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Probiotics reduce stress levels and anxiety Probiotics reduce stress levels and anxiety Probiotics reduce stress levels and anxiety, according to the latest research from University of Missouri. Probiotics are microorganisms, often called ‘good bacteria.’ They are found in various fresh and fermented foods. Probiotics are believed to be essential to digestive and gut health because they maintain and balance essential bacteria in the digestive tract. The most common forms of probiotics are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. They can also be found in supplement form. The digestive, immune support, weight loss, and skin health benefits of probiotics are well known. Using a zebrafish model, the researchers examined a common probiotic found in supplements and yogurt to see if it affected stress and anxiety. The researchers believe that understanding how gut bacteria affects behavior in zebrafish can uncover the way probiotics can affect the human central nervous system. Zebrafish are an emerging model species for neurobehavioral studies and their use is well-established in drug-screening,” said Aaron Ericsson, director of the MU Metagenomics Center and a research assistant professor in the Department of Veterinary Pathobiology. “Our study has shown that simple probiotics that we normally use to keep our digestive tract in sync, could be beneficial to reducing our stress levels as well.” The researchers studied how zebrafish behaved after doses of Lactobacillus plantarum, a probiotic often found in supplements and yogurt. Each day we introduced a different stressor — tests that are validated by other researchers and cause higher anxiety among zebrafish,” said Elizabeth Bryda, professor of veterinary pathobiology in the MU College of Veterinary Medicine. “These are common environmental stress patterns, such as isolation stress and temperature change, so it made the tests relevant to humans as well.” The research team found that the zebrafish who were given the supplements showed less stress. By measuring the genes associated with stress and anxiety, our tests were able to predict how this common probiotic is able to benefit behavioral responses in these fish,” said Daniel Davis, assistant director of the MU Animal Modeling Core. “Essentially, bacteria in the gut altered the gene expression associated with stress- and anxiety-related pathways in the fish allowing for increased signaling of particular neurotransmitters.” The researchers also found that the fish spent more time at the top of the tank, instead of the bottom. Fish often stay at the bottom of the tank when they are stressed. Using zebrafish, we’ve developed a relatively inexpensive platform for testing of other species of bacteria and probiotics and their potential benefit on different systems of the body,” Ericsson said. The study showing that probiotics reduce stress levels and anxiety was published in the journal Scientific Reports. Can probiotics help treat social anxiety? Raw honey contains probiotics that boost the immune system. Could probiotics be the new treatment for rosacea? 1. “Common Probiotics Can Reduce Stress Levels, Lessen Anxiety.” University of Missouri. University of Missouri, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016. 2. “Lactobacillus Plantarum Attenuates Anxiety-related Behavior and Protects against Stress-induced Dysbiosis in Adult Zebrafish.” Macmillan Publishers, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016. Leave a Reply
Featured Articles Mycoplasma bovis: An emerging global disease 23 January 2019 Thermo Fisher Scientific Changes in dairy herd management, primarily herd expansion, have turned mycoplasma mastitis into an emerging disease, writes Dr. Christina Boss, Global Senior Product Manager at Thermo Fisher Scientific. This article first appeared in Progressive Dairyman. Parlor image The U.S. National Animal Health Monitoring Service (NAHMS) conducted a recent survey, which estimated during any single year, 20 per cent of 500+ cow herds in the US will have a positive mycoplasma mastitis bulk tank. Mastitis is estimated to cost the US dairy industry billions of dollars every year, and Dr. Fox says he thinks the same is true for dairy producers in Europe. How do mastitis types differ? “Penicillin antibiotics need to attack the cell wall in order to be effective. For gram-negative infections, the penicillin-type antibiotics, also called beta lactams, cannot get to the cell wall,” describes Dr. Fox. “As a result, gram-positives tend to be more susceptible to penicillin antibiotics; gram-negatives are more resistant.” Similar to gram-negative bacteria, mycoplasma do not have a cell wall; they only have a cell membrane, making them much more resistant to antibiotics because there's no cell wall to attack. Mycoplasma is very slow growing, which gives it an advantage because some antibiotics focus on the metabolism and reproduction aspects of the cells. Slow growing bacteria are not reproducing or metabolizing as fast, making them more resistant to antibiotics. Learn more about mycoplasma mastitis including: • Why mycoplasma mastitis is unique • Mycoplasma risk factors • Why mycoplasma mastitis is underestimated Further Reading You can view the full article by clicking here. Our Sponsors Seasonal Picks British Field Crops 2nd edition
8 Ways Black Parents Can Encourage French Language Learning in Their Children Wednesday, July 25, 2018 By Robin Morris-Wilson If you have considered learning a foreign language with your child, it is never too late to open the door to foreign language learning. A French speaker, author, and educator, Robin Morris-Wilson has conducted research on French language learning in an urban community. Now, she is offering helpful tips for parents who want to bring French language learning into their households. You’ve dived into learning French! Maybe you have used some of the language learning strategies mentioned in the first article and you want more ideas to get your children excited about learning French. Does your family love to cook? Do you have tech savvy kids? From cooking to technology, here are some additional ways that you can help your children fall in love with French: 1. Recipes: Do you have a special recipe from a mother or grandmother? You can use International Food Dictionary to translate your family recipes and invite your children to cook with you. This is a fun way to build French food vocabulary around dishes your family naturally enjoys. For free recipe translations, visit www.internationalfooddictionary.com/recipe-translate.php. If you enjoy tasting cultural cuisines, purchase a copy of Cuisine futée Magazine at www.boutiquecuisinefutee.ca. There is a translation tab on the magazines’ website. From soupe de poisson (chicken soup) to floral flavored macaroons, there are many great French recipes to taste and explore. Santé! 2. Write, Draw, and Paint: Consider leaving quick notes in French and English for family members. A simple “I love you” or “je t'aime” is a great way to start your day. This will give you and your family practice in reading and writing in French. Also, get creative and draw or paint images to represent French words that your family is learning. You can even label the images and hang them on your refrigerator to display. 3. Public Libraries and Community Spaces: Contact your youth librarian to learn about language learning story times, programs, and English to French books at your neighborhood library. If programs and materials are not available, request a language learning play group, story time, and bilingual books for your community library. Also, visit neighbors and community spaces where French is spoken to practice hearing and speaking the language. 4. Apps: All of the following language learning apps can be downloaded on either iTunes App Store or Google Play Store: Penyo Pal, Mindsnacks, Gus on the Go, Duolingo, Mango Languages, and Memrise. These apps are interactive and useful for child or adult vocabulary, comprehension, grammar, and pronunciation learning. 5. Language Learning Camps/After-School Programs: Many local universities and colleges have foreign language departments and offer programs for elementary and middle school students in the surrounding community. Therefore, contact your local colleges and universities to inquire about language learning programs and scholarships for kids. 6. Alliance de Française: L’Alliance de Française (AF) is a respected international organization that offers French classes and programs to individuals interested in learning the language and culture. They offer beginner to advanced French programs for children and adults at locations throughout the U.S. and abroad. If you are a member of AF, you can access an online database of books and music in French. Still, membership fees and program costs may vary from location to location. Therefore, inquire about pricing with your local AF chapter. To learn about a location nearest you, visit https://afusa.org/chapters-map/. 7. English Foreign Language Immersion Schools: Look for schools that offer early language learning programs. There are three main types of immersion approaches. Schools can offer total, partial, or two-way immersion programs. The Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL) provides descriptions of the differences in programs. CAL also has a directory of foreign language immersion schools nationwide. Therefore, research schools in your area using webapp.cal.org/Immersion/. 8. Travel: If your budget allows, plan a language learning travel experience to Québec City, Canada. If you live in New York or Michigan, a 15-hour train ride will land you in the beautiful French-speaking city with plenty of arts and cultural attractions to explore. This is a wonderful way to immerse yourself in the language and experience the culture. Some great family stops include, “The Céramic Café Québec” (http://leccs.com/en/quebec/), “The Museum of Civilization” (https://www.mcq.org/en), and “Citadelle de Québec” (www.lacitadelle.qc.ca/en/). Compared to other international destinations, depending on your location, you can buy plane tickets relatively cheap to fly into Québec City. So, do some research, apply for your passports, pack a language journal, and take photos along the way to create a French literacy gallery. Here is an example of a digital literacy gallery: https://myalbum.com/album/neWyqq3p1oXx. Sometimes, it only takes one positive experience to spark a lifelong passion for language learning. So, continue to encourage your children to learn French while celebrating their unique identities. It can be a wonderful way to bond with family and it can be an avenue to the world! Robin Morris-Wilson is an educator, children's author, poet, and freelance writer. An enthusiastic French language learner, Robin has studied French at Ecole Québec Monde in Québec City, Canada. She holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Reading and minor in language from the Unversity of Michigan-Dearborn. As an undergraduate student at UM-Dearborn, she conducted academic research on early French language learning in an urban context. Click here for regular advertising rates!!! Check out TNCP's Birthday Advertising!!!! Custom-embroidered logo shirts and apparel by Queensboro Support our advertisers. Follow the link to their site: Greater Lansing Convention & Visitors Bureau
Skip to main content Marriage equality as evolution Rosemary Joyce, professor of anthropology \| June 26, 2015 How quickly things have evolved. I feared that I would end up having to write yet another demonstration that anthropology and history do not support limiting marriage based on some kind of “traditional” or “natural” stability of marriage. But in 2013, and again today, the Supreme Court heard arguments against extending the right to marriage to same sex couples, rooted in claims of human universals, and judged them for what they are: attempts to artificially hold back a cultural change that is inevitable: evolution. We will need time to read the opinion and reflect on it. In 2013, I underlined one phrase from that Supreme Court decision: “A dignity and status of great import.” The court understood that marriage, as a social recognition of a commitment made based on love, is a matter of human dignity. The legal debates about marriage equality, in California, in other states, and in Washington, have consistently highlighted the indignities that anti-marriage equality arguments introduced, not just for same sex couples but for anyone who is married and childless, or adopted into a family. In a post on the Berkeley Blog in 2010 after Prop 8 was struck down, I reflected on some of the arguments offered unsuccessfully in that case: Anthropologists who have written about American kinship have long noted a tendency in US society to equate kinship with blood identity. Yet at the same time, in US society, adopted children are not supposed to be differentiated from children born of the biological union of their parents. Both today and historically, children have been incorporated in families through a variety of means. The idea that biological kinship is more authentic than kinship through fostering, feeding, care, and history would be offensive to many, I would hope most, people in the US today. Reflecting on the 2013 decision by the Supreme Court, I noted that proponents of the restriction of marriage to male-female couples claimed that “redefining marriage as a genderless institution will sever its abiding connection to its historic traditional procreative purposes.” As Justices Elena Kagan and Stephen G. Breyer made clear in their questions, this formulation would seem to define childless couples as unfit for marriage as well. Both in 2013 and in the case decided today, the Supreme Court considered arguments based on claims of historical precedent. In the 2013 decision, the majority wrote “Marriage between a man and a woman no doubt had been thought of by most people as essential to the very definition of that term and its role and function throughout the history of civilization.” That invocation of “the history of civilization” is something my discipline, anthropology, has the expertise to assess. In 2004, the American Anthropological Association issued its statement on marriage: Writing as an archaeologist, in 2012 I noted that people who want to define marriage in a singular way ignore histories, including those of Christianity, showing that attitudes toward marriage and practices about it have varied. In oral arguments leading to the decision issued today, Ruth Ginsburg sharply contradicted claims that marriage should stay the same, noting that “Marriage today is not what it was under the common law tradition, under the civil law tradition …. Marriage was a relationship of a dominant male to a subordinate female.” In my own writing, my point has not been to find precedents for same sex marriage in history or a stable “human nature”, but to show the amazing variety of ways human societies have arranged social, affectionate, and reproductive relationships. As I wrote in 2012, arguments against extending marriage equality to same sex couples “ignore the one real universal about our species: we are human, and humans evolve to fit their times and circumstances”. And that is what happened today. Evolution. Comments to “Marriage equality as evolution Two men can’t have children together. Two women can’t have children together. Science is against it, anatomy is against it, physiology is against it, philosophy is against it. Without children created through marriage of a man and a woman ‘across cultures and throughout time’ no civilisation or ‘viable social order’ would even exist. • You confuse biological reproduction with the socially sanctioned relationship we call marriage. My discipline– which is the master science of human variability– shows that societies arrange for the care of children through a variety of means, including families with two parents, extended multi-generational families, care by single parents with access to networks of support, and dare I point out, through school systems, where in the US, children spend much of their waking hours after their first few years. None of those social arrangements demands reduction to one man and one woman. There were ideological arguments once that without a singular adult male role model and an equally singular adult female role model, children would suffer; but the research shows this is not the case. And of course, that normative narrative of nuclear families has always been absurd, as it pretends that children have no contact with adults other than a biological pair of progenitors. Children’s care is and always has been provided by many others. Once we reject the claim that it is wrong or dangerous to have anyone other than a male and female who provided the biological materials for the formation of the embryo that became a specific child care for that child– as we must, because the evidence shows it is a false claim– then we are left with the biological question. Will facilitating marriages between people whose reproductive biology does not allow them to physically engender children of their own endanger the continuity of society? Clearly not, because we already live in a world where some couples of different biology cannot have children of their own bodies. Many couples, by need or choice, adopt children born to women who for one reason or another cannot care for them. Marriage equality in no way endangers sexual reproduction. Some people will marry people of a different biology; some of them will have offspring and raise them, some will not. Some people of different biologies will conceive children without marriage, and some of them will choose to raise them, together or alone. Some people in relationships with those of different biology will seek medical procedures to help conception, as will some women on their own, and some women in same sex relationships. What the Supreme Court has done is remove the barriers that prevented some US citizens from having security about their right to raise children, to be recognized as parents. And that will help ensure the survival and thriving of more children. 2. Thank you for your efforts Prof. Joyce. Can we now accelerate our evolution by establishing equal rights for women around the world so we can protect and perpetuate quality of life for everyone into the longterm future? We must find a solution to Dr. Jane Goodall’s question, “If humans are the most intelligent beings on earth, why is it that we are destroying our only home?” because time is running out. Leave a Reply
Genetic history of North Africa From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search The genetic history of North Africa has been heavily influenced by geography. The Sahara desert to the south and the Mediterranean Sea to the North were important barriers to gene flow in prehistoric times. However, Africa is connected to Western Asia via the Isthmus of Suez, while at the Straits of Gibraltar North Africa and Europe are separated by only 15 km (9 mi). Although North Africa has experienced gene flows from the surrounding regions, it has also experienced long periods of genetic isolation, allowing a distinctive genetic "Berber marker" to evolve in the native Berber people. Today, this genetic "Berber marker" is consistently found in the regions and populations that still predominantly speak the Berber languages, as well as in the Canary Islands which was inhabited by native Berbers and by their descendents to this day. A recent genetic study showed that North Africans are genetically similar to Paleolithic North Africans.[1] Current scientific debate is concerned with determining the relative contributions of different periods of gene flow to the current gene pool of North Africans. Anatomically modern humans are known to have been present in North Africa during the Middle Paleolithic (300,000 years ago), as attested by the by Jebel Irhoud 1.[2] Without morphological discontinuity, the Aterian was succeeded by the Iberomaurusian industry, whose lithic assemblages bore relations with the Cro-Magnon cultures.[3] The Iberomaurusian industry was succeeded by the Capsian industry in the eastern part of North Africa. In the 7th century A.D., part of the Berber countries was invaded by Muslim Umayyad Arabs. Under the relatively brief Arab-Umayyad occupation and the later arrival of some bedouin Arabs and Syriacs from the Near East in Asia and the arrival of some Jews and Muslims fleeing the Spanish Catholic Reconquista, a partial population mix or fusion might have taken place and might have resulted in some genetic diversity among some North Africans.[4] However, this partial fusion of Berbers and foreigners is mostly limited in terms of geographical distribution to the main Berber urban areas and some coastal plains of North Africa because migrants and refugees tend to gravitate towards major cities since ancient times and they tend to avoid the heartland. The Berber ethnic and genetic nature of North Africa (west of Egypt) is still dominant, either prominently (as in language or ethnic identity) or subtly (as in culture and genetic heritage). Haplogroup E is the most common paternal haplogroup among Berbers. It represents up to 100 percent of Y-chromosomes among some Berber populations. Haplogroup E is thought to have emerged in prehistoric North Africa or East Africa,[5] and would have later dispersed into West Asia. The major subclades of haplogroup E found amongst Berbers belong to E-Z827, which is believed to have emerged in North Africa. Common subclades include E1b1b1a, E1b1b1b and E1b1b1. E1b1b1b is distributed along a west-to-east cline with frequencies that can reach as high as 100 percent in Northwest Africa. E1b1b1a has been observed at low to moderate frequencies among Berber populations with significantly higher frequencies observed in Northeast Africa relative to Northwest Africa.[6][7][8] West Eurasian haplogroups, such as Haplogroup J and Haplogroup R1, have also been observed at moderate frequencies. A thorough study by Arredi et al. (2004), which analyzed populations from Algeria, concludes that the North African pattern of Y-chromosomal variation (including both J1 and E1b1b main haplogroups) is largely of Neolithic origin, which suggests that the Neolithic transition in this part of the world was accompanied by demic diffusion of Berber–speaking pastoralists from the Middle East[6][9] However, Loosdrecht et al. 2018 demonstrated that E1b1b is most likely indigenous to North Africa and migrated from North Africa to the Near East during the Paleolithic.[1] E1b1b1b (E-M81) is the most common Y chromosome haplogroup in North Africa, dominated by its sub-clade E-M183. It is thought to have originated in North Africa 5,600 years ago. The parent clade, E1b1b, originated in East Africa.[5][10] Colloquially referred to as the Berber marker or Maghrebi marker for its prevalence among Mozabite, Middle Atlas, and other Berber-speaking groups, E-M81 is also quite common among North African groups. It reaches frequencies of up to 90 percent in some parts of the Maghreb. This includes the Saharawish for whose men Bosch et al. (2001) reports that approximately 76 percent are M81+. This haplogroup is also found at high levels in Canary islands and parts of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) as well as much lower levels in Italy and France. In Iberia, it is generally more common than E1b1b1a (E-M78),[11] unlike the rest of Europe, and as a result E-M81 is found throughout Latin America[12] and among Hispanic men in USA.[13] As an exceptional case in Europe, this sub-clade of E1b1b1 has also been observed at 40 percent the Pasiegos from Cantabria.[5] Sub clades of E1b1b1b (E-M81): Mitochondrial DNA[edit] Mozabite man, c. 1889 Kabyle women and baby. Individuals receive mtDNA only from their mothers. According to Macaulay et al. 1999, "one-third (33%) of Mozabite Berber mtDNAs have a Near Eastern ancestry, probably having arrived in North Africa less than 50,000 years ago, and one-eighth (12.5%) have an origin in sub-Saharan Africa. Europe appears to be the source of many of the remaining sequences, with the rest having arisen either in Europe or in the Near East".[15] Maca-Meyer et al. 2003 analyze the "autochthonous North African lineage U6" in mtDNA, and conclude that: The most probable origin of the proto-U6 lineage was the Near East. Around 30,000 years ago it spread to North Africa where it represents a signature of regional continuity. Subgroup U6a reflects the first North African expansion from the Maghreb returning to the east in Paleolithic times. Derivative clade U6a1 signals a posterior movement from Northeast Africa back to the Maghreb and the Near East. This migration coincides with a possible Afroasiatic linguistic expansion. Haplotype V, have its highest concentration among the Saami people of northern Scandinavia (approximately 59%). It has been found at approximately 10% among the Mari people of the Volga-Ural region, leading to the suggestion that this region might be the source of the V among the Saami. Additionally, recent studies have discovered a close mitochondrial link between Berbers and the Saami of Scandinavia, which confirms that Southwestern Europe and North Africa was the source of late-glacial expansions of hunter-gatherers that repopulated Northern Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum and reveals a direct maternal link between those European hunter-gatherer populations and the Berbers.[19][22] With regard to Mozabite Berbers, one-third (33%) of Mozabite Berber mtDNAs have a Near Eastern ancestry, probably having arrived in North Africa ∼50,000 years ago, and one-eighth (12.5%) have an origin in sub-Saharan Africa. Europe appears to be the source of many of the remaining sequences, with the rest (54.5%) having arisen either in Europe or in the Near East."[23] • Total West Eurasian lineages (H, HV, R0, J, M, T, U, K, N1, N2, X) : 80 percent • Total African lineages (L0, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5) : 20 percent Some papers suggest that the distribution of the main L haplogroups in North Africa was mainly due to trans-Saharan slave trade.[25] However, in September 2010, a thorough study of Berber mtDNA by Frigi et al. concluded that most of L haplogroups were much older and introduced by an ancient African gene flow around 20,000 years ago.[26] Autosomal DNA[edit] Map of North and Sub-Saharan African admixture in European populations According to a paper published in 2017 most of the genetic studies in North African populations agree with a limited correlation between genetics and geography, and show a high population heterogeneity in the region. North African populations have been described as a mosaic of North African, Middle Eastern, European and sub-Saharan ancestries. This explains the current genetic structure in North Africa, characterized by diverse and heterogeneous populations, and why nearby populations inhabiting the same location might be genetically more distant than groups of people in geographically distant populations.[29] Genetic influence[edit] Y-chromosome DNA[edit] The general parent Y-chromosome Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly known as E3b), which might have originated in the Horn of Africa or the Near East[6] is by far the most common clade in North and Northeast Africa and found in select populations in Europe, particularly in the Mediterranean and South Eastern Europe. E1b1b reaches in Europe Greece and the Balkan region but, is not as high there as it is among African populations.[ name=pmid15069642/> The general parent Y-chromosome Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly known as E3b), which might have originated in North Africa, the Horn of Africa or the Near East[6] is by far the most common clade in North and Northeast Africa and found in select populations in Europe, particularly in the Mediterranean and South Eastern Europe. E1b1b reaches in Europe Greece and the Balkan region but, is not as high there as it is among African populations.[2].[6] Mitochondrial DNA[edit] Genetic influences on Latin America[edit] As a consequence of Spanish and Portuguese colonization of Latin America, E-M81 is also found throughout Latin America[42][43][44] and among Hispanic men in USA.[45] Ancient DNA[edit] The E1b1b-M81 (~44%), R-M269 (~44%), and E-M132/E1a (~6%) paternal haplogroups have been found in ancient Guanche (Bimbapes) fossils excavated in Punta Azul, El Hierro, Canary Islands, which are dated to the 10th century. Maternally, the specimens all belong to the H1 clade. These locally born individuals carried the H1-16260 haplotype, which is exclusive to the Canary Islands and Algeria. Analysis of their autosomal STRs indicates that they were most closely related to Moroccan Berbers.[49] In 2018, DNA analysis of Later Stone Age individuals from the site of Taforalt (Iberomaurusian, 15 000 BP) and Early Neolithic Moroccans from the site of Ifri N' Ammar (7 000 BP) revealed that they were related to the modern North Africans and carried Y-DNA E-M35, EM-215, E-L19, and E-M78. These studies confirmed a long-term genetic continuity in the region showing that Mesolithic Moroccans are similar to Later Stone Age individuals from the same region and possess an endemic component retained in present-day Maghrebi populations (representing 20% to 70% of their total ancestry).[1][50] See also[edit] 1. ^ a b c Loosdrecht, Marieke van de; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan (2018-03-15). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29545507. 2. ^ Callaway, Ewen (2017-06-07). "Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22114. ISSN 1476-4687. 3. ^ Hublin, Jean-Jacques; McPherron, Shannon (2012-03-31). Modern Origins: A North African Perspective. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 180. ISBN 9789400729285. 4. ^ Rando (1998), "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Northwest African populations reveals genetic exchanges with European, Near-Eastern, and sub-Saharan populations" (PDF), Annals of Human Genetics, 62 (6): 531–50, doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.1998.6260531.x, PMID 10363131 7. ^ Kujanová, M.; Pereira, L. S.; Fernandes, V. N.; Pereira, J. B.; čErný, V. (2009). "Near Eastern Neolithic genetic input in a small oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 140 (2): 336–346. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21078. PMID 19425100. 10. ^ Arredi et al. (2004) 11. ^ See for example Flores et al. (2004). 14. ^ Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2008 15. ^ 16. ^ Fadhlaoui-Zid, K.; Plaza, S.; Calafell, F.; Ben Amor, M.; Comas, D.; Bennamar, A.; Gaaied, E. (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA Heterogeneity in Tunisian Berbers". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (3): 222–33. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00096.x. PMID 15180702. 29. ^ Arauna, Lara R and Comas, David (September 2017) Genetic Heterogeneity between Berbers and Arabs. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester. DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0027485 . 30. ^ "Cruciani et al., 2004, Phylogeography of the Y-Chromosome Haplogroup E3b" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2011-02-28. 31. ^ Reduced Genetic Structure for Iberian Peninsula: implications for population demography. (2004) Archived 2008-04-06 at the Wayback Machine 33. ^ Lacan et al. (2011) 34. ^ "Molecular genetic investigation of the Neolithic population history in the western Carpathian Basin" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-21. Retrieved 2015-10-08. 37. ^ "The study shows that religious conversions and the subsequent marriages between people of different lineage had in fact a minor impact on modern populations both in Spain, and in Portugal", The religious conversions of Jews and Muslims have affected the population of the Iberian Peninsula Archived 2009-05-21 at the Wayback Machine, Elena Bosch, 2008 45. ^ Coco, C.; Magistrelli, P.; Granone, P.; Roncolini, G.; Picciocchi, A. (1992). "Conservative surgery for early cancer of the distal rectum". Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 35 (2): 131–136. doi:10.1007/BF02050667. 46. ^ Rabab Khairat; Markus Ball; Chun-Chi Hsieh Chang; Raffaella Bianucci; Andreas G. Nerlich; Martin Trautmann; Somaia Ismail; et al. (4 April 2013). "First insights into the metagenome of Egyptian mummies using next-generation sequencing". Journal of Applied Genetics. 54 (3): 309–325. doi:10.1007/s13353-013-0145-1. Retrieved 8 June 2016. 47. ^ Kefi R, Bouzaid E, Stevanovitch A, Beraud-Colomb E. "MITOCHONDRIAL DNA AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF PREHISTORIC NORTH AFRICAN POPULATIONS" (PDF). ISABS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016. 48. ^ Bernard Secher; Rosa Fregel; José M Larruga; Vicente M Cabrera; Phillip Endicott; José J Pestano; Ana M González (2014). "The history of the North African mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6 gene flow into the African, Eurasian and American continents". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14: 109. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-109. 49. ^ Ordóñez, A. C., Fregel, R., Trujillo-Mederos, A., Hervella, M., de-la-Rúa, C., & Arnay-de-la-Rosa, M. (2017). "Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands)". Journal of Archaeological Science. 78: 20–28. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004. Retrieved 21 April 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) 50. ^ Fregel et al.2018, Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe, PNAS June 12, 2018. 201800851; published ahead of print June 12, 2018.
