out other possible causes of your symptoms. You'll usually be asked some questions and to carry out some memory, thinking, and pen and paper tasks to check how different areas of your brain are functioning. This can help a GP decide if you need to be referred to a specialist for more assessments. If a GP is unsure about whether you have Alzheimer's disease, they may refer you to a specialist, such as: • a psychiatrist (usually called an old age psychiatrist) • an elderly care physician (sometimes called a geriatrician) • a neurologist (an expert in treating conditions that affect the brain and nervous system) The specialist may be based in a memory clinic alongside other professionals who are experts in diagnosing, caring for and advising people with dementia and their families. There's no simple and reliable test for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease, but the staff at the memory clinic will listen to the concerns of both you and your family about your memory or thinking. They'll assess your memory and other areas of mental ability and, if necessary, arrange more tests to rule out other conditions. Mental ability tests A specialist will usually assess your mental abilities, such as memory or thinking, using tests known as cognitive assessments. Most cognitive assessments involve a series of pen and paper tests and questions, each of which carries a score. These tests assess a number of different mental abilities, including: • short- and long-term memory • concentration and attention span • language and communication skills • awareness of time and place (orientation) • abilities related to vision (visuospatial abilities) It's important to remember that test scores may be influenced by a person's level of education. For example, someone who cannot read or write very well may have a lower score, but they may not have Alzheimer's disease. Similarly, someone with a higher level of education may achieve a higher score, but still have dementia. These tests can therefore help doctors work out what's happening, but they should never be used by themselves to diagnose dementia. Other tests To rule out other possible causes of your symptoms and look for possible signs of damage caused by Alzheimer's disease, your specialist may recommend having a brain scan. This could be a: • CT scan – several X-rays of your brain are taken at slightly different angles and a computer puts the images together • MRI scan – a strong magnetic field and radio waves are used to produce detailed images of your brain Read more about tests for diagnosing dementia. It may take several appointments and tests over many months before a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease can be confirmed, although often it may be diagnosed more quickly than this. It takes time to adapt to a diagnosis of dementia, for both you and your family. Some people find it helpful to seek information and plan for the future, but others may need a longer period to process the news. It might help to talk things through with family and friends, and to seek support from the Alzheimer's Society. As Alzheimer's disease is a progressive illness, the weeks to months after a diagnosis are often a good time to think about legal, financial and healthcare matters for the future. Read more about what to do if you have just been diagnosed with dementia.
The National Institutes of Health has issued guidance to hospitals and health care providers on how to pronounce various acronyms, which is to say, abbreviations that are common in medical practice and which have become more common in the past decade or so. The new guidance was written by the National Physician Council and released on April 21. It clarifies what constitutes a medical abbrevation, as well as what it means to use abbreviations for different diagnoses. The NPC is a group of physicians and researchers who promote standards for medical and medical-related speech and writing, including for health professionals. It was formed by the American Medical Association and the American Nurses Association to work on standards and protocols for how medical professionals should use abbreviators. The NCMC issued guidance for hospitals and other healthcare organizations, as did the American Society of Civil Engineers and the International Society of Anesthesiologists. It also called on hospitals to “consider whether abbreviations, which have come to be used by a small number of healthcare professionals, are sufficiently useful for patients.” (Hospitals and health centers are the primary providers of medical care in the U.S. and are responsible for paying for, maintaining, and operating health care facilities.) The NCMEC’s new guidance says that “in most instances, abbreviators are not used to refer to the same entity in the same way as the more common abbreviations.” In addition, the NPC notes that many health care professionals use abbreviated terms to mean the same thing in a single sentence or phrase. “In addition, many health professionals use a single abbreviated term for a variety of diagnoses,” the NPMC said. “It is not necessary to use multiple abbreviations when describing