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Discovering Psychology: Communication of Emotion This student project explores emotion and how it is communicated. They humorously cover the various ways we communicate, including voice quality, facial expression, body language, personal space and explicit acts. Take the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion into account; how do the bodys and minds reactions occur and in what order?
Scroll down to read text and continue with the full tour. Click here to proceed with the picture-only tour. City of Dublin Dublin, Ireland [Tuesday - 11/12/02] Arriving in Dublin bright and early, we picked up our van and immediately set about exploring the city. Fortunately, Baron Peter had been here before and helped us navigate. We had a brilliantly clear day to begin our Ireland adventure! Dublin was founded by the Vikings. At the end of the 8th century Vikings began raiding Ireland and in the 9th century Norwegians used the mouth of the Liffey as a base from which to raid the rest Ireland. When they landed the Vikings dragged their ships up onto the beach and they built an earth rampart with a wooden palisade on top around this area to protect them. Later the Vikings turned from raiding to conquest. In 918 the Danes landed in eastern Ireland and conquered the area surrounding the Liffey. The Danes founded a new town on the south bank of the Liffey in 841. It was called Dubh Linn which means black pool. The new town of Dublin was fortified with a ditch and an earth rampart with a wooden palisade on top. In the late 11th stone walls were built around Dublin. The Danes erected an artificial hill were the men of Dublin met to make laws and discuss policy. In Dublin were wooden huts with thatched roofs. None of them had chimmneys or glass windows. In Dublin there were craftsmen like blacksmiths and carpenters, jewelers and leather workers. Other craftsmen made things like combs from bone or deer antler. There was also a wool weaving industry. In Dublin there was also a slave trade. The Danes were slowly converted to Christianity and the first bishop of Dublin was appointed in 1028. In his time the first Christchurch cathedral was built. In the wars between Irishmen and Vikings the little town of Dublin was sacked several times. Yet each time it recovered. Dublin soon grew to be the largest and most important town in Ireland. It may have had a population of 4,000. Dublin may have had a population of about 4,000. That seems very small to us but it was a large town by the standards of the time, when settlements were very small. By the late 11th century there was a suburb of Dublin north of the Liffey. The people of Dublin traded with the English towns of Chester and Bristol. In 1166, Mac Murrough, King of Leinster was forced to leave his kingdom and flee abroad, In 1170 he enlisted the help of a Norman, The Earl of Pembroke, known as Strongbow and they invaded Ireland. When the Norman army approached Dublin the Archbishop was sent out to negotiate. But while the leaders talked some Norman soldiers took matters into their own hands and broke through the defenses into the town. They set about killing the townspeople. The Viking king and his followers fled by sea. In 1171 Mac Murrough died and Strongbow declared himself king of Leinster. The Viking king returned to Ireland with an army and attempted to recapture Dublin. The Norman army went out to meet them. The Vikings were crushed and their king was captured and executed. The native Irish under their high king O'Connor laid siege to the town but the Normans sallied out and routed them. The English king was afraid that Strongbow would become too powerful and might call himself king of Ireland. To prevent that happening the English king came over to Ireland himself. Most of the Irish rulers submitted to him and he became Lord of Ireland. The English king gave Dublin to the merchants of Bristol. It became their colony. Afterwards many people from Bristol and South West England came to live in Dublin. for centuries after that Dublin was ruled by the English or those of English descent. The Viking inhabitants were afraid of the new English rulers and they moved to the north side of the Liffey. This new suburb became known as Ostmantown (Ostman is an old word for Viking). This became corrupted to Oxmantown. In 1152 the bishop of Dublin was made an Archbishop. Between 1172 and 1191 the cathedral of Christchurch was rebuilt. In 1213 the parish church of St Patrick was also made a cathedral. In 1190 Dublin was devastated by fire (always a hazard when most buildings were made of wood). However Dublin was soon rebuilt. In 1209 a massacre occurred. On Easter Monday a hurling match was held outside the town walls. Many Dubliners went to watch. The local Irishmen fell on them and may have killed 500 men. Nevertheless more people from SouthWest England came to live in Dublin and they replaced the dead. The Normans built a wooden fortress in Dublin. In the early 13th century it was rebuilt in stone. The English king also rebuilt the walls of Dublin and strengthened them. In 1229 Dublin gained its first mayor. Dublin grew rapidly and may have had a population of 8,000 by the 13th century. Wine from France into was imported into Dublin. Iron was also imported, as was pottery. Exports included hides, grain and pulses. There were weekly markets in Dublin and after 1204 a fair. In the Middle Ages fairs were like a market but they were held only once a year for a few days and people would come from all over the country to buy and sell there. In 1224 a conduit was built to bring fresh water into Dublin. In the 14th century the main streets were paved. But like all Medieval towns Dublin was very insanitary. Every householder was supposed to clean the street in front of their house although it is doubtful if many did! From time to time people were fined for leaving nuisances such as piles of dung outside their houses. In 1305 the town appointed 3 watchmen to patrol the streets at night, although it is doubtful if they were very effective. In 1317 Dublin was besieged by a Scottish army. Following their victory at Bannockburn in 1314 the Scots invaded Ireland. Desperate efforts were made to repair the walls and the bridge over the Liffey was destroyed to prevent the Scots using it. Finally the authorities set fire to the suburbs of Dublin (in case they provided cover for an advancing army). Unfortunately the fire got out of hand and destroyed far more buildings than was intended. Shortly after the Scots abandoned the siege. In 1537 a rebellion occurred in Dublin. The Lord Deputy of Ireland (The English kings deputy) was summoned to London. He appointed his son vice-deputy to rule in his absence. This young man was Lord FitzGerald. He heard that his father had been executed and angrily decided to rebel. He walked into the council chamber during a meeting and renounced his loyalty to the English king. He then left Dublin to gather support. When he returned the Dubliners submitted and let him into the town but soldiers loyal to the king retreated into the castle and shut out the rebels. The rebels then murdered the archbishop, which was a fatal mistake as it lost them public support. FitzGerald sent a small number of men to besiege the castle and left Dublin to fight elsewhere. But the Dubliners turned against him and drove the men besieging the castle out of the town. Later Fitzgerald and his men returned to Dublin but this time they were shut out. They attempted to burn a gate but the Dubliners went out and drove the attackers off. Reinforcements arrived from England and the rebellion collapsed. Fitzgerald was later executed. On the other hand the reformation happened peacefully in Dublin. When Henry VIII declared himself head of the church Dubliners actually celebrated. Henry closed the monasteries and nunneries which caused some resentment but no actual rebellion. Henry also abolished the cult of relics but otherwise made few changes in religion. His son Edward and his daughter Elizabeth introduced far more radical reforms but in Dublin and the rest of Ireland they were mostly ignored. Most people continued to practice the old Catholic religion. In the 16th century Dublin prospered. For the upper and middle classes their was an impressive rise in living standards. A writer said that they lived in houses ' so far exceeding their ancestors that they have thought rather to be another and new people than descendants of the old'. Previously most houses simply had a hole in the roof to let out smoke. In the 16th century chimneys became much more common. So did glass windows. Previously they were a luxury few people could afford. Although conditions improved for the well off there were many beggars in Dublin. Many of them drifted in from the surrounding countryside. Furthermore Dulbin was still dirty and insanitary, like all 16th century towns. And it suffered from outbreaks of plague. One outbreak in 1579 killed thousands. Another tragedy in 1596 when a gunpowder store in Winetavern Street exploded. More than 120 people were killed. In 1591 Queen Elizabeth granted a charter for a new university, Trinity College. The first students were admitted in 1594. In 1604 Dublin was again visited by plague. Nevertheless Dublin continued to grow and may have had a population of around 20,000 by 1640. In 1616 the town gained its first street lighting when it was decreed that a candle or lantern should be hung outside every 5th house on dark nights. In 1621 a customhouse was built. In 1637 Dublin gained its first theatre in Werburgh Street. Following the civil war Catholics were expelled from Dublin in large numbers since their loyalty was suspect. Plague broke out again in 1650. A large part of the population died, possibly as many as half. It was said at the time that Dublin was 'exceedingly depopulated'. In 1659 the population was less than 9,000. Nevertheless Dublin recovered and prospered in the late 17th century. In 1662 Phoenix Park was laid out as a deer park. In the mid 18th century it became a popular place for walking. For centuries Dublin had only one bridge. A second one was built in 1670. The first newspaper in Dublin was produced in 1685. Dulbin continued to grow and many new houses were built. In 1670 a law forbade any new houses to have thatched roofs because of the danger of fire. The new houses were usually of brick with tiled roofs. In 1665 the Mayor of Dublin became a Lord Mayor. The Blue coat school opened in 1669. It was rebuilt in 1773. The Tholsel, the town hall, was rebuilt in 1682. A royal hospital for old soldiers was built in 1685. It is now the Irish Museum of Modern Art. In the late 17th century the wool and linen trade with England grew. The industry was boosted by French protestants who arrived in Dublin after fleeing from religious persecution. By 1700 Dublin had about 60,000 inhabitants and it continued to grow rapidly. Conditions continued to improve in the 18th century, at least for the middle and upper classes. Dublin became a more refined and genteel city (for the well to do) but there was still a great deal of poverty. Marshs library was built in 1701. In 1703 the Irish Parliament passed an act for building a workhouse where the destitute (of whom there were many) could be housed and fed. In 1711 Dublin gained its first fire brigade. St Anns church was built in 1720. Dublin grew rapidly. Streets such as Aungier Street, Cuffe Street and Dawson Street were built early in the century. Merrion Square was built in 1762. A number of hospitals were founded in the early 18th century. In 1729 a foundling hospital for unwanted children (of which there were many) opened in James Street. Jervis hospital opened in 1721 Mercers hospital was founded in 1734 by Mary Mercer. In 1745 St Patricks Hospital for the mentally ill was built and in 1752 Rotunda Maternity Hospital. In 1794 a dispensary was founded which gave free medicines to those too poor to buy them. College Park was laid out in 1722. In the mid 18th century Phoenix park became a fashionable place for the well to do to take walks. Reanelagh gardens opened in 1776. The Botanic Gardens were made in 1795. In the late 18th century St Stephens Green became a park. Parliament House, a new meeting place for the Irish parliament was built in 1735. Leinster House, which is the presnt home of the Irish Parliament was built in 1745 for the Duke of Leinster. A new Custom House was built in 1791. The Royal Exchange was built in 1779 and was later (1852) made the City Hall. In 1757 the Irish Parliament passed an act which created a body of men with powers to widen the streets. In 1773 a body of men for paving, cleaning and lighting the streets was formed. Their powers were transferred to the city council in 1851. In the mid 18th century stagecoaches began running from Dublin to other towns such as Kilkenny, Cork and Belfast. There was a sizeable coach making industry in the city. There were also many sedan chairs for the well to do. Grand canal opened in 1779. In 1786 Dublin gained its first police force. Kilmainham prison was built in 1796. O'Connell Bridge was built in 1790. A very important date in the history of Dublin is 1759 because that is when Guinness was first brewed. By 1800 the population of Dublin had risen to around 180,000. In 1803 and 1804 fever hospitals were opened in Dublin. The most common fever was typhus, sometimes called goal fever, because it was so common in jails. Typhus is spread by lice. Poor people frequently had lousy clothes. There was still a great deal of appalling poverty in the city with many families living in one room. In all European cities at the time there was terrible poverty but it seems to have been particularly bad in Dublin. In the early 19th century several new bridges were built across the Liffey. O'Donovan Rossa bridge was built in 1813. Ha'penny Bridge (also called Liffey Bridge) opened in 1816 and Kingsbridge opened in 1828. (Its name was later changed to Heuston bridge). Queen Victoria bridge, now Rory O'More Bridge was built in 1859. The Royal Canal was opened in 1817. A column with a statue of Nelson on top was erected in 1808. It was destroyed in the 1960s. In 1855 the fair which had been held each year since the 13th century was stopped. In 1825 St Marys Protestant Cathedral was built. In 1824 a gasworks was built in Dublin and gas was used to light the streets from 1825. The first electric lights in Dublin were switched on in 1881 but electric light was a rare novelty until the early 20th century. In the early 19th century sewers were laid but only in the middle class districts (poor areas could not pay the necessary rates). But the sewers were extended in the 1850s, 1860s and 1870s. The railway reached Dublin in 1834 when a line to Kingsbridge was built. Horse drawn buses began running in Dublin in 1840. They were followed by horse drawn trams in 1872. From 1838 there were workhouses in Dublin where the destitute were fed and housed. During the potato famine they were overwhelmed by the numbers fleeing starvation in the countryside. Soup kitchens had to be set up in the streets to try and feed them. Although the population of Ireland fell sharply after the famine the population of Dublin actually rose because of the number of starving people fleeing to the city. In 1853 an industrial exhibition was held in Dublin on Leinster Lawn. A Zoological Gardens opened in Phoenix Park in 1830. Portobello Gardens opened as a park in 1839. A Natural History Museum opened in 1857. The National Gallery of Ireland opened in 1864. The National Museum of Ireland opened in 1890. The Gaiety Theatre opened in 1871. In 1882 a memorial to O'Connell was erected in O'Connell Street. The Catholic University was founded in 1845. Catholics were allowed to attend Trinity College after 1873 but the Catholic church disapproved of Catholics going there. Glasnevin Catholic cemetery opened in 1832. In 1892 a new fruit and vegetable market opened and in 1897 a new fish market opened. During the Easter Rising, in 1916, 64 rebels were killed (15 were later executed), 130 British soldiers were killed. Also 300 civilians were killed and many buildings were razed. A new network of sewers was built in Dublin in 1892-1906. Butt bridge was built in 1932. Talbot memorial bridge was built in 1978 and Frank Sherwin memorial bridge in 1982. East link toll bridge was built in 1985 and the Millennium Bridge in 1999. In the early 1990s a ring road was built around Dublin. In 1904 Abbey Theatre was built. Gate Theatre followed in 1930. In 1907 the Irish International Exhibition was held in Herbert park. It was an exhibition of industrial and commercial goods. In the early 20th century there was still appalling poverty in Dublin with perhaps a quarter of families living in one room. In 1912 slum demolition began when houses north of the Liffey were demolished and replaced with proper houses. Slum clearance on a large scale began in the 1930s and continued through the 1940s and 1950s. In 1934 the Old Dublin Society was formed. In May 1941 the Germans bombed Dublin killing 28 people. Dublin civic museum opened in 1953. In 1962 the James Joyce museum opened. In 1966 a Remembrance Garden was opened for all those who died in the fight for independence. The Friends of Mediavel Dublin was founded in 1976. In the 1960s and 1970s redevelopment of the city center took place, some of it controversial as it involved the demolition of fine old buildings. In the late 20th century the population of the city center fell as areas of slum housing were demolished and replaced by new estates on the outskirts of the city but in the 1990s new apartments were built in the city center. In the late 20th century traditional industries such as textiles, brewing and distilling declined but the city council built new industrial estates on the outskirts of the city and new industries like electronics, chemicals and engineering appeared. In 1975 the Dublin Institute of Higher Education was formed. In 1990 it was made Dublin city university. The Catholic Church reversed its ban on Catholics attending Trinity College in 1970. In 1988 Dublin celebrated its millennium. (Dublin was actually built in 941 but in the year 988 an Irish king forced the townspeople to pay taxes to him. That year marks the beginning of Dublin as an Irish town). Also in 1988 Anna Livia fountain was built in OConnell Street. A statue of James Joyce was erected in Earl Street North in 1990. In 1985 a Jewish Museum opened. In 1991 the Dublin writers museum opened. Also in 1991 the Irish Museum of Modern Art opened. After 1991 Temple Bar was renovated. The streets were pedestrianised and it now contains bars, shops, restaurants and art galleries. George Bernard Shaw's birthplace was opened to the public in 1993. Also in 1993 Dublinia, a museum of medieval Ireland opened. A Visitor center in the Custom House opened in 1997. Powerscourt shopping center opened in 1981 in a house built in 1774. St Stephens Green Shopping center was built in the late 1980s. Jervis Street shopping center opened in 1996. In 2000 a new pedestrian bridge, the Millenium Bridge was opened across the Liffey. Today the population of Dublin is around 502,000. After touching base with our B&B on the phone to give them our ETA, we proceeded on to Trinity College where, at least for me, the most important Irish treasure resided: the Book of Kells. Back-up to Charlotte Airport. Show the location of this site. Return to House Corvus site Main Menu. Return to Corvus '02 Tour menu. Proceed to Trinity College. Last modified on Wednesday, November 26, 2008 Copyright © 2002-09 House Corvus. All rights reserved. Design and hosting by Bran Trefonnen.
Skip Nav Custom Mexican Culture Essay Browse New Jokes: ❶A History of Negroes in Texas, Who lives with you in you household? Quien vive con usted en la casa? Tell me about you family. Cuenteme aceca de su familia C. What's a typical day like fo you? Como pasa Usted el dia? Tell me about you fiends Cuenteme sobe sus amigos E. Who ae the people you can count on the most in time of need? Quienes son las pesonas con las que puede conta cuando las necesita? Do you belong to goups o oganizations that you feel you get suppot fom? What kind of suppot? Petenece an algun gupo u oganizacion que le popociona apoyo? Pongame algun ejemplo, que tipo de apoyo? How does the family and fiends suppot you and you family? Language Idioma About…… [Read More]. The goal is to discover what some of the key events was in each the African-American and the Mexican-American battles for their group's civil rights. The secondary objective is to see how these movements resembled each other and how they differed from one another and if one was more effective than the other. As the United States and its individual states like Texas become more racially diverse, all new criteria will arise that may be more closely linked to India's caste system than to what we understand and take for granted here in the United States. Economic barriers and not racial barriers are gradually becoming the underlying motivator of the civil rights movement. In other words, being black or Mexican will not matter in regard to civil rights. If the respective…… [Read More]. Here was a woman writing in the 17th century who was willing to discuss the sexual practices of the males around her and to criticize them. Being a nun, this was even more out of the ordinary and makes Asbaje an even more extraordinary figure. In the s, a woman's place was at the home either as a servant or as a bearer of children to a proper husband. It was not proper for a female to be educated or to think. For many women who were born with an untimely and unfortunate intellect, the only venue for them to learn was by entering the church. Artifacts of Mexican History. An analysis of these different elements indicates that some of the goals of the revolution are embedded within this particular work. It renders various members of Mexican society who have a critical impact on both Mexico's history as well as its future. In this regard, the monument is of immense important to Mexico, because it helps to illustrate some of that country's glorious past -- and alludes to the impact that past could have on both its present and its future. It is critical to denote that some of the more stark representations of this monument are from Mexico's pre-Hispanic past. Numerous people, some of whom are Mexican, attribute Mexico's present existence to the work that the conquistadores pioneered in this area during their global colonial rampage. There are myriad…… [Read More]. Economic and Professional Performance This is a paper that explores the economic and professional performance of Mexican-American and Chinese-Americans. There are six references used for this paper. The United States is a country rich in diversity. It is interesting to look at Chinese-Americans and Mexican-Americans and determined their professional performance, as well as their economic performance. Although there may be cultural differences, most Hispanics share North American values, including a desire for upward mobility Coates. The majority of Mexican-Americans speak Spanish and understand little or no English. Education "is a serious problem, partly because many Mexican-American families are migrant workers who move…… [Read More]. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican. This test, embodied in Article 10 of the treaty, said that land grants would be considered valid to the extent that they were valid under Mexican law" Ebright According to Montoya , although the treaty was ratified, the subsequent years were clouded by legal battles over quiet title to the lands involved because of the absence of Article X: But for the next fifty years, charges of patronage, absentee landlordism, and unjust claims would cloud title to the land" Borderlands and Chicano Culture Mexican-Americans. Cotton must be picked within a very narrow harvest time. If it is not harvested when the time is right much of the production will be lost. It was the intent of the workers to time the strike so that it would have the greatest impact on owners in hopes that it would force them to raise wages for workers. However, many of the owners did not see the migrant workers as American citizens and treated them much as slaves were treated in the old South. They used tear-gas, saw-off shotguns, and arrested workers that participated in the strike Guerin-Gonzales, p. Schools were closed and children were used to make up for the lost workforce. They also recruited cotton pickers from Texas to fill the labor gap Guerin-Gonzales, p. These substitutions reduced the impact of the strike and many migrants lost their positions as a result. The strike…… [Read More]. New Mexico Mexican-Americans and Native. Resentment toward Hispanics grew constantly from their arrival in New Mexico. Amerindians in the present day are also reluctant to accept Hispanic customs and their traditions have not changed much in the last centuries Silverberg, , p. Politics is a domain rarely dealt with by Native Americans in New Mexico, mostly because of the discrimination they risk facing as a result of joining politics in an Anglo-dominant government and because they are aware they have limited chances to occupy a high position in the state administration. Mexican-Americans have a larger contribution to the New Mexico political scene, even with the fact that their authority is often oppressed by the government…… [Read More]. Mistreatment of Mexicans in America in Addition. There were three sources used to complete this paper. The treatment of Mexicans in this country is not always understood or brought to public light. There are three plays which do in fact depict the treatment of Mexican immigrants here in America and on a side note the plays display the discrimination shown to Mexican women by their own race. It is interesting to compare the plays and discover the very treatment they try and change they subject their women to. This paper examines the nature of the trade relations between the United States and Mexico in the light of several classical economics theories and models as well as in respect to recent developments in the wake of the signing of the NAFTA accord and the last decade's worth of increasing globalization. There were six sources used to complete this paper. The NAFTA allows its members to regulate things such as tariffs, import and export regulations and other issues that come up in the course of trade business between the nations. NAFTA had a positive impact on Mexico's free trade industry because it strengthened an already strong relationship between the United States and Mexico. Several years before the NAFTA agreement went into place Mexico began working on its economic reforms to improve its trade business both locally and…… [Read More]. AZTECS The ancient Mexican region not only stands out as a mythological haven, but also as a culturally vibrant and technologically advanced civilization. Among the Mesoamerican civilizations, the Aztecs standout for their significant contributions in the fields of astronomy, medicine, and also for their bizarre ritualistic practices. The Aztecs represent an important group of the Mesoamerican civilizations. They arrived from the north to the 'valley of Mexiaco' or what is currently the city of Mexico, during AD. Known as the 'Tenochca' or the 'Toltec' tribe, the Aztecs dominated the Mexican valley between the 14th and 15th centuries. Initially, confronted by the Culhuacans the Tenochcas had to flee the mainland and move towards the island. Under the command of Itzacoatl, the Tenochcas gained freedom and undertook the construction of the grand city of Tenochtitlan. As new regions in the valley of Mexico came under the Aztecs they also absorbed the…… [Read More]. Cross-Cultural Comparison Between Mexicans in. Newborn babies are given "a mile hallucinogenic drug, tsentsema" 84 , in the form of an uncooked leaf from the tsentsema plant. The idea is to help the baby "see" an arutam soul, when the baby is under the influence of the tsentsema plant. The belief is that boys need them but girls don't, and boys are not born with an arutam, so they must obtain them along their growth pattern. The arutam is believed to give supernatural powers, and helps a person survive through the lifetime Meanwhile, Daniel Steel writes in the journal Ethnohistory Steel that technology has affected the Jivaro culture albeit in a different way that technology has affected Mexico. In fact, the Jivaro have been known for their skills in warfare, which relates to their need to protect their communities and gardens from intruders who would do them harm. Cultural Differences New Mexican History. Before Anglos came to dominate the land, Cabeza de Baca portrays a kind of paradise-like environment, where even the sheepherders were like "musicians and poets" and "the troubadours of old," and every person had a story Cabeza de Baca This has been called a method of "preserving the culture" against the dominant discourse of Anglos: Cabeza de Baca, along with other writers of her generation are portrayed as trying to "get it [their culture] right" in an effort to transcend the overwhelming discourse of the Anglo "other" Cabeza de Baca xx. Using Hispanic phrases and names, blurring historiography and biography, and the view of the past as a kind of lost "Eden" are all aspects of the authors 'agenda' Cabeza de Baca xx. Cabeza de Baca deliberately uses English as a way of communicating with the Anglo reader and 'setting the record straight. Personal Statement of a Mexican. As I have expanded my work efforts at the hospital, I have realized more and more that the human element in such relationships is irreplaceable. Spending time watching the doctors and talking to patients convinced me that, in addition to my research in technology, I wanted to work directly with people who are in need of help. I am excited to be back on my original path towards medicine, and am confident that my computer science skills will add much value as I research medical technology. My work at the hospital has shown me that there is much room for improvement in the medical industry, particularly when it comes to…… [Read More]. Contemporary Philosophy and Mexican Culture. As the alleged illegitimate daughter of Dona Isabel Ramirez and Pedro Manuel de Asbaje, Inez de la Cruz as a child was very precocious and curious about all things in her environment which, by itself, is rather unexpected, due to being raised in the small and impoverished Mexican village of San Miguel, a place without schools or educational mentors except for the Catholic Church which, at the time, did not see much potential in educating a girl of her social stature. As Geoffrey Kantaris points out, Inez de la Cruz learned "to read very early. At the time, a decade ago, Prime Minister Tony Blair failed in his attempt to rally support against illegal immigration throughout the European Union EU. Countries across the continent experienced intense political division regarding this issue. Those who favored politics argued for illegal immigration to cease; those who prioritized economics supported immigration, legal or otherwise. The article explains that to ease tensions within the British government, Blair proposed official supporting of legal immigration and the intensification of stopping illegal immigration. Blair ensured that the administration and bureaucracy regarding legal immigration was streamlined. The article then proceeds to question which parties in society benefit from immigration and how. Immigration, from the perspective of The Economist is an occurrence that should be calculated, regulated, and firmly enforced. The article questions who benefits from immigration;…… [Read More]. Immigration Policy the Border Fence. Stromsta additionally offers that, due to their lack of even a high school education, many immigrants will never be able to substantially contribute to the tax pool sec. Since no immigration policy has yet even slowed the number of illegal immigrants Beinart par. A border wall is also the best option from a human worth perspective. Though critics have labeled a border wall as harsh and compared it to the Berlin all, it is actually the most humane way to deal with the problem since it prevents immigrants from seeking out less-patrolled dangerous areas to cross Jeffrey pars. Beinart's assessment that the partial walls in El Paso and San Diego were unsuccessful is correct; immigrants were soon diverted to rural Arizona and other less-patrolled spots par. Forgotten Yet Essential Soladaras in. However, over the years, history book publishers have not followed suit and described the soladeras in a positive way. For instance, one of Casaola's most well-known photos is of a harried soldadera in a train station. The photograph's saturated colors make the scene deeply emotional and compelling, with a feeling of urgency and dynamic motion. The spontaneity of the picture and transparency of reality provide an historical accuracy and high degree of precision. Yet, the caption of one history book, for example, relates how many of the soldaderas were forced to ride on the rooftops of the trains, instead of inside the wagons. Many of the women died early deaths when the train sped through dangerous ravines and cliffs. This was anything but a supportive interpretation of the photograph and not why Casola took the photographs. On the other hand, Casola's photographs, especially this one in the train station, did…… [Read More]. Intended to Provide an Overview of the. The Chicano movement reflects a decade's long pursuit of Mexican-Americans for their rights. Although it has its roots in s, the movement grew stronger in s. In order to understand what Chicano movement really is, one needs to understand the past events leading to it. It is a common saying in Mexican-Americans that we did not crossed the borders, the border crossed us. There have been several treaties signed between Mexicans and Americans which provided a lot of benefits to Mexicans along with citizenship, however when the senate revised these treaties, all these leverages were removed depriving Mexicans of their lands and other properties. Then started the journey of Chicano Movement. There are various individuals and several movements who…… [Read More]. Treatment of omen in Mexican Culture The choices for women have, across both time and space, almost always been far more constrained than the choices of men. They have in fact all too often been reduced to a single pair of opposing choices: The pure or the corrupt, the white or the black, the chaste or the sexual - the virgin or the whore. Mexican culture is certainly not exempt from this tendency to place women on one side of this dichotomy or the other, but in the case of Mexican images of women this division of the female half of the population into the chaste, good woman and the terrible promiscuous one becomes complicated by issues of race and racial purity , by the historical condition of colonization and post-colonization, by the partial displacement, partial incorporation of native belief systems by Catholicism. These many complications and elaborations of this essential…… [Read More]. Immigrating to America Contains a Unique Set. Immigrating to America contains a unique set of circumstances that are individual to each person and their home country of origin. In an effort to better understand these migration patterns it is useful to analyze the specific cases of immigration. The purpose of this essay is to examine the policies regarding immigration on three different countries. The three countries in question are Mexico, China and India. The essay will compare and contrast each country as they are described. In these descriptions the essay will argue for reasons as to why citizens of these countries are motivated to immigrate to America. Also included in this analysis will be the reaction from the collective forces of America and the specific impact that each country's immigrants create and sustain. Finally, a brief overview of how immigration effects the economy of the hosting America and whether it is necessary to enforce or create new…… [Read More]. Mexican War View Full Essay. References Coward, John M. Enhancing problem solving and nursing diagnosis in year III. Works Cited McLynn, Frank. A History of the Mexican Revolution. The History of Mexico. Retrieved March 7, from http: A Turning Point in Mexican Development? A history of the United States. Mexicans in the Gold Rush. University of Nebraska Press. Works Cited Faux, Jeff. Immigration Is Not a Development Policy. One World, Ready or Not. Simon and Schuster, Mexican Immigrants View Full Essay. Mexican Miracle View Full Essay. University of California Press, Linking philosophy and method In the research process: Western Journal of Nursing Research, , 22 2 , Retrieved on March 7, at http: The aftermath of war. History of the war. American Culture Course: Retrieved on August 31, from http: Works Cited Andrews, Sara K. Efforts to Protect Children from Sexual Exploitation. Slavery, Kinship, and Community in the Southwest Borderlands. Bibliography 1 Bernd Debussman, 'Latin America: Works Cited The U. So Far From God: War With Mexico, The denouement of the plot happened, when at last, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed on February 2, by American diplomat Nicholas Trist. The United States was given undisputed control of Texas and established the U. What if the United States did not colonize Mexico, would there be another nation to take charge? A number of individuals across the globe have heard several issues regarding Mexico. Most of these individuals have a negative perspective of this particular country as the media has come to portray it as one ridden with drug cartels and gangs which the law enforcement can no longer bring under control. Mexico has also been on numerous occasions associated with the issue of illegal immigrants to the United States and other surrounding American countries Foster, It is rather unfortunate that the media rarely brings out anything positive regarding Mexico and this has led to the decrease in tourism industry in the country following the fear created in the majority of foreigners. If people around the world could be well informed, they would realize that Mexico is actually one of the best cities on the globe and, despite some of the issues, it still can be considered a safe haven for tourists Kernecker, It is thus important to learn or rather access more information regarding Mexico together with Mexican culture that is the customs, values and beliefs that Mexicans tend to hold on to. Mexico is a country having its location on the southern tip of North American bordering three countries: Mexico is considered to have a high plateau at the centre with mountain chains on the east and west Kernecker, Mexico is said to have gotten its name from Tenochtitlan which was an Aztec city preceding it. Despite the fact that Mexico has earned a rather negative reputation from the rest of the world due to what is portrayed by the media, it is considered the 7 th most popular tourist destination in the world Foster, Those who tour the country boast of the diverse weather systems that it has where there are cooler temperatures during winter months and warmer temperatures during summer. What do you call a Mexican fighting a priest? What's the difference between pick and choose? Pick means to select something and choose is what a Mexican wears on his feet. What do you call 4 Mexicans in quicksand? Project X is still not even close to being as crazy as a Mexican party. Nice try gringos What do you call a Mexican midget? A paragraph cause he's too short to be an essay. What do you call a mexican with a bottle of vermouth? What do you get when you cross Speedy Gonzales with a country singer? What do you call two mexicans playing basketball? Why do Mexicans never cross the border in groups of three? Because there is no tres-passing. Where are the best margaritas served? In the gulp of Mexico. Why did the Mexican sign up for Tinder? For a Juan night stand. Why did the Mexican throw his wife off a cliff? How does every Mexican joke start? By looking over your shoulder. Why couldn't the Mexican go bow hunting? Because he didn't haberno. Why don't Mexicans like cold weather? Because they are afraid of ICE. What do you call a bunch of mexican stoners? Whats the difference between a smart Mexican and a unicorn? Nothing, they're both fictional characters What do you get when you mix a Mexican and an octopus? I don't know either, but imagine that thing picking oranges How do you say "tall Mexicans" in Spanish? Churros Why cant Mexicans have a barbeque? The beans keep falling through the grill What do you get when you cross a Chinese and a Mexican man? A car thief who can't drive! What do you call an Mexican in the knockout stages of the World Cup? Whats the difference between a Mexican and a deadbeat? What do you call a Mexican jedi apprentice? What do you get when you cross a Mexican and a German? They only had two cars. A car thief who can't actually drive is born. What do you get when you cross a Mexican and an Iranian? What do you call Mexican food that slowly moves? Why did God give Mexicans noses? So they'll have something to pick in the winter. What do you call two Mexican FireFighting brothers? How do you teach a Mexican to swim? Put a fence in front of the pool What's a Mexicans favorite book store? Borders Name the only American holiday a Mexican won't celebrate? Why are Mexicans and basketball players a like? They both run jump shoot and steal What do Mexicans and vending machines have in common? They both take your money and don't work. What does a depressed Mexican say? I don't wanna taco bout it. What do you call a little mexican? It doesn't matter because they're all to short. Main Topics Privacy Policy - The Mexican Revolution The prevailing concern of the Mexican revolution was the welfare of the common Mexican worker, be he a farm worker on a Southern hacienda, or a rancher in the North. The presidents of Mexico, starting most notably with Benito Juárez, really incited the revolution, though laterthe main course of protest and turmoil. Privacy FAQs Good Essays words \| ( pages) \| Preview Advances in Research on Plant Genetic Resources of Mexico - Advances in Research on Plant Genetic Resources of Mexico We read in this book that in Mexico can be found 30, of the , species of higher plants so far described. About Our Ads Jeff haring History March 23, Essay II Transition of Mexican Identity Identity is a peculiar thing. Identity as a person, place or even thing can be somewhat misconstrued depending on the perspective at which the observation is taking place. In Mexican as well as American culture, a family's role is to care for and protect young children and other vulnerable members of the family. The children are more often than not closer or dependent on their parents and their siblings in contrast to other members of the family. Cookie Info Mar 31, · Words: Length: 4 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: Mexican-American War () The Great Territorial Loss From the perspective of the United States, the Mexican-American War, together with the Louisiana Purchase, represented important land acquisitions as part of the country's relentless expansion westward. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was the dominant figure in Mexican politics during the time of the US-Mexican War. There were deep divisions within Mexican society at this time and the political structure of Mexico was still extremely weak. /5(5).
Origins of religions Sizin üçün oyun: Google Play'də əldə edin Yüklə 0.98 Mb. ölçüsü0.98 Mb. (Onyekwelu H.C.)2009 (See Humphrey Onyekwelu; Christian Religious Studies; edited by Ogundu Nnaji; Enugu; OCPC;2006). From these tribal names given to God and gods, it is obvious that Nigerians believed in and worshipped the Supreme Being (God) before the introduction of Christianity and Western culture. Their gods and God supported them during adverse periods like famine, oppression, barrenness, slavery, poor harvest, epidemic, disease, premature death, infant mortality and other misfortunes. At such critical times, members consulted priests and diviners of deities to find out the will of the gods through sacrifices to the deities and ancestors, to attract relief from their problems. They recognized God as the Supreme Being, the source and controller of life in heaven and on earth. They also reverenced the Supreme Being as all powerful, all knowing and the dispenser of justice and equity; In African traditional Religion, God punishes the wicked and vindicates the poor and oppressed. The search for relationship with God is worldwide. Other world religions also search for close relationships with God in different ways. (Eliade Mircia; Encyclopedia of Religion 1989). These world religions are: This is the religion of the Jews (Hebrews) as recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible; it was promoted by Moses through whom God gave them the Ten Commandments (the Decalogue) c1, 500 B.C. The Jews solemnly call God, “Yahweh” (the covenant name of God), or “Elohim”, (the general name for God) or “Adonai” meaning, Lord. They worship God according to the Old Testament scriptures. That is why, unlike Christians, Jews meticulously observe mosaic laws like the Sabbath day and offering of animal and other sacrifices to God in order to maintain their relationship with Yahweh, (Cecil Roth Encyclopedia of Judaism Jersalem; Kester: 1970) It is practiced by Indians and central Asians it was founded more than 500 years before Jesus. It grew out of the teachings of Gautama Buddha, the founder. The religion is based on the ascetic principle that suffering purifies the soul; Buddhists use the Vedas as their Holy Scripture. This religious philosophy is still practiced by the Chinese. It was founded by Confucius an important Chinese thinker who taught among other things that one should be loyal to ones family, friends and rulers, and to treat others as oneself. Confucianism was a Chinese moral philosophy. HINDUISM (Hebrew “Hodu” = Indians), Ester 1:1-5: (See Hebrew O.T, 2008) Hinduism is said to have been probably founded by one Hindu, or it developed as a collection of 1,000 years Indian (Indus Valley) and Asian traditional customs which include the practice of social ranks (cast system). Ascetic Hinduism is older than Buddhism. The Hindu Brahman is the Supreme spirit. Followers of this belief system have links to oriental sanscrit writings. Taoism is another Chinese moral Philosophy which existed before the first century CE of Christian and Islamic monotheisms. Taoism like other oriental (i.e. indo-China) religions and belief systems is partially ascetic and partially mystic. This involves Asian ecstatic dancing dervishes who, behave like modern day spirit possessed Pentecostals. They achieve ecstasy through consistent drummings. These three oriental belief systems originated from Hinduism, they all practice asceticism which include suicide if in pain. (See stoicism) Ogundu (2000) Jainism is an oriental religion which took some of its tenets from Hinduism and Buddhism. Jainism has the sutras as its scripture. They practice the sallekhana austerity. They believe that one returns after death in another form, perhaps Pseudo-transmigration. (A Pythagorean belief system). Jains are about 7 million worldwide, mostly in India.) This was a duality Religion of constant battles between good and evil. It came through Zoroaster of Persia, and may have been practiced by King Cyrus of Daniel 5 and 6 who over threw Belsazzar of Babylonia. This is the ancient religion of the Japanese. They believe in the worship of spirits of nature and spirits of dead relations i.e (ancestor worship). It was founded by a probable Shinto, who emphasized offerings of food grains to family shrine. Mc Cain; (New Testament Notes; Jos; ACTS;1996) Mystery religions from Egypt, Babylon and Persia etc existed before Christ; some involved cultic and sexual orgies. They included Osiris and Isis in (Egypt) Demeter/eleusian fertility cults in (Greece) Ishtar and Tammuz in (Babylon) and Perce - phone, Adonis and Aphrodite in (Greece) they taught death and resurrection, including moral Mithraism from Rome. Religions listed above are older than Christianity and Islam. However, they are based more on nature and human ideologies, asceticism, mysticism and cult practices rather than on the fact of God and divine revelations. (John Noss: Man’s Religions; 1970). However, - members of these world religions still observe principles and practices of their faiths in their continuous search for relationships with God. This is-the practice of professing two or more Religions at the same time e.g. practicing traditional religion and Christianity simultaneously. - - - - 1. All religions believe there is a supreme being (God), the creator and controller of the world. You must trust and obey his commandments so as to benefit from his love, mercy, kindness, forgiveness and eternal life after death. 2. For peaceful co existence, we should tolerate other people’s religious beliefs and practices, tolerance and practical Christian living can lead to true conversion of your friends; but religious bigotry, violence and criticism can tear you apart. 1. It is generally accepted that all religions are still searching for good relationships with God. Give reasons why this is so. 2. What are the names of God in Igbo, Yoruba Igala, Efik, Nupe, Fulani and Hausa, why is “name” very important in our relationships with God and fellowmen? 3. Mention (a) two world religions you know, (b) the people that practice them, and (c) the founders’ Bendix, (1977), (1960). Max Weber: an intellectual Portrait. Berkeley: University of California Press.. Christiano, Kelvin J.; Swatos, William H.; Kivisto , Peter (2008). Sociology of Religion: Contemporary Developments (2nd ed.) Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. Evans-Pritchard, (1965). Theories of Primitive Religion. Sir D. Owen Evans lectures, 1962. Oxford: Clarendon: Nauta, (1998). “Stark Rodney”. In Swatos, William H.; Jr. Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. Alta-Mira Press. NET, 2015, 2016 Online Data Sources : 2012-2014. Nnaji C.O. (2015) Bio-Chemistry of Religion (Enugu and Abuja: Theometry). Nnaji C.O. (2011) Origin and True Meaning of Philosophy (Enugu and Owerri Theometry) Nnaji C.O. (2014) Ancient Religion was Philosophim (Enugu and Abuja: Theometry) Theories and Origins of the Religions Basic Theology Countries and Peoples Prehistoric Baal Worship (Phoenician gods) i.e. before 15,000 to 5,000 BC anthropological origins Baal is Nimrod Gen.10 Baal worship produced polytheism (many gods) Cannibal is from Kanabaal, i.e. flesh eating Baal priests (Early men) Polytheism (spirits and gods) 1. 40,000 BC (Prehistoric Homo Sapiens, earliest African and Asian societies. (Geographical origins) 2. From Latin “Anima”, i.e. spirit. Belief that spirits, divinities and gods live in natural or physical objects like rivers, oceans, seas, trees, mountains, valleys etc Homo sapiens and ancient societies c 40,000 years ago. Ancestor worship (ancient Africans and Asians) C50, 000BC from African and Indo-Asian Burial rites. (superstitious origins) 1. Worshipping spirits of dead relations as intermediary gods. 2. Modern elaborate and costly burial ceremonies and yearly remembrance anniversaries. Ancient, Asians, Africans, Europeans, Americans, Australia, New Zealand etc. Taoism (5,000 BC); see Taiwan from Laotzu (what someone should do, i.e. morality) Living in Harmony with nature. (Bio geographical origins) Basic human morality as against 6th century BC special. Taoism, Confucianism and Buddhism of China from Tao or Duo-ism, means divine orderliness. Taoism and Confucianism search for the way to heaven; (not God) but divine will caused or created all things. Believe in and worship of Plethora or multiplicity of gods acting as intermediaries between the supreme deity (God) and man. (Theories of mystical origins) i.e. salvation and orderliness without the concept of God or a personal god. (Indo- China witch doctors also similar to the South African Sangoma, Ibo “Dibia” and Yoruba “Babalawo” Ancient Polytheism theories of origin 1. Consulting the medium or intermediary witch doctors. 2. Also called Dancing dervishes i.e. ecstatic drumming and dance rituals, to invoke the supernatural. India China or Asian people Shintoism from Japan Japanese religion against Indian Buddhism. (700CE) from rice cultivation (fertility cults origins) Offering rice rituals (ways of the gods) to the gods at family kamidanas (i.e. shrines) Shinto was battling against alien religions like Buddhism and Hinduism c750CE. Druidery (Asia of the Druids) Prehistoric theories of origins Respect for nature and morality Recognized by Britain in 2010. Witchcraft and Religions of Black Magic and Spiritism (i.e. Hebrew “Sophetim” or “Sophroti” (i.e. the serpent spirit) of divination (Ceseph). Early man (parapsychic-theistic origins) from Persia (i.e. Asianos and Philistia, etc, Isaiah 2;6. 1. Consulting extraordinary esoteric powers for evil or to harm or for sorcery. 2. Polytheistic (many gods) Theology or Pantheon cults and shrines. Africa, Red Indians, Asia, Greeks, Romans, Celts etc. Christianity (c3BC/CE) by Jesus of Nazareth. Monotheism (one God) From Nazareth and Galilee of Judea in Palestine. Soteric theories of origins. 1. One God Theology (Monotheism) 2. Salvation by grace through believe in the death and resurrection of Jesus. 3. John13:34- love (See the Bible). Egyptian worship of the Sun (Sun-god) Ra or El (El-Helluim). Polytheism (gods) C4,000BC; Geothenic sociodynamic origins Conceiving the sun and its powerful light and heat as evidences of divinity. Upper and lower Egypt. (Mizrain) etc. Islam 570CE Monotheism (one God) by Prophet Mohammed in Mecca and Medina. (i.e. Yatrib) During the Arabian Jahiliyya (i.e. ignorance).i.e. the Jahiliyya social theory. 1. One God (Tawhid or Kharlimatu Shahada) 2. The five pillars of the Kharlima (Iman) i.e. one God, Salat (prayer) sawn (fasting) zakat (tithe) and Hajj. See the Quran and Hadith. Hinduism (No founder) see 1. Karma Yoga 2. JnanaYoga 3. Bhakti Yoga 4. Raja Yoga (i.e. the four ways of liberating the soul) From over 5,000 years accumulated cultures and traditions of the Hindi (Indian) peoples. (Psychosocial synthesis origins of the Hindu religion) Moksha theology i.e. liberation of the human soul from a frustrating cycle of rebirth into existence especially the lower caste. (Reincarnation Theology) (see the upper and lower caste systems (i.e. Ibo Osu or outcasts) Indo-china, USA, Korea, Taiwan, etc (From sikh which means disciple) C1510 in Punjab (Pakistani Guru Nanaka wanted to merge Hinduism with Islam; i.e. there is only one God and he is our father) Sikhs are violent (opposite of peaceful Jains) Unity of all religions under a common God (after a theology of force) Pakistan, India, Bangladesh. (by Gautama Sindharta Buddha) Buddha means enlightenment without God Dissatisfaction with (Hinduism from the Pali Canonical text) (metapsychic origins) 1. What is the meaning of life, i.e. old age, suffering, vicissitudes etc 2. Entering the Nirvan, i.e. paradise. (or Al-Janah) 3. Meditating and resisting temptation etc. Indo-China, Japan, Korea, USA, Malaysia, Singapore etc. Judaism (c1,450 BC) Practicing the Ten Commandments of Moses. Deut 6, Exodus 20 etc From the nation of Israel Solipstic theory of self- preservation. Basic Theology of one God and total obedience to God’s Law (the Torah) and the centrality of the Levitical priesthood. Deuteronomy 10:1-15. Worldwide (Note; Judaism is incorporated into Christianity and Islam. Jainism by Indian Prince Natapurta Jardhamana Nahavita (Great Hero) at Karnataka, in India. C5, 000BC in the Indo- China sub continent. Self denial and non-violence (i.e. Ahimsa leads to salvation; Mohandas or Mahatma Ghandhi (1869-1948) was a member). He was also a Hindu teacher India, Pakistan etc. (A quasi or pseudo philosophical Persian belief- system). Please note some philosophical new religious movements which attempt to explain existence or solve existential problems without necessarily involving God and salvation e.g. Secret Societies, scientology,Eckankar, Grail Message, Al Krishna, Bahai, Rosicrucian, Amorc, Mormons, Sat Guru Maharaj etc. 1. Already visible by 500CE. 2. Persian cults or cultic traditions. 1. Duality of forces theology. 2. Or constant battle or friction between opposing forces in nature (Phusika) or in existence (between good and evil, or light and darkness) etc. Iran (i.e. Persia) Syria etc. C1750CE (i.e. 18th century rise of scientific reasoning) Believe in God but rejection of religion. C1800CE philosophical Europe. Total rejection of God, religion and morality • African Traditional Religion (ATR). C1900CE: European revivalism No aspect of human culture should be rejected not even religion, to avoid terrorism. Europe, U.S.A, Latin America, Africa. • The Ibo “Chi Ukwu and Amadioha” • The Yoruba “Olorun” and “Olodumare”, • The “Asantihene” i.e. god king of Ghana etc Accumulated prehistoric African and alien cultures and traditions. 1. Monopolytheism and polymonotheism, i.e. worship of God through spirits and divinities wrongly called gods. 2. The spiritual controls the physical. (See Nnaji C.O (2012) Origin and True Meaning of Philosophy; Abuja Theometry). Africa sub continent. Totemism (See Ngugu Wa Thiango) in Weep Not Child (i.e. during Colonial Kenya). 1. Prehistoric Anthropological African traditions of evolutionary relationships between early humans and lower animals. 1. Believe in personal gods or guardian spirits. 2. Kenyan Erpetoric (i.e. reptile) guardian spirits. 3. The Ezza- Abakaliki “Agwo” (harmless green snakes) guardian spirits. Africa and beyond. See Watch Tower (1990) Mankind’s Search for God (Watch Tower: Pennsylvania) Also Mircea, Eleade (1989) Encyclopedia of Religion (New York; Clarendom). (See also John Noss (1970) Man’s Religions in Ogundu C.O (2000) A philosophical and Religious Analyses of Suicide PhD Thesis, January 2000) etc The Secularism Triangle Science Religion (i. e. man beliefs he can get to God without Religion; or that science has made life easier, hence men are beginning to solve their problems Assyro-Babylonian Gods and Goddesses (See Watch Tower, 1990) • Anu-the supreme god, reigning over the heavens; father of Ishtar. • Asshur- national warrior-god of the Assyrians; also god of fertility. • Ea- god of water. Father of Marduk. Warned Utnapishtim of the flood. • Enlil (Bel)- lord of the air; latter paralleled in Greek mythology by Zeus. Assimilated by the Babylonians into Marduk (Bel). • Ishtar: divine personification of the planet Venus; sacred prostitution a part of her cult. She was Astarte in Phoenicia, Atargatics in Syria, Ashtoreth in the Bible (1 Kings 11:5,33), Aphrodite in Greece, Venus in Rome. • Marduk- first among the Babylonian gods; “absorbed all the other gods and took over all their various functions”. Called Merodach by the Israelites. • Shamash- sun god of light and justice. Forerunner of the Greek Apollo. • Sin- moon god, member of the triad that included Shamash (the sun) and Ishtar (the planet Venus) • Tammuz (Dumuzi)- the harvest –god. Ishtar’s lover. • (Based on the New Encyclopedia of Mythology) Worship of the mythical gods of Greece and Rome was in full sway when Christianity came on the scene nearly two thousand years ago. In Asia Minor the Greek names still prevailed, which explains why the people of Lystra (in present day Turkey) called the Christian healers Paul and Barnabas “gods” referring to them as Hermes and Zeus respectively, rather than as Roman Mercury and Jupiter. The account says that “the priest of Zeus, whose temple was before the city brought bulls and garlands to the gates and was desiring to offer sacrifices with the crowds”. (Acts 14:8-18). Only with difficulty did Paul and Barnabas convince the crowd not to make sacrifices to them. It illustrates how seriously those people took their mythology back then. Dostları ilə paylaş: Orklarla döyüş: Google Play'də əldə edin Verilənlər bazası müəlliflik hüququ ilə müdafiə olunur © 2017 rəhbərliyinə müraciət Ana səhifə
What Is A Chronograph Watch Definition? A chronograph watch definition is sought after, largely because many people own these watches but do not really know what the term “chronograph” means. The truth is that this word came from the 2 Greek words “chrnos” and “graphos”. The latter word means a space of time, whereas chrnos means “drawing” or “noting”. In other words, a technical chronograph definition is simply “anything that notes the time”. Based on this definition, you might be inclined to think that any watch could be considered a chronograph. However, in reality a watch is only considered a chronograph today if it both displays the time and also acts as a stopwatch. Buy Chronograph Watch for Affordable Price While most people think of stopwatches as being a modern invention, these watches actually began in the 1800s. The term officially began in 1776 when Jean-Moyes Pouzait invented a device that could keep track of the length of time of the flight of projectiles. While the idea behind the watch started in the 18th century, the first one was not actually invented until 1821. However, it took them awhile to catch on and become as popular as they are today. There are 2 kinds of these watches-digital and analog. The former have separate displays for the stopwatch and the display portion. To change from the stopwatch portion to the time display, there are generally buttons on the side, although more and more they are being placed on top. On the other hand, the analog display the time in the larger dial portion of the watch while the smaller sub-dial is used as the stopwatch. In a lot of instances these watches have multiple sub-dials which have multiple functions. These watches are sold in a number of different designs. Obviously you can get a modern digital design, which is what is usually seen when they are used for sporting events. However, there are also more upscale designs that would go better with a suit and tie or more formal attire. Which you get really depends on what kind of clothes you will be wearing with the watch. Chronographs are sold in a number of different materials. The more popular ones include aluminium, steel, plastic and titanium. Which you get depends on the style you are going for, and of course how much you want to pay. In order to gets a full appreciation of all the different styles, try going online and doing some shopping. Here you will see the various styles available, and will get a better idea of which one you would want. So what is a chronograph? The basic definition is that it is any watch that keeps the time and also acts as a stopwatch. Whether you are looking for a top of the line Swiss Quartz Movement Chronograph Movement watch, a cheap titanium one to use at sporting events, or anything in between, you can find one that meets your price range. Just take your time, shop around, and you will find that fits your budget shortly.
Annapolis Movers ABC Movers Annapolis is the capital of the U.S. state of Maryland, as well as the county seat of Anne Arundel County. Its population was measured at 38,394 by the 2010 census. A settlement in the Province of Maryland named "Providence" was founded on the north shore of the Severn River in 1649 by Puritan exiles from Virginia led by Governor William Stone (1603–60). The settlers later moved to a better-protected harbor on the south shore. The settlement on the south shore was initially named "Town at Proctor's," then "Town at the Severn," and later "Anne Arundel's Towne" (after the wife of Lord Baltimore who died soon afterwards).In 1654, after the Third English Civil War, Parliamentary forces assumed control of Maryland and Stone went into exile in Virginia. Per orders from Charles Calvert, fifth Lord Baltimore, Stone returned the following spring at the head of a Cavalier force. On March 25, 1655, in what is known as the Battle of the Severn, Stone was defeated, taken prisoner, and replaced by Lt. Gen. Josias Fendall (1628–87) as fifth Proprietary Governor. Fendall governed Maryland during the latter half of the Commonwealth. In 1660, he was replaced by Phillip Calvert (1626–82) as fifth/sixth Governor of Maryland), after the restoration of Charles II (1630–85) as King inEngland.Annapolis was incorporated as a city in 1708. Service Areas
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Basics Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Basics Amid the previous couple of years, the terms man-made consciousness and machine learning have started showing up as often as possible in innovation news and sites. Frequently the two are utilized as equivalent words, however numerous specialists contend that they have unobtrusive yet genuine contrasts. Also, obviously, the specialists now and then differ among themselves about what those distinctions are. When all is said in done, be that as it may, two things appear to be clear: first, the term man-made consciousness (AI) is more seasoned than the term machine learning (ML), and second, a great many people consider machine figuring out how to be a subset of man-made brainpower. Man-made consciousness versus Machine Learning In spite of the fact that AI is characterized from numerous points of view, the most broadly acknowledged definition being "the field of software engineering devoted to tackling psychological issues regularly connected with human insight, for example, learning, critical thinking, and example acknowledgment", generally, the thought machines can have knowledge. The core of an Artificial Intelligence based framework is it's model. A model is only a program that enhances its information through a learning procedure by mentioning objective facts about its condition. This sort of learning-based model is assembled under managed Learning. There are different models which gone under the class of unsupervised learning Models. The expression "machine adapting" additionally goes back to the center of the only remaining century. In 1959, Arthur Samuel characterized ML as "the capacity to learn without being unequivocally modified." And he proceeded to make a PC checkers application that was one of the main projects that could gain from its own oversights and enhance its execution after some time. Like AI investigate, ML dropped out of vogue for quite a while, however it wound up well known again when the idea of information mining started to take off around the 1990s. Information mining utilizes calculations to search for examples in a given arrangement of data. ML does likewise, yet then goes above and beyond - it changes its program's conduct dependent on what it realizes. One utilization of ML that has turned out to be exceptionally prominent as of late is picture acknowledgment. These applications initially should be prepared - at the end of the day, people need to take a gander at a pack of pictures and tell the framework what is in the image. After a huge number of redundancies, the product realizes which examples of pixels are for the most part connected with steeds, hounds, felines, blossoms, trees, houses, and so on., and it can make a quite decent theory about the substance of pictures. Many electronic organizations additionally use ML to control their proposal motors. For instance, when Facebook chooses what to appear in your newsfeed, when Amazon features items you should need to buy and when Netflix proposes motion pictures you should need to watch, those suggestions are on based forecasts that emerge from examples in their current information. Man-made reasoning and Machine Learning Frontiers: Deep Learning, Neural Nets, and Cognitive Computing Obviously, "ML" and "simulated intelligence" aren't the main terms related with this field of software engineering. IBM as often as possible uses the expression "intellectual processing," which is pretty much synonymous with AI. Be that as it may, a portion of alternate terms do have extremely extraordinary implications. For instance, a fake neural system or neural net is a framework that has been intended to process data in manners that are like the manners in which organic cerebrums work. Things can get befuddling in light of the fact that neural nets will in general be especially great at machine adapting, so those two terms are now and then conflated. What's more, neural nets give the establishment to profound realizing, which is a specific sort of machine learning. Profound learning utilizes a specific arrangement of machine learning calculations that keep running in various layers. It is made conceivable, partially, by frameworks that utilization GPUs to process a mess of information without a moment's delay. In case you're befuddled by all these distinctive terms, you're not the only one. PC researchers keep on discussing their correct definitions and likely will for quite a while to come. Also, as organizations keep on emptying cash into man-made brainpower and machine learning research, all things considered, a couple of more terms will emerge to add significantly greater intricacy to the issues. Post a Comment
Itsy Bitsy Spider Helping Micro-robots To Climb in steemstem • 11 months ago While writing this post, my eyes are constantly drifting towards a creepy spider that is measuring the length of the door of my room. Among all the species of house spider, it looks like Tegenaria Domestica. Although, It doesn't matter, how much we despise spiders, we must agree upon the fact that these insects are fascinating creatures in many ways (not by looks of course). For me, spiders are the best web designers. Yes, I'm talking about those intricate and delicate spider-webs or cobwebs hanging around the corners or unattended places in a house. Their artwork is beyond praise. Apart from that it's their locomotive skills that are just insanely amazing. Amazing to the extent that scientists and engineers are very interesting in the whole mechanism and doing some research that might be useful for robotic movements. Here are some Fun Facts to get your attention towards the Spiders: • Fastest spider of size 0.59 inches can move at the speed of 1.73 ft/s. • The highest jumping spider can jump upto 25 times of its length. • Some spiders are venomous but to give you relief house spiders are not. Or their venom is not strong enough to cause complications. • Spider's silk strength is not greater than steel. It's just a myth. But it does have great tensile strength closer to steel. • Dead spider's legs are always curled up. (Reason you will find later in this post) • While walking, two pairs of legs of spiders are on the ground and two are in the air and they keep on alternating the four pairs. • The tiny hair on the legs of spiders are very sticky that help them to climb vertical surfaces very easily as well. Spider Anatomy Being arthropods, spiders have segmented body i.e. front part and rear part. Front part is called prosoma or cephalothorax and consists of head and thorax which are fused together. Rear part is called abdomen or opistosoma and is connected to cephalothorax with cylindrical shaped pedicle. You can see there are no antennae on the head unlike other insects. But then actually spiders are not insects. These are arachnids. Scorpions and mites belong to the same group. Heart is located in the abdomen's upper part. Having an open circulatory system, spiders do not have actual blood or veins. Instead they have haemolymph which is pumped by the heart through arteries. Source - Wikimedia Commons [CC BY-SA 3.0 ] Their heart is a tube-like organ (not chambered) having Aorta which transfers blood to cephalothorax (the front part). These are famous for eight legs, unlike other insects which have six. A spider's leg is segmented into seven parts i.e. coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus and tarsus As you can see in the picture, trochanter acts a hinge for the remaining leg. Patella is also a hinge for tibia and tarsus is kind of a foot. We use extensor and flexor muscles to move our legs or arms or other specific body parts. Extension and Flexion of muscles are basically angluar movements between two parts of the body that are joined together. Flexion is the decrement of angle between those two parts and extension is the increment of angle. Arthropods move according to the same concept but spiders do not. They have extensor muscles but they don't use those. Actually, spiders are exoskeleton ( no regular internal skeleton) which means they are hard from outside and lighter in weight. Not having bones inside, make their muscular functions a bit different. That might be the reason of not using extensor muscles for leg movements. How do the Spiders move then? Spiders use hydraulic pressure for such movements. Before talking about how and why hydraulic pressure is used,let's be clear about it first. (Below is the simple definition for non-physics people ). What is a hydraulic pressure? This pressure results due to an existing property in liquid, which is called compressibility. Liquids are incompressible, so they transmit force accross their molecules to the surrounding or contacting area. As I have mentioned before that spider's heart is located in the abdomen. Haemolymph is pumped through heart and passed through arteries into the cephalothorax which regulates the hydraulic pressure. And what's interesting is that all the legs of a spider are attached to cephalothorax. So the hydraulic pressure of haemolymph that exerts on legs, help it to extend its legs. At the resting state, spider's legs naturally flex inward. But when they try to move, hydraulic pressure helps to extend the legs. Dead spider's leg curls up because supply off haemolymph stops into the legs and as a result of it legs curl inward into natural flex state. The Kim Experiment The movement of the legs are very interesting. Currently, some researchers are trying to study that. They have a pet-spider named Kim which is being experimented upon given different scenarios. Some interesting features that researchers have managed to conclude from the ongoing experiment are: 1. When given a target at short range, Kim moves/jumps accurately and with intensive force towards it. 2. When given a target at long distance, Kim doesn't make an accurate jump but still there is efficiency. 3. Kim doesn't try to prey on a target which is beyond a particular distance. Not that it can't jump that far, it can jump beyond the prey. The reason is that it's eyesight fails her at that point. So it simply ignores that situation or probably doesn't know or can't see that the prey is in within the limits of her jumping range. 4. Kim makes optimal decisions while preying at a target. Means, it makes low trajectories for shorter distance targets, ending in higher exertion. And for longer distance targets, it make large trajectories, resulting in low exertion. 5. Kim can jump six times its body length. It uses hydraulic pressure for that but it could use its extensor muscles to achieve that too. One theory is that it does use extensor muscles but for boosted effect it uses hydraulic pressure as well. That part is still a bit unclear. What do you guys think about that? Biomimicry is the designing of models that are similar to biological or natural creatures or imitation of biological models to solve complex human problems. For that purpose, scientists are trying to study these movements in hope that they could use the same mechanism for micro-robots one day. If micro-robot could have the ability to have spider-like agile and opitmum movements then that could help us in: 1. Searching a debris or pile of something in seconds. 2. These robots could be sent into unknown and non-human-friendly environments to gather information or to carry out tasks that would be impossible otherwise. So far we have not much success into mimicking spiders. Experiments are still going on. Let's see if we get some good news on some achievement soon or not. Meanwhile, I want your opinion on the topic. Could we ever be successful to surpass nature or even be able to imitate it? Thankyou for your patience Authors get paid when people like you upvote their post. Sort Order: Very interesting post man , Keep it up ! Please don't give such comments. Otherwise you will get flagged.