Folliculitis is a common skin condition in which staph bacteria causes inflammation of your hair follicles. Most individuals will just have small pinpoint red bumps or pustules which come and go intermittently. Folliculitis is more common in areas of high moisture and occlusion such as legs, buttocks, and axilla. If infection of the follicles persists, larger tender nodules and bumps called furuncles also commonly referred to as “boils” may form. Symptoms include red bumps, pustules, itching, and most often involves scalp, back, legs, axilla, and occasionally the arms and face. Predisposing factors include heat, increased sweating, bathing infrequently, diabetes, immobility, history of staph infection, family members with history of staph infection or “boils”, and history of eczema.
Evolution of Mammal Sex Chromosomes In order to understand the intricacies of X and Y chromosome evolution, we investigate Y chromosome gene content and structure in our model marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii ). Using gene-specific and whole Y chromosome probes to screen BAC libraries, we have identified novel genes on the wallaby Y. Many of these genes are also conserved on the Y in other Australian (Tasmanian devil) and American (opossum) marsupials, but lost from the Y in placental mammals. This project will focus on characterising genes on the Tasmanian Devil Y chromosome, not only helping to understand mammal Y chromosomes, but also the X. BABS academic responsible for this project: Currently Active:
Wonder and Skepticism in the Middle Ages 1st Edition Keagan Brewer Published February 1, 2016 Reference - 236 Pages ISBN 9781138892033 - CAT# Y181109 Series: Routledge Research in Medieval Studies was $160.00 SAVE ~$32.00 Add to Wish List FREE Standard Shipping! Wonder and Skepticism in the Middle Ages explores the response by medieval society to tales of marvels and the supernatural, which ranged from firm belief to outright rejection, and asks why the believers believed, and why the skeptical disbelieved. Despite living in a world whose structures more often than not supported belief, there were still a great many who disbelieved, most notably scholastic philosophers who began a polemical programme against belief in marvels. Keagan Brewer reevaluates the Middle Ages’ reputation as an era of credulity by considering the evidence for incidences of marvels, miracles and the supernatural and demonstrating the reasons people did and did not believe in such things. Using an array of contemporary sources, he shows that medieval responders sought evidence in the commonality of a report, similarity of one event to another, theological explanations and from people with status to show that those who believed in marvels and miracles did so only because the wonders had passed evidentiary testing. In particular, he examines both emotional and rational reactions to wondrous phenomena, and why some were readily accepted and others rejected. This book is an important contribution to the history of emotions and belief in the Middle Ages. Share this Title
goods given in whole or, usually, part payment of a purchase: We used our old car as a trade-in for the new one. a business transaction involving a trade-in. of or relating to the valuation of goods used in a trade-in: trade-in price. of or relating to such a business transaction: trade-in terms. Nearby words 1. trade unionism, 2. trade unionist, 3. trade up, 4. trade wind, 5. trade winds, 6. trade-last, 7. trade-name, 8. trade-off, 9. trade-weighted, 10. traded option Origin of trade-in First recorded in 1920–25; noun, adj. use of verb phrase trade in a purchase or sale; business deal or transaction. an exchange of items, usually without payment of money. Sports. the transfer of a player or players among professional teams: a midseason trade. any occupation pursued as a business or livelihood. market: an increase in the tourist trade. the customers of a business establishment. Informal. trade paper. verb (used with object), trad·ed, trad·ing. to buy and sell; barter; traffic in. to exchange: to trade seats. Sports. to transfer (a player under contract) from one team to another: The manager traded two defensive players at the end of the season. verb (used without object), trad·ed, trad·ing. to carry on trade. to be bought, sold, or exchanged: Stocks traded lower after the release of the jobs report. to make an exchange. to make one's purchases; shop; buy. of or relating to trade or commerce. Verb Phrases trade off, to exchange something for or with another. Origin of trade Related forms Synonym study British Dictionary definitions for trade in a personal occupation, esp a craft requiring skill the people and practices of an industry, craft, or business exchange of one thing for something else the regular clientele of a firm or industry amount of custom or commercial dealings; business a specified market or businessthe tailoring trade an occupation in commerce, as opposed to a profession commercial customers, as opposed to the general publictrade only; trade advertising homosexual slang a sexual partner or sexual partners collectively archaic a custom or habit (tr) to buy and sell (commercial merchandise) to exchange (one thing) for another (intr) to engage in trade (intr) to deal or do business (with)we trade with them regularly intended for or available only to people in industry or businesstrade prices Derived Formstradable or tradeable, adjectivetradeless, adjective Word Origin for trade 1. a used article given in part payment for the purchase of a new article 2. a transaction involving such part payment 3. the valuation put on the article traded in 4. (as modifier)a trade-in dealer verb trade in (tr, adverb) to give (a used article) as part payment for the purchase of a new article Word Origin and History for trade in Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Culture definitions for trade in Business or commerce; economic activity. Idioms and Phrases with trade in trade in Give or sell an old or used item and apply the value or proceeds to a new item. For example, Some people prefer to trade in their old car to the dealer, but we feel we'll do better by simply selling it. [First half of 1900s] In addition to the idioms beginning with trade • trade down • trade in • trade off • trade on • trade up also see: • tricks of the trade
How to Use Data Streaming for Big Data 4 (80%) 1 vote Data is inevitable in today’s world. Its importance has made corporate companies and startups to pause their operations and reinvest in data analytics for optimized performances. However, with more enterprises increasingly waking up to the value of data and the significant impact it can bring into a business, there has been a demand for instantaneous data processing techniques such as Data Streaming that is capable of delivering results in real time. Data Streaming Image Source For instance, consider the online financial services portals that calculate EMI, mutual fund returns, loan interests, and others. Such websites take in data and give you results on the returns you are likely to get from different mutual fund companies, the market conditions and tons of other details you would need to make an informed decision. All of this happens in a fraction of a second and takes into consideration sets of values and your information to deliver the results you were looking for. This is called data streaming and is one of the process’ simplest examples. A Simple Definition of Data Streaming Removing all the technicalities aside, data streaming is the process of sets of Big Data instantaneously to deliver results that matter at that moment. With this process, users get real-time information on something they are looking for and help them make better decisions. In data streaming, it is the data in motion that is processed over different clusters of servers before they are actually stored in a disk. The data is sent in chunks of the size of kilobytes and processed per record. Analytics happens simultaneously, and by the time you see your results, tons of operations, filtering, sampling, and aggregations have already happened to the set of data you have fed. One of the most crucial elements of data streaming is speed, and this is what makes it different from batch processing, which is almost similar to data streaming. Some of the common data types that are processed in this technique include:- • User log files from websites and mobile activities • In-game activities • Information on your Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and other social profiles • Any purchase you have made from online stores • Geospatial services • Finance portals, and • Information shared between connected devices in an IoT ecosystem Data Streaming Examples For practical understanding, imagine you intend to sign up for an online video streaming website. As part of the sign-up process, you log in using your Facebook handle and complete the procedure. When you sign in, you will find flicks and shows you are most likely to watch and in different regional languages in your feed, apart from trending and popular television series or movies. Before you were taken to the next page, tons of operations have happened at the backend. • The portal has tracked and collected countless pieces of information from your Facebook handle to analyze your place of residence, your ethnicity and the languages you are familiar with. • To be more precise, it has collected your interests through the pages you have liked, topics that you have posted or shared about, your photos, the locations you have been to and the pages of celebrities you have liked as well. For instance, if you have liked Al Pacino, you will receive recommendations on his films, interviews, documentaries and even shows or films he has done a cameo. This has happened in real time and fast to give you a better and personalized viewing experience. Another example we can quote is from the driverless car technology. As you know, self-driving cars are technological marvels that are based on the IoT infrastructure. What looks like a sleek car, has hundreds of sensors and software programs processing massive chunks of data per second. Every single moment, data is constantly captured, transferred and streamed into the processing systems for instantaneous results. For instance, if the sensor notices a damaged road or a sudden pedestrian crossing in a short distance, the car immediately reroutes to its nearby lane or stops with the results the system infers from the data received and processed through data streaming. Driveless Car Image Source Hypothetically, if this had to be done in batch processing, self-driving cars wouldn’t have left the computer simulation stage. This is also the same case with airplanes and satellites that require tons of involuntary precautious measures to be taken at every other instance. If you didn’t know, a single flight duration of Boeing generates as much as one terabyte of data every single hour of its flight. So, you can do the math and calculations on the complexity of data streaming in its most practical applications. You can also consider examples on RPG gaming or mobile games like Clash of Clans, where the system recognizes you are playing with your friend, tracks your activities and immediately comes up with challenges, missions or incentives based on your then in-game scenario. As far as e-commerce portals are concerned, you are also likely to receive products or services recommendations depending on your region, your online activities and any demographic specific offers or promotions peculiar to your region or locality. For instance, the sale of Marathi books, Tamil movies, fog masks at discounted prices and more. Big Data & Analytics Course by Digital Vidya Free Big Data & Analytics Webinar Date: 25th Apr, 2019 (Thursday) How is Data Streaming Different from Batch Processing? To understand data streaming better, it is important to know how this technique is different from batch processing. Apart from speed, one of the major differences between data streaming and batch processing lies in the fact that batch processing takes a massive chunk of data into consideration and gives aggregated results that are optimized for in-depth analysis. On the other hand, data streaming considers fragments of data or micro-sets that delivers more efficient results and recommendations at one particular instance. For instance, batch processing is applied and more effective when an HR manager is analyzing attrition rates, employee satisfaction levels across diverse departments or working on incentives and appraisals. If you notice, the amount of data fed in each process is enormous and processed for an overall inference. If the HR manager had to apply data streaming, he or she could use it during recruitment, wherein a potential candidate could be immediately tested on whether he or she would be committed to the job or company, fit into the company culture, would leave within a short span or if salary negotiations are required. Technically, understand that the batch processing works on queries from diverse datasets while data streaming works on individual records or most recent data sets. Latency in batch processing ranges from one minute to several hours whereas latency in data streaming ranges between seconds and milliseconds. Also, complex analytics techniques go into the processing of data in batch processing while simple operations like response functions, rolling metrics, aggregation and more are deployed in data streaming. Data Streaming Tools Thanks to its crucial role in offering an experience that is indeed once in a blue moon, you can also call this technique fast data because if the latency is huge, a user might never experience what he could have with data streaming. For positive achievements, there have to be equally fast and responsive tools that complement the process and deliver results which analysts and companies visualize. Some of the data streaming tools used include the following:- Apache Spark Apache Spark Image Source Superfast, sophisticated and user-friendly – these three attributes mark Apache Spark’s streaming capabilities. Built for the pros by the pros, Spark Streaming allows you to develop and deploy streaming applications that are fault-tolerant and scalable. This is one of the most commonly used streaming applications and if you are a Big Data aspirant, you need to master this essential tool for career growth. Apache Storm Image Source Popularly known as Apache Storm, it is compatible with every single programming language you can think of and is renowned for processing more than a million tuple per one second per one node. It is deployed for real-time data analytics, high data velocity, distributed Machine Learning and more. Apache Flink Image Source Also from Apache, Flink is the more stream-centric application when compared to Storm and Spark. Its functioning is more like a blend of both and is optimized for batch and stream processing and comes up with diverse APIs. Amazon Kinesis Image Source From Amazon, this data streaming tool lets you create custom streaming apart from serving as a platform to upload and trigger data streaming. While the Amazon Kinesis Firehose allows you to load and perform data streaming, the Kinesis Streams enables you to build one according to your specific needs. Challenges in Data Streaming Like every other technique, there are a few challenges analysts and Big Data specialists encounter in data streaming as well. One of the most crucial challenges that define the entire process is speed followed by its built. This technique requires the presence of two distinct layers of operation – the fundamental storage layer and the processing layer. The role of the storage layer is to record data from users and pave the way for faster, seamless and replayable relays of data into the processing layer. On the other hand, the processing layer is responsible for taking in data available in the storage layer, perform computations on the data set and in turn notify the storage layer to permanently delete any chunk of data that is not needed for processing and storing. All these operations have to happen in micro or milliseconds to achieve significant results. Apart from these, challenges are also evident in planning scalability, fault tolerance, and data durability. Now you have an idea of what all happens under the hood for that one perfect moment in your online time. Capitalizing on your needs at one particular moment and a need of yours is what companies and startups strive to achieve, and this is immensely supported by data streaming. To sum it up, data streaming is just like the climax from Doctor Strange, where a war between two worlds has been fought, and timelines have been shifted and altered. But when everything was done, people never had an idea of what happened. Data streaming is tackling millions of Dormamus under the hood to deliver you the best of online and personalization experience every single day and hour. How cool is that! • Your Comment Your email address will not be published.
5 Differences between Dental Care and Health Care Dental care and health care are a necessary part of everyone's life. While these 2 types of care are similar, there are some key differences that you should be aware of. Here are some differences between dental and health care. 1. Number of Diseases One of the biggest differences between these types of care is in the number of diseases that are possible. With dental care, you are only dealing with a few diseases that could occur. This limits the amount of choices that a dentist could consider whenever they are evaluating a patient. With health care, there are many more diseases that you will have to be concerned with. Whenever you are experiencing symptoms, a number of different diseases or conditions could be the culprit behind them. This makes the area a diagnosis much more difficult and the health care field. 2. Frequency of Procedures Another difference between these types of care is in the frequency of treatment. With dental care, most people go through the same dental procedures multiple times in the course of their lives. Because of this, they tend to develop opinions about what good care consists of. With health care, the likelihood of having the same types of procedures done repeatedly is very low. This means that you will not know whether you are getting good treatment or not in the majority of cases. 3. Emergencies A big difference is the number of emergencies. With dental care, you are seldom going to have an emergency that you have to deal with. There are certain times that could call for emergency care, such as when a tooth is knocked out. However, in the majority of cases, this type of care is not urgent. With medical care, medical facilities have to be open 24 hours a day in order to save lives. 4. Prevention With both of these areas, there are certain invention techniques that you can use in order to decrease the possibility of contracting diseases. However, in the area of dental care, there are many more prevention possibilities. By using good oral hygiene practices such as brushing your teeth frequently, flossing, and using mouthwash daily, you will be able to prevent many of the issues that you could run into with dental care. With health care, sometimes you do not know the proper way to prevent a disease from occurring. Currently, there is little information that tells us how to prevent cancer. By eating a healthy diet, avoiding tobacco products, and exercising regularly, you can avoid numerous health problems. However, even if you do all of these things religiously, you could still come down with a terrible disease. 5. Structure These two industries are also structured very differently. With dental care, each dentist basically has their own "hospital facility." With the health care industry, there are doctors that run private practices, but many of them also work in centralized hospital facilities. blog comments powered by Disqus
Cat scratch disease caused teen's schizophrenia-like symptoms, report says For several years, a 14-year-old boy's mood started to rapidly change, and it wasn't a result of puberty. When the Midwestern boy, who has not been identified, started experiencing psychosis-like symptoms including hallucinations, depression and suicidal thoughts several years ago, two psychiatrists diagnosed him with schizophrenia. But after getting another opinion from a physician, the boy learned his illness likely wasn't the result of a mental disorder but a physical wound — a scratch from his pet cat, to be exact. The rare diagnosis was detailed in a new case study published in the Journal of Central Nervous System Disease this week. From Oct. 2015 through Jan. 2017, the teen was in and out of hospitals and treatment centers after reportedly saying he felt "overwhelmed, confused, depressed and agitated." He was once placed on a psychiatric hold for a week after saying he was an “evil, damned son of the devil," according to the report. Doctors quickly began to dig through the boy's medical records, hoping for answers that would explain the boy's sudden bizarre behavior. "Historically, prior to psychiatric symptom onset, the boy was socially, athletically, and academically active, as evidenced by participation in national geography and history competitions, and a lead actor in a school play, winning an award in fencing and achieving excellent course grades," the report states, noting medical professionals did, however, find depression, alcohol abuse and possible bipolar disorder in his family history. After his schizophrenia diagnosis in Jan. 2016, the boy was prescribed various psychotropic medications. It was around that time, new symptoms began to arise. "He developed non-specific somatic symptoms, including excessive fatigue, daily headaches, chest pains, shortness of breath (possible panic anxiety), and urinary frequency," the report explains. That summer, he was hospitalized for 11 weeks at a psychiatric teaching hospital, where he underwent "extensive testing." After testing concluded, the boy's parents noticed peculiar "stretch marks" around his thighs and armpit. It was obvious the marks were not caused by fluctuations in weight, the physician reportedly explained to the family. Instead, the doctor determined they were likely linked to scratches from a cat. "These cutaneous lesions prompted the attending physician to suspect neurobartonellosis [a bacterial infection] as the cause of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome in this patient," the case study said. According to the report, the boy had cat scratch disease as a result of an infection from Bartonella henselae bacteria — which has been found in the blood of roughly one-third of healthy cats, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The infection is considered fairly common and not serious. Typically, it goes away on its own but in serious cases — such as this one — antibiotics or other medical treatment may be needed. To avoid infection, the CDC recommends keeping pet cats indoors, avoiding rough play and to wash your hands after touching felines. After receiving antibiotics, the boy has since "fully recovered" from the illness.
Heads of NATO member states and their delegations hold a working session during a summit at the NATO headquarters, Brussels, July 11. World politics on the eve of a major transition World politics is presently going through an extensive transition process, which is directly reformulating the existing balances among global powers Nowadays, everyone dealing with foreign policy around the world asks similar questions in regards to the future of the international system. Great power behavior that has been considered as one of the most defining characteristics of the existing international order indicates a process of unraveling of the system established following World War II. Everybody agrees that the world is entering a new transition process. The increasing number of crises and the failure to resolve tensions among nations are examples of the messiness of the transition processes. When we look at the tensions and disagreements among the major powers, we see that they are part of the ramifications of the emerging transition process. However, there is no sign of preparation by the nations for a new international system. The international community does not know what can be the possible rules, norms, standards and institutions of the coming era. Furthermore, no major power or international organization is willing to sponsor or become the architect of this new order. Debates about the transformation of the international system are not new. Since the end of the Cold War, many have expressed the need for new institutions or rules to manage the international system. They agreed on the fact that the mechanisms and institutions of the Cold War years failed to respond to emerging world challenges and threats. Institutions such as the U.N. Security Council, whose main mission was to protect peace and security, started to become more of a problem in some conflicts than a solution. In some of the very bloody and violent conflicts, the Security Council just became the excuse for major powers not to intervene and the platform for a proxy diplomatic clash instead of stopping suffering of people or bringing peace and reconciliation to conflicts. In recent years, however, the system has faced other challenges. The founder of the system expresses its distrust of the system it established. The unilateralism expressed in a previous column was one of these new reactions to the “old system.” U.S. reactions to some U.N. institutions, its questioning of NATO and its increasing violation of liberal trade laws have become examples of this positioning, if we can call it that. Since the administration’s policies against the existing liberal international system also gained support in some segments of the American public demonstrates the potential durability of this period. The protectionist, nativist and isolationist current in public opinion in some Western nations and the skillful instrumentalization of this current by politicians may make it harder for the return of system settings after a few years. From tariffs to imports, the bashing of foreign countries used for outsourcing and not caring about the humanitarian tragedies around the world were presented as virtues of this new positioning. The lack of an organizational spirit in the international system led countries to take advantage of the existing system until that part of the system becomes obsolete and then left it as is. In the meantime, other main centers of gravity in international politics display utter unwillingness to take global responsibilities. Russia, China and the European Union aren’t making any moves to fill the voids or generate patches for the failing parts of the international system, let alone founding a new one. Together, these major powers failed to end a civil war in Syria, resolve massive refugee crises and prevent the worst atrocities, including the crisis of the Rohingya. This brought us to a rather unstable transition process. Transitions are messy and unstable processes; however, with the current degree of unknowns it has become much more complicated. The recent crisis in the international system and the re-emergence of concepts such as trade wars demonstrate that it is time for the rest of the world to think about the future of the international order. The crisis may be a major opportunity for the rest of the world to manage the transition process and to come up with ideas and principles for a new international order. To wait and see the major power’s reaction to crises around the world and waste the valuable window of opportunity to resolve tension should not be routine for other nations. The fallout from the transition process can affect the whole world and further destabilization may bring different risks to nations. The impact of issues such as failed states, increasing arms races, and territorial conflicts on islands have started in different regions. Geo-economic rivalry together with geopolitical tension in a world with no powerful institutions and norms can bring new degrees of catastrophe to the world. The attempts of other nations in this sphere may bring some solutions to existing crises and may even motivate and mobilize major powers to act to take the lead in the emergence of this new system. [Daily Sabay, 26 August 2018] In this article
Essay about spanish pop culture Essay about spanish pop culture. Certain artistic characteristics were repeated throughout the region, namely a preference for angular, linear patterns, and three dimensional ceramics. Discover history, tradition, art & holidays Blackwell University Press Afro-Americans in popular culture 3. Because of the lack of diversity at my new school, I had the desire to hold on to my culture and found music a potent way of doing so. essay about spanish pop culture midsummer nights dream analysis essay Fishman mentions: Movies like The Godfather or Scarfacewhere Latinos are presented as drug-dealers and brutal sadists, support this image. This naturally took a toll on my confidence and sense of belonging. But interestingly, the Chicano civil rights movement is not that famous as for instance the African American Civil Rights Master thesis biography Chicano movies have often been ignored by wider parts of the audience around the world. Bernardi, Daniel ed. In many gangster or action movies, the Hispanic villain is presented as person having highest power and influence American Me,cf. Spanish Culture - Culture in Spain \| don Quijote These negative stereotypes are deeply rooted in the consciousness of white America, and there are many reasons why they are used so constantly. The vast majority of Cuban Americans have demonstrated a dedication, vitality, and enterprise that has enriched the American scene. My black Sambas kicked the ground, and I rushed up the steps of the bus tiredly. In the next years the Hispanic community will trends network critical thinking in the 21st century the African Americans as biggest ethnic group besides the Anglos[2]. Colorfully embroidered cotton garments, cotton or wool shawls and outer garments… Words - Pages 3 Spanish Language and la Escuela Essays goodbye to me. Culture, Economy, and Society, Malden — Oxford: Dilemmas of Analyzing the Chicano Image in U. Anglo producers have been eager to finance films using the Hispanic stereotypes sex-drugs-violence than for instance movies about Mexican folk-heroes[19]. This struggle began on a local level, when Anglo organizations protested vehemently against Hispanic power and equal rights, in places in California and Florida, but has nowadays reached the federal level. How Latino Pop Culture Helped Me Embrace My Identity \| POPSUGAR Latina University of Minnesota Press, Image Source: On the other hand, the consumers are young teenagers of upper-class families. Fregoso, Rosa Linda I trampled down the steps and out the door. Both Frida Rivera and Pablo Picasso poured their emotions onto canvas. essay about spanish pop culture opus stuttgart dissertation In other words: One of them is the mla 8 cite dissertation of a U. Chicano Images. essay about spanish pop culture cmu thesis database The Bronze Screen. The official language of Venezuela is Spanish and there are numerous indigenous dialects spoken. Essay on Spanish Culture Because of my parents and grandparents I was raised by all of themI listened to a mix of salsa, merengue, bachataboleros I like to think my Filipino grandpa embraced his Spanish roots this way'70s disco, and '80s and '90s pop a la Janet Jackson. On the one hand, the drug-dealers are not Latinos, but common Anglos. Before there presentation had been totally negative, stereotypical, homogeneous. In contrast, the Hispanics have played not more than a supporting role in popular culture so far. Forgot Password? Keller, Gary D. Both groups began to write letters to advertisers, held press conferences, and threatened boycotts. the horse dealers daughter essay essay about spanish pop culture Using pop culture, I was able to piece together my own interpretation of my mixed Latina identity. At first, Chon A. Filmmaking is a business, not a social service agency or a reality check. In regard to the English language restriction movements the sociolinguist Joshua A. Gonzalez With my mom and my sister. Conclusion 4. essay about spanish pop culture research paper on millennium development goals Gonzalez Jessica A. Garland, Patty greeted me. There are many artists through time that have played a significant role in contributing to Spanish culture. Before there presentation had been totally negative, stereotypical, homogeneous. Grasping a rugged blue bookbag, I dashed to the bus. Entertainment media tends to reiterate and legitimize racial, ethnic, and social hierarchies. It deals with the problem of the U. Essay on Spanish Culture - Words \| Major Tests I can't deny how discovering Latina and mixed-race style icons has helped me feel more comfortable in my skin. This seminar paper covers a longer, more recent period of time, and names also movies from Hispanics or about Hispanics after the yearwhich were not mentioned in these books. Taking Spanish-language history classes in high school and college opened my eyes to the importance of understanding Puerto Rican history. The increasing importance of Hispanics in U. Electronic cigarettes essay conclusion robert bosch master thesis natural disaster research paper title teenage pregnancy essay tagalog a good thesis statement for a research paper creative writing on tom and jerry thesis statement for hiv/aids florida atlantic university mfa creative writing. Type your answers in the box which will expand as you type. Ostendorf, Berndt: When the first popular Hispanic movies came up there were several Anglos who criticized these films because they failed to conform to their stereotypes[18]. Hispanic women played their role as hot blooded Latina. University of Minnesota Press. Fishman mentions several arguments that can help us in the discussion of stereotypes as well. essay about spanish pop culture year 8 non calculator homework An Overview and Handbook, Tempe, The dream of equality, liberty, and economic success, has also been reason for thousands of Hispanics to immigrate in the U. There are seven ethnic groups in Venezuela. essay about spanish pop culture frame wedding speech Mexico is known for its folk art traditions. It is only in these ways that we can keep the culture thriving and contribute to making the world a more accepting, comprehensive, and culturally fulfilled space. essay about spanish pop culture willy loman eulogy essay Explain the ways in which Fernando and Isabel consolidated their power in order to gain control of the last Moorish stronghold on the peninsula. University of Minnesota Press
Steps in Preparing a Business Plan © Jerry Belch Overview of Project The objective here is to: 1. The tutorial and examples are designed for VE companies creating a business plan for a new business. 2. Prepare a 7-week timeline to assure the business plan will be completed in time. 3. The lesson contains the rubrics needed to complete the business plan. 4. The tutorial includes all the elements of the business plan for you to see 5. Click on the part of the plan you want to view on the blackboard and the element will appear in the frame below. 2013-2014 National Operating Guidelines: Important changes in developing a business plan. Materials to collect 1. Registration Form for Business Plan 2. Intent to compete in Business Plan Competition 3. Instructions for written Business Plan - VE web site 4. Score Sheet for Business Plan Competetion - VE web site 5. Job Descriptions 6. Organizational Charts Teacher Responsibility 1. Hold meeting with officers 2. Pass out the progress logs each week to ensure a timely plan completion. 3. Proofread the plan 4. Send the plan in by deadline Progress Logs 1. Use Progress Logs to manage the project 2. Progress Logs and Department Templates Video How to use weekly department templates and progress logs Look at the blackboard and then click on the part of the business plan you want to see. Lovebytes is the business plan example.