the same condition or disease.” The new guidelines also state that some health professionals may not want to use an abbreviated word when describing a condition or patient because of how common it is in medical literature and how “appealing it may be.” The NPMCs guidance recommends that physicians and other health care workers refer to their patients with their first names, given the patient’s gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age, and other identifying information. They also recommend that they use a shortened version of a term when referring to the patient, unless it is specific to a specific diagnosis. In addition to clarifying the use of abbreviations in general, the guidance calls for clinicians to use the same abbreviations and terms in their patient notes. For example, it states that if a patient has a diagnosis of cancer, they should write “cancer” or “cancer diagnosis.” In some situations, the guideline says, it may make sense to use only one abbreviation. “For example, if the patient presents with an acute myocardial infarction, or other potentially life-threatening conditions, it is appropriate to use ‘acute myocardium’ or ‘heart attack,'” the guidance says. “Similarly, if a family member has a stroke, the family member should use ‘stroke’ or the term ‘stroke.'” The guidelines call for clinicians not to use a word or phrase that might appear in the media as a euphemism for a medical condition or medical diagnosis. That includes referring to a person as “their” or other common medical terms. But the NPGC says that using such a term “is not necessarily a good practice.” “The word ‘they’ is not usually associated with the medical diagnosis,” the group said in a statement. “Therefore, physicians should use a term that conveys that they understand the diagnosis and the diagnosis is accurate, accurate and accurate. For instance, ‘he/she is my patient’ is preferable.” The guidance does not explicitly say that the NPE is against using a shortened form of a word when referring or describing patients, but it says that such a usage is not acceptable. The guideline also calls for the use and use of an abbreviate when referring a patient for a specific condition. “When referring a physician to a patient, it should be noted that the patient is an individual with a specific medical condition,” the guidelines state. The guidelines say that if the physician has an established medical record, the physician should use the term “his” instead of “her” or a shortened term when discussing the patient. But they say that patients with chronic conditions or those who are terminally ill should use an alternative, longer-form term. “The use of shorter, generic terms is not necessarily indicative of a medical diagnosis or diagnosis,” they say. The guidance also recommends that health care personnel refer to patients with specific symptoms or diseases with a common abbreviation instead of the term that they prefer. For patients with diabetes, the guidelines say, it would be appropriate to call a patient by his/her full name, and not by the term they prefer, if they were using that term. They note that it is possible to change the spelling of a patient’s name without changing their medical Related Post Sponsored Content
• July 19, 2021 When did the Internet of Things become an important part of modern technology? The Internet of things, a term coined by futurist Ray Kurzweil to describe devices that can communicate with each other and other devices, has been a big part of the tech industry since its inception in 2009. But it has also gained a great deal of attention as a way to better understand the way the world works, particularly when it comes to the future of automation and AI. But while the Internet has been very important for the way we interact with technology, there’s been an increasing focus on how the technology affects our health and well-being, too. In this post, we explore how the Internet is changing how we think about health and how it can help us live longer and better.1. The Internet is the Internet for Health, not the Internet as a Service (IaaS)One of the big buzzwords of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) industry is “health.” And while health is certainly an important aspect of this, it’s only part of it. The health of a person is much more complex than simply how well their body is doing. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a health problem as “any condition or problem that is linked to a change in one’s health status, such as an illness or injury.” This includes a person’s physical health, mental health, and emotional health. For example, someone who suffers from chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) may have symptoms like fatigue and pain, and may have trouble sleeping. The WHO says CFS is “a serious condition that affects about 15% of adults worldwide and is considered one of the most serious chronic diseases in the world.”2. Health and well being is more important than technology and AI in the health spaceThe future of health is a big topic in the healthcare space. Healthcare is expected to be more than just about health. The IoT is the new frontier for health, as it will be the next frontier for everything from the future to medicine and health care. And technology, AI, and the Internet are all key factors to understanding what health means. As we’ll see, it will take some work to get to a place where we can get our health right.3. The IaaS and IoT will change the way healthcare is deliveredThe health of the individual will change in a big way in the future. The big changes in healthcare will be connected to a new generation of technology and healthcare delivery. The future of healthcare is going to change dramatically.4. The new generation will have to adapt to the IoTAs we’ve discussed, there are going to be some big changes to how we deliver healthcare. And it will have a big impact on the way that people are managed, treated, and managed. This is because of the impact of the IoT on our health, which will likely impact how we provide care.5. The internet of things is a major factor in the transitionThe health and wellness of the individuals in the IoT will be one of these big changes. We’ll see a lot of big changes, including changes in the way people get diagnosed and treated. For example, if you get a diagnosis of chronic fatigue, you’ll likely see a more aggressive treatment plan, which could mean a longer stay in hospital, or even a discharge home. This will affect the way you are treated.6. The connected healthcare delivery is the futureHealth care delivery is a huge topic for the healthcare industry. As more and more devices, services, and information become connected, we will see more and better options for how to deliver care to our people. We are going from being able to deliver medicine to delivering a device to a person. The biggest change is the internet of devices, which is going from the past to the present.7. The smart homes of the future will change how we care for our peopleAs the Internet and IoT become more and greater, we are going the next step to bringing healthcare closer to our homes. This could include smart homes, which are becoming a huge part of our daily lives. These smart homes are connected to the internet, meaning they can connect to devices and services that are available. We have a lot to learn from smart home technologies.8. We will have more time to heal as we ageThe health care system is changing as we get older. Our health is changing because of our genes, hormones, and lifestyle. Our bodies and minds are changing because we are getting older. These changes will affect how we spend our time and what we do with our time. We’ll see changes in how we live our lives, as we are more and longer in our lifetimes.9. The impact of IoT on health is hugeThe impact of technology will have big effects on how we treat our patients. A recent study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) found that the IoT is affecting how people 후원 콘텐츠
What is Finance Finance Meaning, What is Finance? Often we hear finance department, finance job What is the meaning of finance? Finance is called finance in Hindi. This means that the necessary capital is needed for the smooth operation of any work, production, company, system, it is called finance. Capital is directly related to money, money. Because, for any company, manufacturing unit, institution, startup to run smoothly, some setup has to be installed. If the employee is hired then he has to pay the salary. All this work can be done with money only. These requirements can be met with your own investment or there are some institutions that provide loans. Such an institution is called a financial institution. No person, business institution and government can run without money or funds! Because, no work is possible without energy. What is the finance Finance in hindi: This search means want to understand finance. But finance is a very big topic in itself. It is not possible to tell everything about it in one post. But every effort has been made to explain the meaning of finance. When money is arranged for some purpose or business then it is called Financing. There is some price to be paid for this money. Which is called interest. Finance is needed while starting the company, or production work. Some people also look for financial help to meet the expenses of the company. It should not be done at all. Why Financial Knowledge To become a successful businessman or to get financial relief in life, it is necessary to have financial education. There are many people whose earnings are in lakhs but, in the absence of financial education, they only have a wish. He can never think ahead. Some people retire from their work at a very young age but some people have to work till their last breath. There is a difference between these two financial education. Businessmen or job professionals having good financial knowledge always want to get loan at work interest rate, and expect maximum return on their investment. How this will happen, then the answer is Financial Education. Finance is the science of managing money. In which the actual process of investing, cash flow and obtaining the necessary financial resources is taught.