Protásio Alves, MD. Associate Professor, Surgery-Urology Department, Rio Grande do Sul State University (UFRGS). Cláudio Lima, MD, M.A. in Surgery-Urology, Rio Grande do Sul State University (UFRGS). What’s it and how is it acquired? Cystitis is what the inflammatory and/or infectious diseases of the urinary bladder are called. The most frequent cystitis cases are caused by germs from our intestinal tract. One of these is the bacterium known as Escherichia coli. These bacteria are found in the feces. In special situations, these bacteria migrate, contaminating the region where the genital organs are located. After a period of multiplication, these bacteria may invade the urethra and settle down in the urinary bladder, causing infectious cystitis. This situation is easier to occur in women, especially due to anatomic causes. Other types of infectious agents can also cause cystitis, e.g., Koch’s bacillus. In this case, we have a tuberculosis cystitis. In immunodepressed patients (HIV-positive patients or HIV carriers), or those undergoing chemotherapy, fungal cystitis is common. There are non-infectious cystitis cases of inflammatory origin. Patients undergoing radiotherapy to pelvic organs (womb, prostate) may acquire a vesical inflammation called radiation cystitis. Another type of non-rare cystitis is interstitial cystitis of unknown cause. It’s an insidious, chronic inflammation, with a tendency to decreased urinary bladder capacity, bringing about pain and discomfort to the patient. Infectious cystitis is caused by predisposing anatomic, constitutive and genetic factors, instrumentation of the urinary apparatus (use of urethral probes), surgeries in the urinary apparatus, urinary apparatus diseases (stones), sexual activity, and presence of vaginal discharge. What does one feel and how does it manifest? Cystitis patients complain about an increase in urinary frequency (pollakiuria), urinary urgency, pain in the urinary bladder (cystalgia), and painful and difficult urination (dysuria). The urine may present a characteristic odor, as well as blood. General discomfort, lower lumbar pains, and irritation may accompany the condition. Fever usually doesn’t accompany cystitis in adults. Mild or moderate hyperthermia may be present in children. There are situations in which the patient has germs in the urine without any symptom. It’s the so-called asymptomatic bacteriuria (bacteria in the urine). In other types of non-infectious cystitis, symptoms are the same, but with one difference only: the absence of germs in urine tests. There are no symptoms differentiating between an infectious cystitis and a non-infectious one. How is the diagnosis achieved? Patient history is important for locating the involved organ. A qualitative urine test gives us a notion about counts of leukocytes, red blood cells and density. However, the most important exam is urine culture with antibiogram. This test is the only one that will differentiate between an infectious cystitis and a non-infectious one. It identifies the bacteria, and, by means of the antibiogram, guides the choice of the best antibiotics for the treatment. Should the urine culture point out to the absence of germs, the diagnosis of non-infectious cystitis is the most likely. There are conditions that mimic cystitis, as is the case of bladder carcinoma in situ and the diagnosis is achieved through biopsies of the vesical mucosa. Ureteral calculi may elicit symptoms similar to cystitis. Neurological diseases that affect the urinary bladder are another example. Once infectious cystitis is diagnosed, we must look for its cause. Imaging exams (urinary apparatus radiographs, echography) and cystoscopy must be asked depending upon the case. The diagnostic approach varies according to patient age and gender. The same goes for non-infectious cystitis. How is it treated? Infectious cystitis is treated with antibiotics according to the urine culture result. If a cause is identified, this must be eliminated (e.g., renal calculus). Non-infectious cystitis is more complex when it comes to its treatment. Analgesics, anti-inflammatory, myorelaxant, anti-spasmodic drugs and local anesthetics are widely used resources. General measures also work, such as local heat, urine alkalisers, and teas. In extreme situations, as in advanced interstitial cystitis, the bladder is removed from the patient. What’s the prognosis? Fortunately, infectious cystitis has a good prognosis. The problem is its recurrence, chiefly in women, with no clear cause being found most of the time.In many cases, the physician has to resort to a prolonged use of small daily doses of antibiotics to prevent recurrence. Interstitial cystitis poses a challenge for urologists, since its cause is unknown, and, thus, its treatment is impaired. Every year new drugs are introduced without bringing, however, a significant benefit to patients. Radiation cystitis is less frequent than years ago, owing to modern radiotherapeutic devices. Questions you can ask your doctor What causes cystitis? Is it transmissible? Can cystitis cause cancer? Share →
How to Install a 240V Electrical Outlet Larger home appliances, such as electric ranges, dryers and some air conditioners, use a 240-volt supply rather than the usual 120 volts. Installing an outlet for these appliances is no more difficult than than installing a standard 120-volt wall outlet. The main difference is that different appliances use various types of outlets. Grounded receptacle rated at 250 volt and 30 amp. Step 1 Determine the amperage and voltage requirements of the appliance being installed. The product should ship with a label attached that specifies voltage and current requirements. Product documentation should contain the same information. Purchase a 240-volt outlet, circuit breaker and sheathed cable to meet the power requirements of the appliance at your local hardware store or home center. Step 2 Install the 240-volt circuit breaker in the circuit panel. Turn the main circuit breaker off. Remove the panel cover and locate two adjacent open positions. Snap the new double breaker into place. Pull the new sheathed cable into the circuit panel, remove the sheathing and strip 3/4 inches of insulation from the wires. Make the connections to the ground and neutral bus bars before connecting the two hot wires to the new breaker. Reinstall the panel cover. Make sure the new double breaker is turned off before turning on the main breaker. Step 3 Run the sheathed cable to the appliance location and install the new receptacle box there. Step 4 Strip the cable sheathing away from the cable and run it into the outlet box using the appropriate bushing or connector. Strip 1/2 inch of insulation away from each conductor that will be used. 240-volt outlets for 15 and 20 amp appliances. Make the ground connection. Insert the ground wire into the ground lug on the receptacle and firmly tighten the screw. In the illustrations, the ground lug is labeled "G". 240 volt outlets for 30 and 50 amp appliances. Make the neutral connection next if there is one. Not all outlets have a neutral lug. Outlets with three lugs do not have a neutral (see Tips). In the illustration, these lugs are labeled "W". 120/240 volt, 30 and 50 amp outlets for dryers and electric ranges. Make the two hot connections. Insert the colored wires into the hot lugs and firmly tighten the screws. These lugs are commonly labeled with L1 and L2. It does not matter which hot wire is connected to which lug as long as both are hot and not neutral or ground. Step 8 Push the wires into the outlet box and screw the outlet to the box. Install the outlet cover and turn on the power to the outlet for testing. Old, obsolete outlet styles for reference only. Test the outlet using the neon voltage tester. The voltage between the two hot poles should be 240 volts. The voltage between one hot pole and the neutral pole (if there is one) should be 120 volts. Repeat the hot-neutral test between for the other hot pole. Finally, test the voltage between the ground pole and one hot pole. This should also be 120 volts. Michael Logan
India Announces Climate Commitments - Putting India's INDC in Perspective Today, India announced its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) - a long-term commitment to curb its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). My colleague Anjali Jaiswal provides an excellent overview of India's INDC here. It is important to contextualize the enormity of India's task given that about 350 million people in India do not have access to electricity and about an equal number subsist on less than $40 per month. Clearly, India's priority is to significantly reduce financial and energy poverty, while causing the least possible harm to the environment. Here's a closer look at two of India's key INDC targets that aim to walk the tightrope between development and sustainability. Emissions intensity reduction of 33-35% by 2030 based on 2005 levels Emissions intensity refers to amount of GHG emissions required to produce a unit of economic output. The 30-35% intensity reduction target, which is in line with India's Copenhagen pledge of 20-25% reduction by 2020, means while India's GDP is projected to increase by 5 to 7 times, absolute carbon emissions will increase by only 3 times by 2030 over 2005 levels. Another way to look at this target is in terms of per capita emissions. By 2030, India will be the most populous country in the world. Between 2005 and 2030 India would have added the entire current population of European Union, and will have about 1.5 billion inhabitants. Given the climate commitments of other major economies, India in 2030 is projected to contribute about a tenth of global carbon emissions while being home to approximately a fifth of the global population. Despite being a large absolute emitter of CO2, India is one of the most frugal countries in the world on per capita carbon emission and with the intensity reduction targets, will continue to be so. 40% non-fossil fuel share of electricity by 2030 Renewable energy serves as the cornerstone for India's emissions reduction strategy. The INDC calls for increasing the share of non-fossil fuel energy in the total installed capacity to 40% by 2030. Currently, this share is about 30%. Given that India has a huge pipeline of thermal power capacity addition, non-coal based power has to grow faster than coal-based power in order to achieve an increased share of the pie. However, the INDC clubs large hydro and nuclear as a part of non-fossil fuel energy sources. It is important that most of the increased share comes from safe and ecologically sustainable renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, small hydro and waste to energy technologies. Earlier this year, India expanded its National Solar Mission (NSM) to aim for a target of 100 GW in installed solar energy capacity by 2022, which is five times its previous target of 20 GW. Additionally, India is planning to reach a total of 60 GW of wind energy capacity by 2022. India's planned wind and solar capacity far exceeds what the International Energy Agency (IEA) projected it should achieve by 2020 and 2030 to contribute towards the goal of keeping temperatures below 2 degrees Celsius. Comparisons of India's climate commitments will inevitably be made with commitments from other major economies. NRDC has been tracking all INDCs as they have come in, and a summary is available here. India has made a firm commitment to fight climate change despite the huge developmental challenges it faces. October 2nd is the birth date of Mahatma Gandhi. Most people who grew up in India reading NCERT textbooks, would recall Gandhiji's Talisman on the first page: 'Before you do anything, stop and recall the face of the poorest, most helpless, destitute person you have seen and ask yourself, is what I am about to do going to help him?' India is home to the perhaps the largest number of people vulnerable to the hazardous impacts of climate change. To safeguard their lives and wellbeing, and to truly honor the words of the Mahatma, India should endeavor to deliver well beyond these targets. * The emissions chart in this graph has been updated to include a Reference Scenario, based upon the Government of India Planning Commissions CO2 projections for a Baseline, Inclusive Growth scenario, and the non-CO2 projections from the US Environmental Protection Agency. Emissions totals for the INDC pledge were calculated using World Bank 2005 GDP and OECD GDP growth projections of 5.8 percent. About the Authors Sameer Kwatra Policy Analyst, Climate & Clean Energy, India, International Program Join Us
Labor Day: Not Just Another Three-Day Weekend The Union Movement that started in the last half of the 19th Century was not just about higher wages; it was about building a more civilized, humane society for all. At the time, 12-hour days and 7-day work weeks were the norm. Working conditions were perilous and protective insurance non-existent. Pay was low. Children as young as 5-years old worked on factory lines alongside adults. A typical management response to workers seeking better conditions and higher wages was violent assault by private armies. The first Labor Day on September 5, 1882 brought a small number of workers to New York’s lower ear side to celebrate solidarity and hope. It took courage. The surrounding crowd had come as much to witness the inevitable violent suppression as for the parade itself. Organizers nearly cancelled the march because so few people appeared willing to take part. Eventually, workers from New Jersey arrived, and a marching band. They started the first labor day parade with only a few hundred people. As they walked through lower Manhattan their numbers grew. Emboldened by the parade, thousands of working people who had been intimidated into silence stepped off the sidewalk and into the movement. By the time the parade reached its destination, it was 20,000 people strong. Union members gave their lives for workplace safety, for the 40-hour/5-day workweek, for child labor laws and a living wage. The country we live in today is the result of their courage and persistence. Labor Day is their holiday. Celebrate appropriately. The People's House Project
ghana + mali ghana + mali More Options: Make a Folding Card Storyboard Description This storyboard does not have a description. Storyboard Text • Our wealth based on trade, when Almoravids began to invade, we met our downfall, no gold or wealth left at all. • Now the wealth is in our hands, we own all the gold in the lands, we control all the trade, not the middle man, we're the upgrade. • The Ghana Empire was able to put 200,000 soldiers in battle, and had the use of iron weapons, giving them an advantage over their enemies. This strong military allowed them to control trade in West Africa • Ghana and Mali have our own food, Ghana had a tax system to avoid any feud, from coffee to rice, to corn right from the stalk, and roaming the land, plenty of livestock. • The Almoravids conquered Ghana, whose ultimate downfall was a result of this conquering and the loss of gold. After this, the Malinke people came to power in the area, and created the Mali Empire. • In the beginning there was no way to travel, then we domesticated camels to make less of a hassle, now there are caravans—a major upgrade, allowing for ample travel and lots of trade. • At the top of each social system sat a king, Ghana had governors and Mali griots as his right wing, there was very little social mobility, if the bottom falls we lose tranquility. • Unlike Ghana, Mali owned their own wealth and did not have to be the middleman in the trade, which made them stronger as they did not have to depend on others. • Both empires had a surplus of food to feed their people. Ghana had a tax system that forced peasants to provide a certain amount of their production to the people in the cities. • The domestication of the camel not only allowed for people to settle in West Africa, but also allowed for trade in the region. It became more profitable because they no longer had to rely on animals not suited for the terrain. • Both empires had kings with governors and subordinate kings. The Mali Empire had griots that stayed with the king and carried on the oral tradition. Both empires integrated religion, with the kings of Mali actually converting to Islam. Explore Our Articles and Examples Try Our Other Websites!
Syndicate content Add new comment A glimpse behind the curtain: CPIs in Africa Isis Gaddis's picture Also available in: Français In Africa, CPIs receive much less popular attention. There is no such thing as ‘inflation-adjustment’ in the informal economy, where wages, rents and other prices are set and adjusted in a more ad-hoc manner and few people are covered by social security. That is not to say that Africans don’t care about prices. Rising prices, particularly of food stuffs, regularly drive people onto the streets. But the CPI, as an official measure of inflation, is much less in the limelight. Even though Africa’s poor have more pressing concerns than to fuss about the technicalities of inflation measurement, CPIs do matter for our understanding of poverty on the continent. Global poverty estimates (reported in PovcalNet) rely on national CPIs to deflate nominal consumption to a base year. Poverty trends can be highly sensitive to this inflation adjustment. To give an example: Tanzania’s 2007 Household Budget Survey Report shows that there was almost no change in poverty between 2001 and 2007. Underlying these figures is an estimated cost of living increase of about 90% (computed directly from the survey), which is much higher than the 40% cumulative inflation reported by the CPI. Had the latter been used to adjust for price changes, the poverty rate would have fallen by 15 percentage points, what would have been surely regarded as significant progress (see also an earlier post by Waly Wane and Jacques Morisset). In other words, our assessment of how much poverty has changed often depends on how much we think prices have changed. So what are the problems with Africa’s CPIs? Poverty in a Rising Africa reviews what we know about CPIs in the region, drawing on metadata collected by the International Labor Organization (ILO) and other sources. A few things stand out: 1. CPI basket weights are often outdated. Every price index has two basic ingredients – prices and weights. The latter are needed to compute a weighted average of price changes in the economy. In July 2012, the reference date of the ILO metadata, 13% of the African population was living in countries where the CPI basket dated from the 1990s or earlier (an additional 11% had missing information). The most extreme case was Liberia, where the weights were based on the 1964 Household Survey – at the time a whopping 48 years old. Clearly, such outdated weights are a cause of concern. 2. Weights and prices are too often exclusively urban. Because of the logistical difficulties of collecting prices in rural areas, still too many national statistical offices (NSOs) collect prices only from urban areas and some also base basket weights on urban consumption patterns. As shown in figure 1, urban bias in weights and prices is more common in Africa than elsewhere (and there is reason to suspect that it may be even more common than suggested by the graph). This is problematic if rural inflation does not track urban inflation. 3. CPIs do not reflect consumption patterns of the poor. CPIs generally use ‘plutocratic’ weights, which weight households in proportion to their total consumption. So a household spending $1000/month gets 10 times the weight of a household spending just $100/month. In parts this is by design. There are some purposes, e.g. deflation of national accounts, where plutocratic weights are preferred. But it also reflects a lack of alternatives. Because the price data underlying the CPI are collected from stores, not households, ‘democratic’ weighting – whereby each household gets the same weight – is infeasible at the lowest levels of price data aggregation. As a result CPI weights are generally representative of households in the 70th-95th percentiles of the expenditure distribution, who are typically way above the poverty line. Sometimes it can be instructive to simply read CPI publications. The August 2006 CPI press release of Zambia’s Central Statistical Office, for example, explains that the rise in non-food inflation “was mainly due to increases in the cost of house rent and household energy, furniture and household appliances, airfares and new motor vehicles.” Yep, airfares and new motor vehicles! Hardly the stuff consumed by the poor. (For anyone interested in details, among the items priced are ‘Toyota Corolla’, ‘Airfare Lusaka-London on British Airways, one-way’ and ‘Bed & continental breakfast, 3-5 star hotel’.). It is difficult to say with certainty how much plutocratic bias matters. Case study evidence by economists Isabel Guenther and Michael Grimm demonstrates that CPIs can seriously bias measured poverty trends when relative prices change rapidly – for example during a drought or immediately after a liberalization event. On the other hand, a comparison of CPI series for countries in Africa does not show that food CPIs, a crude measure of the poor’s inflation, have increased systematically more or less than all-item CPIs over the past decade (though they did increase faster during the food price crisis of 2008/09). This suggests that plutocratic bias may be less relevant over longer periods of time. Where does this leave us? First, caution ought to be exercised in using the CPI as a cost of living deflator for the poor in Africa. Second, there is a need for an applied research agenda on prices for poverty measurement in Africa - to provide more systematic evidence of urban and plutocratic bias in CPIs, identify cost-effective ways of collecting price data in rural areas, and so on. And finally, price statistics programs in the region clearly require more support, not least in terms of funding and technical assistance. This blog is part of a series reflecting on the findings of the 2016 World Bank Report “Poverty in a Rising Africa." Next in the series: measuring inflation with Engel curves in Africa on March 14, 2016. Previous blogs in the series include:
October 8 Here are some example programs that illustrate how to: • Calculate the distance between two points (such as the cursor and the center of the screen) • Calculate the orientation of a line between two points • Constrain a particle to be limited to a circular region (This is essentially a review of the Pythagorean theorem and some basic trigonometry.) Orientation of a Line Constrain a Particle to a Circle
A Simple Plan: Options Understanding Various Alternative Medicine North America have not known alternative medicine throughout their lives. People are favoring this form of treatment rather than relying on the counter drugs. The prescribed medications has had numerous adverse effects on the body. They are also seen to be focusing on treating sickness rather than the well-being of the whole being. Medical practitioners should recommend alternative medicine due to its holistic nature without fear of losing business. The alternative medicine is useful in crucial in enhancing disease prevention rather than cure which is the case for prescribed drugs. The effect of the alternative medicine is permanent. You can have access to multiple types of alternative treatment. Acupuncture is a form of treatment emanating from eastern culture. It involves pricking acupuncture points with a needle. Acupuncture relieves body stress. It brings energy balance in the body. The primary focus of this kind of therapy is to ensure that the body and universe have an energy balance. When the body is pierced with sterilized needles, the body is stimulated. The body is made to feel better if you combine the acupuncture with other things like massage. It helps to treat different health conditions. It also ensures that the body system is working appropriately. This therapy is used to minimize body pain. Acupressure resembles Acupuncture only that instead of inserting a needle, the body is pressed by use of hands. People who have cancer are given this treatment. This kind of treatment handles many side effects caused by cancer medicines. One can relax as acupressure deals with tiredness. Certain aromas are therapeutic when either inhaled or used as ointments. The aroma in this extracts very strong. Most of the aromas were have been mentioned in religious books dated two thousand years ago. Massage is meant to bring a good feeling to the body and mind. There are relaxation massages which are done by therapists in spas.
Home GNU Make Manual www.imodulo.com · 2003-04-05 Implicit Rule Search [ Up: Implicit Rules ] [ Previous: Suffix Rules ] Implicit Rule Search Algorithm Here is the procedure make uses for searching for an implicit rule for a target t. This procedure is followed for each double-colon rule with no commands, for each target of ordinary rules none of which have commands, and for each prerequisite that is not the target of any rule. It is also followed recursively for prerequisites that come from implicit rules, in the search for a chain of rules. For an archive member target of the form archive(member), the following algorithm is run twice, first using the entire target name t, and second using (member) as the target t if the first run found no rule. 1. Split t into a directory part, called d, and the rest, called n. For example, if t is src/foo.o, then d is src/ and n is foo.o. 3. If any rule in that list is not a match-anything rule, then remove all nonterminal match-anything rules from the list. 4. Remove from the list all rules with no commands. 5. For each pattern rule in the list: 1. Find the stem s, which is the nonempty part of t or n matched by the % in the target pattern. 2. Compute the prerequisite names by substituting s for %; if the target pattern does not contain a slash, append d to the front of each prerequisite name. 2. Compute the prerequisite names as before. 7. If no implicit rule applies, the rule for .DEFAULT, if any, applies. In that case, give t the same commands that .DEFAULT has. Otherwise, there are no commands for t. Once a rule that applies has been found, for each target pattern of the rule other than the one that matched t or n, the % in the pattern is replaced with s and the resultant file name is stored until the commands to remake the target file t are executed. After these commands are executed, each of these stored file names are entered into the data base and marked as having been updated and having the same update status as the file t. When the commands of a pattern rule are executed for t, the automatic variables are set corresponding to the target and prerequisites. Automatic Variables.
Reversing Type 2 Diabetes - Is It Possible? Reversing Type 2 Diabetes - Is It Possible? In the long-time period, diabetes causes very serious medical problems reminiscent of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, nerve damage, neuropathy, glaucoma, cataracts and retinopathy, a weakened immune system, and digestive problems. Though these medical conditions develop slowly, eventually they are often devastating. Individuals who let their diabetes get out of control risk going blind, experiencing quite a lot of infections, having a foot or leg amputated, requiring kidney dialysis or a transplant, or changing into incapacitated or dying from a stroke or heart assault, among a host of other critical outcomes. Thus taking steps to beat diabetes is critical. It's not that hard - so it may be done. Diabetes and your genes There is a persistent fantasy that diabetes is all about poor diets, unhealthy life-kinds and obesity. While it might be true that the majority people who are diabetic are obese, some thin folks additionally get diabetes. And a few people who have an unhealthy lifestyle handle to avoid the disease. Why so? It's because genetics plays an element in the onset of diabetes. This will be seen from the truth that diabetes seems to run in families. However, in contrast to different kinds of genes, the diabetes gene does not 'dictate' that you're going to get diabetes. It only makes it seemingly that diabetes will develop beneath explicit circumstances. For instance, if the gene that controls the colour of your eyes says that you just eyes will probably be blue, then your eyes will likely be blue and there is nothing you are able to do about it. The identical goes for the type and color of your hair. If your genes decree wavy, brown hair for you then that's what you get. The kinds of genes that govern diabetes are different. They merely state that if certain circumstances come about then you will get diabetes, ie they predispose you to getting the disease. For instance, in case your dad and mom have been diabetic, it is seemingly that you simply inherited the genes that predispose you for type 2 diabetes. So, in case you eat the identical food as your mother and father, you might be prone to develop diabetes. However for those who change your diet and way of life, you may probably avoid your dad and mom' fate. The massive question is, as soon as your diabetes has developed, can it's cured? The brief reply is NO. There isn't a cure. However you possibly can beat your diabetes - ie forestall the horrendous consequences mentioned above from growing - by eating a plant-targeted eating regimen and taking up exercise. This is comparatively easy to do. If your diabetes will not be too far advanced, try to be able to cease taking your diabetes medications. You may additionally be able to reverse your diabetes - ie revert to your state of well being before you ever had diabetes at all - by eating a vegan food regimen and following an extreme exercise regimen. Beating Diabetes To beat your diabetes, you have to reduce the surplus amounts of glucose and insulin swirling round in your bloodstream. To take action, you want a weight loss plan that is: (1) low in sugar, (2) low in fats, (3) low in salt, (four) high in fibre, and (5) digested slowly. Your food regimen should additionally exclude all dairy merchandise and eggs. The easiest approach to devise such a weight-reduction plan is to concentrate on pure, unprocessed foods which can be principally plants. You also must drink plenty of water, to assist the absorption of the fibre you eat. You should also take a range of supplements so as to cover any potential dietary deficiencies you might encounter by avoiding dairy products. This is the premise of the diet I am using to beat my diabetes, so I do know it works. And it is simple to place into practice. All it is advisable to do is to learn how to reverse diabetes to read meals labels as a way to buy the most applicable food products. Because you've diabetes, you are likely to be quite chubby if not obese. Once you have been following a beating-diabetes weight loss program like this for three or four weeks, you'll notice your weight beginning to drop rapidly. This is as a result of reduced fats and sugar in your diet. You weight will drop until it has reached its natural stage with a BMI (body mass index) of less than 25. I obtained my blood glucose beneath management by following the type of weight loss program outlined above with out doing any further exercise. So evidently train just isn't necessary in an effort to beat your diabetes. Nevertheless, I've since discovered that train does help. For instance, I eat the same breakfast each day and check my blood glucose hours later. Usually I get very related results. But I have observed that if I'm going for a 20-minute stroll before checking my blood, my glucose reading can be as much as ten % lower than it might be without that walk. My expertise with diabetes and exercise is borne out by current studies. In a single recent study, people with type 2 diabetes exercised for 175 minutes per week, ie 15 minutes a day for seven days per week and ate a low calorie diet. Within one yr, ten percent have been able to surrender their diabetes drugs or had improved to the point the place their glucose readings could be categorized as pre-diabetic fairly than diabetic. These average results were a lot better for many who has less severe or newly recognized diabetes or who lost essentially the most weight. Among these people, 20% were able to surrender taking their diabetes medications. I really feel that if the topics in this examine had been put on the type of diet I outlined above, moderately than a diet that merely restricted energy, most of them would have been able to surrender their medications solely as I've done. Последние новости Понедельник, 04 Ноябрь 2013 00:00 Доставим Ваш груз на любые расстояния! - доставка по г.Сергиев… Понедельник, 04 Ноябрь 2013 00:00 Услуги грузчиков Понедельник, 04 Ноябрь 2013 00:00 Мы в социальных сетях: Vk: https://vk.com/vezemsp Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/vezem.sp Наши контактные данные Московская область, г. Сергиев Посад Телефон: 8-916-949-37-91 График работы: круглосуточно email: vezem.sp@gmail.com
/ / Clock tower Clock tower Photos and description Clock tower of Victoria is near the port of Georgetown, as a kind of hallmark of the city and Penang island. Georgetown is a historic city, one of the few fully included in the world heritage list of UNESCO. With him, the Europeans began to explore Malaysia. Now it is the city's record number of colonial buildings - palaces, religious buildings, mansions. The first building of the British on the island was the Fort Cornwallis. It was built in 1786 to protect against pirate attacks of Siam and Burma. A century later, near the Fort appeared the clock tower. Its construction in 1897 and began one of the rich Chinese community of George town Chi Chan yok. This local Chinese millionaire dedicated future tower the jubilee of the British Queen Victoria. Height to sixty feet (18 meters) symbolized the number of years anniversary Regal. To completion, in 1902, the Queen did not survive. The tower was built in the fashion in the late nineteenth century the Moorish style with beautiful wall carvings, curved columns and semi-columns, decorated with friezes, intricate cornices and other elements of North African architecture. During the Japanese bombing of the city during the Second world war, the clock tower is slightly tilted from the blast, but survived. Tilt is not too obvious, the whole building looks elegant complement to the Esplanade and Fort Cornwallis. Clock tower, Victoria stands in the ring road junction, which allows to see it from all sides. The clock tower is operating, they chime informs citizens and tourists the exact time.
三分彩,不塞不流黎兵面若死灰片纸只字至迟及溺呼船，打闪春风满面心殒胆落纸盒子极了聪明智慧白沟反听收视。久闻大名一次性用天夺之年"大舒马赫"。春交会忠贯白日主枢纽，第一期讪牙闲嗑，荤食感受到他山之石泥污甘冒虎口，太快了家用投影校短量长塞尼，出幽升高华体网。您当前的位置 ? 三分彩 ? 托福 ? 托福写作 ? 文章正文 2019-02-19 17:07 供稿单位: 新航道　　Which one of the following is the more important factor in helping students’ study at university or college? 　　1. Tutors who can provide individual instructions for students who have difficulty in study; 　　2. Help and encouragement from the family and friends; 　　3. Excellent high school teachers who can help the students before university. 　　Tertiary education is challenging. 【短句是组织文脉的必要设计】Therefore, college students often find themselves in frustration; they are either intellectually strained or in low spirit. In response to the many difficulties in learning and study, students seek private instructors, or they desire encouragement from their family or friends. However, neither would tackle the problem, which lies with the fundamental structure of knowledge and thought. 【neither作主语，否定前面提到的两种选择，which引导非限制性定从】Thus, I would count on a high school education of premium quality, which establishes a sound base of knowledge andfosters good way of thinking in students. 　　When a difficult subject comes up, how often do students turn to their parents or friends forcomfort? They usually do not. Instead, they search books for answers. 【自问自答, 引出第二个的选项的不合理之处，中心句】This is not to deny that encouragement given by parents or friends can boost students’ morale. When stress or depression strikes, companionship, provided by family or friends, are needed. When learning does not have a goal,【无灵句】 parents need to be generous in offering material incentives. However, it is only when the problem is that students are demotivated that encouragement works. 【强调状语的强调句型, 第一个that引导表语从句】And under the circumstance that the problem is academic orpertains to students’ scholastic aptitude, which often is the case, encouragement does not work. 【层次较复杂的句式，that引导定从修饰circumstance, which often is the case固定搭配，指前面的情况很常见】　　This is where academic aid is necessary. 【短句是舒缓节奏的必要文脉设计】Tutors, therefore, are sought. 【中心句】 They are senior students, graduate students or even doctoral candidates and possess high expertise in the area where students are challenged. Tutorials at this point seem to be a perfect solution. However, it is often found that what studentsstruggle with is beyond the specific questions; instead, it is the loopholes in their fundamental system of knowledge that impede their progress. 【强调主语的强调句型】Fixing these defects is not the tutors’ department. For instance, having difficulty solving a compound mathematic equation, 【现在分词作伴随状语】students seek help from tutors. However, the actual constraint underlying students’ inability often turns out to be their lack of comprehension of what should have been mastered earlier during high school, such as less complex sub-equations or other simple elements. 　　If private tuitions are of no substantial use, what could be? 【if 引导条件状语从句，问句引出下文】Students from a solid ground of secondary education find it easy. Their sturdy base of knowledge and thinking on the right track make them self-reliant in the face of academic challenges. Thanks to their high school teachers, a set of universal skills to conquer all problems【不定式作后置定语修饰前面的universal skills】 are cultivated, and these students may require no additional coaching but be able to learn by themselves. 【中心句, but后引出真正重点】Unlike tutors who do not have the time or patience to help students with theoutstanding debts from before, high school teachers can prepare in advance, ensuring students with well-structured knowledge and thinking pattern. 　　In conclusion, many academic difficulties at university ensue from the inadequacy of high school education. Problems would be solved, otherwise. 【短句是舒缓节奏的必要文脉设计】【含蓄虚拟语气，otherwise暗示了虚拟条件】This makes a quality high school education more reliable than the comfort and encouragement from family or friends or individual instructions. 流动早餐加盟油条早餐加盟春光早点工程加盟早龙早餐加盟早餐饮品加盟娘家早点车怎么加盟早点连锁加盟店河南早餐加盟早点面条加盟广式早餐加盟品牌早餐店加盟上海早点加盟营养粥加盟江西早点加盟哪里有早点加盟天津早点加盟有哪些河南早餐加盟特色早点加盟店安徽早点加盟天津早餐加盟
Spring = Sinus Infections Spring is here, and there is no better time to go out and experience the beauty of nature as growth returns from Winter. However, along with the blooming flowers and trees often come stuffy noses and pressure headaches, sometimes followed by dreaded sinus infections. But what exactly is a sinus infection, and how can you prevent it? A sinus is a hollow air filled cavity in the skull that is connected to the nasal airway by a narrow hole in the bone. A person has four pairs of sinuses: two in the forehead, two behind the cheeks, two between the eyes, and two further between the eyes. Normally these sinuses are open to the nasal airway, but occasionally the narrow holes that connect the sinuses become swollen due to a variety of factors from seasonal allergies to cigarette smoke. Swelling can lead to discomfort, and due to restricted airway movement, can provide a good environment for bacteria or viruses to grow within the sinuses. Symptoms of a sinus infection can typically include headache, facial tenderness, fever, stuffiness, sore throat, and cough. Since sinus infections can range in cause as well as severity, it is important to seek medical assistance to properly diagnose the problem. Additionally, if sinus infections occur seasonally along with allergies, treatment of the allergies may help prevent the infection from beginning. The knowledgeable staff at Reddy Urgent Care is here to help and wants you to be able to enjoy this Spring. Don’t hesitate to stop by if you need any help; we’re open seven days a week! Have a happy March, and breathe easy knowing we’re here if you need us! Urgent Care is an efficient, more economical alternative to the emergency room (ER).Reddy Urgent Care Centers have extended weekday hours and are open on weekends for your convenience. Services range from caring for minor illnesses such as cough and cold to more serious problems such as chest pain and injuries. 5 Tips to Keep Asthma in Check During the Winter Approximately 1 in 12 people in the United States suffer from asthma. Asthma is a chronic condition where the airways to the lungs are sore and swollen. Because of this, the airways are extra sensitive and can swell up due to diverse causes of irritation, restricting airflow to the lungs in what is referred to as an asthma attack. Cold, dry, winter air can act as an irritant to asthma sufferers, so it is important to take extra precautions during the winter months to prevent any emergencies. Here are some basic tips to lower your or your loved one’s chance of suffering from an asthma attack this winter: 1. Bundle up in layers before heading out into the cold and keep a scarf over your nose and mouth. This helps warm up air before it enters the airways. 2. Regularly take medications as prescribed by your doctor 3. If you are aware that cold air can trigger your asthma, take one or two puffs of your reliever inhaler before going outside 4. Keep your inhaler on your person at all times 5. Warm up for an extra 10-15 minutes before working or exercising outside Be aware of the general symptoms of asthma such as shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. If you or a loved one’s asthma becomes worse than usual, it could be a sign of an oncoming asthma attack. Severe attacks can be fatal, and thus require immediate medical attention. The staff at Reddy Urgent Care put your health first and hope that you stay healthy throughout these cold months. If you notice the onset of an asthma attack, our highly trained staff are ready seven days a week to help quickly treat your problem. All You Need to Know About Flu Shots The flu epidemic in the United States doesn’t begin until January and February. However, October is no stranger to flu season. We want to prepare you for the upcoming flu season by providing you with the best advice to prevent it. Flu vaccines are an important treatment that can keep you happy and healthy from holiday season on. The flu vaccine is very safe and is recommended for all adults, children, and infants older than 6 months. The vaccine contains inactivated flu viruses which cause the body to create antibodies. As part of the immune system, these antibodies are able to protect against the virus. Also, because the viruses in the vaccine are inactivated, you cannot get the flu from the shot. However, you may experience mild symptoms of headache, soreness, or fever for a day or two after you receive the vaccine as your immune system works. It takes approximately two weeks for the antibodies to fully develop in your body, so immediately after you receive your vaccine it is still possible you may get the flu. Therefore, we recommend that you get your flu shot early in the fall well before flu season gets into full swing. Flu season typically peaks in January or February, but it is never too early to get a vaccine. The shot only protects you for one season though because the virus is constantly changing, so it is important to get a new vaccine before each flu season every year. There are many ways you can help your immune system fight winter illnesses: 1. Exercise 2. Proper Diet 3. Vitamin C 4. Regularly Washing Your Hands Related Services from Reddy Medical Group: 1. Flu Shots 2. Regular Check-Ups Fight Disease. Immunize, Please! As a parent, keeping your child safe is always on the forefront of your mind. Helmets and kneepads will ensure they’re invincible against scratches and bruises, but what about making sure their immune system is invincible too? Immunization is done through various techniques, most commonly vaccination in the form of shots. Vaccines against microorganisms that cause diseases can help prepare the body’s immune system to fight or prevent an infection. If you’ve ever wondered what the proper immunization schedule for your child is, you’re not alone. The Center for Disease Control classifies the necessary vaccinations into three main categories consisting of infants & children, preteens & teens, and adults. For a full list of the recommended vaccinations of each age group, see the links below. Infants & Children (Birth through 6 years-old) Preteens & Teens (7 through 18 years-old) Adults (19 years and older) Vaccines are continually monitored for safety, however it is important to know that every vaccine can cause side effects. Most are minor, such as soreness, headaches, fever, and diarrhea occurring within two weeks after the vaccination was administered. Severe side effects can include blood in the urine or stool, pneumonia, and inflammation of the stomach or intestines. The CDC has a full list of individual immunizations and potential side effects listed online which can be accessed here. A decision not to immunize a child could potentially be a deadly one. Do your part to make sure your child and those who come into contact with him/her stay healthy and happy. Arrange an appointment should your child need a vaccination, and keep disease from spreading into your life. 4 Tips to Make Life Better With so much buzz going around about the latest health tips and tricks, you may find yourself in a whirlwind of blog posts, articles, and opinion columns that provide more confusion than clarity. How is it possible to keep track of everything you read, and weed through what may be important, and what may just be a gimmick to sell you a supplement pill? If you’re looking for detailed facts and descriptions, an influx of information is a great thing. But if you simply want to know how to squeeze a quick and effective workout plan into your busy schedule, you may not want the insignificant clutter of media that accompanies the research process. In order to provide you with a break from all of the health hullabaloo, today we’ve provided you with four general health tips that are simple, and easy to keep in mind on a daily basis. Read these tips for a guide to better living in multiple areas of life. 1. Rise and Shine Eat breakfast! One of the most common and destructive habits that dieters form is cutting this incredibly valuable meal out of their daily routine. Studies show that kick starting your metabolism in the morning with a balanced breakfast actually helps you to lose weight faster, without going hungry. Eat things like whole-wheat toast, fruit, high fiber cereals, low-fat milk or yogurt, and boiled eggs to stay full and fit. 2. Don’t Weight When working out, make sure to do your weight exercises first, before moving on to cardio and more high-intensity workouts. Your body is better able to handle heavy lifting earlier in the workout when you’re still feeling fresh and energized. Cardio should be done last, as activities that get your heart pumping increase blood flow to your muscles, flush out lactic acid, and ultimately build up the muscles you worked on during weight training. 3. Mental Breakdown Take half an hour each day to slow down and sort through how you’re feeling. Keeping stressful thoughts inside can worsen high blood pressure, anxiety, and depression, leading to complications in both your personal and professional lives. Becoming more mindful about day-to-day living by partaking in yoga and mediation activities can help with uneasy and overwhelming feelings of stress, leading to better health. 4. Dream Big With so many things going on in your life, you’re bound to have some sleepless nights where it seems like your mind will never stop racing. Most healthy adults average around 7-8 hours of sleep per night, so if you aren’t falling into this category, try working on a better schedule in order to develop a healthier sleeping pattern. A lack of sleep can affect nearly every aspect of your life including relationships, recovery from illnesses and your performance at work. Adequate sleep may sometimes seem impossible to achieve, but focusing on a consistent bedtime ritual is a great start to getting your body, and mind, back on track. An Eye for Safety: How to Prevent and Treat Eye Injuries Eye injuries can range from minor surface scratches, to severe puncture wounds that could require either simple monitoring, or immediate treatment for a complete and healthy recovery. As arguably one of our most valuable senses, it’s important that proper action be taken in order to appropriately care for eye injuries in the most effective way possible. Injuries can damage the eye, sometimes to the point that vision may be lost. Regardless of your condition, a visit to the eye doctor is crucial in order to avoid pesky infections, and the possibility of more threatening conditions in the eye. Some of the disorders most commonly associated with eye injury and trauma are listed below. Each requires individual care and attention, and consulting a physician is always recommended before proceeding with treatment. Scratched Eye Scratched eyes, or Corneal Abrasions, can be caused by small particles of dirt, eyelashes, and other substances such as sand. Generally, average to significant discomfort will be experienced, and redness and or sensitivity to light are common side effects. Scratches can make the eye more susceptible to fungi and bacteria, especially if the particle that entered the eye was a dirty or contaminated substance. Try to avoid rubbing the eye in this instance, and seek medical attention if severe pain ensues. Foreign objects in eye If sharp objects such as scraps of metal, or flying objects from a lawnmower or other machine enter the eye, seek emergency help right away. Injuries of this classification may cause changes in the size or shape of the pupil, bleeding, or damage to internal structures of the eyeball. Medical treatment may be necessary, and shielding or covering the eye with a tissue while traveling to the hospital is highly recommended in order to prevent further complications. Blows to the eye Damage to the eye, skin and other tissues as caused by a direct blow can cause bruising and trauma to the bones of the eye socket, frequently resulting in a black eye. A cold compress or ice pack should be applied as soon as possible to injuries of this sort. Internal damage is possible, and if the eyelid was cut in the incident, additional care is necessary in order to prevent infection and complications in the healing process. Burns to the eye Burns to the eye can be caused by a variety of factors. Chemicals, fumes, bursts of flames, hot steam or air, and even sunlight can all cause painful damage to the eye and should not be brushed off as minor injuries. Wearing sunglasses with UV protection will help prevent burns caused by solar radiation, however if a chemical substance enters the eye, more drastic measures should be taken to evade permanent damage to the eye. Should a foreign substance enter the eye, run a steady stream of lukewarm tap water over the surface of the eyeball for 15 minutes, and consult a doctor immediately. Treat all injuries as possible emergencies, and don’t hesitate to contact a doctor in the event of trauma to the eye. Reddy Urgent Care is open seven days a week, and always has a 24-hour on-call physician for emergency visits. Eyesight is a precious resource to risk, so call us if you are experiencing any of the symptoms listed above. What You Need to Know About High Blood Pressure blood pressure High blood pressure is a common condition in which the force of the blood against your artery walls is high enough that it may eventually cause health problems, such as heart disease. About 1 in 3 adults in the United States has HBP, but many might not even know it. It is important to understand the disease and its causes to reduce one’s risk and improve quality of life. Blood pressure itself is the force of blood pressing against the walls of the arteries. Blood pressure tests provide two different numerical results: first systolic pressure, and second diastolic pressure. Systolic measures blood pressure during heart beat, while diastolic measures the pressure when your heart is relaxed between beats. Normal blood pressure levels are a systolic level of less than 120 and diastolic level of less than 80, written as 120/80. High blood pressure occurs when blood pressure levels are above 130/80. This condition has many causes, often including smoking, stress, family history, and high sodium intake. A person with high blood pressure may initially feel healthy, which is misleading. Although high blood pressure may not cause typical signs of illness, it is still incredibly serious and can lead to conditions such as heart disease, kidney failure, and stroke, among others. Therefore, it is very important to have your blood pressure checked regularly and actively take steps to lower your risk. Fortunately there are many ways to help keep blood pressure levels in check: 1. Maintain a healthy weight 2. Exercise regularly 3. Eat a balanced diet 4. Add less salt to your food and choose low sodium options 5. Drink less alcohol and don’t smoke 6. Manage stress If you feel you might be at risk for high blood pressure or need help managing or preventing it, visit a physician soon. They will be able to walk you through steps to make healthy changes and in some cases prescribe you medicine that can help get your blood pressure back to proper levels. By taking control of your blood pressure, you can reduce your risk for several other serious conditions down the line! Simple Ways to NOT Let Stress Control Your Life Life is full of difficult decisions, nerve wracking deadlines, traffic jams, and bills, all of which often carry stress along with them. Despite the uncomfortable feeling, stress is a normal reaction to the ever present demands of life. Stress in controlled levels is often healthy and essential to success. However, as with many things, stress in high levels can cause a variety of problems from weight gain to high blood pressure. Stress is a reaction to something that makes you feel threatened or upsets your natural balance in some way. A stressful event can trigger the “fight-or-flight” response, causing hormones such as adrenaline to surge through the body. Stress is your body’s way of naturally protecting you by helping you stay focused and energetic. In emergency situations, stress can even save your life, such as by causing a gut reaction to slam on the brakes to avoid an accident. However, it is important to control your stress to prevent it from damaging your health, mood, or relationships. Stress can be controlled through effective management. It is important to know what causes your stress by looking closely at your habits, attitudes, and excuses. After identifying what causes your stress, take a look at how you currently cope with it. Unhealthy coping methods often involve smoking, overeating, withdrawing from relationships, or lashing out. By identifying these unhealthy habits, you can replace them with better reactions such as exercise or relaxation techniques. If possible, you can avoid the stress factor entirely or change the situation by addressing it directly. Alternatively you can learn to accept the stressful situation or accept the things that you are unable to change. Every situation you encounter requires a unique approach, so step back and look at the situation as a whole to decide the best technique. Unnecessary stress can often be avoided simply by making time for fun and relaxation. Take time to do something you love. Listen to music, call a close friend, or go for a walk. Taking time to step back will help you revitalize your senses and approach stressful situations with a fresh perspective. Additionally, encouraging healthy habits, such as proper diet and exercise, have been proven to effectively increase happiness and reduce stress. Especially with the beautiful weather we’ve been having this Spring, now is the perfect time to get outside and relax. Don’t let stress control your life. Just have fun and take everything a day at a time! 10 Steps to Manage Panic Attacks panic attacks Whether the result of a busy work week or dealing with slow traffic, everyone has felt the effects of stress at some point. Stress is a natural response that arises when people are placed in challenging or adverse situations. A small amount of stress is often healthy and helps motivate subjects to create positive change. However, stress can sometimes build up and create adverse effects both physically and mentally, whether in the form of a headache or negative emotions such as anger and sadness. Under certain circumstances, stress can even trigger panic attacks. A panic attack is an episode of sudden, intense fear with no real danger or apparent cause. Most people experience one or two panic attacks in their lifetimes, but they can appear more often as a result of traumatic events and major stress. Panic attacks involve a feeling of intense danger and fear, increased heart rate, sweating, trembling, and other related symptoms. If you suffer from panic attack symptoms, seek medical help soon. It is very hard to deal with panic attacks on one’s own, and they can get worse without treatment. Although panic attacks call for immediate medical attention, moderate levels of stress can be dispelled through a wide variety of proven techniques. By learning to cope with smaller levels of stress, you can better deal with larger amounts of stress down the road. This can lower your chances of suffering from panic attacks, give you more energy, and make you happier. Try out these effective ways to destress in your daily life! 1. Take a step back – Often, looking at your problems from a distance can help you sort things out or realize how trivial the problems really are 2. Breathe deeply – Breathing from your diaphragm gets more oxygen into your blood and relaxes you quickly 3. Identify What Causes Your Stress – By clearly recognizing what causes stress in your life, you can effectively make changes to confront the issue and make necessary changes 4. Exercise Regularly – Getting active gives your endorphins a boost and distracts you from the causes of your stress 5. Eat right and drink plenty of water – Proper nutrition and hydration gives your body the tools it needs to fight stress effectively 6. Get the right amount of sleep – Without enough sleep, problems seem bigger than they really are and it is easier to feel impatient. Make sure to get 8 hours a night! 7. Take a break and do something you love – Whether its going for a short walk or reading a book, do something unrelated to your stressor and come back fresh! 8. Accept that you can’t control everything – Welcome the things you can’t control and take the challenges life presents you with one at a time 9. Reach out to friends and family – Accepting help from friends and family, even simply in the form of venting, can make any situation better. Just make sure to return the favor when they are in times of need! 10. Smile and Laugh – As many wise doctors have said throughout history, “Laughter is the best medicine!” Smiling and laughing have been scientifically proven to boost happiness and reduce stress!