Emily Willoughby Paleoart and bird illustration The Terrible Claw Diagnostic anatomical reconstruction of Deinonychus antirrhopus, intended loosely for Wikipedia but also as an experimental piece to show pretty much exactly how I believe this animal looked in life. This was largely inspired by an interesting Facebook discussion with paleoartist Julius Csotonyi about arm-folding in paravian dinosaurs. It occurred to me that people seldom reconstruct paravians, particularly dromaeosaurs, with their arms folded in a reasonable and accurate way. Julius made the fair the point that these animals probably didn't carry their arms out in front of the body, as is so often depicted (in skeletals and otherwise — it makes sense in skeletals, to adequately show the hand and arm anatomy), because such an awkward orientation would leave the hand and arm feathers open to damage and breakage. But they also can't fold them tightly against the breast or back like birds do, because they lack the mobility to do so. So how did Deinonychus normally carry its arms? Senter's 2006 paper on forelimb function in Deinonychus and Bambiraptor shows that the humerus couldn't rotate much past the horizontal with respect to the scapula. In addition, Sullivan et al. 2010 — winningly translated to layman coherency by Matt Martyniuk — shows that wrist mobility in many paravians is much less than you might expect, given their similarity to birds. The wrist of Deinonychus antirrhopus specifically would not have allowed it to bend its hands even 90° with respect to the arm! Given these limitations, most of the flexion would have to occur at the elbow, but a fully flexed elbow would mean that the hands would be hanging below the body, not held sleek and secure alongside the body. The arm orientation in my illustration above is based on what I think is probably the perfect configuration for carrying the arms: a fully-flexed shoulder, a fully-flexed wrist, and a nearly fully-extended elbow. A few other people have drawn their dromaeosaurs with the same arm configuration, like Smnt2000 and Pilsator, so kudos to them. Illustration based on the papers linked above as well as Scott Hartman's beautiful skeletal. Gouache on 12" x 20" hot-pressed illustration board.
What does it really mean to take back control of our waters and fishing, are there controls outside the EU which we will have to adhere to after Brexit? Published: 4th Dec 2018 We’ve had help answering this question from our friends at the Institute for Government. Currently, fisheries in the UK and in the EU are managed under the Common Fisheries Policy—rules meant to conserve fish stocks and and maintain fair competition between fishers. Under this policy, the EU sets a ‘total allowable catch’ for each species of fish, this is the number or tonnage of fish that can be caught each year. This is then split between EU countries, forming their national quota. When the UK leaves the Common Fisheries Policy, it will become an independent coastal state and be able to negotiate access to our waters in return for access to other markets and territorial waters. This will form part of the negotiations of the future relationship that will take place during the transition period. Most fish the UK currently exports goes to EU markets (and most of the fish we consume is imported from countries outside the EU). The UK has also announced its withdrawal from the London Fisheries Convention. But the government’s white paper on sustainable fisheries acknowledges that there are other international obligations on fisheries the UK will still need to abide by. This article is part of our Ask Full Fact series on Brexit, answering your questions about Brexit and the latest negotiations between the UK and the EU. You can see all the questions we’ve answered so far here. If you want to ask us your own question, do that here. Ask Full Fact: Brexit
Balanced equation Chemical equation where mass in converted, each side of equation has same number of atoms for each element Chemical equation Represents chemical reaction Net ionic equation For reaction in solution showing only those particles directly involved in the chemical equation Activity series List of elements in order of decreasing activity Decomposition reaction Where single compound is broken down into 2 or more simpler products Substance that increase rate of reaction by lowering the activation-energy barrier not used up in the reaction Skeleton equation This does not indicate the relative amounts of reactants or products A whole number in front of a chemical compound in a balanced chemical equation Combustion reaction Chemical change where an element or compound reacts with oxygen and produces energy in form of light and heat Complete ionic equation Shows dissolved ionic compounds as dissociated free coins Spectator ion Not directly in chemical reaction, the ion doesn't change oxidation number or composition during reaction Combination reaction Chemical change where 2 or more substances react and form a single new substance Single-replacement reaction 1 element replaces second element in a compound Powered by
Quiz: Can You Complete These Nursery Rhymes? Can You Complete These Nursery Rhymes? By: Isadora Teich Image: shutterstock About This Quiz Are you a nursery rhymes expert? Almost everyone knows a nursery rhyme or two. Many people grew up hearing them as children. Some are funny, some teach lessons and some are just purely absurd. Children love fantastical situations, talking animals, and all sorts of things which wholly defy reality. These can often be seen in nursery rhymes which often feature all sorts of impractical characters in ridiculous situations. Nursery rhymes are traditional poems are songs. Many of the most famous ones in the western world originated in Britain, but they exist in many countries and cultures in various forms. They can also be called Mother Goose Rhymes, as Mother Goose is one of the most famous characters of the most popular nursery rhymes out there. Nursery rhymes as we know them today initially appeared in English plays and later books. These go back a few centuries, specifically to about the 17th and 18th centuries. The first collection of English nursery rhymes called "Tommy Thumb's Song Book," was published before the 1740s. It even had a sequel. If you think you know your nursery rhymes well enough to complete them, then put your knowledge to the test with this rhimey wimey quzi! 1 of 35 "One, two, buckle my shoe Three, four, shut the ________ Five, six, pick up sticks Seven, eight, lay them straight" 2 of 35 "Little Bo-Peep has lost her _________, and doesn't know where to find them;" 3 of 35 "There was a farmer, had a _______, and Bingo was his name-o. 4 of 35 "Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, baker's man. Bake me a _______ as fast as you can." 5 of 35 "Hush, little baby, don't say a word Mama's gonna buy you a mockin'bird. If that mockin'bird don't sing Mama's gonna buy you a diamond _________" 6 of 35 "Little Miss Muffet sat on a tuffet, eating her __________ and whey." 7 of 35 "Rain, rain, go away, Come again another ______." 8 of 35 "Jack be nimble, Jack be quick, Jack jump over the __________." 9 of 35 "Mary had a little lamb, little lamb, little lamb, Mary had a little lamb, its fleece was ________ as snow." 10 of 35 "Some like it hot, Some like it ________, Some like it in the pot, Nine days old." 11 of 35 "Up and down the City road, In and out the Eagle, That’s the way the money goes, _______! goes the weasel." 12 of 35 "The clock struck two The ________ said "boo"Hickory Dickory Dock" 13 of 35 "All the king's horses and all the king's ________ Couldn't put Humpty together again." 14 of 35 "Eeny, meeny, miny, moe, Catch a _______ by the toe." 15 of 35 "Cock a doodle _____! My dame has lost her shoe," 16 of 35 "Ring around the rosies, pocket full of _________, ashes, ashes, we all fall down." 17 of 35 "A-tisket a-tasket A green and yellow __________" 18 of 35 "Baa, baa, ________ sheep, have you any wool?" 19 of 35 "Five little speckled frogs sat on a speckled _______" 20 of 35 "Morning Bells are Ringing, Morning Bells are __________. Ding, dang, dong! Ding, dang, dong!" 21 of 35 "The cow jumped over the moon, The little dog laughed to see such fun, And the _______ ran away with the spoon." 22 of 35 "Hot cross buns, Hot cross buns, one a ______, two a penny, hot cross buns," 23 of 35 "I'm a little ________, short and stout Here's my handle, here's my spout." 24 of 35 "It's raining; it's pouring.The old _________ is snoring." 25 of 35 "Out came the sun, and dried up all the rain So the itsy bitsy ________ climbed up the spout again." 26 of 35 "Jack and _______ went up the hill, to fetch a pail of water." 27 of 35 "Little boy blue come blow your horn.The sheep's in the meadow, the cow's in the ________." 28 of 35 "London ________ is falling down, my fair lady." 29 of 35 "Mary, Mary, quite contrary, how does your _________ grow?" 30 of 35 "Old Mother Hubbard went to the cupboard, to give the poor dog a ________; When she came there, the cupboard was bare, and so the poor dog had none." 31 of 35 "One, two, three, four, five. Once I caught a ______ alive." 32 of 35 "Jack Sprat could eat no _______. His wife could eat no lean." 33 of 35 "Here we go round the mulberry ________ so early in the morning." 34 of 35 "Lucy Locket lost her pocket, Kitty Fisher found it; Not a ______ was there in it, Only ribbon round it." 35 of 35 "Oh there's none so rare, as can compare, with King Cole and his _______ three." Receive a hint after watching this short video from our sponsors.
Drug induced liver damage Harmful chemicals swallowed or inhaled damage the liver What is Drug-induced liver damage? This kind of damage happens by the chemicals used in various medicines. Mostly, this medication is provided over-the-counter which can be harmful to the liver. Apart from this, some other medications, vitamins, recreational drugs, environmental toxins, and such pollutants and solvents are another reason. In fact, almost all drugs have been a cause of liver damage sooner or later. It’s wise to get a homeopathy treatment for non alcoholic liver disease early. How do drugs damage the liver? Some drugs directly harm the liver whereas others are turned into chemicals by the liver. The overdose of the strong drugs like acetaminophen brings dose-dependent toxicity into the liver. Some patients have inherent genes that accumulate drugs and metabolites in the liver. This accumulation of harmful chemicals leads to liver damage. What types of damage do drugs cause? String and harmful drugs cause many diseases to the liver, some of which are the following: What are the Symptoms? Patients with the mild liver disease may have few or no symptoms or signs. Patients with the more serious disease develop symptoms and signs that may be nonspecific or specific. Mild liver diseases show no signs. However, more serious diseases accompany the following symptoms related to those of viral hepatitis. • Jaundice • White or clay-colored stools • Easy bruising • Fluid accumulation in the legs and abdomen • Kidney failure • Gastrointestinal bleeding Homeopathy Treatment for Non Alcoholic Liver Disease The homeopathy doctor will recommend you to stop taking the culprit drug, first of all. The conventional diagnosis is done to know the severity of the liver damage. This is seen in many patients that homeopathy treatment to cure liver diseases has seen unbelievable results. LiverCure research wing is searching for ways to cure these diseases in less possible time with more satisfactory results. Homeopathic medicines for non alcoholic liver disease improve the general condition of the patient and get him/her back to a normal life. Request Call Back Please leave your number, we will get back to you as soon as possible!
The Genius Checklist The Genius Checklist Nine Paradoxical Tips on How You Can Become a Creative Genius By Dean Keith Simonton What it takes to be a genius: nine essential and contradictory ingredients. Hardcover $27.95 T £22.00 Paperback $16.95 T £12.99 What does it take to be a genius? A high score on an IQ test? Brilliant physicist Richard Feynman's IQ was too low for membership in Mensa. Suffering from varying degrees of mental illness? Creativity is often considered a marker of mental health. Be a child prodigy like Mozart, or a later bloomer like Beethoven? Die tragically young, like Keats, or live to a ripe old age like Goethe? In The Genius Checklist, Dean Keith Simonton examines the key factors in creative genius and finds that they are more than a little contradictory. Simonton, who has studied creativity and genius for more than four decades, draws on both scientific research and stories from the lives of famous creative geniuses that range from Isaac Newton to Vincent van Gogh to Virginia Woolf. He explains the origin of IQ tests and the art of estimating the IQ of long-dead historical figures (John Stuart Mill: 200; Charles Darwin: 160). He compares IQ scores with achieved eminence as measures of genius, and he draws a distinction between artistic and scientific genius. He rules out birth order as a determining factor (in the James family alone, three geniuses at three different birth-order positions: William James, firs-tborn; Henry James, second born; Alice James, born fifth and last); considers Malcolm Gladwell's 10,000 hour rule; and describes how the “lone” genius gets enmeshed in social networks. Genius, Simonton explains, operates in ways so subtle that they seem contradictory. Genius is born and made, the domain of child prodigies and their elders. Simonton's checklist gives us a new, integrative way to understand geniuses—and perhaps even to nurture your own genius! $27.95 T \| £22.00 ISBN: 9780262038119 336 pp. \| 5.375 in x 8 in 8 b&w illus. $16.95 T \| £12.99 ISBN: 9780262537957 336 pp. \| 5.375 in x 8 in 8 b&w illus. • A surprisingly swift and wry overview of the occasionally contradictory factors that can foster creative genius. Publishers Weekly • "This book really nails the paradoxical nature of genius, written by a genius on the scientific study of genius!" Scott Barry Kaufman Author of Wired to Create and Ungifted • "A witty and knowledgeable romp on how to improve your creativity by a master of the genre." Arthur I. Miller Author of Mozart's Flute: Creativity and Genius in the Age of Machines (Forthcoming) • "The definitive treatise on creative genius. With dizzying erudition and engaging prose, Simonton exposes one misconception after another to reveal the enormous complexity of genius in the sciences and arts." Ellen Winner Professor and Chair, Department of Psychology, Boston College, and Author of Gifted Children: Myths and Realities
Recent headlines have been saying that we’ve discovered volcanoes on Pluto. But these aren’t “normal” volcanoes. They’re cryovolcanoes: volcanoes that erupt with ice rather than lava. You may have also heard or read somewhere that cryovolcanoes are something new, something never before seen elsewhere in the Solar System. Dc04 Cryovolcanic Worlds Okay, cryovolcanism is nothing new. It was first observed on Triton, Neptune’s largest moon, back in 1989. Similar cryovolcanic activity has been studied in detail on Enceladus, one of Saturn’s moons, and there’s compelling evidence that Jupiter’s moon Europa has it too. When cryovolcanoes erupt, they spew a mix of icy cold materials, often water with other chemicals like nitrogen or ammonia. This icy mix may originate from subsurface reservoirs of liquid water or, in the case of Europa and Enceladus, vast subsurface oceans that may (or may not) be capable of supporting alien life. But Pluto’s cryovolcanoes are still kind of special. Previously known cryovolcanoes are basically cracks or fissures amidst an otherwise relatively flat landscape. Pluto’s are tall mountains with openings on top. They look like volcanoes. Dc04 Cryovolcanic Eruptions So what we’re seeing on Pluto is new to us, but it’s not entirely new. In fact, we should really stop thinking of cryovolcanism as rare or strange or exceptional. Given how many places in the outer Solar System either have or are suspected to have cryovolcanic activity, it’s actually Earth’s “normal” red-hot lava volcanoes that are weird. Volcanoes on Pluto Look a Lot Like Those on Earth and Mars from Ars Technica. Pluto Revealed with Cathy Olkin from TEDx Detroit. 4 responses » 1. mlouisebarbourfundyblue says: I enjoyed this very much, JSP, from the science to the drawings. I wish I could be 20 again, not 65, for the sheer joy of learning all that we will find out in the next 40 or 50 years. Have a good one! Liked by 1 person • James Pailly says: Thanks. I’m glad you enjoyed. Being young(ish) does have its advantages, but I would give almost anything to have been around to see the Moon landings or the early stages of the Voyager missions. 2. As the universe ages, Earth may increasingly become an outlier. Later life forms might find the idea of life with molten ice coursing through its veins as strange we we would find life with molten lava inside it. Liked by 1 person Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
How To Test Your Jam Setting Point Jam Setting Point Working out how to tell when your Jam is set can be tricky. The problem is that when you are making jam or jelly you are boiling it so the consistency is completely different to what it is like when the jam cools. When the jam is hot it is less viscous and runnier than when it cools so how can we tell when a jam or jelly has reached its setting point. Luckily there are several ways to get to bottom of this problem, some very simple, some accurate but all methods work. What Makes A Jam Set? First of all, what exactly makes a jam or jelly set. We take it for granted that when heated up, fruit and sugar combine to make a semi-solid treat that is perfect for spreading on toast or scones. The key to why jams set the way they do is down to the interplay between sugar, pectin and acidity. Pectin is the key ingredient that is needed to set a jam or jelly. Jam sugar that is specially formulated for making jam usually has pectin added to make sure the jam sets. Pectin is in all fruits to varying degrees. When the fruit is heated with sugar the pectin forms bonds in a web-like structure. The bonds get stronger as the water evaporates from the fruit. The acidity of the fruit is the next factor that helps a jam set, acids in the fruit help attract the pectin molecule to each other, helping to firm up the texture of the finished jam. How To Test When A Jam Is Set A good rolling boil is needed to for a jam to reach its setting point, a poor boil will often result in a poorly set jam. Once you have reached a full rolling boil it will indicate that a lot of the water that was in the fruit will have evaporated. As the water content of the jam decreases the temperature will rise to just above 100°C / 212°F. It is at a temperature of 105°C / 221°F that the jam or jelly will reach its setting point. Checking A Jam Set Point Using A Thermometer The setting point of a jam or jelly is 105°C / 221°F so with this information we can easily and accurately test using a thermometer. A jam or sugar thermometer is specifically designed for the purpose of checking the set point and this is usually indicated on the thermometer scale itself. However, any thermometer that is suitable for being immersed in hot liquids and can read temperature over 100°C would be suitable for the job. Most sugar thermometers have a clip that allows you to attach the thermometer to the side of the preserving pan. This means all you have to do is heat and stir until the jam reaches the setting point at 105°C / 221°F and then remove from the heat and package up the jam into jars. Checking The Set Point Without A Thermometer Fortunately, there are other methods that allow you to check the set point of a jam without a thermometer, so if you do not have one, don’t worry. There are a couple of ways of checking so let’s start with the most reliable method, the wrinkle test Jam Wrinkle Test Jam Set Point Wrinkle Test To check the jam setting point using the wrinkle test you will want to prepare before you start making the jam. All you will need is a few heatproof saucers or plates, place them in the freezer to get cold before making the jam. When you think the jam or jelly is just about ready, take one of the plates from the freezer and place a small spoon full of the jam on the plate, leave it to cool for a few minutes on the plate before giving the jam a small poke. If there is surface tension and the jam wrinkles on the surface you have reached the jam set point. If the jam is still runny or there is still liquid then you will need to return the jam to the heat for an additional 5 – 10 minutes before testing again. Spoon Test A similar method to the wrinkle test is the spoon test. Using this method of checking the set point you will want cold spoons so place them in the fridge before starting. To check the set point using the spoon test you need to watch carefully at how the jam behaves when tipped from a spoon. It is a little harder to tell if there is a lot of fruit in your jam but is still effective. Take a cold spoon and pick up a small amount of jam, raise it above the preserving pan and tip the spoon so the jam runs off the side being careful not to splash the jam everywhere. If the jam shows signs of sheeting then the jam has reached the set point The jam will run off the spoon in a flake or sheet rather than as a liquid in drips. This is what you need to look for. Jam Spoon Test The most reliable and accurate method is to use a thermometer first of all, it is well worth investing in one if you make jams, jellies or marmalade every so often, however, the two other methods described here will still work and with experience you will know when you have reached the setting point every time. Leave a Reply
Image of the Week Follow Up This 25 year old woman presents with chronic diarrhea, iron deficiency and a pruritic rash (pictured) on her knees and elbows. What is the most likely diagnosis? This woman most likely has celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis (which is seen in 15-25% of patients with CD). Celiac disease is a gluten-sensitive enteropathy involving IgA antibodies against the skin and gut. It is also associated with iron deficiency, malnutrition, chronic diarrhea. Patients may also have a personal or family history of auto-immune thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes, pernicious anemia, vitiligo or other auto immune conditions. The treatment is complete elimination of gluten from the diet to prevent long term complications including micronutrient deficiency (B12 & iron) as well as an increased risk of intestinal lymphoma and cardiovascular disease. Additionally, Dapsone can be used to help alleviate skin symptoms that are not improved with diet alone. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Communication And A Health And Social Care Settings 3769 Words Dec 1st, 2014 16 Pages Within this piece of work I am going to explain the factors which can impact upon effective communication and interpersonal interaction and discuss the importance of communication in a health and social care settings. I will outline different theories of communication and link these theories to communication and its effectiveness. Whilst doing my interactions I realised how different communication and the transmission of values can be in different work contexts within a care setting. Communication is a process that involves the exchange of information, thoughts, ideas and emotions. There are many ways of communicating and this can be done verbally and nonverbally. We have many reasons of communicating with each other, and these are to express ourselves as well as to pass on information and knowledge. Effective communication involves verbal and nonverbal interaction. Interaction 1 This interaction took place in a Day Nursery named ‘The Mill’. It was between me, Michelle and Lily, aged 3. For this piece of coursework I have decided to change the name of the child and the nursery for confidentiality reasons. Lilly was playing with her dolls. In this interaction I used verbal and nonverbal communication. M- What a pretty doll! Why don’t we choose her a nice outfit? I got down on her level and gave her eye contact so that she knew that I was engaged. I also gave her personal space as we had never met before; this was so she felt comfortable. L- Yes, the clothes are in the… Open Document
Water Heater Anodes: Types & Facts, and DIY Replacement A sacrificial anode basically serves for corrosion protection. It is used wherever metals such as iron or steel come into contact with electrolytes. This slim device protects your tank from corrosion and scale build-up. Therefore, it’s necessary to use a youthful anode that can limit and delay the corrosion and extend the life of your water heater.Over time, the sacrificial anode is consumed as it constantly releases ions to the water. Therefore, it must be replaced before dissolving completely. For most boilers, the sacrificial anode should be checked every 1 to 2 years. If you do not replace the sacrificial anode of your water heater, then you may have to experience stinking hot water, leaks, and other unpleasant emergencies. Learn more about the types of water heater anodes and why they’re so important for a water heater. Corrosion is the main problem! Steel and other metals corrode when they come into contact with water, which contains minerals and other substances that eat away the steel. The anode rod is a secondary method to protect the steel in your water tank and increase its lifetime. Anode rods are made of less noble metals that minerals will attack rather than heading straight for steel. Which explains why the anodes are sacrificial. As long as the anode rod is not completely worn, it would still protect the tank against corrosion and appliance damage. That being said, most water tank manufacturers recommend inspecting the condition of the anode every 1 to 3 years and replace it if you notice it is worn out more than 50%. What are the different types of anodes? Now you understand how corrosion will damage your water heater tank and why it could lead to performance and longevity decline. Next, we can learn about the three types of anodes, from the most basic to the most efficient: This water heater anode is often placed in the center of the tank. In the presence of water, the two different metals are immersed, and one of the two metals will be gnawed by corrosion and emit electrons (thus a current) that will protect the other metal.The magnesium anode is inexpensive and requires a replacement every 3 to 5 years. This sacrificial anode is especially used in areas where hard water is rampant. Even if aluminum anodes tend to be cheaper than magnesium anode rods and can last longer, one issue with aluminium rods is that the corrosive material that is formed on the anode tends to harden and sink to the bottom of the water tank. This can potentially find its way into your taps and cause issues down the line. In addition, some people claim that aluminum, which ends up in the water when the anode dissolves, could be harmful to people’s health. ICCP (Powered Anode Rod) The imposed current anode is made of titanium and covered with MMO that receives a low current regulated electronically by a rectifier (plug-in to a standard 120 V socket). This system provides a layer of permanent corrosion protection on the internal welds and weak points of the tank. These anodes do not need any maintenance and can last for several decades! Our CORRO-PROTEC anodes use high quality materials and are guaranteed for 20 years. Before changing the anode • Start by locating the location of the anode by referring to the instructions for the water heater. In general, it is placed near the resistor with the thermostat rod. • Before any intervention, turn off the power or the gas supply by positioning the circuit breaker on the “off” button. • Empty the tank completely so that the plate supporting the anode can be easily removed. Disassembly of the anode • turn off the electricity before any intervention on your water heater • drain your tank • remove the water heater cover, locate the anode • remove the bolt holding it and extract it • change your anode with the new one At the end of the day, it’s best to let your plumbing professional change the anode and diagnose the whole appliance from A to Z. Your plumbing expert will be able to make a comprehensive inspection and be able to suggest which anode is best for you based on your needs, location, and budget. Leave a Comment
Recognize Your Star GLOBE Students Recognize your GLOBE student-scientists by presenting them with a printable certificate of achievement. Rewarding students for developing a high-quality scientific project or for their efforts during an Earth Day event can provide the necessary motivation for other students. Students appreciate receiving praise for their accomplishments -- especially those that go beyond expectations. GLOBE Certificates GLOBE Certificates are provided through a template power point file and a word document containing the title and associated text for all certificate types. Instructions on working with the new certificate can be found on the following GLOBE Website Tutorials FAQ page: GLOBE Certificates GLOBE Science Honor Roll The GLOBE Science Honor Roll is one way that The GLOBE Program recognizes the data contributions of GLOBE students and schools. Rewarding your students who have contributed to this achievement can provide the necessary recognition and enthusiasm to both help your school to continue to receive this recognition as well as build a scientific dataset collected at your school and available for students around the world.