Plastimorph - Instantly Make ANYTHING Imagine and Create with Plastimorph! It's Non-Toxic and Safe! The possibilities are endless, with Plastimorph you can make your 3D model happen with your bare hands. You can start creating your prototypes- be it a toy model, tools, grips, tepairs, games, costumes, jewelry, robot parts or any DIY projects you have in mind. With Plastimorph, you can make it happen! 1. Excellent Bio-compatibility Plastimorph products is compatible in body. fully degrade into CO2 and H2O in 6-12 months in commercial compost 2. Excellent biodegradability Fully degraded into CO2and H2O in 6-12 months in commercial compost. 3. Be compatible with other plastic resins Compatible with PE, PP, ABS, AS, PC, PVAC, PVB, PVE, PA and natural rubber well. 4. Good dissolubility Aromatics-soluble, ketone-soluble, polar solvent-soluble 5. High crystallinity and low melting point Good ductility (Tg: -60°C ) ; Melting point is 58°C -62°C. How to use Plastimorph? 1. Simply heat the pellets in water to over 42°C (water from a hot tap typically). 2. Leave the pellets to melt in the water until they turn transparent. 3. Remove the pellets from the water and mould by hand (add color at this stage if required) 4. Allow the Plastimorph to cool until solid. 5. Re-heat if further molding is required. There are 5colors for your selection: 1. Add some coloring master batch when heat Plastimorph materials.1 g coloring pigment is enough for 200g prototype material.Try different combinations and ratios to get different colors. 2. Knead, twist and fold it with your hands to mix in the colors. Always be careful when handling warm Plastimorph materials.Soften Plastimorph materials by putting it back in hot water if required.Colors will get lighter as your prototype items cools. - Be careful when heating water or using your stove or heat gun to heat up Plastimorph. Heating Plastimorph above 150 degrees F increases the likelihood of heat related injuries. - Small pellets of Plastimorph could be a choking hazard. Please supervise small children when using Plastimorph. - Plastimorph can stick to different materials when it`s hot. Sometimes you want this, sometimes you don`t. It can stick to the following including but not limited to: metal, other plastic, vinyl, fabrics, acrylics (like fake fingernails or Plexiglas), and Styrofoam. - Because of the unique moldable property of Plastimorph, you should keep your finished pieces away from sources of extreme heat. We would hate to see you lose your amazing creation in a tragic space-heater accident. - Although its non-toxic, Plastimorph has not yet been certified "safe for internal use" or "food contact safe". Material: Polycaprolactone
September is Dystonia Awareness Month An estimated 250,000 people in the United States have dystonia, a chronic movement disorder affecting the brain and nervous system. It is the third most common movement disorder after essential tremor and Parkinson disease. Dystonia causes excessive, uncontrollable muscle spasms. The muscle spasms twist the body and limbs into involuntary movements and awkward postures. Estimates suggest that 70% of patients are misdiagnosed prior to a dystonia diagnosis. “Individuals often suffer years without proper treatment, and this can have devastating effects on employment, schooling, and overall quality of life,” says Art Kessler, President of the Dystonia Medical Research Foundation (DMRF). “Delayed diagnosis also prevents people from having access to the information they need to make informed treatment decisions and peer support from others who understand the challenges of living with dystonia.” Common dystonia symptoms include abnormal head and neck movements, excessive blinking, a breathy or strangled-sounding voice, hand cramps, and/or a twisted foot. Dystonia can affect a specific part of the body or many muscles all over the body. Dystonia occurs when the nervous system is overcome by chaotic signals, causing muscles to contract involuntarily. Causes include genetics, traumatic brain injury, drug reaction, and numerous neurological or metabolic diseases. Dystonia affects adults and children. Because dystonia is not better known, symptoms are often mistaken for psychiatric disturbance, substance abuse, or poor social skills. There is currently no cure but treatment options are available. Prompt diagnosis is critical because research suggests that treatment may be more successful when symptoms are treated early. The Dystonia Medical Research Foundation (DMRF) is a non-profit organization that supports dystonia research, promotes greater awareness, and provides support resources to affected individuals and families. Throughout September, the DMRF is mobilizing volunteers across the country to promote awareness in local communities and social media. Information is available at Dystonia events are scheduled throughout the country: Atlanta, Bronx/NYC, Cleveland, Chicago, Cincinnati, Denver, Detroit, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, Omaha, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Providence, Toledo, and St. Louis. For information about dystonia, treatments, support resources, and locating medical specialists, the Dystonia Medical Research Foundation (DMRF) can be reached at and 800-377-DYST (3978).