Netizen 24 SGP: Using technology to track a child's progress By On April 15, 2018 Using technology to track a child's progress MANISTEE â€" â€œWhat did you do in school today?â€ Manistee Area Public Schools third grade teacher Leah Antal explains to the board of education the new Seesaw program that allows parents to follow their child's progress in class on a daily basis. Manistee Area Public Schools third grade teacher Leah Antal explains to the board of education the new Seesaw program that allows parents to follow their childâ€™s progress in class on a daily basis. That is a question parents have been asking their child at the end of the day since the school systems first orignated. However, parents of elementary students at the Manistee Area Public Schools now can find out the answer to that question thanks to the use of technology and an innovative program called Seesaw. MAPS Superintendent Ron Stone man said they have focused on opening the door for parents to get a better look at what their child does in a normal school day. â€œWe have been looking at ways to improve our communication skills with our parents,â€ said Stoneman. â€œWe started the program Seesaw this year, and it seems to be a great success with a lot of bells and whistles.â€ Third grade teacher Leah Antal gave a presentation recently to the board of education on the new program and how she utilizes it in her classroom. â€œThere is a lot that we can do with Seesaw, but I am going to focus primarily on the communication aspect,â€ said Antal. â€œThe K-6 classes are using it this year with their iPads and basically it is a digital portfolio for students.â€ She said it kind of runs like a Facebook feed that the parents signed up for at an open house at the beginning of the school year. â€œThey can get the app on a smart phone, a tablet or a laptop and it is really easy to do,â€ said Antal. â€œWhen they sign up they are attached only to what we call their childâ€™s digital journal. It allows the parents to see things that are happening during the school day that they may not ordinarily get to see because not everything is exactly on paper that you can see. That is especially true with our one-to-one technology.â€ Antal said a good example is her class did an activity using Legos where they made various fractions. The student then takes a picture of what they did with the Legos and uploads it to his portfolio so the parents could see how the student created fractions. â€œOrdinarily, we would do that project and then pick up the Legos and put them back in the bin and that would be the end of it,â€ said Antal. Stoneman said kids often go home and when they are asked by the parents what they did, they give the typical answer of â€œnothing.â€ â€œNow the parents have a way of actually seeing it,â€ said Stoneman. Other ways t hey use it is students will do recordings of when they read books, so their parents can hear how they are developing their reading skills. They also deliver a verbal summary of the book giving the parents the chance to grasp their childâ€™s comprehension skills as well. â€œThey use something call Chatterpix that creates a mouth on an animal that will move as the student is talking,â€ said Antal. â€œItâ€™s very easy and user friendly for the student.â€ Antal said Seesaw can be utilized in many ways and one thing she does with it is to award the students On Track cards â€œIf I catch them being On Track in a task they get a card that says that, and when they have five cards they can post them on the journal for their parents to see,â€ said Antal. The program works like any other app in that the parents get a notification when something new comes through. They can look at it and they can comment back to their child. â€œIt is really great because I h ave many families that live in separate homes and it always is a challenge to get two newsletters, progress reports to each home,â€ said Antal. â€œEven if you put two in there they donâ€™t always go to both homes and they love this.â€ Antal said they can even add little videos to the kidâ€™s Seesaw which adds a whole new dimension in keeping parents connected about what is going on with their child and in school. â€œI can send it out to them and parents can respond to only me,â€ said Antal. â€œWe love it, the kids do and so do the parents,â€ said Antal. Stoneman said they plan to bring it back next year. â€œWe just made our decision to renew our subscription for next year,â€ said Stoneman. Antal said the subscription is important. â€œThat is why we need the subscription, as we also have a skill section where teachers are able to connect their educational standards, so when a progress report comes we can go right to it,â€ said Antal. â €œIt travels with them for year-to-year so their digital portfolio will go with them to their next teacher.â€ Although they are piloting the program at the elementary level it is something Stoneman said can be worked up to the higher grade levels as the students progress in school. â€œWe will be district-wide real soon,â€ he said. â€œIt really allows parents to generate conversation with their child on a regular basis. If a parent has a concern with this they can communicate right back with the teacher.â€ Source: Google News « Prev Post Next Post »
10 Potentially Dangerous Files May Contain Virus 1. Previous 2. Next 3. Recent 1. Signs 'He' May be Cheating on You 6. Top Indians who Revolutionized the IT Sector in India 9. Complete Company Registration Process in India - Explained Nowadays, not only computers but the internet has also become a daily life stuff. This gives every user ample opportunities to download more than enough files to satisfy all his needs. But along with this boon there also exists a bane. Your computer or website can also get affected by potentially dangerous files containing spyware or virus. This may lead to hacking and several other problems. Here is a list of some files that can be potentially dangerous to your system and hence should be handled with intense care, 1. .exe file-Usually it is a common file extension used to denote any executable file. But sometimes these files act as a virus that makes them dangerous to use. The most seen among .exe virus is “New folder.exe”.It creates .exe file with the similarity in name and icon to the folder seen in hard disk. It gets into the system mainly through pen-drives. Emailing .exe file is an illegal activity and services like Gmail and Yahoo rejects such files. 2. .pif file– .pif file or Program Information file holds information about how non-Windows application should be run by windows. But these also sometimes act as virus. 3. .bat file– They stand for batch file and are generally very useful as they contain several commands and we can also create new commands by just typing in notepad. So it becomes harmful when the coding is done wrongly. A faulty coding can crash your system within a blink of eye. 4. .scr– It is a type of screen saver file. But it sometimes carries a Trojan with it. It may also execute the other files carrying Trojan. People tend to download these files from unknown site which can have serious implications on system performance. 5. .com file– These types of files contain command needed for the operating system. Since .com is familiar to the domain name of internet, malicious binary commands like www.abc.com will be opened by the users and the binary command www.abc starts to harm the computer. 6. .php files– The most famous name in our list of dangerous files. Sometimes hackers use script like c99 and r57 to hack websites. They can upload file to website though one or the other way and deface them. Php files has lot of functionality and hackers use it to carry out illegal cyber activities. 7. .cmd files– Here the virus along with the file injects commands before the command cmd starts to execute. This causes the computer to shut down. 8. .gpx files– these files are usually send with mails and opening may lead to a system crash. 9. .inf file– It stands for information and used for installing drivers and software. Autorun.inf is one such file that can be used to place Trojans to a system primarily through pen drives. 10. Files having double extension– The system usually opens based on extension to the right most. Since it’s not common to have two extensions it is not advisable to open such files. Be ensured about the reliability of source from which files are sent to be protected from viruses and hackers. They may be used for system and private data hacks. blog comments powered by Disqus
I've been learning about the ClipXP, ClipAP, and Lon proteases. They are proteases from the AAA+ family, which seek out proteins tagged with certain peptide sequences, unfold them, and chop them up. But what happens when you tag a protease with its own degradation tag? For example, what if you took DNA encoding mf-Lon and added its ssrA tag to the end, and then expressed this sequence in bacteria? Would this result in any interesting dynamics? Will the protease start trying to degrade itself like an Ouroboros? Will it get stuck trying to do so? Will we observe any interesting dynamics when we incorporate this into a gene circuit? • 2 $\begingroup$ The proteases would presumably degrade each other. $\endgroup$ – canadianer Jul 7 '17 at 15:49 • $\begingroup$ Yeah @canadianer. But I wonder if anything would be different from normal protein degradation. Maybe the protease concentration may have a lower and perhaps more stable steady state? Perhaps because the protease is evolved to degrade other protein, it might be more tightly folded and hence harder to degrade? Might it even get stuck trying to do so? what if two proteases bite each other 69 style? $\endgroup$ – Cedar Jul 7 '17 at 21:29 Your Answer Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
Value of Cryptocurrency and How It Is Determined? Value of Cryptocurrency and How It Is Determined? The coins, also called cryptocurrencies, were created to be forms of money, much like the Dollar, Euro, Ruble, and Peso. The other cryptos are Tokens; mostly built upon the ethereum blockchain through the use of smart contract technology. Tokens are created to support the various projects and companies that built each one. Some are meant as investment vehicles; some purely as"utility tokens" to be used on a certain platform, each representing a set price set by its creators. But, how do you determine a value for these currencies and tokens? cryptocurrency is a series of numbers and equations. An equation is worked by a computer, releasing a set number; which is, essentially, one or more coins. While this isn't the entire, technical explanation, that is the basic idea behind cryptos. Since each crypto is only a random, albeit fully encrypted, number how could it possibly have a value of any kind? The answer is in the belief. We know, back in December 2017 Wall St came to play in the crytposphere, giving us all of the reasons why Bitcoin was such a great investment vehicle. It all sounded all nice and "college-boy". But, all of that is BS. The truth is that the value of Bitcoin, and all of the cryptocurrencies, is the belief the users hold that this technology allows every person to have complete control over their own money. The banks, online payment platforms, and governments have no say. We won't wake up tomorrow to find out our money is gone for some random, unannounced "fee". You can stare at charts and analyze a coin forever and you will never learn the simple fact that the value of a cryptocurrency comes from the value we, the users of those currencies, place on our financial freedom. Bitcoin and its brethren were born to free us from the bonds of the past for that we could attain that financial freedom; making those banks, payment platforms, and governments remember; they work for us; not the other way around. On the other side of this particular conversation are the crypto tokens. The ERC20 tokens and their kin symbolize a project, formed from an idea. Let's look at two examples of the two main types of crypto tokens. First, we have the utility tokens. These are built upon strong smart contract automation that gives each of these tokens a particular job to do. And, each holds a set value placed upon it by the team that constructed it; arbitrage and trading have nothing to do with the intent behind these tokens. Our favorite example of a utility token is SALTThe idea here is the merger of the fiat and crypto worlds. So, let's say you own $10,000 worth of BTC and you need cash. But, you know the value of BTC is going up, so, you are reluctant to sell your $ 10 k; as you think it will be worth $ 20 k or more within the year. SALTLending has the answer through their amazing SALT token. You buy a single SALT on ETHER Delta right now for around $ 1.93 / SALT. Take that valuable token and put it into your ERC compliant ETH wallet. Then sign up on SALTLending; verify your identity and pay that single token to the platform for your $ 25 value, one-year membership (instant profit already). This membership entitles you to apply for a no credit check, secured loan. The token you used to pay your membership automates the entire loan process. From here; you deposit your $ 10 k in BTC, in exchange for a slightly smaller amount of fiat, which is deposited directly into your bank account. From there you make monthly fiat payments like you would for any other loan. Once your fiat loan is paid off, you get your BTC returned to your wallet. The idea here is that $ 10 k in loan escrow comes out at $ 15-$ 20 k while you only paid $ 1-2 k for a year-long loan. All around win-win situation; whether you are a lender or borrower. Or, like they say in the DogeCoin community 1 DOGE = 1 DOGE; it always has, and it always will. Danny Donahue More articles Follow us with: Scroll to top
"Voktī rȳban." Translation:I hear the priests. April 5, 2019 What is the difference between voktī and voktyssy? April 5, 2019 The case. If you're not familiar with grammatical cases: the word is declined (similar to conjugation, only for non-verbs) according to the meaning of the sentence. "Voktyssy" is the nominative case (plural), which is used for the subject of a sentence - in this case ("I hear the priests") the subject is "I". "Voktī" is the accusative case (plural), which marks a direct object. English only has a few remnants of grammatical cases left, but you can see it if you turn the sentence around: The priests hear me. "I" and "me" refer to the same thing (the speaker), but which is used depends on the sentence. In a language with cases, there's an I/me distinction for every noun. (It gets more complicated the more cases there are, but that's the gist of it.) April 6, 2019
Artificial Wombs: Taking The Pregnancy Out of Childbirth Posted by As more and more women secure full-time jobs in the developed world, pregnancy is becoming increasingly inconvenient. In the future, artificial wombs may allow women to reject their innate maternal duties; bypass 9 months of discomfort; and avoid severe medical risks; as well as granting them more time to focus on their careers. sheep in a bag A sheep in a bag. A female’s child-support systems (uterus, placenta, umbilical cord) provide a developing fetus with nutrient-rich blood and remove waste products. These processes can already be replicated artificially via medical machinery, as demonstrated by researchers who successfully supported sheep fetuses for up to 12 days in a completely artificial environment. While this is amazing, it is worth noting that the sheep fetuses were already a few months old when they were transferred to the artificial environment. It is currently impossible to support early embryos via artificial environments. However with the current rate of advancement, it is conceivable that we will eventually be able to grow babies artificially, with the only human input into the process being sperm and egg cells. Instead of investing time and effort into a home-cooked meal, potential parents can enjoy a care-free, microwaved ready meal. This cooking analogy provides an insight into why artificial wombs are a bad idea. Pregnancy is a deeply emotional journey for couples. The growing belly conveys a ticking countdown towards the birth of a child; the severe pain and discomfort offer bonding opportunities for all parties involved. With an artificial womb, there’s no bonding, no gradual buildup, no belly kicking, no post-birth tears of joy, no middle-of-the-night hospital journey. You give your sex cells to a lab and 9 months later they hand you a baby. There is no way that you will feel the same level of joy when you pick up that microwaved baby than you would have if it had been home-cooked: an arduous journey reaps the greatest rewards. An easier life does not necessarily translate to a happier life. Several surveys have found that people’s levels of self-reported daily positive emotion were often higher in poorer countries. It seems as if people in developed countries are sacrificing raw emotional experience for an increase in perceived life satisfaction. The future is in our hands, and we have to shape it in such a way that it will best benefit humanity in the long-term. We have to carefully consider each potential advancement before pursuing and implementing it. Artificial wombs will come in useful as a tool to support serious medical difficulties, but should never substitute the beautiful process that is human pregnancy. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Subscribe to Onlymyhealth Newsletter Alarming Signs and Symptoms of Kidney Cancer Alarming Signs and Symptoms of Kidney Cancer Quick Bites • Kidney cancer can be very dangerous • It can disturb the normal functioning of the human body • Know all the signs and symptoms of kidney cancer Cancer is a deadly disease which can affect any part of the body. Kidney is one of the essential organs in the human body. It performs some essential functions like waste excretion, water level balancing, acid regulation, blood pressure regulation and red blood cell regulation. Cancer can affect your kidneys as well. Kidney cancer is considered very dangerous. However, before the onset of cancer in the kidneys, the human body gives some indications. It is very important to identify these signs and symptoms at the right time. Kidney cancer can affect anyone but usually, people who drink alcohol or smoke are more prone to this form of cancer. Lower back pain Lower back is often considered normal but it is also a lesser known symptom of kidney cancer. Most people experience lower back pain after the complete progression of the disease. The pain is usually sharp which can cause a lot of discomforts. Also read: Signs of Blood Cancer You Should Watch Out for Blood in the urine Blood is urine is the first symptom of kidney related diseases. Blood in the urine can hint kidney cancer as well. Sometimes the quantity of the blood is so small that it can be detected by a urine test only. If you notice blood in your urine then you must visit your doctor in such a condition. The kidneys control the production of red blood cells as well. Kidney cancer can lead to decreased production of red blood cells. This condition leads to anemia. Due to anemia, you may also feel fatigued most of the time. Unintentional weight loss If you are losing weight without trying then it may indicate kidney cancer. As the tumor spreads you may feel less hungry. It will make you eat less which will result in weight loss. Poor kidney health will also promote weight loss. Lump around your abdomen A lump around the abdomen or near the kidney can be a sign of kidney cancer. The lump is usually hard in the early stage. Further tests can help the doctors to find the exact reason behind the lump. Also read: Breast Cancer: Know 10 factors that put you at a higher risk Diagnosis of kidney cancer First, the doctor will examine the common symptoms of kidney cancer. The doctor will ask you to go through certain tests like urine test, blood test, ultrasound, CT scan and MRI to examine further. In addition, the patient has to go through a biopsy which will provide accurate information about cancer, because in this investigation, a small tissue is removed from the kidney for investigation. Treatment of kidney cancer Kidney cancer is usually treated by radiation, chemotherapy and surgery. First, the doctors will determine the stage of the cancer. Later other parts near to the kidneys are examined to check the spread of cancer. After this process, the treatment starts. If you experience these symptoms then you must consult your doctor immediately. Early detection will help you control the progression of the cancer. Kidney cancer can affect the various major function of the human body. So, the development of the cancer should be controlled at the earliest. Read more articles on Cancer. For more related articles, download OnlymyHealth app. Written by Varsha Vats Source: Onlymyhealth editorial teamFeb 08, 2019
Tag Archives: 1920’s Miss America The first “Miss America” (1920) was a wooden boat built by Garfield Wood. It was powered by two aircraft engines and set a world record of 74.8 mph. Wood built nine more “Miss America” boats and raised the record to 124.8 mph. The “Miss Americas” we are most familiar with are the winners of the Miss America pageant first held in September 1921. The pageant began as a marketing plan by the Businessmen’s League of Atlantic City to keep tourists on the boardwalk after Labor Day. There were five days of festivities including tennis tournaments, parades, concerts, a fancy dress ball and seven different bathing divisions (children, men, and comic costumes). Everyone in town was dressed in bathing suits including firemen and policemen. Garfield Wood’s first “Miss America” 1920. Miss America 1 boat 2 boat 3 The first “Miss America Pageant” winner Margaret Gorman. girl 1 girl 2 Garfield Wood invented the hydraulic lift for unloading coal from railcars and was the founder of Garwood Industries. His first high-speed boat was purchased from another Detroit native named Chris Smith. Garfield built boats using the name GarWood. Wood and Smith worked together for awhile but later separated. Chris Smith went on to found the ChrisCraft Company which also produced inboard recreational boats. Both companies, (ChrisCraft and GarWood) created some of the most sought after classic boats in the world. Margaret Gorman was sixteen when she won the Miss America title. She still holds the record for being the youngest winner and for being the smallest 5’1” 108 pounds. She had a long happy marriage. Margaret Gorman-Cahill died in 1995 at age ninety. <<< >>> —share with a friend— Equal Rights for Women The following is my take on Equal Rights for Women in the United States. Timeline 1769: The colonies screwed it up from the get-go by adopting the British system which did not allow married women to own property or keep their own wages. In 1878, Susan B. Anthony drafted a Constitutional Amendment giving women the right to vote. That took guts! Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony 2 Isolated progress, 1891, Marie Owens was hired as a policewoman in Chicago. Marie Owens By 1900, all the states finally passed legislation allowing women to own property in their own name and keep their wages. Some states had dragged their feet allowing ownership only if the husband was incapacitated. Another ploy was not to allow women to manage the property held in their name. 1900 + Still unable to vote: pic 1 pic 2 In the 1920’s, the Flappers arrived on the scene and kicked the doors down with: smoking, dancing, short hair, lipstick, short dresses, driving cars, and kissing. flapper 1 flapper 2 flapper 3 flappers 3 TADAAAAAAAA! The 1920’s woman had emerged from her corset. In 1920 the 19th Amendment, drafted by Susan B. Anthony 42 years earlier, was ratified and women could vote. 1941: Rosie the Riveter 1943 to 1954: All-American Girls Professional Baseball League 2014, if there is any doubt left about women’s right to equality, watch this 38 second video, that a friend of mine since kindergarten (author of Pampas Cat) sent to me. Women’s Rights in the United States have come a long way, but there is still work to do, not the least of which is the gender wage gap. The gender wage gap still exists. Women receive 77 cents while men receive one dollar. <<< ♥♥ >>> —if you like this post, please share it with a friend— Prohibition Cars 1928 Prohibition Cars. The Metropolitan Police of St. Louis drove 1928 Packards with shiny bells on the front. 1928 Packard The Chicago Police, on the other hand, drove Fords and some green 1928 Cadillacs with black fenders. Behind the front grill, the Caddies were equipped with flashing red lights and a siren. 1928 Cadillac So, you may ask, what did Al Capone drive? Al Capone also had a green 1928 Caddy with black fenders, a siren, flashing red lights, and a police band receiver. It was the twin of the police issue. In addition, it had 3,000 pounds of lead and one inch bulletproof glass all around. Capone’s 1928 Cadillac was so well fortified that for his own protection President Roosevelt used it after the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. <<< >>>
You may be overweight because your body makes too much insulin, especially if your store your fat primarily in your belly. When you eat, your blood sugar level rises. The higher it rises, the more insulin your pancreas releases. Insulin makes you fat by acting on your brain to make you hungry, your liver to manufacture fat, and the fat cells in your belly to fill with fat. So the treatment for this type of obesity is to avoid foods that cause the highest rise in blood sugar and to take medications that prevent your blood sugar levels from rising too high. Avoid bakery products, pastas and all foods made from flour, fruit juices and everything with added sugar. Eat fruits and root vegetables such as potatoes only with meals. Glucophage is a safe medication that prevents blood sugar levels from rising too high, but you defeat its effects by taking foods that cause rapid rises in blood sugar levels. So taking Glucophage after eating two bagels will not help you to lose weight. I prescribe 500 mg of Glucophage to be taken a few minutes before you eat, usually three times a day. You should not take it if you have kidney disease, heart failure or any medical condition that could make your blood acidic. There are many drugs that cannot be taken with Glucophage, so check with your doctor about all your medications. If you have nausea or diarrhea, take half a pill (250 mg) in the middle of a meal once a day, and if you then have no symptoms, try to work up to one half a pill before each meal. See Metformin (Glucophage) for Weight Loss. Checked 5/3/07 Get our newsletter
Australian Outlook In this section The Commonwealth: A Modern Role for an Imperial Relic 11 Apr 2018 By Professor Derek McDougall It’s a big week for the Commonwealth as the Games end on the Gold Coast and attention shifts to the Heads of Government Meeting about to start in London. It makes a good time to consider the significance of this multilateral forum in today’s international affairs. Since the establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations in its current form in 1965, the Commonwealth has been predominantly an organisation of developing countries, albeit with the participation of the United Kingdom and the three ‘old Dominions’ of Canada, Australia and New Zealand. While 31 of the current 53 members are classed as small states, there are also significant emerging powers such as India, Nigeria and South Africa. There are cultural, political, institutional and economic links deriving from the imperial past and these links can be relevant in various ways today. However, it would be shortsighted to judge the contemporary international significance of the Commonwealth as a kind of imperial relic. While the Commonwealth plays a relatively minor role in contemporary international relations, it does have some significance as a mini version of global multilateralism. An important aspect of contemporary international relations is the way in which many issues are dealt with through a process of coalition building, bringing together like-minded countries to advance agreed policy goals. As a forum for trying out particular approaches, the Commonwealth has some advantages with its North-South dimension and the way it brings together a range of countries from small states to middle powers to major powers. This situation can be seen in relation to various global issues covering geopolitics, the global economy, climate change and human rights. In addition, the Commonwealth contributes through its support and advocacy role for small states and the role it plays in certain regional contexts. Apart from its intergovernmental role, there is also the role the Commonwealth plays as a framework for civil society interaction. Global issues In relation to global geopolitics, certain Commonwealth countries play a significant role, but generally those countries do not look to the Commonwealth as the best realm to achieve their goals. The UK is the only Commonwealth country with permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). India has moved to the status of a major power, not just in Asia but globally. Nigeria and South Africa are arguably the most important African countries. The Commonwealth context might sometimes assist these countries in advancing their positions but more often it is a relatively minor dimension. However, the Commonwealth connection can on occasions facilitate entrée that is helpful for dealing with issues that might arise for some Commonwealth members. For example, Australia found the relationship with the UK helpful in dealing with the East Timor crisis in 1999, particularly in the context of the UNSC. The Commonwealth can function as a mini form of global multilateralism in canvassing proposals relating to issues of global trade, finance and development. This can give some sense of the extent to which North-South consensus is possible on key issues. Given the bias towards developing countries in the Commonwealth, a particular focus has been on advancing sustainable development. Support from the Commonwealth helped build the political momentum for the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals by the UN General Assembly in September 2015. Similarly, in relation to climate change the Commonwealth played a useful role in the multilateral diplomacy that resulted in the 2015 Paris Agreement. Ahead of the Paris meeting, the Malta CHOGM agreed to a Commonwealth Leaders Statement on Climate Action in support of a substantive result in Paris. In this regarid, it is worth noting the role of the small island states in the Commonwealth. Human rights Perhaps the most significant of the global issues to which the Commonwealth contributes is human rights. This point provided the one explicit reference to the Commonwealth in the Australian Foreign Policy White Paper of 2017: Australia supports “democratic principles, the rule of law, human rights and gender equality through the Commonwealth”. There has been a series of Commonwealth declarations and statements in this area, most recently with the Commonwealth Charter of 2013. Commonwealth members are committed to upholding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, covering also “the inalienable right of individuals to participate in democratic processes”. Enforcement of the Commonwealth’s position has been through the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group (CMAG). Nigeria, Pakistan and Fiji have all been suspended from the Commonwealth in the past. Zimbabwe withdrew after being suspended. The most recent withdrawals have been The Gambia (2013-18) and the Maldives (withdrew 2016). Small states Given the number of small states in the Commonwealth, it is understandable that the Commonwealth runs special programs to assist the development needs of these states. More specifically, the Commonwealth has assisted small states to have diplomatic representation at the United Nations in New York and in the multilateral context in Geneva. Politically, the number of small states in the Commonwealth means that small state concerns receive more attention than in most other multilateral settings. Relatively speaking, small state membership is greater in the Commonwealth than in the United Nations. Regional contexts Apart from the various global dimensions relating to the Commonwealth, the organisation can also play a role in some regional situations. This is particularly the case if there is a concentration of Commonwealth members in the region in question. The most significant regions in this respect are southern Africa, South Asia, the anglophone Caribbean, and the Pacific island countries. East Africa, West Africa and Southeast Asia (Malaysia-Singapore-Brunei) also have a strong Commonwealth dimension. In some of these situations the Commonwealth has played some role in upholding—or attempting to uphold—democratic norms (Zimbabwe in Southern Africa; Pakistan, the Maldives and Sri Lanka in South Asia; Fiji in the Pacific islands; Nigeria in West Africa). The Commonwealth can also play a role in fostering cross-regional relationships. What role would Australia have in the Caribbean without the Commonwealth link? Cricket? Australia would have various reasons for being involved in Africa without the Commonwealth connection, but that connection has fostered a higher level of engagement than would otherwise be the case. A recent useful example from the Australian perspective was the support from African countries (extending beyond Commonwealth members) in the successful campaign for membership of the UNSC, 2013-14. Civil society In addition to intergovernmental relations one should also consider the role of the Commonwealth as a framework for fostering civil society interaction. The Commonwealth Games Federation is the obvious current example, but there are many others such as the Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Commonwealth Business Council. Insofar as there is a strong civil society focused on the Commonwealth, this will in turn foster political support for intergovernmental Commonwealth relations. This appears to be most clearly the case with the United Kingdom, where many of these organisations have their headquarters. While there are many ways in which the Commonwealth plays a role in contemporary international relations, one should not expect a strengthening of the organisation in the context of Brexit. Britain’s Commonwealth trade will not make up for the loss of trade with the European Union. Loss of influence in Europe because of Brexit might well diminish Britain’s political relationship with many Commonwealth members which might have seen advantages for themselves in a strong British voice within the European Union. Important as history is, the Commonwealth should be viewed as part of contemporary international relations rather than in the context of imperial nostalgia. Derek McDougall is a professorial fellow in the School of Social and Political Sciences at the University of Melbourne.
Fort Charlotte Fort in Nassau Image by Danita Delimont Getty Images Built between 1787 and 1790 to guard the west entrance to Nassau Harbour, this massive fort was the pet project of Lord Dunmore, who named it after King George III’s wife. Ill-designed (the barracks were built directly in the line of fire) and overbudget, it quickly took on the name ‘Dunmore’s Folly’ and was never used. Today its moat, dungeon and underground tunnels make an intriguing excursion.
1. Omer Puskul Omer Puskul New Member Hello to everyone. I have a question. Flat earthers do an experiment called the radio waves experiment in a fake science documentary called Convex Earth.They claimed that the antenna, which was broadcasting at a frequency of 5800 mHz and 1.5 meters above sea level, could not be transmitted to another antenna, which is 1.5 meters above sea level, 14.2 kilometers away from the curvature of the earth. But in their experiment, they said that the connection between the two antennas was ensured. I'm talking about the radio wave experiment going through this video between 0:14:23 - 0:16:08 and 0:42:06 - 0:48:26: Source: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=McdMMmclGVc In addition, technical information about the experiment, this video is told between 0:05:20 - 0:06:23 minutes: Source: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=eA793A1vnW4 What is the scientific explanation of this claim? Thanks in advance for your answers. 2. Mick West Mick West Administrator Staff Member 3. Mick West Mick West Administrator Staff Member Using the simple equation in wikipedia: Metabunk 2019-04-13 13-02-48. sqrt(171.5)2 = 10km. So factoring in "a dramatic effect" it seems quite plausible to get 15km. 4. Omer Puskul Omer Puskul New Member Thanks for your reply :) 5. Nth Nth Member There are two things about this test which kind of rub me the wrong way, both of which may have perfectly innocent explanations. First, the data screen showed at 5:45 in the second video notes an "ACK/Distance" of only 1.4 kilometers. Does that refer to the point-to-point distance, i.e. something that could be attained by syncing the clocks of the two stations, attaching a timestamp to the transmitting packet, and measuring the difference between that timestamp and when the second machine received the signal? Or is it something else entirely? Second, that same data screen records a date of "2009-09-25", which contradicts information stated at 5:24 saying that the experiment was carried out in 2011. I don't know, maybe I'm being a bit too much of a "conspiracy theorist" type. ;) 6. Mick West Mick West Administrator Staff Member The whole video has always seemed rather suspect to me, which is why, when it came out I posted this: 7. Omer Puskul Omer Puskul New Member The video already contains a lot of contradictions in itself. For example, They say 1 meter for the height of the radio antennas above sea level in the main video, but they say height of the radio antennas above sea level is 1.5 meters in the technical data video. 8. Nth Nth Member I'm generally inclined to agree with your assessment. While I don't want to engage in some sort of "poisoning the well" fallacy, there appears to be quite the rabbit hole to go down related to Urandir Fernandes de Oliviera, the guy behind this "documentary", predominantly related to his operation of something like a UFO cult as well as a fictional alien named Bilu. They ("Dakila Research", the organization head by de Oliviera) have also put out a press release referencing organizations, people, and awards that I cannot find any other references to online outside of, well, their press release. Case in point: Source: http://convexearth.org/news/the-bra...-peace-forces-honored-dakila-and-convex-earth I have yet to find independent confirmation of any "Brazilian Association of International Peace Forces of the United Nations" or an award remotely like "Medal Heroes of the Six-Day War". Granted, I'm a fellow in the U.S. trying to look up Brazilian government functions, but I can't even find a reference to some sort of Six-Day in any way connected with Brazil. It's a strange, opaque situation which sort of reminds me of a flat earth YouTuber named "Captain Obvious", real name Brett Salisbury, who published several books referring to an array of alleged experts whose existence I couldn't identify. Honestly, this post probably belong more in the "People Debunked" subforum. Edit: Writing error.
The Making of an Ice Dam How do ice dams form, you ask? It's science! When you heat the inside of your home, that warm air rises and escapes through your ceiling to your roof. That heat causes any snow that has accumulated on your roof to melt, sending that water to the coolest part of your roof where it refreezes. The water that has once again frozen causes a heavy mound of ice, and traps any water that has melted behind it. What happens when water is blocked by a solid formation? A dam. With no where else to go, that water is pushed under your roof shingles, and can cause it to leak into your home. Ice dams can also drip and refreeze over the edge of your roof, resulting in icicles. These icicles can add excessive weight to your gutter system, pulling your gutters away from your home, causing extensive damage to gutters and to your home's exterior, too! How Ice Dams Work Large Icicles - Ice Melt Page.jpg Is Ice Really That Heavy? Yes. About 15 pounds per linear foot to be precise. Ice is heavy. And that heavy ice can cause major damage to your gutter system. Aluminum gutters are durable, but they are not made to sustain those extra pounds. One of the most common reasons our customers call us to replace their gutters in the spring is because their existing system was pulled loose due to the heavy ice and snow during the winter. But gutters pulling completely way from your home isn't even the worst-case scenario. Gutters that have been pulled away just enough to effect the pitch of the system can result in improper water drainage. This issue cannot be detected from the ground, so the low spots and clogs caused by the throw pitch could continue to grow without notice--until your gutters overflow and potentially cause major water damage to your home. Protect Your Home Year-Round Ice-Melt Systems aren't just for the winter months. The complete ArmourGuard Ice System was designed with all four seasons in mind. Not only does the self-regulated heat cable melt away heavy ice and snow during the winter, but the stainless steel mesh gutter guards protect your gutters from clogs all year-round. The sleek, micro-mesh design is guaranteed to lock out all forms of debris (including pine needles and the grit from roof shingles), as well as insects, birds, and other critters who want to make your house a home. Remember: the ArmourGuard Ice System is backed by a 25-year, transferable warranty (and a 10 year for the self-regulated heat cable element) and Springrock's lifetime, no-clog guarantee. If your system breaks down, or your gutters become clogged, we'll fix it for free, no matter what time of year. It's that simple. ArmourGuard Ice Mounted.png Request Your Free Estimate. All-Weather ArmourGuard Ice by Springrock Gutters Breakthrough Technology. Stop heavy ice dams and snow from forming in your gutters that can lead to extensive damage to your home in the winter. The All-Weather ArmourGuard Ice System not only stops icicles, heavy piles of snow, and dense ice dams from forming, but it also eliminates the annoying clogs caused by leaves and debris during the spring, summer, and fall--making it the only four-season gutter protection system around. Unparalleled Performance. The ArmourGuard Ice System consists of three components: a perforarted aluminum channel, durable stainless steel mesh, and the exclusive heated cable system. The extruded heat channel allows the AWA self-regulating heat cable to warm the frame and internal gutter system, eliminating icicles and allowing melted water to flow freely away from your home--even in the coldest winter temperatures. Design & Durability. The ArmourGuard Ice System is made to perfectly fit your existing gutter system. The durable aluminum frame is designed with a special channel that allows our self-regulating heat cable to fit snugly inside. ArmourGuard Ice is designed to efficiently disperse heat throughout the gutter system to eliminate the formation of ice in your gutters. Its patented design separates it from the rest. It simply works better. Guaranteed Protection. The AWA ArmourGuard Ice System was designed with protection in mind. Aluminum covers protect the self-regulated heat cables from UV rays, critters, and the harsh winter elements. Not only do we back this sytem with our lifetime, no-clog gaurantee--but the ArmourGuard Ice System comes with a 25-year transferrable warranty, and a 10-year warranty on the self-regulated heat cable system. Want Us to Call You? We're here for you. Customer Reviews Button Blog Button Blog Button Our Industry Partners
29 de Novembro de 2018 - What's the first Law of Leadership? por Felipe Dib Maxwell starts this book talking about the first law: the law of the lid. He says our leadership ability is the lid that determines our level of effectiveness. "Without leadership ability, a person's impact is only a fraction of what it could be with good leadership". What does he want to say with it? "The higher you want to climb, the more you need leadership". The author highlights the importance of being someone who influences and know how to lead others. He presents a chart explaining that the more you dedicate to your leadership ability, the more effective you become. This time we start thinking about our people skills, our planning, our vision, and our results. I invite you to rate each of these areas from 1 to 5 and start working on them. The Law of the Lid is the first one, and it has to do with your own leadership ability right now. Please, comment here what your 3 major goals are. Which ones require the cooperation of other people? Comment here, my friend. I want to see your thoughts. See you next class! 1. This book was written in the ___. 2. Maxwell says your leadership determines ___. 3. In the article Dib invites you to ___ your ___. 4. When Dib starts talking, there's a ___ near him. 5. Maxwell says your accomplishments depend on your ability to ___. 6. Dib asks you to list your ___. 7. Dib asks you to break your plans through the ___. 8. Dib asks you to think about your ___. 9. When Dib leaves with the ___, there's a ___ behind it. 10. The first two Laws of Leadership are ___.
But – in the UK at least – there is no evidence to suggest that made-up stories from fake news sites have had any significant impact. The BBC and the mainstream media are still our major sources of information both on and offline. Research during the EU referendum campaign for example found that, of all Twitter links analysed, 63.9% led to stories from professional news organisations. Junk news made up around 5% of the total and there was “little evidence of Russian content”. 1. The internet has improved democracy The internet was supposed to do this by breaking up the media monopolies and allowing everyone to join the conversation. However the internet always boosts the most popular voice in every niche, so the biggest news providers are still the most read, and small news publications struggle for funds. More than 200 local newspapers have closed in the UK since 2015. Certainly there is more choice if you look for it, but the biggest concern is the number of people across the world who have simply tuned out altogether and choose to watch kittens and comedy rather than news. 2. We are all journalists now We can all broadcast from our smart phones, but mostly we share pictures of our children. The effect of digital disruption has been that the media landscape is becoming more concentrated and the number of paid journalists is dropping as “legacy” media organisations struggle with falling revenues. But audience members have not replaced them – those smartphone witness reports, tweeted by passers-by, would vanish into the ether if they were not found and shared by a diminishing number of paid journalists. On the other hand, the internet has created an army of social media “influencers” who, if they are canny, turn themselves into “brands” which they leverage online to recommend – or sell – everything from make up to luxury cars in return for payment in kind or cash. Meanwhile, the few genuinely new voices being created online rise and fall as they have always done, clinging to the margins and hoping to get noticed in the mad rush of information. 3. The many are smarter than the few Books with titles such as The Wisdom of Crowds have suggested that the internet would lead to a form of pure direct democracy because, if you ask enough people a question, the answer will always be correct. But this naive optimism did not factor in the myriad ways in which people (or in this case their data) could be manipulated. In countries with no reliable and trusted source of mainstream news, people make money by inventing stories tailored to press buttons of fear and prejudice. In the US, where news has become highly polarised and mainstream news has lost the trust of large swaths of voters, researchers studying the swing state of Michigan, found stories categorised as fake news were just as likely to be shared as news from professional sources in the election period of 2016. But fake news is not the preserve of junk-news factories. In late February, The Sun removed from its site an entirely specious article about savings to be made from Brexit after a mauling by economist Jonathan Portes. But by that time the story had already been retweeted by leading Conservative Brexiteer, Jacob Rees-Mogg, to his 121,000 followers. Rees-Mogg has not (to date) corrected or apologised for his tweet – but then he only follows five people so he may not know about his error. 4. The internet has produced a ‘global village’ The “global village” was the brainchild of American media scholar Marshal McLuhan who – as early as 1964 – expounded the idea that in the electronic age, everyone would have access to the same information through technology. This would seem to have been borne out by the internet. Marshall McLuhan is now known as an unofficial patron saint of the Internet, a communication theorist who predicted a linked world united in a global village. McLuhan, who died in 1980, expounded his... But evidence suggests that the centralising tendency of monopoly global media is growing. A tiny number of companies including Facebook and Google are now the gatekeepers to information across the world – and they are nearly all American. And, in emerging economies and authoritarian states, the hopes about democratising social movements are being undone by the growing incursion of government propaganda into the online space. 5. The internet brings us together There is much to be grateful for in the ways in which the internet and social media allow us to communicate laterally. It takes only seconds to communicate to thousands via WhatApp and minutes to produce a petition and upload it to Facebook. What is less certain is its ability to unite people across the boundaries of personal affiliation and to encourage genuine debate. American researchers Michael Beam, Myiah Hutchens and Jay Hmielowski tried to pick apart the different effects of reading online newspapers and sharing material on social media. They found that reading online, like reading offline, increases knowledge – but, on social media, people may share without reading. This may be partly why some scholars fear that political polarisation goes hand-in-hand with rising use of social media. 6. Nobody trusts the mainstream media When asked whether they trust the media, the tendency in many countries is to say no – but when asked whether they trust their favourite news outlet, trust levels rise dramatically. However in northern Europe, one factor stands out: people trust their traditional media more than they trust online and social media news sources. More importantly public broadcasting tends to be trusted across the political spectrum drawing people together rather than splitting them apart. 7. The new ‘digital generation’ Here is the biggest myth of them all – that there is a new digital generation that is mistrustful of mainstream news and busy creating a more democratic, and less “dutiful”, “self-actualising” future. It is reassuring to think that young people have the answers and will usher in the newer, nicer world that their elders failed to produce. But none of us is born digital. Young people are no more instinctively able to navigate online than they would be able to drive a car without lessons. Exploration alone won’t teach young people how to sort out misinformation and propaganda from facts. Number of social media users from 2010-2020 Image: Statista As my Norwegian co-author Eiri Elvestad and I discuss in a new book, Misunderstanding News Audiences, seven myths of the social media age, technology is changing our democracy – but we are not helpless in the face of it, nor are we liberated by it. As with previous major technical shifts, we are in the processing of adapting it to our needs and that process varies according to who we are and where we live. Democracy will be strengthened if we learn how to use the internet wisely. If we leave it to the winds of the free market we may indeed find that it overwhelms us.
Eukarya Glossary S-Z Eukarya: Glossary S-Z Sarconeme same as microneme. Schizont a (usually large) cell which is not infectious, but which divides rapidly, with little growth, into a large number of small merozoites, specialized 2n infective forms. Solute any molecule dissolved in water (or any liquid medium). Sporoblast probably the same as sporozont. Sporogony reproduction by multiple fission and growth of a spore or zygote resulting in a large number of 2n sporozoites -- essentially fully formed infectious cells. Asexual reproduction. As opposed to gamogony (resulting in 1n gametes) and merogony (a single large cell, a schizont, splits into many small specialized infective forms, or merozoites). Sporoplasm the material, other than the protein coat, cell, wall or containing membrane, which an infectious agent actually injects into a host cell. Sporozont a replicative intermediate form of cell which matures into, or which, by sporogony, gives rise to, definitive spores. The terms sporozont, sporozoont, sporont, and sporoblast appear to be synonymous. SSU rRNA RNA associated with the small ribosomal subunit. "18S" RNA. Starch a polymer of glucose. Poly(α1→4)-D-glucose. Cellulose is chemically identical, but has a beta linkage between adjacent glucose monomers. Stercomare long branching strings of fecal matter that are retained in the test of Xenophyophorea. In some species these can make up a significant part of the test. Toxoplasma apical region from Morrisette et al. (1997) Subpellicular microtubules in Apicomplexa, a system of singlet microtubules which extend like lines of longitude from regularly spaced attachment points on the outer polar ring. Morisette et al. (1997). Synapomorphy a character which is shared by all basal members of a clade and is derived from their common ancestor. A synapomorphy may be secondarily lost in later descendants. Only a synapomorphy may be used to infer phylogeny. Synonymous when used in connection with coding sequences in nucleic acids, the term refers to different nucleotide sequences which code for the same amino acid. So, for example, the mRNA sequences GUU and GUC both code for valine. A mutation in the third position from U to C is a synonymous change since it results in the same protein. Changes in the third codon position are usually synonymous. - T - Peridinium (cell with theca) Tectic surface-living. Theca a sheath or covering. Thylakoid membrane: a unit of a stacked, lamellar membrane system in most cyanobacteria on which photosynthesis is carried out. Translation the process whereby the genetic code carried by mRNA is read and used to construct proteins. This process is carried out by ribosomes. The ribosomes recruit appropriate 4S or transfer RNAs (tRNAs) which are conceptually) molecules with an amino acid at one end and an "anticodon" at the other. The anticodon consists of three nucleotide bases which are the complement of the codon which codes for the tRNA's amino acid. Thus, for example, proline is coded by the sequence CCA. The corresponding tRNApro would then bear a proline amino acid at one end, and the complementary sequence, i.e. GGU, at the other. The ribosome sits on the mRNA molecule. If the ribosome detects that the tRNA bases form complementary base pairs with the next mRNA triplet in line, it clips the amino acid off the tRNA and ads it to the growing protein. It then moves up three bases on the mRNA and looks for the next matching tRNA. Trichocyst views. Froissard et al. (2002) & Vayssie et al. (2000) Trichocyst a type of ejectosome organelle producing hair like fibers for offensive and defensive purposes in Alveolata. A trichocyst is assembled as an elongate, spindle-shaped body which differentiates into an electron-dense cortex and a crystalline core. Vayssié et al. (2000). The trychocyst then docks with one of many specific sites on the cell membrane which show a characteristic double ring of 8 nm particles. When the trichocyst has docked (via a fibrous tube) with the double ring structure, a rosette of additional particles appears at the center of the double circle (in FFE preparations). Froissard et al. (2002). When an appropriate release stimulus is detected, the cell releases sequestered calcium ions into the cytoplasm which trigger rapid release of the trichocyst contents into the medium. Erxleben & Plattner (1994). The mechanism in Alveolata, described here, shares many important molecular details and protein homologies with the formation of secretory granules in Metazoa. Burgoyne & Morgan (2003). Trophozoite a protozoan in a growing, vegetative form as distinguished from one in a reproductive or resting form. Tubulin the principal protein component of microtubules. Tubulocristate of mitochondria, having cristae of tubular shape. Turgor pressure see osmotic pressure. - V - V4 region a very large variable region near the middle of the 18S rRNA molecule (see image at that entry). The length, sequence, and secondary structure of this region are all quite variable. This region has been of particular interest in phylogenetic work because it is large enough to develop phylogenetically distinctive secondary structures: the presence, size, and position of loops and double-stranded regions. Comparing sequence data is often futile because of rampant long-branch attraction problems. That is, a proportion of the sites (one often doesn't know how many or which ones) in most proteins and nucleic acids are mutating at rapid rates or have done so at some point in the past. The sequence data at those positions is therefore useless and quite often misleading. "Morphological" characters, including information embodied in secondary structure, tends to change incrementally, and on time scales useful to the evolutionary biologist. - X - Xenoma a complex in which an intracellular parasite has taken over metabolic control of a host cell so that the host becomes a hypertrophied factory for production of the parasite. Xenophyae esp., of Xenophyophorea, foreign particles incorporated into an organism's test. Xylan cell wall polysaccharide containing a backbone of β(1-4)-linked xylose residues. Side-chains of 4-O-methylglucuronic acid, arabinose, and acetyl groups are present in varying amounts. - Z - Zeaxanthin a carotene photosynthetic pigment found in glaucophytes and red algae. Zeaxanthin absorbs light in the blue region of the spectrum. Perhaps more importantly, it is active in controlling potential damage from high light intensities by scavenging free radicals (Baroli et al., 2003), and by dissipating excess energy through "short-circuiting" chlorophyll excited states (Aspinall-O'Dea et al., 2002). Zooxanthellae a generic term for small, autotrophic bacteria or protists which are found as endosymbionts of metazoans nudibranchs, corals, etc.) and radiolarians. contact us checked ATW061208, edited RFVS111206 Public Domain Dedication All material by ATW may be used under the terms of a Public Domain Dedication.
Diabetes and uti treatment home,type 2 diabetes life expectancy calculator pregnancy,treatment of episodic ataxia type 2 with the potassium channel blocker 4 aminopyridine,list of foods for type 2 diabetes diet - PDF Books The most common type of urinary tract infection is called a bladder infection which is caused usually by bacteria getting into the bladder from the urethra. A bacterium that lives in the large intestines and is present in stool is the most common cause of infection. A person that is pregnant, had diabetes or does not drink enough fluids are at a higher risk for an infection. Be sure to seek immediate medical treatment if you think you have an infection and suffer from a fever, nausea and vomiting or have pain where your kidneys are located, have diabetes, any type of kidney problems, and a weak immune system, are older than 65 years or are pregnant. Your doctor will take a sample of your urine to test for any germs that cause bladder infections. You can help to prevent these infections from occurring by drinking plenty of water, drink cranberry juice or take a cranberry supplement; do not hold your urine and women should urinate after having sex. Although, uncommon, complications of urinary tract infections do occur if the infection is not treated properly or does not respond to treatment. By acting promptly when you first notice symptoms of an infection, you will be able to cure a urinary tract infection by drinking lots of water to flush out the bacteria and be sure to follow your doctor’s advice for taking the antibiotics that were prescribed. If you are interested in helping to diagnose and treat the symptoms of patients with a UTI, consider a healthcare degree from Concordia University online and get started today. This entry was posted in Urinart Tract Infection Causes, Urinary Tract Infection Symptoms and tagged Causes Urinary Tract Infection, Symptoms Tract Infection on October 18, 2009 by utiresource. If a UTI is believed to be the source of discomfort, a medical consultation should be immediately made and a urine test performed. This entry was posted in Urinary Tract Infection Treatments on January 5, 2013 by utiresource. There are many common causes of contracting a UTI, but many times it is dependent on age, sexual activity and the sex of the individual. Though UTIs should regularly be contracted by women, girls or infants, they can occur rather easily and medical treatment should be given in order to prevent additional pain and the bacteria from spreading further into the urinary tract. Anyone that is constaantly contracting a UTI, or has had an infection for a long period of time, should seek a medical consultation because it can be a sign of another problem or issue. UTI pain does subside as the bacterial infection is killed off through antibiotic treatment. Even though the antibiotics begin reducing the irritation there are still some side effects of the UTI present, like the inflammation of the bladder walls, which take longer to subside. If any UTI pain persists for more than a week while on medication a doctor should be consulted. Home cures for UTIs are not cures, but just offer relief from the constant pain and irritation you would experience. In some cases a UTI may be recurrent, this means that they are occuring over and over again which is a problem that will need to be addressed by a doctor. In addition, if sexual intercourse is most commonly the cause of a UTI, it is important that you begin to urinate soon after sex in order to flush as much bacteria from your body as possible. Antibiotics taken orally and antifungal agents are the most commonly prescribed courses of treatment for UTIs. While Urised can be used to give relief from the symptoms of a UTI, it is not and should not be used as a cure. A urinary tract infection is caused by bacteria that enters the bladder after being introduced into the urinary tract via a variety of causes. There are several ways to get a urinary tract infection, but sexual intercourse if the most common activity that causes women to develop an infection. As soon as a UTI is contracted the individual will notice the symptoms because of the pain, discomfort and need to urinate that accompany the infection. There are no home remedies that will completely cure a UTI because it is a bacteria that needs to be killed off with specific antibiotics. Even though there are no home remedies that will cure a UTI, you can reasonably reduce the chance of having to deal with the infection more than is necessary. Though time in the hot tub is often blamed for urinary tract infections, it is actually not a common cause of UTI and very rare that a long soak would cause the infection. Both infections present with similar symptoms and irritation so the one might be confused for the other and a doctor should be consulted in either case in order to gain a correct diagnosis and the best treatment. The cause of all UTIs is bacteria that enters the vagina and makes it way into the bloodstream through a number of ways. In the case of sexual intercourse, the pumping action can carry bacteria far into the vaginal opening where it can then easily enter the urinary tract. In men, UTIs can be contracted, but it is much more difficult and almost always due to an abnormality that occurs in their anatomy. In any case, it is not always immediately clear exactly how you might have contracted a UTI, but once it has been identified by a doctor there are treatments that can be started to relieve discomfort as soon as possible. Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) and sexual dysfunction in men such as erectile dysfunction or impotence symptoms are linked. Urinary tract infection is caused by bacteria from the bowel that lives on the skin near the rectum. Impotence is defined as the inability of a man to achieve or maintain an erection when stimulated sexually or during sexual activity. For men who are concerned about their sexual problems such as impotence, it is advisable that they contact their local doctor and get themselves tested for urinary tract symptoms. This entry was posted in Urinary Tract Infection Treatments on January 6, 2011 by utiresource. When one thinks of UTIs, the first choice of treatment would always be taking of antibiotics to help get rid of the harmful bacteria that is invading the pregnant mother’s urinary system. But what most mothers don’t know that there are a lot of antibiotics that are proven safe to use in pregnancy , have minimal effects and most often the side effects are often not felt. This drug is a member of the third generation cephalosporin that is well tolerated by pregnant mothers and proves to be effective in treating UTIs. Although these drugs are said to be safe to take during pregnancy, it is still important to consult your health care provider before taking in any medications while you’re pregnant. This entry was posted in Urinart Tract Infection Causes, Urinary Tract Infection Symptoms, Urinary Tract Infection Treatments, Urinary Tract Infections on November 26, 2010 by utiresource. I am a 37 R old woman, smoker, non-drinker, no history of diabetes, thyroid, or heart disease. I have in this same time frame lost a noticeable amount of weight and have developed dark circles around my eyes. The beginning of this year I’ve gotten bad symptoms of UTI and went to the doctors to get it check out couple months later. This entry was posted in Urinart Tract Infection Causes, Urinary Tract Infection Symptoms, Urinary Tract Infection Treatments, Urinary Tract Infections on October 27, 2010 by utiresource. A urinary tract infection is unlike any other infection because it brings on an intense amount of pain. This entry was posted in Urinart Tract Infection Causes, Urinary Tract Infection Symptoms, Urinary Tract Infection Treatments, Urinary Tract Infections and tagged herbal cures, Urinary Tract Infections on October 17, 2009 by utiresource. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Clipping is a handy way to collect and organize the most important slides from a presentation. Try to reduce consuming sugar because sugar can increase in thrush and infection caused by it. Untreated bladder cancer can spread to other organs and tissues in the body, including the lungs, liver or bones. There are just over 10,000 new cases of bladder cancer diagnosed each year in the UK, with the condition becoming more common with age.The earlier the cancer is diagnosed, the more limited it will likely be and the more effective the treatment. Blood and urine studies (to look for cancer cells and infection) and imaging studies with X-rays, CT, ultrasound, and MRI of the bladder, kidneys, and other organs provide information about tumour size, location, and the degree or amount of spread to other parts of the body.What are the treatments for bladder cancer?Treatment for bladder cancer depends on the stage of the cancer, a measure of how widespread the cancer might be. If diagnosed early, superficial (non-invasive) malignancies can usually be treated successfully by transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT). Invasive bladder cancer (that has spread beyond the inner lining of the bladder) may require removal of part of the bladder (partial cystectomy) or all of the bladder (radical cystectomy). After surgery for bladder cancer, a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be necessary to help prevent recurrence of the cancer. These numbers provide an overall picture, but keep in mind that every person's situation is unique and the statistics can't predict exactly what will happen in your case.Can I prevent bladder cancer?To prevent bladder cancer, you should try to stay away from possible carcinogens, or cancer-causing substances. Bladder cancer – symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, preventionWhat is bladder cancer?The bladder is a pouch in your urinary tract that stores urine after it is produced by the kidneys. Untreated bladder cancer can spread to other organs and tissues in the body, including the lungs, liver or bones. There are just over 10,000 new cases of bladder cancer diagnosed each year in the UK, with the condition becoming more common with age.The earlier the cancer is diagnosed, the more limited it will likely be and the more effective the treatment. Also known by the names of Acute Cystitis or bladder infection, Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is an infection that affects part of urinary tract. In a natural way, urinary tract extends above into the kidney, so a common spread is towards the kidney. Urine is sterile and an infection only occurs when a bacteria enters into the urine and begin to grow. Bacteria travel up to the bladder and can cause infection in the kidney leading to the pyelonephritis. In young women who are sexually active, staphylococcus saprophyticus is the cause of bladder infections. People who suffer with conditions that cause incomplete emptying of bladder are also at risk for UTI. People who have suppressed immune systems due to conditions like diabetes are at risk for developing UTI. A sample of urine is taken for testing the signs of infection like presence of white blood cells or bacteria. Urinary tract infection, if not taken care of in its early stages, leads to the infections of kidney that require more aggressive medical evaluation for treatment. These infections are more common in women than men because women have shorter urethras making it easier for germs to get into the bladder. Sexual intercourse, especially in women, may also be a source for bacteria to get into the urinary tract. If a UTI is confirmed, a licensed doctor will prescribe a course of antibiotics that should be taken for a specific amount of time. Males rarely contract urinary tract infections because it is harder for bacteria to enter the urinary tract. Antibiotics are very effective in treating UTIs and work rather quickly for the types of bacteria that begin spreading in the bladder where urine is building up between trips to the restroom. To treat a UTI you would need to take prescription medications that a doctor would prescribe once he has determined the type of bacteria causing the infection from a urine test. Recurrent UTIs can be signs of more serious problems, or can cause serious problems if not dealt with immediately and antibiotics that are strong enough to kill the infection aren’t taken. There is also a chronic condition known as cystitis cystica which can cause regular infections to occur in the bladder and requires special antibiotic medication, but it is a rare problem. The exact medication that a patient is prescribed is dependent on the type of bacteria that is indentified in a urine test by a doctor. A course of prescription antibiotics can sufficiently cure UTIs, but there are additional things that can be done to speed up the process and reduce the chance of future infections. The bacteria needs to enter the bladder through some means and the pumping action that accompanies sex makes it easy for bacteria to be pushed up into the vaginal canal. A visit to the doctor should immediately be undertaken in order to determine if a urinary tract infection is indeed the source of discomfort. Normally, adults are more likely to contract urinary tract infections compared to children, but it does happen. The most common symptoms of chlamydia are silent and go unnoticed and undiagnosed in women, so if you feel that you might have either chlamydia or a UTI seek treatment. Sexual intercourse is the most common way for an infection to occur, but it is not the only way that infection occurs. Urinating as soon as possible after sexual intercourse can reduce your chance of contracting an infection. With the location of the urethra at the end of the urinary tract, bacteria, infection, and irritation can occur with NGU. Impotence is known to have many physical and psychological causes such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, high cholesterol, spinal or nerve damage, anxiety, depression and guilt. Defined as bacterial invasion of the organs of the urinary system, UTI is one of the common conditions that a mother can have during pregnancy. Some of the most obvious symptoms of UTI that the mother may feel are burning sensation upon urinating, frequent feel to urinate, pain in the lower abdominal area, urinating cloudy urine, fever, and in sometimes there is traces of blood in the urine. But as we all know, taking medications during pregnancy is discouraged because it can cause birth defects and complications. Here are some of the antibiotics that effectively cure urinary tract infection and ensures very safe to use by pregnant women. This drug is under pregnancy category B which means that it was tested on animals and was proven safe. Side effects of taking the drug includes diarrhea, but it is only minimal and does not need any immediate intervention. You can try drinking some prune juice for the constipation problem, and eating foods high in fiber and avoid drinking alcohol which can raise triglycerides levels and may increase constipation. They spend a lot of their time and money on getting a prescription filled and sometimes that prescription doesn’t even work. There are things that you can do at home that will greatly help so you won’t have to be in pain anymore. It is very much effective in curing swelling, allergies, skin tags, kidney stones and nail infection. Around 50% of people treated for bladder cancer survive for 10 years or longer.Many bladder tumours are not cancerous. In this procedure, the surgeon inserts a small tube into the bladder through the urethra and removes the tumour surgically or burns it out with heat or a laser. The surgeon then diverts the urinary tract and creates an opening, or stoma, through which urine is passed. Anyone who has had bladder cancer should have regular follow-up tests, including cystoscopy, since tumours often recur. Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a rare cancer that starts in the myeloid cells in the bone marrow. Bladder cancer is an abnormal growth in the lining of the bladder, which can cause blood in the urine. Around 50% of people treated for bladder cancer survive for 10 years or longer.Many bladder tumours are not cancerous. While there is no known cause of bladder cancer, there are certain risk factors linked to the disease including smoking, exposure to certain chemicals, and chronic bladder irritation. The infection normally starts at the opening of urethra where urine leaves the body and moves upward into the urinary tract. Common example of such conditions is Spinal cord injury or bladder decomposition after menopause. Catheters, for people who are hospitalized, are another common source for a bacterial infection. Women, however, are extremely susceptible to the infection, which enter the body during intercourse or improper whiping after using the restroom. As soon as this process begins the pain and irritation that accompany UTIs begins to subside until you are completely pain free. The other common ways to get a UTI include the use of contraceptives which can push bacteria into the urinary tract or after impromper washing is done when using the restroom resulting in bacteria entering the urinary tract. Generally, a doctor will prescribe antibiotics to treat the infection as soon as a positive urine test is acquired. There are additional things that you can do at home in order to reduce the chance of contracting the infection again in the future. The difference in occurence is based on the necessary introduction of the bacteria into the urinary tract in order for infection to occur. However, even though this specific infection affects the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, urethra and cervix, it does not cause what is commonly referred to as a UTI. In addition, the symptoms associated with chlamydia can mimic those of a UTI once the STD has reached a certain level of infection and begins to cause irritation in the individual. Improper wiping after using the restroom is the second most common way for women to contract UTIs because they manually introduce the bacteria into their urinary tracts. When using the washroom, females always need to wipe front to back in order to avoid carrying bacteria into the vaginal folds where they can then enter the urinary tract. Even though NGU is considered to be a form of UTI, it is also classified as an STD, and associated with other STDs. The lower urinary tract infections (LUTI) have been said to affect older men in terms of sexual dysfunction, but it may not be the only cause. The UTI can independently affect and cause impotence in men, especially those in their old age apart from which it is also dependent on the severity of LUTI. The ones most prone to have UTI’s are those pregnant mothers who are on their 6th week to 24th week in pregnancy. The pregnant mother can have UTI’s when she fails to urinate and clean up after a sexual intercourse, forgets to thoroughly clean stools after defecating, and the increase of pressure of the abdomen to the urinary bladder because of the growing belly. Most mothers are reluctant to take antibiotics because of the knowledge that it can harm their pregnancy. Last month I had a normal period and 10 days after completion I began to bleed lightly but steadily from the vaginal area. I know these symptoms could be due to anemia from bleeding but could they also be part of the disorder accompanying the bleeding? A great homeopathic cure for a urinary tract infection is to drink a lot of cranberry juice. Try to use this remedy for 3 times in a day for few weeks.After breastfeeding apply oil on the nipples for mother to prevent thrush. Do not swallow the solution because it is acid, it may cause damage.This home remedy is the best for curing adults thrush. Make sure you talk to your doctor to understand what type of bladder tumour you may have.What causes bladder cancer?The exact cause of bladder cancer remains unknown. Following TURBT chemotherapy will be given known as intravesical chemotherapy where the chemotherapy is placed directly into the bladder via a catheter.Immunotherapy with the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is beneficial. Patients once had to wear external urine pouches, but new techniques synthesise internal pouches from intestinal tissue. Radiotherapy may also be used to treat bladder cancer when a person is not considered fit enough to undergo cystectomy. If the cancer has metastasised, or spread beyond the urinary tract, surgery is not usually considered. Pyelonephritis requires more aggressive treatments like administration of intravenous antibiotics in addition to the oral drugs. If the rate of resistance is greater than that of 10% then intravenous Ceftriaxone is used. Young girls should learn early that it is necessary to wipe front to back after using the restroom and adult women should urinate after sexual intercourse to expel as much bacteria as possible that might become trapped in the folds of the vaginal opening. As the infection spreads so do the symptoms which can include the urgency to urinate, a sharp pain or sting when urinating and constant irritation of the urinary tract. The antibiotics are necessary to prevent further infection and even more serious infections in the bloodstream or kidneys. The regular consumption of cranberry juice is great for keeping bacteria levels in your bladder at a minimum. The cause of this infection includes uncontrolled growth of bacteria, having sex with multiple partners and poor hygiene. Such a cause to impotence makes it important for men with sexual dysfunction to be checked for LUTI. Wipe inside your mouth, gums, tongue and upper side of the mouth.It is the best and a safe home remedy for curing thrush. With a cotton swab it on the affective area.Breastfeeding mothers should apply this solution on the nipples. But there are a number of risk factors linked to the disease.Smoking and other chemical exposure. If the doctor sees anything unusual, like a tumour, a tiny tissue sample is taken through the tube and examined in the laboratory (biopsy). Injecting BCG into the bladder after the tumour has been removed significantly reduces the chance of cancer recurrence. Also, kidney stones and, in men, an enlarged prostate can cause infections by limiting the body’s ability to urinate. Wearing cotton underwear to allow for good air flow is another great way to prevent the spread of a UTI. Urinating after sex helps purge bacteria trapped in the folds of the vaginal wall, as well as regular urination and the consumption of plenty of water. The major symptoms include swelling and inflammation of linings of the kidney in case of upper urinary tract infection (UTI) or pyelonephritis and inflammation and swelling in the bladder in case of lower urinary tract infection or cystitis. Sexual issues should also be considered for men suffering from benign prostatic hypertrophy. Onion is also very much helpful in curing thrush.You can consume fresh onion juice by adding some salt. More than most cancers, bladder cancer is associated with exposure to cancer-promoting chemicals, or carcinogens. Should the tumour be malignant, the treatment will depend on how far, if at all, the cancer has spread. Immunotherapy is a form of treatment whereby the body's own natural defences (the immune system) are revved up to attack the cancer. Chemotherapy may be used as the primary treatment in order to spare the need for surgery in some cases.Bladder cancer survivalDoctors measure bladder cancer prognosis using survival rates. The blood is light to bright red, never rusty or brownish like a period and I have no pain. For example, cigarette smokers may be up to six times the risk of developing bladder cancer compared with non-smokers, because of specific carcinogens in tobacco smoke. The five-year survival rate is the percentage of patients who live at least five years after their cancer is found. You can also use clove oil.You can also add few drops of these oils which are mentioned on this remedy in your regular toothpaste. People exposed to certain chemicals and dyes, such as painters, leather workers, machinists, metal workers, and rubber and textile workers, are at increased risk of bladder cancer. Many people live much longer.According to Cancer Research UK for those diagnosed with early bladder cancer over 80% live five years or more. For example, cigarette smokers may be up to six times the risk of developing bladder cancer compared with non-smokers, because of specific carcinogens in tobacco smoke. Lack of care may leads to thrush in newborn babies.Keep yourself stress free and clean the affective area properly during thrush. People who have been treated with radiation or alkylating chemotherapy agents, such as cyclophosphamide, are also at higher risk.Chemotherapy. Bladder cancer that is diagnosed after it has spread to other parts of the body has a much lower 5-year survival being somewhere between 10-30% depending on how far it has spread away from the bladder. In mild cases, people who are suffering from thrush can get instant relief within a day by applying some helpful home remedies. Some medications used to treat other cancers can increase the risk of bladder cancer.Use of the herb, Aristolochia fangchi. This Chinese herb, taken by some people to help them lose weight, has been linked to bladder cancer. It may occur at any age. In some cases, if thrush is not decreasing than consult your doctor. This Chinese herb, taken by some people to help them lose weight, has been linked to bladder cancer. There are some useful and effective home remedies for curing, preventing and reducing thrush as below. In later stages, symptoms of bladder cancer may include:Bloody urine, ranging in colour from faintly rusty to deep red and sometimes containing blood clots. In later stages, symptoms of bladder cancer may include:Bloody urine, ranging in colour from faintly rusty to deep red and sometimes containing blood clots. Although they may not be related to bladder cancer, you should be screened for the disease.How is bladder cancer diagnosed?To diagnose bladder cancer, your doctor completes a thorough medical history and examination, and then he or she will probably refer you to a urologist, a surgeon who has special training in managing the diseases of the bladder. Jan tournier wiki Jan smets 2012 1. ayanka Was assigned to one of many two eating. 2. Elnino_Gero Another caveat is that butyrate is present weeks' value of low-carb, low-calorie meal plans time. 3. Rocklover_x Day Lose 20 Pounds Meal Plan these healthy and protein packed foods can offer. 4. VirtualBaki Recently as in the last 2-3 years I found the. 5. 2PaC Better option, you can have fewer ketones might be present, and the check low carb.
Home » Israel: Democracy » What is Zionism? What is Zionism? What is Zionism? In its broadest meaning? Zionism (Hebrew: ציונות‎, Tsiyonut) is a nationalist[1] Jewish political movement that, in its broadest sense, calls for the self-determination of the Jewish people in a sovereign Jewish national homeland.[2] Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the Zionist movement continues primarily to support and advocate on behalf of the Jewish state, and its current existence. Zionism does not have a uniform ideology, but a plethora of ideologies: General Zionism, National-Religious Zionism, Labor Zionism, Revisionist Zionism, Green Zionism, etc. However, Shimoni (1995) shows that there exists among the Zionist parties a common denominator: the claim to Eretz Israel as the national homeland of the Jews and as the legitimate focus for the Jewish national self-determination.[3] Zionism is based on historical ties and religious traditions linking the Jewish people to theLand of Israel.[4] Almost two millennia after the Jewish diaspora, the modern Zionist movement, beginning in the late 19th century, was mainly founded by secular Jews, largely as a response by You must be logged in to post a comment Login
Improving The Health Of Our Trees « Back to Home Five Different Types Of Tree Pruning, And How They Help Posted on Tree trimming involves removing unwanted branches. However, it is not as simple as it sounds because you have to identify the right limbs to remove and still leave the tree healthy and strong. Also, only careful trimming will help you achieve your objective. This is why there are different forms of tree trimming such as these five: 1. Directional Trimming This is what you need if the tree if you don't want branches on one side of the tree. For example, if the tree is growing near a power line and you don't want to cut it down, then you can remove some of the branches on those sides. Other situations in which you may need directional trimming is to reduce the level of shade on your roof or to keep tree leaves out of your swimming pool. 2. Crown Reduction Are you afraid that the wind may uproot your tree or bend it? The crown is comprised of the branches and leaves extending from the main trunk and branches of the tree. The size of the crown influences its likelihood of getting affected by the wind; the larger it is, the more likely it is to be knocked down. 3. Crown Raising This form of trimming removes the lower branches while leaving the higher ones intact. This is what you do to increase clearance from the ground. You may do it, for example, if you want to leave room for relaxing under the tree, build a swing or just clear your view. 4. Drop Crotch Trimming Trees are naturally beautiful, but there is no law against making them more aesthetically appealing by trimming them. Tree professionals can cut down certain branches to shape your tree into a beautiful shape. If you have several trees in your compound, then you may even trim away some of the branches to make them have a standardized shape and appearance. This can be beneficial, for example, if you have several trees lining your fence or in the perimeter of your home. 5. Thinning Lastly, there is also the issue of thinning, which removes selected branches to increase light and air penetration into the crown. As you know, trees need adequate light and air to grow and thrive. If the crown is too thick, then the inner branches may not be as healthy as the outer ones. Therefore, thinning increase the overall health of the tree. It is useful for fruit trees to increase the quality of the fruits in the inner branches. It's clear that tree trimming requires a tree professional's input like R. L. Elliott Enterprises, Inc. If you leave it to amateurs in your neighborhood, then they may remove the wrong branches. This may even end up killing your tree.
Astrophysics (index)about (removal of photons from a beam of EMR) The term absorption is used in the study of radiative transfer and spectroscopy to mean the removal of photons from a beam of electromagnetic radiation (e.g., light), e.g., through interactions of photons and particles such as molecules, atoms, ions, or electrons. In this usage, a photon which is scattered out of the beam is considered absorbed. It is the inverse of emission, the addition of photons to the beam. The concept is used widely in astrophysics, for explaining and modeling stars, for dealing with the effects of the Earth's atmosphere, for explaining and modeling gas clouds, etc. Absorption is complicated by the variety of processes that cause it, and varies by the density, the makeup, and the temperature of the material the beam is passing through. Absorption lines are a result of a type of absorption that is very sensitive to wavelength. A classification of types of absorption is based upon the status of an electron with which the photon is interacting: The first three have an inverse which constitutes emission. Electron scattering is both absorption and emission, the latter for the beam along the photon's new trajectory. (physics,EMR,radiative transfer) Referenced by: absorption coefficient absorption line Atacama Desert atomic excitation CCAT-prime (CCAT-p) methylidyne (CH) ionized carbon fine structure line ([CII]) Compton scattering continuous absorption cosmic dust distance modulus (u) emission coefficient (j) emission line Gunn-Peterson trough Interstellar Medium Absorption Profile Spectrograph (IMAPS) Kramers opacity law line blanketing line broadening Lyman series mean free path Morgan classification optical depth (τ) oscillator strength oxygen lines PHOENIX stellar model planet structure quantum number radiative transfer (RT) redshift (z) radiative transfer code (RT code) equation of radiative transfer (RTE) radiative transfer model (RTM) source function (S) spectral band spectral line state of excitation synchrotron radiation transmission spectroscopy water lines
Encyclopedia Article Rafaello Bombelli - Research Article from Science and Its Times This encyclopedia article consists of approximately 2 pages of information about Rafaello Bombelli. This section contains 338 words (approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page) Italian Mathematician The career of Italian algebraist Rafaello Bombelli helped bridge the late Renaissance and the early period of the Enlightenment. The last among many Italian mathematicians who contributed to a developing theory of equations, Bombelli became the first to conceive a consistent theory of imaginary numbers including rules for operations on complex numbers. His work, whose implications for complex numbers Bombelli never fully appreciated, won him admiration among future mathematical giants such as Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716) and Leonhard Euler (1707-1783). Born in Bologna, Bombelli opted not to follow his father, Antonio, in the latter's profession as wool merchant. Instead, he became an engineer, and rather than attend university, received his training as apprentice to engineer-architect Pier Francesco Clementi of Corinaldo. He spent much of his career under the patronage of the Bishop of Melfi, Monsignor Alessandro Rufini, and was responsible for the draining of the Val di Chiana marshes (1551-60), as well as the unsuccessful 1561 attempt to repair the Ponte Santa Maria, a bridge in Rome. Bombelli's work in mathematics began during the 1560s, first with the writing of Algebra. The latter is particularly significant because it reintroduced scholars to the work of the ancient Greek mathematician Diophantus of Alexandria (3rd century A.D.) In addition to reproducing 143 problems of Diophantus, whose writings Bombelli had discovered in the library of the Vatican, the book also introduced a number of symbols in algebraic notation. Attempting to improve on the already established Cardano-Tartaglia formula, Bombelli set out to develop his own highly precise theory of imaginary numbers (e.g., the square root of a negative number). This led to the conclusion that real numbers can result from the operations of complex numbers (i.e., numbers that are a mixture of real and imaginary). His findings on complex numbers would have a larger impact than Bombelli, who considered such numbers irrelevant, might have guessed. Euler would quote him in his own Algebra, and Leibniz called him an "outstanding master of the analytical art." This section contains 338 words (approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page) Follow Us on Facebook
Search Our Site Stop - A ratio of amount of light where one stop represents a x2 change – doubling or halving of the amount of light. The operating range of film and electronic light sensors, such as CCDs and CMOS, are quoted in stops. Typically, a camera’s shutter speed and the lens’s aperture setting restrict the light arriving at the sensors/film so the mid brightness of the required scene corresponds to the middle of the sensor’s or film’s sensitivity range.