Flint Is Not The Only Water Crisis America Ignored FLINT, MI - FEBRUARY 19: People gather in front of a church before participating in a national mile-long march to highlight t The water crisis in Flint is a tragedy. As it has unfolded, we have learned the massive cost that these families have been asked to pay, with their health and their lives and their security. And the reason for this crime against humanity? The pursuit of the almighty dollar by a few people in power. As that reality sets in, so does the shock. The knowledge that our own government, members of our society, could willingly and knowingly poison a population for profit is almost too much to bear. But, the idea was no stranger to Earley or Ambrose or Snyder. The ability of those in power to subjugate their fellow man for personal gain has been a doctrine of this country since it began. From the time of Christopher Columbus's "discovery" until now, this has been business as usual for the Americas. The enslavement of Native peoples in the mid-1500s, the slave trade of African Americans, the Seminole War, the Trail of Tears, the forced sterilization of African American and Native American women, the Indian Removal Act, the Dred Scott decision, the Japanese Internment Camps, and the denial of rights to women. Perhaps we have been able to deny, and side step our own shame and responsibility, shielded by the cloak that is the freedom and bravery woven in the flag of America. A mistake is made when we forget that many heroes of that flag were those of color, the female sex, the poor, and found freedom and bravery fighting their oppressors here at home. Another mistake is made when we think that history is now over. We are a product of our environment. And when that environment justifies, even subsidizes the discrimination, exploitation, and abuse of those less powerful, the message is sent. Not just to our leaders, who we call upon to bear the responsibility, but to ourselves, as we subtley support this way of living as acceptable. That is why the movement of those in the public eye--the journalists, the celebrities--is so important not just to the victims of Flint, but to our country as a whole. And, as happy as I am to see help given where help is needed, a question keeps popping into my mind. "What about Tribal America?" Because, much like Flint, they have been having a water crisis of their own. There are 15,000 abandoned Uranium mines in 14 states in this country. In New Mexico and Arizona, during the 1940's, the government started mining for uranium on the Navajo reservation. From 1944 to 1986, four million tons of uranium ore were extracted. The Navajo didn't understand radioactive waste. They swam in the contaminated water. They showered with it, laundered with it, cooked with it, and drank it. They built hogans and corrals and roads with the mine waste. That changed in 1979. A dam broke at the United Nuclear Corporation Mill. This occurred less than four months after Three Mile Island. It released over three times the radiation, making it the biggest nuclear spill in U.S. history. Yet, no one heard of it. Heaps of waste are still radioactive 30 years later. This poisoning even spawned its own new disease, labeled "Navajo neuropathy." The Navajo may now understand the effects of radioactivity better than anyone. This year, the EPA "accidentally" breached containment at the Gold King Mine in Colorado. It actually was a failure of the EPA to use proper procedure and safety protocols. And then, the EPA waited 24 hours to report the blowout. The spill covered 110 acres of the Animas river with sludge an inch thick on the bottom. That toxic sludge flowed down into the San Juan River, the lifeblood of the Navajo reservation. Farmers made the choice to turn off irrigation, leaving thousands of acres of crops without water. Crops that their people need for food, and to sell as their only income. They made that choice to protect the land. This was a giant decision, especially for a tribe that has as many as 40 percent of homes without running water. The Navajo are 60 times more likely than other Americans to live without running water or a toilet. On the Reservation, 44 percent of the children live in poverty. With no running water, families bring water in, bucket by bucket, from outdoor plastic storage tubs. It can be a 100 mile round trip journey to get water supplies for these families, and many don't have a car. They instead rely on the Navajo "Water Lady", Darlene Arviso, who is a literal life saving Angel to the people of this desert. She drives a yellow water tanker, and visits 250 homes to deliver water, only once a month. While most American families use an average of 400 gallons a day, these families use an average of just 7 gallons. And if they run out? Well, then they run out. And they often do. The American Indians of New Mexico and Arizona were not allowed to vote until 1948, so as water rights were being allocated, they were not part of the equation. The only water source they are then left with is underground, where even if they can find it, it may not be drinkable. The water underground is laced with Uranium. The Reservation has many wells, but the people don't dare use them anymore, after others started getting sick. The EPA promised help to the Navajo in response to the Gold King spill. That help started to trickle in, a week later, with a delivery of hay for the livestock, and then culminated with water delivered in repurposed filtered oil tanks. When Navajo Nation President Russell Begaye inspected the water, he found it was contaminated. The water came out oily and brown, and a brown sludge covered his finger when placed in the spigot. The EPA and its contractor, Triple S Trucking, insisted that the tanks had been properly cleaned. The Navajo Nation rejected the water, and sent the tanks back. This left them still with a devastating lack of water. The EPA then issued a statement that the Animas and San Juan Rivers have returned to their pre-spill state. Other communities in Colorado and New Mexico have turned on their intakes. The Navajo have not, relying instead on their own internal safety testing. Still looming is the Sunnyside Mine, near the Gold King. Warnings have been issued that the bulkheads there are at extreme risk of failure, causing not 3 million gallons of toxic spill, but billions of gallons into the Animas. No action has been taken. And, the Navajo are not alone. South Dakota has 272 abandoned Uranium mines, which are contaminating the Cheyenne River and other waterways. The Cave Hills area of South Dakota currently has 104 abandoned open pit uranium mines. One mine alone, which is located 200 yards from an elementary school in Ludlow, emits more than 4 times per hour the radiation that is being emitted by the Fukushima Power Plant in Japan. In Wyoming, there are hundreds of abandoned open pit mines in the Powder River Basin alone. Clark Fork, Montana's largest river, was found to have been contaminated with arsenic, lead, copper, zinc and cadmium for 120 acres, all the way to Missoula. In North Dakota, a fracking pipe line leak spilled 3 million gallons of brine, a toxic mix of salt, fracking fluids and petroleum, into two creeks that reach the Missouri River, a source of drinking water for nearby populations. The EPA has estimated that mining has polluted at least 40 percentof the stream reaches in the headwaters of western watersheds. Given the trustworthiness of the EPA on matters of public safety and environmental protection, one can guess this estimate to be much higher. If old mines were the only problem, that would be too large a problem for any community to bear. Sadly, those in high positions are once again wielding power over whole communities, through means that can only be found legal by extremely loose definitions of the law. From the Ho Chunk burial mounds in Wisconsin, to the Keweenaw Bay Indians fight against Kennecot Eagle Minerals, to the Arizona land giveaway to Resolution Mining, for a copper mine to built at the Apache ceremonial grounds of Oak Flats, put in place by John McCain, a long time member of the U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. The man-made catastrophe of Flint gives us all an opportunity. It allows us to see, in concrete, human, life and death terms, the cost of our status quo. It allows us to see the underbelly of our society that needs to be brought to witness; racism, classicism, consumerism, political corruption, systematic abuse, and environmental desecration. We, as a people, are at a turning point in our evolution. We have the choice to face our darkest choices and correct them, or to witness our own physical and spiritual demise. We can choose to face and witness. We can choose to be called to action, and in turn call for better. Because, in this great, beautiful country of which we are all temporary guests, we have the freedom to do so. We, as a people, have the bravery to turn against what is easy, what is comfortable, what is a lifestyle, or an expected right. And we do that because we have a vision of our future that is more than what is being offered. We have done it before, hundreds of thousands of brave men and women, from all walks of life, have stood for the right. We can do it again. Let Flint be a first step. Then, let Tribal America be the next. May all the voices joining for Flint, all the journalists, all the celebrities offering aid, all the people at home who are outraged, let them all stand up. Stand up, and stand with, those who need them. Let the Invisible Minority be invisible no more. Let them hear us say, "We see you. We hear your need. And we are coming to help."
/ Menu labeling Let’s say you’re craving a good ol’ fashioned PB&J and you glance at the nutrition facts panel of the bread of your choice. Then, you notice something a little strange. It states that one slice is 100 calories, but 2 slices is 190 calories. What kind of magic bread is this? Can my bowl of fettuccine alfredo decrease in calories as I add more noodles and sauce? Unfortunately, the answer is no. This “magic math” can be blamed on the rounding rules set by the FDA. Haven’t you ever wondered why everything you purchase from the store has such even numbers for all the nutrients? Now, with menu labeling, you’ll start to see similar numbers on menus. So how does rounding work? Well, each nutrient: calories, fat, cholesterol, sodium, potassium, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, sugars, fiber, protein, and vitamins and minerals has their own special rules for rounding. In rounding nutrients by the FDA rules, all manufacturers, and now restaurants, have the same standard for declaring their numbers. However, because these rules are very specific it is quite noticeable when rounding is not done correctly. This could lead to consumer inquiries or even the FDA questioning your numbers. While the rounding rules are beneficial and help establish a sense of approximation with your numbers, it can still be a little annoying at times. Consider the earlier example with the bread. Imagine a guest at your establishment comes in for their favorite slice of pizza and notices that when they multiply their slice calories by how many slices are in the total, the numbers don’t add up. They may complain or they might ignore the discrepancy, but knowing that numbers are rounded will help you answer any concerns. Along with differences between the rounding, each nutrient also has a set insignificant amount. These amounts do not need to be declared and depending on the nutrient they could also be listed as a zero. For example, total fat is insignificant if it is less than .5 g per serving and can also be expressed as a zero. A Sampling of the FDA Rounding Rules So, what can you do? Memorize the rounding rules and go through each nutrient in each menu item? Guess what the number should round to and hope no one notices? No and absolutely not. Hire us to complete your nutrition analysis. MenuTrinfo uses a proprietary software that does the rounding for you. Yes, we do the rounding for you! Menu labeling can be stressful, but with MenuTrinfo as your partner you can cross one more thing off the worry list. Call us today to see the other ways we can make menu labeling a breeze.
Artificial Intelligence How Financial Services Can Prevent Bias In AI It won’t be medicine — or manufacturing, human resources, commerce or logistics. No, when it comes to the biggest immediate impact that artificial intelligence (AI) will have upon the world, financial services will likely take that honor — a looming prize that provides fresh opportunity to consider how machines will overcome bias. Anyone who reads the news or follows science fiction knows how important AI is becoming to business, and how much change it will almost certainly bring to civilization. However, Sunil Madhu, founder and chief strategy officer of digital Identity verification and predictive analytics firm Socure, told Karen Webster during a recent podcast interview that bias remains a vital issue for the future of AI and machine learning. After all, he said, “human bias cannot be trained out,” especially since the majority of human decision making, according to the latest scientific findings, is governed by the biological, chemical and electrical mechanics of the subconscious. People don’t even know what they know, or how they end up knowing what they know. Nor are humans fully capable of understanding how certain computers arrive at decisions. “You really don’t know what happens inside the layers of a neural network,” Madhu said, referring to computing technology that mimics the operations of the human brain. “If you are not aware of the biases in training data, then you really don’t know what happens inside. That’s where you get unintended consequences.” That’s hardly a theoretical concern — not anymore. Not with the services provided by banks and other players in the financial industry used for a host of life-changing decisions, not the least of which involve gaining access to affordable mortgages and business loans. So, what can be done short of throwing up our hands and surrendering to the growing wisdom of the machines? Madhu takes a view that seems more pragmatic and optimistic than many other observers: a view that constant testing, data accumulation and the refinement of the mathematical rules governing those smart machines can protect against unwanted, illegal or destructive biases. “The issue of bias is a well-known problem,” he told Webster. “It’s a well-researched problem. It’s not like people don’t know there’s bias. At the end of the day, any bias can be eliminated depending on how large the [data] sample gets over time.” He also puts faith in the ability of machines to learn how to operate without human biases. He offers the example of the movie “WarGames” — the 1983 Cold War classic in which the supercomputer responsible for launching nuclear weapons goes more than a bit off track — as a demonstration of his idea. As you may recall (the movie is now a quarter-century old, after all) the computer in the movie finally learns that global thermonuclear war is unwinnable after playing round upon round of tic-tac-toe as the countdown to World War III continues. Any kid stuck indoors during a rainstorm knows that victory in that game is all but impossible to achieve after a few tries, a lesson learned by the defense computer. In the real world, a computer has learned to master the famously difficult game of Go after being programmed with the rules and left to its own devices. According to Madhu, such a technique — letting the machine learn on its own instead of submitting to human supervision — renders moot the danger of “human bias creeping in.” The machine, after all, “trained itself.” That may be true, but such luminaries as Elon Musk and the late Stephen Hawking have warned about the dangers of AI — might not a machine that gains sentience decide that computers and robots are better off in charge of the planet instead of humans? Well, if one looks past the fact that people are pretty good at messing up their own lives, politics, economies and societies with little help from AI, one might find reason to be optimistic — at least for now, and at least according to Madhu. For one, sentience for machines has not yet arrived. AI is being used to build expertise in various sectors — medicine, law, transportation — and that trend looks likely to continue. Granted, the same machine learning that can lead to more efficient and profitable financial services is being used in military technology. However, so far, the humans remain in charge — and can still apply rules that, say, prevent drones from killing civilians. “I’m not worried that AI will kill us anytime soon,” said Madhu. In fact, when talking about AI and financial services, he is pretty sunny. He already told Webster that banks are “as large as software development companies,” and financial trades live and die by algorithms. Greater financial inclusion, more access to financial services and such positives are certain to follow from the enhanced decision making that comes from machine learning and AI, he said. “Those are things that are going to have global effects,” he said. Latest Insights: To Top
Understanding Coffee Roasting Curves The coffee roasting curve is an important tool that can be used to understand the coffee roasting process. A typical curve displays the roast time along the x axis (usually in minutes) and the roaster temperature on the y axis (in °C or °F). The curves may typically also display rate of rise on a secondary axis for reasons that will become apparent later. The graphs below may look like a bowl of spaghetti to the uninitiated, but when you understand each line and its relationship to the others the curves will make sense and will tell an experienced operator a lot about what is happening inside the machine. Each curve is a graphical representation of what happened during the roast. Temperature Curves Figure 1 shows an ideal roast curve. In a perfect world most roasts will following along this bending line. The curve is defined by a few key variables: • The total roast time usually takes 10-12 minutes, although this can vary depending on the desired final temperature. • The endpoint, or the final temperature the roast will end at, determines roast degree. This is on a scale of light to dark. • The intersection point dictates the where the turning point for the roaster occurs, which will be discussed later. Figure 1 - Ideal Roast Curve Figure 1 - Ideal Roast Curve The most important thing to know about this curve is that it doesn’t increase linearly, it curves. It almost becomes flat towards the end of the roast, but it never completely does. At no point is it straight either, it always decreases. An ideal roast curve will have a declining Rate of Rise and a reason for this will be discussed later. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 2 - Temperature Sensor Positions Figure 2 - Temperature Sensor Positions Figure 3 shows this same ‘ideal’ curve with temperatures from the roaster added. These temperatures are taken using 3, k-type, ungrounded 3mm thermocouples. The orange line at the bottom is read using a 10k thermistor. Figure 2 shows the positions of these sensors on the roaster. In relation to Figure 3, The blue line is the environment temperature, the green line is the bean temperature and the top orange line is the exhaust temperature. These probes are placed in strategic positions inside the roaster in order to return specific information Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 3 - Roast Curves with Temperatures Figure 3 - Roast Curves with Temperatures The bottom orange line displays data from the exhaust stack. This will be ignored for now. The orange line at the top is the Exhaust Temperature. This one is always a fair bit cooler than the other curves. It is the temperature of the exhaust gases as they leave the roaster. At the start of the roast the temperature drops as the cold beans are introduced. It then steadily increases throughout the roast. The exhaust gas does not increase at the same rate as the other curves. This is because a most of the energy is being taken up by the roast rather than being lost to the air. The next pair of lines are the environment and bean mass temperature probes. They monitor the temperature inside the drum at two points. The probe associated with the green curve is located inside the mass of beans the blue curve is located outside this bean mass towards the centre of the roaster. These lines will drop together as beans are introduced to the hot roaster. They will then level out and then converge. This is because the cold beans will initially resist taking up energy. They will be colder relative to their surroundings. Throughout the roast the beans will become more conductive and increase in temperature. They will therefore approach the temperature of their surroundings. The bean mass curve will level out at the end of the roast and approximate the environment temperature. The mass of the beans will be close to the air temperature inside the roaster. They may even exceed it in darker roasts as the beans undergo an exothermic reaction post first crack. The last line is the stack temperature. It is largely constant as in the large diameter chimney the air is moving more slowly. This means the hot air stream increases in volume and losses most of its heat to the environment around it. Most energy is being taken up by the beans if the process is efficient so the temperature of the stack should not be expected to increase dramatically. Rate of Rise Figure 4 - Rate of Rise Figure 4 - Rate of Rise Figure 4 shows the Rate of Rise (ROR) of a roast. It is the derivative, or rate of change in the bean temperature. Different roasters measure this number differently, which is important to consider when comparing curves. It may be in degrees per minute, per 30 seconds or any number in between. Some roasters will also take averages over the period in an attempt to ‘smooth’ their curves. This can be detrimental to the roast because in order to do this, the roaster will have to compare new values with historical readings. The ROR could be bouncing up and down at the roaster will not report this, because it can only look at an average. This may mean in order to correct a crashing or rising ROR, the controller will act too late to save the batch. It is important that this ROR decrease steadily throughout the roast. There are many theories as to why, but at the time of writing, no consensus. There are possible explanations however. One is a declining rate of rise means that the difference in temperature between the outside of the bean and the inside will be less and less as the roast progresses. The beans throughout the roast will change their ability to transfer heat. The beans use a lot of the energy to increase in temperature initially and are not very thermally conductive. The roaster will be set on maximum heating power in order to raise the temperature of the water inside the bean. It is also important to start the roaster at a hot temperature so that some of this excess energy can help increase the temperature from room temperature to over 100°C as quickly as possible. This causes the curve to ‘turn’ usually at the 1:30-2:00 minute mark. As this water vapourises the bean changes size, the internal cells open up and energy is more easily transmitted into the coffee. If this gradient was too high it will cook the outside much faster than the inside, resulting in both over roasting and underoasting. If the rate of rise was zero, or flat the coffee will be held at relatively constant temperature and will lose it moisture to the environment. So although the roast will otherwise appear fine, the bean will taste over roasted, or baked. This is not to say it will necessarily taste ashy or smokey, but it will have a hollow taste. But if the rate of rise is decreasing it can have the advantage of quickly raising the coffees temperature at the beginning, saving water content then evenly raising the temperature of the coffee later in the roast. I will stress again that there is no consensus on this, this is just opinion. A declining rate of rise seems to give a much larger window to hit between optimum mass loss, and end point of the roast. Drying is a function of airspeed and air temperature. A coffee that spends a large amount of time at high temperature, without that temperature changing, will dry more than a coffee with a declining ROR. Hence the reactions associated with coffee roasting will progress for longer that leads to flavours associated with longer roasting, despite the bean colour being quite light. In extreme cases this can result in a hollow flavour, or a light roast lacking its origin characteristics that it should have. Heating and Airflow Figure 5 - Heating and Airflow Settings Figure 5 - Heating and Airflow Settings There are two variables the can be manipulated by the roaster after the batch size and charge temperature have been decided. These variables are airflow and heating and are illustrated in Figure 5. This particular roaster uses electric heaters to supply heat to the roaster. Most roasters will not do this. An electric method of heating requires a lot more planning as it takes a long time to change the heat input of the element. It is also much less efficient than gas burners, especially when larger roasters are considered. However the principles are the same. The white line shows the relative output of the element between full power and no power. At the beginning of the roast the computer allows the machine to heat completely and the element is held at 100%. This is because during the beginning of the roast the change in temperature is an artefact of actual temperature readings and much less critical. To elaborate, the cold beans are charged into the roaster at room temperature. The roaster begins the roast a very hot temperature comes down in temperature as thermal energy is absorbed by cold beans. What we see on the graph is a hot probe being cooled by beans. Eventually the probe reaches an equilibrium point where the probe and is the same temperature at the beans around it. This is referred to as the turning point. They then climb away together at the same temperature or similar depending on the thickness of the probe. From the beans perspective they start at room temperature and climb to this equilibrium point and keep going. So a controller is told to ignore this period of the roast. If it was not told to ignore it, the controller would think it was doing something wrong, because despite having the element on full the roaster was decreasing in temperature. With industrial controllers this can cause problems which can cause them act erratically. So sometimes it is better to drop the coffee in manual mode so that the controller doesn’t suffer from issues. If the controller is programmed correctly it will be looking at the bean temperature throughout the roast and making sure it is rising at the correct rate. For example, if the controller senses that temperature is climbing too quickly, it will begin to throttle back the heating element. This is important because the coffee transitions between an endothermic (heat absorbing) process and an exothermic process (heat releasing). The roaster will not need the amount of heat available to it throughout the whole roast. A good analogy for this is a car on cruise control going over a hill. To go up the hill the controller applies more accelerator to get car up the hill. Once the car is at the top of the hill the computer releases the accelerator to maintain the set speed. This is because the car doesn’t have to climb anymore, so that extra power is no longer required. When the car starts moving down the hill, the accelerator is completely released. The controller is relying on the friction between the road and the car to slow the speed of the vehicle. Most experienced drivers will know they might need to help the car decelerate at this point by applying the brake. The brake on a coffee roaster is the fan. It is used to pull cold air from outside the roaster, past the element, through the roaster and out the stack. This will result in changes in air temperature as hot air is pushed away in favour of cold. The fan also serves the purpose of pulling smoke and chaff outside of the unit. In Figure 5, the red line is representative of the airspeed inside the main stack. For the first part of the roast it is relatively constant and low because it is being told to ignore the first drop (as discussed previously). When the roast is too hot or climbing too quickly, it turns itself up in an attempt to throttle the roast back. When the roast is too hot it throttles itself up, and when it is too cold it turns itself down. Towards the end of the roast the fan should be at maximum to ensure that smoke is being rejected from the roaster and the rate of rise is not increasing. Again this can be done manually but computer control is preferred. One thing changing the airflow in the roaster will do is change the relative humidity in the stack. Humidity and Mass Loss Figure 6 - Humidity and Mass Loss Figure 6 - Humidity and Mass Loss Figure 6 shows curves related to Relative Humidity (RH), and the total mass of water in the coffee. The temperature at which water will condense or become a liquid changes based on its temperature. So air will hold a certain amount of water within it, if that