/Scientists just discovered long-sought-after ‘grandmother neurons’ Scientists just discovered long-sought-after ‘grandmother neurons’ Summary: New research in monkeys shows that “grandmother neurons” may exist after all. Original author and publication date; Rebecca Sohn – July 12, 2021 Futurizonte Editor’s Note: How many brain diseases will we be able to cure now that we have found the “grandmother neurons”? How much we will be able to “improve” our brain? From the article: What happens in your brain when you recognize your grandmother? In the 1960s, some neuroscientists thought a single brain cell called the “grandmother neuron” would light up only at the sight of your grandmother’s face. Almost immediately, neuroscientists began to dismiss the theory — a single neuron could not correspond to one idea or person, they argued. More than 50 years later, new research in monkeys shows that “grandmother neurons” may exist after all. In a study published on July 1 in the journal Science, researchers found a small area of the monkey brain that responds only to familiar faces. Up to three times as many brain cells in this area responded to familiar faces than to unfamiliar ones. The study follows research showing that certain parts of the human brain respond to specific categories, including one region primarily dedicated to faces. One study even found that individual neurons in different parts of the brain responded only to specific celebrities and landmarks. But few studies had found any part of the brain that reacts specifically to personally familiar faces. Though the new research did not identify individual cells devoted to a single person, the brain cells the researchers found share some crucial qualities with the theorized “grandmother neuron.” “In some sense, you can say they are grandmother neurons,” said Winrich Freiwald, a professor of neuroscience and behavior at The Rockefeller University in New York City, who led the new research. “They have this unique combination of vision and memory.” The researchers examined the temporal pole, a poorly understood area near the bottom of the brain that Freiwald and lead study author Sofía Landi, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Washington in Seattle, had identified as one of two areas that might be involved in familiar face recognition in a study published in 2017 in the journal Science. (The previous research was completed while Landi was a doctoral student in Freiwald’s lab.) READ the full article here
Bidirectional Charging, Grid Stalling and Roadbots Join our supporters! and Check our twitter account Tesla is planning to enable “bidirectional charging” in its model 3 and model Y electric cars. This means the vehicles can both take and return power to either the grid or off grid network. In Holland this option has been tauted as a great way to help the gridoperators to balance load and shave peaks of solar production during the day. We need to separate the different aspects and benefits though, so we don’t solve a problem the grid operators should have started to solve a decade ago (and openly neglected in Holland). Shell and others have promoted car battery assisted grid balancing to not have to put storage in their grid It would make sense to start explaining how much a car can store at this point in the post, but this is a common error. We do not promote the idea, so we can point out that stationary battery storage can deliver reliable fast energy, as has been demonstrated by many projects in industry of many producers of stationary battery systems. Tesla sells powerpacks and megapacks, and frankly these systems are not rocketscience, the battery technology used is a bit more, but it all comes down to how much can you fabricate. Demand is going to grow for at least the next 30 years. Meanwhile the other side of the battlefield, the side supported by fossil fuel companies and banks, have been stalling on using battery storage in a most disgracefull fashion. They are promoting hydrogen as an energy carrier, because this allows the conversion of LNG, methane into H2 hydrogen at plants that wil produce as much CO2 as when you burn it, maybe less NOx, but out of sight of the consumer. It also allows for the destruction of about 60% of renewable energy (if not more) as this form of energy is used to split H2O into H2 and O2. So Hydrogen can slow down the competition of renewable energy considerably while being dangerous and expensive, so while driving industrial fossil energy use. Part of this overall strategy is to make the lack of storage painfull. The dutch grid operator has openly explained it could not forsee the demand for storage generated by solar/pv/wind. Unlike the hydrogen research community that consumed billions or the fusion