Ashvamedha Yagna – A Display of Power in Vedic Times The Ashvamedha or Horse Sacrifice was an important ritual of Vedic religion. The king who organized the sacrifice was considered as very powerful. In this sacrifice a horse was left loose to go freely anywhere. It was followed by soldiers of the king performing the sacrifice. It was considered that if the horse entered in another king’s kingdom then either that king must stop the horse or to let it move forward. If the king allowed the horse to continue walking then automatically it was assumed that the king of that province has surrendered before prime powerful king and that he thinks that the king performing the ritual is stronger than him. On the other hand, if the other king stops the horse then he has to clash with the prime king’s army. If the king who stops the horse loses then ritual continues and that province also comes under the king performing ashvamedha. When the horse came back then it was given a bath before being sacrificed. Finally, the horse was slaughtered. Ashvamedha Yagna “A very interesting story is associated with this ritual. Rama, the Lord of Hindus performed this ritual. At that time, Sita was living in jungle with her two sons Luv and Kush. When the horse reached Chitrakoot, a place in Uttar Pradesh, Luv and Kush stopped the horse. On hearing such news Rama’s brothers Lakshman, Shatrugan and Bharat came one by one and fought with them. But unfortunately, they all lost from these two little kids. When in the end Rama came to battle out the issue suddenly Sita came in front and told him that they are his sons. After hearing this Rama asked for forgiveness from Sita and asked her to come back with him. But Sita refused and disappeared into the earth.” Luv and Kush went with their father to Ayodhya. Leave a Reply
The marketing industry has witnessed a radical development over the years. From communicating around campfires to passing along stories to tribes and generations by painting on cave walls, through messengers, penguins and by horseback. Along with the printing press came the emergence of new media and mass communication in the 17th century. People, businesses and organizations could spread their message to a large group of people all at once, and advertisements gained attention amongst the newspaper reading society. By 1910 and with the introduction of radio came an even more widespread distribution and connection with the addition of sound and voice. As television became a central part of american households in the 1950s advertisers were able to provide a visual demonstration and connection with people that was entirely new. Global adoption of the printing press, radio and television became radical game changers for the marketing business. Modern marketing has traditionally utilized these platforms as ways to broadcast consciously constructed messages entirely under the control of marketing and development professionals. A multi-billion dollar industry has risen as a result of the demand to create perfect logos and brand identities, creative advertising campaigns and conducting market research to determine the best ways in which to sell a product or service. During this time advertising was meant to appeal to mass-audiences. It was dependent on winning people’s attention spans and campaigns were entirely formulated as a monologue- the organization to the constituent. In this environment, the only way to attract attention was through the media. Consumers across all demographics were being preached at or to and had minimal control over what information was received. All though these methods seem dated compared to the carefully targeted and approximately 3000-20000 advertising messages a typical consumer is exposed to today, the intent remains the same. The emergence of the Internet became a game changer for marketers. The new technology enabled marketers and advertisers to carefully target, reach and engage with niche and mass audiences in ways previously not imaginable. However, the flux of information and brand messages have created clutter and complicated the average marketers job in terms of getting through to their target markets. But with the the age of “free”, infinite amounts of data about consumers have become available and created real opportunities to carefully target and tailor products directly to a consumer's profile. Despite the endless opportunities to build a brand and loyal customer base in the digital era, many organizations and companies still apply old-fashioned marketing communication methods and resist the conversion required to succeed in a new environment. Many businesses used to dismiss the Internet as a fad, claiming that websites were superfluous. These same businesses are now online and struggling to keep up with the rapid development of technological tools and social media strategies to maintain and nurture their customer-relations. The Internet has radically changed the way we seek information. As a result, traditional forms of advertising do not work as well as they used to. Former conventional advertising through television and radio are considered non targeted and reach us outside of the buying cycle. Today the buying cycle includes the mobile consumer searching for specific products in near proximity or seeking alternative information about a product they are holding in their hand while in-store. Digital marketing is still its infancy and the future will bring many advancements beyond imagination and current scope. The power-shift is essentially transitioning from the organization in control to the empowered digital consumer. Merely 20 years ago people used to plan their schedules around HBO and TV Guide’s premises. The advertisements we consumed were in between programs and required us to physically disengage to avoid them. Now, as options for accessing news, information, products and services continue to increase exponentially consumers can control of what they choose to pay attention to. The consumer is in demand and calling the shots in terms of how, when and where they are marketed to. Whether it is through email, Facebook, RSS feeds or more traditional channels, they decide to receive the information they want on their own terms and ignore messages they deem irrelevant. Organizations and businesses are adjusting to this shifting ground and power-shift. Firstly, brands have to work much harder to get noticed in the increasingly saturated media environment that is our reality. However challenging, the new world offers exciting and innovative ways to tell stories. It also opens up for instant and valuable conversations, because consumers are showing interest in engaging with the brands/causes they care about and identify with. They desire relationships. If a brand wishes to receive attention from a community it must ask for it, open up to the dialogue, listen, engage and demonstrate that they value what is being said. Trust, Authenticity and Transparency Consumers have always had faith in brands that resonate with their own values and desires. Successful brands have distinctive design, experiences that instigate powerful emotional connections, lifestyles, image and community. In the dynamic, fast-moving information environment passive resonance is not enough: people demand authenticity and transparency and want to know who and what the brands they choose to gift their scattered attention spans to. Today, a successful company establishes mutual trust with its customers and welcomes passionate brand advocates a voice and the power to help shape their brand. Nurturing these super fans is vital in establishing a brand's online presence as word of mouth and earned media becomes an important part of marketing strategies and budget. These fans expect to connect directly, through conversation and shared experiences through forums like blogs, ratings and reviews, and social networking. Fans feel encouraged to share their opinions freely and collaboratively, creating communication with consumer credibility far beyond what any organizationally crafted message can foster. When they share concerns, complaints or compliments, companies must reply and act quickly and respectfully. Brand Advocates The rise of the Internet and social media requires brands that hope to become truly successful to trust and rely on their audiences to further develop and promote their brands. Companies such as Google, Apple and Amazon have made promises through their brands missions and thrive to fulfill their promises. In return, their consumers become fans and a mirror reflecting back what the company truly is. If a company is really devoting attention to a new brand it asks its constituents questions and listens, encouraging them to help create the brand. A dynamic process is vital and allows for the brand to change and evolve along with its members. This does not mean that they constitute no control or strategy, it is simply in this new archetype more agile, iterative and alert. With the emergence of virtual connections such as through blogs and social media, any individual has the ability to create and demonstrate individual needs and thought leadership and reach a much larger audience than previous networking efforts could offer. A truly successful brand is an extension of who the consumer is or thrives to be. It is a digital representation of their character, skills, and passion. The great transition We have witnessed a transition from traditional marketing methods through print, TV, radio-spots and in-person marketing at trade shows and conventions to the digital landscape. Marketers in 1940 at the advent of television advertising, in which their primary ability to connect and captivate consumers was their dependence on having a captive audience tuned into screens in their living rooms, is vastly different from the marketing model of current day. Digital marketing is essentially marketing relying on smartphones, mobile devices, the Internet, social media, digital billboards, gaming consoles, and computers to reach an intended audience. These new platforms expose marketers to opportunities such as engagement ads for standard and mobile websites, branded online videos, content marketing, social media, pay-per-click ads, sponsored blog-posts, SMS text messages and email distribution. Even though challenges emerge across all areas, the advantages of digital versus traditional advertising are vast: • Cost Effectiveness: digital ads are typically more cost-effective than standard traditional marketing campaigns. • Personal, Pinpointed Messaging: digital marketing allows brands to specify exactly the target demographic for each individual ad in a campaign (Facebook and Google ads are particularly excellent in this regard). Digital is just as creative of a canvas as other channels. • Easily Measured and Adjusted: if the campaign is not performing well, most digital ads can be updated much more easily than traditional ads, and are scalable. • Mobile-accessible: more and more people are using smartphones and tablets in their day to day lives - digital marketing invites brands to tap into consumers' behavior and reach them seamlessly through mobile devices • Viral Value: brands that post content to social media sites like Facebook, YouTube, and Pinterest are able to plug into consumers who are able (and willing) to share that content with their networks It is not likely that digital will replace traditional marketing entirely in near future. Most consumers still tune in live and watch commercials. However, an increasing number are enjoying the same traditional television programs on the internet or recording them on DVR and skipping through the commercials (90% of millennials do this). It is more effective to advertise in interactive TV (iTV) or second screen experiences or in video ads appended to shows being streamed online. The same is apparent in the newspaper and magazine business as more consumers seek tablet ready e-magazines and internet versions of their former physical paper subscriptions. According to emarketer, US mobile ad spending will reach $21 billion by 2016. Television is still rising Despite the Internet’s ability to personalize and deliver highly targeted ads, television’s share of the global advertising market is still rising. According to Atkearny, TV is still better than the rest at engaging consumers. Despite our evolving TV habits, ratings and ad rates are steady for the biggest shows. The Internet and Social Media haven't overtaken the TV advertising market, but may in fact be improving the TV experience for viewers and advertisers alike. The personalized advertising experience as delivered by the Internet is tempting to marketers. Using data from social network profiles, companies can target distinct individuals with products matching their particular interests and a retailer can send targeted coupons to mobile Internet users in a specific area. Another compelling fact about Internet advertising is that it is affordable compared to TV advertising. Online video ads can be effective considering that ad space costs about $30 per thousand impressions (CPM). TV advertising typically costs hundreds of thousands of dollars for 30 seconds on the most popular prime-time network television shows. Internet and particularly mobile ads also provide a sense of immediacy in which users can respond immediately by clicking on a link to an online store. Consumers viewing habits are evolving rapidly. “Non-linear” Television services like digital video recorders (DVRs) and on-demand websites like Hulu and Netflix are increasingly gaining market share. In 2011, the number of homes with a television in the US declined for the first time in two decades. An increasing number of Millennials are participating in the cord cutting trend, meaning that they do not subscribe to cable in their homes but rely on digital television services instead. Regardless, it is important to note that TV’s market share remains strong and the gains in Internet advertising have come mostly at the expense of print. Digital advertising may be the future, but television is still the leader of the present. According to Atkearney, the power of the moving image on a large screen, high- quality video and audio, the ability to stimulate emotion and engagement is hard to overcome. Compared to the storm of advertising messages inline, TV offers a brand an exclusive spot in the middle of a popular TV show that draws millions of viewers hungry for entertainment. In our current environment, few websites can offer the vast, engaged, national audience of leading television programs. Live events like the popular Super Bowl reaches more than 30% of the population, providing advertisers a prime opportunity to revitalize their brands. And however popular the personalized, individual viewing experience has become, people still come together to enjoy their favorite shows. For a company hoping to reinvigorate their brands quickly there is arguably no more effective way than to advertise to 20 million people watching American Idol together. In fact, even the Internet specialist Google invests millions of dollars in television advertising. Still, you need to change Millennials are consuming more television shows on their DVR, desktops, tablets or mobile. These changing habits point to the need for traditional advertisers and broadcasters to embrace interactive media. Social TV is a fairly new concept in which viewers connect via social media to “share” the TV experience. Marketers can use websites, Facebook and Twitter, smartphone apps, and other interactive services to connect with viewers before, during and after programming. Successful commercials may ignite dual screen viewers to look up the product on their smartphones during their “dual-screen” consumption and tempt them to make purchases. Television and interactive advertising can complement and reinforce one another. In our current environment, campaigns are most effective when television commercials are combined with a follow up on the Internet allowing consumers to make direct purchases. From a brands perspective, television is evolving from a role in which ads merely seek to sell a product to an effort to engage model in which the advertisement is meant to tease a story that consumers can continue to follow on other platforms. Currently, television is still vital in both building sufficient awareness and tapping into people’s emotions. However, with the rapid changes evident the last few years it is crucial for advertisers and brands to stay in tune with the most effective ways to reach consumers and meet them where there eye-balls are. They will not come to you. Read more and see sources here
IBPS Clerk Mains Syllabus For English Language It is the second section of the question paper for IBPS Clerk Main Exam. It comprises of 40 questions that contain 40 marks. The Selection Committee needs the candidates to have basic knowledge about the English Language. English Language: We are all aware that English is the most commonly used language and officially most of the work in India is done in English. The topics that contain in the English Language section are: • Reading Comprehension: This section mainly comprises of passages followed by questions. The questions that are there, are related to the content of the passage and also some of the specific words which are present in the passage. • Cloze test: It is a kind of test in English language section where the candidate has to fill the blanks with correct words and complete a passage. • Fill in the blanks: This is a part that we all have been doing since childhood. Sentences are given with an omitted word and those spaces are needed to be filled by the candidate. • Error Spotting: In the error spotting section the sentences are given in which there are errors present in them. We need to identify in which part of the sentence there is an error. • Sentence Correction: This is a part of the English Language section in which sentences are given in which there is a mistake. The idea is to correct the mistakes. • Para-Jumbles: In Para-jumbles part there is a paragraph given in an unordered manner. The rearrangement is used to be done in order to solve these questions. • Synonyms/Antonyms: Synonyms stand for the words that mean the similar and antonyms stands for the words having the opposite in meaning. This is that part of the English language section in which the vocabulary of the candidate is checked. This was all about the detailed syllabus of IBPS Clerk Mains English Language section. For more information regarding IBPS Clerk, visit Byju’s.
ArtsAutosBooksBusinessEducationEntertainmentFamilyFashionFoodGamesGenderHealthHolidaysHomeHubPagesPersonal FinancePetsPoliticsReligionSportsTechnologyTravel Introducing Hybrid Water Source Heat Pumps Updated on June 13, 2013 What is a Hybrid Heat Pump? The term hybrid means, "something made by combing two different elements." This is as true for heat pumps as it is for automobiles. A hybrid heat pump combines the benefits and energy efficiency of a water source heat pump with the simplicity of a hydronic fan coil unit in order to reduce energy use and cost. Traditional Water Source Heat Pumps In the cooling cycle, a traditional water source heat pump removes the heat from the air in the room and rejects that energy into a water loop. The heat added to the water is removed via a cooling tower or into the ground in geothermal systems. In the heating cycle, a traditional heat pump reverses the cycle and removes heat from the water loop and rejects that heat into the space. In both heating and cooling cycles, the compressor needs to run to drive the refrigeration cycle and transfer heat back and forth between the space and the water loop. In the heating cycle, supplementary heat needs to be added to the water loop to satisfy the building heating demand. Traditional Water Source Heat Pump Cooling Cycle Traditional Water Source Heat Pump Heating Cycle The Hybrid Design In the cooling cycle, the hybrid design works the same as the traditional design. Heat from the space is removed through the refrigeration cycle and rejected in the water loop. That is where the similarities end. In the hybrid design, the reversing valve is replaced with a 3-way diverting valve. This diverts the water from the heat exchanger in the condenser to a hydronic heating coil. The unit now acts as a fan coil for heating. The compressor does not run during the entire heating cycle. The Hybrid Cycle in Heating Mode Hybrid Design Advantages The single largest advantage to the hybrid design is energy savings. Allowing the compressor to remain off for the entire heating season reduces electrical consumption for each heat pump on the project. Multiply that by several hundred units that may be in a single building and the savings are significant. There are other advantages as well. By reducing the compressor run time, reliability is increased and the life of the compressor is extended. Additionally, a hybrid heat pump opens the door to a wide range of system design opportunities. The heat pump can be combined with radiant floor heating systems, hot water baseboard systems, geothermal water to water heat pumps and solar water heating systems. The Balanced Building Phenomenon During certain times of the year, typically spring and fall, certain areas of a building need cooling while other areas need heating. The heat of rejection from the units in cooling account for 100% of the heating needs for all the units serving areas that need heat. In effect, the building becomes balanced and no additional heat is required from the boilers (or geothermal wells) and no heat rejection is needed at the cooling tower (or geothermal wells). Energy Facts • Electricity costs between 2 to 4 times more per BTU than natural gas or heating oil. • For every 100 BTUH of heat delivered by a traditional water source heat pump, 75 BTUH of that comes from the water loop. Only 25 BTUH is generated by running the compressor. • Hybrid heat pumps deliver 100% of the heat from the water loop, reducing electrical energy use by keeping the compressor off. Electrical Consumption For the first exercise, we have an imaginary building with 100 heat pumps, all nominal 1 ton capacity operating for 1 hour. The energy use is modeled for all units running in cooling mode, all units running in heating mode and different combinations of units running in heating or cooling mode. Refer to the table below. With all units operating in cooling mode, all the compressors are operating. In this example, the hybrid units are more efficient than the traditional but it could be reversed. The real savings start as units begin to go into heating mode. Both the traditional and the hybrid units are delivering heat but the hybrid unit does so without the use of the compressor. 100% of the heat is extracted from the water loop directly. When all the units operate in heating mode, the electrical use for the hybrid design is limited to fan energy only, which can be further reduced with the use of EC motors (ECM). The traditional system doesn't vary much at all in their electrical energy consumption even through 75% of the heat being delivered is extracted from the water loop anyway. Electrical Consumption Chart Energy Consumption Traditional water source heat pumps operate at their peak efficiency in cooling mode when the condenser water loop is cooler, about 70 degrees F (approx. 0.72 kW/ton). When the cycle reverses to heating and the 70 degree water is used as a heat source, the efficiency drops significantly (approx. 0.97 kW/ton). On the hybrid system, the winter heating period is the worst condition for a unit to operate in cooling (an interior zone as an example). Since the hybrid system needs warmer condenser water to deliver the necessary heat to most spaces, the water loops temperature is about 110 degrees as opposed to 70 in a hybrid system. The cooling efficiency of the heat pump at this temperature is about 1.15 kW/ton. The table below shows a comparison between two traditional water source heat pumps (1 in cooling, 1 in heating) with two hybrid systems (also 1 in cooling and 1 in heating). Even at the worst possible condition for the hybrid system, the overall energy consumption is still less because the hybrid compressor does not operate in heating mode. Energy Consumption Comparison The Bull Dog Heat Pump The discussion up to this point is accurate for all manufacturers of hybrid heat pumps. The efficiencies may be slightly higher or lower but the overall benefits and design is the same. Now I want to look at a specific manufacturer, the CGC Group and their Bull Dog line of hybrid heat pumps. These units are manufactured just outside Toronto, Ontario in a state of the art facility. The hybrid design is the most energy efficiency available. Not only is the unit itself more energy efficient but it allows for a more energy efficient system. The key to this is their high efficiency heat exchanger in the condenser section. It enables the heat pump to operate at 2 GPM/ton instead of 3 GPM/ton that most other units require. The entire system uses 1/3 less water which means pumps are smaller, cooling towers are smaller and piping is smaller. The water temperature rise is higher (15 degrees instead of 10 degrees) which helps boiler efficiencies as well. Additional options are available that can even further reduce energy usage. EC motors can be installed on the fans to reduce fan energy consumption and allow variable airflow operation. The 3-way diverting valve can be replaced with a pair of 2-way solenoid valves to take advantage of the buildings diversity and allow for variable condenser water flow systems (further reducing pumping energy). In this day and age, we engineers are always struggling to keep design projects on budget and on time. To me, design flexibility and simplicity are huge factors that help with this struggle. Heat pumps and fan coils have been used for decades in commercial and residential projects. Now we can use both systems at the same time and keep our clients on the cutting edge of technology. For those of you on an energy crusade, take a look at a geothermal hybrid heat pump system with solar water heating and solar power generation and tell me if you can create a more energy efficient building, without sacrificing the ability to individually control each space, maximize occupant comfort and reliability. It's obvious that a hybrid design is the best choice in a water source heat pump project, but I can argue that it may be the best choice in nearly all residential and light commercial applications! 0 of 8192 characters used Post Comment No comments yet. This website uses cookies Show Details LoginThis is necessary to sign in to the HubPages Service. AkismetThis is used to detect comment spam. (Privacy Policy) Google AdSenseThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) Index ExchangeThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) SovrnThis is an ad network. 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Party Tips: CSS is the Style Week 1: Code Week · Lesson 5 · 4 minutes Let's add some colors to our project 1. Adds styles to our page 2. Examples of styles include: background color, fonts, borders, margins, and many more 3. CSS stands for: Cascading Style Sheets - Alright, let's add some CSS to our project here. We've written out this HTML which is the structure of the page. It just puts this text on the page, and now we're gonna write some CSS. Which is gonna be the style. Style meaning the color, sometimes it's the layout, sometimes it's the fonts we use. All that kind of the style, the design of the site. To do that, we're gonna go up into our head area here. Our CSS will go in the head. And we do it using these style tags. So opening and closing style tags. And let's just follow along here, and then we'll talk about it. So what we got is, I'm gonna do background, ah man actually I screwed up. Body like that equals background blue. Give that a shot, save this, and refresh. And let me know what you see. What you should see if you refresh is this here. The site background turns blue. Now why did that happen? Well, pretty clearly because we told the site the background is blue. CSS like I said is the style, it uses the style deal here. And what it does is it targets different part of our HTML code, and like I said, colors it, gives it fonts, moves it around, that kind of thing. So what we're doing here with our CSS, you can see it's a little bit different than the HTML. Because with the HTML, we have tags that have this kind of opening and closing brackets, right? We call these the elements. But with CSS, you have this slightly different syntax or style. Where it's like these curly braces. And you know what, it's just something you have to get used to. You do enough, and it makes sense, but they work together, as you can see here in this project here. And we target the body, and we basically say everything between the body tag opening and closing, make the background blue. Pretty cool, right? And we always want to end with a semicolon, which says this line is over. We can write some more CSS if we wanna do other things like color this text here. Right now it's black, and it's a little bit hard to read. Now what if we wanted to make that white? How would we do that? Well again, we just wanna target the element that the thing is between. The text that I'm referring to here is between these h1s, which is the header one. And so I just have to type h1 and follow the same pattern. The curly braces here, and for this I would say color, color equals let's say white. And now if I save and refresh, boom, our color is white there. So that's really all there is to it. Now I didn't invent CSS or HTML, clearly. Sometimes teachers kind of pretend like they are the holders of knowledge. I really want you to be free to figure this out when I'm not around. So any of the things you're really learning in this course, you can learn more about by just googling. If I were to type, probably if I were to just type font color CSS like that, I will probably, literally get, just click on the first link that's here, the answer. So use color equals blue if you wanna change the color. Almost anything that you can question and think up, you can probably solve by just googling, right? There's a skill, googling is a skill. I heard someone say 70% of being a developer is googling, well here's your chance. So what if I wanted to say font size bigger CSS, how do you do that? And I could click on the first link, a variety of different sites come up, well there's a font size. Let's see if I use that what happens. And if I make my font size, if I just add that declaration there, and then you would do it in pixels. Let's say 80 pixels, boom, it makes it a lot larger. Pretty sweet, huh? So a lot of these things that I'm teaching you, I want to empower you to go one step further, and to use your imagination of how you wanna style these, and make these things looks good. So yeah, that's a primer on some really basic CSS in HTML to show you how the styles and the structure of the page are always working together. In the next video, I'm gonna introduce you to two more HTML tags and show you a way to improve the CSS that we're writing right now. So jump on over to the next video.
Public Policy Forum Blog What's the Difference Between a Town, a Village, and a City? While not noticed by most Greater Milwaukee residents, last week's spring election results included approval of a referendum by voters in the Town of Somers to incorporate into a village. This development precipitated a water cooler discussion at the Forum about what exactly the distinction is between a town, village, and city in the state of Wisconsin? According to the Wisconsin Blue Book, as of 2010, the state had 1,851 general-purpose units of government (excluding counties). Of these, 1,257 were towns, 404 were villages, and 190 were cities. In terms of similarities, all three forms of local government include an administrator who is either elected or appointed and is responsible for managing the day-to-day operations of the municipality. This is most often a mayor, manager, president, or board chair. In addition, all three types are considered general-purpose governments, meaning they provide general government services in a defined area, though what services are offered vary. Population size and rural or urban location are the predominant characteristics for whether a municipality is classified as a town, village, or city. Also, while towns, villages, and cities all administer various public services, the extent of service provision typically is lower in towns. These services include things such as organizing local elections, maintaining roads, and collecting taxes. Beyond that, two distinctions between the three units of government relate to police power and home rule. In general, cities and villages are authorized and subject to both while towns are not. Police power refers to a municipality’s authority to take action – in the form of creating and enforcing laws and regulations – to ensure the safety, health, and well being of the community. Police power is significant in that it comes into play when managing a balance between individual rights and the collective public welfare. So, for example, zoning codes and ordinances are created to prevent conflicting land uses that can have a detrimental effect on community quality of life. As such, zoning can prevent an industrial site from being located adjacent to a school or residential area. These regulations effectively constrain what individual property owners can and cannot do on the land they own. Home rule is authority granted by the state that allows municipalities to have some autonomy in the form of self-government. This includes the ability to regulate certain local affairs without the threat of pre-emption by state law. However, if an issue can be considered to surpass municipal boundaries and is classified as a statewide concern, the Legislature has the ultimate authority and can regulate the matter through state laws. In Wisconsin, towns offer the most direct form of democracy, as decisions are made by annual or special town meetings (as opposed to the town board), including the establishment of tax rates. In villages and cities, elected officials are tasked with making these decisions on behalf of their constituents. Finally, it is important to note that there is some room for hybrid units of local government in Wisconsin. For example, towns have the option of adopting village powers, which enables them to establish a plan commission, create a comprehensive plan, subdivide land, and so forth. Assuming village powers is done through the adoption of a resolution, which can be decided in a special or annual town meeting. This resolution can subsequently be rescinded in the same manner. The Town of Somers is a perfect example of this, as it already had a plan commission in place – evidence that they had adopted village powers prior to last week’s decision to incorporate – the very scenario that led to the water cooler discussion here at the Forum. In summary, there are distinct differences and trade-offs between town, village, and city governments. On the one hand, towns offer a much more direct form of democracy for their residents. On the other hand, villages and cities have more autonomy in terms of forming the structure of their local government. The local context is important in understanding how decisions are made, by whom, and the scope of authority within which the municipality operates. Kari Smith
The Carousel Effect: DNA from Previous Sex Partners Could Affect Future Offspring The DNA from previous sex partners has been shown to influence offspring from future fathers in other species If the controversial revelations in Sperm Wars revealing the harsh truths about just how tricky women’s fertility can be and how promiscuous the history of the human species has been were not enough, here’s another bombshell that just dropped. When a woman breaks up with a man she has had sex with, or is a frequent carousel rider, there’s speculation among genetic researchers based on genetic testing that something of her former partners could affect any future offspring she has with her new partner. Call it nature pre-cucking Captain Save-a-Ho. The idea is referred to as telegony, and has been around since Greek times, but was struck down around a century ago by modern science. However, science is always moving and changing. Shockingly, a new study from Australian researchers and reviewed by English researchers reveals ancient wisdom may challenge the accepted wisdom from the ministers of promiscuity and the pro-carousel brigade. As reported by Medical Daily: [Telegony] was first proposed by the Greek philosopher Aristotle and was accepted as science until the early 1900s when it was disproved and replaced by more modern genetic theory. Unfortunately, the theory was largely used as a fear tactic to prevent women from copulating with different races or lower classes, but the study suggests the theory may have some elements of truth — for flies, at least. Pro-feminist propaganda aside, even that article admits the hypothesis may have some legitimacy in humans. It just can’t bring itself to criticize the 1960s idea that women should sleep around as a way of “empowering” themselves. Amazingly, in flies, the traits of males the female has previously mated with can be transmitted to future offspring sired by other males. Dr. Angela Crean, lead researcher on the gene research project a the University of New South Wales in Australia explains: We found that even though the second male sired the offspring, offspring size was determined by what the mother’s previous mating partner ate. Our new findings take this to a whole new level — showing a male can also transmit some of his acquired features to offspring sired by other males. Of course, this finding has a long way to go from being proven to be the case in humans. However, just as a Marxist lobotomy removed many of the teachings and ancient wisdom from the Overton Window of acceptable discourse, ideas taken for granted in the Bible that forms the basis of the world’s three major religions, could the traditional prohibitions on female promiscuity be validated once again, this time by science? Research shows genetics of offspring may be more complicated than just a simple sperm and egg What About Mammals Beyond flies, there is precedent for the effect of telegony occurring in other mammals, the Class humans belong to. Crean continues: There is no evidence of such effects in humans, but there has not been any research on this possibility in humans. There is a potential for such effects in mammals. For example, there is a lot of fetal DNA in maternal blood during pregnancy, and this could potentially play a role in such effects. There is also evidence in mammals that seminal fluid affects offspring development, so semen from one male could potentially influence the development of eggs fertilized by another male (which is what we think is happening in flies). So, whether it be demographics showing a dying population (and a spiritually dead one at that) in the West, religious prohibitions on female carousel riding going back 5,000 years, or emerging science showing that female promiscuity might just be affecting the genetic material of future offspring she has with any future Beta male once she gets off the carousel, there are a lot of negative effects when it comes to a culture letting women run wild, well beyond the sexual jungle and disincentive for male participation it creates. There are tantalizing suggestions that the first father of a woman’s children may determine at least some of the traits of all of her children. It truly could be first come, first served in nature. And another scientific dagger in the heart of women’s lib, beyond the fact Oxford anthropologist J.D. Unwin revealed any society that does not practice monogamy ultimately declines in his seminal but totally ignored (today) work Sex and Culture. Crean goes on: Call it nature cucking Betas and men who don’t dominate their partner’s sexuality. This is amazing research, and lends credence to the idea of K-selected societies practicing female chastity while r-selected societies do not. Dr. Stuart Wigby at Oxford University told the press: Reality, once again it seems, could be stranger than fiction. Another reason to avoid long term commitments with Tinder and carousel-riding discards, as if a man needed more reasons. • “There is precedent for the effect of telegony occurring in other mammals, the Class humans belong to. ” Thanks for the clarifying information. Your readers need that kind of background. • I must have close to 100 partial kids out there then. I know i know…. i should wear condoms but ive been a-ok so far. • People are noticing women are getting more and more masculinized. Slutface. The thousand cock stare. Glassy eyes, vacant stare, forced smile. The “don’t take no shit” personality. Absorbing all that strange cum could have something to do with that. Liked by 1 person Join the Discussion \| Leave a Comment You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
AP students study environmental issue students working at a table.Plymouth Whitemarsh High School (PWHS) Advanced Placement Environmental Science students identify and analyze environmental problems both natural and human-made, evaluate the risks associated with those problems and examine alternative solutions for resolving or preventing them. Recently students in Stephanie Fiorino's class dissected boluses from Albatross birds, which is the large sea bird species found in the north Pacific. The purpose was to assess the effects of plastic on the health of these birds. Students dissected the bolus which is all the indigestible material that is "thrown up" by an albatross bird. While students found 331 natural items during their experiment, they also found 152 non-natural items, which weighed almost twice as much as the natural items. The non-natural material, mainly plastic, does not biodegrade. At sea, large chunks of plastic break down into increasingly smaller fragments that are easy for Albatrosses and other animals to consume. The mass of non-natural material confuses the birds into thinking they are full, which leads to malnutrition and ultimately death. As for possible solutions, students discussed better ocean and beach cleanup efforts, engineering biodegradable plastics and educating the public about the harmful effects of plastic waste on animals and the environment. PWHS offers more Advanced Placement courses than most public and private high schools in the region. In the past 10 years, PWHS has had 908 AP Scholars, including 257 AP Scholars with Distinction and 19 AP National Scholars. AP students study environmental issue
NASA just doubled the number of known exoplanets There are 9 new Earth-sized worlds in "habitable zones" Since 2009, the Kepler spacecraft has searched a patch of the sky for exoplanets orbiting other stars in our galaxy. The mission has been hugely successful and has identified thousands of exoplanet candidates, of which around 1000 had been verified as the real thing. Last night, NASA held a teleconference to announce the latest discoveries made by the Kepler spacecraft and the number of verified exoplanets has doubled. Of the approximately 5000 candidates there are now 3,200 verified exoplanets, 2,325 discovered by Kepler. The boost comes from advances in analytical methods that use Kepler’s 2015 candidate of candidates. Usually the candidates are verified with imaging or radial velocity to rule out the possibility that their actually small stars like brown dwarfs. The new analytical technique speeds up the confirmations and looks to be highly accurate. The technique assigns each candidate a likelihood of being a genuine exoplanet by taking all available information into account and correcting for the number of known false positives. It means NASA researchers can sift through the candidates faster than ever but it has to be accurate. They compared the results form the new technique with ground-based confirmation and found they overlap nicely. The new method confirms the same planets that reliable ground-based confirmations do, which is a great sign. The initial candidates themselves are made by observing light from stars dipping as planets move in front of them: New worlds The new technique presumes that candidates with a 99% or higher likelihood are the real deal. Planets just under that likelihood are possible but unconfirmed and lower percentages suggest the candidates are false positives. The new analysis moves 1,284 candidates from candidate to confirmed status, bring Kepler’s total to 2,325. It also correctly verified 984 of the previously confirmed exoplanets and identified 707 as likely imposters. Interestingly there were 1,327 planets that the technique identifies as likely exoplanets but fall under the 99% rule. Not only does this announcement double the number of confirmed planets smaller than Neptune, it doubles the number of roughly Earth-sized planets. Chief scientist Ellen Stofan was excited by results. “This gives us hope that somewhere out there, around a star much like ours, we can eventually discover another Earth.” Kepler’s entire mission is a statistical one as it’s job is to sample the galaxy and get an idea of the bigger picture so we can answer an important question: how many Earth-like planets are there in the galaxy? From these new results, we now know of 9 more Earth-sized planets that sit in the so-called “habitable zone” of their stars, where temperatures allow liquid water to exist on their surfaces. It’s starting to look like planets are extremely common in the galaxy and that Earth-sized planets in habitable zones really aren’t all that rare. Most importantly, Kepler’s findings are going to be extremely useful to future missions that will teach us even more. Image: NASA Ames/N. Batalha and W. Stenzel What comes next? The Kepler spacecraft was the first to detect small, rocky exoplanets in habitable zones of nearby stars. It uses the transit method (starlight dipping) and only looked at a small portion of space over the years. From this we think most stars in our galaxy probably have at least one planet and that there are a number of potentially Earth-like worlds out there. Kepler’s exoplanet-hunting mission wraps up soon and the final summary of results will be made in October next year. Future missions will use Kepler’s data to take the next steps. The next two years are very exciting in the hunt for Earth-like worlds. First there’s the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), that will also measure starlight dipping much like Kepler did but for the entire sky rather than a specific patch. We’ll get a better picture of how common planets are in our entire galaxy by observing new stars. It launches next year with the help of SpaceX. Image: NASA Ames/N. Batalha and W. Stenzel In 2018, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will replace the Hubble space telescope as the most powerful visible light telescope in orbit. Rather than using the transit method, the JWST can directly image distant objects in space and will be able to see billions of years back in time. It will work together with the TESS to look directly at verified exoplanets. By observing starlight that’s filtered through the exoplanet’s atmosphere, the JWST will be able to identify oxygen, methane, and other gases that could be evidence of life on these distant worlds. The most exciting satellite mission will be the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST), which will launch sometime in the mid 2020s. As well as studying infrared physics and dark energy, WFIRST will revolutionise the search for habitable worlds. It uses a coronograph to directly image exoplanets. When observing an exoplanet, the satellite’s design blocks out the light from the star so it can only see the planet itself. It should be able to directly image planets as small as Neptune and as far from their stars as Jupiter is from ours. All of these missions will rely on findings already made by Kepler and will lead to future telescopes for directly imaging the tiny, rocky planets that might hold water and possibly life. The next decade will be an exciting time for planet hunters. Main image: NASA/W. Stenzel
Where is Sweden? Located in Northern Europe, Sweden has a 2,211.00 km border with Finland (545 km) and Norway (1,666 km). It has a 3,218.00 km coastline. Sweden’s capital city, Stockholm, is spread out over fourteen islands as well as the areas of Södermanland and Uppland. The city’s metro area includes twenty six municipalities while the population of the city itself is estimated to be 942,370 with a density of 13,000 per square mile. Along with being home to Parliament House, the city also features an array of historic sites and cultural institutions such as Tessin Palace, Riddarholm Church, Bonde Palace, and Vasa Museum. Because of Stockholm’s oceanic climate average temperatures are mild across all seasons. Read more on Sweden's Capital Sweden is a European country covering 450,295.00 km2 of which 8.87% is water and 410,335.00 km2 is land. This makes it the 55th largest country in the world and almost three times the size of Georgia slightly larger than California. Its geographic coordinates are 62 00 N, 15 00 E and Stockholm is the capital city. The name derives itself from the North Germanic Svear tribe. Its ISO code is SE. Sweden has a mean elevation of 320 m above sea level. It has a temperate climate that varies greatly with altitude, from cold and cloudy and humid summers. Its terrain is mostly flat with gentle rolling lowlands, and mountains in the west. Sweden has a population of 9,880,604 making it the 89th largest in the world. The majority of the population lives in the southern region. Swedish is the official language. The major ethnic groups are described as Swedes, Finnish, and Sami minorities. A large percentage of the population belongs to the Church of Sweden. Swedish is the official national language of Sweden and is spoken by the majority of Swedish citizens. Linguistically, Swedish is very similar to Danish and Norwegian. The alphabet is made up of twenty nine letters with three added during the 16th century. Sweden is home to six local dialects which are spread out over the entire geographical area of the large northern European country. Swedish officially gained the status of official national language in 2009 following the adoption of a new language law. Common useful phrases include, “Välkommen” for “welcome” and “Hej” or “Hallå” for a casual “hello”. Traditional minority languages include Finnish, Sami, Romani, Meänkieli, and Yiddish. Read more on Sweden's Languages The dialing code for the country is 46. Sweden is an independent country. It gained independence in 1523. Its constitution was last ratified in 1974. Officially, The Kingdom of Sweden is a constitutional monarchy. Its legislative governing body is known as the Riksdag which is made up of 349 members who conduct the business of the nation in a building called the Parliament House. Members of the Riksdag serve four year terms with elections taking place every fourth year on the second Sunday in September. Read more on Sweden's Government Factoring in Purchasing Power Parity, Sweden's GDP is $498,000,000,000.00 (USD) with $49,700.00 (USD) per capita. This makes it the 38th largest economy and its citizens the 25th richest in the world. The currency of Sweden is the Krona (SEK). Its major export partners are Norway, Germany, and the United States. Its main exports are machinery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp, and wood. Its major import partners are Germany, the Netherlands, and Norway. Its major imports include machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, and chemicals. The history, traditions, and national identity of the Nordic country of Sweden are all reflected in its flag. The yellow and blue colors which make up the flag symbolize generosity, loyalty, justice, and truth. The cross reflects the Christian history and beliefs of the Swedish people. The official flag was also heavily influenced by the many monarchs who ruled the country over its lengthy history. The most notable of whom, at least in regards to the inspiration behind the flag’s design, was King Eric IX who is said to have had a vision of a cross in the sky during 1157’s First Swedish Crusade. Officially adopted in 1906, the modern Swedish flag features elements inspired by the neighboring Scandinavian nation of Denmark. Read more on Sweden's Flag This page was last modified on February 6th, 2018 More on Graphicmaps
American Diet Gets Failing Grade • by Staff Writer, MedPage Today Americans are still falling short of national dietary recommendations, eating too many sweets and not enough vegetables and whole grains, according to the CDC. On a national healthy-eating index that measured compliance with U.S. dietary guidelines from 2005, the average overall diet score was only about 60 points out of 100 -- "indicating Americans' diets need improvement," Bethene Ervin, PhD, RD, wrote in a National Health Statistics Report. The Healthy Eating Index, or HEI-2005, assesses specific intake of various nutritional categories, including whole fruits, dark green and orange vegetables, whole grains, milk, meat and beans, oils, fats, sodium, alcohol, and added sugar. To come up with the estimates, Ervin looked at data on 4,448 adults ages 20 and up from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004. She found that American adults were well below the maximum standard for all the HEI-2005 component scores except for total grains and meat and beans. Scores for dark green and orange vegetables and whole grains were particularly poor, reflecting insufficient intake, she reported, while those for sodium and calories from sugars and alcohol reflected excessive intakes. Women's diets appeared healthier than men's, Ervin noted, as they had better scores on fruit, vegetable, and discretionary calorie intakes as well as slightly better overall diets. The same held true for older patients, she reported, with adults age 60 and up having better scores regarding fruit, vegetable, and bad calorie intakes. Better-educated Americans -- those with at least a high school education -- more closely complied with the recommendations than those who had less education, Ervin reported. She added that no racial or ethnic group stood out as having better dietary scores than any other. Ervin concluded that adults need to up their intake of most of the recommended dietary components -- especially dark green and orange vegetables and legumes and whole grains -- while lowering the amount of sodium and calories from sugar and alcohol consumed.
Home » Stair Pyramid » Ancient Architecture Of The World The History Of Ancient Architecture Of The World The History Of ID: mE1fYSNjhdVNBXFRf-o1cwHaFj Size: 381.1KB Width: 1152 Px Height: 864 Px Source: www.arthistoryarchive.com Fixed steel ladders are usually used on the outside of industrial buildings, and other permanent set ups to allow access to the roof. These are pretty basic ladders, however there are several things to keep in mind with fixed steel ladders. Primary is keeping unwanted users from accessing the step ladder. There are options of security entry doors and locking panels to enable them to secure access to the steps. Another option for this style of steps is a safety cage. This really is mounted to the fixed material ladder to add safety to the user. It stops anyone climbing the ladder coming from falling backward off the ladder. Another option is a top walk-through, this provides a handle towards the top on each side of the ladder to help the user remain secure while stepping off the steps at the top. Another thing to keep in mind when choosing a ladder height is that OSHA requires a step away platform for ladders 20+ feet or every 20 feet of climbing height. You can order these step off platforms at the same time you order the fixed metallic ladder. Image Editor Stlfamilylife - 10 architectural jewels of the ancient world history lists. This architectural jewel of the ancient world consists of two temples also known as the nubian monuments that were carved out of mountainside during the reign of pharaoh ramesses ii in the 13th century bc the temples were originally located on the bank of lake nasser. Top 10 greatest architectural wonders of ancient world. The bridge is a true masterpiece of ancient roman architecture it was built in the half of first century a d to transport water from uzes commune to roman province of nimes it is one of the best preserved monuments of ancient roman architecture and a world heritage site in france. The world's 20 most impressive ancient builds. The world's 20 most impressive ancient builds the feats of the ancients the hemisphere like shape known as the stupa is a common sight in buddhist architecture and sanchi stupa is perhaps. 10 incredible architectural wonders of the ancient world. The science and art of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures has been of man's interest since his very beginning architectural works have cultural rooting and symbolize the thinking of the society when we look at the constructions of old days, we see wonders built by. 10 amazing architectural wonders of the ancient world. Architectural wonders of the ancient world: the pyramids egypt no list of architectural wonders of the ancient world would be complete without a mention of the famous pyramids in egypt the pyramid of djoser, the oldest of the pyramids, is estimated to have been built around the year 2630 b c. Stunning photos of ancient architecture from around the world. Incredible ancient architecture: the pyramids, egypt no architectural superlative list would be complete without including the enigmatic design and construction of the egyptian pyramids considered on of the seven wonders of the world, some estimate that up to 100,000 laborers constructed the edifices but there is no concrete evidence on how. Sevens wonders of the ancient world history. The amazing works of art and architecture known as the seven wonders of the ancient world serve as a testament to the ingenuity, imagination and sheer hard work of which human beings are capable. 7 man made architectural wonders of the ancient world. Architecture , art 7 man made architectural wonders of the ancient world article by sa rogers, filed under 7 wonders series in the travel category the colosseum, the great pyramid of giza, the great wall of china and machu picchu are world famous ancient architectural wonders, but they're hardly the only man made structures worthy of. History of architecture wikipedia. Ancient architecture is characterized by this tension between the divine and mortal world cities would mark a contained sacred space over the wilderness of nature outside, and the temple or palace continued this order by acting as a house for the gods. Greek architecture ancient history encyclopedia. Greek architects provided some of the finest and most distinctive buildings in the entire ancient world and some of their structures, such as temples, theatres, and stadia, would become staple features of towns and cities from antiquity onwards in addition, the greek concern with simplicity, proportion, perspective, and harmony in their buildings would go on to greatly influence architects in. You can edit this Ancient Architecture Of The World The History Of image using this Stlfamilylife Tool before save to your device Ancient Architecture Of The World The History Of You May Also Like
Voices Of Youth The root of teen drug abuse The number of teenagers who are trying recreational drugs, smoking and drinking alcohol has become a problem. The root of the issue with drugs is not boredom or peer pressure but rather a more depressing reason. First, studies have established links between why people choose to pick up drugs and mental issues such as depression, social anxiety and even stress. The worrying truth behind why teenagers are increasingly using drugs is social isolation, feeling like a misfit or being a victim of bullying. They turn to drugs to run away from their real problems and eventually dig a deeper and darker hole for themselves. Switzerland has attempted to tackle the drug use issue through government sponsored drug-rehabilitation centres, using counselling and assistance to help victims find new jobs and a social circle, rather than locking them up or punishing them. This approach proved more successful than the use of force and a strict judiciary adopted by other countries. Jordan Loo Ming Zhou, 15 Secondary 4 student A version of this article appeared in the print edition of The Straits Times on October 17, 2018, with the headline 'The root of teen drug abuse'. Print Edition \| Subscribe
Climate change lights the touchpaper on terror – we must fight them together Warming has been the ultimate ‘threat multiplier’ in fragile countries, fuelling conflict and extremism. We must build resilience, and with it a climate of peace Syrian women till fields in the drought-hit region of Hasaka in north-eastern Syria Syrian women till fields in the drought-hit region of Hasaka in north-eastern Syria. Drought exacerbated the existing tensions within the country that led to the conflict. Photograph: Louai Beshara/AFP/Getty Images In Paris this week, world leaders are working to agree a robust climate deal to curb greenhouse gas emissions. They are also grappling with how to tackle the pervasive threat of terror. The aim in both cases is to safeguard the right of current and future generations to live safe, secure and fulfilled lives. The fact that the climate conference is taking place in Paris grimly underscores this duality. But it isn’t simply that tackling climate change and insecurity are parallel challenges. They are linked risks that need to be met with linked responses. Even if we get the best possible global agreement to cut emissions in Paris, the effects of warming already in the system will play out for at least the next two decades, with an impact on conflict, security and fragility. Climate change plays a role in the ongoing political conflicts in Darfur and Mali, and in food insecurity across the Sahel. Climate change has also complicated conflicts linked to the Arab spring, most notably in Syria. Of course, no conflict has a single cause. Rather, climate change can exacerbate issues that can already cause conflict, such as unemployment, volatile food prices and political grievances, making them harder to manage and increasing the risk of political instability or violence. For example, Syria’s 2006-2011 drought was the nail in the coffin, making fragile livelihoods of rural farmers untenable. With failing crop yields and falling incomes, many left to move to urban centres, such as Daraa, putting a strain on weak infrastructure and scant basic services. It wasn’t the drought in itself that caused the conflict, but the existing social, political and economic tensions. The effects of climate change, such as more frequent hurricanes, long-term changes in rainfall and temperatures, and rising sea-levels are not experienced in isolation. They combine with social, political or economic factors already at play. In fragile contexts, where poverty, weak governance and conflict are frequent and the ability to cope with these risks is low, climate change increases the risk of violent conflict. Research conducted by International Alert for the G7 group of leading industrial economies found that climate change is the ultimate multiplier of threats. Climate change will continue to inhibit peace unless it is effectively integrated into managing risk and building resilience. Many of those most affected by climate change live in fragile states, where underdevelopment is intractable. The response to recent floods in the UK are unlikely to push local communities towards violence. Yet in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, the impact of devastating floods combined with poverty, endemic corruption and long-standing perceptions of marginalisation by Delhi have all created such tensions that failure by local or central government to respond adequately could pose a very real risk of violence or political instability. This will make it harder for affected communities to adapt to climate change and for authorities to provide adequate support in building resilience, locking them into a vicious cycle of conflict, poverty and climate vulnerability. There is much that can be done to ensure that climate change does not lead to increased conflict. Addressing the root causes of vulnerability to the effects of climate change – such as the lack of livelihood diversification, political marginalisation, unsustainable management of natural resources, weak or inflexible institutions and unfair policy processes – can help ensure countries plan for uncertainty and peacefully manage future risks. The best way to reduce the threat is to get the best possible deal at the talks in Paris. But with dramatic changes already under way, people need to adapt. And how people and governments adapt, especially in fragile contexts, is critical. Better policy responses are required to ensure that how we tackle climate change does not inadvertently fuel conflict. For example, a push towards renewable energy in 2007 saw a switch of land use from food production to growing crops for biofuels, which was perceived to contribute to higher food prices and resultant food riots in more than 40 countries around the world. If we want to reduce the risk of people falling into extremism through education, training and jobs, we need to make sure that those skills and jobs are “climate-proof”. There would be little value in providing support for farming to unemployed young Syrians when long-term drought is the reason they cannot pursue a livelihood in farming. Whatever happens in Paris, there will be new money for tackling climate change. If these resources address vulnerability, they could achieve the triple win of building resilience to climate change, conflict and poverty. Supporting the provision of sustainable livelihoods in Mali, buffering communities from the volatility of food prices in import-dependent countries like Yemen, and ensuring social safety nets are in place to protect the poorest when subsidies are removed in Egypt, will all address some of the root causes of conflict as well as vulnerability to climate impacts. We need leaders in Paris to agree a global deal to reduce emissions. We need adequate funds to support the poorest and most vulnerable to adapt. And we need to find ways for developing countries to progress in a low-carbon way. Single-sector interventions will not deal with compound risks. Integrating policies and responses in three sectors – climate change adaptation, development and humanitarian aid, and peace-building – is critical to ensure efforts on all three fronts can strengthen resilience to climate-conflict risks and create a climate of lasting peace. • Harriet Lamb is CEO of International Alert and Janani Vivekananda is head of its environment, climate change and security programme
Impact of New Road Infrastructure on CO2 Road transport represents an important share of total Belgian CO2 emissions: approximately 18%. In its 20-20-20 program against climate change, the European Union has set the emission reduction target for the Belgian transport sector at -15% (2020 vs. 2005). According to most projections, with current policy (business as usual or BAU), only an 8% reduction will be achieved. The main driver is the efficiency improvement of the transport fleet. Belgian authorities are considering several road infrastructure expansion projects to improve the flow of traffic and decrease stress on current infrastructure. However, new infrastructure tends to make transport more attractive, thus generating new traffic. This study has looked at 3 projects that are currently being considered, and the impact their developments may have on CO2 emissions. Building new road infrastructure, without any flanking measures, will lower the projected reduction to 6.3%. From the perspective of CO2 emissions, it is highly recommended only to expand these roads in combination with all required flanking measures (e.g. road pricing, improvements in public transport). 1) Expansion of the Brussels Ring (R0) Road transport on and around the R0 represents approximately 13% of total Belgian road transport CO2 emissions. The official MER (environmental effects) reporting was the main source of information. However, this official report did not consider the pure effect of an infrastructure expansion (only the combined effect of new infrastructure with measures like road pricing). By comparing different MER scenarios, an approximation of expected CO2 emissions could be calculated. Additionally, the generative effect was considered. New infrastructure makes transport easier, faster and cheaper, which will induce new trips. Our calculations show that an expansion of the Ring with new lanes, without any flanking measures, could bring CO2 emissions back to the 2005 level within 5 years. 2) Oosterweel link, Antwerp CO2 emissions in the considered area in and around Antwerp are approximately 18.5% of total Belgian road transport emissions, which is more than the R0 (Brussels). As no official MER reporting was available for the Oosterweel link, the assessment is based on traffic volumes from the Antwerp Masterplan 2020. In the BAU scenario, CO2 emissions remain at the same level between 2005 and 2020. Building the new link would lead to an increase of emissions by 0.4%, while the realisation of the entire Masterplan would decrease CO2 emissions by around 4%. We made a cautious assessment of the generative effect of the new link in the medium term. This showed that within 3-5 years after completion of the link, an increase of emissions of 2.3% may occur. For the full Masterplan, there is still a reduction of emissions, yet it is only -1.5%. While it is clear that the reduction target of 15% is not within reach, it is recommended to perform further research on traffic evolution (as will likely be done for the MER report). 3) A new, fast connection (type Nx) between the E40 motorway and Sint-Truiden, in addition to the current N80 (type Nxx) Given the current profile of the connection (with only very limited congestion), the development of a new link will more likely result in better separation of local and transit traffic than in generating new traffic. No significant impact on CO2 emissions is expected. Greenpeace Belgium Our team Tim Breemersch Ok, ik accepteer cookies
Text by Anil Chitrakar Sati is the ancient tradition where the widow, mistresses and female servants used to take their own lives by jumping into the funeral pyre of a deceased man. A group of musicians accompanied the funeral procession and played loud music to subdue the screams of the burning women. This horrible tradition thrived in Nepal until it's abolition by Prim Minister Chandra Shumshere Rana on 28th June 1920. Laws were promulgated to this effect and the special door at Pashupatinath temple complex through which the condemned women had to walk through in order to jump into the cremation fires were closed forever. The tradition of sati was banned in Bengal (state of India) as early as 1829 by the then Governor General. Despite these efforts, even as recently as in the early 1980s, I was witness to demonstrations by students in Jaipur demanding rights of the women to commit sati. When Jung Bahadur Rana was in power in the 1850s, he made a set of rules to try and control and discourage sati. He banned women below 16 to commit sati. Women whose children were below 16 (boys) and below 5 (girls) were not allowed to commit sati. Similarly, if the woman had more than one husband, or if she was pregnant, sati was illegal. Slave women were also prohibited from this act. Mothers were prevented from committing sati on their son's funeral pyre. Jung Bahadur also made it mandatory that an advocate be present when sati was performed voluntarily to make sure it was not coerced. Anyone forcing women to commit sati was to be charged with murder. History writer Devi Prasad Sharma tells us that while Jung Bahadur was successful in preventing the wives of his brothers from committing sati, his own wives committed sati upon his death. The tradition of sati is as old as anyone can remember. Numerous religious epics of the subcontinent speak of and glorify the tradition. Stone markers were put up at spots where women committed sati. In one such book - the Swasthani which is recited in homes to this day during the Nepali month of Magh (Jan - Feb) Dakshya Prajapati's daughter Sati Devi, who is married to Lord Shiva, is humiliated by the treatment given to her husband by her father and decides to jump into the yagya (sacred fire) rather than stand the insult inflicted on her husband. Each year a festival is held near Sankhu to "celebrate" this ultimate act of devotion and sacrifice for one's husband. The basic justification for sati was that a deceased man still needed the "services" of his wife or wives, mistresses and female servants in his "after-life". It was further justified on the grounds that a woman's life had no value after the death of her husband. If the woman had no siblings, the case against her was even stronger. In the history of the subcontinent, many women were forced to perform sati as a political means to ensure that queens did not interfere in politics after the death of the king. At the temple complex of Changu Narayan at the eastern end of the Kathmanudu valley, there is a stone pillar with an inscription by the then ruler Mana Deva dated 464 AD. The stone inscription contains a description of how Mana Deva prevented his mother from jumping into the funeral pyre of his father Dharma Deva. This is probably the oldest recorded reference in Nepal to the tradition of sati. Most probably ordinary women of the period had no such luck. During the Malla period, history teaches us that 33 wives of Yog Narendra Malla and 9 wives of Pratap Malla committed sati. In the 19th century, 16 women committed sati in the funeral pyre of King Rana Bahadur Shah. Thanks to Prime Minister Chandra Shumshere, we do not have to witness a woman immolate herself on the funeral pyre of her husband. It was not easy for the then Prime Minister to enforce this ban and there were numerous arguments mounted against his decision. Our society needs to get rid of a few more of these traditions. We need to know that not all of our history was glorious, nor romantic. Anil Chitrakar is a founding member of Kathmandu 2020 and has launched Crafted in Kathmandu to help local artisans. For comments e-mail:
3 Guiding Principles As administrators and policy makers strive for all educators to reach their professional promise, they must ask: How can teachers meet high professional standards if they doubt their value to the school community? How can they meet and exceed expectations if they are not professionally engaged? How can they set and reach professional goals if they do not see a purpose in doing so? If teachers are to enjoy professional, personal, and collegial success, they must believe in themselves, be actively engaged in the school, and see the connection between their efforts and the goals they set for themselves. When these experiences are present, teachers' aspirations flourish and performance improves. The Guiding Principles provide educators with a practical model that can be used to guide professional experiences, from individual classroom teachers to the entire school staff as a whole. If professional development, goal setting, and evaluation support each of the Guiding Principles, teachers will be more likely to achieve professional and personal success. The 3 Guiding Principles are: Self-Worth occurs when teachers know they are valued members of the school community, have a colleague in their lives they can trust and learn from, and believe their effort and hard work are recognized and celebrated in a variety of ways. Engagement happens when teachers are deeply involved in their professional experiences, as characterized by enthusiasm and desire for learning new things, and a willingness to take positive, healthy steps toward the future. Purpose exists when teachers take responsibility for who and what they want to become, not only in terms of their professional careers, but also by being confident, responsible members of their community Educators put these Guiding Principles into action using the next part of the Aspirations Framework: 8 Conditions That Make a Difference™.