air is rapidly cooled, the water will condense. Hot, wet air or air that contains a lot of water will condense at relatively high temperature, think steam condensing out of a kettle. Even on a warm day you will see some “steam” coming out of it as it boils. This isn’t steam however, its liquid water condensing in the air. Simply just blowing on a cold bit of metal will cause some of the water in your breath to fog up the metal. Now, if that same metal is hot, you will not see this same effect because the metal will be too hot for water to condense on its surface, even very warm, humid air may not be able to condense on a hot surface. So if we know the temperature of a gas and its relative humidity we can use a series of equations to work out the total mass of water in the air. If we know how much water is in the ambient air per cubic metre, and how much air is going through the roaster we can cancel out volume based terms. This means at any given moment the result of this calculation will tell you how many grams of water are present in the stack at that specific point. If you start adding those numbers up, you will be able to tell how many grams of water has left the coffee. This is what blue line in the centre represents. It’s the amount of water that is leaving the coffee. At first, before the water hits its boiling point, not much leaves the system. But at the roast progresses and this water starts to boil this line starts declining at a steady rate. The really important thing to know is this rate is dependent on how much water there is in the coffee and how quickly the energy can be transferred to it so it can be boiled. It largely will not matter how hot the roast gases are (within reason) if the energy cannot be transferred into the coffee. So the rate will be constant as the roast progresses. However at first crack this changes. As the bean puffs up and most of the water has been converted to steam this number slightly, but noticeably changes. It picks up speed and water is much more rapidly transferred out of the coffee. The thermal properties of the coffee have changed. This heat sink of water is largely gone the heat can penetrate the bean much more rapidly. This is important when determining final mass of the coffee because once the coffee is past first crack the drying progresses faster. In many areas of food processing there are optimum levels of water content that contribute to flavour. Although we are drying the coffee by roasting it, a coffee roaster is not trying to desiccate the beans. The roaster will want the beans to undergo reactions associated with roasting and will want the roast to be even through coffee. But also a roaster needs to hit an ideal moisture content at the end. The roaster has largely determined how far the reaction will progress by setting the end temperature. The roaster must also maintain the flavour of the coffee by ensuring the coffee does not become over roasted. Over roasting can be thought of disproportionately large mass loss despite a low roast end point. Putting it all together Figure 7 - Final Graph Figure 7 - Final Graph Figure 7 shows every line that has been discussed on one chart. All curves are related to one another. One cannot hope to see the whole exact picture of how heat is being transferred in the coffee and how the reactions are being developed. That is an impossible task because coffee is simply far too complicated. However clues as to what is happening inside the coffee are left by things such as small changes in temperature over time. For a long time, coffee roasters were reluctant to even add probes to their roasters and monitor the roasting process. Temperature probes are a simple low cost way to get some of the picture. The relative humidity of the exhaust gases can also be monitored to further fill out what is happening inside the drum. By adhering to a few simple rules, like charging correctly and controlling for a declining rate of rise and making sure the coffee does not over roast a coffee roaster can dramatically increase their ability to get the most out of their coffee. This is particularly important when roasting specialty coffee where a roaster will try and preserve the origin characteristics of the coffee. What is great and interesting about this method is that it quantifies variables that were otherwise completely qualitative. This is because a computer cannot smell a roast to make sure it is correct. A computer cannot take part in a cupping. But what a computer can do is use this information to make informed decisions about how a roast is progressing, knowing when to add heat and knowing when to remove it. By analysing water leaving the roaster it can even know when a coffee has finished roasting. It might be foolish to think that a computer program could replace people in coffee roasting entirely. There may still need to be a coffee roaster who can qualitatively assess the coffee involved in the process. However, it is hoped that program or a program like this could be used to virtually eliminate roast defects associated with machine error. It could also be used to improve consistency in specialty coffee roasting. It could be used to help a specialty roaster best showcase all the farmer’s hard work with the coffee. Humidity Studies I’m delighted to say that this article was publish in Roast Magazine in their January 2019 issue. I’ve embedded the article for those interested. My original article is also available for reading in the blog post below. Thanks everyone for your kind words and notes. I’m continuing to work on this theory and a new paper will follow soon… In this study a coffee roaster was modified in an attempt to measure the mass of water leaving the coffee during a roast. Senors added include, capacitive humidity sensors, an anemometer and thermistors. This was to measure the water content, volumetric flowrate of air and temperature of exhaust gases. A tray of water was placed in the coffee roaster and readings were taken. A batch of coffee was then also roasted to compare the readings observed. The relative concentration of water in the gas stream was calculated using the aforementioned inputs. The integral of this calculation with respect to time was then used to determine the total mass of water that had left the coffee roaster. Results showed a median difference between mass lost calculated compared to actual measured mass loss of 9 grams over 30 roasts. It is therefore concluded that this method of online measurement has the potential to be a viable method calculating mass loss to be used during coffee roasting. This means the relative mass loss during the roast will be known. A coffee roaster will be better able to make decisions about when to release the coffee from the drum of the roaster, in order to achieve specific mass loss targets rather than having to make guesses based on experience. This would move coffee roasting forward towards a fully autonomous roasting system. Coffee roasting is an interesting and complex set of chemical process that turns a small, dense seed into something beautiful. The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology reports over 800 different volatiles existing in roasted coffee (Rao, 2014). This same amount is also quoted in other texts (Racineux & Tran, 2016). However, this number includes just the identified compounds. There could be many more to consider (Illy & Viani, 2004). With so many complex interactions it can be easy to get lost in detail. This study will only focus on one compound in the gas stream leaving the roaster. This study will focus on water. Water is an essential component of all organic processes and this is true of the coffee plant. Water sustains the plant while it is growing. It is then driven off during the drying process after the fruit is picked. Water is then further removed throughout roasting. Water is then used as a solvent to extract the coffee during percolation before being consumed. Throughout all these process there are specific windows of water content that must be attained to achieve a palatable product. Green coffee will change during the roasting process from being approximately 10-12% water by mass, to 2-3% (Illy & Viani, 2004). By comparison with other compounds within the coffee, water content undergoes the biggest change (by mass) when looking at the final composition of the coffee (Rao, 2014). This is to say, that most mass losses during roasting are caused by water being driven out of the coffee. Coffee roasting can therefore be modelled as a drying unit operation. The latent energy of water in the coffee is a key point to discuss regarding coffee roasting. This is because latent energy drastically changes the energy balance of the coffee roaster. The latent energy is defined as the amount of energy required for a substance to undergo a phase transition. To simplify that terminology this is referring to the heat that is available to the coffee to turn the water inside the bean into steam. So for liquid water inside the bean, it must have enough energy supplied to not only come up to its boiling point but enough energy to transition into steam before increasing in temperature. This is significant because the properties of steam when compared to liquid water are drastically different. Water’s capacity to hold heat, or the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a given mass of water decreases in this phase transition. Water in the coffee acts almost like a heat sink, soaking up energy, refusing to transmit this heat further into the bean. A large temperature gradient occurs when latent heats are taken into consideration when this process is modeled (Illy & Viani, 2004). The difference between the outside of the bean and the inside of the bean is dramatic because liquid water inside the coffee is soaking up this energy, refusing to increase in temperature. Inside the bean during roasting there is a tug of war going on between water at the hot gases outside the bean. Heat transfer occurs from the hot roast on one side, and the water sinking heat on the other. The bean’s internal pressure builds as this water is converted into steam. Eventually the internal pressure becomes too much as steam is generated and overcomes the internal cell structure of the bean. This fractures the coffee and causes a snapping sound. Coffee roasters refer this point in the roast as ‘first crack’. This first crack usually signals to the operator that the coffee is undergoing a critical period of transformation and it is time to start monitoring the roaster. This is usually done by looking at the temperature of the bean mass and modulating airflow and heat input into the machine. The water inside the bean has been largely converted to steam due to a changed thermal conductivity of the coffee. This will cause the temperature to change much more readily. This can result in a runaway state where the coffee increases in temperature much more rapidly than desired through this stage. This runaway state can ruin a batch by burning it, or causing the beans to reach a much higher temperature than intended. Some other coffees can have the opposite problem, where water flashing out of the beans condenses inside the roaster, causing the temperature to plummet and potentially 'stalling' the roast. This is another undesriable state which can ruin a batch. It would be assumed that water exiting the roaster would be monitored given water’s importance in the coffee roasting process. However there are no coffee roasters on the market that track the humidity levels of flue gas evolved during the roasting process. There have been experiments conducted where flue gas has been condensed and analysed (Dutra, Oliveira, Franca, Ferraz, & Afonso, 2001). But for online monitoring this was deemed to be impractical. It is hypothesised that a capacitive relative humidity probe may be used instead to monitor water throughout the coffee roast. The total amount of water leaving the system could be calculated by multiplying the water concentration by the volumetric flowrate of air, subtracting away background water content and integrating this value over the roast. A coffee roaster could monitor spikes in humidity to determine first crack and also estimate the final development of the coffee using this calculations rather than waiting for audible snaps . This mass loss could also be estimated without having to drop of the coffee out of the machine and measure the batch’s final mass. 1. Coffee Roaster – The model of coffee roaster was a North Coffee TJ-067 now being sold by Mill City Roasters 2. Temperature probes – Custom made, 3mm ungrounded probes were used 3. Data bridge – Custom built circuitry was used to analyse the roaster’s internal temperatures and control air intake and heat input. 4. Roasting Software – Custom software was written based in Microsoft Excel to monitor the data from the Roaster 5. Humidity Probe – Novus RHT humidity sensor 6. Airspeed Sensor – Custom built anemometer to measure airspeed. The setup of the roaster is explained using the following P&ID. This type of diagram shows the process and how the instrumentation connects to it. It is not supposed to be a literal representation of the unit, just a diagram that shows how the connections work. Figure 1 - Roaster P&ID Figure 1 - Roaster P&ID Coffee enters into the Drum via the hopper. It is mixed inside the drum until roasted. It is then dumped out of the roaster into a cooling pan. Everything else in the diagram shows how heat is added and removed from the process. An exhaust fan is used to draw ambient air from the bottom of the roaster, past the heating element, through the drum then through a cyclone separator and to the exhaust stack. The speed of this fan can be varied automatically by the roasting software to change the airflow as required. The fan causes air to enter the roaster below the 3kW element. The element is heating the roaster and its power level can be varied automatically by the roasting software. Three thermocouples relay temperature information back to the main data bridge. The hot roasting gases exit the cyclone after most particulates have separated and the hot gases cool to approximately 70°C. Halfway up the main exhaust stack there is a humidity sensor that measures temperature and relative humidity at this point. Beyond this sensor another sensor is used to measure four variables. These are airspeed, stack temperature, ambient humidity and ambient temperature. Ultimately the whole process is controlled from a main computer connected wirelessly to the roaster. The control thesis for this machine is to use modulated airflow and heat input to change the temperature inside the roaster. Exhaust gases are monitored for their flowrate, temperature and humidity to determine the amount of water exiting the stack. This is compared to the ambient conditions which determine the background water concentration. The mass of water leaving the roaster can be calculated because the background water content is known as well as the airflow and the stack conditions. On advice from Gods Honest Truth Coffee Roasters, a baseline for the experiment needed to be obtained. The coffee roaster was left to idle at 65% element duty and 42% motor speed. The goal was to achieve equilibrium such that without changing the motor or element settings the temperature and roaster conditions would be stable. Equilibrium was achieved when the relative humidity in the stack and temperature in the stack would remain relatively constant. The ambient conditions observed at the roastery on the day of the experiment were; Temperature = 17.8°C Relative humidity = 75%. At equilibrium the stack temperature was observed. Temperature = 74°C Relative Humidity = 5.3%. The next step involved converting relative humidity to absolute humidity to check the readings against one another. The following numerical methods were obtained (Vaisala, 2013), Using equations (2) and (3) as per the design document the Saturation vapour pressure was obtained. The water vapour pressure was then calculated using equation (1). Finally, the absolute humidity was calculated using equation (17). Using ambient conditions the water content was calculated as 11.4 g/m³ Using stack conditions water content was calculated as 12.2 g/m³ There is a difference in these measurements of 7% which was considered to be negligible. The tray containing 275g of water was then added at the 13 minute mark (approx.). The results were recorded until the water was depleted from the tray. The roaster was allowed to reach equilibrium again. 1029g of the Sumatran 'Wanita Gayo' was added to the roaster and data was collected over a 12 minute roast. Figure 2 - Water Tray Test (control) Figure 2 - Water Tray Test (control) The graph above shows a section of background data between 0 and 13 minutes where the roaster is left to best achieve equilibrium. The relative humidity of the stack gases show some temperature variation throughout the whole test, however this is only between 73°C and 77°C. This temperature, although variable within this range, is constant throughout the test. The relative humidity shows a sharp increase when the water is added. This reaches relatively stable conditions at approximately 17.5% RH at 74°C. Using the same calculations as above, this would indicate 42g/m^3 of water in the stack. This continues until the water is completely driven off at which point the roaster returned to humidity levels that were observed at equilibrium. Figure 3 - The integral of the humidity curve Figure 3 - The integral of the humidity curve From the chart above the sections where the roaster was at equilibrium was removed. A 5th order polynomial curve was fit to RH(t). The R2 value of this curve was 0.98 which indicates a reasonable fit for the curve. The integral of this curve was then calculated between the end of the experiment and the beginning. This shows the cumulative water content increasing throughout the test. The max value of this curve was 268g comparative to an expected value of 275g. From the charts above it can be shown that the temperature and humidity sensor in the stack conveys the overall trend of water coming out of the roast well. For the next test 1029g of the Sumatran 'Wanita Gayo' was added to the roaster. The roast took just over 12 minutes to complete the roast. Relative humidity and stack temperature was recorded throughout the roast. The relative humidity data was converted to absolute humidity and the background water content was subtracted from this number. The following curve was obtained. Figure 4 - Humidity Data, Wanita Gayo, Red Bourbon, Sumatra This graph shows a drying curve, much like the control, slowly ramping to equilibrium. However the curve in contrast to the control is not flat throughout the roast. It slowly keeps increasing throughout the roast. It is important to note the ramp in water content in the stack leading into first crack. As first crack occurs a large spike in humidity is observed. A regression curve fit to the Total Water content could not be fit with good tolerance (the best being a 6th order polynomial at R²=0.88), so numerical integration using the trapazoid method was used. Between the start of roasting and the drop at the end the result was 157.9. The mass loss of the sample was 158.7g, with a development of 15.4%. The DIY coffee guy has a great article on his website. In his article he quotes a statistician as saying, Essentially, all models are wrong, but some are useful. - George E.P. Box I think that's important to keep in mind when looking at these results. I'm also cognisant of Cunningham’s law which says that in order to find the right answer on the internet it is best not to ask the right question, but to post the wrong answer. With that in mind, I'm going to discuss the above results from a brief study into humidity during roasting. Figuire 5 - Absolute water content of gas stream and associated integral Figuire 5 - Absolute water content of gas stream and associated integral Shown above is the water content from a roast curve and its associated drying curve. I've changed the direction of the curve to better suit how most drying curves appear (as a total amount of water decreasing, rather than water content increasing). Similar curves to this one were obtained in online flue gas monitoring experiments. (Dutra, 2012). This is to say water content declining steadily throughout the roast. This is also similar to what Mill City Roasters have said in discussion and I think they are correct. In fact when looking at drying operations in general this same behaviour is observed. (McCabe, W.L., & Harriot, 2001) proposes an increase to a maximum drying rate, which is the rate at which water can move into the hot air stream. There is a maximum rate at which it can do this based on the material you are working with. Looking at coffee specifically, coffee is observed not being able to efficiently transfer heat throughout the structure of the bean due to the latent heat of water inside the bean. (Illy & Viani, 2004). This means that as the bean heats up throughout roasting, the heat does not transfer as effectively in the begginging of the the roast comparative to the end of the roast.The latent heat is responsible for sinking away heat from the outside of the bean. This culminates in an endothermic flash . (Illy & Viani, 2004), though this has not been observed by the thermocouples in this experiment . At first crack the water has enough energy to be fully vapourised. It is here that roasters will see exothermic behaviour in the roast as this pent up energy is released. Run away behaviour may also be observed if the energy supply to the roast is too great at this point . (Illy & Viani, 2004) This is consistent with phenomena known as 'Case Hardening'. This is noted as being particularly common in food processing (McCabe, W.L., & Harriot, 2001). By monitoring humidity data, the sudden spike in water content is indicative of this energy being overcome and the onset of first crack being imminent. The total water loss throughout the roast can theoretically also be predicted by looking at this drying rate. This would mean that if a coffee roaster had desired water content in mind for a specific product, and the water content of green beans was also known, then by monitoring online humidity data they may be able to use this model to predict when to drop the coffee from the machine and begin cooling the batch. This could also be used to minimise give-away. This would be commercially useful because roasted coffee is sold on a per kilogram basis. There is little sense in driving off water that does not need to be driven off. It costs money in fuel to heat the roaster and will ultimately mean less of a return for the coffee roaster overall when the product is sold. Conclusions and Implications This has been a cursory look at online humidity measurement in coffee roasting. There are numerous holes in the overall picture that need to be filled in. First of all, this study was conducted on an electric roaster. A gas roaster may have differing results as a main product of combustion is water vapour. This may skew the results for a roaster that uses combustion (as most do) to roast coffee. Second, as the DIY Coffee Guy mentioned, the roasting process may cause drafts or other issues, effectively sucking more outside air (hence water) into the roaster. The variability of airflow will cause issues with online measurement of water content unless it is accounted for. It could be a co-incidence that the integral of these two tests happens to match the expected water content of the tests. This has yet to be peer reviewed and may just be conjecture. In application the online monitoring has shown promising results. Over 30 roasts a median difference of 9.5 grams was observed between the expected mass loss and the humidity sensors reported values. The interquartile range of these 30 studies was 37.5g the outlying values were -43.3g at a minimum difference and 48.5g at maximum. One thing to take into account is sensor hysteresis. The sensor can take a while to reach a new humidity value between due to very hot dry air and a sudden drop in temperature . This sensor error can be subtracted away with reasonable reliability however. So far the research seems to indicate a useful, albeit most likely incomplete model. There is benefit in understanding what the relative humidity of the exhaust stream means in the context of coffee roasting. This would allow coffee roasters in different climates to take control of their drying rates and achieve overall desired water content of their product. This can mean fewer products ultimately ending up in the atmosphere, rather than in the customer’s hands as previously stated. It would also mean a more consistent product for the roaster. Online humidity measurement could also inform control decisions for the roaster. It could also help when working with older beans when the moisture content has dropped. You cannot control what you cannot measure. I hope that coffee roasters can better control the water content of their product by measuring humidity throughout the roast. I'd like to thank the DIY Coffee Guy, Mill City Roasters, God's Honest Truth Coffee Roasters and Gary Davison for their contributions with respect to this article. Dutra, E., Oliveira, L., Franca, A., Ferraz, V., & Afonso, R. (2001). A preliminary study on the feasibility of using composition of coffee roasting exhaust gas for the determination of the degree of roast. Journal of Food Engineering, 241–246. Illy, A., & Viani, R. (2004). Espresso Coffee - The Science of Quality. Elsevier. McCabe, W.L., S., & Harriot, P. (2001). Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. 6th Edition. Singapore : McGraw-Hill International Edition. Racineux, S., & Tran, C.-L. (2016). Le café c'est pas sorcier. Rao, S. (2014). The Coffee Roaster's Companion . Vaisala. (2013). Humidity Conversion Formulas. Retrieved from Vaisala: https://www.vaisala.com/sites/default/files/documents/Humidity_Conversion_Formulas_B210973EN-F.pdf How to make espresso How to make Chemex Coffee This is a brief tutorial on how to make coffee with a Chemex. A Chemex is a piece of glassware used for pour-over coffee. It makes a sweet beverage with the consistency of tea. Inspired by a chemist it is the winner of multiple design awards and is available in the store. It's a favourite among many and an excellent way to bring out the true character of specialty coffee. How to make Aeropress Coffee This is a brief tutorial on how to make Aeropress coffee. An Aeropress is the perfect device for going camping or taking to work. It makes a great cup of coffee on the go and even has a World Championship. So let's get started.
The Grandfather of the Potato Cannon The Grandfather of the Potato Cannon The Grandfather of the Potato Cannon Ten years ago today, Waldo Semon died. He was 101 years old. I never met Waldo, but I, like GeekDads worldwide, owe him a debt of gratitude. Here’s why. By far, the most popular parent-child project in my book,Backyard Ballistics, is the potato cannon project. And, I can see why. It’s easy to understand, cheap to build, and the results are spectacular. So, this begs the question: who first invented it? I’ve tried to figure it out, without a lot of success. Perhaps another GeekDad knows the answer. But I do know who invented the hard, white, Poly-Vinyl-Chloride plastic used to build most spud guns. It was invented in 1926 by a scientist named Waldo Semon. At the time, Semon was a young research scientist working for the BF Goodrich Company in Akron, Ohio. Shortly after the end of World War I, Goodrich determined that a low cost, high performance rubber substitute was a product with enormous economic potential. Since Semon was one their best scientists, company management instructed him to begin work to find a better behaved, less expensive type of man-made rubber. During extensive research, Semon came upon the work of earlier scientists who had developed a substance called the “Oil of Dutch Chemists.” Another chemist, he found, created a gas called vinyl chloride from the Dutch Oil. He felt the stuff had potential and so, he started experimenting with vinyl polymers (polymers are organic substances with very large molecules). Purportedly, Semon endured several lab explosions and rather dicey near misses. Finally, his chemical experimentation yielded a hot powder that when cooled, turned into a flexible but tough gel. This was the first ever batch of PVC or poly-vinyl-chloride. The rest is spud gun history. Interestingly, Semon took the more pleasure out of another invention that was far less well known – polymer based bubble gum. “It looked just like ordinary gum, except that it would blow these great big bubbles,” he once said. However, it was never marketed because B.F. Goodrich thought that nobody would buy it. (Normal bubble gum was invented in 1928 by Walter Diemer, an accountant at the Fleer Chewing Gum Company in Philadelphia.) Potato cannons and their relations have been built from steel or aluminum pipe, or other types of plastic, or even reinforced fabric tubing. But PVC is the most popular. And so, the quiet, dedicated corporate scientist, Waldo Lonsbury Semon, the inventor of PVC can rightfully be considered “the Father of the Spud Gun.” Bill Gurstelle loves his guest blogging stint on GeekDad. His new book Absinthe and Flamethrowers: Projects and Ruminations on the Art of Living Dangerously is on sale here!