research community that also consumed billions somehow the european grid operators could not come up with a vision of integration of solar and wind. They did create a market on which nuclear power was dumped so that wind and solar had a hard time competing. Great strides in storage where certainly NOT made. A close observer can strace new technology into universities where they are often locked up in endless research. Thin film solar is one of those products. It’s not being made at scale, it would be too cheap! But back to cars. If you for a minute pretend we’re in a fair world and nobody is trying to sabotage our lives, a car that can buffer or transport 100 kWh is a great thing. It is economically speaking the path of least resistance. Especially with new anodes and cathodes in batteries that guarantee incredible cycle lifes because charging and discharging doesn’t degrade them, the utility of a given battery is not maximized in a stationary electric car. The holy grail of battery storage is a chemical process that is perfectly reversible, is efficient and does not leak charge. Hydrogen fails on the efficiency and leaking counts, but some new batteries come pretty close to this ideal. If your car battery does not degrade from it’s alternative use while you still have a fully capable car then it would be foolish not to use that capacity to accelerate the growth of renewable energy and demise of the fossil/banking sectors. If power grid operators relent and pay for the storage (!!) this could be a way to transition faster. Another aspect is also important to envision : Roadbots. We wrote about Roadbots a while back. They are coming. Telsa’s full self driving capability when it comes will turn their cars into roadbots, They can have multiple functions : transport people, transport energy, transport all kinds of stuff. We expect production of near bare chassis roadbots will start soon, creating mobile platforms that can do work autonomously almost anywhere. Put a desterious robot arm on your wheeled battery chassis with a couple of tools and you can send these things to fix stuff, if necessary remotely operated. We are moving into an era where logistics will truely be cost free due to the efficiency and reliability of the vehicles used. Cars and trucks will be like rivers, fed by solar energy and moving around to be used without serious degradation (would be nice to have fully recycleable tires!). This will be part of the Roboeconomy and will greatly help us live weathly lives and fight climate change.
How can I make my newborn baby lips pink? Why are my newborn’s lips dark? It occurs in areas where the blood in surface blood vessels has lower levels of oxygen. Circumoral cyanosis refers to blue discoloration around the mouth only. It’s usually seen in infants, especially above the upper lip. If your child has darker skin, the discoloration might look more gray or white. How can I make my baby lips pink in one day? How To Make Your Lips Pink? 1. Use A Sugar Scrub. Scrub the lip skin with a mixture of one teaspoon each of almond oil and honey and two teaspoons of sugar. … 2. Exfoliate Regularly. … 3. Use Sunscreen. … 4. Moisturise Regularly. … 5. Hydrate Internally. … 6. Essential/Vitamin E Oil. … 7. Go Natural & Avoid Chemicals. … 8. Prime Your Lips. Can you put anything on newborn lips? You can also use a natural, organic lip balm or nipple cream on your newborn’s lips to keep them hydrated. Or you can use coconut oil, which contains lauric acid, a substance also found in breast milk. THIS IS INTERESTING: Is it easier for babies to say dada? Is it normal for newborns to have white lips? It could be the common and sometimes painful oral yeast infection known as thrush. Thrush causes creamy white or yellow patches to develop on the sides, roof, gums, lips, and tongue of a baby’s mouth. It also can spread to the throat, tonsils, or esophagus. Thrush is most common in infants and toddlers. Why do lips turn black? Causes of dark lips excessive exposure to the sun. lack of hydration. cigarette smoking. allergic reactions to toothpaste, lipstick, etc. How can I prevent my baby’s lips from turning black? To treat these symptoms and moisturize the newborn’s lips, people can try the following methods: 1. Rub lanolin on their lips. … 2. Dab breast milk on their lips. … 3. Apply oils or petroleum jelly. … 4. Use baby-safe lip balm. … 5. Wrap up well in cold weather. … 6. Use a humidifier. … 7. Feed them more regularly. What causes lips to turn pink? That’s because there’s more blood flowing near the surface of your lips. The short answer? You basically have more blood vessels in your lips, said Braverman. The waterproof protective layer of your skin, the stratum corneum, is really thin on your lips, which makes it a