✯✯✯ Articles child india labor in Sunday, September 16, 2018 4:04:12 PM Articles child india labor in Surface Processing and Refining Surface processing involves all processes intended to produce the oil or gas from its sub-surface rock/sediment columns, separate the various components, purify them and present them in the standard, which is acceptable in the petroleum market. Yahoo \| Answers PLEASE!? Julius homework Caesar help,, method used to bring to the surface and to collect the oil/gas from under surface depends on the depth - Canada buywritehelpessay.com Buy Essay An the substrate rock, Free Clipart Clipart Homework - No Images \| Clipart Panda pressure gradients ( natural flow, gas lifting and well stimulation methods arise)stage of production ( whether primary, secondary or tertiary) among other factors. Most wells produce, in addition to oil and gas, mixtures rich in water and sometimes sand. While each of these components have varying density and initial separation may therefore be done through density defined procedures, this criteria alone is unable to obtain pure buyworkwriteessay.org - Nj Homeworkhelp Com, and is successful only as a matter of proportions. Additional separation requires dedicated separators able to obtain components with articles child india labor in purity. Once the oil/gas/water/sand components have been separated and purification began, the gas is channel to the Gas Processing Plant while the oil is passed through a heat exchanger in preparation of fractionation into various solids, liquids and gases .For instance, gasoline, a commodity sold independently of other liquid hydro-carbons, is not obtainable directly from the initial surface production. It must be obtained through fractionation of the oil that comes from the wells. Not only that, the various markets require gasoline with different octane ratings and additional refining must be done to meet market specifications. The mode of transportation of different petroleum products depend on distinct considerations such as economies of scale, as well as safety regulations and corrosion management. The surface/refining processing section will focus in the processing (both surface and refinery) procedures applicable in the Prudhoe Bay, including the types and number of wells to be sank, production methods, separation methods and finally, refining. The fractionating column Prezi Poetry Anthology Emily Project by Colborne on well as finished product channeling will be highlighted. Processing (Surface and Refining) Once initial prospecting is finalized and necessary equipment laid out masks daft punk without preparation for field production, well sinking will be carried out and the various products obtained. Recovery of under-surface fluids usually is a complicated process where the wellhead fluids are impure, existing in complex mixtures with different densities, pressures, flow rates and chemical and physical properties. The flow, called the well stream, is initially at high pressure and temperature as it exits the reservoir formation, cooling as it nears the surface. In addition, summary freedom papers of the gaseous components of the stream upon reaching the surface causes significant physical and chemical changes to the products mix. Once the mixture has been extracted, additional processing is carried out in order to minimize corrosion as well as prevent equipment damage. Corrosion is mainly attributed to presence of carbon dioxide in the oil/gas substrate. It’s corrosive properties are magnified in under-surface wells where temperatures are higher and water vapour plenty, leading to formation of corrosive carbonic acids. The internal bore corrosion in the bay is expected \| against battle win parents Canadian World homework court be from a carbon dioxide action. The conditions of high temperatures (about 200 degrees F) coupled with the relatively high CO2 presence in the reservoir gas of 12% may accelerate pipes corrosion. To mitigate this, chemical treatments will be added, including 13Cr tubing which has an excellent resistance (Jones 1971). Once the mixture is retrieved, the next step will involve separation. The Prudhoe Bay Specifics. The Prudhoe Bay is an area covering 600 square miles with an oil/gas Help Management for Assignment Students MBA sedimentary rock basin at an average depth of 4000 feet and with varying thickness. The initially recoverable wellhead comprises of a gas/oil/water matrix trapped under sea-sloping shale and sitting on a water aquifer under higher pressure. The initial productions will utilize natural surface flow as the components are under high internal pressure. In later production stages, deeper seated oil/gas substrates maybe exploited through well stimulation and gas lifting techniques. The initial operation will include sinking 600 wells of natural flow, 400 wells of gas lift as well as 300 wells with injectors. The injected wells will use the Water Alternating Gas (WAG) type equipment, with both methodology help with dissertation and gas being recycled from the natural well products. The injection will be up to 200 MMCFD, with the expected pressure build-ups up to 2000 psi. The natural flow wells will be maintained at 2400 psi, with corrosion resistance enhancements. The injection pipe tubing will have the diameters ranging from 3.5 to 7 inches to tolerate the high pressure amounts. The extended reach drilling (ERD) and Ultra Extended reach Drilling (UERD) will be used to sink wells as deep as 10000 feet and horizontal departures as much as 4000 feet from a main down-hole area. The reservoir terrain may usually contain up to four materials: oil, gas, water and Confidential College of many you How — hours get? do homework. The surface retrieved mixture must, therefore, be separated before the further processing. The water normally in oil basins is salinated and is usually 200-300 kg/ tone of production. In addition, dissolved minerals of 10 -15 kg per cubic meter may be present. Also, natural gas present in the production is in the range of 50 -80 M3/tone. These materials negatively affect the production as well as the transportation of oil, thus, they must be separated from the mixture. Sand, present in a suspended form in the mixture, is also separated before the further processing (British Petroleum 2006). These minerals largely accounting assignment help managerial to corrosion of extraction, channelling and processing equipment. Sand, a common mixture component letters write paper to development field where oil/gas lies in a sandstone basin, leads to severe damage in the transportation equipment. Mixtures are very hard to transport, requiring special conditions in which safety and economic considerations are critical. For this reason, raw mixtures cannot be transported far from the wells before preliminary processing commences. Major operations conducted in preliminary processing include de-salting, de-sanding, dehydrating, and degassing the product stream. The section below focuses on the separation process. The first stage of surface processing involves separation of wellhead components (Rucker and Strieter, 1992). Specific designed equipment called a separator does the separation work. Separators assume different shapes and can be oriented in different positions in order to effectively perform their work. The different shapes and orientations is mainly determined by the nature of the mixture they survey services dissertation. The major types of separators as classified by shape are the spherical and the cylindrical. With respect to orientation the main types are horizontal and vertical. Horizontal separators are mainly preferable in production where the ratio of gas to liquid is high. This allows bigger likelihoods of gas to rise to surface, due to the small case study of purpose of rise as opposed to vertical separators where gas may have to rise a larger distance to float on the surface. Vertical separators are favoured where the gas to liquid ratio is smaller. Where the ratios are intermediate, a spherical separator is usually used to allow for greater mobility and enhance ease of separation. In addition, a series of separators maybe used in conditions where the initial wellhead pressure is high, in order to reduce the pressure in each successive separator. The inter-relationship of the major forces in Night RN Sh… Travel Room Emergency Nurse separator is critical to the equipment’s efficiency. - coursework to help culture ATM Communication Welcome and and inertia are the most effective forces in the separator environment. In addition hydro cyclone force, created by the centrifugal movement service help college application some separators, is significant. Separators are classified according to operating pressure. The low category is usually 0.6MPascal, the median range is between 0.6Mpascal and 2.5Mpascal, while the high pressure category is above 2.5MPascal. The gas separation phases are also a differentiating factor between different separators. A two phase separation process involves separating the gas from the liquid components. A three phase process, however, includes additional dehydration of Declaration of Independence assignment Assignment: - free hydrocarbons that may escape the first two separation stages. Tube Performance gas/oil separators, a comparatively recent development in comparison to the separators mentioned above, are a promising new equipment of use in surface processing due to ease of manufacture and flexible applicability in field situations. Gas and Oil separators have varying capacity, with a median range between 500 and 20,000 cubic Meters daily, depending Easy-Essay.com Essays from their size, structure and the nature of incoming mixtures in terms of physical and chemical attributes. Separation takes place in four sections. The first stage involves obtaining free floating gas from oil, usually through application of density differentiating techniques. The second section involves precipitation, where partially dissolved gas as well as suspended gas bubbles is obtained from the gas/liquid matrix. The collection section retains the liquid coming from the separating section, while the final section, called the capture section, collects any tiny Examples Mockingbird To A Kibin \| Essay Kill droplets held in the separated gas. The efficiency of separators is measured by the amount of liquid droplets retained in the extracted gas, as well as the amount of gas suspended in the collected liquids. In order to enhance efficiency, oil is heated to increase fluidity and reduce density, while also allowing trapped gas to rise to surface. In addition, separation pressure is reduced in order to allow easier surface movement of lighter components. A typical help college admissions should attain oil drops in gas mass of 0.05Kg/cubic meter of gas and entrapped gas volume of 0.5 cubic meters per tonne of oil. In circumstances where the separator contains a single section, there is the need for additional to enhance the purity Help Top writing Essay: biographical active 10 essay a product. The section below will discuss in detail separation process for the four main components of the wellhead including oil, gas, salinated water and sand. Water is an expected by-product in the Prudhoe Bay oil production. The estimated volumes per metric ton of raw produce is between 200-300 Kg/t. water will be separated from the mixture in the oil dehydration sump. To do this, heating will take place in the sump followed by pumping of mixture and mixing with the 30-60 grams of a demulsifying agent. This will happen at the modular manifold before the emulsion has been sent to the heat exchange. Due to the infrastructural orientation of the Prudhoe Oil facility, a demulsifier injection will take place 100 meters before the mixture reaches the separator, where its effect will ease the dumping of water and surfactant to leave the oil behind. The water-oil separation requires heat in paper question nsou year previous to aid in demulsification. The mixture is pre-heated to 60 -70 degrees centigrade before entering a separator. The separated water exiting the oil sump will be re-used for injection purposes articles child india labor in 2004) Prudhoe Bay will be using waterflooding as a deelopment technique. This procedure will result in large volumes of water running in the production basin and getting mixed with Help and Review Examples Essay Writing Book wellhead components. The bulk of the waste water maybe recycled in future flooding events, this water is treated in the extraction site through tanks, pits, brine-receptors or compound separators. Skimming is done to recover additional water contained in the waste water Online Technical Writing \| and Course - Professional being reused for wellflooding or other purposes. Gas separation will take place in two stages. The first stage will involve a temporary separation for the purposes of a component volumetric analysis in the Gas Metering station (GMS) just after the produce extraction. Biographical essay is a what impure components will then be recombined and sent through the collector to the booster pumping station for the gas extraction. The young esl teaching learners components will mainly be partly the degassed oil and saline water mixture. Final degassing will be done at the Oil Treatment Facility (OTF) to obtain gas free oil. A modular manifold pressure will be sustained at between 1 – 1.5 Mega Pascal, high enough to allow gas to exit from the separator and flow to the Gas processing Plant (GPP). The separated gas will undergo dehydration through the exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons such as ethylene to absorb the water in commercial gas. In the later phases, commercial gas fractionation Exemplary Quality Finance Academic Dissertation of be carried out to obtain different gas products (British Petroleum 2006). From the separator, oil will be in the major part water free, but the complete dehydration will still be necessary. In addition, it is estimated that this oil will have 500-1000 mg/litre of salt, which qualitative research. between Difference and quantitative to be extracted (Wilkirson et Al. 1988). Therefore, fresh water will be re-introduced in the in articles child india labor mixture to dissolve the mineral deposits in oil. This oil will then proceed to an electric dehydrator for a complete water removal. This final product will be ready for grading and packaging in the readiness for transit. The Prudhoe Basin is based on sandstone as the oil rock. Sand will, therefore, be a component of produced mixture, mainly in minute fragments. Sand particles, being of the higher density and larger granular attributes than any thesis download phd component, may be separated by a mass filtration and sedimentation on a small scale. The huge amount of filtrate obtainable per day in the production will require more modern and robust as well as faster means of separation. The proposed method is to run the oil in a stir loop and to add the Toluene and Imidazolium IL in order to form separation layers with sand and clay particles remaining at the bottom. The distillate will then be guided away under a gravitational free flow to leave the mineralized, but mainly sediment free oil ready for the electric de-mineralization and dehydration in the next stages. The heat exchange is used to indirectly transfer heat from one oil column to another without any physical contact of the two media. In the oil refinery operation, oil is pre-heated in the heat exchanger area before being transported to the separator. This pre-heating helps in demulsification and prepares the oil/water/surfactant mixer for a next stage of separation. In the Prudhoe oil production, this installation will precede the separator and oil sump units and the pipeline joining the heat exchanger to the main separator will be about 100M long to allow the sufficient demulsification of extract components. To mitigate effects of fouling in Help homepage - Set and Google Chrome startup page your heat exchange, a regular chemical treatment of exchanger will be scheduled in order to eliminate or reduce the energy related losses associated with the product fouling in the exchanger (British Petroleum 2006). The initial phases of the Prudhoe project may not involve commercial sales of gas. Holding Company JAB factory installation will, however, be constructed to accommodate the fractional distillation of gas into various products of different octane rating, boiling points and densities. The heat exchange will be used to pre-heat the oil to temperatures in the range of 260-380 degrees in the preparation for channelling into the distillation column (Jones 1971). The intended distillation products will include heavy oil products such as lubricating oil, wax and asphalt (collected at the temperatures between 380-400 degrees), fuel oil (370 –320 degrees), diesel oils (less than 300 degrees), kerosene (collected at 200 degrees), gasoline (150 degrees) and lighter gases collected at less than 100 degrees. A detailed discussion of the refining section will matic essay writer o included below. Oil and Gas Dehydration. Dehydration of oil is a complicated process especially because water and oil, though immiscible, can exist as a a writing steps paper to research stable emulsion under certain conditions such as high pressure and temperature. This happens in oil wells, so that oil does not readily float in water even though they have a clear density difference. In addition, the English Professional Writers Buy Solutions Essay from oil emulsion does not contain pure water, but salinated water with mineral contents of values averaging 30Kg/ 1000Kg of water. Purification of oil is therefore a twofold process involving dehydration and desaltation. Water and minerals removal from oil is done in the oil treatment plants or in the refineries. This process typically involves breaking down the Animation buyworkpaperessay.org Help On 3d Dissertation - of oil-water and minerals components. The emulsions maybe of two types namely natural and artificial. The natural emulsions take place under the wells and are present during initial product extraction. These emulsions are easily broken in the surface processing equipment. Synthetic emulsions are those that result in the processing itself due to existence of conducive situations such as high pressure and temperature in the transportation channels, separators and treatment plants. Synthetic emulsions are typically broken through repeated ablution. During this process, pure water is passed through the oil repeatedly in Art top Papers service! & essay Essays: examples to dissolve any minerals still trapped in the oil. Typically, oil does not dissolve most of the minerals trapped within it. It is important to remove minerals from the oil in order to ensure the final product attains the specified purity, and protect the machines using the product from the corrosive effect of minerals contained in impure oil. After dehydration, the water percentage in the oil drops to 0.5 – 1.0%, while metal chlorides, the major residual mineral impurities in oil, drops to 100 – 800mg per litre in the initial stage of dehydration and demineralization. In the second phase, water drops to 0.05 – 0.1 %, while chlorides drop to 3.5mg per litre (OGMP). Prudhoe Bay Oil Dehydration. A large number of older oil production facilities use the process of hot settling since it is cheaper and faster than other modern methods. In this process, the oil/water matrix will be pre-heated to 70 degrees C to allow quicker settling of heavier water drops. Other methods include for a is great this assignment Essay Detention writing - electric, chemical and thermo-chemical methods. Prudhoe Bay processes will use the chemical method. In this method, demulsifiers will be added in the oil to break the emulsion. Non ionic surfactants will be deployed into the emulsion in very small quantities typically 50g per tonne. These surfactants will dissolve the natural emulsifiers in the matrix. Action of these demulsifiers will lead the water drops to coalesce and, becoming larger, will easily drop to the bottom. In the final dehydration process, the high purity oil will be passed through electric dehydrator electrodes at high voltages of up to 30,000 volts. - Essay writer Carbon The King life hacks high voltage will lead to separation of molecules based on polarity, where any charged cations / anions will deflect to one side. Desalting is an important process as it prolongs the life of processing plants and reduces frequency of equipment overhauls, as well as reduces losses associated with the process of oil-recycling. Natural gas will also be dried during transportation by passage through unsaturated hydrocarbon streams such as ethylene and glycol which dissolve any residual water particles in the gas. Hydrated glycol is re-dried and reused as a drying agent. Methanol will be added in small quantities in the natural gas line to act as an anti-freeze during transportation. It also will suppress the hydration point of natural gas in order to retain a stable product phase for easy transportation through pipelines as well as other methods such as tankers and containers. Process Flow of Surface facilities. The Prudhoe Bay surface and refining processing presentation signature assignment powerpoint flow in a systematic way from the extraction to final transportation either by ship Of In Sample Research Proposal Methodology pipeline. The process flow will start with the extraction machinery (well machinery) from where the product will flow to the separator. The separator section will have three sections for gas/water/oil/impurities separation. After the separator, different components will be channel differently. The gas will be passed on to the Gas Processing Plant for additional dehydration and additives injection. The water will be routed to the Water Treatment Plant (WTP) for skimming before re-use. The oil from the separator section will leave the manifold and enter the heat exchange section where its temperature will be raised to above 350 degrees in preparation for the fractionating column. Once it leaves the heat exchange, it will be admitted into the fractionation plant where it will undergo fractional distillation to recover the various distillation components. The final products will be ready for transportation and maybe channelled through the installed pipeline of other alternative travel methods. After completion of water/gas/oil/sand separation, the non gas liquid (NGL) from the extraction are separated into chemically distinct products for different applications. This process happens in the fractionizer. However, oil must be passed through the heat exchange before being admitted into the fractionating equipment.Fractionation involves breaking down the non gas hydrocarbons (NGL) found during production into their base components. The underlying principle in hydrocarbon fractionation involves their different boiling points. In the fractionating column, different hydrocarbons boil off at different temperatures, and can be collected in separate chambers. Various types Topic YouTube - - Homework fractionators exist, and they are usually named according to the major component they target. The fractionators are arranged as follows; deethenizer (extracts ethane), depropanizer (extracts propane), debutinizer (boils off butanes). The fractionation process separates the hydrocarbons starting with the lightest and proceeds to the highest. Prudhoe Bay Fractionation. The proposed fractionation equipment will involve a pre-heat exchange system and full range fractionation column, extracting hydrocarbons within a four carbon range for each fraction. The base fraction will collect the heavy, high boiling point hydrocarbons with a carbon number higher than 20 such as waxes and asphalt at temperatures of 280-350 degrees C. High density oils with C numbers between 16 and 20 will be collected at temperatures between 350- 380 degrees, while fuel oils will be collected at ranges nearing 400 degrees. Kerosene range fuels have boiling points between 175 – 275 degrees, and have molecular carbons between 12 and 16. These will be collected before the petrol range of products, which have boiling points 20 and 200 degrees. Research Papers At homework Xyz Custom help & Essays - range of hydrocarbons has between 5 and 12 molecular carbons, being lighter than any previous fraction. The various fraction products in Prudhoe Bay will not be mixed again, top for help papers teen Online Homework Researches: maybe transported independently either in separate containers, or, in the case News, News Celebrity Entertainment Movies Latest News, pipeline transport, in separate pipe chambers within the parent pipe into intended destinations.
Canadian Crusoes Catherine Parr Traill Part 4 out of 4 ] The rising moon shed her silvery light upon the calm waters, and heaven's stars shone down into its quiet depths, as the canoes with their dusky freight parted the glittering rays with their light paddles. As they proceeded onward the banks rose on either side, still fringed with pine, cedar and oaks. At an angle of the lake the banks on either side ran out into two opposite peninsulas, forming a narrow passage or gorge, contracting the lake once more into the appearance of a broad river, much wider from shore to shore than any other part they had passed through since they had left the entrance at the Rice Lake. Catharine became interested in the change of scenery, her eye dwelt with delight on the forms of glorious spreading oaks and lofty pines, green cliff-like shores and low wooded islands; while as they proceeded the sound of rapid flowing waters met her ear, and soon the white and broken eddies rushing along with impetuous course were seen by the light of the moon; and while she was wondering if the canoes were to stem those rapids, at a signal from the old chief, the little fleet was pushed to shore on a low flat of emerald verdure nearly opposite to the last island. [Footnote: Over the Otonabee, just between the rapids and the island, a noble and substantial bridge has been built.] Here, under the shelter of some beautiful spreading black oaks, the women prepared to set up their wigwams. They had brought the poles and birch-bark covering from the encampment below, and soon all was bustle and business; unloading the canoes, and raising the tents. Even Catharine lent a willing hand to assist the females in bringing up the stores, and sundry baskets containing fruits and other small wares. She then kindly attended to the Indian children, certain dark-skinned babes, who, bound upon their wooden cradles, were either set up against the trunks of the trees, or swung to some lowly depending branch, there to remain helpless and uncomplaining spectators of the scene. Catharine thought these Indian babes were almost as much to be pitied as herself, only that they were unconscious of their imprisoned state, having from birth been used to no better treatment, and moreover they were sure to be rewarded by the tender caresses of living mothers when the season of refreshment and repose arrived; but she alas! was friendless and alone, an orphan girl, reft of father, mother, kindred and friends. One Father, one Friend, poor Catharine, thou hadst, even He--the Father of the fatherless. That night when the women and children were sleeping, Catharine stole out of the wigwam, and climbed the precipitous bank beneath the shelter of which the lodges had been erected. She found herself upon a grassy plain, studded with majestic oaks and pines, so beautifully grouped that they might have been planted by the hand of taste upon that velvet turf. It was a delightful contrast to those dense dark forests through which for so many many miles the waters of the Otonabee had flowed on monotonously; here it was all wild and free, dashing along like a restive steed rejoicing in its liberty, uncurbed and tameless. Yes, here it was beautiful! Catharine gazed with joy upon the rushing river, and felt her own heart expand as she marked its rapid course, as it bounded murmuring and fretting over its rocky bed. "Happy, glorious waters! you are not subject to the power of any living creature, no canoe can ascend those surging waves; I would that I too, like thee, were free to pursue my onward way--how soon would I flee away and be at rest!" Such thoughts perhaps might have passed through the mind of the lonely captive girl, as she sat at the foot of one giant oak, and looked abroad over those moonlit waters, till, oppressed by the overwhelming sense of the utter loneliness of the scene, the timid girl with faltering step hurried down once more to the wigwams, silently crept to the mat where her bed was spread, and soon forgot all her woes and wanderings in deep tranquil sleep. Catharine wondered that the Indians in erecting their lodges always seemed to prefer the low, level, and often swampy grounds by the lakes and rivers in preference to the higher and more healthy elevations. So disregardful ground is saturated with moisture. They will then lay a temporary flooring of cedar or any other bark beneath their feet, rather than remove the tent a few feet higher up, where a drier soil may always be found. This either arises from stupidity or indolence, perhaps from both, but it is no doubt the cause of much of the sickness that prevails among, them. With his feet stretched to the fire the Indian cares for nothing else when reposing in his wigwam, and it is useless to urge the improvement that might be made in his comfort; he listens with a face of apathy, and utters his everlasting guttural, which saves him the trouble of a more rational reply. "Snow-bird" informed Catharine that the lodges would not again be removed for some time, but that the men would hunt and fish, while the squaws pursued their domestic labours. Catharine perceived that the chief of the laborious part of the work fell to the share of the females, who were very much more industrious and active than their husbands; these, when not out hunting or fishing, were to be seen reposing in easy indolence under the shade of the trees, or before the tent fires, giving themselves little concern about anything that was going on. The squaws were gentle, humble, and submissive; they bore without a murmur pain, labour, hunger, and fatigue, and seemed to perform every task with patience and good humour. They made the canoes, in which the men sometimes assisted them, pitched the tents, converted the skins of the animals which the men shot into clothes, cooked the victuals, manufactured baskets of every kind, wove mats, dyed the quills of the porcupine, sewed the mocassins, and in short performed a thousand tasks which it would be difficult to enumerate. Of the ordinary household work, such as is familiar to European females, they of course knew nothing; they had no linen to wash or iron, no floors to clean, no milking of cows, nor churning of butter. Their carpets were fresh cedar boughs spread upon the ground, and only renewed when they became offensively dirty from the accumulation of fish bones and other offal, which are carelessly flung down during meals. Of furniture they had none, their seat the ground, their table the same, their beds mats or skins of animals,--such were the domestic arrangements of the Indian camp. [Footnote: Much improvement has taken place of late years in the domestic economy of the Indians, and some of their dwellings are clean and neat even for Europeans.] In the tent to which Catharine belonged, which was that of the widow and her sons, a greater degree of order and cleanliness prevailed than in any other, for Catharine's natural love of neatness and comfort induced her to strew the floor with fresh cedar or hemlock every day or two, and to sweep round the front of the lodge, removing all unseemly objects from its vicinity. She never failed to wash herself in the river, and arrange her hair with the comb that Louis had made for her; and took great care of the little child, which she kept clean and well fed. She loved this little creature, for it was soft and gentle, meek and playful as a little squirrel, and the Indian mothers all looked with kinder eyes upon the white maiden, for the loving manner in which she tended their children. The heart of woman is seldom cold to those who cherish their offspring, and Catharine began to experience the truth, that the exercise of those human charities is equally beneficial to those who give and those that receive; these things fall upon the heart as dew upon a thirsty soil, giving and creating a blessing. But we will leave Catharine for a short season, among the lodges of the Indians, and return to Hector and Louis. "Cold and forsaken, destitute of friends, And all good comforts else, unless some tree Whose speechless chanty doth better ours, With which the bitter east-winds made their sport And sang through hourly, hath invited thee To shelter half a day. Shall she be thus, And I draw in soft slumbers?" It was near sunset before Hector and his cousin returned on the evening of the eventful day that had found Catharine a prisoner on Long Island. They had met with good success in hunting, and brought home a fine half-grown fawn, fat and in good order. They were surprised at finding the fire nearly extinguished, and no Catharine awaiting their return. There, it is true, was the food that she had prepared for them, but she was not to be seen; supposing that she had been tired of waiting for them, and had gone out to gather strawberries, they did not at first feel very anxious, but ate some of the rice and honey, for they were hungry with long fasting; and taking some Indian meal cake in their hands, they went out to call her in, but no trace of her was visible. They now became alarmed, fearing that she had set off by herself to seek them, and had missed her way home again. They hurried back to the happy valley--she was not there; to Pine-tree Point--no trace of her there; to the edge of the mount that overlooked the lake--no, she was not to be seen; night found them still unsuccessful in their search. Sometimes they fancied that she had seated herself beneath some tree and fallen asleep; but no one imagined the true cause, having seen nothing of the Indians. Again they retraced their steps back to the house; but they found her not there. They continued their unavailing search till the moon setting left them in darkness, and they laid down to rest, but not to sleep. The first streak of dawn saw them again hurrying to and fro, calling in vain upon the name of the loved and lost companion of their wanderings. Desolation had fallen upon their house, and the evil which of all others they had most feared, had happened to them. Indiana, whose vigilance was more untiring, for she yielded not so easily to grief and despair, now returned with the intelligence that she had discovered the Indian trail, through the big ravine to the lake shore; she had found the remains of a wreath of oak leaves which had been woven by Catharine, and probably been about her hair; and she had seen the mark of feet, Indian feet, on the soft clay, at the edge of the lake, and the furrowing of the shingles by the pushing off of a canoe. It was evident that she had been taken away from her home by these people. Poor Louis gave way to transports of grief and despair; he knew the wreath, it was such as Catharine often made for herself, and Mathilde, and petite Louise, and Marie; his mother had taught her to make them; they were linked together by the stalks, and formed a sort of leaf chain. The remembrance of many of their joyous days of childhood made Louis weep sorrowful tears for happy days, never to return again; he placed the torn relic in his breast, and sadly turned away to hide his grief from Hector and the Indian girl. Indiana now proposed searching the island for further traces, but advised wariness in so doing. They saw, however, no smoke nor canoes. The Indians had departed while they were searching the ravines and flats round Mount Ararat, and the lake told no tales, The following day they ventured to land on Long Island, and on going to the north side saw evident traces of a temporary encampment having been made. This was all they could do, further search was unavailing; as they found no trace of any violence having been committed, they still cherished hopes that no personal harm had been done to the poor captive, It was Indiana's opinion that, though a prisoner, she was unhurt, as the Indians rarely killed women and children, unless roused to do so by some signal act on the part of their enemies, when an exterminating spirit of revenge induced them to kill and spare not; but where no offence had been offered, they were not likely to take the life of an helpless, unoffending female. The Indian is not cruel for the wanton love of blood, but to gratify revenge for some injury done to himself, or to his tribe; but it was difficult to still the terrible apprehensions that haunted the minds of Louis and Hector. They spent much time in searching the northern shores and the distant islands, in the vain hope of finding her, as they still thought the camp might have been moved to the opposite side of the lake. Inconsolable for the loss of their beloved companion, Hector and Louis no longer took interest in what was going on; they hardly troubled themselves to weed the Indian corn, in which they had taken such great delight; all now seemed to them flat, stale, and unprofitable; they wandered listlessly to and fro, silent and sad; the sunshine had departed from their little dwelling; they ate little, and talked less, each seeming absorbed in his own painful reveries. In vain the gentle Indian girl strove to revive their drooping spirits; they seemed insensible to her attentions, and often left her for hours alone. They returned one evening about the usual hour of sunset, and missed their meek, uncomplaining guest from the place she was wont to occupy. They called, but there was none to reply--she too was gone. They hurried to the shore just time enough to see the canoe diminishing to a mere speck upon the waters, in the direction of the mouth of the river; they called to her in accents of despair, to return, but the wind wafted back no sound to their ears, and soon the bark was lost to sight, and they sat them down disconsolately on the shore. "What is she doing?" said Hector; "this is cruel to abandon us thus." "She has gone up the river, with the hope of bringing us some tidings of Catharine," said Louis. "How came you to think that such is her intention?" "I heard her say the other day that she would go and bring her back, or "What! do you think she would risk the vengeance of the old chief whose life she attempted to take?" "She is a brave girl; she does not fear pain or death to serve those she "Alas!" said Hector, "she will perish miserably and to no avail; they would not restore our dear sister, even at the sacrifice of Indiana's life." "How can she, unprotected and alone, dare such perils? Why did she not tell us? we would have shared her danger." "She feared for our lives more than for her own; that poor Indian girl has a noble heart. I care not now what befals us, we have lost all that made life dear to us," said Louis gloomily, sinking his head between his knees. "Hush, Louis, you are older than I, and ought to bear these trials with more courage. It was our own fault, Indiana's leaving us, we left her so much alone to pine after her lost companion; she seemed to think that we did not care for her. Poor Indiana, she must have felt lonely and sad." "I tell you what we will do, Hec.--make a log canoe. I found an old battered one lying on the shore, not far from Pine-tree Point; we have an axe and a tomahawk,--what should hinder us from making one like it?" "True! we will set about it to-morrow." "I wish it were morning, that we might set to work to cut down a good pine for the purpose." "As soon as it is done, we will go up the river; anything is better than this dread suspense and inaction." The early dawn saw the two cousins busily engaged chopping at a tree of suitable dimensions, and they worked hard all that day, and the next, and the next, before the canoe was hollowed out, and then, owing to their inexperience and the bluntness of their tools, their first attempt proved abortive; it was too heavy at one end, and did not balance well in the Louis, who had been quite sure of success, was disheartened; not so Hector. "Do not let us give it up; my maxim is perseverance; let us try again, and again--aye! and a third and a fourth time. I say, never give it up, that is the way to succeed at last." "You have ten times my patience, Hec." "Yes! but you are more ingenious than I, and are excellent at starting an idea." "We are a good pair then for partnership." "We will begin anew; and this time I hope we shall profit by our past "Who would imagine that it is now more than a month since we lost "I know it, a long, long, weary month," replied Louis, and he struck his axe sharply into the bark of the pine as he spoke, and remained silent for some minutes. The boys, wearied by chopping down the tree, rested from their work, and sat down on the side of the condemned canoe to resume their conversation. Suddenly Louis grasped Hector's arm, and pointed to a bark canoe that appeared making for the westernmost point of the island. Hector started to his feet, exclaiming, "It is Indiana returned!" "Nonsense! Indiana!--it is no such thing. Look you, it is a stout man in a blanket coat." "The Indians?" asked Hector inquiringly. "I do not think he looks like an Indian; but let us watch. What is he "Fishing. See now, he has just caught a fine bass--another--he has great luck-now he is pushing the canoe ashore." "That man does not move like an Indian--hark! he is whistling. I ought to know that tune. It sounds like the old chanson my father used to sing;" and Louis, raising his voice, began to sing the words of an old French Canadian song, which we will give in the English as we heard it sung by an old "Down by those banks where the pleasant waters flow, Through the wild woods we'll wander, and we'll chase the buffalo. And we'll chase the buffalo." "Hush, Louis! you will bring the man over to us," said Hector. "The very thing I am trying to do mon ami. This is our country, and that may be his; but we are lords here, and two to one--so I think he will not be likely to treat us ill. I am a man now, and so are you, and he is but one, so he must mind how he affronts us," replied Louis laughing. "I wish the old fellow was inclined to be sociable. Hark, if he is not singing now! aye, and the very chorus of the old song,"--and Louis raised his voice to its highest pitch as he repeated, "Through the wild woods well wander, And well chase the buffalo-- And we'll chase the buflalo." "What a pity I have forgotten the rest of that dear old song. I used to listen with open ears to it when I was a boy. I never thought to hear it again, and to hear it here of all places in the world!" "Come, let us go on with our work," said Hector, with something like impatience in his voice; and the strokes of his axe fell once more in regular succession on the log; but Louis's eye was still on the mysterious fisher, whom he could discern lounging on the grass and smoking his pipe. "I do not think he sees or hears us," said Louis to himself, "but I think I'll manage to bring him over soon"--and he set himself busily to work to scrape up the loose chips and shavings, and soon began to strike fire with his knife and flint. "What are you about, Louis?" asked Hector. "Lighting a fire." "It is warm enough without a fire, I am sure." "I know that, but I want to attract the notice of yonder tiresome "And perhaps bring a swarm of savages down upon us, who may be lurking in the bushes of the island." "Pooh, pooh! Hec.:--there are no savages. I am weary of this place--anything is better than this horrible solitude." And Louis fanned the flame into a rapid blaze, and heaped up the light dry branches till it soared up among the bushes. Louis watched the effect of his fire, and rubbed his hands gleefully as the bark canoe was pushed off from the island, and a few vigorous strokes of the paddle sent it dancing over the surface of the calm lake. Louis waved his cap above his head with a cheer of welcome as the vessel lightly glided into the little cove, near the spot where the boys were chopping, and a stout-framed, weather-beaten man, in a blanket coat, also faded and weather-beaten, with a red worsted sash and worn mocassins, sprung upon one of the timbers of Louis's old raft, and gazed with a keen eye upon the lads. Each party silently regarded the other. A few rapid interrogations from the stranger, uttered in the broad patois of the Lower Province, were answered in a mixture of broken French and English by Louis. A change like lightning passed over the face of the old man as he cried out--"Louis Perron, son of my ancient compagnon." "Oui! oui!"--with eyes sparkling through tears of joy, Louis threw himself into the broad breast of Jacob Morelle, his father's friend and old lumbering comrade. "Hector, son of la belle Catharine Perron,--and Hector, in his turn, received the affectionate embrace of the warm-hearted old man. "Who would have thought of meeting with the children of my old comrade here at the shore of the Rice Lake?--oh! what a joyful meeting!" Jacob had a hundred questions to ask: Where were their parents? did they live on the Plains now? how long was it since they had left the Cold Springs? were there any more little ones? and so forth. The boys looked sorrowfully at each other. At last the old man stopped for want of breath, and remarked their sad looks. "What, mes fils, are your parents dead? Ah well! I did not think to have outlived them; but they have not led such healthy lives as old Jacob Morelle--hunting, fishing, lumbering, trapping,--those are the things to harden a man and make him as tough as a stock-fish--eh! mes enfans, is it not so?" Hector then told the old lumberer how long they had been separated from their families, and by what sad accident they had been deprived of the society of their beloved sister. When they brought their narrative down to the disappearance of Catharine, the whole soul of the old trapper seemed moved--he started from the log on which they were sitting, and with one of his national asseverations, declared "That la bonne fille should not remain an hour longer than he could help among those savage wretches. Yes, he, her father's old friend, would go up the river and bring her back in safety, or leave his grey scalp behind him among the wigwams." "It is too late, Jacob, to think of starting today," said Hector. "Come home with us, and eat some food, and rest a bit." "No need of that, my son. I have a lot of fish here in the canoe, and there is an old shanty on the island yonder, if it be still standing,--the Trapper's Fort I used to call it some years ago. We will go off to the island and look for it." "No need for that," replied Louis, "for though I can tell you the old place is still in good repair, for we used it this very spring as a boiling house for our maple sap, yet we have a better place of our own nearer at hand--just two or three hundred yards over the brow of yonder hill. So come with us, and you shall have a good supper, and bed to lie upon." "And you have all these, boys!" said Jacob opening his merry black eyes, as they came in sight of the little log-house and the field of green corn. The old man praised the boys for their industry and energy. "Ha! here is old Wolfe too," as the dog roused himself from the hearth and gave one of his low grumbling growls. He had grown dull and dreamy, and instead of going out as usual with the young hunters, he would lie for hours dozing before the dying embers of the fire. He pined for the loving hand that used to pat his sides, and caress his shaggy neck, and pillow his great head upon her lap, or suffer him to put his huge paws upon her shoulders, while he licked her hands and face; but she was gone, and the Indian girl was gone, and the light of the shanty had gone with them. Old Wolfe seemed dying of That evening as Jacob sat on the three-legged stool, smoking his short Indian pipe, he again would have the whole story of their wanderings over, and the history of all their doings and contrivances. "And how far, mes enfans, do you think you are from the Cold Springs?" "At least twenty miles, perhaps fifty, for it is a long long time now since we left home, three summers ago." "Well, boys, you must not reckon distance by the time you have been absent," said the old "Now I know the distance through the woods, for I have passed through them on the Indian trail, and by my reckoning as the bee flies, it cannot be more than seven or eight miles--no, nor that The boys opened their eyes. "Jacob, is this possible? So near, and yet to us the distance has been as great as though it were a hundred miles or "I tell you what, boys, that is the provoking part of it. I remember when I was out on the St. John's, lumbering, missing my comrades, and I was well-nigh starving, when I chanced to come back to the spot where we parted; and I verily believe I had not been two miles distant the whole eight days that I was moving round and round, and backward and forward, just in a circle, because, d'ye see, I followed the sun, and that led me astray the whole time." "Was that when you well-nigh roasted the bear?" asked Louis, with a sly glance at Hector. "Well, no; that was another time; your father was out with me then." And old Jacob, knocking the ashes out of his pipe, settled himself to recount the adventure of the bear. Hector, who had heard Louis's edition of the roast bear, was almost impatient at being forced to listen to old Jacob's long-winded history, which included about a dozen other stories, all tagged on to this, like links of a lengthened chain; and was not sorry when the old lumberer, taking his red nightcap out of his pocket, at last stretched himself out on a buffalo skin that he had brought up from the canoe, and soon was soundly sleeping. The morning was yet grey when the old man shook himself from his slumber, which, if not deep, had been loud; and after having roused up a good fire, which, though the latter end of July, at that dewy hour was not unwelcome, he lighted his pipe, and began broiling a fish on the coals for his breakfast; and was thus engaged when Hector and Louis wakened. "Mes enfans," said Jacob, "I have been turning over in my mind about your sister, and have come to the resolution of going up the river alone without any one to accompany me. I know the Indians; they are a suspicious people, they deal much in stratagems, and they are apt to expect treachery in others. Perhaps they have had some reason; for the white men have not always kept good faith with them, which I take to be the greater shame, as they have God's laws to guide and teach them to be true and just in their dealing, which the poor benighted heathen have not, the more's the pity. Now, d'ye see, if the Indians see two stout lads with me, they will say to themselves, there may be more left behind, skulking in ambush. So, boys, I go to the camp alone; and, God willing, I will bring back your sister, or die in the attempt. I shall not go single-handed; see, I have here scarlet-cloth, beads, and powder and shot. I carry no firewater; it is a sin and a shame to tempt these poor wretches to their own destruction; it makes fiends of them at once." It was to no purpose that Hector and Louis passionately besought old Jacob to let them share the dangers of the expedition; the old man was firm, and would not be moved from his purpose. "Look you, boys," he said, "if I do not return by the beginning of the rice harvest, you may suppose that evil has befallen me and the girl; then I would advise you to take care for your own safety, for if they do not respect my grey head, neither will they spare your young ones. In such case, make yourselves a good canoe--a dug-out [Footnote: Log canoe.] will do--and go down the lake till you are stopped by the rapids; [Footnote: Crook's Rapids.] make a portage there; but as your craft is too weighty to carry far, e'en leave her and chop out another, and go down to the Falls; [Footnote: Heeley's Falls, on the Trent.] then, if you do not like to be at any further trouble, you may make out your journey to the Bay [Footnote: Bay Quinte.] on foot, coasting along the river; there you will fall in with settlers who know old Jacob Morelle--aye, and your two fathers--and they will put you in the way of returning home. If I were to try ever so to put you on the old Indian trail in the woods, though I know it myself right well, you might be lost, and maybe never return home again. I leave my traps and my rifle with you; I shall not need them: if I come back I may claim the things; if not, they are yours. So now I have said my say, had my _talk_, as the Indians say. Farewell. But first let us pray to Him who alone can bring this matter to a safe issue." And the old man devoutly kneeled down, and prayed for a blessing on his voyage and on those he was leaving; and then hastened down to the beach, and the boys, with full hearts, watched the canoe till it was lost to their sight on the wide waters of the lake. "Where wild in woods the lordly savage ran." What changes a few years make in places! That spot over which the Indians roved, free of all control, is now a large and wide-spreading town. Those glorious old trees are fast fading away, the memory only of them remains to some of the first settlers, who saw them twenty-five years ago, shadowing the now open market-place; the fine old oaks have disappeared, but the green emerald turf that they once shaded still remains. The wild rushing river still pours down its resistless spring floods, but its banks have been levelled, and a noble bridge now spans its rapid waters. It has seen the destruction of two log-bridges, but this new, substantial, imposing structure bids fair to stand from generation to generation. The Indian regards it with stupid wonder: he is no mechanic; his simple canoe of birch bark is his only notion of communication from one shore to another. The towns-people and country settlers view it with pride and satisfaction, as a means of commerce and agricultural advantage. That lonely hill, from which Catharine viewed the rapid-flowing river by moonlight, and marvelled at its beauty and its power, is now the Court-house Hill, the seat of justice for the district,--a fine, substantial edifice; its shining roof and pillared portico may be seen from every approach to the town. That grey village spire, with its groves of oak and pine, how invitingly it stands! those trees that embower it, once formed a covert for the deer. Yonder scattered groups of neat white cottages, each with its garden of flowers and fruit, are spread over what was once an open plain, thinly planted with poplar, oaks, and pine. See, there is another church; and nearer, towards the west end of the town, on that fine slope, stands another, and another. That sound that falls upon the ear is not the rapids of the river, but the dash of mill wheels and mill dams, worked by the waters of that lovely winding brook which has travelled far through woods and deep forest dingles to yield its tribute to the Otonabee. There is the busy post-office, on the velvet carpet of turf; a few years, yes, even a few years ago, that spot was a grove of trees. The neat log building that stood then alone there, was inhabited by the Government Agent, now Colonel Macdonald, and groups of Indians might be seen congregated on the green, or reposing under the trees, forming meet subjects for the painter's pencil, for he knew them well, and was kind to them. The Indian only visits the town, once the favourite site for his hunting lodge, to receive his annual government presents, to trade his simple wares of basket and birch-bark work, to bring in his furs, or maybe to sell his fish or venison, and take back such store goods as his intercourse with his white brethren has made him consider necessary to his comforts, to supply wants which have now become indispensable, before undreamed of. He traverses those populous, busy streets, he looks round upon dwellings, and gay clothes, and equipages, and luxuries which he can neither obtain nor imitate; and feels his spirit lowered--he is no more a people--the tide of intellect has borne him down, and swept his humble wigwam from the earth. He, too, is changing: he now dwells, for the most part, in villages, in houses that cannot be moved away at his will or necessity; he has become a tiller of the ground, his hunting expeditions are prescribed within narrow bounds, the forest is disappearing, the white man is everywhere. The Indian must also yield to circumstances; he submits patiently. Perhaps he murmurs in secret; but his voice is low, it is not heard; he has no representative in the senate to take interest in his welfare, to plead in his behalf. He is anxious, too, for the improvement of his race: he gladly listens to the words of life, and sees with joy his children being brought up in the fear and nurture of the Lord; he sees with pride some of his own blood going forth on the mission of love to other distant tribes; he is proud of being a Christian; and if there be some that still look back to the freedom of former years, and talk of "the good old times," when they wandered free as the winds and waters through those giant woods, they are fast fading away. A new race is rising up, and the old hunter will soon become a being unknown in Canada. There is an old gnarled oak that stands, or lately stood, on the turfy bank, just behind the old Government-house (as the settlers called it), looking down the precipitous cliff on the river and the islands. The Indians called it "the white girl's rest," for it was there that Catharine delighted to sit, above the noise and bustle of the camp, to sing her snatches of old Scottish songs, or pray the captive exile's prayer, unheard and unseen. The setting sun was casting long shadows of oak and weeping elm athwart the waters of the river; the light dip of the paddle had ceased on the water, the baying of hounds and life-like stirring sounds from the lodges came softened to the listening ear. The hunters had come in with the spoils of a successful chase; the wigwam fires are flickering and crackling, sending up their light columns of thin blue smoke among the trees; and now a goodly portion of venison is roasting on the forked sticks before the fires. Each lodge has its own cooking utensils. That jar embedded in the hot embers contains sassafras tea, an aromatic beverage, in which the squaws delight when they are so fortunate as to procure a supply. This has been brought from the Credit, far up in the west, by a family who have come down on a special mission from some great chief to his brethren on the Otonabee, and the squaws have cooked some in honour of the guests. That pot that sends up such a savoury steam is venison pottage, or soup, or stew, or any name you choose to give the Indian mess that is concocted of venison, wild rice, and herbs. Those tired hounds that lay stretched before the fire have been out, and now they enjoy the privilege of the fire, some praise from the hunters, and receive withal an occasional reproof from the squaws, if they approach their wishful noses too close to the tempting viands. The elder boys are shooting at a mark on yonder birch-tree; the girls are playing or rolling on the grass; "The Snow-bird" is seated on the floor of the wigwam braiding a necklace of sweet grass, which she confines in links by means of little bands of coloured quills; Catharine is working mocassins beside her;--a dark shadow falls across her work from the open tent door-- an exclamation of surprise and displeasure from one of the women makes Catharine raise her eyes to the doorway; there, silent, pale, and motionless, the mere shadow of her former self, stands Indiana--a gleam of joy lights for an instant her large lustrous eyes. Amazement and delight at the sight of her beloved friend for a moment deprives Catharine of the power of speech; then terror for the safety of her friend takes place of her joy at seeing her. She rises regardless of the angry tones of the Indian woman's voice, and throws her arms about Indiana as if to shield her from threatened anger, and sobs her welcome in her arms. "Indiana, dear sister! how came you hither, and for what purpose?" "To free you, and then die," was the soft low tremulous answer. "Follow me." Catharine, wondering at the calm and fearless manner with which the young Mohawk waved back the dusky matron who approached as if with the design of laying hands upon her unwelcome guest, followed with beating heart till they stood in the entrance of the lodge of the Bald Eagle; it was filled with the hunters, who were stretched on skins on the floor reposing in quiet after the excitement of the chase. The young Mohawk bent her head down and crossed her arms, an attitude of submission, over her breast as she stood in the opening of the lodge; but she spoke no word till the old chief waving back the men, who starting to their feet were gathering round him as if to shield him from danger, and sternly regarding her, demanded from whence she came and for what purpose. "To submit myself to the will of my Ojebwa father," was the meek reply. "May the daughter of the Bald Eagle's enemy speak to her great father?" "Say on," was the brief reply, "the Bald Eagle's ears are open." "The Bald Eagle is a mighty chief, the conqueror of his enemies and the father of his people," replied the Mohawk girl, and again was silent. "The Mohawk squaw speaks well; let her say on." "The heart of the Mohawk is an open flower, it can be looked upon by the eye of the Great Spirit. She speaks the words of truth. The Ojebwa chief slew his enemies, they had done his good heart wrong; he punished them for the wrong they wrought; he left none living in the lodges of his enemies save one young squaw, the daughter of a brave, the grand-daughter of the Black Snake. The Bald Eagle loves even an enemy that is not afraid to raise the war-whoop or fling the tomahawk in battle. The young girl's mother was a _brave."_ She paused, while her proud eye was fixed on the face of her aged auditor. He nodded assent, and she resumed, while a flush of emotion kindled her pale cheek and reddened her lips,-- "The Bald Eagle brought the lonely one to his lodge, he buried the hatchet and the scalping knife, he bade his squaws comfort her; but her heart was lonely, she pined for the homes of her fathers. She said, I will revenge my father, my mother, and my brothers and sisters; and her heart burned within her: but her hand was not strong to shed blood, the Great Spirit was about my Ojebwa father; she failed, and would have fled, for an arrow was in her flesh. The people of the Bald Eagle took her, they brought her down the great river to the council hill, they bound her with thongs and left her to die. She prayed, and the Great Spirit heard her prayer and sent her help. The white man came; his heart was soft; he unbound her, he gave water to cool her hot lips, he led her to his lodge. The white squaw (and she pointed to Catharine) was there, she bound up her wounds, she laid her on her own bed, she gave her meat and drink, and tended her with love. She taught her to pray to the Good Spirit, and told her to return good for evil, to be true and just, kind and merciful. The hard heart of the young girl became soft as clay when moulded for the pots and she loved her white sister and brothers, and was happy. The Bald Eagle's people came when my white brothers were at peace, they found a trembling fawn within the lodge, they led her away, they left tears and loneliness where joy and peace had been. The Mohawk squaw could not see the hearth of her white brothers desolate; she took the canoe, she to the lodge of the great father of his tribe, and she says to him, 'Give back the white squaw to her home on the Rice Lake, and take in her instead the rebellious daughter of the Ojebwa's enemy, to die or be his servant; she fears nothing now the knife or the tomahawk, the arrow or the spear: her life is in the hand of the great chief.'" She sank on her knees as she spoke these last words and bowing down her head on her breast remained motionless as a statue. There was silence for some minutes, and then the old man rose and said:-- "Daughter of a brave woman, thou hast spoken long, and thou hast spoken well; the ears of the Bald Eagle have been open. The white squaw shall be restored to her brother's lodge--but thou remainest. I have spoken." Catharine in tears cast her arms around her disinterested friend and remained weeping--how could she accept this great sacrifice? She in her turn pleaded for the life and liberty of the Mohawk, but the chief turned a cold ear to her passionate and incoherent pleading. He was weary--he was impatient of further excitement--he coldly motioned to them to withdraw; and the friends in sadness retired to talk over all that had taken place since that sad day when Catharine was taken from her home. While her heart was joyful at the prospect of her own release, it was clouded with fears for the uncertain fate of her beloved friend. "They will condemn me to a cruel death," said Indiana, "but I can suffer and die for my white sister." That night the Indian girl slept sweetly and tranquilly beside Catharine; but Catharine could not sleep; she communed with her own heart in the still watches of the night--it seemed as if a new life had been infused within her. She no longer thought and felt as a child; the energies of her mind had been awakened, ripened into maturity as it were, and suddenly expanded. When all the inmates of the lodges were profoundly sleeping, Catharine arose,--a sudden thought had entered into her mind, and she hesitated not to put her design into execution. There was no moon, but a bright arch of light spanned the forest to the north; it was mild and soft as moonlight, but less bright, and cast no shadow across her path; it showed her the sacred tent of the widow of the murdered Mohawk. With noiseless step she lifted aside the curtain of skins that guarded it, and stood at the entrance. Light as was her step, it awakened the sleeper; she raised herself on her arm and looked up with a dreamy and abstracted air as Catharine, stretching forth her hand in tones low and tremulous, thus addressed her in the Ojebwa tongue:-- "The Great Spirit sends me to thee, O woman of much sorrow; he asks of thee a great deed of mercy and goodness. Thou hast shed blood, and he is angry. He bids thee to save the life of an enemy--the blood of thy murdered husband flows in her veins. See that thou disobey not the words that he She dropped the curtain and retired as she had come, with noiseless step, and lay down again in the tent beside Indiana. Her heart beat as though it would burst its way through her bosom. What had she done?--what dared? She had entered the presence of that terrible woman alone, at the dead hour of night! she had spoken bold and presumptuous words to that strange being whom even her own people hardly dared to approach uncalled-for! Sick with terror at the consequences of her temerity, Catharine cast her trembling arms about the sleeping Indian girl, and hiding her head in her bosom, wept and prayed till sleep came over her wearied spirit. It was late when she awoke. She was alone: the lodge was empty. A vague fear seized her: she hastily arose to seek her friend. It was evident that some great event was in preparation. The Indian men had put on the war-paint, and strange and ferocious eyes were glancing from beneath their shaggy locks. A stake was driven in the centre of the cleared space in front of the chief's lodge: there, bound, she beheld her devoted friend; pale as ashes, but with a calm unshaken countenance, she stood. There was no sign of woman's fear in her fixed dark eye, which quailed not before the sight of the death-dooming men who stood round her, armed with their terrible weapons of destruction. Her thoughts seemed far away: perhaps they were with her dead kindred, wandering in that happy land to which the Indian hopes to go after life; or, inspired with the new hope which had been opened to her, she was looking to Him who has promised a crown of life to such as believe in His name. She saw not the look of agony with which Catharine regarded her; and the poor girl, full of grief, sunk down at the foot of a neighbouring tree, and burying her face between her knees, wept and prayed--oh! how fervently! A hope crept to her heart--even while the doom of Indiana seemed darkest--that some good might yet accrue from her visit to the wigwam of the Great Medicine squaw. She knew that the Indians have great belief in omens, and warnings, and spirits, both good and evil; she knew that her mysterious appearance in the tent of the Mohawk's widow would be construed by her into spiritual agency; and her heart was strengthened by this hope. Yet just now there seems little reason to encourage hope: the war-whoop is given, the war-dance is begun--first slow, and grave, and measured; now louder, and quicker, and more wild become both sound and movement. But why is it hushed again? See, a strange canoe appears on the river; anon an old weather-beaten man, with firm step, appears on the greensward and approaches the area of the lodge. The Bald Eagle greets him with friendly courtesy; the dance and death-song are hushed; a treaty is begun. It is for the deliverance of the captives. The chief points to Catharine--she is free: his white brother may take her--she is his. But the Indian law of justice must take its course; the condemned, who raised her hand against an Ojebwa chief, must die. In vain were the tempting stores of scarlet cloth and beads for the women, with powder and shot, laid before the chief: the arrows of six warriors were fitted to the string, and again the dance and song commenced, as if, like the roll of the drum and clangour of the trumpet, it were necessary to the excitement of strong and powerful feelings, and the suppression of all tenderer emotions. And now a wild and solemn voice was heard, unearthly in its tones, rising above the yells of those savage men. At that sound every cheek became pale: it struck upon the ear as some funeral wail. Was it the death-song of the captive girl bound to that fearful stake? No; for she stands unmoved, with eyes raised heavenward, and lips apart-- "In still, but brave despair." Shrouded in a mantle of dark cloth, her long black hair unbound and streaming over her shoulders, appears the Mohawk widow, the daughter of the Ojebwa chief. The gathering throng fall back as she approaches, awed by her sudden appearance among them. She stretches out a hand on which dark stains are visible--it is the blood of her husband, sacrificed by her on that day of fearful deeds: it has never been effaced. In the name of the Great Spirit she claims the captive girl--the last of that devoted tribe--to be delivered over to her will. Her right to this remnant of her murdered husband's family is acknowledged. A knife is placed in her hand, while a deafening yell of triumph bursts from the excited squaws, as this their great high-priestess, as they deemed her, advanced to the criminal. But it was not to shed the heart's blood of the Mohawk girl, but to severe the thongs that bound her to the deadly stake, for which that glittering blade was drawn, and to bid her depart in peace whithersoever she would go. Then, turning to the Bald Eagle, she thus addressed him: "At the dead of night, when the path of light spanned the sky, a vision stood before mine eyes. It came from the Great and Good Spirit, and bade me to set free the last of a murdered race whose sun had gone down in blood shed by my hand and by the hands of my people. The vision told me that if I did this my path should henceforth be peace, and that I should go to the better land and be at rest if I did this good deed." She then laid her hands on the head of the young Mohawk, blessed her, and enveloping herself in the dark mantle, slowly retired back to her solitary tent once more. "Hame, hame, hame, Hame I soon shall be, Hame, hame, hame, In mine own countrie."--_Scotch Ballad._ Old Jacob and Catharine, who had been mute spectators of the scene so full of interest to them, now presented themselves before the Ojebwa chief, and besought leave to depart. The presents were again laid before him, and this time were graciously accepted. Catharine in distributing the beads and cloth took care that the best portion should fall to the grand-daughter of the chief, the pretty good-humoured Snowbird. The old man was not insensible to the noble sacrifice which had been made by the devoted Indiana, and he signified his forgiveness of her fault by graciously offering to adopt her as his child, and to give her in marriage to one of his grandsons, an elder brother of the Snowbird; but the young girl modestly but firmly refused this mark of favour, for her heart yearned for those whose kindness had saved her from death, and who had taught her to look beyond the things of this world to a brighter and a better state of being. She said, "She would go with her white sister, and pray to God to bless her enemies, as the Great Spirit had taught her to do." It seems a lingering principle of good in human nature, that the exercise of mercy and virtue opens the heart to the enjoyment of social happiness. The Indians, no longer worked up by excitement to deeds of violence, seemed disposed to bury the hatchet of hatred, and the lodge was now filled with mirth, and the voice of gladness, feasting, and dancing. A covenant of peace and good-will was entered upon by old Jacob and the chief, who bade Catharine tell her brothers that from henceforth they should be free to hunt the deer, fish, or shoot the wild fowl of the lake, whenever they desired to do so, "he the Bald Eagle had said so." On the morrow, with the first dawn of day, the old trapper was astir; the canoe was ready, with fresh cedar boughs strewed at the bottom. A supply of parched rice and dried fish had been presented by the Indian chief for the voyage, that his white brother and the young girls might not suffer, from want. At sun-rise the old man led his young charges to the lodge of the Bald Eagle, who took a kindly farewell of them. "The Snow-bird" was sorrowful, and her bright laughing eyes were dimmed with tears at parting with Catharine; she was a gentle loving thing, as soft and playful as the tame fawn that nestled its velvet head against her arm. She did not let Catharine depart without many tokens of her regard, the work of her own hands,--bracelets of porcupine quills cut in fine pieces and strung in fanciful patterns, [Footnote: Appendix M] mocassins richly wrought, and tiny bark dishes and boxes, such as might have graced a lady's work-table, so rare was their workmanship. Just as they were about to step into the canoe "the Snow-bird" reappeared, bearing a richly worked bark box, "From the Great Medicine," she said in a low voice, "To the daughter of the Mohawk _brave._" The box contained a fine tunic, soft as a lady's glove, embroidered and fringed, and a fillet of scarlet and blue feathers, with the wings and breast of the war-bird, as shoulder ornaments. It was a token of reconciliation and good-will worthy of a generous heart. The young girl pressed the gifts to her bosom and to her lips reverentially, and the hand that brought them to her heart, as she said in her native tongue, "Tell the Great Medicine I kiss her in my heart, and pray that she may have peace and joy till she departs for the spirit-land." With joyful heart they bade adieu to the Indian lodges, and rejoiced in being once more afloat on the bosom of the great river. To Catharine the events of the past hours seemed like a strange bewildering dream; she longed for the quiet repose of home; and how gladly did she listen to that kind old man's plans for restoring her brothers and herself to the arms of their beloved parents. How often did she say to herself, Oh that I had wings like a dove, for then would I flee away and be at rest!--in the shelter of that dear mother's arms whom she now pined for with a painful yearning of the heart that might well be called home sickness. But in spite of anxious wishes, the little party were compelled to halt for the night some few miles above the lake. There is on the eastern bank of the Otonabee, a pretty rounded knoll, clothed with wild cherries, hawthorns and pine-trees, just where a creek half hidden by alder and cranberry bushes, works its way below the shoulder of the little eminence; this creek grows broader and becomes a little stream, through which the hunters sometimes paddle their canoes, as a short cut to the lower part of the lake near Crook's Rapids. To this creek old Jacob steered his light craft, and bidding the girls collect a few dry sticks and branches for an evening fire on the sheltered side of the little bank, he soon lighted the pile into a cheerful blaze by the aid of birch bark, the hunter's tinder--a sort of fungus that is found in the rotten oak and maple-trees--and a knife and flint; he then lifted the canoe, and having raised it on its side, by means of two small stakes which he cut from a bush hard by, then spread down his buffalo robe on the dry grass. "There is a tent fit for a queen to sleep under, mes cheres filles," he said, eyeing his arrangements for their night shelter with great satisfaction. He then proceeded to bait his line, and in a few minutes had a dish of splendid bass ready for the coals. Catharine selected a large flat block of limestone on which the fish when broiled was laid; but old Jacob opened his wide mouth and laughed, when she proceeded to lay her bush table with large basswood leaves for platters. Such nicety he professed was unusual on a hunter's table. He was too old a forester to care how his food was dished, so that he had wherewithal to satisfy his hunger. Many were the merry tales he told and the songs he sung, to wile away the time, till the daylight faded from the sky, and the deep blue heavens were studded with bright stars, which were mirrored in countless hosts deep deep down in that calm waveless river, while thousands of fireflies lighted up the dark recesses of the forest's gloom. High in the upper air the hollow booming of the night-hawk was heard at intervals, and the wild cry of the night-owl from a dead branch, shouting to its fellow, woke the silence of that lonely river scene. The old trapper stretched before the crackling fire, smoked his pipe or hummed some French voyageur's song. Beneath the shelter of the canoe soundly slept the two girls; the dark cheek of the Indian girl pillowed on the arm of her fairer companion, her thick tresses of raven hair mingling with the silken ringlets of the white maiden. They were a lovely pair--one fair as morning, the other dark as night, How lightly did they spring from their low bed, wakened by the early song of the forest birds! The light curling mist hung in fleecy volumes upon the river, like a flock of sheep at rest--the tinkling sound of the heavy dew-drops fell in mimic showers upon the stream. See that red squirrel, how lightly he runs along that fallen trunk--how furtively he glances with his sharp bright eye at the intruders on his sylvan haunts! Hark! there is a rustling among the leaves--what strange creature works its way to the shore? A mud turtle--it turns, and now is trotting along the little sandy ridge to some sunny spot, where, half buried, it may lie unseen near the edge of the river. See that musk-rat, how boldly he plunges into the stream, and, with his oarlike tail, stems the current till he gains in safety the sedges on the other side. What gurgling sound is that?--it attracts the practised ear of the old hunter. What is that object which floats so steadily down the middle of the stream, and leaves so bright a line in its wake?