The Ruins of Poetry Classical Models and Modern Norms in Swedish Literature 1800–1840 Project Description The project investigates different forms of classicism in Swedish literary romanticism, with a focus on philhellenism, travel writing, translation, and drama. In attempts to conceptualize literary romanticism in Sweden, the contrast with classicism is often suggested as a distinctive feature: classicism was moderate, collective, systematizing and restrained; romanticism was devoted to the cult of the individual, the genius, and unrestricted inspiration, rebelling against any pre-given models. A similar dichotomy between classicism and modernity has been attributed a huge explanatory power for many of the changes that the decades around 1800 brought to European culture. Such a model, though, does not explain the profound importance of the classical tradition for romantic literature. In this project I will rethink this divide and bridge the literary epochs that have often been thought apart: classicism and romanticism, tradition and modernity. A fundamental claim is that romantic nationalism was deeply dependent on romantic cosmopolitanism. The study is designed to make visible the cultural transfer involved in the process, including the transnational character of print culture, as well as the networks established by travels and correspondence. Typical examples are the translated journalistic reports that were disseminated over Europe; German Alterthumswissenschaft that influenced Swedish romantic classicism; and the philhellenic society in Stockholm that was one node in a European network of societies supporting the Greek revolution. Authors investigated are Carl Jonas Love Almqvist, Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom, Jacob Berggren, Erik Gustaf Geijer, Lorenzo Hammarsköld, Per Ulrik Kernell, Karl August Nicander, Julia Nyberg, Vilhelm Fredrik Palmblad, and Per Adam Wallmark, but also some lesser-known travellers and writers. (Illustration from Julia Nyberg, Vublina. Dramatiskt Poem, 1823)
Category: DeeDee Wood History of the oyster plate The oyster plate is collected by many antique aficionados who enjoy the beauty, elegance and nautical lure of such an object. There is a rich Victorian past with the oyster plate, as well as hostess rules and impressing affluent guests with these little wonders of artwork in porcelain. The oyster plate was first conceptualized in the time of the Victorians. Oysters, at the time, were thought of as a shellfish delicacy, and the plates represented your ability to project your knowledge and wealth of the world around you. The plates were beautiful, sometimes intricate, delicate, and showcased the food delicacy with flare. Oyster plate production went into full swing during Victorian times with hand painted motifs, floral patterns, unique patterns and makers from around the world. Plate production slowed down after World War I when the lifestyle of the Victorians and serving such a thing as a “delicacy” became a thing of forgotten times. In the United States, factories that made porcelain responded to the obsession with this special delicacy by designing plates for the elite class to serve their guests. Silver-plated forks also were designed to accompany the plates, and lavish dinner parties among the East Coast elite in the 1870s and 1880s served dishes made by famous companies such as Union Porcelain Works, Limoges of France and other fine European and American factories. Increased affluence from the... Read More The history of kites As the breezes of early spring blow into March, one’s mind turns to flying kites. What is the history of kites, and why do we fly them? It all began in Asia, particularly China, and had many versatile uses through the years. Kites were invented in Asia, most likely China. Materials such as silk, used for the “sail” and string, were plentiful and aided in the construction of the air-worthy item. Earlier kites, from B.C. Chinese philosophers, such as Mozi and Gongshu Ban, around 549 A.D., were using paper when flying kites. The earliest known Chinese kites were flat and often shaped like a rectangle. Early kites were used for messaging, measuring distances, signaling, testing wind directions and military operations, such as placement of troops. Kites were decorated, in those early days of China, with military motifs and mythological tales. Sometimes, depending upon their use, they were fitted with whistles and other objects, that, when flown, would whistle in the wind or make sound, probably to locate them, and to signal. They would also make musical sounds when flying, a whimsy that was purely aesthetic in nature. Eventually the kite concept made its way into India, where it was used in festivals and as a celebratory object to honor religious deities. Kites also made their way into New Zealand and Polynesia in these early times, utilized as a festival... Read More Sailor’s Valentines Sailor’s valentines were shells arranged in intricate, symmetrical designs, encased in glass cases, hinged in the middle, so when you opened them, it was a sort of “valentine” made of shells. They were marketed to sailors as gifts to bring home after long voyages in the service to the sea, to loved ones who were awaiting their arrival from the journey. The name of the item implies that sailors made these shellcraft boxes themselves. However, most of them were made and sold to sailors, a large number of these objects being made in Barbados, which was a large seaport to sailors during the period the valentines were most popular, 1830 to 1890. Research into the boxes of shellcraft suggests that the women of Barados made the valentines using local materials and shells, although sometimes they would import items needed from areas of the world such as Indonesia. Some valentines that are deconstructed have newspapers backing them from Barados, further supporting the story that many were made and sold in that area. The idea of an encased glass case with shell mosaics was initially developed by a few seaman wanting to bring home a special gift to loved ones, but two Englishmen, George and B.H. Belgrave, changed all of that. Entrepeneurs in their own right, they recognized that seaport shops could make money in Barbados using the local shells and... Read More The Bayeux Tapestry The Bayeux Tapestry is an embroidered linen cloth that is nearly 230 feet long, and depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England, famous warriors, and the ultimate Battle of Hastings. It is said that it dates to the 11th century, and most scholars agree that it was made in England. The tapestry is miraculous because it has survived almost intact for over nine centuries. It fascinates restoration experts and admirers for it’s subject matter, workmanship, coloring and condition. The tapestry’s earliest known recognition comes in the form of a 1476 inventory of Bayeux Cathedral. French legend says the tapestry was commissioned by Queen Matilda, William the Conqueror’s wife, and her ladies-in-waiting. Analysis and research of this time period conclude that it was probably commissioned by Bishop Odo, William’s half brother. It is said it was possibly commissioned to coincide with the building of the cathedral for display at the dedication. There are many theories about who ordered the design of such a large work of art. The tapestry is actually an embroidery, not a tapestry, which is woven into a piece of cloth. It is crewel wool yard on a woven linen. The colors used in the tapestry were primarily terracotta, dull gold, blue, olive, sage green and later repairs worked in orange and lighter tones. It used two different types of stitch, an outline... Read More Victorian Christmas traditions The Industrial Revolution in England helped Christmas reach more homes in the Victorian Era, an influence we still see today in our holiday decorating, cards we send, and traditions we hold dear. Queen Victoria and her family set the example of the ideal family unit, with children, presents and times at home. The Victorian era and mass production helped fuel what we see today in the holiday market. One very Victorian tradition was the Christmas card. A process called chromolithographic reproduction aided the mass production of the Christmas card, and it made this product more affordable for the average person. Scenes of religious depictions, nature, snow and the season adorned beautiful cards that could be sent, via post, to relatives and friends far and wide. Instead of time-consuming letters and hand-rendered depictions, one could send a mass produced card over and over with ease. The tradition of sending a card had begun. Industrialization of the era caused more of the middle class to have disposable income. Due to this new concept in households, there was a rise in the mass market for toys, decorations, and trinkets of all kinds. The Christmas cracker, or cookie, was inspired by French sweets wrapped in paper, and was first invented by Tom Smith, a candy store owner in England in the 1840s. The first Christmas cookies coming out of this era included a... Read More Upcoming Events 1. Original  Banner  Show  at  St.  Michaels  Library April 3 @ 9:00 am - April 30 @ 8:00 pm 2. Caroline  County  Family  YMCA :  Seniors  Day  Out April 22 @ 10:00 am - 1:00 pm 3. River Arts  Paint  the  Town April 25 @ 8:00 am - April 28 @ 5:00 pm 4. Adkins  Arboretum  Spring  Open  House  and  Plant  Sale April 26 @ 10:00 am - 4:00 pm 5. Count  Basie  Orchestra April 26 @ 8:00 pm - 10:30 pm
Easy Ways to Write a Thesis Statement Sample thesis statements 4th grade, readers need... You should be able to identify specific causes and effects. sample thesis statements 4th grade cover letter for a warehouse clerk Zoos should be banned because animals need to remain in the wild, zoos cannot provide natural experiences for animals, and animals in zoos get sick and die. How are modern horror movies different than classic films? Your readings about the topic, however, have led you to the conclusion that elementary school children are consuming far more sugar than is healthy. Easy Ways to Write a Thesis Statement \| Owlcation Example of Three-Pronged Thesis Statements: This is thesis topic for sample thesis statements 4th grade design student strong thesis because it shows how your experience contradicts a widely-accepted view. In the example above, each phrase sample thesis statements 4th grade with the same sort of word: Parallel form: Second, many causes and effects is vague. 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Tonsil Stones Free Forever << Go Back To Articles Directory Self-Esteem Struggles Brought About By Tonsil Stones Although they are a fairly common health condition, tonsil stones can have adverse effects on a person's self-esteem because of the unpleasant symptoms they may create. Your tonsils are two oval-shaped lymphatic organs that are positioned on either side of the back of your throat. Tonsil stones occur when debris such as food particles, dead cells, and microorganisms accumulate on the surface of the palatine tonsils. This debris can combine with mucus and begin to decay. If the accumulation is not dealt with, it will calcify into small, hardened tonsil stones. Although most tonsils stones are relatively small and asymptomatic, some people suffer from large and bothersome tonsils stones. Large tonsil stones can create unpleasant symptoms, such as earaches, a chronic sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and persistent bad breath. These symptoms can lead some patients to struggle in their daily activities, especially if they are self-conscious of their bad breath. Bad breath is a side effect of tonsil stones that can be difficult to treat. Tonsil stones contain decaying debris that attracts sulfur-producing bacteria. When tonsil stones combine with volatile sulfur compounds that are produced by oral bacteria, an unpleasant smell is created. Additionally, tonsil stones often contain mucus from postnasal drip, which facilitates tonsil-stone decay and worsens any existing oral odor. In addition to tonsil stones, persistent tonsil infections can also lead to bad breath and create embarrassment for patients. One study of individuals with chronic tonsillitis found that 75% of people with abnormally high breath-concentrations of smelly sulfuric compounds also suffered from tonsil stones. Because tonsil stones often occur in those with persistent tonsillitis, bad breath may worsen in those who experience both conditions. If you are concerned about your breath or about other complications associated with tonsil stones, see your doctor. He or she can remove any visible tonsil stones during your visit and may suggest treatments such as an antibiotic or gargling with salt water. If your symptoms or concern persists, your doctor may refer you to an ear, nose, and throat specialist for more-intensive treatment options. If your bad breath and concerns are still causing you discomfort, you may benefit from seeking psychological advice from a certified professional. << Go Back To Articles Directory Copyright 2019, All Rights Reserved
Essential Oils in the World of Dennis Essential Oils Essential Oil Basics Essential oils are volatile liquids that are distilled from live plants. Gasoline is derived from plants that have been dead for thousands of years, and it is volatile, but is not an essential oil. Motor oil is derived from plants that have been dead for thousands of years, but it is not volatile. So gasoline and motor oil are not essential oils. Beside being highly volatile, these oils are also hydrophobic; they do not mix with water. Because essential oils are volatile, they evaporate easily. If an essential oil is put on a piece of paper, it should evaporate completly, and leave no trace. Base Oils Extraction Methods Most often, a low heat steam distillation process is used. For citrus fruits, cold expression, or cold pressing, is the method used to extract the oils. How to use The first time I tried to apply an essential oil to my face, I used my fingers. Then I tried to drop it onto my face because my fingers absorbed the oil before I got it to my face. It didn't go well. Using essential oils, like many other things, requires the right tools. Check out this website for a selection of tools and other paraphernalia. Some essential oils may interact with prescribed drugs. Putity and Quality Here are some link references on Essential Oils:
Different Retail Benefits From Business Services Retail is the word that has been derived from the French-Italian word “Retailler”, which actually means someone cutting or shredding a small chunk from something. Retail industry involves the activities of selling and marketing of services and products to consumers for their personal and household use. The person who does the business through the retail shop is called as retailer and he/she can be a company, agent or individual involved in delivering the merchandises, services and goods to the end users or the ultimate customers. The traditional or unorganized retail outlets are basically the counter stores, street markets, vendors or kiosks, where the owner handles the activity with the help of working staff. The modern or organized retails are those where variety of activities are carried out like shopping malls, huge complexes, multi storied malls, shopping centers and other outlets where known for its quality and organized shopping experiences.
How to grow Bacteria and Fungi Find out how to grow bacteria and fungi at Germtoons If you have ever asked yourself how to grow bacteria and fungi you have come to the right place. Let me show you an easy recipe for growing bacteria and fungi. But first let me tell you a little bit of background information: As you know by now, most bacteria and fungal spores are too small to see with your plain eyes. A microscope good enough to see these microorganisms is relatively expensive, and you might not have one at your disposal. How to grow bacteria in liquid nutrient broth By growing bacteria in a liquid broth of nutrients, such as fruit juice or meat soup you will not be able to see individual bacteria but can see that the liquid will become turbid due to bacterial contamination and growth. This happens because the bacteria, when given enough food, will divide and divide and so on. Finally, they will have multiplied so often that you can see the horde of bacteria with your own eyes. Bacterial Growth Bacteria divide and divide and…. You can easily test this by leaving a bottle of clear juice or soup stand open for some time, then close the bottle with some aluminum foil wrap and let it stand somewhere for a couple of days. The warmer the place where the bottle stands, the faster the bacteria will grow. You can also actively incubate the bottle with bacteria, e.g., by putting a finger in it, or by transferring material with a cotton swab (for example from your tongue). Do not close the bottle tightly (e.g., with the lid or cap), since the bacteria may produce gas that could build up high pressure in the bottle if the bottle is tightly locked. How to grow bacteria on solid agar plates By growing bacteria in a liquid, you will most likely get a mixture of different bacteria and fungi. A great way to isolate specific kinds of bacteria is to incubate them on a solid growth medium. Microbiologists use agar plates (also called petri dish) for this. If the incubation of the agar plate is done correctly, you will be able to see individual bacteria colonies on the plate. Each colony consists of the descendants of just one bacterium. They are clones. Bacteria colonies on an agar plate Bacteria colonies on an agar plate If you want to create agar plates yourself and grow bacteria on them, you can download a great recipe below (PDF) that will guide you through all the steps in detail. How to Grow Bacteria As for growing fungi, you will see that it is quite easy to grow them. On the opposite, it will be a challenge to isolate just bacteria without fungi. Apart from using liquid or solid media to grow them as described above, you will easily be able to see fungi on old bread or fruit. Spread the love - Not the Germs
They Find Seals That Expel Mysterious Animal by the Nose Post sponsored by a review site for small cars Seals in danger of extinction have eels stuck in their noses and specialists still can not find the reason Monk seals live in Hawaii and in some parts of the United States and belong to animals in danger of extinction. This species currently consists of 1,400 individuals and the threats that surround them are hunting, disease or entanglement in fishing nets, but a new enemy has emerged that gets stuck in his nose. Circulate a photograph in which a Hawaiian monk seal has a long eel obstructing its nose. Charles Littnan, one of the scientists of the research program of this marine creature belonging to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, who shared the image, declared before the Guardian that: “We have been monitoring monk seals intensively for four decades and we have never seen this before. Now it has happened three or four times and we do not know why. “ This worrying event goes back to the summer of 2016, when the first seal was found with an eel stuck in its snout, since then it has tried to solve the problem. Littnan added: “They stay there, very tight. That is why the eel should be pulled hard to come out. Having a rotten fish inside your nose can cause some problems. “ They Find Seals That Expel Mysterious Animal by the Nose This phenomenon would complicate the conservation of this species, as it can cause infections or decreased appetite or even in their ability to dive. The possible reasons that the specialists have obtained would be that the seals regurgitate their food commonly and when vomiting the eels remain stuck in their noses. Another theory would be that the eels hide in the nostrils of the seals to avoid being their food. If constipation of mucus is already an uncomfortable symptom, now imagine these poor little foxes with their noses completely obstructed by an animal that is struggling to survive. Source: la neta noticias
Thursday, January 15, 2015 Math Lesson - Math Fact Mastery Math Facts can be tricky for some students to master, especially when they are not motivated to put in the practice required to master them. I have developed a fun, motivating way to get your students to WANT to practice their math facts. It is called Kicking It Math. I have used key elements of brain research as I developed the program: * Did you know that students can hold only 2-3 new pieces of information in their working memory at one time? That is why each new practice session only includes 2 to 3 new facts and their opposites. Instead of having students focus on threes or fives, they learn just a few new facts at a time. Learners learn 90% of what they SAY and DO (Bloom, 1987). This program incorporates both oral and written practice. Students can remember things more easily when they connect new information with something they already know (Woolfolk, 1998). All new practice sheets include previously learned facts along with the new facts. This isn't simply learning their 1s, then their 2s, etc. because that doesn't work. * In this program, some of the harder facts (such as 9X6 are taught in the middle rather than the end so the student really has more time to work on it). * Another way to increase student memory is through verbal rehearsal. When a student practices (at home or at school with a partner) and makes a mistake, they repeat the correct problem and answer three times to cement it in their brain. They are presented the same problem three tries later to work through it again. * Memory increases when dopamine is involved - basically if it is fun, kids will remember more! So enough of the research and on to the fun! In this program, students earn "belts" as they progress levels. So motivating! Students start with oral practice of their math facts: Then they take a timed test. We keep track of our results individually and as a class. Some of the feedback I have received: You can buy these products at my Teachers Pay Teachers Store. or you can save a little money and get the bundles: Thank you! 1 comment: 1. Kelly, This is sooo cute... I just bought it and can't wait to use it with my third grade students!
Home » Pros and Cons » S Corp vs C Corp Pros and Cons S Corp vs C Corp Pros and Cons When you want to incorporate a business, there are two different structures from which to choose: an S-corporation or a C-corporation. This choice is often based on the ideal tax structure for the company. When operating under the S-corp structure, then it is treated as a pass-through entity. That means the profits of the business (and the losses) are reported on the income of the business owner. There are no corporate income tax concerns with a S-corporation in the United States. When a business operates as a C-corp, then the profits are first taxed at the corporate level. Then the owner’s personal income tax returns are taxed too, based on if the income is distributed to the shareholders of the corporation as dividends. Because both corporation structures require similar compliance and documentation obligations, understanding the additional benefits of the S-corp vs. the C-corp will help you decide which option is right for your needs. List of the Pros of an S Corp vs. a C Corp 1. The S-Corp profits are only taxed once at the federal level. The biggest advantage of choosing the S-corp over the C-corp is the avoidance of double taxation on profits. When a company incorporates as a C-corporation, the profits are first taxed at the corporate level through IRS Form 1120. Then the money is taxed again on the owner’s personal income tax returns if they distribute income to shareholders as a dividend. The only ways to avoid this issue as a C-corp is to operate at a loss or reinvest profits back into the business instead of paying a dividend. With the S-corp structure, all shareholders report their share of income or loss on their tax return only. That means you pay at whatever your personal income bracket happens to be instead of the current corporate rate. 2. S-Corp entities have a special deduction they can take. Beginning with the 2018 tax year, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act passed by Congress and signed into law by President Donald Trump allow pass-through entities like an S-corporation to deduct 20% of their business income on their personal tax return. At the time of this writing, this deduction is not set to expire until 2025. That means a business owner with $100,000 of S-corp profit to report on their personal tax return can eliminate $20,000 from the top, effectively giving them that cash tax-free. Any pass-through entity, including partnerships, LLCs, and sole proprietors qualify for this potential advantage too. C-corporations do not qualify at all for this advantage. 3. Personal assets are not at stake in the S-corporation structure. Because the corporation is treated as its own structure, the personal assets of the S-corporation owner are not at risk like they are with a sole proprietor or a partnership. C-corporations offer this benefit too. The company assets are kept separate from personal assets. There are times when this advantage does go away. If owners contribute significantly to the income of their company by mixing personal and business funds, then this is called “piercing the corporate veil.” The courts could decide in such a circumstance that personal assets should be unprotected. C-corporations carry this risk too, though sometimes at a lesser level. 4. There is better privacy protection with an S-corporation. C-corporations are public businesses which create records that investors can review at their convenience. Although there are some privacy protections in place with this structure, the S-corporation is a better option if you’re trying to limit how much information is in the public view. This benefit often applies to the salaries being paid to officers and owners. Because of the income-splitting potential of this business type, you can take a smaller salary (based on income rules set by the IRS), then take the remainder of the profit as a distribution. This structure limits public awareness of what some active shareholders earn, which provides some level of information protection. 5. There are fewer administrative requirements. You’ll find that the paperwork requirements to follow rules, laws, and regulations are similar when comparing S-corps vs. C-corps. When all of these responsibilities are compared, however, the S-corporation does have a few advantages to look at. The profit-sharing paperwork is the biggest differential. Because of the pass-through nature of the S-corporation, much of the work falls onto each person instead of coming through the corporation itself. You’ll still face the requirements to hold formal meetings, release notes from the Board of Directors, and distribute financial information. What you won’t face are the corporate tax filings. 6. S-corporations are affordable to start. Most companies that decide to form S-corporations do so because they plan to provide a specific service to their community. It’s a great option for a business which requires more formality than an LLC, but it also wishes to keep its ownership circle tight. You don’t have the same significant equipment purchases with this operation compared to a C-corp when starting operations. You can earn a sizable profit without a lot of expense or effort. There are usually smaller start-up costs associated with this structure compared to the C-corp too. 7. Owners can write off their start-up losses with an S-corporation. One of the biggest advantages of forming an S-corporation is that you’re able to write-off your start-up losses when you’re a shareholder. Thanks to the pass-through nature of this entity, you gain access to your share of the losses like you do with the profits. That doesn’t change your salary status either. Those losses can help you keep your overall tax liabilities lower, with significant losses carried over to different tax years to keep offsetting future profits earned. When President Donald Trump reported an almost $1 billion loss to the IRS in the 1990s, he had the potential to carry-over that amount for over a decade to limit his overall liability. Most shareholders see this advantage on a smaller scale, of course. 8. You don’t need to have 100 shareholders with the business. Venture capitalists and other investors don’t like the idea of dealing with up to 100 people whenever a decision must be made. Even though the equity share is low in that situation, every person has an equal voice in the final decisions made. That’s why the C-corporation status is preferred for most. Just because you’re permitted 100 shareholders as an S-corporation doesn’t mean you must have that many. Creating an agreement which limits the number of owners involved with your articles of incorporation can offer some angels and VCs more confidence in your corporate structure. 9. There are fewer publication standards to follow. Other business types, including the C-corporation in some communities, must publish changes in structure, assets acquired, or planned developments in local periodicals to create public awareness of what they are doing. New York State requires potential LLC owners, for example, to publish a formal notice of formation that can last for several weeks. The structure of the S-corp allows you to get around that issue without the same delays. Once you file for your status, you begin operations once you secure the correct documentation. Most companies can begin serving their customers faster and more efficiently because of this change in structure. List of the Cons of an S Corp vs. a Corp 1. It is more challenging to incorporate as an S-corp than as a C-corp. The United States deems that the C-corporation structure is the default incorporation to use when forming a business. When you file the articles of incorporation with your local Secretary of State, this is the company it becomes. You must file IRS Form 2553 as part of your initial paperwork to ensure you become an S-corp for federal tax purposes. Some states require you to fill out additional documentation to be treated this way at their level too. As with any business incorporation, you may need to appoint a registered agent, create bylaws for the company, and apply for specific licenses or certifications to conduct business within the state. These costs are similar for both structures, but it may be more expensive when compared to partnerships or sole proprietors. 2. The C-Corporation tax rate is a flat, predictable fee. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act might not offer the C-corp a deduction of business income like it does for the S-corporation, but it does offer a significant drop in the tax rate. Companies who operate as C-corporations will see their tax rate decline from 35% to 21% beginning with their 2018 tax year filing. With the S-corp structure, the tax rate is based on the activity of the shareholder in the daily operations of the corporation. Wages are taxed in three different ways. • There is a 15.3% tax on the first $117,000 earned. • A 2.9% tax applies on the next $83,000 earned. • Then a 3.8% tax applies on income over $200,000. Wages are taxed with an S-corp, but its profit distribution is not. Passive shareholders are subject to the Net Investment Income Tax instead, which is a higher marginal tax for most individuals when compared to active shareholders. 3. There are income caps in place for the 20% deduction. The tax law governing the 2018 filing season allows pass-through entities earning $315,000 for married joint filers or $157,500 for single filers to take advantage of the 20% deduction off the top for income. There are limits to this deduction based on the type of business your S-corp happens to be, so doctors and lawyers may see limited tax benefits when compared to C-corporation structures. Limits to what employees are paid in wages apply too. If you earn more than the figures above, you may lose out on the tax savings compared to the permanent cuts offered to the C-corp. 4. S-corporations have a difference in the ownership structure. S-corporations can have up to 100 shareholders associated with the business. Each shareholder must be either a resident alien or a U.S. citizen. They are limited to one class of stock too, which means there is only one type of shareholder within the structure. Because there is no hierarchy within the corporation, with no differences between shareholders, the fundraising goals of the company are harder to achieve. C-corporations have no restrictions on ownership at the time of writing. You’re permitted an unlimited number of shareholders within the company, along with different classes too. That’s when angels and venture capitalists prefer this option, as it gives them the opportunity to hold preferred stock. 5. S-corporations cannot deduct their fringe benefits. The current structure of the C-corporation allows it to deduce the cost of any fringe benefits which are given to employees. That includes things like their health insurance or disability. The shareholders of the C-corp don’t pay takes on these benefits either, assuming that a minimum of 70% of the company receives the same fringe benefits. The S-corporation does not get this benefit at all. Anything treated as income distributed to the shareholder is subject to the tax rates listed. Since both corporation types don’t carry the self-employment tax with them, an organization which sees distributions through fringe benefits frequently will find the C-corp structure beneficial when compared to the S-corp structure. 6. The S-corporation status can be terminated by the IRS. Because of the potential tax advantages of being an S-corporation, taxing authorities scrutinize this structure heavily compared to the default C-corporation status. You’ll find that if you make a mistake with your administrative requirements, even if you just missing a filing deadline, your S-corp status can be terminated. This scenario often happens when you accidentally go over 100 shares too. When this situation occurs, your company is then taxed as a C-corp, which means you must file the corporate tax return by the appropriate deadline. If this situation were to occur, the IRS may charge back taxes for up to 3 years to compensate for earlier violations of the S-corp status. Companies must then wait at least 5 years to regain their status after the forced conversion o a C-corporation. 7. There are salary requirements with an S-corporation to follow. The IRS requires that all owners and officers in an S-corporation earn a salary, even if the company isn’t turning a profit for the year. That makes it challenging for some organizations to make their payroll, especially with the pass-through nature of the business. A “reasonable salary” is part of that expectation, so compensation must be offered based on the skills required for the position. This requirement is based on what the free market pricing is for that salary. These employees and owners who have more than 2% of the shares of the company in questions cannot get the tax-free benefits which others with a lower share can often receive. 8. Shares can be seized and sold in court proceedings. The IRS has the right to pursue tax payments from anyone who has ownership in the company. If the organization cannot pay its tax obligations, with back taxes creating a liability, then the shareholders can be pursued for this payment. The tax liabilities of an S-corporation can become shareholder liabilities. The shares of this company can be seized, then sold, to pay this obligation. A C-corporation faces this risk as well, but it comes with several more safeguards in place. There are usually hundreds, if not thousands or more, individual stockholders with a publicly-traded company. This causes the tax pursuit to look at the business itself instead of each individual. Since S-corps have 100 shareholders at maximum, it is easier to pursue individuals with this disadvantage. 9. S-corporations must file their taxes earlier. The S-corporation must file its tax returns by March 15 (or a designated date) each year. The only time this deadline shifts is if the date falls on a non-business day, which then makes it the first business day after the 15th. You can file for an automatic six-month extension if needed to meet your obligations. This tax day is the same that is required of general partnerships. C-corporations have an extra month to prepare their taxes. The C-corp files on the same day as the individual, trust, and estate income taxes are due. Both corporations must also follow the deadline rule if they operate on a fiscal year instead of a calendar year. Under the fiscal year structure, the deadline for an S-corp is the 15th day of the third month following their year, while for the C-corp it is the 15th day of the fourth month following the fiscal year. 10. C-corporations work better as an estate planning vehicle. The S-corporation keeps control in the hands of the stockholders. Owners can hand down their shares to their children, but since each share is an equal part of the whole without additional status, that means just 1% could be handed down – even if the CEO is the primary founder of the business. Planned gifting scenarios work better with a C-corporation because majority control of the business can be shifted from parents to children. Once the kids receive ownership of the stocks involved, then they get to take over full control of the company. 11. Appreciating investments are challenging to hold with an S-corporation. If you’re thinking about holding onto an appreciating investment within a corporate structure, then a limited partnership or an LLC might be a better option than even an S-corp or a C-corp. That’s because the capital gain on the sale of assets with the pass-through stipulations are different with the S-corporation structure. Owners will face higher taxes with the S-corp compared to the LP or LLC, which means you’ll lose more of the appreciation value after the sale occurs. 12. You don’t need to earn money with an S-corporation to be taxed. When you’re a shareholder in an S-corporation, then you may not receive any direct money from the company that improves your personal income. From the perspective of the IRS, that doesn’t matter. If the organization acquires income in any way, then your share of that profit is reported at the state and federal level. You’re responsible for that tax, even though no cash traded hands. That means your paper profits can turn into real losses when it comes time to hand in your tax return for the year. 13. C-corporations do not require the self-employment tax. Under the structure of the C-corporation, your earnings go through the capital gains process for dividends, then the income tax brackets for personal wages. Although owners experience double taxation sometimes, they’re not stuck with the self-employment tax like some S-corporation shareholders. With an S-corp, only the dividends are not subject to the self-employment tax in the United States. Further limitations on the salary demands restrict this issue even further. At the end of the day, however, stockholders don’t face the same 15.3% scenario that shareholders in the S-corp face. These S-corp vs. C-corp pros and cons apply themselves unequally based on the unique needs of each business. Where you choose to incorporate, the type of business you conduct, and the amount of money you earn all play influential roles in determining which option is the best one to meet your needs. Before filing your articles of incorporation, consult with an attorney familiar with the advantages and disadvantages of each structure to determine which option will serve your financial needs the best. About The Author