lot easier to see your red blood vessels. How can I get pink lips in an hour? You can whip up a natural homemade scrub using sugar, honey, and organic coconut oil. Simply add two tablespoons of white or brown sugar, one teaspoon honey, and one tablespoon coconut oil. Mix all the ingredients and massage it gently on your lips for 30 seconds and then wash it off with warm water. THIS IS INTERESTING: What does it mean when my baby kicks her legs really fast? How can I make my black lips pink in one day? Turmeric combined with milk is used for treating dark lips. Mix half a teaspoon of turmeric in one teaspoon milk to form a paste. Apply this paste to your lips and leave it on for about 5 minutes. Once the paste has dried, scrub it off gently. How do I hydrate my newborn? Feed Your Newborn Frequently How do you clean a newborn’s tongue? To clean your baby’s tongue and gums correctly, you should: 1. Make a habit of cleaning after feeding. 2. Gently cradle your baby in one arm during the cleaning. 3. Use a damp gauze or washcloth, or a silicone baby tongue cleaner. 4. Gently massage their gums, tongue, and inner cheeks. How can I prevent my newborn from getting hiccups? Let’s look deeper at these suggestions: 1. Take a break and burp. Taking a break from feeding to burp your baby may help get rid of the hiccups, since burping can get rid of excess gas that may be causing the hiccups. … 2. Use a pacifier. Infant hiccups don’t always start from a feeding. … 3. Try gripe water. … 4. Let them stop on their own. Should I clean my newborn’s tongue? A newborn’s gums and tongue should be cleaned after every feeding. If the white buildup in their mouths will not come off with cleaning, consult a doctor to check for a condition called thrush. THIS IS INTERESTING: How long can a newborn have low blood sugar? Is newborn dehydrated? Babies and toddlers can get dehydrated quickly because of their small size. Newborns have such tiny stomachs that they can’t hold much milk at a time. Call your doctor if you notice any symptoms of dehydration. It can get serious fast. What does it mean when baby lips are white? If you notice cracked skin around your baby’s mouth, or white patches on her tongue, lips, or anywhere else inside her mouth, it might be thrush. Discomfort or pain when feeding can also be a sign of oral thrush. Helping moms
Photography has long been a passion for you but you feel as though you have room for improvement. You do not have a lot of time to spend by reading books or taking classes but would like some quick tips. This article is perfect for you and your photography interest. In the scene before you, frame a select part of it to create a good composition. A great photo will be like you are looking at your object through a little window. Don’t try to put everything into a single frame. If you want a better impression of a subject, take as many photos as you can. Shoot during the “golden hours,” especially if you are shooting human subjects. The time around dawn and dusk are named “golden hours” because the hue of the light makes objects look like they are glowing. This light also complements human skin, making human subjects appear to look better than they would in photos taken at other times of day. Many cameras allow you to set the white balance. This setting tells the camera which colors to see as highlights. When shooting in artificial light (indoors) set the while balance setting to the “artificial light” mode. It will make your photos look as if they were shot in natural light. A great photograph tip is to not be afraid of making mistakes. Mistakes are all part of the learning process. If you refrain from taking a picture because you’re afraid of making a mistake, you’re missing out on a learning opportunity. You must remember that making mistakes is crucial to learning. When framing your photo, always think about the rule of thirds. This should actually be the rule of ninths, because you are envisioning your photo space into thirds both horizontally and vertically. Try to place your subject to the left or right, top or bottom, instead of dead center in the picture. This will make the viewer’s eyes move around the image instead of stareing straight into it. Learn to turn your camera on it’s side. If the subject that you are shooting is taller than it is wide, then use your camera to make it take up more of the frame. Turn your camera on it’s side and take a vertical picture instead of the traditional horizontal one. In conclusion, you want tips on how to improve your photography skills but do not wish to involve yourself in any sort of formal training or in depth instruction. The tips and tricks explained in this article should give you just the right amount of detail to improve your current situation.