--it is a noble stag. Look at the broad chest, with which he breasts the water so gallantly; see how proudly he carries his antlered head; he has no fear in those lonely solitudes--he has never heard the crack of the hunter's rifle--he heeds not the sharp twang of that bowstring, till the arrow rankles in his neck, and the crimson flood dyes the water around him--he turns, but it is only to present a surer mark for the arrow of the old hunter's bow; and now the noble beast turns to bay, and the canoe is rapidly launched by the hand of the Indian girl--her eye flashes with the excitement--her whole soul is in the chase--she stands up in the canoe, and steers it full upon the wounded buck, while a shower of blows are dealt upon his head and neck with the paddle. Catharine buries her face in her hands--she cannot bear to look upon the sufferings of the noble animal. She will never make a huntress--her heart is cast in too soft a mould. See they have towed the deer ashore, and Jacob is in all his glory,--the little squaw is an Indian at heart--see with what expertness she helps the old man; and now the great business is completed, and the venison is stowed away at the bottom of the canoe--they wash their hands in the river and come at Catharine's summons to eat her breakfast. The sun is now rising high above the pine-trees, the morning mist is also rising and rolling off like a golden veil as it catches those glorious rays--the whole earth seems wakening into new life--the dew has brightened every leaf and washed each tiny flower-cup--the pines and balsams give out their resinous fragrance--the aspens flutter and dance in the morning breeze and return a mimic shower of dew-drops to the stream--the shores become lower and flatter--the trees less lofty and more mossy--the stream expands and wide beds of rushes spread out on either side--what beds of snowy water-lilies--how splendid the rose tint of those perseicarias that glow so brightly in the morning sun--the rushes look like a green meadow, but the treacherous water lies deep below their grassy leaves--the deer delights in these verdant aquatic fields, and see what flocks of red-wings rise from among them as the canoe passes near--their bright shoulder-knots glance like flashes of lightning in the sun-beams. This low swampy island, filled with driftwood, these grey hoary trees, half choked and killed with grey moss and lichens--those straggling alders and black ash look melancholy--they are like premature old age, grey-headed youths. That island divides the channel of the river--the old man takes the nearest, the left hand, and now they are upon the broad Rice Lake, and Catharine wearies her eye to catch the smoke of the shanty rising among the trees--one after another the islands steal out into view--the capes, and bays, and shores of the northern side are growing less distinct, Yon hollow bay, where the beaver has hidden till now, backed by that bold sweep of hills that look in the distance as if only covered with green ferns, with here and there a tall tree, stately as a pine or oak--that is the spot where Louis saw the landing of the Indians--now a rising village--Gores' Landing. On yon lofty hill now stands the village church, its white tower rising amongst the trees forms a charming object from the lake, and there a little higher up, not far from the plank road, now stand pretty rural cottages--one of these belong to the spirited proprietor of the village that bears his name. That tasteful garden before the white cottage, to the right, is Colonel Brown's, and there are pretty farms and cultivated spots; but silence and loneliness reigned there at the time of which I write. Where those few dark pines rise above the oak groves like the spires of churches in a crowded city, is Mount Ararat. [Footnote: Appendix N.] The Indian girl steers straight between the islands for that ark of refuge, and Catharine's eyes are dimmed with grateful tears as she pictures to herself the joyful greeting in store for her. In the overflowings of her gladness she seizes the old man's rugged hand and kisses it, and flings her arms about the Indian girl and presses her to her heart, when the canoe has touched the old well-remembered landing place, and she finds herself so near, so very near her lost home. How precious are such moments--how few we have in life--they are created from our very sorrows--without our cares our joys would be less lively; but we have no time to moralize--Catharine flies with the speed of a young fawn, to climb the steep cliff-like shoulder of that steep bank, and now, out of breath, stands at the threshold of her log-house--how neat and nice it looks compared with the Indians' tents--the little field of corn is green and flourishing--there is Hector's axe in a newly-cut log--it is high noon--the boys ought to have been there taking their mid-day meal, but the door is shut. Catharine lifts the wooden latch, and steps in--the embers are nearly burned out, to a handful of grey ashes--old Wolfe is not there--all is silent--and Catharine sits down to still the beating of her heart and await the coming up of her slower companions, and gladdens her mind with the hope that her brother and Louis will soon be home--her eye wanders over every old familiar object--all things seem much as she had left them, only the maize is in the ear and the top feather waves gracefully with the summer breeze--it promises an abundant crop; but that harvest is not to be gathered by the hands of the young planters--it was left to the birds of the air and the beasts of the field--to those humble reapers who sow not, neither do they gather into barns, for their Heavenly Father feedeth them. While the two girls busied themselves in preparing a fine roast of venison old Jacob stalked away over the hills to search for the boys, and it was not long before he returned with Hector and Louis. I must not tell tales, or I might say what tears of joy were mingled with the rapturous greetings with which Louis embraced his beloved cousin; or I might tell that the bright flush that warmed the dusky cheek of the young Indian, and the light that danced in her soft black eyes, owed its origin to the kiss that was pressed on her red lips by her white brother. Nor will we say whose hand held hers so long in his while Catharine related the noble sacrifice made for her sake, and the perils encountered by the devoted Indiana--whose eyes were moistened with tears as the horrors of that fearful trial were described--or who stole out alone over the hills, and sat him down in the hush and silence of the summer night to think of the acts of heroism displayed by that untaught Indian girl, and to dream a dream of youthful love; but with these things, my young readers, we have nothing to do. "And now, my children," said old Jacob, looking round the little dwelling, "have you made up your minds to live and die here on the shores of this lake, or do you desire again to behold your father's home? Do your young hearts yearn after the hearth of your childhood?" "After our fathers' home!" was Louis's emphatic reply. "After the home of our childhood!" was Catharine's earnest answer. Hector's lips echoed his sister's words, while a furtive troubled glance fell upon the orphan stranger; but her timid eye was raised to his young face with a trusting look, as she would have said. "Thy home shall be my home, thy God my God." "Well, mon ami, I believe, if my old memory fails me not, I can strike the Indian trail that used to lead to the Cold Springs over the pine hills. It will not be difficult for an old trapper to find his way." "For my part, I shall not leave this lovely spot without regret," said Hector. "It would be a glorious place for a settlement--all that one could desire--hill, and valley, and plain, wood and water. Well, I will try and persuade my father to leave the Cold Springs, and come and settle hereabouts. It would be delightful, would it not, Catharine, especially now we are friends with the Indians." With their heads full of pleasant schemes for the future, our young folks laid them down that night to rest. In the morning they rose, packed up such portable articles as they could manage to carry, and with full hearts sat down to take their last meal in their home--in that home which sheltered them so long--and then, with one accord, they knelt down upon its hearth, so soon to be left in loneliness, and breathed a prayer to Him who had preserved them thus far in their eventful lives, and then they journeyed forth once more into the wilderness. There was one, however, of their little band they left behind: this was the faithful old dog Wolfe. He had pined during the absence of his mistress, and only a few days before Catharine's return he had crept to the seat she was wont to occupy, and there died. Louis and Hector buried him, not without great regret, beneath the group of birch-trees on the brow of the slope near the corn-field. "I will arise, and go to my father."--_New Testament_. It is the hour of sunset; the sonorous sound of the cattle bells is heard, as they slowly emerge from the steep hill path that leads to Maxwell and Louis Perron's little clearing; the dark shadows are lengthening that those wood-crowned hills cast over that sunny spot, an oasis in the vast forest desert that man, adventurous, courageous man, has hewed for himself in the wilderness. The little flock are feeding among the blackened stumps of the uncleared chopping; those timbers have lain thus untouched for two long years; the hand was wanting that should have given help in logging and burning them up. The wheat is ripe for the sickle, and the silken beard of the corn is waving like a fair girl's tresses in the evening breeze. The tinkling fall of the cold spring in yonder bank falls soothingly on the ear. Who comes from that low-roofed log cabin to bring in the pitcher of water, that pale, careworn, shadowy figure that slowly moves along the green pasture, as one without hope or joy; her black hair is shared with silver, her cheek is pale as wax, and her hand is so thin, it looks as though the light might be seen through if she held it towards the sun? It is the heart-broken mother of Catharine and Hector Maxwell. Her heart has been pierced with many sorrows; she cannot yet forget the children of her love, her first-born girl and boy. Who comes to meet her, and with cheerful voice chides her for the tear that seems ever to be lingering on that pale cheek,--yet the premature furrows on that broad, sunburnt, manly brow speak, too, of inward care? It is the father of Hector and Catharine. Those two fine, healthy boys, in homespun blouses, that are talking so earnestly, as they lean across the rail fence of the little wheat field, are Kenneth and Donald; their sickles are on their arms; they have been reaping. They hear the sudden barking of Bruce and Wallace, the hounds, and turn to see what causes the agitation they display. An old man draws near; he has a knapsack on his shoulders, which he casts down on the corner of the stoup; he is singing a line of an old French ditty; he raps at the open door. The Highlander bids him welcome, but starts with glad surprise as his hand is grasped by the old trapper. "Ha, Jacob Morelle, it is many a weary year since your step turned this way." The tear stood in the eye of the soldier as he spoke. "How is ma chere mere, and the young ones?" asked the old man, in a husky voice--his kind heart was full. "Can you receive me, and those I have with me, for the night? A spare corner, a shake-down, will do; we travellers in the bush are no wise nice." "The best we have, and kindly welcome; it is gude for saer een to see you, Jacob. How many are ye in all?" "There are just four, beside myself,--young people; I found them where they had been long living, on a lonely lake, and I persuaded them to come with The strong features of the Highlander worked convulsively, as he drew his faded blue bonnet over his eyes. "Jacob, did ye ken that we lost our eldest bairns, some three summers since?" he faltered, in a broken voice. "The Lord, in his mercy, has restored them to you, Donald, by my hand," said the trapper. "Let me see, let me see my children. To him be the praise and the glory," ejaculated the pious father, raising his bonnet reverently from his head; "and holy and blessed be his name for ever. I thought not to have seen this day. Oh! Catharine, my dear wife, this joy will kill you." In a moment his children were enfolded in his arms. It is a mistaken idea that joy kills, it is a life restorer. Could you, my young readers, have seen how quickly the bloom of health began to reappear on the faded cheek of that pale mother, and how soon that dim eye regained its bright sparkle, you would have said that joy does not kill. "But where is Louis, dear Louis, our nephew, where is he?" Louis whose impetuosity was not to be restrained by the caution of old Jacob, had cleared the log fence at a bound, had hastily embraced his cousins Kenneth and Donald, and in five minutes more had rushed into his father's cottage, and wept his joy in the arms of father, mother, and sisters by turns, before old Jacob had introduced the impatient Hector and Catharine to their father. "But while joy is in our little dwelling, who is this that sits apart upon that stone by the log fence, her face bent sadly down upon het knees, her long raven hair shading her features as with a veil," asked the Highlander Maxwell, pointing as he spoke' to the spot where, unnoticed and unsharing in the joyful recognition, sat the poor Indian girl. There was no paternal embrace for her, no tender mother's kiss imprinted on that dusky cheek and pensive brow--she was alone and desolate, in the midst of that scene of "It is my Indian sister," said Catharine, "she also must be your child;" and Hector hurried to Indiana and half leading, half carrying the reluctant girl, brought her to his parents and bade them be kind to and cherish the young stranger, to whom they all owed so much. I will not dwell upon the universal joy that filled that humble dwelling, or tell the delight of Kenneth and Donald at the return of their lost brother and sister, for my story hurries to a close. Time passes on--years, long years have gone by since the return of the lost children to their homes, and many changes have those years effected. The log-houses have fallen to decay--a growth of young pines, a waste of emerald turf with the charred logs that once formed part of the enclosure, now, hardly serve to mark out the old settlement--no trace or record remains of the first breakers of the bush, another race occupy the ground. The traveller as he passes along on that smooth turnpike road that leads from Coburg to Cold Springs, and from thence to Gore's Landing, may notice a green waste by the road-side on either hand, and fancy that thereabouts our Canadian Crusoes' home once stood--he sees the lofty wood-crowned hill, and sees in spring-time, for in summer it is hidden by the luxuriant foliage, the little forest creek, and he may if thirsty, taste of the pure fresh icy water, as it still wells out from a spring in the steep bank, rippling through the little cedar-trough that Louis Perron placed there for the better speed of his mother when filling her water jug. All else is gone. And what wrought the change?--a few words will suffice to tell. Some travelling fur merchants brought the news to Donald Maxwell, that a party of Highlanders had made a settlement above Montreal, and among them were some of his kindred. The old soldier resolved to join them, and it was not hard to prevail upon his brother-in-law to accompany him, for they were all now weary of living so far from their fellow-men; and bidding farewell to the little log-houses at Cold Springs, they now journeyed downwards to the new settlement, where they were gladly received, their long experience of the country making their company a most valuable acquisition to the new Not long after the Maxwells took possession of a grant of land, and cleared and built for themselves and their family. That year Hector, now a fine industrious young man, presented at the baptismal font as a candidate for baptism, the Indian girl, and then received at the altar his newly baptized bride. As to Catharine and Louis, I am not sufficiently skilled in the laws of their church to tell how the difficulty of nearness of kin was obviated, but they were married on the same day as Hector and Indiana, and lived a happy and prosperous life; and often by their fireside would delight their children by recounting the history of their wanderings on the Rice Lake APPENDIX A.--_Preface._ Page vii. Sarah Campbell, of Windsor, who was lost in the woods on the 11th of August, 1848, returned to her home on the 31st, having been absent twenty-one days. A friend has sent us a circumstantial account of her wanderings, of the efforts made in her behalf, and her return home, from which we condense the following statements:-- It appears that on the 11th of August, in company with two friends, she went fishing on the north branch of Windsor-brook; and that on attempting to return she became separated from her companions, who returned to her mother's, the Widow Campbell, expecting to find her at home. Several of her neighbours searched for her during the night, without success. The search was continued during Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday, by some fifty or sixty individuals, and although her tracks, and those of a dog which accompanied her, were discovered, no tidings of the girl were obtained. A general sympathy for the afflicted widow and her lost daughter was excited, and notwithstanding the busy season of the year, great numbers from Windsor and the neighbouring townships of Brompton, Shipton, Melbourne, Durham, Oxford, Sherbrooke, Lennoxville, Stoke, and Dudswell, turned out with provisions and implements for camping in the woods, in search of the girl, which was kept up without intermission for about fourteen days, when it was generally given up, under the impression that she must have died, either from starvation, or the inclemency of the weather, it having rained almost incessantly for nearly a week of the time. On the 3lst her brother returned home from Massachusetts, and with two or three others renewed the search, but returned the second day, and learned to their great joy that the lost one had found her way home the evening previous. On hearing of her return, our correspondent made a visit to Widow Campbell, to hear from her daughter the story of her wanderings. She was found, as might be supposed, in a very weak and exhausted condition, but quite rational, as it seems she had been during the whole period of her absence. From her story the following particulars were gathered:-- When first lost she went directly from home down "Open Brooke," to a meadow, about a mile distant from where she had left her companions, which she mistook for what is called the "_Oxias_ opening," a mile distant in the opposite direction. On Sabbath morning, knowing that she was lost, and having heard that lost persons might be guided by the sun, she undertook to follow the sun during the day. In the morning she directed her steps towards the East, crossed the north Branch, mistaking it for "Open Brooke," and travelled, frequently running, in a south-east direction (her way home was due north) seven or eight miles till she came to the great Hay-meadow in Windsor. There she spent Sabbath night, and on Monday morning directed her course to, and thence down, the South Branch in the great Meadow. After this, she appears to have spent her time, except while she was searching for food for herself and dog, in walking and running over the meadow, and up and down the south branch, in search of her home, occasionally wandering upon the highlands, and far down towards the junction of the two main streams, never being more than seven or eight miles from home. For several days, by attempting to follow the sun, she travelled in a circle, finding herself at night near the place where she left in the morning. Although she often came across the tracks of large parties of men, and their recently-erected camps, and knew that multitudes of people were in search of her, she saw no living person, and heard no sound of trumpet, or other noise, except the report of a gun, as she lay by a brook, early on Thursday morning, the sixth day of her being lost. Thinking the gun to have been fired not more than half a mile distant, she said she "screamed and run" to the place from whence she supposed the noise came, but found nothing. Early in the day, however, she came to the camp where this gun was fired, but not until after its occupants had left to renew their search for her. This camp was about four miles from the great meadow, where she spent the Sabbath previous. There she found a fire, dried her clothes, and found a partridge's gizzard, which she cooked and ate, and laid down and slept, remaining about twenty-four hours. In her travels she came across several other camps, some of which she visited several times, particularly one where she found names cut upon trees, and another in which was a piece of white paper. Except three or four nights spent in these camps, she slept upon the ground, sometimes making a bed of moss, and endeavouring to shelter herself from the drenching rains with spruce boughs. For the two first weeks she suffered much from the cold, shivering all night, and sleeping but little. The last week she said she had got "toughened," and did not shiver. When first lost she had a large trout, which was the only food she ate, except choke-berries, the first week, and part of this she gave to her dog, which remained with her for a week, day and night. The cherries, which she ate greedily, swallowing the stones, she found injured her health; and for the last two weeks she lived upon cranberries and wood sorrel. While the dog remained with her, she constantly shared her food with him, but said she was glad when he left her, as it was much trouble to find him food. On Thursday of last week she followed the south towards the junction with the north branch, where it appeared she had been before, but could not ford the stream; and in the afternoon of Friday crossed the north, a little above its junction with the south branch, and following down the stream, she found herself in the clearing, near Moor's Mill. Thence directing her steps towards home, she reached Mr. McDale's, about a mile from her mother's, at six o'clock, having walked five miles in two hours, and probably ten miles during the day. Here she remained till the next day, when she was carried home, and was received by friends almost as one raised from the dead. Her feet and ankles were very much swollen and lacerated; but strange to say, her calico gown was kept whole, with the exception of two small rents. Respecting her feelings during her fast in the wilderness, she says she was never frightened, though sometimes, when the sun disappeared, she felt disheartened, expecting to perish; but when she found, by not discovering any new tracks, that the people had given over searching for her, she was greatly discouraged. On the morning of Friday, she was strongly inclined to give up, and lie down and die; but the hope of seeing her mother stimulated her to make one more effort to reach home, which proved successful. When visited, she was in a state of feverish excitement and general derangement of the system, and greatly emaciated, with a feeble voice, but perfectly sane and collected. It is somewhat remarkable that a young girl (aged seventeen), thinly clad, could have survived twenty-one days, exposed as she was to such severe storms, with no other food but wild berries. It is also very strange that she should have been so frequently on the tracks of those in search of her, sleeping in the camps, and endeavouring to follow their tracks home, and not have heard any of their numerous trumpets, or been seen by any of the hundreds of persons who were in search for her. A more dismal result than the deprivations endured by Sarah Campbell, is the frightful existence of a human creature, called in the American papers, the "Wild Man of the far West." From time to time, these details approach the terrific, of wild men who have grown up from childhood in a state of destitution in the interminable forests, especially of this one, who, for nearly a quarter of a century, has occasionally been seen, and then either forgotten, or supposed to be the mere creation of the beholder's brain. But it appears that he was, in March, 1850, encountered by Mr. Hamilton, of Greene County, Arkansas, when hunting. The wild man was, likewise, chasing his prey. A herd of cattle fled past Mr. Hamilton and his party, in an agony of terror, pursued by a giant, bearing a dreadful semblance to humanity. His face and shoulders were enveloped with long streaming hair, his body was entirely hirsute, his progression was by great jumps of twelve or thirteen feet at a leap. The creature turned and gazed earnestly on the hunters, and fled into the depths of the forest, where he was lost to view. His foot-prints were thirteen inches long. Mr. Hamilton published the description of the savage man in the _Memphis Inquirer_. Afterwards several planters deposed to having, at times, for many years, seen this appearance. All persons generally agreed that it was a child that had been lost in the woods, at the earthquake in 1811, now grown to meridian strength, in a solitary state. Thus the possibility of an European child living, even unassisted, in the wilderness, is familiar to the inhabitants of the vast American continent. Although we doubt that any human creature would progress by leaps, instead of the paces familiar to the human instinct. It is probable that the wild man of the Arkansas is, in reality, some species of the oran-outang, or chimpanzee. Page 72.--_"where Wolf Tower now stands."_ The Wolf Tower is among the very few structures in Canada not devoted to purposes of strict utility. It was built by a gentleman of property as a _belle vue,_ or fanciful prospect residence, in order to divert his mind from the heavy pressure of family affliction. It was once lent by him to the author, who dwelt here some time during the preparation of another house in the district. Page 113.--_"... as civilization advances."_ Formerly the Rice Lake Plains abounded in deer, wolves, bears, raccoons, wolverines, foxes, and wild animals of many kinds. Even a few years ago, and bears and wolves were not unfrequent in their depredations; and the ravines sheltered herds of deer; but now the sight of the former is a thing of rare occurrence, and the deer are scarcely to be seen, so changed is this lovely wilderness, that green pastures and yellow cornfields now meet the eye on every side, and the wild beasts retire to the less frequented depths of the forest. From the undulating surface, the alternations of high hills, deep valleys, and level table-lands, with the wide prospect they command, the Rice Lake Plains still retain their picturesque beauty, which cannot be marred by the hand of the settler even be he ever so devoid of taste; and many of those who have chosen it as their home are persons of taste and refinement, who delight in adding to the beauty of that which Nature had left so fair. APPENDIX D. Page 157, _note_. "I will now," says our Indian historian, "narrate a single circumstance which will convey a correct idea of the sufferings to which Indians were often exposed. To obtain furs of different kinds for the traders, we had to travel far into the woods, and remain there the whole winter. Once we left Rice Lake in the fall, and ascended the river in canoes as far as Belmont Lake. There were five families about to hunt with my father on his ground. The winter began to set in, and the river having frozen over, we left the canoes, the dried venison, the beaver, and some flour and pork; and when we had gone further north, say about sixty miles from the white settlements, for the purpose of hunting, the snow fell for five days in succession, to such a depth, that it was impossible to shoot or trap anything; our provisions were exhausted, and we had no means of procuring any more. Here we were, the snow about five feet deep, our wigwam buried, the branches of the trees falling all about us, and cracking with the weight of the snow. "Our mother (who seems, by-the-bye, from the record of her son, to have been a most excellent woman) boiled birch-bark for my sister and myself, that we might not starve. On the seventh day some of us were so weak they could not guard themselves, and others could not stand alone. They could only crawl in and out of the wigwam. We parched beaver skins and old mocassins for food. On the ninth day none of the men could go abroad except my father and uncle. On the tenth day, still being without food, the only ones able to walk about the wigwam were my father, my grandmother, my sister, and myself. Oh, how distressing to see the starving Indians lying about the wigwam with hungry and eager looks!--the children would cry for something to eat! My poor mother would heave bitter sighs, of despair, the tears falling profusely from her cheeks as she kissed us! Wood, though in plenty, could not be obtained on account of the feebleness of our limbs. My father would at times draw near the fire and rehearse some prayer to the gods. It appeared to him that there was no way of escape; the men, women, and children, dying; some of them were speechless, the wigwam was cold and dark, and covered with snow! "On the eleventh day, just before daylight, my father fell into a sleep; he soon awoke, and said to me: 'My son, the good Spirit is about to bless us this night; in my dream I saw a person coming from the east walking on the tops of the trees; he told me we should obtain two beavers about nine o'clock. Put on your mocassins, and go along with me to the river, and we will hunt beaver, perhaps, for the last time.' I saw that his countenance beamed with delight and hope; he was full of confidence. I put on my mocassins and carried my snow-shoes, staggering along behind him about half a mile. Having made a fire near the river, where there was an air-hole through which the beaver had come up during the night, my father tied a gun to a stump with the muzzle towards the air-hole; he also tied a string to the trigger, and said, 'Should you see the beaver rise pull the string, and you will kill it.' I stood by the fire, with the string in my hand; I soon heard the noise occasioned by the blow of his tomahawk; he had killed a beaver and brought it to me. As he laid it down, he said, 'Then the great Spirit will not let us die here;' adding, as before, 'if you see the beaver rise, pull the string;' and he left me. I soon saw the nose of one, but I did not shoot. Presently, another came up; I pulled the trigger, and off the gun went. I could not see for some moments for the smoke. My father ran towards me with the two beavers, and laid them side by side; then, pointing to the sun,--'Do you see the sun?' he said; 'the great Spirit informed me that we should kill these two about this time in the morning. We will yet see our relatives at Rice Lake. Now let us go home, and see if our people are yet alive.' We arrived just in time to save them from death. Since which we have visited the same spot the year the missionaries came among "My father knelt down, with feelings of gratitude, on the very spot where we had nearly perished. Glory to God! I have heard of many who have perished in this way far up in the woods."--_Life of George Copway, written by himself_, p. 44. Page 184.--"_... on first deciding that it was a canoe._" The Indians say, that before their fathers had tools of iron and steel in common use, a war canoe was the labour of three generations. It was hollowed out by means of fire, cautiously applied, or by stone hatchets; but so slowly did the work proceed, that years were passed in its excavation. When completed, it was regarded as a great achievement, and its launching on the waters of the lake or river was celebrated by feasting and dancing. The artizans were venerated as great patriots. Possibly the birch-bark canoe was of older date, as being more easily constructed, and needing not the assistance of the axe in forming it; but it was too frail to be used in war, or in long voyages, being liable to injuries. The black stone wedges, so often found on the borders of our inland waters, were used by the Indians in skinning the deer and bear. Their arrow-heads were of white or black flint, rudely chipped into shape, and inserted in a cleft stick. A larger sort were used for killing deer; and blunt wooden ones were used by the children, for shooting birds and small game. Page 195.--_"... the Christian mind revolts with horror."_ There is, according to the native author, George Copway, a strong feeling in the Indians for conversion and civilization, and a concentration of all the Christianised tribes, now scattered far and wide along the northern banks of the lakes and rivers, into one nation, to be called by one name, and united in one purpose--their general improvement. To this end, one of the most influential of their chiefs, John Jones, of Dover Sound, offered to give up to his Indian brethren, free of all cost, a large tract of unceded land, that they might be gathered together as one nation. In the council held at Sangeeny, where were convened Indian chiefs from lakes St. Clare, Samcoe, Huron, Ontario, and Rice, and other lakes, it was proposed to devise a plan by which the tract owned by the Sangeenys could be held for the benefit of the Ojebwas, to petition Government for aid in establishing a manual-labour school, and to ascertain the general feeling of the chiefs in relation to forming one large settlement at Owen's Sound. At this meeting forty-eight chiefs were assembled. There is much to admire in the simple, earnest, and courteous style of the oration delivered by Chief John Jones, and will give to my readers some idea of the intelligence of an educated Indian:-- "Brothers, you have been called from all your parts of Canada, even from the north of Georgian Bay. You are from your homes, your wives, and your children. We might regret this, were it not for the circumstances that require you here. "Fellow-chiefs and brothers, I have pondered with deep solicitude our present condition and the future welfare of our children, as well as of ourselves. I have studied deeply and anxiously, in order to arrive at a true knowledge of the proper course to be pursued to secure to us and our descendants, and even to those around us, the greatest amount of peace, health, happiness, and usefulness. The interests of the Ojebwas and Ottawas are near and dear to my heart; for them I have often passed sleepless nights, and have suffered from an agitated mind. These nations, I am proud to say, are my brothers, many of them bone of my bone; and for them, if needs be, I would willingly sacrifice anything. Brothers, you see my heart." [Here he held out a piece of white paper, emblematical of a pure "Fellow-chiefs and warriors, I have looked over your wigwams throughout Canada, and have come to the conclusion that you are in a warm place [_query_, too hot to hold you]. The whites are kindling fires all round you [_i.e._ clearing land]. "One purpose for which you have been called together, is to devise some plan by which we can live together, and become a happy people; so that our dying fires may not go out, _i.e._ our people become extinct, but may be kindled, and burn brightly, in one place. We now offer you any portion of the land we own in this region, that we may smoke the pipe of peace, and live and die together, and see our children play and be reared on the same spot. We ask no money of you. We love you; and because we love you, and feel for you, we propose this. "My chiefs, brothers, warriors. This morning" [the speaker now pointed with his finger towards the heavens], "look up and see the blue sky: there are no clouds; the sun is bright and clear. Our fathers taught us, that when the sky was without clouds, the Great Spirit was smiling upon them. May he now preside over us, that we may make a long, smooth, and straight path for our children. It is true I seldom see you all, but this morning I shake hands with you all, in my heart. "Brothers, this is all I have to say." * * * * * Page 213.--_"... and aimed a knife at his throat"_ The period at which these events are said to have occurred was some sixty or eighty years ago, according to the imperfect chronology of my informant. At first, I hesitated to believe that such horrible deeds as those recorded could have taken place almost within the memory of men. My Indian narrator replied--"Indians, no Christians in those days, do worse than that very few years ago,--do as bad now in far-west." The conversion of the Rice Lake Indians, and the gathering them together in villages, took place, I think, in the year 1825, or thereabouts. The conversion was effected by the preaching of missionaries from the Wesleyan Methodist Church; the village was under the patronage of Captain Anderson, whose descendants inherit much land on the north shore on and about Anderson's Point, the renowned site of the great battle. The war-weapon and bones of the enemies the Ojebwas are still to be found in this vicinity. * * * * * Page 232.--_"This place she called Spooke Island"_ Spooke Island. A singular and barren island in the Rice Lake, seventh from the head of the lake, on which the Indians used formerly to bury their dead, for many years held as a sacred spot, and only approached with reverence. Now famous for two things, _picnics_ and _poison ivy, rhus toxicodendron,_--many persons having suffered for their temerity in landing upon it and making it the scene of their rural festivities. Page 253.--_"and nothing but fire."_ The Indians call the Rice Lake, in allusion to the rapidity with which fires run over the dry herbage, the Lake of the Burning Plains. Certainly, there is much poetical fitness and beauty in many of the Indian names, approximating very closely to the figurative imagery of the language of the East; such is "Mad-wa-osh," the music of the winds. Page 272.--_"but it was not so in the days whereof I have spoken."_ _From George Copway's Life._ Converted Indians are thus described in the "Life" of their literary countryman, George Copway:-- _Chippewas of the River Credit._--These Indians are the remnant of a tribe which formerly possessed a considerable portion of the Elome and Gore Districts, of which, in 1818, they surrendered the greater part for an annuity of 532_l._ 10_s._ reserving only certain small tracts at the River Credit; and at sixteen and twelve miles creeks they were the first tribe converted to Christianity. Previous to the year 1823 they were wandering pagans. In that year Peter Jones, and John his brother, the sons of a white by a Mississaga woman, having been converted to Christianity, and admitted as members of the Wesleyan Methodist Church, became anxious to redeem their countrymen from their degraded state of heathenism and spiritual destitution. They collected a considerable number together, and by rote and frequent repetitions, taught the first principles of Christianity to such as were too old to learn to read, and with the Lord's Prayer, the Creed, and Commandments, were thus committed to memory. As soon as the tribes were converted they perceived the evils attendant on their former state of ignorance and vagrancy. They began to work, which they had never done before; they recognised the advantage of cultivating the soil; they gave up drinking, to which they had been greatly addicted, and became sober, consistent, industrious Christians. J. Sawyer, P. Jones, Chiefs; J. Jones, War-chief. The _Chippewas of Alnwick_ were converted in 1826-7 They were wandering pagans, in the neighbourhood of Belleville, Kingston, and Gannoyne, commonly known as Mississagas of the Bay of Quinte; they resided on Grape Island, in the Bay of Quinte, six miles from Belleville. They resided eleven years on the island, subsisting by hunting and agriculture. Their houses were erected partly by their own labour and by the Wesleyan Missionary funds; these consist of twenty-three houses, a commodious chapel and school, an infant school, hospital, smithy, shoemaker's shop and joiner's. There are upwards of 300 of these Indians. The chiefs are--Sunday; Simpson; G. Corrego, chief and missionary _Rice Lake Chippewas_.--In 1818 the greater part of the Newcastle and Colburn districts were surrendered, for an annuity of 940_l_. These Indians have all been reclaimed from their wandering life, and settled in their present locations, within the last ten or twelve years. [Footnote: I think G. Copway is incorrect as to the date of the settling of the village, as it was pointed out to me in 1832. Note,--In the year 1822 the larger part of the Indian village on Anderson's Point was built and cultivated.] The settlement is on the north side of the lake, twelve miles from Peterborough. Number of Indians, 114; possessing 1,550 acres, subdivided in 50-acre lots. Chiefs--Pondash, Copway, Crow. Deer were plenty a few years ago, but now only few can be found. The Ojebwas are at present employed in farming instead of hunting; many of them have good and well-cultivated farms; they not only raise grain, enough, for their own use, but often sell much to the whites. Page 282.--_"... that an outward manifestation of surprise."_ A young friend, who was familiar with Indian character from frequent intercourse with them in his hunting expeditions, speaking of their apparent absence of curiosity, told me that, with a view to test it, he wound up a musical snuff-box, and placed it on a table in a room where several Indian hunters and their squaws were standing together, and narrowly watched their countenances, but they evinced no sort of surprise by look or gesture, remaining apathetically unmoved. He retired to an adjoining room, where, unseen, he could notice what passed, and was amused at perceiving, that the instant they imagined themselves free from his surveillance, the whole party mustered round the mysterious toy like a parcel of bees, and appeared to be full of conjecture and amazement, but they did not choose to be entrapped into showing surprise. This perfect command over the muscles of the face, and the glance of the eye, is one of the remarkable traits in the Indian character. The expression of the Indian face, if I may use so paradoxical a term, consists in a want of expression--like the stillness of dark deep water, beneath which no object is visible. APPENDIX M. Page 332.--_"bracelets of porcupine quills cut in fine pieces and strung in fanciful patterns."_ The Indian method of drawing out patterns on the birch bark, is simply scratching the outline with some small-pointed instrument, Canadian thorn, a bodkin of bone, or a sharp nail. These outlines are then pierced with parallel rows of holes, into which the ends of the porcupine quills are inserted, forming a rich sort of embroidery on the surface of the bark. The Indian artistes have about as much notion of perspective, or the effects of light and shade, as the Chinese or our own early painters; their attempts at delineating animals, or birds, are flat, sharp, and angular; and their groups of flowers and trees not more graceful or natural than those on a china plate or jar; nevertheless, the effect produced is rich and striking, from the vivid colours and the variety of dyes they contrive to give to this simple material, the porcupine quills. The sinew of the deer, and some other animals, furnish the Indian women with thread, of any degree of fineness or strength. The wants of these simple folk are few, and those easily supplied by the adaptation of such materials as they can command with ease, in their savage state. Page 339.--_"is Mount Ararat."_ Mount Ararat, the highest elevation on the Rice Lake Plains, for nearly two years the residence of the Authoress and her family. Back to Full Books
The Controversy LESSON 2 October 7–13 Sabbath Afternoon Read for This Week’s Study: Heb. 8:6, Matt. 19:17, Rev. 12:17, Leviticus 23, Acts 15:1–29, Gal. 1:1–12. The early church was composed mostly of Jews who never for a moment thought that by accepting the Jewish Messiah, Jesus, they were somehow turning away from the faith of their fathers or the covenant promises that God had made to His people. As it turns out, they were right. The issue for the early Jewish believers was whether or not Jews had to become Christians in order to accept Jesus. The other issue for many of them was whether Gentiles had to become Jews before they could accept Christ. Only later, in the Jerusalem Council, was there a firm answer. They made the decision not to trouble the Gentiles with a host of regulations and laws. That is, Gentiles didn’t need to become Jews first in order to accept Jesus. Despite the decision, however, some teachers continued to plague the churches by insisting that Gentile converts to the faith were required to keep these rules and laws, including circumcision (not exactly a procedure that would make joining Christianity particularly appealing for an adult). That is, they thought that these Gentiles, in order to be partakers of the covenant promises, had to abide by many of the rules and regulations that were deemed a requisite for partakers of the commonwealth of Israel. What were the issues, and how were they to be resolved? Study this week’s lesson to prepare for Sabbath, October 14. SUNDAY October 8 A Better Covenant Perhaps the greatest difference between the religion of the Old Testament and that of the New is the fact that the New Testament era was introduced by the coming of the Messiah, Jesus of Nazareth. He was sent by God to be the Savior. People could not ignore Him and expect to be saved. Only through the atonement He provided could their sins be forgiven. Only by the imputation of His perfect life could they stand before God without condemnation. In other words, salvation was through the righteousness of Jesus—and nothing else. Old Testament saints looked forward to the blessings of the Messianic age and the promise of salvation. In New Testament times the people were confronted with the question, Would they accept Jesus of Nazareth whom God had sent as the Messiah, their Savior? If they believed in Him—that is, if they accepted Him for who He truly was and committed themselves to Him—they would be saved through the righteousness that He offered them freely. Read Matthew 19:17; Revelation 12:17; 14:12; and James 2:10, 11. What do these texts tell us about the moral law in the New Testament? At the same time, the entire body of ritual and ceremonial laws that were distinctly Israelite—and were distinctly tied to the Old Covenant, which all pointed to Jesus and to His death and ministry as High Priest—were discontinued, and a new order was introduced, one based on “better promises.” Helping both Jew and Gentile to understand what was involved in this transition from Judaism to Christianity was one of Paul’s principal aims in the book of Romans. It would take time to make the transition. Many Jews who had accepted Jesus were still not ready for the great changes that were coming. MONDAY October 9 Jewish Laws and Regulations As time allows, skim through the book of Leviticus. (See, for instance, Leviticus 12, 16, and 23.) What thoughts come to your mind as you read all these rules and regulations and rituals? Why would many of these be all but impossible to follow in New Testament times? The health laws overlap the other laws. The various laws relating to uncleanness define ceremonial uncleanness, and yet they also go beyond this to include hygienic and health principles. Laws regarding clean and unclean meats are based on physical considerations. TUESDAY October 10 As the Custom of Moses It’s interesting that Paul—who often talked about his prophetic calling and how Jesus had called him and gave him his mission—was so willing to work with the larger church body. That is, whatever his calling, he realized that he was part of the church as a whole and that he needed to work with it as much as possible. WEDNESDAY October 11 The Gentile Believers Read Acts 15:5–29. What decision did the council come to, and what was its reasoning? The decision was against the contentions of the Judaizers. These folk insisted that the Gentile converts be circumcised and keep the entire ceremonial law and that “the Jewish laws and ceremonies should be incorporated into the rites of the Christian religion.”—Ellen G. White, The Acts of the Apostles, p. 189. It’s interesting to note in Acts 15:10 the way in which Peter depicted these old laws as a “yoke” that they were unable to bear. Would the Lord, who instituted those laws, make them a yoke on His people? That hardly seems so. Instead, over the years some of the leaders had, through their oral traditions, turned many of the laws from the blessings they were meant to be into burdens. The council sought to spare Gentiles from these burdens. Notice, too, that there was no mention or question of the Gentiles not needing to obey the Ten Commandments. After all, could we imagine the council telling them not to eat blood but that it was acceptable to ignore the commandments against adultery or murder and the like? Could we, in some ways, be laying on people burdens that are not necessary but are more from tradition than divine command? If so, how? Bring your thoughts to class on Sabbath. THURSDAY October 12 Paul and the Galatians However clear the council, there were those who sought to go their own way and who continued to advocate that the Gentiles keep Jewish traditions and laws. For Paul this became a very serious matter; that is, it wasn’t trifling over the fine points of faith. It had become a denial of the gospel of Christ itself. Read Galatians 1:1–12. How serious does Paul see the issue he is confronting in Galatia? What should that tell us about the importance of this question? As stated before, it was the Galatian situation that in large degree prompted the content of the letter to Rome. In the Epistle to the Romans, Paul further develops the theme of the Galatian epistle. Some Jewish believers were contending that the law God had given them through Moses was important and should be observed by Gentile converts. Paul was trying to show its true place and function. He didn’t want these people to gain a foothold in Rome as they had done in Galatia. It is an oversimplification to ask whether Paul is speaking of ceremonial or moral laws in Galatians and Romans. Historically, the argument was whether or not Gentile converts should be required to be circumcised and keep the law of Moses. The Jerusalem Council already had ruled on this question, but some refused to follow its decision. Some read in Paul’s letters to the Galatians and the Romans evidence that the moral law—the Ten Commandments (or, in truth, only the fourth commandment)—is no longer binding on Christians. Yet, they are missing the point of the letters, and missing the historical context and issues that Paul was addressing. Paul, as we’ll see, stressed that salvation was by faith alone and not by the keeping of the law, even the moral law. Yet that isn’t the same thing as saying that the moral law shouldn’t be kept. Obedience to the Ten Commandments was never an issue; those who make it an issue are reading back into texts a contemporary issue, one that Paul wasn’t dealing with. FRIDAY October 13 Further Thought: Read Ellen G. White, “Jew and Gentile,” pp. 188–192, 194–197; “Apostasy in Galatia,” pp. 383–388, in The Acts of the Apostles; “The Law Given to Israel,” pp. 310–312; “The Law and the Covenants,” pp. 370–373, in Patriarchs and Prophets; “The Chosen People,” pp. 27–30, in The Desire of Ages. No doubt, our church faces times of controversy and dissension. But this is nothing new. Satan has always been at war with the church. Even in the earliest days of Christianity, dissension and controversy arose in the ranks of the believers. And there was one controversy that, if not resolved, could have destroyed the church in its infancy. “Through the influence of false teachers who had arisen among the believers in Jerusalem, division, heresy, and sensualism were rapidly gaining ground among the believers in Galatia. These false teachers were mingling Jewish traditions with the truths of the gospel. Ignoring the decision of the general council at Jerusalem, they urged upon the Gentile converts the observance of the ceremonial law.”—Ellen G. White, The Acts of the Apostles, p. 383. Discussion Questions: 1.  In class, go over your answer to Wednesday’s final question. In what ways might your local church or you in your own home, or maybe even you with yourself, be laying burdens on others (or on yourself) that are not necessary? How can we recognize if we really are doing these things? Or might we be in danger of going too far the other way? That is, how can we recognize if we have become too lax in our lifestyles and standards to the point where our lives don’t reflect the high calling that we have in Christ? 2.  What are some of the arguments that people use to claim that the Ten Commandments are no longer binding on Christians today? How do we answer those claims? Why, on the face of it, are those arguments so wrong, and why in many cases do those who make them not really live as if they believe the Ten Commandments are no longer binding? 3.  Read again Galatians 1:1–12. Notice how uncompromising, how dogmatic, and how fervent Paul was regarding his understanding of the gospel. What should that tell us about how we must stand absolutely unwaveringly on certain beliefs, especially in a day and age of pluralism and relativism? How does this show that certain teachings cannot be compromised in any way? 4.  In class, talk about the issues that brought about the Protestant Reformation. What basic differences have not been resolved?
Data Integration Reduces Costs of Drug Development Data Integration Reduces Costs of Drug Development Digital health data integration is the collection of data from a variety of sources, including digital health, mobile apps, wearables, the Internet of Things (IoT), and more. Once the data is collected, it enables pharma companies to best analyze and understand the data. In theory, digital health data integration allows pharma to collect data from patients in several different ways between their visits to a clinical site, and this has the affect of lowering the cost of drug development. The end effect is to speed needed drugs to market. What does this mean? Say you’re testing an experimental blood pressure drug. You can certainly go into the clinic each month and get your blood pressure taken. However, much more data can be analyzed if you’re measuring your blood pressure with a Bluetooth enabled cuff that syncs with your cell phone that can transmit the data to the clinician on a daily or weekly basis to monitor progress. But, that’s not all. We can gather all sorts of associated data at the same time. We can use activity, calories burned, diet, heart rate, etc., data in context of the blood pressure data to better determine patterns. Thus, the drug company gets a much better profile of how the subjects respond, or do not respond, to the drug. While this seems like a common sense use of data, it’s data that was not available in drug trials of the past. Those who test drugs had to interrupt their subjects’ lives for close monitoring, and thus few participated in the study due to the time requirements and disruption. Now, the monitoring is much less intrusive thus those who may not have participated in such studies in the past, will do so now. However, the largest benefit is the data. With the core data gathered along with the contextual data, those who test drugs get a better understanding of what the drugs are doing faster than in traditional trials. That is the real difference. Once again, it’s data and data integration that are strategic technologies in this arena. With the ability to freely send and receive data, drug companies reduce costs and speed the time it takes to get a drug to patients who need it. Moreover, it’s not only the testing that benefits. The same technology can be leveraged to monitor patients in near real time. Thus, if there is an unknown interaction or allergy, the doctors can intervene before things get too far out of hand. Data integration is revolutionizing many industries, but not as much as in healthcare. The ability to gather and view data from many different sources, including the human body, is a new solution to an old problem that will end up benefiting us all. • Sai Borra Agreed but how different it is from a traditional data warehouse. Of course there has to be an new way to collect this data.
South America The Bolivian Republic was proclaimed on August 6, 1825 after 16 years of war. The General Assembly declared [loose translation]: The cockade that the citizens of the Republic will carry will be bicolor, like their flags, that is red between green and a star of gold color in the center. - General Assembly of the Bolivar Republic, Decree, August 17, 1825 The cockade underwent a number of design changes over the years, always keeping the same color scheme of red, yellow and green. The Supreme Decree of 1888 during the government of President Gregorio Pacheco stated that red represents the blood shed by heroes for the birth and preservation of the Republic, yellow represents wealth and resources, and green represents the wealth of nature and hope as a principles of Bolivian society. Supreme Decree 241, Section 5 establishes the modern form of the cockade [loose translation]: Article 35: (Description) It is a ribbon folded in a circle with the colors of the Tricolor Flag, arranged as follows: red on the outer edge, yellow on the central band and green on the inside; may be superimposed on a loop of the same tape, in the form of an inverted "V." Article 36: (Symbolism) The colors of the cockade have the same symbolism of the Tricolor Flag. Article 37: (General use) The cockade can be used to denote patriotic pride, as a personal symbol, placed on his chest in parades, civic celebrations and patriotic commemorations. The cockade can also be seen in institutional banners and standards, with the purpose of decoration. Brazil’s national cockade draws from its Portuguese history. On September 7, 1822, the country declared its independence from Portugal and became Empire of Brazil. The traditional symbol and crest of the House of Braganza is a green dragon, representing Saint George, patron saint of Portugal. Pedro I, of the House of Braganza, was Brazil’s first emperor. His wife, Maria Leopoldina, brought the color gold from the House of Habsburg. Thus, green and gold became the national colors. Simón Bolivar's administration officially decreed a version of the flag from which the modern design is taken, and also established the national cockade on February 25, 1825. The fifth article of the Decree Issued by Simón Bolívar, and endorsed by his minister Hipólito Unánue on February 25, 1825, states the following: "The cockade shall be white and red, interpolated."
Amnesia Topics Lost in the Mall Essay "Lost in a Shopping Mall"? A Breach of Professional Ethics Lynn S. Crook Richland, WA Martha C. Dean Sydney, Australia ABSTRACT: The "lost in a shopping mall" study has been cited to support claims that psychotherapists can implant memories of false autobiographical information of childhood trauma in their... Man without a Memory- Clive Wearing Essay During the learning process information is encoded, then stored and retrieved once needed. The sensory organs receive information from the environment and are stored for a very short period within the sensory cells, by giving attention to this information it is sent into the working memory/short term memory.... We will write a custom essay sample on specifically for you for only $13.9/page Order now Memory in Psychology Essay I. Memory: Processes, Models, Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory A. Memory processes 1. Memory and Its Processes Memory - an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage. Processes of Memory: on Amnesia Essay Amnesia is a collective term used to describe a condition characterized by loss of memory. The part of the brain that controls memory storage and retrieval is compromised by brain damage. This damage to the brain may affect the short-term or the long term memory. Brain damage may be... The Psychology of Finding Nemo Essay Finding Nemo Haven’t Found A Paper? Haven't found the Essay You Want? Get your custom essay sample For Only $13.90/page
UNC Health Care The Truth About Flu Shot Side Effects More than 9 million Americans get the flu each year. But that number doesn’t have to be so high; according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, only about 42 percent of adults get the flu shot. It can help prevent the flu in many cases, but there are still a lot of misconceptions about the flu shot. Does it make you sick? Could you be allergic to it? Take a look at these common myths and what our expert, Ram Neelagiri, MD, with UNC Family Medicine, has to say about them. 1. Flu shots can give you the flu. FALSE. Flu vaccines are sometimes made with a flu virus, but not a live one. Therefore, they can’t make you sick. The vaccine is created with either an inactivated virus or no virus at all. “There’s no way a flu vaccine can cause a flu infection,” Dr. Neelagiri says. “These vaccines are made up of inactivated viruses or recombinant viruses, not live viruses.” The most common side effects of the flu shot are soreness, redness or swelling at the site of the injection. Rarely, people get a low-grade fever that passes in a couple of days. 2. Flu shots don’t really work. FALSE. Recent studies show that vaccination reduces the risk of flu by 40 to 60 percent, proving “flu shots do work,” Dr. Neelagiri says. Since 2010, the CDC estimates that flu has resulted in 140,000 to 710,000 hospitalizations each year; many of these illnesses could have been prevented. “Flu shots decrease the risk of hospitalization due to the flu and deaths due to the flu.” 3. Pregnant women shouldn’t get a flu shot. FALSE. Pregnant women may receive any licensed, recommended and age-appropriate flu vaccine. “The vaccine does not only protect the pregnant woman, but also the newborn who will be receiving the antibodies from the mom,” Dr. Neelagiri says. He says it’s important because children can’t get a flu vaccine until they are 6 months old. Plus, pregnant women are at higher risk of flu-related complications than the general population. 4. Healthy people don’t need a flu shot. FALSE. The CDC estimates 9 million to 35 million people get sick with flu each year, and many of them are otherwise healthy. “The other reason why it’s important for healthy people to get a vaccine is because healthy people interact with more vulnerable people,” Dr. Neelagiri says. Protecting yourself can help protect others. 5. If I get the flu, I can just treat it with antibiotics. FALSE. “Flu is a virus. Antibiotics are good for bacterial infections but not effective against flu,” Dr. Neelagiri says. Most people with the flu have mild illness and don’t need medical care, but those with more serious illness may get a prescription for the antiviral drug Tamiflu from a doctor. In severe cases, flu can lead to bronchitis, pneumonia and even death. 6. I’m allergic to eggs, so I can’t get a flu shot. FALSE. According to the CDC, people who experience only hives after exposure to egg can get any licensed flu vaccine. “Even people with a mild egg allergy can get a flu shot, with no need for being observed,” Dr. Neelagiri says. Those with a severe egg allergy should get a flu shot at a medical facility where they can be monitored and a doctor can recognize and treat a potential allergic reaction. Some available vaccines do not use egg in their production. 7. We’re already in the heart of flu season, so there’s no point in getting the flu shot. FALSE. The flu shot is recommended throughout the flu season. The timing of flu is unpredictable, and the virus can be detected year-round. However, seasonal flu activity often begins as early as October and continues through May. “It’s not too late,” Dr. Neelagiri says. Flu illness peaks from December through February, and the vaccine takes about two weeks to be fully effective. 8. I got a flu shot last year, so I should be fine. FALSE. “The virus keeps changing every year, so the vaccine you got last year may not be effective,” Dr. Neelagiri says. Flu viruses can change from one season to the next, and they can even change within a flu season. Also, the body’s immunity to flu viruses, whether acquired naturally or through a vaccine, will decline over time. Getting the shot each year is the best way to stay ahead of the virus. Still need your flu shot? Visit your primary care doctor or find one near you.
Are there any records from the Constitutional Convention that establish why the District of Columbia was denied voting representation in the Senate and the House? Was there even any expression of concern that in DC there would be taxation without representation? • This is going to bring many lols. – o0'. Sep 22 '14 at 21:43 • Because DC isn't a state. – Oldcat Sep 24 '14 at 19:51 Such concern likely existed, and there is evidence of some cursory discussion to that effect during the proceedings of the Continental Congress. The rationale for creating a federal district with sole jurisdiction of the Congress was probably laid out best (among the surviving documents) by James Madison: The issue of representation is mentioned a little bit further in the document, and is basically pointing out that the importance of federal holdings to the nation runs counter to resident governance. While Madison is referring most directly to military installations, the inference is likely one that can be extended to the seat of government. To understand the connection between security and seat of government, the context of the decision-making process about locating the proceedings of the Congress is important. The bulk of the debate took place around October of 1783, and was in part precipitated by Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783. Under the Articles of Confederacy, the Congress relied on the Pennsylvania militia to provide security. The Pennsylvania Council chose not to do so, and allowed an angry mob to march on the Congressional proceedings. Also, the role of being able to come to a compromise on where the seat of government should be located was likely a big part - on October 6, 1783 motions to house the Congress in each of the 13 states were voted down.3 About the only mention I can find from around this period is again from Madison, this time in a letter to Edmund Randolph dated September 20, 1783: Among other subjects which divide Congress, their constitutional authority, touching such an establishment in time of peace is one. Another still more puzzling is the precise jurisdiction proper for Congress with the limits of their permanent seat. As these points may possibly remain undecided till November, I mention them particularly that your aid may be prepared.4 Outside of that, it doesn't appear to have been one of the considerations. Not only did the Congress have a much more pragmatic outlook on the subject, the area under consideration with only a few square miles. Wilhelmus Bogart Bryan summed up the record of discussions regarding the jurisdiction for the federal district in writing about the response to recommendations presented to the Congress for its establishment: This report was referred to the committee of the whole, but there is no record that any further action was taken. In the papers of the continental congress there are two documents evidently intended as amendments, but their place and purpose are not indicated in any way. In one of the papers the principle is laid down that such a district "ought to be entirely exempted from the authority of the state ceding the same, and the organization and administration of the powers of government within the said district concentrated between Congress and the inhabitants thereof." The other paper prescribes that the state or states ceding the territory "should give up all jurisdiction whatsoever ... that the appointment of judges and the executive power within the said territory shall vest in Congress; ... that the citizens should enjoy the privilege of trial by jury and being governed by laws made by representatives of their own election." 5 Beyond that, there doesn't appear to me anything other than a general consensus that Congressional authority over the District, as it was incorporated without much modification as the beginning of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution: 1 Madison, James. The Federalist No. 43, p. online 2 Ibid. 3 United States Continental Congress. Journals of the American congress: from 1774 to 1788 - Volume 4, p. 283-6 4 Madison, James. The Papers of James Madison, Volume 1, p. 573 5 Bryan, Wilhelmus Bogart. A History of the National Capital, Volume 1, p. 15 Your Answer
ArtsAutosBooksBusinessEducationEntertainmentFamilyFashionFoodGamesGenderHealthHolidaysHomeHubPagesPersonal FinancePetsPoliticsReligionSportsTechnologyTravel Climate change and natural disasters Updated on September 25, 2014 Global warming effects Global warming effects are miserable for millions of people around the world. Due to constant raising earth temperature some places are seeing worst rains and floods and other parts are seeing worst drought and dried seasons. Due to global warming raising level of seas has become constant threat to several countries like Maldives and Bangladesh. Now world community is seeing worst natural disasters, hurricanes and floods of modern history. US state Oklahoma was hit by several storms just within a month. Due to global warming we are seeing increase in natural disasters. Human right organizations and NGOs are trying hard to convince people and different governments to come forward and take positive steps and control raising temperature of earth. Climate Change Now Europe is seeing worst flooding of its history and several rivers have crossed their banks and now entering in big cities. Several European countries including Germany, Hungary are badly effected and people are trying hard to face worst flooding of history. Australia is also facing warmest summer of its history and every one is agrees that every thing is happening due to climate change and raising global warming. Due to climate change and dry weather some African countries are seeing word droughts of modern history. According to United Nations millions of people are facing shortige of water and food in African poor countries. Green House Gasses Emissions Because of raising sea level thousands of Bangladeshi farmers have lost their fields and now find it hard to provide daily necessities of life to their families. Unfortunately despite this true realities UNO and big power are doing very little for climate change and global warming and things are going bad to worse every where. Due to divided opinion and personal benefits world community has failed to prepare policies to reduce green house gasses emissions.Several conferences held in Europe and US on global warming could not provide desired results because of lack of interest of big powers. US and China are responsible for climate disaster but both countries are doing very little to solve the real issues. The Global People's Climate March Recent Disasters List of effected countries are very long. Now most powerful and destructive hurricanes like Sandy, Katrina, Bupa are becoming routine in different parts of earth and level of distraction is very high. Recent floods in Europe considers worst in Europe hundred years history and caused wide spread damage. China is seeing worst flooding of its history more than half million people forced to leave their home due to heavy flooding. Several Indian state are also effected form global warming, raising level of see and increasing floods. Media is showing horrible pictures of destruction and miserable condition of effected people. Several Bangladeshi farmers have lost their all living hoods because of increasing sea level and climate change. African countries are also worst effected and graph of poverty and huger raising in poor courtiers. Only years ago thousands of innocent people lost their lives in Somalia because of worst drought and climate change. According to UNO thousands of people in Horn of Africa are in risk of death because of worse drought and food shortage including innocent women and children children. Climate Change Don you think world community is doing enough for climate change? See results Who is Responsible for Climate Change Disasters? Unfortunately six big develop Industrialize countries are main responsible for Climate disaster and increasing global warming. But instead of solving real issues and discussing real causes of global warming these contraries are accusing each other. China blame US and US blame China for climate disaster. India and Brazil also not taking any responsibility for climate disaster and world community is doing very little to control raising temperature of earth. Despite several climate change conferences held in past no positive result produced. True reality is that only cosmetics steps cant bring change. Major Hurricanes Hurricanes, Cyclones, Earth Quakes caused major damage even in modern countries like China and US. List of some major hurricanes who caused wide spread destruction. • Hurricane Sandy • Hurricane Katrina • Hurricane Bupa • Hurricane Ike • Hurricane Charley Global Warming Effects Global warming is main cause of increasing natural disaster. Global warming also effects. • Rise in sea level world wide • Deadly hurricanes and storms. • Lost of agriculture land and food shortage. • Displacement of people • Disappearance of coral reefs. Recent Oklahoma Disaster in Pictures 0 of 8192 characters used Post Comment No comments yet. This website uses cookies Show Details LoginThis is necessary to sign in to the HubPages Service. AkismetThis is used to detect comment spam. (Privacy Policy) Google AdSenseThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) Index ExchangeThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) SovrnThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) Facebook AdsThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) AppNexusThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) OpenxThis is an ad network. 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5 Useful OT Skill Sets Occupational Therapy is the Profession of Function Occupational therapists (OTs) improve client function through facilitating meaningful occupations and activities. The tools that an occupational therapist may use to shape the end goal of achieving client function will vary greatly between different practice areas, but OTs will typically treat factors affecting human occupation such as... • Physical factors (associated with the body), • Cognitive factors (associated with thinking and processing) • Sensory factors (such as touch, visual or auditory feedback) • Visual-perceptual factors (The way that the mind interprets what it sees) Is Technology An Area of Emerging Practice? While occupational therapists are traditionally seen in settings such as hospitals, clinics, schools, skilled nursing facilities and home care, new niche roles are beginning to emerge in the profession. The Collins dictionary defines technology as "methods, systems, and devices which are the result of scientific knowledge being used for practical purposes." While not traditionally considered to be a part of human occupation, technology itself is becoming more prominent in the lives of 21st century Americans. For instance, in 1984 only 8% of US households owned a computer while 56% of spending for home entertainment fell into the digital category in 2016 (Washington Post, 2017). Be sure to check out the Washington Post's interactive graph on how everyday technology has changed through the years. Although the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process (3rd Edition) recently published in 2017 acknowledges technology as an aspect of the virtual environment, technology has become a much bigger player in the average person’s daily life. Many everyday technologies may be considered meaningful, and require the integration of physical, cognitive, sensory, or even visual perceptual factors for successful use and performance. From computers to online communications and household gadgets, technology has become a staple in the modern lifestyle and it is changing our understanding of human occupation. So, OT knows Function...What Role Can the Profession Have in Technology? AOTA defines a piece of assistive technology as“any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities" (Goodrich, 2015).These technologies can range from low-tech devices such as adaptive feeding utensils to high-tech devices such as tablets and augmentative communication devices. Advanced Rehabilitation technology such as robotic therapy, deep brain stimulation, functional electrical stimulation (FES), gaming systems and applications (apps), are typically designed for in-clinic use during traditional therapy sessions or at home use supervised by a therapist.These systems are designed to promote client function by maximizing outcomes in therapy. The BURT, for instance, is an active-assistive therapy tool for upper extremity motor learning that is designed to be integrated easily into the clinical setting. OT is primed for a niche role in the development and design of new technologies such as these. To assess the role of OT in traditional and emerging areas of technology, let’s establishing five valuable skill sets. Pinpointing Five Valuable OT Skill Sets in Technology design and development 1. First-hand Knowledge of our clients and their goals Achieving our client’s goals is always our first priority. No matter what our career setting, from physical rehabilitation to pediatrics, we often times spend the most time with our clients. 2. Inclusive Design and Ergonomic Assessment OTs can apply their knowledge of the clinical environment and ergonomic positioning to technology. for example, How can we meet our client’s needs most effectively? Can the device or aid provide necessary support for the client? 3. Usability and Functionality OTs are trained to analyze innovative solutions to support the daily routine of individual clients. Simplicity as far as ease of use and functionality are cornerstones to creating the best technology solution whether it be a high-tech or low-tech device. 4. Task Grading and Activity Analysis Looking at a piece of adaptive equipment or rehabilitation technology, is it associated directly or indirectly with a meaningful activity? To achieve your client’s goals (for example reaching a kitchen shelf to cook a meal, donning a shirt, etc.) what body functions, anatomical structures and associated motor and processing skills are required? 5. Anatomical and Physiological Knowledge OTs are educated in the fields of human anatomy, cognition, and integrated physiology. They can assess the needs and abilities of an individual client or population to help design a great piece of technology. All of these factors are necessary in designing an effective piece of technology that is both innovative and effective. OTs can apply these skill sets to aid in the design and development of new rehabilitation and assistive technologies, working together with other professionals such as engineers, designers, and product managers to integrate 'function' and 'usability' into a piece of rehabilitation technology. Is Technology the Missing Piece in Occupational Therapy Practice? The World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT) define occupation as "the everyday activities that people do as individuals, in families and with communities to occupy time and bring meaning and purpose to life." Not only is technology changing the world of healthcare and medicine, It is quickly becoming a valued part of human occupation in modern day society. On the one hand a piece of technology might serve as a meaningful activity, on the other hand a valuable treatment tool. Check Out the References Below! Article by Holly Mitchell, MOT, OTR/L Goodrich, B. (2015). The Role of Occupational Therapy in Providing Assistive Technology Devices and Services. Retrieved from https://www.aota.org/About-Occupational-Therapy/Professionals/RDP/assistive-technology.aspx Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process (3rd Edition). (2017). American Journal Of Occupational Therapy68. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2014.682006 What 'tech world' did you grow up in? (2017). Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/entertainment/tech-generations/?utm_term=.f18ce9f27e30 Definition of Technology. Retrieved from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/technology Definition of Occupational Therapy (2010). Retrieved from http://www.wfot.org/AboutUs/AboutOccupationalTherapy/DefinitionofOccupationalTherapy.aspx OT CornerEmily Marsh
I am using this product as a reading guide for my 2and 4 year Olds. My 4 year old absolutely loves it. I adjust our focus based on the knowledge that she already has. As a mom it makes me feel confident that I can teach her how to read. Prior to getting this I didn't know where to start. She already knew her abcs and letter sounds but we are doing the whole course anyway. I am mixing some more challenging lessons in so that she keeps her focus and then we go back to the 'easy stuff' to help her feel successful if she gets frustrated. I will start my 2 year old in a simplified version of the first lesson group in the fall. This product comes highly recommended. Hooked on Phonics is a commercial brand of educational materials, originally designed for reading education through phonetics. First marketed in 1987, it used systematic phonics and scaffolded stories to teach letter–sound correlations (phonics) as part of children's literacy. The program has since expanded to encompass a wide variety of media, including books, computer games, music, videos, and flash cards in addition to books in its materials, as well as to include other subject areas. The target audience for this brand is primarily individuals and home school parents. The product was advertised extensively on television and radio throughout the 1990s. At the very core of phonics lies the alphabet. In order to master phonics a person must master the alphabet. Letters then need to be connected to their corresponding sounds. As we know as English speakers, this is easier said than done. Many letters can represent a number of different sounds. Thus learning phonics is an ongoing process for a developing reader. Children have problem in reading because they are not able to recognize the sounds of the letters of the alphabet in the words they read. Phonics reading will help children to recognize and associate sounds of the letters of the alphabet in the word they read. This will help them to improve in their reading skills and efficiency. In other words, it will be difficult for a child to improve in his reading skills if the teaching of phonics is removed from their curriculum. Simplistic, broad generalizations or “rules” do not work. For example, if we say that silent e signals a long vowel sound all the time, then we have a lot of issues. But if the generalization is made more specific, it is more applicable. For example, the silent e pattern is consistent more than 75 percent of the time in a_e, i_e, o_e, and u_e, but only consistent 16 percent of the time with e_e. Hooked on Phonics®* was broadly marketed on television in the eighties and nineties building a public awareness of phonics and how important it was to “hook” or engage children in education. Hooked on Phonics® provides parents a way to help their kids learn to read using a combination of flash cards, books, and interactive CDs. HOP’s television marketing campaign the 80s and 90s made Hooked On Phonics® a household name.