BUX, your moneygame The Value of Value The value of value is priceless. What is the value of value? The value here is economic value: the worth of something; the usefulness or desirability of something; the importance of something: something that satisfies wants, needs and has purpose and meaning. Every object, every thought and every action has value. It may not be much and you may not see it, but the value is there. And here we get to the nitty-gritty of value. Everyone values things differently. This game is about ones perception of value and how different value systems stack up against each other. (Quite another level of thinking from '3-in-a-row'.) Our existence is based on many things including value. The value that we attach to things– our friends, the food we eat, the air we breathe, the things we own and either need or want, the things we do are all related to the quality of our lives. Understanding the value of value sometimes takes a little thinking. Let's look at the concept of education. Most agree that education is a good thing. Many differ in how the process of education is carried out. The common prevailing practice is that at about the age of six, all kids enter schools and are given facts, shown methods and told and shown things. Those who can best reproduce what they have been told and shown are rewarded most by the tellers and showers. If the value of value is considered, one may question the current concept of education. For example, all children have different needs, interests, understandings and backgrounds. How can they all be lumped together and given standard information? What incentive do many of them have to learn? Other than doing what is expected, what meanings do they attach to learning? Are their schemas developed enough to use incoming information? Why are they in school not playing? And what are they doing? Many kids, especially from value-valuing homes, somehow sense these answers, but many (most?) don't. So, what does understanding value have to do with education? Could it be that to know what one needs to know, one must first understand the value of value– the worth of what is important to them? Without this value-detecting compass, how do they know which directions are important to them– and therefore what to learn and do? Leave a comment Please note, comments must be approved before they are published
Who are the Oldest Old?: Narrative insights from European Nonagenarian Siblings • Rea Irene Maeve Queens University, Belfast, UK Ninety year olds are the fastest growing group in Western Europe. 15% of 90 year olds age slowly, combining long ‘lifespan’ and ‘health span’ and often clustering in families. Nonagenarian families are reservoirs of genetic, life-style and behavioural information, which may help us dissect out how to live longer, and better. This research combined narrative interviews and photographic images as we asked ninety year old siblings about their insights into important factors in their longevity. The subject group was a purposeful sample of nonagenarian sibling pairs or trios, 5 from each of 4 of the European countries associated with the EU Genetics of Healthy Ageing (GeHA) study-Italy, Finland, Poland and Northern Ireland, who answered structured questions about common family background, lifestyles. Overall, 17% of nonagenarian siblings thought genes or long-living family members were important; 19% reported good health all their lives; 30% said that ‘keeping going’ with a positive attitude and good social networks were very important. With respect to life-style, 32% reported that hard work was related to their longevity, while 19% considered good simple food as important. Across Europe there were differences; Irish siblings ranked genes, health and food as most important. In Italy hard work was the main stay of a long life with health being equally important. In Finland and Poland, a positive joyful attitude was considered intrinsic to longevity, with hard work a close second. All valued good social networks. The combined narrative and photographic images provided powerful visual and auditory in digital stories used of nonagenarian siblings, a group about whom little is known and provide an important educational tool to improve understanding about ageing well strategies. Resumos: Conferência Internacional Silver Stories
Watch CBSN Live What Drives a Chimp to Murder? Between 1998 and 2009, John Mitani witnessed 18 murders firsthand, and found circumstantial evidence for three more. But no police were ever called, for these killers were all chimpanzees, from the Ngogo community in Uganda's Kibale National Park. Chimpanzees are highly intelligent animals, capable of great acts of empathy, technological sophistication, culture and cooperation. But they can also be murderers. Groups of chimps, mostly male, will mount lengthy aggressive campaigns against individuals from other groups, attacking them en masse and beating them to death. Their reasons for such killings have long been a source of debate among zoologists, but the aftermath of the Ngogo murders reveals an important clue. After the chimps picked off their neighbours, they eventually took over their territory. It seems that chimps kill for land. The vast majority of these murders were carried out by groups of Ngogo males on patrol. These patrols are stern, single-file affairs. Males march along the borders of their territories, scanning for other chimps and neither feeding nor socialising. They monitor the northeastern part of their territory with particular fervour and indeed, 13 of their 21 kills took place here. Of these victims, 4 were adult males and 9 were youngsters. That may seem like a small number, but for chimps, these are severe losses. At the hands of the Ngogo attackers, the northeastern community was experiencing death rates that were 23 to 75 times higher than those observed in other groups of chimps. They were even higher (by around 5 to 17 times) than the death rates due to violence between groups of human hunter-gatherers. It's clear that the Ngogo chimps are skilled at waging war against their neighbours and the exceptionally large males in their number probably contribute to their aptitude for violence. And because of their aggressive tactics, they have increased the size of their territory by some 22%, expanding into the northeast area that their neighbours once called home. With murder came new real estate to colonise. Mitani's observations back up other anecdotal evidence from other parts of Africa. In Gombe National Park, the Kasekala community of chimps took over the territory of the neighbouring Kahama clan after a series of fatal attacks. But the former community actually splintered off from the latter some time previously. Elsewhere in the Mahale Mountains, one group of chimps annexed the territory of another. All the males in the latter group mysteriously disappeared, but no murders were ever directly witnessed. In contrast, Mitani found clear and direct evidence that the Ngogo chimps killed off their rivals and commandeered their land. These observations don't rule out the alternative ideas that the attacks were motivated by a desire for more mates. After all, more acreage could attract more females into the group or improves the chances of existing members. But Mitani's observations do rule out at least one idea behind chimp aggression - that it's a side effect of humans. Some zoologists had suggested that by providing food to wild chimps, we were instigating conflict between them, but that's clearly not the case in Ngogo. Much of this behaviour might seem familiar, for it has poignant echoes of human warfare. After all, we also kill each other over resource. Richard Wrangham, a primatologist from Harvard University, has suggested that understanding the reasons behind chimp violence could help us to understand and address "the roots of violence in our own species". Even so, Mitani is very careful about drawing an analogy between chimp and human aggression, given the myriad of reasons that humans have for waging war. Chimp expert Frans de Waal appreciates his caution. He says, "There have been claims made in the past that since chimps wage war and we do as well it must be a characteristic that goes back 6 million years, and that we have always waged war, and always will. "There are many problems with this idea, not the least of which is that firm archaeological evidence for human warfare goes back only about 10-15 thousand years. And apart from chimpanzees, we have an equally close relative, the bonobo, that is remarkably peaceful. The recent discovery of Ardipithecus also adds to the picture, as the suggestion has been that Ardi was relatively peaceful too. The present study provides us with a very critical piece of information of what chimpanzees may gain from attacking neighbours. How this connects with human warfare is a different story." By Ed Yong Reprinted with permission from Discover
Nepal History : Unification Campaign of King Prithvi Narayan Shah 2 comments, 5 shares, -5 points [Nepal History] Get here some information, facts about Nepal history related to Prithvi Narayan Shah and His unification campaign in the history of Nepal. We have posted here short biography of King Prithivi Narayan Shah and unification of Nepal. Unification Campaign of King Prithvi Narayan Shah on History of Nepal King Prithvi Narayan Shah was born as the eldest son of King Narabhupal Shah and his second wife Queen Kaushotyawati in the Shah dynasty of Gorkha on 11 January 1723 (27 Poush 1779 B.S.). He grew up under the love, care and supervision of the eldest Queen Chandrapravawati. She taught him the Ramayan, Mahabharat, diplomacy, and politics. He was clever and courageous from his early childhood. He got horse-riding, archery, sword-fighting training when he was a young boy. He became the king of Gorkha in 1799 at the age of 20. Prithivinarayan Shah became the king of Gorkha at the age of 20 in 1799 BS. He was a brave, courageous, ambitious and far-sighted King. He was given proper training and education by his elder mother, Chandraprabhawati. He had known from his early childhood that a nation would be weak if its king and his subjects indulged in pleasure and luxury. His teachers Bhanu Aryal and Maheshwar Patna had made him trained in the art of horse riding, archery and sword fighting. He was interested in politics and diplomacy and had interests in and conquering other countries since his days as a prince. When Prithvi Narayan Shah became the King, the political environment in the region was not very favorable. The smaller principalities were fighting against one another and the British Empire was expanding. In such a situation, he wanted to expand Gorkha and at the same time foil the evil design of the British by uniting the small kingdoms into a viable nation. With this in mind, as soon as he ascended the throne, he sat his foot to the task of expanding the Gorkha Rajya, which led to the unification of Nepal. Had he not done this, the divided principalities would have fallen to the British rule. King Prithvi Narayan Shah Prithvi Narayan Shah is known as the founder of modern Nepal. He marked the beginning of the modern period in the history of Nepal. Before him, there were many small principalities in what we have today, modern Nepal. He laid the foundation of the unification of modern Nepal by conquering the Malla rulers of the Kathmandu Valley: Kantipur, Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur. He defeated major principalities and unified them under his rule .He moved the capital of his Gorkha Kingdom to Kathmandu in 1769. He was able to conquer most of the states in modern day east Nepal and some of the principalities or kingdoms of Baise Rajya, and some of the 24 kingdoms (the Chaubasi Rajya), which were two sets of allies west of the King’s homeland of Gorkha, in what is now called western Nepal. In the later years, his able son, Bahadur Shah, daughter-in-law, Rajendra Laxmi and Gribanyuddha Bikram Shah completed his unification campaign. The unification campaign was completed in three phases. Nepal History: Unification Campaign of King Prithvi Narayan Shah Phase 1: Prithivi Narayan Shah conquered, Nuwakot, Makawanpur, the Kathmandu Valley and most of the states of Eastern Nepal. Phase2: Rajendra Laxmi Shah and Bahadur Shah conquered and annexed most of the smaller Chaubisi and Baisi states of Gandaki and Karnali regions. Phase3: During the reign of Girbanyuddha Bikram Shah, Bhimsen Thapa annexed the state of Palpa into Nepal. Unification Campaign Started of Prithvi Narayan in the History of Nepal Prithvi Narayan’s father Narabhupal Shah was also a brave and wise king. He wanted to expand the territory of Gorkha. He invaded Nuwakot but was badly defeated. Prithivi Narayan Shah was an ambitious person. He wanted to expand Gorkha and foil the evil designs of the British by uniting small kingdoms into a viable nation. Hence, as soon as he became the king, he attacked Nuwakot in order to continue the task started by his father. But he too was defeated as he had not made proper preparations. At that time, Nuwakot was under Kantipur. The Gorkhali troops weren’t much familiar with the geography of Nuwakot. They also lacked sufficient arms and ammunition. History of Nepal : First Unsuccessful Invasion and Conquest of Nuwakot Nuwakot, which was the main trade route to Tibet, and granary of food, was under Kantipur. Prithivinarayan Shah tried to capture Nuwakot first time in 1800 BS. At that time, Jayanta Rana was the Umarao (Governor) there. He was the Commander of the Gorkhali Army when Prithvi Narayan’s father, Narabhupal Shah attacked Nuwakot. When the attack failed, he was made responsible for it. So he defected and joined Jayaprakash Malla, King of Kantipur. Then Jayaprakash Malla had made him the Chief or Umrao of Nuwakot. In this first invasion, Kaji Biraj Thapa Magar was the commander of Gorkhali troops. After encamping near Khinchet, when he was waiting for an opportune moment to cross the overflowing Trisuli River, Prithivinarayan Shah sent yet another troops under the command of Maheswar Panta and Bali Pandey to attack Nuwakot. The Gorkhali troops were defeated. This opened the eyes of Prthivinarayan Shah. He realized that they lacked proper preparation, planning, unity of command, geographical knowledge, intelligence and arms and ammunition. Prithivi Narayan Shah was not discouraged from his defeat of Nuwakot. He rather realized that there was a need to improve the overall capability of his military. He started preparation for the second invasion of Nuwakot. He traveled to Banaras and collected arms and ammunition with the help of his father-in-law, Abhiman Singh. He also got some Muslim experts to make guns and to give military training to his soldiers. It was also important for him to make sure that Gorkha itself wasn’t attacked by other neighboring Chaubise states: Lamjung, Tanahu, Kaski and Parbat etc. while it was invading Nuwakot. In fact, Lamjung was an age-old enemy of Gorkha. So, he sent Kalu Pandey to Lamjung and other emissaries to other states to establish friendly relations. He brought King Ranjit Malta of Bhaktapur also in his favor. Almost a year later, on 2 October 1744, after completing all necessary military and diplomatic preparations, Gorkha under the leadership of Prithvi Narayan Shah himself invaded Nuwakot from three directions: Kalu Pandey through Gerkhu, Kirti Mahoddam Shah from Dharampani and Prithivi Narayan Shah from the front, Ashokbari in 1801 BS. Nuwakot finally fell into Prithvi Narayan’s hands. We Expect Your Valuable Ratings - Rate this post Like it? Share with your friends! 2 comments, 5 shares, -5 points I am Jitendra Sahayogee, a Writer of 12 Nepali Books, Director of Maithili films, Founder of Radio Stations, Designer of Websites and Editor of Some Nepali Blogs.
Version Control with Xcode About Version Control What is version control, and why should you care? Version control is a system that records changes to a file or set of files over time so that you can recall specific versions later. If you are a developer and want to keep every version of your source code a Version Control System is a very wise thing to use. It allows you to add features to your app without disturbing the original source code. It also allows you to revert files back to a previous state, revert the entire project back to a previous state, compare changes over time and much else. Xcode 4 introduced version control into the Xcode environment. Initially, it supported only local Git repositories, but Xcode 4.2 has brought remote repositories to the environment. This is great news if you are part of a development team or if you work on multiple machines. Remote repositories also provide a safe place for your code in case of computer failure or loss. Creating a Local Repository Create a new project, select the Single View Application template. Enter the following Settings • Product Name: versionControl • Devices : iPhone • Select "Use Automatic Reference Counting" You are given a option to create a local Git repository. If you select this box, Xcode will create the local repository. As you modify and create new files, their source control status will be displayed in the navigator window. "A" is for a file that is been added to your project, where "M" means a modification to a file. Go to ViewController.m and modify the ViewDidLoad method like this: - (void)viewDidLoad [super viewDidLoad]; NSLog(@"Version Control"); Add a new file to the project with File ➤ New File. Choose iOS ➤ Other ➤ Empty. Name this file emptyFile. Now you can see the modified and added files in the Project Navigator. To commit your changes back into your local repository, go to File ➤ Source Control ➤ Commit. The Commit window will be presented. By clicking a modified file, you will see your edited version in the left pane and the current version in the repository inthe right pane. All of your changes will be highlighted so that you can easily see the differences between the two files. At the bottom you can enter a message about the changes you have made before commit. Branches and Merges Branches are copies of your project that you can work on without disturbing the mater branch. They allow you to add features without affecting the main build. To manage your repository, you can go to Window Organizer and click the Repositories tab. In this view, you will see a list of repositories. You can click the Branches folder under a repository to see a list of branches available for this repository. When you select a branch, you will see a list of the latest commits to that branch. The information includes who made the commit and the commit message. When you want to add a feature to your app, you can create a new branch by clicking the "Add branch button". Type a branch name and click the check box next to "Automatically switch to this branch". This will copy your code from the master branch into this new branch and then it will switch you to this branch. Now make some additions to your code and when you are done you can commit this back to the repository. This will only affect the newly created branch. To switch back to the master branch, and click the "Switch Branch" button. Select the master branch and click OK. Go back to the Xcode window and click File ➤ Source Control ➤ Merge. Then select which branch you want to merge into the current branch (master), When you click Choose, you will see the commit changes window. Clicking the Merge button will combine the current branch into the master branch. If you look at the master branches commit history in the Organizer view , you will see that the commits from the new branch have been combined with the master branch commits. Remote Repositories Up until now, you have been working with local repositories. in Xcode you have support for remote repositories. This allows you to store your code online where you can get to it from any computer and where you can share your code woth others. To enable remote repositories you should create a acoount at and follow the instructions to create a repository. Once you’ve created a repository on GitHub, copy the entire HTTP access path on the Source tab.This will be the remote location of your repository. To add a remote repository, go to the Organizer view on the Repositories tab and select the repository you want to add a remote option to. Click the Remotes folder under the project repository, and click Add Remote at the bottom. Enter a name for your remote repository and the location, and then click Create. Now that you have a remote repository, you can push and pull your code from the remote repository to keep things up to date with File ➤ Source Control ➤ Push. Select the GitHub repository, and click Push. Xcode will now send your code to your GitHub repository.
Tech News How to Set Up MySQL on Ubuntu 16.04 MySQL is an open-source database management system, commonly installed as part of the popular LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP/Python/Perl) stack. It uses a relational database and SQL (Structured Query Language) to manage its data. The short version of the installation is simple: update your package index, install the mysql-server package, and then run the included security script. sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install mysql-server sudo mysql_secure_installation This guide will walk you through the steps to install MySQL version 5.7 on a Ubuntu 16.04 server. To follow the steps mentioned in this guide, you will need: Installing MySQL On Ubuntu 16.04, only the latest version of MySQL is included in the APT package repository by default. At the time of writing, that's MySQL 5.7 To install it, simply update the package index on your server and install the default package with apt-get. sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install mysql-server You'll be prompted to create a root password during the installation. Choose a secure one and make sure you remember it, because you'll need it later. Next, we'll finish configuring MySQL. Configuring MySQL For fresh installations, you'll want to run the included security script. This changes some of the less secure default options for things like remote root logins and sample users. On older versions of MySQL, you needed to initialize the data directory manually as well, but this is done automatically now. Run the security script. sudo mysql_secure_installation This will prompt you for the root password you created in above step. You can press Y and then ENTER to accept the defaults for all the subsequent questions, with the exception of the one that asks if you'd like to change the root password. You just set it in above step, so you don't have to change it now. For a more detailed walkthrough of these options, you can see this step of the LAMP installation tutorial. To initialize the MySQL data directory, you would use mysql_install_db for versions before 5.7.6, and mysqld --initialize for 5.7.6 and later. However, if you installed MySQL from the Debian distribution, like in Step 1, the data directory was initialized automatically; you don't have to do anything. If you try running the command anyway, you'll see the following error: 2016-03-07T20:11:15.998193Z 0 [ERROR] --initialize specified but the data directory has files in it. Aborting. Finally, let's test the MySQL installation. Testing MySQL Regardless of how you installed it, MySQL should have started running automatically. To test this, check its status. systemctl status mysql.service You'll see output similar to the following: ● mysql.service - MySQL Community Server Active: active (running) since Wed 2016-11-23 21:21:25 UTC; 30min ago Main PID: 3754 (mysqld) Tasks: 28 Memory: 142.3M CPU: 1.994s CGroup: /system.slice/mysql.service └─3754 /usr/sbin/mysqld If MySQL isn't running, you can start it with sudo systemctl mysql start. For an additional check, you can try connecting to the database using the mysqladmin tool, which is a client that lets you run administrative commands. For example, this command says to connect to MySQL as root (-u root), prompt for a password (-p), and return the version. mysqladmin -p -u root version You should see output similar to this: mysqladmin Ver 8.42 Distrib 5.7.16, for Linux on x86_64 Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective Server version 5.7.16-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 Protocol version 10 Connection Localhost via UNIX socket UNIX socket /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock Uptime: 30 min 54 sec Threads: 1 Questions: 12 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 115 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 34 Queries per second avg: 0.006 This means MySQL is up and running. You have completed a basic MySQL setup installed on your Ubuntu server. No comments
The Game Proposal We are going to do an Activision's River Raid (an old Atari console game) clone, but in this chapter we'll create only half of the game features. Since not everyone will remember the original River Raid game features (or will have ever played it), let's introduce the points we'll want to cover in our first version of the game. In River Pla.Net the player will control a plane that is flying over a top-to-bottom scrolling river. Even when the player isn't moving the plane, the ground beneath it will be moving. As far as we know, the river goes on forever, so the main goal of the game is to live for as long as possible. Here are some more details about the game: ■ The plane will be controlled by keyboard arrows. ■ There will be some obstacles along the river: ships, planes, and bridges. The ships and planes won't move in the first version of the game. ■ The plane must always bei flying over water; if it flies over land or over an obstacle (bridges, planes, or ships), it will be destroyed. ■ To make the level design easier, the game map will be a text file, in which each character will represent a different tile when the game field is created. ■ There'll be some gas barrels on the river, which will be collected by the player's plane when it flies over them. In the first version of the game, we won't create a fuel counter. ■ After being destroyed, the player's plane will be invincible for a few seconds. s The game must have background music and different sound effects for each player action: upon being destroyed, when in invincible mode, and while filling the gas tank. When a team of developers creates a "real" game, the game proposal is normally followed by some drafts showing details about the game (like screen layout and some artwork samples), and must be refined until everyone in the team has a clear understanding of what the game will be. The game proposal goal is to answer the question: What are we doing? Once everyone agrees about the game proposal, its time to answer the next question we need to ask: How will we do it? The game project presents the technical details to answer this question, but both documents aren't static; they can (in fact, they must) be revised every time a new point of view arises and is agreed upon by the game development team. Care must be taken not to include every suggestion, or the planning stage will simply never end. The last two important questions in a "real" game development are mainly targeted to commercial games (How long will it take to finish the project? Howmuch will it cost?), and won't be discussed here. +1 0 Post a comment
Air Pollution Dampens The Mood Of People In China Air Pollution in China dampens people's mood Happiness varies from one person to another, to some, it may come from just sipping a coffee , others find it through a song but to China, happiness depends on how clean the air gets; the mood often drops when people are exposed to air pollution. A study conducted by Massachusetts Institute of Technology reveals that the higher the level of pollution, the lower the chances of people to have a lighter disposition throughout the day in China’s urban inhabitants. This claim was supported by a group of researchers, who published an article in Nature Human Behaviour, that air pollution affects one’s health, but has a significant impact to people’s behaviour and social performances. According to Siqi Zheng, head of the said research, air contaminants such as fumes, toxic chemicals from factories and vehicular billows inhaled by people contribute to poor cognitive decisions which often lead to depression and anxiety. The study originates when China’s economic growth rate increases to 8 percent but satisfaction levels amongst people in urban areas are still low. With this, the group decided to unearth various reasons for this problem. They used social media, specifically Twitter and Facebook to gather data from 147 cities in China. Through the help of an algorithm designed to measure the collected data, they find out how the said pollution changes the mood of the people. Obviously, the results indicated that the cleaner the air, the happier the person. From the daily air quality readings released by China’s Ministry of Environmental Protection, there are almost 2.5 million air elements that are harmful to the lungs. However Dr. Zheng added that although the study only focuses on the mood created by these particles, they cannot hide the fact that these pollutants may also cause damages to people’s health. Although there are recommendations from the environment and health councils of China that the individuals should move to cleaner cities, it is not a better solution as to how they can alleviate the mood of its people. This study only gives China an idea on its people recent response to pollution but it also uncovers one alarming truth; as pollution will continue to rise, health and well-being is also compromised. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
Skip Navigation Links Language Documentation Tai Phake or Phakial Documentation The people Tai Phake or Phakial is one of the six Tai groups found in Upper & Upper Middle Assam. The Tai Phake or Phakial population is about 2000 (17th edition, Ethnologue, 2013) and mostly found in Dibrugarh & Tinsukia districts of Assam, India. Presently they live in these nine villages - Namphake and Tipamphake in Dibrugarh district, and Mounglang, Man Mou, Bor Phake, Man Long or Long Phake, Ningam Phake or Ningam, Nonglai and Phaneng in Tinsukia. The Tai Phake or Phakials are a very small Tai speaking Mongoloid ethnic group of Upper Assam. The Language The Tai Phake is a tonal and monosyllabic language and spoken by around 2000 speakers. Tai Phake or Phakial language is considered to be one of the endangered languages in India. Linguistically they belong to Tai-Chin group of Sino-Tibetan family. They have own script (Burmese and Tai) and volumes of written literature in manuscript form in Tai & Pali language. They have 4000 handwritten manuscripts at monastery and their homes. The manuscripts are a rich compendium of abundant themes such as- history, religion, fables, narratives, folktales, Tripitakas, proverbs, riddles, dream interpretations, charm and magic, the Jataka Tales, Principles of Buddhism, codes for monks, customary laws, astrology, herbal medicine, instruction of house building etc. They have lama mang (the Ramayana), dhamma puktram (the Mahabharata), phung jain (Description of universe), pun son laan (grandfather’s wisdom and teaching to grandson), woo paim cham loo, fyakongma (love story), loka samuk thi (death related texts) etc. No documentation has done yet on this language or the valuable manuscripts. Religion and Occupation Theravada Buddhism is a common belief practice of the community. Cultivation is the main occupation of Tai Phake people in which paddy is a major cropping. Poi-chang-ken, a new year which occurs in mid April, is the main festival of the Tai Phakes. The present work Presently, an attempt to document Tai Phake grammar and to produce a Tai Phake-English-Hindi dictionary and Tai Phake ethno linguistic profile is undergoing.