Lipocura München \| Physiotherapeutin Melanie Lorenz Lipoedema is mainly recognizable by an increased subcutaneous fatty tissue, which is usually first distributed on the hips and buttocks (riding trousers) and, as the disease progresses, finally affects the extremities (legs and arms). The distribution of fat on legs and arms can vary greatly from person to person. Some patients suffer from fat proliferation in the upper or lower leg (or upper or lower arms), in others the entire leg or arm is affected. If the fat is evenly distributed over the entire leg, one also speaks of the so-called column leg. In addition to aesthetics, physical stress also plays a role. The severity of the symptoms of lipedema varies from person to person. If the disease is not treated, lymphedema can also develop over the years. Body areas where lipedema may occur are sorted by decreasing probability: 1. Legs (thighs, calves, knees) 2. arms 3. Above the buttocks or at the buttocks 4. tummy 5. chin 6. bosom 7. nape Feeling of tension, pressure sensitivity and pressure pain A strong feeling of tension often occurs and the sensitivity to touch continues to increase – not to mention the limitation of movement that is associated with heavily swollen legs. Pressure pain is caused by the accumulation of water in the fat cells. The increase in volume exerts pressure on the surrounding tissue and creates tension. Consequently, the skin reacts painfully to contact and pressure. The further lipedema progresses, the stronger the symptoms can become. Legs, arms or hips can then also hurt without pressure and the circumference increases. Bruises (hematomas) The skin of lipedema patients tends to bruise very easily. The reason for this is the impaired capillary permeability of the blood vessels. This makes it easier to push liquids through the vessel wall into the surrounding tissue, as well as red blood cells. Thus, even slight impacts lead to bruises. Psychic stress The psychological aspect should not be ignored either. Because in most cases fellow men do not recognize that the concerning suffers from a Lip?edema and the fat cushions did not develop due to predominance and lacking discipline. Other symptoms • aches • cold feeling in arms and legs • heavy feeling of legs and arms Not all signs of lipedema occur simultaneously or to the same extent. Especially in the first stage, when lipedema usually causes only riding pants and rarely severe pain, a diagnosis is particularly difficult. Lipoedema is often only recognised when the disease spreads and the symptoms get worse. As specialists in lipedema, we have a lot of experience with the disease and can also determine at an early stage whether you suffer from it. The skin affected by lipedema feels soft. Often the finest blood vessels can be seen under the skin The symptoms of lipedema, such as pain or heaviness, get worse in certain situations: • Warm Weather • sauna • Standing for a long time • Sitting for a long time • in the evening Good to know: sauna and steam bath are generally not recommended for patients with lipedema and lipolymphedema, as the heat produces more lymphatic fluid and the lymph vessels work simultaneously at a slower rate. The severity of the symptoms of lipedema varies from person to person. If the disease is not treated, lymphedema can also develop over the years. This means that lymph fluid cannot flow out of the tissue, causing swelling to increase even further. Lipedema, no matter at what stage, is always a major burden. The changed appearance as well as the pain lead to a high suffering pressure, which strongly impairs the quality of life. But with the right therapy and useful tips and tricks we can help you and accompany you on your way.
What Is Psoriasis Skin Disease? • 1 What is the definition of psoriasis skin disease? 1 Answer Psoriasis is one of the most persistent skin diseases. Skin cells multiply up to 10 times faster than normal. Therefore, underlying cells reach the skin’s surface and die. Their volume causes raised, red plaque with white scales. Psoriasis usually occurs on knees, elbows, and scalp. Symptoms of psoriasis vary by people. Common symptoms include: red patches of skin with thick and silvery scales; small scaling spots common in children; dry, cracked skin that may bleed. Life habits like moisturizing, quitting smoking and managing stress may also help you a lot. Keyword：psoriasis skin disease

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