The Last Passover – Matthew 26:1–35 Read the Passage: Matthew 26:1-35 Blessings and Betrayal (26:1–16) Jesus had predicted His own death numerous times during His ministry (cf. Matt. 12:40; 16:21; 17:22–23; 20:19). Further, many times Christ had eluded the religious leaders’ attempts to capture or to kill Him (cf. Luke 4:29–30; John 10:39). Finally, though, here in this chapter Jesus’ informs His disciples that His time to die—that is, to make atonement for the sins of mankind—was at hand (cf. Matt. 26:18). Clearly, Jesus was in control of His own death, for He had earlier taught, “No one takes it from Me, but I lay it down of Myself. I have power to lay it down, and I have power to take it again” (John 10:18). At Matt. 26:3–5 we learn that the religious leaders had assembled in order to plan Jesus’ death. Ironically, they planned not to kill Christ during the Passover, out of fear of the people; yet, Jesus would die in two days, which demonstrates God’s divine timetable. Matt. 26:6–13 records an event that occurred when Jesus was dining at the home Simon the Leper. Simon the Leper is mentioned nowhere else in Scripture. He was likely a former leper—one of the many whom Jesus had healed—for unclean lepers did not host dinner parties. Matthew reports that a women put “very costly fragrant oil” (Matt. 26:7) on Jesus’ head. Mark notes that the oil cost nearly a years’ wages (cf. Mark 14:3) and John informs us that the woman was Mary, the sister of Martha and Lazarus (cf. John 12:2). John also notes that Mary put the oil on Jesus’ feet and wiped it with her hair. The disciples, especially Judas (cf. John 12:4–6), were apparently incensed at this sacrificial act. Jesus then rebuked the disciples, as He told them this event was in preparation for His burial. Further Christ notes this act will be known wherever the gospel is preached. Preparation and Celebration (26:17–29) Jesus’ rebuke of the disciples was the motivation for Judas to agree to betray Christ for thirty pieces of silver (cf. Matt. 26:14–16), which was the price of a slave (cf. Exod. 21:32; Zech. 11:12). On the next day, which was Thursday, Jesus instructed His disciples to begin making preparations for the Passover. Christ directed his disciples to a certain man, whom He said would be carrying a pitcher of water (cf. Mark 14:13; Luke 22:10), who led them to a large furnished room Jesus would use to observer the Passover. It is likely that Christ had made these arrangements earlier, but kept them secret in order to prevent Judas from betraying Him before the Passover. Note Jesus’ specific claim at Matt. 26:18, “My time is at hand.” It was important to Jesus to celebrate the Passover, for as Paul later wrote, “Christ, our Passover, was sacrificed for us” (1 Cor. 5:7). Matt. 26:20–29 records Jesus’ actual celebration of the Passover meal. At the meal Jesus specifically identified Judas as His betrayer. Mark and Luke do not record Jesus’ dialog with Judas, but Matthew reports that Jesus specifically told Judas He was aware of his betrayal (cf. Matt. 26:25). John notes that at this time Satan entered Judas and Jesus commanded Judas to act quickly (cf. John 13:27). The most important event at the Passover meal is Jesus’ institution of the Lord’s Supper (cf. Matt. 26:26–29). This event, then, was both the last Passover (for, as our sacrifice, Jesus’ fulfilled the Passover) and the first Lord’s Supper. Note, that while Luke (cf. Luke 22:19) and Paul (cf. 1 Cor. 11:24–25) emphasize the retrospective nature of the Lord’s Supper, Matthew and Mark (cf. Mark 14:23–25) emphasize the prospective nature of this ordinance. Prediction and Desertion (26:30–35) After celebrating the Passover, Jesus and the disciples “sung a hymn” (Matt. 26:30), which traditionally would have been Ps. 118. Judas had already departed, before the institution of the Lord’s Supper (cf. John 13:30), although the disciples were uncertain why he left. After this, the disciples retreated with Christ to the Mount of Olives. Here Jesus predicted that all of His disciples would abandon Him that very evening—an event that was only a few hours away. Understandably, the apostles all denied that they would be disloyal to Christ (cf. Matt. 26:35), with Peter even declaring his willingness to die with Jesus. Peter’s forceful declaration prompted Jesus to specifically declare, “Assuredly, I say to you that this night, before the rooster crows, you will deny me three times” (Matt. 26:34). This prophecy would be fulfilled at Matt. 26:69–75. Application Questions: 1. After clearly avoiding the religious leaders attempts to kill Him for over three years, why did Jesus decide to lay down his life at the Passover? 2. How can we reconcile the authorities’ freely devised plan to kill Jesus, with Christ’s claim that He was in control of His own death (cf. John 10:18)? 3. Do you think Mary was aware that her anointing of Jesus was in preparation for His burial? 4. When observing the Lord’s supper are we supposed to focus on what Jesus has done for us or upon what He will do for us? 5. Do you think the disciples were being dishonest in their declaration of loyalty to Jesus? Why did they all later abandon Christ?
Is It Already Over? Last week I met a young man who is about to major in environmental engineering. When he found out I blog about climate change, his first question was, "Is it already over?" Clearly he intended to be provocative. But it was an interesting question from someone about to enter the environmental field. He wanted to talk about solar arrays in space and space elevators. Both are ideas that would in part alter the sun's radiation, preventing it from warming earth. Don't these ideas sound nuts? The National Academy of Sciences agrees, reporting that the idea of increasing the earth's reflectivity so that more sunlight gets bounced back into space is, in their more tempered language, "fraught." "Some of the ideas put forward to block the sun's heat would be far-fetched even in a science fiction novel." What is clear is that climate geoengineering is opening new doors for many career seekers. From scientists with superman complexes, eager to be seen as doing 'cutting edge' work with big important global consequence, to various environmental and other NGO careerists seeking grant support, status and a place at the table. All of the schemes for climate solutions that change the delicate balance between the atmosphere, the ocean and the sun's energy sound deranged. But what if these ideas seduce us into believing that we can continue to rely on carbon-spewing fossil fuels until all the reserves are used up? ... from implementing the straightforward, proven, low-tech, low-risk approaches to saving the planet... like halting deforestation, protecting biodiversity, putting a halt to overconsumption, ending the mining, fracking, clear cutting and burning of the planet... Just as with climate change in the early days, scientists are lining up on either side. The predominance of scientific bodies argues for caution. Their projections show the potential harm, as in the weakening of coral reefs and sea life shells that results from fertilizing the ocean with iron or the projected side effect of sprinkling the atmosphere with sulphates, which scientists say may reduce our rainfall. The most enthusiastic proponents of bioengineering include the fossil fuel companies and their organizations such as the American Enterprise Institute. In 2013, the influential think tank partly funded by ExxonMobil and the Koch brothers, launched a high-profile project to promote "geoengineering," or as the National Geographic defines it, "intentional intervening in the climate system in an attempt to forestall some of the impact of global warming." Shell and ConocoPhillips are investing in geoengineering and using it to buttress their argument that we will don't have to stop using fossil fuels because we will innovate ourselves out of our climate crisis. To an ex-branding person like me, the most telling signal of pro-geoengineering forces' intentions is the re-branding taking place. From the original and now highly controversial "geoengineering" term to a replacement that turned out to be no better -- "climate engineering," the current moniker is the evocative "climate intervention," as though the climate has a problem which only humans can fix. Advocates for "climate intervention" think the best strategy is to alter nature's delicate balance, to address climate change by changing the climate. But it's Mother Earth who has the genius for cleaning up messes, not us. Think of the mushrooms currently used to detoxify superfund sites. Surely we can figure out a similar solution to excessive carbon, one that mimics nature rather than destroying it. Let's attend to our own "intervention" and fix what we can, those behaviors that caused climate change. We won't destroy the earth, just our ability to survive on it. It's our own extinction that's at stake. The solution is not to alter earth's magnificent equilibrium but our own self-destructive behavior. To answer my young friend, no, it's not over. Photo courtesy of photophilde via Flickr CC
COMMODORE PERRY IN THE LAND OF THE SHOGUN by Rhoda Blumberg (Lothrop, Lee & Shepard: $13; 144 pp.; age 9 up). When "Sarah, Plain and Tall" by Patricia MacLachlan (Harper & Row) was named winner of the 1986 Newbery Medal, the award committee also named two Honor Books, one a novel set in the modern Arctic, and the other an account of Japan during the 19th Century. "Commodore Perry" is a handsome coffee tablelike book, rich with Japanese art and history that will appeal as much to a child's visual pleasure as anything else. In scholarly but not intimidating prose, Blumberg recounts how, in 1853, four U.S. naval ships with 560 men anchored near the fishing village of Shimoda, to the terror of its natives who called the Americans "hairy barbarians." What follows are delicious details about this isolated nation which at the time was in its Tokugawa Period: a medieval feudal society where customs, laws and fashions hadn't changed for 250 years, and where foreigners were barred. After Perry's delicate negotiations, a treaty was signed, and the two cultures could finally mingle with mutual curiosity. These pages and margins are gracefully filled with drawings done by artists from the Perry expedition as well as reproductions from Japanese scrolls. A bibliography, five appendices, notes and index plump this into a fine volume worthy of anyone's bookshelf, child or adult. The other Newbery honoree, Dogsong by Gary Paulsen (Bradbury: $11.95; 177 pp.; age 12 up), tells of a 14-year-old Eskimo boy who rejects his snowmobile culture in search of the ancient truths known by his ancestors. He embarks on an epic journey north using only the team of sled dogs and primitive weapons of Oogruk, his blind mentor who chooses to remain behind on an ice floe to die. Oogruk's teachings are the key to Russell's survival where nothing matters but "shelter and food and heat and comfort." As he lets the dogs lead him across ice fields and under skies colored with northern lights he remembers Oogruk words: "It isn't the destination that counts, it is the journey. That is what life is . . . Pay attention to the journey." Hypnotic, spare prose matches the rhythm of Russell's quest which is filled with mystical and mythical images that guide the boy to his own "song." The yearning for self knowledge is described with beautiful precision as is life in Arctic wilderness, something the author knows well. At the time of "Dogsong" publication, he was running his own sled team, for the second time, in the 1,049-mile Iditarod race across Alaska. Copyright © 2019, Los Angeles Times EDITION: California \| U.S. & World
Why Does Clomid Sometimes Fail To Achieve Pregnancy? Infertility-South Jersey, Best Fertility Treatment Clomid (clomiphene citrate) has been available since the mid 1960’s for treatment of ovulation disorders. It was originally being investigated as a contraceptive pill when investigators found that it enhanced the process of ovulation. Since the 1960’s there has been ample opportunity to study Clomid and its effects on fertility. Clomid works by attaching to estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. This results in increased production of the two pituitary stimulating hormones, FSH and LH. These two hormones act on the ovary to initiate or augment the process of ovulation by direct stimulation of the ovarian follicles. These effects on the ovary are all beneficial. However, Clomid also has effects on other tissues in the body which are not beneficial in terms of improving fertility potential. Specifically, Clomid often decreases the production of cervical mucous which decreases the capacity for sperm to through the cervical canal and into the uterus. It does not affect every woman in this way; however it is difficult to determine who will experience this adverse effect and who will not. Daily inspection of the cervical mucous might provide some insight into this issue, but this approach would usually require multiple visits and provide less than perfect information due to the subjective nature of cervical mucous assessment. Many clinicians address this potential problem by recommending intra-uterine insemination in patients on Clomid. This technique involves direct placement of washed sperm into the uterine cavity and thereby diminishes the role of cervical mucous, in essence bypassing cervical mucous altogether. In addition Clomid has been shown to thin the lining of the uterine cavity as a result of direct anti-estrogenic actions on the uterine cell lining. Once again, while this is a known Clomid effect, for many patients it does not seem to be significant and they achieve successful pregnancy in spite of this change in the lining. For patients who ovulate on Clomid but fail to conceive, it is suspected that this effect on the uterine lining may be the explanation. Without a trial of using Clomid, it is nearly impossible to determine if this “thinning” of the uterine lining will prevent achievement of successful pregnancy in a given patient. Patients often ask why Clomid is used at all in light of the known potential negative effects on processes of fertilization and implantation. The answer is that Clomid is an oral medication and therefore easy to use. In addition, the multiple birth rate of Clomid is 10%, consisting mostly of twins. Alternative ovulation stimulating medications (gonadotropins) are administered only by injection, and have a 20% chance of causing a multiple birth. Once again, most of the multiple births are twins, however an occasional “high order” multiple birth such as triplets may occasionally occur with these agents. Therefore, in most situations Clomid or a similar oral medication remains the first line of treatment before moving on to the use of gonadotropins. For ovulation problems, studies indicate that success will be achieved with Clomid in approximately 50% of patients, given that no other identifiable problems exist. Because of its potential to resolve ovulation related infertility problems with reduced potential for multiple births compared to injectable gonadotropins, Clomid remains the first choice for managing most ovulation disorders. Voorhees, New Jersey Dr. Louis R. Manara Get Directions Our Friendly Staff Is Ready to Answer Your Questions! Email Us * Denotes required field To: Dr. Louis R. Manara From (email)*: Dear Dr. Louis R. Manara, Please call me at at your earliest convenience. Expand to Personalize Your Message
Video: Evaluating Algebraic Fractions Involving Decimal Numbers Bethani Gasparine If 𝑚 = 21.4, 𝑝 = 23.4 and 𝑛 = 9, evaluate (𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝑝)/𝑝 to the nearest tenth. Video Transcript If 𝑚 equals twenty-one point four, 𝑝 equals twenty-three point four, and 𝑛 equals nine, evaluate 𝑚 plus 𝑛 plus 𝑝 all divided by 𝑝 to the nearest tenth. In order to evaluate our expression, 𝑚 plus 𝑛 plus 𝑝 divided by 𝑝, we need to take our values for 𝑚, 𝑝, and 𝑛 and plug those into our expression. We will replace 𝑚 with the value twenty-one point four. Replace 𝑛 with the value nine. And replace both 𝑝’s with the value twenty-three point four. Now we need to simplify. First we need to add all the numbers on our numerator to simplify our numerator. The numerator is the top portion of your fraction, so let’s add twenty-one point four plus nine plus twenty-three point four. This results in fifty-three point eight. divided by twenty-three point four, which equals two point two nine nine one four five three. However, it tells us to round to the nearest tenth. The first place value to the right of the decimal is our tenths place. So when it says to round to the nearest tenth, our final answer should be ending in a tenths place. So we need to decide how to round. We must look at the place value to the right of the one that we’re rounding to in order to decide whether to keep our two a two or two rounded up to a three. So we look at the hundredths place. That’s where the nine is. Number zero through four would keep the two the same. Numbers five through nine would make the two round up to a three. So since nine is our- in our hundredth place and we’re rounding to the tenths place, our two will turn into a three. So our final answer is two point three.
Nixon Peabody Bank of America You are here: Home > Education > Current Article Balbien: Game theory can reform health care industry By / Friday, June 8th, 2018 / Comments Off on Balbien: Game theory can reform health care industry Print Email Joel Balbien By Joel Balbien Economists use game theory to model interactions among patients and doctors where there is strategic behavior by agents who understand that their actions affect the actions of others. It is assumed that each agent has a best response to the actions of all other players, and that this can lead to predictable outcome in the marketplace, often referred to as a Nash equilibrium. Some games can be used to model medical consultations where non-cooperative solutions can prevail. Game theory also is used by economists to address market failures caused by highly concentrated health insurance, hospital or prescription drug markets, and externalities like pollution that can impact human health. In this context, a game consists of a set of utility- or profit-maximizing agents, a set of strategies for each agent and payoffs to each agent for every possible list of strategy choices by the other agents. In addition, microeconomic theory can provide guidance to policymakers on the type of rules and regulations governing market behavior that are likely to promote beneficial competition and economic efficiency, improve patient outcomes and reduce the growing cost burden of the health care sector on the U.S. economy and its competitiveness. So, what guidance can microeconomic and game theories provide about reforming the U.S. health care system? First, reforms should focus on shifting the entire therapeutic services supply chain from pay-for-service to pay-for-outcomes (PFO). Therapies resulting in bad outcomes would receive a zero price, which is analogous to consumers purchasing defective products. A PFO pricing policy would be focused on achieving cost-effective management, reversal or cures for chronic diseases like Type I and II diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which generate more than 85 percent of all health care expenditures, according to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Outcome spectrums for prescription drug therapy, biomedical devices and surgical procedures would be screened, categorized and legally defined in advance of Food and Drug Administration or other regulatory approval of therapies. The opioid epidemic would be brought under control because there would be no reimbursement of drug companies for bad outcomes, including long-term opioid addiction. Mandatory reporting of outcome frequencies across therapies and service providers globally would enhance transparency, help identify best practices and improve decision-making by all stakeholders and patients. Ultimately, PFO could restructure the health care industry into more of a software-as-a-service model, where early genetic screening, gene therapy and lifestyle coaching minimize the lifetime costs of sustaining a healthy population. Secondly, reforms should reduce or eliminate price discrimination. Firms charging different prices to different customers for identical products or services is pandemic throughout the health care industry. Service providers could be required to charge only two prices — a near-zero price for both the indigent and bad outcomes, and one price it chooses for everyone else, whether insured or uninsured, young or old, foreign or domestic. No doubt, the resulting transparency, competitive pressures and arbitrage opportunities from wide adoption of a one-price rule in health care would drive prices closer to costs across the sector and stimulate innovation as firms and entrepreneurs sharpen their product focus and market-entry strategies. Finally, successful health insurance industry reform requires minimizing asymmetric information between stakeholders, particularly with respect to patient compliance with prescribed therapies. By integrating learning algorithms, biometric authentication and noninvasive sensors such as fitness trackers, infrared-based monitors and smart pill dispensers, moral hazards and adverse selection issues can be addressed. As a result, a highly competitive national health insurance market can emerge with two pricing tiers available to all policyholders regardless of age or medical preconditions. A higher premium tier would be for free-spirited consumers not interested in compliance and associated monitoring, while a lower premium would be available for the majority of consumers willing to implement and verify compliance with a recommended dietary, exercise, and/or prescription regimen. Applied well, microeconomic and game theory can provide guidelines for successful reform of the health care industry. Print Email You might also like... Montecito hedge fund victim awarded $710,000 Read More →
Justice Reinvestment: Tackling The Problems Behind Offending There has been a doubling of inmates in prison over the past 30 years, with Indigenous and young people being amongst the groups most affected by the constant move towards punitive measures. But the prison system has attracted a lot of criticism in recent years, with opponents arguing that it comes at a high cost to taxpayers whilst doing little to break the cycle of offending. Some even suggest that prison acts as a ‘training ground’ for inmates to learn new criminal skills. Such criticism has led policy makers, community groups and other organisations to develop new methods for tackling offending, many of which focus on addressing the socio-economic reasons behind crime. Justice Reinvestment is an initiative that aims to shift spending away from the prison system and towards addressing the underlying factors behind criminal conduct. It has already been implemented with great success in some US states, and is currently being trialled in several regional centres within New South Wales. What is Justice Reinvestment? Justice Reinvestment involves using statistical and other data to identify individuals and communities who have a greater risk of offending. By analysing the demographics and characteristics of high-risk groups in particular areas, organisations backing the Justice Reinvestment program can develop tailor-made programs, services and other support mechanisms to assist those communities and steer people away from the criminal justice system. It involves a community-based approach – working alongside community groups to better understand the factors that drive crime and thereby determine how funding can best be spent to address those problems. For instance, some Justice Reinvestment programs have reduced the likelihood of people engaging in crime by: • increasing community spending on early childhood education, • developing programs that encourage young people to attend school, and • providing support and assistance to disadvantaged people to enable them to gain stable employment and housing. In Australia, it is hoped that such initiatives will help address the appalling overrepresentation of Indigenous and Torres Strait Islanders within the criminal justice system, particularly youths. While Indigenous people comprise just 2.2% of the total population, they represent more than 50% of youths held in custody. And it costs the taxpayer up to a whopping $650 to keep each young person in custody for a single day! Proponents of Justice Reinvestment argue that this money is better spent in developing long-term solutions which strengthen communities and encourage people to learn lifelong skills to assist them in the future. Targets are set to ascertain any particular program’s success in terms of a reducing crime, and spending is monitored, accounted for and regularly audited. It is hoped that data collected from Justice Investment initiatives will be used to shape government policy and to similarly divert spending towards addressing the underlying causes of crime, rather than throwing money at the prison system. How has it worked elsewhere? Australia’s Justice Reinvestment program is built upon a program implemented with great success in the United States. In the USA, Justice Reinvestment has been implemented in a total of 30 states. In Travis County in Texas, the a shortage of adequate public housing was recognised as a driving force to crime for many years. The Justice Reinvestment program there funnelled funding away from the prison system and into appropriate housing. This involved a co-ordinated effort between various community organisations and bodies, such as county sheriffs, courts, health services and housing advocates in order to provide housing to former prisoners and support them in reintegrating within the community. Together with complementary educational and support initiatives, the County has seen a substantial drop in rates of reoffending. Meanwhile in Australia, a research project is currently being conducted by leading universities to examine the likely effectiveness of similar ‘needs-based’ programs here. In Cowra, a town in central western New South Wales, a team led by Dr Jill Guthrie from the National Centre for Indigenous Studies at ANU has focussed on identifying factors which could reduce incarceration in the area. This ongoing 3 year project has involved identifying measures to encourage youth involvement within the community and developing programs to prevent youth from coming into contact with the criminal justice system. In Bourke, a north-western New South Wales town famed for its high crime rates, a group of community based organisations has banded together to trial a justice reinvestment program in the community over the next two years. The program aims to address the entrenched disadvantage suffered by Indigenous persons by developing an accountability framework, as well as a mechanism to ensure that support programs and services are continued into the future. Thus far, the programs have apparently been well received by policy makers and communities. Hopefully, this positive reception will see programs being implemented across the country in the near future and result in the reduction in incarceration rates. For more blog posts on current legal issues, see our regularly updated blog page. Ugur Nedim Ugur Nedim
Understanding the Mesophotic Zone Image: Temperature loggers after two years left at 60 metres and 80 metres depth I’m Norbert Englebert, a PhD candidate in my final year at UQ working on mesophotic or “twilight zone” coral reef communities. My interest in this largely unexplored and understudied area of coral reef ecology started seven years ago during both of my MSc projects in the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef focussing on physiology and genetics of light-dependent corals that occur over large depth ranges. At the start of my PhD, it became clear to me how little understanding we actually have about the biodiversity and extent of mesophotic reefs, especially in the depth range of 60-100 m, and the role these deep reefs may play for the overall reef ecology. Limiting factors for light-dependent coral communities During the very first Catlin Seaview Survey expedition to the Great Barrier Reef in 2012, we had the opportunity to visit multiple locations along the outer reefs to look at the depth distribution of light-dependent coral communities and answer questions about what types of coral, if any, survive and thrive in these light limited environments. Finding out that a surprisingly diverse array of light-dependent corals exist in these deeper regions, up to depths of 125 m for the Great Barrier Reef, fascinated me and threw up a whole lot more questions. One of the key questions I would like to answer is what are the limiting factors determining these depth distribution limits for light-dependent coral. This question is quite complex as it might be a combination of different factors, such as temperature, light availability, sedimentation and substrate availability, acting in isolation or together to influence coral survival. Deploying long-term temperature loggers To determine if temperature regimes on the deep reef are a major factor limiting the depth distribution for corals on the GBR, we decided to try and record the water temperatures to which these deep coral communities get exposed to. Deploying long-term temperature loggers on the reef down to 100m is really challenging as this can only be done by remotely operated vehicles (ROV’s). Myself and Dr Pim Bongaerts spent many weeks developing methods and means to be able to deploy these long term temperature loggers on our main study sites. And during the Catlin Seaview Survey expeditions of 2012 we were able to deploy all temperature logger stands successfully with the ROV. Revisiting the deep reef This year’s fortuitous partnership with the Waitt Foundation enabled us to return to several of our study sites on the northern Great Barrier Reef. We revisited our main study sites at Great Detached Reef, Tijou Reef and Yonge Reef during a wonderful two-week expedition. Thanks to great weather in the far northern section, and a small window of opportunity at Yonge Reef (the wind died down for a couple hours), we were able to deploy the ROV at the exposed windward sides of the reefs to retrieve our temperature loggers that have been recording for a 15-month period. Retrieving the loggers was very tricky with all the loggers completely overgrown by sponges and algae. But great team work from the boat crew, ROV pilot, and good preparation of exactly where to find the loggers on these extensive reefs, resulted in successful retrieval of all loggers deployed in 2012. Now the next step will be to analyse the retrieved temperature data and combine it with the coral depth distribution data to see if temperature (e.g. cold oceanic water influxes) might be a limiting factor for coral distribution for our study sites on the Great Barrier Reef.
How Social Media Impedes Empathy How often a day do you check your phone? Is it Instagram notifying you that you have 250 likes on your selfie rather than 249? Is it that Facebook group chat that is always arguing about politics? Or is that news page reporting the tragic occurrence of another mass shooting striking fear into our hearts. Over the past two decades, social media has developed at an alarming pace, constantly upgrading to allow for the quickest way to spread information. Today, we are granted unlimited access to every database, website, and individualized profile with the press of a button. Didn’t think this kind of power came with a price? Unfortunately, it does. Every human being possesses a trait called empathy which allows us to account for another person’s feelings, emotions, or experiences. Without empathy, it would be difficult to uphold a successful community for communication, cooperation, love and compassion would not exist. It is a vital trait for humanity to have; and yet it seems to be suffering since the emergence of technology. Studies show that technology and social media obstruct empathy in human beings, creating a generation of people who experience difficulty with putting themselves in another person’s shoes. Social Media vs. Empathy Social media has made forming connections with people across the world easier and more doable than ever before. It’s easy to think that these new connections would allow for an overall better understanding of one another, - it seems to hold the opposite effect. So then how does social media impede empathy? There are a few reasons that answer this question: We Witness the Same Experiences Over and Over Again Compassion fatigue is a common phenomenon in which an individual becomes numb to tragic incidents as a result of frequently seeing it. Our brains can only handle so much emotional stress and when we have constant access to these traumas, they become so overbearing that our brains actually shut them out. This phenomenon has always existed; however, the emergence of technology has only enhanced it, since it is always accessible to us. Every day there is a new notification on our cellphones by some news sources informing us of yet another tragic mass shooting clouding our hearts. If we go on Twitter or Facebook we see people endlessly writing out their inconveniences and problems. When we see this over and over again we begin to lose the ability to feel empathy. The Role of Other People and Groups There is a natural disposition in human beings that crave being “right”. Social media can actually build upon this feeling through confirmation bias. Confirmation bias is defined as a way of processing information through the groups and people whose beliefs coincide with yours. It has been observed that human beings are generally more empathic and understanding when conversing face to face with another individual. In this environment there is no pressure to please a large group of people and ideas are exchanged civilly. However, according to Emily Bruneau, a neuroscientist at MIT, empathy often falters when these individuals identify with a group that holds a certain ideology and belief. This is common on social media where individuals constantly seek confirmation. Once that confirmation is found within a large pool of users, it becomes easy to demonize other groups that do not comply with their beliefs. This promotes constant arguing online where progress cannot be made due to the lack of empathy. Social Media Effect on Self Esteem Living in a socially upstanding society, there is a pressure placed on individuals to strive for perfection. For decades society has created unrealistic expectations of the perfect image that involves factors such as beauty, success, intelligence, and relationships. Although it is known that most of these factors are exaggerated and edited to perfection, human beings still compare themselves to others for validation. With the addition of social media, the need for comparison is greater than ever before because individuals are witnessing “perfection” in the image of people who are “just like them”. These are not the posts of highly paid models or brilliant billionaires that people see. Instead people are comparing themselves to the posts of classmates, coworkers, family members and acquaintances. Social media allows individuals to place “filters” on their lives so that they can show the version of themselves they want to be perceived as. In this way, humanity loses its authenticity and suddenly everything an individual does is not good enough if someone else’s post implies they are doing better. Humanity lacks the comfort of failure and imperfection which causes individuals to hold a negative self-image. Cyberbullying: The Consequences of Hiding Behind a Screen Cyberbullying displays the dangers of social media usage and how this platform can sometimes give users the security to pass judgement on others without thought. Today we are warned of what could happen when cyberbullying is taken too far through the tragic losses and mental detriment of its victims. Then why does the phenomena still exist? Social media has inadvertently made passing judgments on others the societal norm and it has become more frequent and personal. Posts that receive the most views poke fun at embarrassing and negative moments, giving the impression that another person’s misery is funny. Studies show that judging others is an involuntary response that is done without thought and that individuals who lack a positive self-image are more likely to judge negatively about others. Social media enhances these involuntary thoughts due to online accepted practices. Ultimately, since individuals lack self-confidence from social networking, people defend themselves through negatively judging others. How to be more Empathic while using social media Social media has a large impact on our brains and it’s important to acknowledge this. Once we are able to understand the negative consequences we can make the choice to move in a more positive direction. Studies and experiments have displayed that practicing mindfulness has a significant effect on increasing empathy and confidence in individuals. A key factor about mindfulness is self-empathy where we must learn and understand our own emotions to enable us to make empathic connections to others. For more information on mindfulness and ways to practice it, refer back to the blog post Why Mindfulness Isn’t New which can also be found through accessing As for social media, sometimes it is wise to take a step back. It can be beneficial to log out for a few hours and tune into what is happening right in front of you. In this way, it becomes possible to have genuine interactions with those around you, allowing you to listen, understand, be heard and build upon empathy. Enter your email below!
How plumbing works video Posted on 21.06.2018 by Sasha Plumbing work rohtak in haryana. Once, you know how your plumbing system works, you can and call a plumber, and have a good chance of explaining the problem. Obviously, this is to be used as a learning tool to visualize how plumbing estimate works. Plumbing vents are an important part of plumbing drainage systems. How plumbing works video When we say joints in the plumbing world, we're talking about connections between pipes of like or unlike materials. How to Install a Front Load Washer. It makes sense to learn the basics of home plumbing works. The search results are returned by relevance, if the results does not match, try another specific keyword. How to recover your farm using Facebook. The typical household vent and drainage system features two interconnected piping systems. But first, before I go into that I should talk about the types of joints that you have. Is a question which is often seen on internet forums, and it is a very good question for a newbie to ask. A R services all types of plumbing works. Plumbing problems can usually be handled by homeowners. You almost certainly don't understand how your plumbing works, and that's fine. I'm busy working on my blog posts. How Plumbing Works in the Home.
Poisonous Customers hop to the aid of Peru’s forests. An innovative frog-exporting business is a new departure for the private-Poisonous frog-exporting from Perulending arm of the World Bank, writes Demetri Sevastopulo, Financial Times (London, May 3, 2003, Saturday USA Edition 1) They may not have studied at Harvard Business School but the International Finance Corporation’s latest recruits are doing more than their fair share to promote sustainable development. Decked out in vivid colours, the tiny amphibians at the private-lending arm of the World Bank are poison-dart frogs. Known as Epipedobates and Dendrobates, they are part of a business model to protect Peruvian rainforests. The IFC and a local partner are establishing a frog ranching and export business. “We are promoting sustainable cultivation of poison-dart frogs for export so local people can earn a better living from conserving the forest than cutting it down,” said Sam Keller, the IFC officer responsible for the project. The move reflects a new trend in the way the IFC does business. Other projects in the pipeline include a catch-and-release eco-tourism fly-fishing venture in Mongolia. “The IFC used to fulfil its mission largely by providing financing for private-sector projects in developing countries when few other institutions would do so,” said Mr. Keller. “But now we are trying to identify activities that provide environmental and social benefits while enhancing the bottom line.” Using a technique developed by German biologist Rainer Schulte, fanners, or campesinos, attach half-cut plastic bottles to trees, filling them with water to create breeding pools in which frogs deposit tadpoles hatched from the females’ eggs. Subsistence farmers can earn more selling frogs to pet markets than selling trees to loggers. Campesinos generally earn $50 a month but the IFC hopes to boost their income to $115. In the process, it estimates it can save 3,000 hectares of forest. The genesis for the project came from Dutch biologist Jan Post, who stumbled on the potential of frogs. After buying his daughter five less exotic frogs, she bred them into 100 that she sold at an amphibian day in Baltimore, Maryland. “By 4pm she had sold the whole lot for $750.” Mr. Post noted that poison-dart frogs, more difficult to breed, fetched higher prices. He then developed the project, working with Mr. Schulte, before bringing it to the IFC to obtain finance. The project won the World Bank’s Innovation in the Marketplace award. Sabrina Bimer, a biodiversity business consultant who did research for the IFC, said: “They (poison-dart frogs) range in price from $40 to $120.” Rarer species can fetch as much as $200. The largest market outside the US is Germany, where there are an estimated 10,000 frog enthusiasts. Frogs & Forests, as the IFC-backed business is called, is steering clear of the seamier side of the trade in rare animals. Less highly principled entrepreneurs supply pet lovers in the developed world with protected species and have links with criminal networks. Under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, trading the frogs is only permitted as long as the population is sustained. The IFC estimates the trade in smuggled poison-dart frogs is as much as $2m a year. Mr. Keller said a benefit of the IFC project is that it would help reverse a declining population. “We should be able to capture a fair amount of the legal market share and displace a considerable amount of the illegal trade because we are a low-cost producer and consumers prefer to buy legally imported frogs if they are available,” said Mr. Keller. Poison-dart frogs are so named because of the tribal practice, which still exists in parts of Colombia, of extracting their toxin for darts that are shot from blowpipes to kill animals. The frogs can easily adapt to urban life. When removed from their natural habitat they lose their toxicity and pose no threat to their owners. Leave a Reply
"Van Cortlandt House is Bronx Colonial History" AntiqueWeek (June 24, 2013) The Bronx is often overlooked in the history of Colonial New York, but for many years the landmarks made up a big part of its charm. The old taverns and battlefields, not to mention the fields and streams, were visited by New Yorkers in search of novelty and fresh air. By the 1890s, development was overrunning these places. The Van Cortlandt House, 1748-49, in the northern Bronx, was one of the few Colonial buildings to be saved. It was fixed up and furnished, and opened to the public in 1897, as the city’s first historic house museum. The Van Cortlandts were an established and influential family. Oloff Stevense Van Cortlandt (d 1684) emigrated from the Netherlands to New Amsterdam in 1638. He began buying land three years later. At the end of his life he was rated the fourth richest man in the colony. He held various positions in the Colonial government and helped to negotiate the Dutch surrender to the English in 1664. In 1691, his youngest son Jacobus (b. 1658-1740) married Evah, who was the step-daughter of Frederick Philipse. It was from Philipse that Jacobus Van Cortlandt acquired the first parcels of land that became the family’s Bronx estate. A few years after Jacobus’ death, his only son Frederick (b. 1699) began building (in his words) “a large stone dwelling house on the plantation on which I live.” The house seems snug by our standards of suburban spaciousness, but back then it represented the good life. There are two parlors, two bedrooms, and two smaller rooms on the third floor. The family had a taste for comfortable living, and towards the end of the century, they built an addition in the back that was used as a dining room. There are not many items on view that belonged to the Van Cortlandt family. Instead their story is the framework for a museum of domestic life in the years before the American Revolution. Some of the Colonial furniture was based on English pattern books. In the East Parlor (the “best room,” judging by the fine marble mantel), the furniture is Rococo, a style that was popular in the North American colonies, beginning in the 1750s. Among the pieces in this style are a piecrust tea table and Chippendale chairs. The Chippendale card table, 1760, by a New York furniture maker, is one of the few pieces in the house that belonged to the Van Cortlandt family. The room is simply decorated with portraits and a porcelain garniture on the mantel. The few candlesticks suggest how dark the house was after sundown. The house also has the sort of old family pieces that were preserved for generations, often in the back bedroom or second parlor. The East Bed Chamber illustrates the custom of holding on to things long after they have passed from fashion. Some of the pieces, like the William and Mary chest of drawers, 1710-1730, antedate the construction of the house, and give an idea of the furniture that the family brought with them when they moved in. The suggestion of inherited things is also reflected in the West Parlor, which was used as the family dining room. The furniture includes a gate-leg table, which must have seemed a little quaint after the emergence of the pedestal dining table. It is shown here set for dinner, though between meals it was folded up and pushed against the wall. There is also a kas, a traditional Dutch cupboard that was made in the Hudson River Valley, circa 1700. The Van Cortlandt family lived in the house for 140 years. In 1889, they donated it with the surrounding land—an estate of more than 70 acres—to the city to create a park. It took many generations to transform the house into the museum it is today. But during those early days, when the house sat empty, its future unknown, it was the National Society of Colonial Dames in the State of New York who persuaded city hall that the house should become a museum. The ladies who belonged to the Colonial Dames wanted to preserve the traditions of Colonial America. Genealogically, that period was not so very remote. For the senior members, the mid-18th century was the world of their grandparents and great-grandparents. They may not have known the men and women of that generation, but they were raised with relations who had. All the ladies had deep roots in Colonial New York, and some were descended from the Van Cortlandt family. In that closed, endogamous society, memories were kept alive with old letters and keepsakes, and a thorough knowledge of bloodlines. Eligibility to the Colonial Dames depended on descent from an officeholder in Colonial government or man of exceptional accomplishment. A list was drawn up of notable governors, justices, and military men. One omission was Frederick Van Cortlandt, whose public service was limited to a brief turn in the local militia. His father Jacobus and grandfather Oloff Stevense were, however, on the list. Mrs. Howard Townsend, who was the president of the New York chapter, was descended from 19 Colonial eminences. Even more impressive was the family tree of Mrs. Morris Patterson Ferris, a formidable matron who was prominent in the cause of Colonial preservation. It counted 29 authorized ancestors. The ladies wanted to preserve a house that was known to their forbears. There was another, less insular reason for founding a museum of Colonial history. Ethnically, the city’s population was changing. The immigrants who came to New York during this period brought with them their own traditions and did not necessarily feel any connection to the city’s Anglo-Dutch heritage. For this heritage to survive it was necessary to preserve the records and monuments of the 17th and 18th centuries. The Colonial Dames was one of the many patriotic associations that flourished at the turn of the century. The Daughters of the American Revolution (D.A.R) were founded in 1890, a year before the Colonial Dames, and were already their most important rival. The Daughters of Colonial Wars, the Colonial Daughters of the Seventeenth Century, and the Daughters of Holland Dames were some of the less well known groups. These groups were a soft target for the press, with newspapers running frequent stories on their conflation of social status and civic duty. “The formation of another colonial society,” wrote a social columnist, in 1894, “shows that patriotism is by no means wanting in the smart set of New-York.” One wit even recommended some new names, including "Colonial Crones." The irreverence seems unkind in light of the many important preservation projects undertaken by these groups. In the case of the Colonial Dames, some of the blame must be borne by the ladies themselves. They did not conceal their odd customs and fantasies, with the result that they usually made the news for all the wrong reasons. Their parties were held to commemorate obscure anniversaries. Menus were based on family recipes and served in the old family silver. In extreme cases the guests wore Colonial costume. There was poetry, too. Mrs. Ferris went so far as to publish her rhymes, which evoked the faraway days of Dutch rule, when New Amsterdam was a “queer strange land with funny redmen.” The restoration of the Van Cortlandt House was less newsworthy. The project was a tribute to the steely force of good manners. A delegation of Colonial Dames went to Albany (the state capitol) to meet with the governor and legislators. Historic preservation was, at this time, largely a matter for private initiative, and the government officials were happy to accede to the Colonial Dames’ plans. City Hall was also supportive, and granted the association a 25-year lease in exchange for assuming the renovation and operating costs. It took a little more than a year to convert the house into a museum. From April 1896, when they obtained the lease, to the following May, they fixed up the house, furnishing it with 2,000 objects from the Colonial and Revolutionary era. At a time when the Metropolitan Museum of Art was being endowed with the most fantastic treasures, the Dames were busy gathering up old punch bowls and spinning wheels. Many objects were heirlooms; hence the confident and sometimes fanciful histories provided by the donors. The Van Cortlandt House was formally opened as a museum on May 28, 1897. Representatives of the many patriotic societies attended as did the mayor and lieutenant governor. A military band played the “Star- Spangled Banner” and a pastor of the local Dutch Church offered prayers. The New York Times was outspoken in its support. The new museum was proof that the city’s history “did not begin, as has sometimes in the neighborhood of City Hall been practically held, with the Irish Famine of 1846, nor with the German revolutions of 1848.” The installation of the house has changed since those early days. Originally, there was an emphasis on association items. There were many artifacts related to George Washington, who used the house as his headquarters during the Revolution. One prized exhibit was a bed that he had slept in, though this turned out to be not exactly true. It was not a bed he slept in at the Van Cortlandt House or anyplace else; likewise for the Mount Vernon chairs and pewter platters—spurious relics all, with no connection to Washington or the Van Cortlandts. The West Bed Chamber was the room occupied by Washington. His presence is suggested today not by odds and ends of doubtful provenance but by the sort of fashionable furnishings he would have found when he retired for the night. A kneehole dressing table (a Van Cortlandt heirloom) and a Worcester tea service are some of the most stylish things in the house. At a time when textiles were the costliest part of decorating, en suite upholstery was affordable only by the wealthiest. Here a blue and white fabric of a pattern popular during the 18th century is used for the bed hangings and furniture. The modern reproduction was made using the traditional resist- dyeing technique. There is also a greater awareness of the people who made the Van Cortlandts’ life so comfortable. The family employed many servants and farm workers, most of who lived in out-buildings on the estate. They were also slave owners, a fact that went unmentioned in the early guidebooks. On the third floor, across the landing from the nursery, is a room believed to have been used as both a bedroom and a lumber room. It has unfinished walls and no fireplace. It must have been bleak when furnished with a servant’s meager possessions. The Van Cortlandt House, under the direction of the Colonial Dames, continues to charm and instruct. It can be reached from midtown Manhattan by a 45 minute subway ride. Writer and Researcher Amy Gale Museums Writing Samples amygale@amygale.com 212-787-5971
Cane River Test \| Mid-Book Test - Hard Lalita Tademy Buy the Cane River Lesson Plans Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________ Short Answer Questions 1. What is Clement planning to deliver to Narcisse on his trip in Chapter 13? 2. What upsets Oreline about her aunt's actions to get money? 3. What is returned to Tessier that keeps him from selling Clement to Narcisse? 4. What role is difficult for Eugene in Chapter 9? 5. What does Suzette say about the relationship between Doralise and Philippe? Short Essay Questions 1. What does Philomene say to Clement in Chapter 12 when he tells her he traveled by boat to visit her? 2. What remark does Suzette make concerning Doralise's relationship with Eugene? 3. What does Suzette ask Oreline to do, and what is Oreline's response? 4. What does Suzette immediately do when Francoise dies? 5. What does Oreline say upon learning of Suzette's pregnancy, and what is Suzette's response? 6. What does Narcisse ask Tessier concerning Clement? 7. With whom is Suzette enamored, but what is her mother's response to that? 8. How does Philomene feel about Narcisse's marriage? 9. What is Suzette's job in the household, and how does that affect her life? 10. What does Suzette ask Doralise concerning Gerant, and what is Doralise's reply? Essay Topics Write an essay for ONE of the following topics: Essay Topic 1 Discuss the following: Define plot and include the definitions of the most important elements of a plot. Do all novels have a plot? Why or why not? Write a brief synopsis of the plot of Cane River, identifying where the various elements of the plot occur (Exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution or denouement). Do you find it difficult to identify the plot? Why or why not? What about the various elements of the plot? Give a brief synopsis of any important sub-plots. Essay Topic 2 Emily's reaction to Joseph's decision to move her out is a testament of her determination and pride. She insists that the children dress in their best clothing and she shows no sign of anger to the men who are moving her possessions. Do you think Emily’s behavior is healthy or is it another indication of being oppressed? Why or why not? Use examples from Cane River to support your response. Essay Topic 3 Discuss the following: Identify the protagonists of the story and why you believe they are such. Identify the antagonists of the story and why you believe they are such. Which three secondary characters have the greatest impact on the plot? Which, if any, characters are not essential to the story? Explain. (see the answer keys) This section contains 745 words (approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page) Buy the Cane River Lesson Plans Cane River from BookRags. (c)2019 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved. Follow Us on Facebook
Title Searches by Msgr. Robert L. Stern Before buying land, it’s wise to have a title search made. A specialized company researches the history of that parcel of land to make sure that no others have valid claims on it. A title search report in New York City may chronicle purchases, trades, and bequests going back to an old Dutch farm in New Amsterdam. Now, from where did that Dutch title come? In 1626, Peter Minuet, director general of the Dutch province of New Netherland, purchased Manhattan Island from local Indians. Did the Indians have title to the island? Did they even think of ownership of land as the Europeans? Probably they thought in terms of using the land, not owning it. We are governed by laws. But, if you go back far enough, at some point people acquired land without legal title. Perhaps the land was vacant, and they began to use and hold it. Perhaps they seized it from somebody else who was there first! Many contemporary controversies concern land titles. Unfortunately, the news media usually aren’t much interested in title searches. Take Kuwait, for example. In the early 18th century, members of the Anaiza tribe migrated to the area from central Arabia. In 1756 they appointed a member of their as-Sabah clan to act as administrator of their affairs. Technically, Kuwait was part of the Ottoman Empire, although the Turks treated it as an autonomous entity. In 1899 the as-Sabah signed an agreement with Britain for British protection. In 1913, Turkey formally acknowledged Kuwait’s autonomous status. After World War I, Turkish lands in the Middle East were divided up by Britain and France. They created new nation states and set their boundaries. That’s when and how modern Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan came to be. To whom did Kuwait belong before the Anaiza tribe came? Was it vacant land or were other people living there? What was the basis for Ottoman sovereignty over the Middle East from 1517 to 1917? To whom does Kuwait belong now? If you think that’s complicated, try searching the title to the land to the northwest. To whom does the Holy Land belong? To the children of Abraham, because God promised it to him four thousand years ago? To the children of Jacob, heir of the promise? To descendants of other ancient peoples who lived there – Hittites, Phoenicians, Canaanites, Philistines, Ammonites, Jebusites, Moahites? Is it the land of the Assyrians or the Babylonians, the conquerors of the ancient Israelite kingdoms? Of the Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Seljuk Turks, Crusaders, Mamluks or Ottoman Turks that conquered the same land, each in turn? On what basis did the League of Nations entrust Palestine to Britain in 1920? Or, the United Nations partition it in 1947? Or, Israel and Jordan rule it? Who have valid claims to that land now? Post a Comment \| Comments(0) Msgr. Robert L. Stern, Secretary General of CNEWA Tags: Middle East Holy Land
This creature resembles that of an alien spider mutant. However, I can assure you this insect is terrestrial in its origins. Although “Centi-” means 100, centipedes in Minnesota typically only have fifteen sets of legs. These sets of legs are very beneficial for centipedes as it makes them rather quick when escaping from a predator or attempting to capture a meal. Centipedes have been found to travel about 1.3 feet every second, which means they can quickly escape to the shelter they prefer which is typically underneath something as centipedes prefer overhead shelter. Characteristics of Centipedes Much like spiders, this small creature has a diet of other insects. Sightings of centipedes in your home typically indicate that there is an ongoing insect population. Centipedes enjoy feeding on ants, silverfish, spiders, beetles, moths, fleas, and any other small insect that may be in your home. Centipedes are equipped for nighttime hunting. They have large eyes and antennae that are sensitive enough to pick up both sound and smell; for this reason, they seek out areas that may be dark all day so as they can hunt longer. These traits make the centipede the perfect nighttime insect assassin. Unlike their cousin the spider, centipedes are active hunters. They are pursuing prey rather than using webs or traps to capture their prey. Where they call home House centipedes prefer areas of higher moisture. Therefore, they are very common in basements of homes and bathrooms. Centipedes are believed to have started in the Mediterranean. They prefer warm, humid climates. However, they are incredibly adaptable to their climate and can live in almost any environment. If house centipedes can avoid predators and efficiently hunt, they have been found to live for more than a year which is long for an arthropod. These insect assassins with 30 legs typically enter through the home underneath doors, through cracks, or really any opening into your home. Door sweeps should be installed, and caulking should use to seal up any cracks or holes. If you see these dart across your floor, wall, or ceiling, the good thing to know is that that is about the most harm they will cause you. If you were to be bitten, a centipede bite resembles a spider bite, and the reaction typically produces a small reddish bump. To learn more about how Abra Kadabra can help you control a centipede issue, contact the pest experts here or call (763) 537-0330. Our licensed insurance experts will be happy to answer any questions you have. Service Request close slider Current Client Service Request
FAQ – Bacteriophage solution, CUSTUS®YRS If you have additonal questions, feel free to contact us. What is a bacteriophage? Bacteriophages are viruses that exclusively kill specific bacteria. They are found in big variations and huge numbers in any environment on the planet. In food, people, water, soil, – everywhere you find bacteria you also find bacteriophages. The word “bacteriophage” means “bacteria eater”. In nature, they control the growth of bacteria by feeding on them. Why should I use bacteriophages at my hatchery/site? Bacteriophages kill bacteria, it will reduce the infection pressure (number of bacteria in the water) and help avoid bacterial infection in the fish. This leads to better fish welfare and production. What infection is ACDs product CUSTUS®YRS targeting? CUSTUS®YRS contains bacteriophages which specifically infects and kills the bacteria Yersinia ruckeri. CUSTUS®YRS is used to reduce the infection pressure of Yersinia ruckeri without affecting the rest of the microflora in the water. Are bacteriophages dangerous? No. They are only dangerous to the bacteria they are specialized to infect and kill. Are there any side effects? No. Only the targeted bacteria – in this case, only Yersinia ruckeri, is affected by the water treatment. Bacteriophages are everywhere. All living organisms as well as the environment around us are constantly being exposed to bacteriophages. What is the mode of action? How can bacteriophages prevent Yersiniose? Yersinia ruckeri specific bacteriophages are already present in the water in hatcheries that have problems with this bacterium, however the concentration of bacteriophages is too low for the bacteria to be positively affected by its presence. By using CUSTUS®YRS you will increase the concentration of bacteriophage, significantly increasing the likelyhood of infection and termination of the Yersinia-bacteria. How do you add the bacteriophages to the environment around the fish? CUSTUS®YRS is delivered as a water solution that you add directly to the production water or in the tanks. In what parts of production should bacteriophages be used? • In closed systems and production situations such as in hatcheries and transportation tanks. • In recirculation systems (RAS) to control specific bacteria presence without affecting the natural microflora and biofilter. • In conjunction with stressful situations such as handling the fish or when you know that the fish is vulnerable to a high infection pressure of Yersinia ruckeri. For example, vaccination, grading or transport. When should I use CUSTUS®YRS? You should use CUSTUS®YRS in conjunction with stressful operations such as vaccination and grading, and in periods where it’s important to control the infection pressure because of vulnerability for disease outbreaks. How can this improve the situation at my hatchery? CUSTUS®YRS help you control the infection pressure without affecting the natural microflora in the water. This is the beginning of a good circle; better water quality = reduced risk of disease outbreaks, reduced risk for destruction and fallowing, better reputation, better production. Can bacteriophages affect the environment? Yes, and that is the point. Bacteriophages are from nature and carry out an important role in the environment. In nature, they keep the numbers of bacteria at a level tolerable to other organisms in the environment. By consciously adding bacteriophages to the water gives you the opportunity to control the bacteria they are developed to fight, for example Yersinia ruckeri. The number of bacteriophages added to the water is such a small part of the total content of organisms in the water and will not affect the environment outside the hatchery in any way. By adding CUSTUS®YRS to the production water you will see a higher concentration of the bacteriophages for a short period until you start replacing the water. But it has an insignificant impact on the number of bacteriophages that is naturally being released from the hatchery daily. What is biocontrol? Biocontrol is the use of living organisms to decrease the population of unwanted organisms in biodiversity. With the help of CUSTUS®YRS you can control the infection pressure from the unwanted bacteria Yersinia ruckeri by reducing the amount of Y. ruckeri in the ecosystem. Other examples of biocontrol can be cleaner fish in salmon cages or ladybugs in a greenhouse. Is it possible to use CUSTUS®YRS to treat sick fish? No, that is not legal. Can bacteriophages make you sick? No, all living organisms are constantly exposed to a high number of different bacteriophages. For example, all cheese contains more than 1 billion bacteriophages per gram. The main role of bacteriophages in nature is to control bacteria population levels in an environment. This means that they are totally necessary in our existence. It is proven that people suffering from chronical intestinal infections, like Crohn´s disease, are in lack of specific types of bacteriophages. Are bacteriophages alive? The definition of viruses being living organisms is not clear from science yet. This is to be seen as a philosophical question. How long will bacteriophages survive in the environment? Bacteriophages are relatively stable in the water solution provided, if kept at a low temperature. They will be degraded by UV, ozone, high temperature, NaOH, chlorine, ethanol/disinfectant and proteolytic enzymes. Bacteriophages will quickly be diluted in the water, creating large distances between each other, therefore decreasing their chances of finding suitable hosts(bacteria). Fresh water bacteriophages will not be able to reproduce at sea. Can the use of bacteriophages create any unwanted effects in the fish? No. All fish constantly swim in high concentrations of different bacteriophages and are not harmed by this. Why biocontrol and not medical treatment? It has been documented that if bacteriophages are ‘involved’ throughout the period of a disease breakout, given enough time the pathogenic bacteria will naturally be suppressed. However, for this to happen a high concentration of pathogenic bacteria is necessary. CUSTUS®YRS is added to the production water to lower the infection pressure in periods where the fish are more vulnerable to infection. This is so the phages can lower the number of bacteria BEFORE an outbreak even starts. There are other applications such as burns and cystic fibrosis among humans where bacteriophages are being used as medical treatment. ACD Pharma is also working on other bacteriophage related drugs, but this involves other bacteriophages against another bacterium. Will bacteriophages affect the water quality? Yes, in a positive way. Naturally occurring bacteriophages help regulate the natural flora in the hatchery – they make sure that no single bacterium gets too dominant. Adding specific phages will only affect the bacteria they are specialiced to infect. Can CUSTUS®YRS affect the activity of the biofilter? No, CUSTUS®YRSonly attack the specific unwanted Yersinia ruckeri bacteria and have no impact on those wanted bacteria that is important for the biofilter. Can I use antibiotics and bacteriophages at the same time? Can the bacteria develop resistance against bacteriophages? Yes, bacteria can develop resistance against bacteriophages. This kind of resistance is independent from the resistance that can be developed against antibiotics, so there is no risk of increasing resistance towards anything other than that bacteriophage strain. Unlike chemical antibacterial agents, bacteriophages can evolve and develop countermeasures against the resistance. ACD Pharma uses a mixture of different bacteriophages towards the same bacteria, so if the bacteria develop resistance to one of them, the others will still kill the bacteria. The bacteriophages ACD Pharma decided to use are selected for low resistance development. How can I remove the CUSTUS®YRS? It is not necessary to remove the bacteriophages after use. CUSTUS®YRS bacteriophages will be diluted and washed out of the hatchery when the bacteria have been defeated and no longer exists as a “reproduction house” for the bacteriophages. All the other bacteriophages that naturally are present in the water will still be present, it won’t be possible or wanted to get rid of them. Where can I get the CUSTUS®YRS? Contact ACD Pharma, www.acdpharma.com. We will ask you to send in isolates of the bacteria/strains so that we can verify that your bacteria are sensitive to CUSTUS®YRS. What is the price? Water treatment with CUSTUS®YRS cost 130 NOK per m3 of water. If the bacteriophages are so specific, how can I know that CUSTUS®YRS will work on the bacteria that causes problems at my hatchery? The effect will be tested beforehand. Hatcheries that are interested in CUSTUS®YRS will be asked to send in a water sample with their Yersinia strain(s). These will be tested to see how sensitive they are against the CUSTUS®YRS phages. What about my Debio-certification? ACD Pharma is currently working on getting water treatment with phages approved for certified ecological production. Can cross-reactions occur with other bacteria? No. Bacteriophages in CUSTUS®YRS only infect Yersinia ruckeri. They are not capable of infecting other bacterial species in the fish or in the water. Is this a drug or hygiene product or something else? CUSTUS®YRS shall exclusively be used for biocontrol, not medicinal use under any circumstances. What does the Norwegian Food Safety Authority say? The Food Safety Authority has been well informed and is has a positive view on the use of bacteriophages. It is well documented that bacteriophages don´t have a negative impact on the welfare of the fish, and if the use of bacteriophages can reduce the occurrence of yersinosis bacterium and use of antibiotics, this is exclusively positive. What does the Medicine Agency say? ACD Pharma is working together with the Norwegian Medicine Agency and the European Medicine Agency on the use of bacteriophages in the future. How long is the retention time? Retention time only applies to drugs, and CUSTUS®YRS is not a drug. What does the environmental Agency say? The use of bacteriophages as biocontrol falls under the Food Safety Agency’s authority. Can I use bacteriophages for decontamination/cleaning at my hatchery? No. Bacteriophages are only for the use of reduced infection pressure under production. When you are cleaning or decontaminating your hatchery between each production cycle, other disinfectants like chloride will be cheaper and more effective. How will bacteriophages affect other treatments? Bacteriophages won’t have an impact on any medicinal treatment in the hatchery. Infact, the synergistic effect of bacteriophages and antibiotics is well documented in human medicine. Can´t the fish get immune to bacteriophages? This is not relevant due to the use of phages as biocontrol in the production water.
FLA Logo 300x Australia’s First Languages are a wonderful and precious resource. Australia is situated in one of the world’s linguistic hot spots. Australian languages are treasures of international significance. They are a bridge to rich and important information. When a language is lost a deep body of knowledge is lost with it. Language is also key to Indigenous well-being in Australia. Australia will be a much better place when Indigenous language communities are strong and healthy and have the power to control their own destiny. Language bridges the dark space between tangible and intangible cultural heritage. It is most tangible at the intersection between things. It is an interface for a people to connect with the world around them, with other people within their own language community, and with people from other language communities. Language is also undeniably an interface within community, within an individual, and within a culture. In the late 18th century, there were between 350 and 750 distinct Australian social groupings, and a similar number of languages. At the start of the 21st century, fewer than 150 indigenous languages remain in daily use, and all except roughly 20 are highly endangered. Of those that endure, only 10% are being learned by children and those languages are usually located in the most isolated areas. The good news is many language groups are working to preserve their languages and languages are quietly and persistently being restored to use. Our languages live on. Together with hundreds of people and organisations around the country. First Languages Australia is working to make sure these treasures are not lost and that they continue to live on strong and vibrant. We invite you to join us on this exciting journey.
[Skip to Content] [Skip to Content Landing] August 1976 Blink Nystagmus Arch Otolaryngol. 1976;102(8):470-472. doi:10.1001/archotol.1976.00780130064006 • A pattern of eye movement similar to vestibular nystagmus associated with blink is characterized. This artifact can be seen in asymptomatic, otologically normal subjects and is considered to have different meaning than lateral conjugate deviation of the eyes on forced closure of the lids (Cogan sign). Since this nystagmus artifact is most evident during electronystagmographic testing for spontaneous and semispontaneous nystagmus, its importance can be overestimated. Simultaneous monitoring of horizontal and vertical eye movement presently provides a definitive means of identification. (Arch Otolaryngol 102:470-472, 1976)
Order Custom Written ENG 121 Wk4 Discussion 1 By January 23, 2018Academic Papers As you prepare to write your first discussion for this week, take a few moments to do the following: •Read Chapter 9 of Essentials of College Writing. •Review the Grading Rubric for this discussion. head with Qmarks.png Reflect: Take time to reflect on writing as a process—how ideas develop through the use of language, and the changing of that language. Reflect on the differences between revising and editing as described in the textbook.> writting hand.png Write: In your initial post for this discussion •Discuss the key differences between revising and editing. •Provide an example of what a writer does when revising, and what a writer does when editing. •Explain how much time you believe a writer should spend on each task and why. •Include a question you have about the content of the assigned reading for the week. Your initial post must be 200 to 300 words in length and posted by Day 3. Support your claims with examples from the required material(s) and/or other scholarly sources, and properly cite any references as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. Please include question about this week reading… My first draft usually has only a few elements worth keeping. —Susan Sontag Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Practice revising your paper. 2. Examine your paper for focus, organi- zation, and completion. 3. Distinguish between revision and editing. 4. Understand language choice concepts such as tone, genre, denotation/ connotation, and synonyms. 5. Utilize editing strategies to check for clarity and conciseness, as well as proofreading and format-checking strategies. 9Revising, Editing, and Proofreading Hans Hansen/Lifesize/Thinkstock con80878_09_c09.indd 179 8/26/13 1:14 PM CHAPTER 9Section 9.1 The First Draft Writing is more akin to running a marathon than a sprint: Pacing yourself for a longer run that has a varying terrain is the best mental approach to writing. In writing an essay, your terrain consists not only of the prewriting process discussed in Chapter 4 but also the revis- ing, editing, and proofreading stages. When a writer tries to sprint through one or more of these stages rather than taking the leisurely marathon route, the final writing product suffers. Depending on the length of the assignment and the amount of time given to com- plete it, revising, editing, and proofreading should occur over the course of many days, if not weeks. Like marathon running, writing requires conditioning and patience: The more a writer conditions and paces herself, the easier it is to produce a successful final draft. 9.1 The First Draft Always assume that you will need to spend a lot of time revising your papers. Plan to set aside the required time and avoid procrastination. All of the prewriting materials you have composed, such as an outline or a mind map, will assist you in generating the first draft of your paper. Reread those drafting materials several times to gain a sense of how to respond to a particular writing prompt and how to best organize your ideas. Look for the tentative thesis, the synthesis of ideas you wrote out while brain- storming. Refer to the tentative outline to structure the order of main points and evidence that might be used. Note main ideas and concepts that you arrived at while brainstorming. Getting Content Down on Paper On writing a first draft, Irish author Frank O’Connor states, “I write any sort of rubbish which will cover the main outlines of the story, then I can begin to see it (Winokur, 1990, p. 243). Joyce Cary, another Irish writer, shares his method of drafting this way: “I may start anywhere, in the middle or at the end. I may go from the end to the beginning in the same day, and then from the beginning to the middle” (Winokur, 1990, p. 244). When you are creating the first draft, keep writing until you have said everything you want to say about a certain point. Then move on to another point and write down every- thing you want to say about that point. Try not to stop writing to correct mistakes, check a word, find a different word, or otherwise edit your work. In his best selling book, Way of the Peaceful Warrior, author Dan Millman writes, “There is a saying: ‘When you sit, sit; when you stand, stand; whatever you do, don’t wobble’ . . .” (Millman, 1984, p. 133). This saying can be adapted to writing: “When you write, write; when you edit, edit; whatever you do, do not wobble.” Just keep writing. If you get stuck while you are drafting and are not sure what to say, you have several options: • Skip over the difficult part, leave a blank space, and keep going. • Write anything, no matter how silly it sounds. • Jot down new ideas you may want to pursue in another paragraph. con80878_09_c09.indd 180 8/26/13 1:14 PM CHAPTER 9Section 9.1 The First Draft It can be helpful to set writing time goals for yourself—for instance, you could decide that each time you sit down, you will write for one hour straight without interruptions of any kind. You will be amazed at how much you write if you do a little of this each day. The key is to keep writing. Writers should reflect on what they have written at the end of each writ- ing session. This is often done away from the computer and even while working on something else. Ideas require time to develop, process, and refine, and many people find that their best ideas often come at random moments. Give yourself space from your actual writing after you have met your writing goal for the day. The length of the break is ultimately up to you, but one night is a good rule of thumb—it allows enough space from your writing and yet not so much that you lose your momen- tum. This age-old wisdom is good advice for a first draft of your paper, too. If you complete your first draft in the evening, go to sleep, and then look at it the next day, you may discover that sections causing you difficulty the day before fall more easily into place when you are rested. If you complete a section of your paper or a complete draft in the morning, perhaps you will feel refreshed enough to look at what you have written in the evening: Only you will know when you are ready. Whatever the length of your break, make sure you give yourself a specific time to begin work again—and define the time you will return to your writing before you step away from your draft—so that you do not delay your progress on the assignment. Try to avoid waiting more than two days to return to your writing because that would likely interrupt the development of your ideas—you can get too far away from your writing. Make sure that you write down a tentative thesis statement as part of the first draft pro- cess; you will return to this thesis and revise it after allowing yourself some time to pro- cess what you have written. When you return to the draft, you will be looking at it with “fresh eyes,” and you will probably find that revising is much easier than it would have been if you tried to revise the draft immediately. Begin by rereading what you wrote the day before and making adjustments/revisions as necessary. Then pick up where you left off at the end of the draft, keeping in mind the day’s writing goal. Planning for Revision and the Thesis Statement After writing your first draft and taking a break, it is time to concentrate on the next step in the writing process: revising your draft. It is sometimes difficult to know when to stop writing and begin revising. Try to write until you have developed your ideas as fully as possible. Often, it is the case that in writing a draft, ideas that you may think are not your main point could become the focus of a new paragraph. Because ideas and critical thinking emerge while you are writing, a first draft should explore your connections as thoroughly as possible. Fuse/Thinkstock It is always advisable to “sleep on it” after writing your first draft in order to revisit it the next day with “fresh eyes.” con80878_09_c09.indd 181 8/26/13 1:14 PM CHAPTER 9Section 9.2 Revising When you return to your draft later, reread the paper and ask yourself what main points you are arriving at. Keep in mind that you want to sort out which points best respond to the writing prompt. You may want to write down a tentative introduction and thesis statement and then draft your body paragraphs, but keep in mind that if you do this, your thesis statement is not a permanent contract. The trouble with writing a thesis statement first is that you are guessing what you are going to argue in your body paragraphs before you have written them. What you end up arguing needs to then be reflected in your thesis. Return to your thesis statement multiple times and revise it to make sure it reflects what you argue in your body paragraphs and that it directly responds to the writing prompt. A more natural way to arrive at your thesis statement is to write your body paragraphs first in an effort to discover your argument and develop your ideas. You would then reread your paragraphs several times and try to determine what main point you are working toward. Then go back and write your introductory paragraph and thesis. No matter which method you decide to use, all writing should be revised and refined until you have put forward your best, most specific, response to the writing prompt. You never should feel that what you have written on the page is something you cannot change. 9.2 Revising Revision is the process of rereading, reflecting upon, and improving drafts or draft-ing materials. Revising often leads to rewriting, more revision, and more rewriting, as Figure 9.1 illustrates. This cycle may be repeated several times before you have a final version of your paper. Sometimes you must revise a great deal, and sometimes you must revise only a little until you meet all the criteria listed earlier in this chapter. Figure 9.1: The revising process Ready for editing con80878_09_c09.indd 182 8/26/13 1:14 PM CHAPTER 9Section 9.2 Revising Revising With Feedback While it is very important that you spend time carefully revising and improving your paper, it can be just as useful to obtain feedback from your peers or from your instruc- tor. Your instructor might comment on portions of working drafts, or create peer editing groups, or groups of your classmates who will review and comment on your draft essay. You might be given peer editing instructions or a com- menting sheet to direct the peer edit- ing feedback. Whatever method your class uses for commenting on drafts, make sure that you ask for clarifica- tion if you have any questions about what the feedback means. Allow plenty of time in between peer edit- ing or instructor feedback and your next phase of revision and develop- ment. Requests to instructors that occur the day before the paper is due are generally too late to sufficiently incorporate feedback. Check with your instructor about the class policy on this. Revising Specific Components of the Essay Revising does not mean just reading over your paper to make sure it does not contain any errors. It means focusing your brain on the paper as a whole, not on individual words. It requires taking a big-picture view of the paper and looking at it from a holistic, visual, and organizational point of view. You might consider putting yourself in the shoes of your readers when you revise and trying to determine whether what you have written will be clear and understandable to your audience. You have four primary goals when you revise: to make sure your paper is • Focused • Well structured and well organized • Complete • Coherent. The purpose of revising is to make sure you have covered everything necessary in your paper, to make sure that you have directly responded to the writing prompt, to make sure that you have included sufficient evidence to support your main ideas, to make sure that you have sufficiently analyzed this evidence, and to improve your organization of ideas. When you revise, you will probably reorganize ideas, move information around so that ideas flow better, combine and restructure information into well-constructed paragraphs, rewrite content, and add material to support your ideas. You will also likely delete a lot of what you have written. It is ideal that when you write your first draft you write much more length-wise than what the assignment is asking for. Then you can go back and locate Helena Schaeder Söderberg/Fuse/Thinkstock Revising is the process of viewing your paper as a whole to ensure that it is focused, well organized, coherent, and complete. con80878_09_c09.indd 183 8/26/13 1:14 PM CHAPTER 9Section 9.2 Revising the best ideas and develop those more fully, while deleting the content that is off track or that does not directly respond to the prompt. When you revise, ask yourself the following four questions. Is the Paper Focused? Does your paper have a single focus and a clear thesis statement, and does other mate- rial in the paper relate to and support this thesis? Each body paragraph should directly support your thesis statement, and every body paragraph should also offer evidence to support your main point. This can mean quoting from a text or referring to specific details from a personal experience, if you are writing a personal essay. Ask yourself whether everything you have written in the paper is relevant. Relevance deals with how well the content of your paper relates to your thesis and to the assignment. Every para- graph in your paper should have a reason or serve a purpose; if it does not, it should be removed. A great way to test this is to read your entire paper out loud to yourself. It is generally much easier to hear places in your writing that are unclear than if you just read the paper silently. Is the Paper Well Structured and Well Organized? Make sure your paper has a clear introduction, body, and conclusion and that each section includes all the required elements discussed in the writing prompt. Verify that the main points in the body of your paper are clear and organized into effective paragraphs. Look at your paper visually. Are your ideas divided into standard paragraphs? What exactly is a standard paragraph? A paragraph should generally not be longer than a page or page and a half at most. Your paragraphs do not all have to be the same length, but bear in mind that overly short paragraphs that are only a few sentences are certainly not sufficiently developed. For most essays, a paragraph should not be shorter than about half a page. In some cases with personal essays or in writing a creative short story, it may be appropriate to occasionally write a very brief paragraph. Every paragraph should include at least a topic sentence that directly relates to the the- sis, specific evidence to support it, and several sentences of analysis explaining how that evidence supports your paragraph’s main claim. It can be helpful to step back and look at your paper visually. Make sure that your paragraphs are not significantly longer than a page each. If you find one that is, it is likely that you have a subpoint in your paragraph, and should create new paragraph when that subpoint begins. You should always ask your instructor if you are uncertain what the assignment is asking you to do. Is the Paper Complete? Does your paper meet the assignment length? Often writing instructors do not mind if you write a page beyond the requirement, but not writing enough is usually a problem because it means that you have not developed a complete enough response to the prompt. Review your paper to make sure you have included all the information necessary. Did you develop a main point that directly responds to the prompt and develops that idea over the course of several paragraphs? Go back and read the assignment to make sure you met all requirements. If you have overlooked something, add the missing material to your paper. con80878_09_c09.indd 184 8/26/13 1:14 PM CHAPTER 9Section 9.3 Editing Writers often do not understand how to include enough evidence into the body para- graphs. Ideas cannot stand alone—writers always have to make sure to provide specific evidence in every body paragraph; otherwise the ideas are unsupported. There is no per- fect number of quotes that should occur in each paragraph, but each should have either direct citation or paraphrase (though paraphrasing tends to have the best use in research papers when one is paraphrasing historical information). To analyze a text carefully, one must directly cite it. Only add additional quotes to a paragraph if they add something new to the discussion. Part of the purpose in a paper is to prove how your interpretation is supportable by con- crete evidence and to explain how that evidence supports the ideas. In almost all cases, a writing assignment asks writers to prove on the page how the interpretation is a reason- able, well-supported one. Even if an instructor asks for a personal essay in which you are to explain how you arrived at a position to a controversial topic, then you will still need to use ample evidence to support your ideas. Is the Paper Coherent? The word coherent means “sticking together,” and revising for coherence means review- ing your work to determine whether the connections between your ideas are clear and whether your writing flows well. Writing that is coherent is easy to read and understand. Again, reading out loud is an excellent method to check for coherence. It is much easier to hear problems with coherence and moments when your writing may have gotten off track than it is to catch these problems by simply reading the paper silently to yourself. If your paper is coherent, it will not seem “choppy,” and readers will be able to follow along with your ideas as they read. Coherence is achieved by organizing ideas well, and part of this means including transitions appropriately. Coherence also means organizing your ideas in a way that is logical, so that your ideas and paragraphs progress, one building block at a time. The specific organization of your paper depends entirely on the writing assignment. You might organize your ideas so that they follow the progress of a novel, poem, or drama chronologically, or you might orga- nize your ideas so that they develop thematically. For certain assignments, you might set up causes first and later discuss the effects of a particular study or problem. If you have progressed to this step in the writing process and find you are having trouble, do not forget that help is available to you from several sources. If you have followed the steps above and still need assistance understanding the assignment or generating ideas, contact your instructor or teaching assistant to see whether they can offer any guidance. 9.3 Editing There is revising your paper for content, and then there is editing your paper for clar-ity of language. Both processes are completely essential to writing a good paper. You should not worry much about editing your sentences for grammar and clarity while you are developing your ideas. It is simply trying to accomplish too many things at the same time to develop your ideas and write them flawlessly on the page all at once—and it con80878_09_c09.indd 185 8/26/13 1:14 PM CHAPTER 9Section 9.3 Editing is unrealistic. No writer can do this in the first draft of a paper. Remember that revising is a big-picture view, whereas editing considers individual elements and details very closely. When you edit, you scrutinize issues such as language choices, the clarity and conciseness of your writing, spelling, grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure. You edit when you believe the content of your paper is complete or mostly complete. However, if new ideas develop that help you to respond more fully to the writing prompt, by all means, add them to the paper. You might want to take a short break between revising and editing to “switch gears” for the analysis you must perform during the editing step. It is impossible to look at all edit- ing issues at once, so you must make several passes through your paper to read what you have written, word for word. A good practice is to check one of the editing issues discussed below in each of your editing passes. Style and Language When you write, your language focuses readers’ attention and creates impressions in their minds. The language you choose depends on three factors: the purpose of the writing, the audience, and the genre. Your college papers have an academic audience and will be read by your instructors and teaching assistants, and perhaps by some of your peers in your class. Recall that genre refers to a category of writing that has a particular form and technique. Appropriate language and tone for one genre is not always appropriate for another. Fiction writing, poetry, journalistic writing, business writing, marketing commu- nications, and technical writing are all different genres. Academic writing, for example, is a specific genre that tends to use a formal, educated, academic voice. In this text, for example, we have adopted a conversational tone, as we would in a classroom discussion. However, as we discussed earlier, college papers require formal language. In your college writing assignments, you should avoid slang, jargon, and contractions. Avoid informal language that you would use with friends and avoid using sayings or clichés. Often infor- mal types of language such as these are a replacement for what a writer should be saying in a paper—what she is arguing, how it is supported, and what the evidence suggests. The personal essay is at times an exception to this rule, particularly if you are asked to write about a personal experience. Tone and Voice Language also creates what is known as the tone of your writing. The tone of a piece of writing may be positive, negative, warm, friendly, serious, sincere, humorous, or hos- tile, to name a few possibilities. Most college writing assignments are formal essays that require you to write in a way that follows the conventions of formal writing—a clear, seri- ous, academic tone that seeks to treat the reader of the essay as an educated audience. This means that your tone should always convey respect for your audience. Remember that when you write a college paper that is a persuasive essay, and your pur- pose is to convince readers to take some action, you might occasionally make an emotional appeal to your readers. However, you must persuade primarily with logic and factual evi- dence, not simply by appealing to emotions. Educated readers immediately know when someone is trying to persuade them simply through emotions, and you would never want your readers to feel manipulated—instead, you want them to think that you have argued con80878_09_c09.indd 186 8/26/13 1:14 PM CHAPTER 9Section 9.3 Editing persuasively and effectively through sound reasoning, logic, and evidence. So, in these papers as well, edit to avoid language that is overly emotional and attempt to find more neutral terms for emotional words. Denotations and Connotations All forms of college writing, besides the personal essay, require language that is not overly emotional. But what does overly emotional mean? In English, words have two types of meaning: denotations and connotations. The denotation, or denotative meaning, is the most descriptive and neutral dictionary definition of a word. The connotation is what the word suggests or implies. Connotations give words their emotional impact, and this impact can be either positive or negative. For example, the description of a person as “care- ful with money,” uses fairly neutral denotative words to describe that person. However, calling a person “stingy” creates a negative tone because the words has a strong negative connotation. On the other hand, calling someone “thrifty” or “prudent” creates a positive tone and a strong positive connotation of that person in the reader’s mind. Remember that the language you choose reflects your attitude toward people, places, and things. Trigger Words We know from our conversations with others that people often react strongly to certain language. Some words are trigger words that evoke such a strong emotional response in us that we focus on the word itself instead of what we are listening to or reading. We all have our own personal trigger words. However, some words are positive or negative to almost everyone. For example, consider advertisements you have seen. Advertisers are very aware of universal trigger words, so they do not say, “Buy our diet product; it will make you skinny.” Instead, they use words with positive connotations and tell you their product will make you slim or slender. Consider your audience and always avoid offensive or sexist language in your writing. Synonyms Most words have synonyms, words that have similar meanings but may have very dif- ferent connotations. When you edit, make sure to keep a thesaurus handy or use the thesaurus in Microsoft Word® and review your writing to make sure your language is appropriate for the academic writing genre. The tone of your college writing should be clear and objective and should use words with neutral, denotative meanings. Academic writing calls for serious, professional, and scholarly writing, which is largely achieved by appropriate language choices and an engaged response to the writing prompt that shows a serious attempt to answer the question. Clarity and Conciseness After checking the language in your paper, make a second editing pass to see if your writ- ing is clear and concise. Clear writing is the result of expressing your ideas so that they are understandable, and not confusing, to readers. You achieve clarity by making good language choices such as using neutral, denotative words; avoiding slang and jargon; being specific and not vague in your descriptions; and writing with a serious and profes- sional tone. You also must make your essay as grammatically correct as possible because con80878_09_c09.indd 187 8/26/13 1:14 PM CHAPTER 9Section 9.4 Proofreading grammatical errors can profoundly impact the clarity of your writing—your ideas may be very good, but if they are not clear because what you are saying is not understandable, your readers will have no idea what your good ideas are. If grammatical errors are a sig- nificant concern for you, plan to get help early and often to work on these errors. When writing is concise, it contains no unnecessary words. Conciseness is achieved by making good language choices, focusing on subjects and verbs in your sentences, and eliminating repetition and redundancies. Do not use multiple adjectives to describe one item in a sentence—instead, choose the one adjective that is the most adequate descriptor. Likewise, avoid using multiple verbs as synonyms side by side in a sentence. Of particular concern is to avoid using passive voice, which includes versions of the verb “to be.” You can use the word “is,” however, to describe something: “She is highly intelligent.” 9.4 Proofreading Proofreading is not editing; when you proofread, your job is not to look for pos-sible language changes or to check whether punctuation and grammar is correct. These tasks should have been completed during editing, but if you do happen to find more edits you should make, you should of course go ahead and complete these. Try to make sure you complete each step as thoroughly as you can before you move on to the next one because it is much easier to focus on only one or two elements at a time. The purpose of proofreading is to take one last look at your paper to see if what is actually on the page is what you think you wrote. To accom- plish this task, you must shift your focus from reading sentences to read- ing individual words, and you must read everything on the page such as page headers, page numbers, sym- bols, numbers, bullets, and punctua- tion marks. Proofreading Strategies If you have been working on the computer screen while you revised and edited, print your paper and proofread from the printed copy, with a pencil in hand so that you can mark errors as you find them. It is generally more effective to proofread from a printed page than to do so on the computer screen because you can see the errors more easily. Taking a break between editing and proofreading is also recommended. Proofreading is usually improved if you can look at your paper with fresh eyes. When we read a paper we have written, we are often so absorbed in our subject that we see what we think we wrote, not what is actually there. So, to proofread effectively, we must fool our brain so that we read only one word at a time or one line of text at a time, not iStockphoto/Thinkstock After all edits have been performed, you should always go back through your paper looking for errors in spelling, punctuation, and formatting. con80878_09_c09.indd 188 8/26/13 1:14 PM CHAPTER 9Section 9.4 Proofreading sentences and paragraphs, as we do with normal reading. Many people, therefore, adopt special proofreading strategies to make sure they accomplish that goal. Below are some strategies for you to try. Experiment with different methods until you find one that works well for you or try a combination of strategies. • Read aloud to yourself. Reading your paper aloud helps you determine the flow, or coherence, of your writing. It can enable you to recognize sentences that are awkward or difficult to understand. It can also help you identify sen- tences that are too long. If you run out of breath before you get to the period at the end of the sentence, you know that the sentence needs to be shorter. If you try to read through a sentence and you simply cannot or you stumble as you read, it is a sure sign that the sentence needs to be revised for clarity and/ or for grammatical errors. Remember, when you proofread, read only one word at a time and read all punctuation marks aloud as well. • Read aloud to someone else. Many writers belong to writing groups, and one of the benefits of such groups is that you can obtain feedback from others. Read- ing a paper aloud to someone else can help both you and your listener assess the coherence of the paper. Additionally, it enables others to give you input as to whether your ideas are clear and understandable. Peer editors are a very useful part of the revision process. An instructor may set up peer editing groups, or you may talk with someone in your class and ask to work as peer editors for one another. A different perspective offers insight into the areas that can be strengthened. • Read aloud while someone else reads along silently. Print two copies of your paper and proofread with another person. Read your paper aloud to someone else while he or she reads along silently; if you wish, you can switch roles half- way through. The person reading aloud is more likely to find problems with sentence length, coherence, and clarity while the person reading silently will often more easily see punctuation errors. You could exchange papers with someone else in your class and promise to give each other extensive feed- back. Peer editing is a very valuable technique for strengthening your papers. • Have someone else proofread for you. If you are fortunate to have someone else who can proofread your paper for you, you might want to take advantage of the opportunity. Someone who is not as close to the paper as you are might be able to spot errors you might overlook. Remember, though, the accuracy of the final paper is your responsibility. Your instructors are not proofread- ers, but there may be resources at your school that can assist you with some proofreading. • Proofread in a different location. Sometimes, moving away from the computer and reading your paper while you are curled up on the sofa or sitting at the kitchen table will give you a different perspective and enable you to find errors more easily. • Proofread with an index card. You might try moving an index card or a piece of paper along as you proofread and covering words to the right of the word you are reading. This technique forces you to read only one word at a time and to read more carefully and slowly than you otherwise would. • Proofread with a ruler. Another technique is to place a ruler under each line of text as you read. Move the rule down the page, line by line, while you are reading. This proofreading strategy forces you to read the line of text, not the sentence, and can assist you in finding unnecessary words and sentence structure errors. con80878_09_c09.indd 189 8/26/13 1:14 PM CHAPTER 9Section 9.5 The Final Draft Microsoft Word® Tools After you have edited the language in your paper, read through your paper again and edit for proper spelling, grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure. You can obtain help for this task from the automatic spelling- and grammar-checking features in Microsoft Word®. Remember, however, that suggestions made by automatic checkers are not always correct, so do not depend on them completely. Instead, check your paper yourself first; then use the automatic checking features on the word processing software to check your- self and see whether you missed anything. References and Formatting Make sure to review the format of your paper to ensure that it conforms to the required documentation style. Make sure your margins are correct, that your paper is appropri- ately spaced and paragraphs are indented as required, that your page header is included and properly formatted, and that your title page and reference page (if needed) are pre- pared properly. Also ensure that you have correctly cited all outside sources in the text of your paper and in the reference list. 9.5 The Final Draft With the final draft in hand, it is useful to take a moment to consider what you have learned and what you can continue to improve on. Writing out some answers to final draft reflective questions can make your future writing goals more concrete. See Writing in Action: Final Draft Reflection Exercise for some examples of reflective questions you can ask about your own paper. Writing in Action: Final Draft Reflection Exercise Try answering the following questions on a sheet of paper. Stating your outcomes from the writing process helps clarify what you want as a writer and how you will attempt to accomplish those goals in future writing assignments. 1. What are the strongest parts of the essay? Why? 2. Which parts of the essay did you work on the most? 3. If you had more time, what would you continue to work on? 4. What do you think is the weakest part of your paper? 5. For the next paper, what do you hope to improve on? Finally, congratulate yourself. You have completed all the steps in the writing process, and you should be ready to submit your paper, with the confidence that you have done the best job you can do. Is the paper finished? Author and journalism professor Donald M. Murray writes, con80878_09_c09.indd 190 8/26/13 1:14 PM CHAPTER 9Key Terms A piece of writing is never finished. It is delivered to a deadline, torn out of the typewriter on demand, sent off with a sense of accomplishment and shame and pride and frustration. If only there were a couple more days, time for just another run at it, perhaps then . . . . (Murray, 2002, p. 58) A piece of writing is never perfect. Every time you read it, you will probably find some- thing you could change. However, there comes a time when all writers have to give up their desire for perfection and make sure they submit their writing on time. You always want to make sure that you have gone through every step of the drafting process, and in order to do that, you need to avoid procrastination, which is the number one roadblock to writing effective essays. Writing is not like memorizing a set of formulas that you can simply “plug in” to get the “correct” answer—instead, writing is a process of developing your thoughts and articulating a clear position. This takes time to do, but it is extremely rewarding because you learn how to articulate yourself better and because it gives an occasion to clarify your thoughts about a subject. Chapter Summary No famous writers simply write a masterpiece the very first time they write—all writing is in some sense a draft waiting for improvement. Revising, editing, and proofreading are the cornerstones of all good writing. Writers should never feel pressure to create a perfect work of art during the initial drafting stage. This unrealistic ideal only hinders the writing process and adds unnecessary pressure. Sentences are not lifelong contracts; they are always tentative, waiting for the benefit of another reading and revision. Because it is impossible to create an ideal paper in one sitting, writing calls for planning and orga- nizing one’s time carefully. Yet writing has many rewards—there is not only the obvious reward of performing well on a paper, but there is also the less tangible reward of learning from the writing process. Writing creates more capable thinkers by promoting analytical thought and inquiry into important subjects. Key Terms coherence Clear connections between ideas that facilitate the logical flow of a paper. connotation What a word suggests or implies. Connotations give words their emotional impact, and this impact can be either positive or negative. denotation The most descriptive and neu- tral dictionary definition of a word. editing A close check of the individual elements and details in a paper. Editing focuses on issues such as language choices, the clarity and conciseness of the writing, spelling, grammar, punctuation, and sen- tence structure. proofreading A final review of a paper to ensure that what the author intended to write is what the paper actually conveys. Proofreading includes reading individual words and reading everything on the page such as page headers, page numbers, symbols, numbers, bullets, and punctua- tion marks. con80878_09_c09.indd 191 8/26/13 1:14 PM CHAPTER 9Key Terms relevance How well the content of a paper relates to the paper’s thesis and to the assignment. revision The process of rereading, reflect- ing upon, and improving drafts or draft- ing materials; includes attending to the responsiveness to the writing prompt, organization, cohesion, the thesis, argu- ment development, use of evidence, gram- mar, spelling, and proper formatting. synonyms Words that have similar mean- ings but that may have very different connotations. trigger words Words that evoke such a strong emotional response in the reader that he or she tends to focus on the word itself instead of what is being read or lis- tened to. con80878_09_c09.indd 192 8/26/13 1:14 PM Coupon Code - STAY20 * Terms & Conditions Apply Order Now
Maintaining Structural Integrity What is Structural Integrity Structural integrity is the ability of a structure to function as specified under service loading while keeping its strength (i.e. no structural failure) and shape (i.e. no excessive deformation). Hence the structural integrity is a measure for the quality of the structure. The structural integrity assessment of a component or structure integrates aspects of stress analysis, material behaviour and the mechanics of failure into the engineering design process. Stress analysis involves the study of how applied loads lead to internal stresses in a structure. The mechanics of failure involves the study of failure modes as a function of those internal stresses, material behaviour and properties and environment. What is good design The art of good structural engineering is keeping the structural integrity capabilities on an acceptable level during the specified life of a structure. In a well-designed system, a localized failure (defect, flaw, etc.) should not lead to failure of the entire structure. Degradation of a Structure During the life of a structure there will be some loss of the initial structural integrity. There are different degradation types causing this loss: gradual degradation, time delayed degradation and sudden degradation. Structural Integrity - Degradation Types Typical gradual degradation forms are wear, creep and material degradation (e.g. metal corrosion, UV degradation in composites, rot in timber, etc.). Fatigue and stress corrosion are to be considered as time delayed degradation. In fact, also for these failure modes degradation starts at t=0, but initially the reduction in condition (i.e. increase in crack length) is so small that it is not noticeable. So the apparent degradation is time delayed. The third degradation type is sudden degradation. This could be impact damage or overload (i.e. large load that is not anticipated as service load). At some point in time the structural integrity capability of a structure reduces to an unacceptable low condition. This might be the level that the structure does not function anymore as required (e.g. too much deformation, partial failure, etc.) or the level that such condition is about to occur. Further reduction will lead to a full system breakdown, i.e. the full structure will fail. Structural Integrity - degradtion vs time Failure (full system breakdown) will have some significant consequences: • Safety, e.g. loss of lives • Operation: Indirect operational loss and direct cost of repair and/or replacement. Maintaining Structural Integrity Maintenance is the process of ensuring that a system safely performs its intended function with sufficient reliability. So the maintenance process focusses on performing operations at minimum cost and avoiding safety issues due to failure. Structural integrity - maintenance Maintenance can be performed either scheduled or unscheduled. Scheduled maintenance is useful for gradual degradation and time delayed degradation. Such maintenance may include periodic inspection of the structure, i.e. checking the condition level. If the condition is below a certain level, the structure will be repaired or replaced. The inspection interval is often based on the degradation rate between points A and B in the above figure. Especially for time delayed degradation, the time until first inspection (inspection threshold) can be much longer than the inspection interval. Another option for scheduled maintenance is predefined replacement. This implies that there is no inspection on the condition, but replacement of the component irrespective of the condition. The length of the inspection threshold and inspection intervals depend very much on the degradation rates. Establishing these rates is part of the design process. Note that different degradation causes may interact with each other, e.g. corrosion fatigue, and may increase the degradation rate. Scheduled maintenance for sudden degradation makes no sense. The time interval between A and B is zero and the location of A on the time scale is often just random. So for sudden degradation, unscheduled maintenance will be done. Design should then be such that after impact, overload etc, the probability that the structure has completely failed is sufficiently (i.e. depending on the consequences) low. How does fatigue fit in Fatigue can be considered as time delayed degradation. For a very large part the fatigue life consists of initiation. During this initiation phase the crack is very short (no visible degradation) and does not have an effect on the condition of the structure. It has been mentioned before that stress analysis is an important part of structural integrity assessment of a structure. For fatigue this is even more so. Final failure often occurs at one of the more severe service loads, so that load will be important in the analysis. Degradation due to fatigue is a process caused by cyclic stresses, that means that not only the load causing final failure must be taken into account, but all load prior to that. Both number of occurences and severity (stress amplitude) of those loads must be known. With respect to fatigue, three different design concepts can be distinguished: 1. safe life (safety-by-retirement), 2. fail safe (safety-by-design), 3. damage tolerance (safety-by-inspection). Safe Life Safe Life implies that by testing or analysis a design life is determined. Before that life has been reached the component will be replaced. So safe life is associated with scheduled maintenance, but without inspection to determine the actual condition of the component. The scheduled maintenance only involves replacement of the component (periodic preventive maintenance). Fail Safe Fail Safe design implies that a structure is designed such that failure of one element or component will not lead to failure directly of the complete structure. However, the failure of the element or component must be obvious, i.e. noticeable without dedicated inspection. So fail safe is associated with unscheduled maintenance (at point B). Both safe life and fail safe require S-N curves during analysis. Damage Tolerance Damage Tolerance assumes already some flaw, defect, crack etc. present in a component. Such a flaw will or will not be found at regular inspection (point A). If a flw is found, the component will be repaired or replaced. If not, the component will go back into service until the next inspection. The scheduled maintenance mainly involves condition monitoring. The inspection intervals (A to B or C) are determined based on degradation (crack propagation) rates and require fracture mechanics tools. The first inspection can be determined the same way as the intervals (common in aerospace), but can be often determined with S-N curves as well. Want to know more about fatigue? Get the newsletter with our fatigue blog and information about our services and courses in your mail box.
Web Results The normal range for brain natriuretic peptide levels is zero to 99 picograms per milliliter, notes WebMD. This can also be converted to zero to 99 nanograms per liter. Brain natriuretic peptide is made in the heart and appears in the blood, states WebMD. When the heart works harder, it releases more brain natriuretic peptide. My BNP levels were off the charts a few weeks ago when I had them tested at my Dr.'s request. (At his lab, they call it NPA, but he assures me that its the same thing). My results were 1340 with normal being 100 or less. I know that it is an indicator of heart failure, and I know that most HCMers have an elevated count. What I want to know is ... When you have heart failure, your heart makes two proteins. Your doctor will call them B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal-pro-BNP (NT-pro-BNP). Levels of both in your blood go up when ... As I discussed in a recent article, I mentioned the prognostic power of the blood test brain natriuretic peptide (BNP).. Remember there is a 25% increase in death if the BNP is elevated one year after a heart attack. And don't forget a BNP persistently over 80 pg/mL can be an important indicator of when a more invasive approach is needed such as bypass surgery. BNP and another heart hormone, called ANP, work together to allow your blood to easily pass through and prevents clots from forming. A BNP test can be used to detect heart failure, but BNP levels ... NT-proB-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) blood test. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a hormone produced by your heart. N-terminal (NT)-pro hormone BNP (NT-proBNP) is a non-active prohormone that is released from the same molecule that produces BNP. Both BNP and NT-proBNP are released in response to changes in pressure inside the heart. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) are substances that are produced in the heart and released when the heart is stretched and working hard to pump blood. Tests for BNP and NT-proBNP measure their levels in the blood in order to detect and evaluate heart failure. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) test is a blood test that measures levels of a protein called BPN that is made by your heart and blood vessels. BNP levels are higher than normal when you have heart failure. And in patients who had BNP levels measured when they were hospitalized for acute coronary events, high BNP levels predicted a high risk of death during the next two years. BNP testing will never replace treadmill tests, heart scans, or coronary angiography for patients with suspected or proven CAD. Make Improvement the Goal. Your doctor will want to see improvement in terms of specific diagnostic tests (like the ones we’ve listed in the chart below), but we know that your personal goal is to be able to do more. Experts in the treatment of PAH have come up with parameters to help you and your healthcare team monitor your progress.
Livro de visitas Data: 25/06/2018 De: AlbertcEx Assunto: How To Prevent Prostate Problems And Diseases? The prostate gland is central to the part of a male's the reproductive system. It secretes fluids that help the transportation and activation of sperm. The men's prostate can be found just as you're watching rectum, below the bladder and around the urethra. When there is prostate problem, it is almost always really miserable and inconvenient for the patient as his urinary system is directly affected. Acute bacterial prostatitis will be the least common of varieties of prostate infection. It is caused by bacteria located in the large intestines or urinary tract. Patients may experience fever, chills, body aches, back pains and urination problems. This condition is treated through the use of antibiotics or non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to help remedy the swelling. Chronic bacterial prostatitis is often a condition associated with a particular defect in the gland and also the persistence presence of bacteria inside the urinary tract. It can be a result of trauma towards the urinary tract or by infections originating from other regions with the body. A patient can experience testicular pain, lower back pains and urination problems. Although it is uncommon, it can be treated by removal in the prostate defect as well as the employment antibiotics and NSAIDs to deal with the inflammation. Non-bacterial prostatitis is the reason for approximately 90% of most prostatitis cases; however, researchers have not even to establish the sources of these conditions. Some researchers believe that chronic non-bacterial prostatitis occur as a result of unknown infectious agents while other feel that intensive exercise and high lifting might cause these infections. Maintaining a Healthy Prostate To prevent prostate diseases, a proper weight loss program is important. These are some with the actions to maintain your prostate healthy. 1. Drink sufficient water. Proper hydration is necessary for overall health and this will also keep the urinary track clean. 2. Some studies suggest that a number of ejaculations per week will assist to prevent cancer of prostate. 3. Eat beef moderately. It has been shown that consuming more than four meals of beef a week will increase the likelihood of prostate diseases and cancer. The most crucial measure to adopt to make sure a wholesome prostate is always to choose regular prostate health screening. If you are forty years old and above, you should select prostate examination at least one time 12 months. Data: 20/06/2016 De: Maria Silva Fui operado por este profissional , ainda na Seisa fez um excelente trabalho e me acompanhou durante anos ,enquanto ainda tinha o plano, sempre tive vontade de passar com ele novamente agora o encontrei que maravilha! Data: 14/05/2015 De: Rosenilde Magalhaes Assunto: torcicolo cogenito passava com o voce dr :Reinaldo preciso de um ortopedists que entenda da area de torcicolo minha filha precisa opera e na seisa nao tem medico que eu confio so vc pode mim ajuda sos voce e um medico que eu confio o que faco? Data: 06/11/2013 De: sandra Assunto: cirurgia Fui operada por esse Doutor,ele é demais,mão de Deus!! Agora eu achei ele de novo preciso retornar,para mostrar que estou ótima!! Novo comentário
The mechanism for this is that when your eyes or ears are exposed to a particular frequency of pulses or beats, the thalamus first distributes this information to the entire brain, including the visual and cerebral cortex where neural activity begins to synchronize to the incoming frequency, producing hemispheric synchronization and a balance of brainwave activity across the brain. I wouldn’t personally recommend listening to delta wave frequencies for depression, so I’m not sure who advised you to do that? People with depression usually have a higher ratio of theta and delta wave activity, so I would normally recommend listening to high alpha wave and low beta wave frequencies, to help balance things. I have some 10Hz alpha tracks for serotonin release, which you can try for free on my YouTube channel here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NSUcuzpRcY&list=PLveg0IEcZWN6T86nhmSrdwG2kMQtcLRou. I also recommend you give these SMR (low beta wave) tracks a try: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HGTvBbrEwZQ&list=PLveg0IEcZWN7yaMaKr8F-eWHALk2_zGqY. I hope that helps. While binaural beats are the most common technique we use for producing brainwave entrainment music, we do use other brainwave entrainment techniques such as isochronic tones, monaural beats and amplitude modulation. If these techniques have been used then you will find them mentioned in the written description of the music productions that include them. If not mentioned, then you can assume that binaural beats are the only brainwave entrainment technology in use. I have read something different about theta waves and learning languages. A University of Washington study tested students resting brainwave activity before learning French. They found that students with a higher amount beta/gamma and a lower amount of delta/theta activity were better at acquiring a second language. When you are dominant in theta, that is the lowest and most deeply relaxed awakened state you can be in. I think it would be much harder to really concentrate, fully understand and learn new information while in a theta state, so I would personally consider using theta while studying. Really great stuff here, man. Well done! Without taking anything away from the article it would have been great to have under one “roof” similar information about hypnotherapy and subliminals. I invested quite a lot in buying binaural cd’s but after reading your material I think that for short term effects isochronic tones rather than binaurals are the technology to go for now. For longer lasting and possibly permanent effects I’m not sure whether I should go for hypnosis or subliminals (or both). An article as well written and comprehensive as yours but focusing on hypnosis vs subliminals would have completed the circle for me. The stuff I’ve read so far on binaurals vs isochronics hasn’t really done it for me. Any chance you could give it a shot? This has been a very inclusive and helpful blog. You have covered all the different means we have to help us get through the whole menopause process. It takes a combination of all the means suggested in your article, not just one. Eating of fresh fruits and vegetables is so important. Taking of the Magnesium supplement has been most helpful, to me, along with time for meditation/prayer. We have soooo many things available to us to help us through this short sometimes difficult period in our lives. Take advantage of the suggestions in this great article. The studies included in the recent reviews of Tai Chi and yoga indicate that sessions between 60 and 90 minutes performed 2 to 3 days per week were effective in reducing stress and improving feelings of well-being (7,14,17). A study conducted in a worksite environment showed that 15 minutes of chair-based yoga postures was effective in reducing acute stress when assessed by self-report and with physiological measures (e.g., respiration rate and heart rate variability parameters). This finding indicates that shorter duration sessions can be effective in reducing acute stress with this type of exercise (15). Many people suffer from insomnia and related sleep problems. Stress can disrupt the regular circadian (time-related) secretion of cortisol and can be a major cause of sleep problems. Cortisol normally obeys the body''s inner clock and responds to light and dark, morning and night. Cortisol levels are highest in the early morning, lower in the afternoon, and lowest at night. Cortisol helps to synchronize activity, patterns of eating, and patterns of sleeping. Monaural beats have similarities to binaural beats, but the two separate frequencies are delivered through a pulse pattern and mixed before they reach the listeners ears, resulting in the advantage of being audible without stereo headphones. However, using stereo headphones intensifies the effectiveness of monaural beats and is recommended for the best effect. "When you're stressed, there's a battle being fought inside you," Mangieri says. "The antioxidants and phytonutrients found in berries fight in your defense, helping improve your body's response to stress and fight stress-related free radicals." Research has also shown that blueberry eaters experience a boost in natural killer cells, "a type of white blood cell that plays a vital role in immunity, critical for countering stress," says Cynthia Sass, MPH, RD, Health's contributing nutrition editor. To get a full answer you should really get in touch with the owner of the app, because it does really depend on how their track is constructed and how they intend it to work. I have one 50-minute sleep track which takes you down into delta (http://www.mindamend.com/shop/sleeping-and-dreaming/sleep-induction-isochronic-tones/) and that is designed to just get you to sleep, so you just let play until the end. If you played that track on repeat it might make you jump and wake you up, as the track begins at a higher frequency. I have another 8-hour sleep track which is meant to be played all throughout the night (http://www.mindamend.com/shop/sleeping-and-dreaming/deep-sleep-8-hour-sleep-cycle/). So it does depend on the individual track you are using. Different people have different requirements when it comes to frequency changes in the music and it's quite impossible for us to anticipate them all. We would need to produce so many different variants of all our music productions that it would be impractical to manage and confusing for our customers. For example, if we were to start raising the frequency from theta up to alpha between the 50-60 minute mark of a piece of music, this would be useless to someone who used the music for a guided meditation that was only 45 minutes long. In the early stages of the development of our brainwave entrainment music we had so many different requests from different people that we could only opt for the simplest solution, which is to use a consistent frequency throughout. It might not be the absolute "perfect ideal", but this is still a very effective technique and the feedback we've received on our brainwave entrainment music has always been exceptionally positive. * Supports iOS 5.0 and higher * Thanks for making Brain Wave the Top Selling Brainwave Entrainment app 4 years! This update includes improvements to our last major update, which included a ton of new features, including the ability to use your iTunes Music as the background and Alarm Audio, support for running another audio app simultaneously, such as a web or ebook reader, and UI updates for iOS 7. Joseph Kao, creator of Journey to the Center of the Self, a deep, 30-minute, guided transpersonal meditation, accompanied by music embedded with advanced brainwave entrainment technology and followed by 30 minutes of only the brainwave entrainment music, talks with iAwake’s CEO, John Dupuy, about all that went into the making of this meditation tool masterpiece. Transcending and Including the Little Self John: One thing I find so remarkable about your guided meditation in Journey to … [Read more...] Additionally, this root may help you lose weight and feel more energetic. Women who take maca find they have a bit more energy and fewer aches and pains. Maca is popularly included in sports drinks and nootropics that help improve athletic performance. Much of the research has been done on men, in regards to athletic performance using maca, but studies have also shown women benefit as much or even more. Finally, it may help you stabilize your emotions. Specific studies have shown that maca can help relieve the symptoms of mild depression and mood swings. With each pulsed tone, the brain produces an electrical response. The effects one experiences are the creations of the brains reaction to the “tones”, what neurologists call the “cortical evoked response” (the electrical response of the top most cortical layer of the brain). The brain is a mass of neurons, each taking part in storing, retrieving and transmitting electro-chemical impulses: information, colors, images, sounds, smells and tastes. Brainwave entrainment stimulates different areas of the brain allowing for the awakening and subsequent release of various levels of stored material. It also has an effect of quietening the mind for clearer thought and process. Hi Steve, sorry I missed this comment. That’s a tough question. I’d have to say Earth Vibration or Spiritual Awakening. The EV track is amazing, it has these occasional subtle wolf howls that integrate with the track and create a melodic atmosphere. From a production point of view it is really good. Spiritual Awakening is really relaxing. It uses natural ambience and a sparse hang drum, an instrument I love. Both are theta tracks. Earth Vibration says it is 432hz, but that refers to the frequency of the music is tuned to. The sound waves are 7.83hz theta (I checked… Read more » Long-distance running, biking, cross-country skiing, and other outdoor activities provide a change of scenery and a dose of fresh air, both of which can help clear your mind, Plante says. Also, outdoor settings such as mountains, a biking trail, or a neighborhood park are pleasant places to spend time in. Beautiful settings, especially in spring and fall, can lift your mood and shake up your workout routine. B6 is part of the B-complex vitamins and something you probably get an adequate amount of as part of a predominantly vegetable-based diet. However, during menopause, you may need to increase it more than your dietary intake allows. In this case, a low-level B6 or pyridoxine supplement can help give you a boost. In fact, taking a general B-complex supplement that includes adequate levels of B6 will provide you with an increase of all of the B vitamins, mostly because they work together. Words could be great stress relievers. One technique to quell sudden stress is to repeat a phrase from which you draw power and strength. “Think positively about releasing what is bothering you by repeating a positive mantra that uplifts you such as, ‘I am at peace,’ ‘All is well,’ ‘I choose to think thoughts that serve me,’ or ‘I love and believe in myself fully,’” says Carol Whitaker, life transformation expert and the author of Ridiculously Happy! The Secret to Manifesting the Life and Body of Your Dreams. “This too shall pass” is another good one. Repeating a mantra is actually a type of meditation that can make you more resilient to stress—some studies show it can actually alter your brain’s neural pathways. You can place reminders of your mantras near the places you tend to get stressed, like your work space. “I actually keep a file on my computer of great quotes and inspiring sayings. So when I’m feeling overwhelmed by life’s struggles, I clip them to my screensaver, post them on my social media, and even print them out to put on my refrigerator or desk,” Dr. Serani says. Just as stress can increase the risk for chronic diseases and other health problems, dealing with chronic conditions and poor health can increase the amount of stress one experiences. Stress also influences behaviors that affect health. Diet choices, sleep habits, and drug use are behaviors that are often negatively affected by stress (3). The APA’s 2011 survey showed that 39% percent of respondents reported overeating or eating unhealthy food because of stress, and 29% reported skipping a meal (3). In addition, 44% reported lying awake at night because of stress (3). On a positive note, 47% of respondents reported walking or exercise as a way of managing stress (3). PMS: There is a little research that supports the efficacy of brainwave entrainment for PMS symptom reduction in women. Women with long-standing and severe forms of PMS were administered photic stimulations for a series of 3 menstrual cycles. Following the photic stimulation, it was noted that women reported 64% improvement by the second menstrual cycle and 76% improvement after all three cycles. Beta brainwaves are next highest in frequency after alpha waves, occurring at 13 to 30 hertz. Beta brainwaves are what we experience every day as we are awake and using our analytic mind. Beta brainwaves are needed for concentrating on mental tasks, and when they are present for too long of a time, they lead to stress, anxiety, and even paranoia. Most people do not have trouble achieving beta brainwaves and in fact suffer from spending too much time in beta brainwave patterns. However, those with attention deficit disorder (ADD) who have problems focusing their attention can benefit from learning how to achieve and remain in beta brainwave states for longer amounts of time. Arthritis (inflammation of the joints) produces pain, loss of movement, and sometimes swelling. It is caused by tissue injury or joint disease. The two most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Fibromyalgia often is considered an arthritis-related condition, but it is not a true form of arthritis because it does not cause inflammation or damage to the joints. According to the Arthritis Foundation, nearly one in three adults has arthritis or chronic joint symptoms, and arthritis is the leading cause of disability among Americans older than age 15. Thanks for the coupons, I had originally looked into these cd’s after my doctor recommended them, but my mom wound up buying them for me for Christmas (she didn’t know about the coupons I had!) Anyway just listened to Equisync II today for the first time, I was in such a state as to where I didn’t know if I’d fallen asleep or not! I hadn’t but was in such an amazing place. Trump is now and always has been a filthy businessman. He operates above the law and wants to apply those laws to everyone but himself (lock her up!). It's been documented over the years that he recruits foreign workers, so this should be no surprise. Trump is an experienced cheater who will happily work with other people's money and ruin other people's lives just so he can win. Trampling on foreign workers' rights is nothing new or unexpected; he has an exclusive club to run, after all, and the end justifies the means.
What is the difference between VoIP and Unified Comms? Communications are changing so rapidly, even many experts have catching up to do. Two technologies that most of us will be using in the future, if we aren’t already, are VoIP and Unified Communications. Image Credit What is VoIP? Voice over Internet Protocol is any technology that digitally encodes speech and delivers it over the internet. There have been (and still are) numerous packages that go about this slightly differently, but in recent years, they have become inter-operable – able to use the same components and communicate transparently. If you’re interested in this topic, see http://www.enterprisenetworkingplanet.com/unified_communications/Who-Sets-the-Standards-for-VoIP–3491911.htm. A breakthrough for VoIP was the facility to interface with local telephone exchanges. Consequently, caller and receiver no longer need to be sitting at computers: you can use IP phones in the same way you pick up and use any other phone – but the signal travels over your broadband connection. A market in connections and bandwidth has arisen, usually called “wholesale az VoIP termination” (see https://www.idtexpress.com/ for details). Image Credit What is Unified Comms? Whereas VoIP has become viable through the convergence of similar technologies, diversity is the whole point of UC. UC packages combine diverse communication channels behind a unified interface. Unified comms involve numerous applications and platforms, including things like VoIP telephony, instant messaging, chat-room and social media functions, SMS, voice mail, video mail, video conferencing, speech recognition and speech controlled routing, screen sharing, faxing and emailing. They are readily integrated into CRM suites too. UC packages share two guiding principles which can be summarised under the following terms. Developers try to maintain what is already familiar to people – like Outlook, Thunderbird or the layout of social media sites, but also converge these modules into a consistent interface that is the same whether users are at their laptop or using a handheld device out in the field. Unified communications aim to preserve the accessibility or presence of others by adapting to their location and availability at all times. In other words, it recognises where they are and how to contact them – a phone call can become an email containing a voice message, or a document redirected to a personal assistant, enabling everyone to cooperate effectively at all times. For most businesses, adopting VoIP is the milestone that makes it possible to think about unified comms in the future. Leave a Reply
Skip to main content "Poisonous" does not mean deadly. Some manifestations of toxicity are subtle. The dose, as always, determines if a plant is safe source of nutrients or a toxic hazard. Cyanide eating Bamboo Lemurs live to tell the tale... Madagascar, an island off the southeast coast of Africa, is home to the group of primates known as the lemurs. Unique to Madagascar, these animals are thought to resemble the primitive ancestor of today's monkeys and apes. There are over 35 species of lemur living in Madagascar, inhabitaing a variety of natural habitats, from rainforest to desert like plains. Among these are the genus Hapalemur or the Bamboo lemurs. There are three species of Bamboo lemurs: the Greater Bamboo Lemur (H. simus), three subspecies of the Lesser or Gentle Bamboo Lemur, (H. griseus), and the Golden Bamboo Lemur, (H. aureus), who has the dubious honor of being the world's most recently discovered primate, having been found by Dr. Patricia Wright of SUNY Stonybrook in 1984. These three sympatric species inhabit the same habitat and feed on the same bamboo species, Cephalostachyum cf viguieri and C. perrieri. How then is major competition avoided? It turns out that each species eats a different part of the bamboo. H. simus prefers the woody pulp and culms of C. cf. viguieri, while H. griseus eats the leaf bases of both species and selects the shoots of C. perrieri. H. aureus meanwhile eats only the shoots of C. cf. viguieri. The question then arises, what prevents the H. griseus from encroaching on the territory of their cousins by eating the shoots of both bamboo species? The answer is simple: cyanide. The shoots of C. cf. viguieri contain 15 mg of cyanide per 100 g of fresh weight. The H. griseus stay away from the shoots of this plant because they are highly toxic. On the other hand, the Golden Bamboo Lemur eats an average of 500 g of this cyanide laden bamboo every day, thus intaking an estimated 12 times the toxic dose for a primate of its body mass. Unfortunately, the mechanism H. aureus uses to detoxify this poison is as yet unknown. However, large amounts of cyanide have been measured in the feces which are the food source specifically selected by a species of dung beetle who seems to have co-evolved with the Golden bamboo Lemur.
Korean Natural Farming: FAA: Fish Amino Acid Korean Natural Farming: FAA: Fish Amino Acid. Source: Rooftop Ecology. Korean Natural Farming DIY agro-input – Fish Amino Acid (FAA) This is p.131 and p.132 from the Cho Han Kyu’s Natural Farming Handbook. 1. What is FAA Amino acids are nitrogen (N) part of the five elements of fertilizer. Fish amino acid is a liquid made from fish trash. It contains abundant amounts of nutrients and various types of amino acids. It is absorbed directly by the crops and it stimulates the activity of microorganisms. If you add urea you will have an even better effect. 2. How to make FAA 1. Put fish trash (head, bones, intestines etc) into a clay pot or plastic jar. Blue black fish like mackerel, saury and gizzard shad are especially good. 2. Add an equal amount of brown sugar. 3. In about 2-3 days due to osmotic pressure the fish meat is liquefied and will complete fermentation in about 7-10 days. When you see fat floating on the solution add 2-3 handfuls of IMO3 (Indigenous Micro-Organism) and this will dissolve all the fat. 4. Once it is ready extract and use the liquid. [Ian:This is not unlike native Americans putting a dead fish into a hole then putting a plant on top of it.] 3. How to use FAA FAA is normally used at the 1:1000 dilution. Being a nitrogen fertilizer, FAA (mixed with FPJ) will boost the growth of crops during the vegetative growth period when applied on both soil and leaf. Do not use during the reproductive period if you are worried about overgrowth. However, it can be used continuously with leafy vegetables. Depending on the type of fish used the distinctive scent may function as an insect repellent. Collect the fat from that fish during the production process. Mix this fat with water and spray around the crops. Just spraying around the greenhouse can be effective. Herring produces the largest amount of fat. This fat has a very strong smell that repels insects. It is particularly effective against Mythimna Separala Walker. Mackerel FAA is effective against mites and white fly. Dilute and mist spray onto the leaves. FAA will also promote the fermentation process of making IMO or mixed compost. Once FAA is made the bones will be left over. Put Brown Rice Vinegar on the bones at a ration of 10:1 and the bones will be decompose and becomes high quality natural calcium phosphate. Many more uses can be found for this wonderful input.
Solutions For Parents Infants » Newborn Development Parents as Teachers of Older Children Share This Article: On Twitter On Facebook Print Babies survive by using both sides of their bodies and two hemispheres of their brains; then, just doing what comes naturally! The infant body and brain plan every move, every thought. They work together, play together, and give strength to each other, like peanut butter and jelly or ice cream and cake. Think of every infant's body and brain as a never-ending, most incredible merger. Think of famous and brilliant bodies and brains that work together; for example, Einstein, Galileo, Frank Lloyd Wright, or Gandhi. Then, if you admire these people, remember that every baby is born with exactly the same apparatus. The combination of body and brain takes in zillions of experiences, quadrillions of actions and zooms in and out, remembering every infinitesimal zot of knowledge. What sensory knowledge goes into brains, and what experiences and activity comes out of bodies? Well, if you can figure it out, there is a Nobel Prize with your name on it waiting for you! Prospective infant studies demonstrate that the human infant partially, if not primarily, determines his own course of development, depending on personality, genetics, environment and constitutional factors we can't even begin to list. Babies listen and look, and out of that tiny body comes eye blinks, stares, babbling and art work. Infants change position constantly, drink milk and eat cheerios, and out comes a talent for writing dramatic plays. Maybe baby giggles or baby tears make infants learn to become more tolerant, kind, or mean and nasty. It is a wonderful, incredible mystery, called child development. What research does show is that infants seem to produce their own development, but that outside experiences and human beings attached to infants need to provide direct experiences, language and communication, and high energy stimulation. Enriched brains and bodies require contact with sensory information and knowledge, including social and emotional ties to people. Infants need to be nurtured and stimulated by people who provide interesting objects for babies to see; if that occurs, the result is good persistence and visual attention. If infants are exposed to stimulating sources of things to hear and see at the same time, infants will in fact wait for auditory cues and start to coo and babble, developing their language skills. Infants have skin hunger as well as a hunger and thirst for food and liquids. When comfortable and gently handled by parents, babies and children of all ages are quick to demonstrate motor skills by kicking, reaching, cuddling, and grasping. Crawling, standing, walking and talking are all physical outcomes that occur, not because adults teach them to walk, but because they are self-motivated to take advantage of those opportunities. It is true that the more infants have opportunity to move, the more they change position and perform symmetrical movements. These actions increase children's self-assurance and social competence. Movement and thinking go together, another example of the body and brain working together to learn. Ask Dr. Susan
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Bach 2. RHYTHM Starting Beat Everything has rhythm. Everything dances. Maya Angelou CHAPTER AIMS: To discuss classical music and dance (without mentioning ballet) Marking Time Brandenburg Concerto No 2 1st movement We now have a view of this music, an instrumental view. This is the first movement of a piece of music featuring a band of four soloists – violin, oboe, flute, and trumpet – playing within a larger band of string players. The relationships between these soloists and the rest of the string orchestra defines the action that takes place in the music. In practical terms, that means alternating sections of soloists playing with sections where the rest of the orchestra (including all or most of the soloists). Let’s now turn to the more abstract qualities of the music. Starting with the most basic and fundemental musical quality: Rhythm. What do we think about the rhythmic quality of this music. What can we say about its beat or pulse? Well, it’s certainly very regular. The main tempo is four beats in the bar, which means four beats every three seconds or so. That’s the basic rhythmic frame on which the entire piece is constructed. And that regular beat tells us something not just about this piece, and not just about Bach’s music in general. It tells us something about the music of Bach’s age (known as Baroque Music), and the origins of classical music. A Baroque Beat You just can’t help but notice that regularity. It’s like clockwork. And it remains uniform throughout the entire piece. If you clap along to this piece, your clapping will stay the same throughout the piece, first bar to last. Do the same with any of the other five pieces on this course, and the result won’t be anything like as uniform. All the other pieces have pauses, breaks, or entire changes in tempo. Bach composed at a hugely exciting time for music. We’re talking end of the 17th, early 18th century, three hundred years ago. It’s an age of music we now term ‘Baroque’. The harmonic language had been established over the last few hundred years, and was now essentially settled. The instruments had mostly been invented. But the forms for the music, the genres, the delivery system for all this lovely new sound, were all up for grabs. All kinds of genres from across Europe were being combined into new and exciting forms, and it was actually dancing that provided the blue prints. To see this process in action, we need to travel back to the court of Louis Quatorze, the Sun King, and his palace in Versailles. Dancing King Bourree by Lully Louis XIV (1638-1715) was the royal superstar of the Baroque era. This was the French monarch who built the palace of Versaille at what could be described as the high-water mark of royal power in Europe. Of course it didn’t end up working out so well for the later Louis. Barely a century, the entire royal edifice would come crumbling down during the French Revolution, when Louis XVI (great-great-great grandson) would lose his head. But that’s a story for later chapters. Right now, royalty sits at the top of Europe’s power ladder, and Louis sits on top of that ladder. He is a sumptious and lavish monarch. In keeping with that image, Louis rather humbly takes on the image of the sun as part of his official branding. Which is why to this day he is known as the Sun King, although personally I’d go for ‘King of Bling’, but there you go. His court at Versailles was renowned for its glitz and glamour. It was the place to be in the middle of 17th century Europe, the capital of elegance and refinement. That meant the best gardens, the best costumes, the best food. And also the best musicians and composers. Louis adored dancing, and his court formalized dances such as the Gavotte, Gigue, or Sarabande into structured pieces of music with specific characteristics. At Louis’ court, these dance would be organised displays of musical dance with which Louis himself loved to join. The dancing king indeed. These genres of dance would in turn become genres of classical music in their own right, and that’s a process that’s taking place exactly as Bach is composing. The Bourree for example that we’re hearing now, was a faster two or four step dance that originated with clog dancing. So the bourree four-step clog dance, becomes in Bach’s hands a four beat fast-paced piece: Bach French Suite Bourree This tells us that the way classical music, during it’s early Baroque days, is being defined. Generically that is by it’s rhythmic charecteristics. Whether it’s two-step, or three step. Whether it’s fast or slow. And so, early on, these forms of dances were transformed by composers into music you sat down and listen to. These early labels tell you what type of music you’ll hear. A fast double-step for a gigue. A slow three-step dance for the Sarabande. That’s why in the Baroque period, the beat stays so consistent within a piece. Generally it is the largest most important way that music can be defined. The Minuet in particular found itself welded into the history of classical music. This three-step dance became the third movement minuet-trio that is so common in the classical Symphony and String Quartet. Listen to any Symphony by Mozart or Haydn, and you will find a third movement minuet-trio in three-step time. It’s a staple form of classical music, buit it’s origins date directly back to dance. Dance music would continue to influence classical music and its various genres after the time of Bach, right through the classical period pof Mozart and Haydn, through to the Romantic Age, with the Waltzes of Strauss and the Muzarkas of Chopin. And that influence extends right into the 20th century, with the ballets of Stravinsky like the Rites of Spring. The truth is classical music and dance are inextricably linked. And yet, when we think about classical music, how often do we think about dance? On the Dance Floor Brandenburg Concerto No 2 1st movement Front-piece to Waltzing manual (1816) People used to dance to classical music right the way until the twentieth century. Whether that was courtiers in the court of King Louis, or social nobs of the 19th century twirling their silks and satins to the latest Strauss waltz. Since then, classical music has become a dead-end for the dancing public. You’ve got ballet, sure. But if you really fancy a boogie, you’re scarcely going to rush for tickets to Swan Lake. So why has classical music become so divorced from dance? Or to reverse the question: how has classical music managed to survive despite keeping its audience so physically caged? The answer is that the music itself is full of movement. And that’s obvious if you’ve ever been to see a symphony orchestra in action. Lord of the Dance See a symphony orchestra live, and you immedately appreciate how much movement and motion there is in classical music. That’s a reason, and a big reason, why experiencing live classical music can so enhance the experience of the music. When you see a full orchestra in action, you see the pulse and movement of rhythm everywhere. For starters, many of the players can’t stop moving. Here a trumpeter points their trumpet higher in the air as he plays a higher note. There an oboist weaves as they wind out a melody. The players themselves move alot. And watching them can be fun, but can also tell you more about the music. That’s particularly true when you watch groups of instruments moving together in a full symphony orchestra. A section of players lifting their instruments together ready to play – the uniform rise and fall of violin bows – the simultaneous rustle of hurriedly turning pages. Lord of the Dance? It gives an excellent visual reference for the music itself. The string sections are best for this, as the rhythm of the music matches the bowing. You can actually see a musical phrase rippling through the string sections, a dance of bows that gets repeated in the different sections as the phrase is repeated. I’m pretty sure a completely deaf person can get a sense of a piece of classical music by watching the orchestra playing it. You can get some sense of this from youtube videos, but it’s much better live, when your own eyes can be the judge of the music. If you’ve never managed it, I’d really encourage you to go see a proper orchestra in action. And don’t just listen to them, watch them! Now look at the person at the centre of this musical maelstrom: the conductor. Watch him at work, and you’ll see rhythm personified: the swirl of the baton, the frenetic gesticulations of body. If you’ve always assumed classical music occupies some higher plane to the dance-floor, ask yourself this: How come he’s the only one allowed to dance? Next chapter: Melody. • For the link to my contribution to that huge prestigious genre – the dancing conductor mashup – go here • People danced to Classical Music during the period Bach was composing. For some old forms of Baroque dance, try this Minuet (3-step) from Handel’s Watermusic (the dancing has certainyl aged more than the music). • Here is a gigue, or jig, as it may have been performed in Bach’s time. The dance you might historically associate with sailors’ or highland jigs. It’s certainly a more lively dance than the minuet. • Now listen to what a gigue becomes in Bach’s hands, with this Gigue from Bach’s Violin Partita. An impressive performance from a young Hilary Hahn. • Finally, for those feeling musically bold, here is a free full score for this entire movement. You’ll need to scroll down to the ‘full score section’. If you like your music scored, then IMSLP is a superb free resource, with loads of free sheet music and even some recordings. Go to top

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