Alphabet Filter: Definition of lineage: 1. Descent in a line from a common progenitor; progeny; race; descending line of offspring or ascending line of parentage. inception, rail line, contrast, channel, declension, phone line, root, line of reasoning, fathers, rakehell, extraction, blood, line of work, fall, credit line, dividing line, deriving, antecedents, occupation, linage, subscriber line, decline, origination, store, production line, line of descent, communication channel, melodic phrase, folks, etymologizing, ancestry, branch, line of products, bank line, argument, argumentation, short letter, parenthood, seam, rip, tune, descent, demarcation, cable, caudex, strain, gillyflower, beginning, ancestors, profligate, filiation, melodic line, billet, transmission line, personal credit line, rootage, parentage, ocellus, birth, business line, note, business, roue, job, declivity, line of business, telephone circuit, inventory, rake, blood line, forebear, simple eye, line of merchandise, melody, derivation, precede, line, declination, source, forbear, downslope, line of credit, stemma, agate line, personal line of credit, stock certificate, pedigree, neckcloth, crease, tribe, furrow, kinsfolk, progenitors, pipeline, railway line, wrinkle, people, stock, assembly line, telephone line, seed, house, air, bloodline, logical argument, crinkle, livestock, fund, breeding, family tree, farm animal, kindred, gunstock, product line, broth, origin. Usage examples:
Alphabet Filter: Definition of smell: 3. To affect the olfactory nerves; to have an odor or scent; - often followed by of; as, to smell of smoke, or of musk. 4. To detect or perceive, as if by the sense of smell; to scent out; - often with out. 5. To exercise sagacity. 6. To exercise the sense of smell. 7. To give heed to. sapidity, touch sensation, facial expression, aroma, thwack, shade, purport, tactile sensation, snuff, odor, sense, intuitive feeling, nose out, looking at, look, tonus, olfactory property, tactual sensation, savor, flavor, sense of smell, odour, intent, sprightliness, belief, heart, suggest, spirit, feel, looking, pure tone, uncleanness, life, olfactory sensation, timber, smelling, scent out, note, face, feeling, expression, sniff, trace, flavour, foulness, tang, tonicity, musical note, olfactory perception, scent, relish, whole step, smell out, detection, savour, liveliness, peck, tone, emotional state, tint, notion, taste, disembodied spirit, tincture, fume, impression, aspect, sniff out, olfaction, opinion, olfactory modality, smack, step, touch, tone of voice, tactile property, timbre, whole tone, quality. Usage examples:
UK inflation rate in 1841: -1.80% UK Inflation Calculator Inflation in 1841 and Its Effect on Pound Value Purchasing power increased by 1.80% in 1841 compared to 1840. On average, you would have to spend 1.80% less money in 1841 than in 1840 for the same item. This is an example of deflation. In other words, £1 in 1840 is equivalent in purchasing power to about £0.98 in 1841. The 1840 inflation rate was 1.83%. The inflation rate in 1841 was -1.80%. The 1841 inflation rate is lower compared to the average inflation rate of 2.64% per year between 1841 and 2019. Inflation rate is calculated by change in the composite price index (CPI). The CPI in 1841 was 10.90. It was 11.10 in the previous year, 1840. The difference in CPI between the years is used by the Office for National Statistics to officially determine inflation. Because the 1841 CPI is less than 1840 CPI, negative inflation (also known as deflation) has occurred. Inflation from 1840 to 1841 Average inflation rate -1.80% Converted amount (£1 base) £0.98 Price difference (£1 base) £-0.02 CPI in 1840 11.100 CPI in 1841 10.900 Inflation in 1840 1.83% Inflation in 1841 -1.80% How to Calculate Inflation Rate for £1, 1840 to 1841 This inflation calculator uses the following inflation rate formula: CPI in 1841CPI in 1840 1840 GBP value 1841 GBP value Then plug in historical CPI values. The UK CPI was 11.1 in the year 1840 and 10.9 in 1841: £1 in 1840 has the same "purchasing power" or "buying power" as £0.98 in 1841. To get the total inflation rate for the 1 years between 1840 and 1841, we use the following formula: CPI in 1841 - CPI in 1840CPI in 1840 Cumulative inflation rate (1 years) Plugging in the values to this equation, we get: 10.9 - 11.111.1 News headlines from 1840 • Identification of Antarctica as a new continent by American naval expedition lead by Charles Wilkes. • Charles Wilkes discovers Antarctica in an American naval expedition. • Charles Wilkes discovers the Shackleton Ice Shelf in Antarctica. • The world’s first postage stamp, the Penny Black, is released. • Samuel Morse patents the telegraph. Data Source & Citation You may use the following MLA citation for this page: “Inflation Rate in 1841 \| UK Inflation Calculator.” U.S. Official Inflation Data, Alioth Finance, 21 Apr. 2019, » Read more about inflation and investment.
Treatment of Drinking Water Matching Quiz Match each pair by selecting correct answer from the dropdown menu. Then click the Check button to see your result. The way in which small particles in water are forced to coagulate to form a precipitate Suspended particles in water sink to the bottom Water pases through beds of sand and gravel Killing of micro-organisms Prevents tooth decay Lime or acid added to water
Many individuals think that the lion is the king of the jungle, but ever since zoologists discovered a new species called, “heimerdonger”, they have conducted research on this animal. Heimerdonger’s are said to be found deep within central Africa and also in small dark areas such as caves and deep in the forests only when it has rained recently. These animals adapt to land and water easily and can take down their prey in a matter of seconds. Although the heimerdonger has a very close resemblance to a lion, they are more dangerous and blood thirsty compared to lions. Although they are the size of a baby lion, that does not mean they don’t run fast at all. When they are well aware of their prey they are able to travel up to 75 mph and will not stop until their prey is caught. Although the heimerdonger isn’t seen much during the day time, zoologists have to spend their time during the night to do as much research as possible. However, zoologists have only found several pieces of information regarding this mysterious animal. They have found that the heimerdonger is a descendant from the “felidae” family just like the lion. Heimerdonger’s are also said to be nocturnal and are hard to spot because of their dark fur and quiet footsteps when hunting or when they hear something they are unfamiliar with. Therefore, it is best to not wander the forests of central Africa at night because you may run into one of these dangerous animals. Kevin Ly
Feather fibers fluff up hydrogen storage capacity Scientists in Delaware say they have developed a new hydrogen storage method -- carbonized chicken feather fibers -- that can hold vast amounts of hydrogen, a promising but difficult to corral fuel source, and do it at a far lower cost than other hydrogen storage systems under consideration. The research, presented here today at the 13th Annual & Engineering Conference, could eventually help overcome some of the hurdles to using hydrogen fuel in cars, trucks and other machinery. The conference is organized by the ACS Green Chemistry Institute, a nonprofit organization devoted to promoting and advancing the discovery and design of chemical products and processes that eliminate the generation and use of hazardous substances in all aspects of the global chemical enterprise. "Carbonized chicken feather fibers have the potential to dramatically improve upon existing methods of hydrogen storage and perhaps pave the way for the practical development of a truly hydrogen-based energy economy," says Richard P. Wool, Ph.D., professor of chemical engineering and director of the Affordable Composites from Renewable Resources program at the University of Delaware in Newark. The research was presented by Erman Senoz, a graduate student in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Delaware in Newark. Using carbonized chicken feathers would only add about $200 to the price of a car, according to Wool. By comparison, making a 20-gallon hydrogen fuel tank that uses carbon nanotubes could cost $5.5 million; one that uses metal hydrides could cost up to $30,000, Wool says. Hydrogen, the most common element in the universe, has long been touted as a clean and abundant energy alternative to fossil fuels. But its physical characteristics make it very difficult to store and transport -- as a pressurized gas it takes up about 40 times as much space as gasoline; as a liquid it needs to be kept at extremely low temperatures. "The problem with hydrogen as a gas or liquid is its density is too low," Wool says. "Using currently available technology, if you had a 20-gallon tank and filled it with hydrogen at typical room temperature and pressure, you could drive about a mile. When we started we didn't know how well carbonized chicken feathers would work for hydrogen storage, but we certainly suspected we could do a lot better than that." In addition to , Wool and his colleagues are working on ways to transform chicken feather fibers into a number of other products including hurricane-resistant roofing, lightweight car parts and bio-based computer circuit boards. Source: American Chemical Society (news : web) Explore further Helping make hydrogen a staple for consumer vehicles Citation: Feather fibers fluff up hydrogen storage capacity (2009, June 23) retrieved 21 April 2019 from https://phys.org/news/2009-06-feather-fibers-fluff-hydrogen-storage.html Feedback to editors User comments Jun 23, 2009 "clean and abundant energy alternative to fossil fuels" By people too stupid to understand that it is NOT an energy source. Hydrogen has to be made. Current alternatives are burning natural gas or electrolysis of water. Both approaches are extremely inefficient. Jun 24, 2009 Wow, better halt scientific breakthroughs becuase they aren't as easy as current methods. wtf kinda logic is that? Sounds more political than scientific imo. It may not be an energy source but we can produce it much quicker than nature can produce more oil. Hook up a windmill, watermill, solar panel, etc, to electrolysis then how easy/cheap will it be? It's far closer to renewable energy than any fossil fuel and it's far cleaner than any biofuel. We're eventually going to have to switch from oil so why not go for something renewable and clean at the cost of a little more effort? And when the sea levels lower due to electrolysis aswell as regular precipitation, we'll be praying for someone to create AGW to melt all the worlds ice caps hahaha. Jun 24, 2009 If you bet on the hydrogen economy and bet wrong, YOU halted scientific progress by misallocating precision brain power to doing something useless. Doesn't matter if all you're going to do is steam reform natural gas(that's why the oil companies like the idea of the hydrogen economy so much). Monstrously expensive, which is why the hydrogen will come from steam reforming natural gas and in the long run perhaps even coal. Hydro resource is very limited so that's out. Wind turbines and solar PV are expensive(capacity factor matters, only 15-40% for wind and 20% for solar). With such a terrible capacity factor you pay for a very expensive electrolyser but you only run it for a tiny fraction of the time. Wind and solar have large seasonal variabilities, so that requires an enormous hydrogen storage(probably underground in areas with special geology similar to natural gas wells). Wind and solar can't even compete with natural gas when they produce electricity(in fact, they are hopelessly reliant on natural gas to smooth out their variability, so they're not really competitors as much as wind and solar is a sales pitch for natural gas. This is why Enron, the gas company, was such a big supporter of wind turbines). When you make hydrogen gas from natural gas, little of the energy in the natural gas goes wasted; if you make electricity from natural gas about half of the energy content is wasted. When you turn electricity into hydrogen about half of the energy is lost(you can get up to 70% efficiency if you don't mind the cost). That means wind and solar power is going to be about 3-4 times less efficient at producing hydrogen gas than natural gas in comparison to the same situation for electricity. Hydrogen is a fossil fuel; that's what hydrogen is made from and what hydrogen will always be made from as long as fossil fuels exist. In a post-fossil world the hydrogen economy will cease to be; hydrogen will be used only as a chemical feedstock for producing things like N-fertilizer and it will consume a minute fraction of the worlds energy. Because it doesn't work and will lead to the greatest coal binge this world has ever known and all because people who call themselves environmentalists are too squemish about nuclear fission. Jun 24, 2009 And after it's made, it has to be transported to wherever it's to be used. Pipelines for hydrogen aren't as easy to build as for liquid petroleum products, as they require either very low temperatures or very high pressures. Plus, hydrogen leaks through smaller holes than oil, so the pipes have to be tighter. That's an engineering challenge that can be overcome since there are hydrogen pipelines now. Jun 24, 2009 More-over, renewables are not clean. They rely on massive quantities of natural gas(especially wind); they're more of a way to save small quantities of natural gas than they are a stand alone system to produce energy. Manufacturing solar PV is a dirty process and many of them contain toxic compounds like arsenic(in the form of gallium arsenide) and cadmium(in the form of cadmium telluride); at the end of their 20 year life span it is highly doubtful these panels will be recycled. They waste rare earth metals like indium(ITO transparent electrode and CIS and CIGS panels), tellurium(CdTe thin film), Neodymium(massive permanent magnet in wind turbines). The indium and tellurium will likely never be recycled, because it's quite diluted and hard to separate from the solar panels. At present rates there's only somewhere around a decade until we run out of indium, that's hardly sustainable; without a replacement that makes several types of thin-film cells obsolete. A large scale expansion of wind power would run into problems with neodymium, which would require heavier substitutes that add significantly to the weight of generator and therefor the amount of steel you need in the shaft. The massive expansion of the electrical grid that renewables requires(for they produce electricity only some of the time, but you pay for the transmission capacity all the time. The best places for wind and solar tend to be in the middle of nowhere). Long transmission lines mean a large area of land where herbicides and men with chainsaws will be used to keep trees under control. Every wind farm you build on a hilltop needs a large access road capable of dealing with very heavy machinery and wide loads. In 20 years when the wind turbine is defunct it's unlikely they will be properly recycled as the massive cranes used to assemble them are very expensive; more likely they will be demolished with explosives and the bits that are attractive(copper and neodymium in particular) recycled. If you tried to do away with the natural gas you would need gob-smackingly huge amounts of electrical energy storage. The most likely alternatives with current technology are pumped hydro storage, which would require building massive lakes by hand since there are way too few good sites. The only way to move sizable amounts of earth very quickly is with a huge arsenal of atomic weapons; this will never happen. Jun 24, 2009 It is overcome by accepting that sizeable amounts of hydrogen will leak and by limiting the distance. Jun 25, 2009 If you pick straw persons to knock down, you will always win an argument. Ignoring the alarmists on the subject of radiation for the moment, nuclear power generates enormous amounts of waste heat that is seldom well used and, there is the mining and manufacturing process that is involved in providing the fuel. And, of course, though the rules say we can no longer broach the subject, there is the problem of disposal when a plant reaches end-of-life. Hydrogen is inefficiently produced from water at this point in time, so we need some fairly cheap source of power that works 24x7 and that does not have thermal or life cycle implications, and there is really only one, satellite based solar power(SBSP or SSP). In the process of solving that problem, we can solve most of your rare metal problems on the way. Demo plants in GSO will have to be boosted from Earth, but the raw materials are out there in the asteroid belt for the taking. Those asteroids in the 100 meter range will also provide ideal habitat and manufacturing sites for the people who will work to build the solar plants that we will need and do the maintenance that will be required. Eventually, we will have the materials to produce reasonable electric vehicles on Earth that these can supply, but fuel cells are not a bad intermediate. It appears that the Aussies have a workable plastic catalyst that does not require platinum or palladium or any other hyper-expensive material, so I believe that we can get to workable, affordable fuel cells. What is absolutely necessary, not just for alternatives, but our future electric economy, is a more efficient and more widely available grid, much like the national highway system put in place by Eisenhower. Without that, we will not succeed with any proposed future system of which I am aware. It will be difficult and labor intensive, but nothing like the effort that goes into the simplest of highways. This is just the logical and necessary next step. the only way for this to happen is to have leadership that makes it an absolute priority, and that has not yet happened. We shall see. Jun 27, 2009 Soylent, How come you are so wrong so much of the time? Your statement about RE are directly opposite of the real life facts. While individual solar, wind might be variable, all together they average out. And solar mostly happens when power is needed most so much more valuable than other sources. Solar thermal can be fired by biomass or any fuel also so the utility can have it on call. Or it can store the heat and generate on demand. Jun 28, 2009 Since hydrogen fuel cells are essentially very expensive batteries, why not just use better batteries and bypass hydrogen altogether? If someone can launch and prove the viability of solar power satellites we can also bypass land-based solar, wind, nuclear and still move away from fossil fuels for energy use. And I don't doubt the new moon probe is going to look for Helium-3 for future fusion research, as well as H2O. Water would make colonization much quicker and easier and gaining a monopoly on Helium-3 would be very advantageous as well. Hydrogen is not a fuel and no one has yet come up with a means of generating it that doesn't require a good deal more energy than the hydrogen itself can provide. Progress is being made but it still seems like a blind alley. It's only slightly more feasible than powering a car with compressed air but it's much more expensive. Jun 29, 2009 We cannot get from here to a hydrogen economy in a single leap. A necessary intermediate step could be based on cars running on biofuel (butanol, ethanol), electric cars with better batteries or various hybrids. Who knows, maybe one of those options turn out so well that the hydrogen option becomes unnecessary :-) And while the development teams sloooowly make progress on cheaper fuel cells, it would be nice if someone also worked on cheaper hydrogen storage systems. Jul 01, 2009 Enough already with perpetuating the myth that Hydrogen is too expensive to generate! It's been proven that solar power can be used to convert water to hydrogen in a very efficient manner. If a home had a system installed it would only take a few days/weeks to produce enough basic capacity to fulfill basic energy requirements for a household. Combine that with solar roofing, solar heating, solar on cars, wind power and we have everything we need to use the sun, rain and wind as our fundamental fuel sources for residential energy requirements. Houses then become the energy source instead of a centralised power plant. Each house feeds back unneeded energy to the grid and the city becomes the power source. It's all about intelligent systems design and efficiency. We have all the resources and technology to make this happen now. It's only the will that is missing.
The Fuss about FIbonacci Sequence in steemstem • last year Nerd, Science person or not, I'm pretty sure you must have heard of some geek person telling how Fibonacci Numbers are their favorite. But you don't get whats so fun about that. I think it's all because of our current education system, where Mathematics is taught as this boring subject. If you were to ask me, Mathematics should inspire and motivate, and it has, but not quite enough people. So, bear with me as i try my best to make it a fun and a good read as possible. Prerequisite Section Sequence: A sequence is anything that follows a certain pattern. Suppose, your hand is say 10 inches, and grows at a rate of 2 inches per day ;). So, if you were to list out the measurement of each day, would look something like this. 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20...... and so on where 10 is your initial length and the subsequent numbers are the length of each passing day. When these numbers are taken collectively, it is called a Sequence, and the individual numbers are known as elements. • So, the terms of the sequence follow a certain pattern. • The Prime Numbers, the Even Numbers, the Natural Numbers are all a type of sequence. Mathematics is fun when it can be related to an event. Suppose, if i just wrote the numbers above without telling you that it's the length of your hand, it could have meant anything as well as nothing. Anything for a wandering mind, could be a set of natural numbers, integers, even numbers. Nothing in a sense that they don't mean anything, don't convey anything and only are numbers. And I think people loose interest when they are taught in this way and are only hard wired to solve problems. Main Section What is a Fibonacci Sequence Figure: Leonardo of Pisa Source: https:/// (An extra Slah) Only the most famous sequence ever! Named after an Italian Mathematician, Leonardo of Pisa, better known as Fibonacci. He is credited for introducing the series to the Western Mathematics even though the sequence had already been described earlier in Indian Mathematics. A series of integers, where the next term on the sequence is the sum of the preceding two. • The first two elements in the series are 1,1 ( I was taught 0, 1 but it's the same). • So, the first element is 1, the second is also 1 and from the statement above the third term is going to be the sum of these two i.e 1+1 = 2 • The fourth term: 2+1 =3. Fifth: 3+2 =5 and so on Now, listing the sequence we get: So, these bloody numbers have got nerds pumpin'? What's so special about these numbers. Find out in the next episode of DragonBallZ. Haha. Before that let's look at how our guy Fibonacci came up with these strange numbers. The Rabbit Story So, apparently rabbits are what made him to discover this sequence. How? He just, you know watched Rabbit Reproduce. MONTH 0 : A pair of baby rabbits : 1 MONTH 1: Full Grown Rabbits, the deed is done. Pregnant Rabbit, for the rest of its life. Number of pairs of Rabbits: 1 MONTH 2: New pair of rabbits are born and with the initial pair number of pairs: 2 MONTH 3: The initial pair give birth again to a new pair, and the baby rabbits born the previous month do the deed:3 MONTH 4: The initial pair again give birth to a new baby pair. Also the rabbit pair born in month 2 give birth to a new baby pair: 5 MONTH 5: 8 (Did we count the number of pairs of rabbits? Oh! Hell NO, We know Fibonnaci Sequence) and so on. Source: https:/// (an extra \) Before we start Judging our Guy Fibonacci For his Sick Fetishes, he did it for SCIENCE. And for Science to Prosper, Sacrifices have to be made. The Fuss About the Sequence Now we know what is a Fibonacci Sequence and how it came about. But still, the answer to what's all this fuss about has not been answered. All because we observe these numbers in nature quite often. Let us see some examples. • Take an Apple and cut down the middle. How many seed pockets do you see? 5! A Fibonacci number. Figure: Number of Seed Pockets in an Apple. • Count the numbers of petals on any flower. It's high chance that they are either 3 (lily) in number or 5 (Buttercups) or even 34 (Daisy). Figure: Number of Petals in a ButterCup Flower • Count the number of branches in a Tree. Highly likely that it's going to be a Fibonacci number. Exceptions are always going to be there. Nothing/Nobody is Perfect. A lot more examples but first, we need to learn some extra stuff to understand them. 1. The Fibonacci Rectangle: As the name suggests, it is basically a rectangle of what? The Fibonacci Numbers! First term is 1, so we draw a square of 1x1 dimension. Second term is also 1, so again draw a square of 1x1 dimension attach it to the first square. Now we have a 2x1 rectangle. Thid term is 2, so we draw a 2x2 square and attach it to the first two squares (to the 2x1 rectangle). Now we have a 3x2 rectangle. Fourth term is 3, so we draw a sqaure of 3x3 and attach it to the 3x2 rectangle. Go on doing this till you reach the end point ;) (Infinity and beyond, not going to get there if you're thinking of trying.) Starting with the small square and gradually moving in the ascending order to the bigger square, draw a quarter(1/4) arc from one corner of the square to the other, with the radius equal to the side of the square. Continue doing this till you reach the end point again ;). What do you get. A Nice and Tidy looking spiral, which is known as the Fibonacci Spiral It's going to look something like this: Figure: Fibonacci Rectangle with the Fibonacci Spiral Source: https:/// Why did we do this? What is the significance? This is also observed in nature. Where? Let me present you with some more examples. • Milky Way Galaxy. • Shells Figure: Shell following the Fibonacci Spiral • The Eye of the hurricane • Also found in Pine cones. 2. The Golden Ratio: Probably, the most famous ratio ever ;). Before I define the golden ratio, let's again go back to the Fibonacci Sequence. Take any two consecutive numbers of the series, and divide the higher term by the lower. And if the ratios are written down in order, this is what we get. 1(1/1) , 2(2/1) , 1.5(3/2), 1.6667(5/3), 1.6(8/5), 1.625, 1.6153, 1.6190, 1.6176, 1.6181, 1.6179, 1.6180, 1.6180, 1.6180, 1.6180, 1.6180, 1.6180(you get the gist) and so on.. This constant value of 1.6180 is what is known as the Golden Ratio. After the 12th ratio, no matter what consecutive numbers of the sequence we take, the ratio we are going to get is always going to be 1.6180. Plotting a graph of the ratio, Look at the trend! Figure: Ratio vs the nth ratio term (Made in Excel) This ratio also can be observed in the Fibonacci Rectangle above( why not, since they are made up of the Fibonacci Numbers). Now, Some examples where this golden ratio is observed are: • The Human Face: The mouth and the nose are positioned at the golden position of the distance between the eyes and the chin. • The length of our fingers. • Uterus So, Fibonacci are somewhat Nature's numbering system. Your observed/made something following the nature or the Nature following something you made/observed. A matter of perception and debatable but A Beautiful Feeling Indeed. If this doesn't get you going then I don't know what will. Tried to make it as enjoyable as I could. I certainly enjoyed and had fun and also was learning something Bonus Section If you enjoyed the sequence above, you're in for a ride. The properties of these are even way Cooler, or as my friend @eyedeology in his own swaggy way'd say, NOICE. 1. Let' Sqaure these Numbers individually 1, 1, 4, 9, 25, 64, 169, 441, 1156,.... • Let's add two consecutive squares. 1+1 = 2 (A Fibonacci Number) 1+4 = 5 (Also a Fibonacci Number) 4+9= 13 (Also a Fibonacci Number) 9+25 = 34 (Also a Fibonacci Number), You get the general Idea. • Let us add the squares of the first few Fibonacci Numbers 1+1 =2: 1x2 (Combination of Fibonacci Numbers) 1+1+4 =6: 2x3 ( I think I should Stop giving these info on brackets) 1+1+4+9= 15: 3x5( See, the order in which they come about) 1+1+4+9+25= 40: 5x8 So, what's going to be next, Look at the sequence. So, What's next: 8x13, 13x21.... Aren't they Fascinating or what! 2. This is about how to write a code in any programming language (A psuedo code) Is one of the simplest code to write. A=1 (initialise) print( A and B) Run a loop (with a condition for termination, otherwise going to be a never-ending loop) C=A+B (Next term of the series) print C A=B (Updating the value of A with B, programming languages work in a way that, the statement are executed from right to left, that means the value of B gets assigned to A and not the other way around) B=C( same reason above) 1. [Fibonacci Sequence] 2. [Fibonacci Sequence and History] 3. [Fibonacci in Nature] 4. [Fibonacci Rectangle] 5. [Golden Ratio] 6. [Examples of golden ratio in Nature] No Copyrights were Violated. Free Images labelled for commercial and non-commercial purpose were used. for free Images: steemSTEM is a community driven project which seeks to promote well-written and informative Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics posts on Steemit. The project involves curating STEM-related posts through upvoting, resteeming, offering constructive feedback, supporting scientific contests, and other related activities. Authors get paid when people like you upvote their post. Sort Order: One of the best posts I read till now. Funny thing is that Fibonnaci is used in the price predictions of cryptocurrency. Here is a picture to think about. Thank you. Means a lot. Yeah, I was thinking of writing about that like a sequel to this. But'd take like a week or so. Hope you will give it a read. :) Haha. This proves either of the two things, either Illuminati is real or the people who made Trump's Toupee are into Mathematics. OMG, laughed so hard when I saw this :D I heard about this sequence when I was reading dan brown. Thanks for the information! Thank you to you too :) @klizo check it :) Now all that remains is to apply the sequence to money-making! :p Haha, you'd already checked out my post. Man I just read your Donald Mice post and was asking you to check out the comment section of this post to find out why his Toupee is like that. Also the money making thing, I"m currently researching it, but will take some time, EXAMS! P.S. Sorry I did not see the comment sooner. Notification and GUI is what Steemit lacks right now. I work with a device called the Music of the Plants, which is a kind of musical instrument for plants. Right now, it uses the major scale, like many musical instruments, but there is a sonic artist and plant electrophysicist that has been wanting to develop a device that works on the Fibonacci scale. He reasons that since plants grow this way, then it would be a more natural way for them to make music. I have always wanted to test his theory! Thank you for explaining and for your fun examples! I agree that many people don't grasp math easily because it's just too abstract. It's the reason why I had the best grade in Geometry but the worse in Algebra when I was in high school. Even now, I try to use any new math concept I learn in practical problems/applications or it's just way too abstract. Thank you to you too, for you read a such a long post :) Haha, Yeah, I get you. Without physcial significance and all you'd get bored easily. But when you get to see it working, It's just amazing. Maybe I Sound like a geek and all, which I am, but yeah. haha. But the motivation is what counts. Glad you're doing that, most of us would be like, heh! What's the use of knowing Calculus, if i'm never going to have to use it. But i get that too, the system has to changed, at least in my country. This is a great article! keep doing these sorts of things, you really explained the facts in a clear and easy to understand manner! Please keep creating posts in this manner, as a felow science geek I find this extremely helpful to digest. Keep it up, perhaps my vote is not worth that much, but anything helps I hope. Glad you liked it. Fibornacci-Implementation in Haskell fib 0 = 0 fib 1 = 1 Amamamama...i fell in love with maths all over again bhanjey!!!😉😉😉 Haha mama yestai ho aba. @singhbinod08 : Wonderful article buddy! :) You have put in great effort and it reflects. Congrats. :) I think the discord link is expired. You may edit it. hey @dexterdev. Thanks buddy :). Ah! Also thanks for pointing that out. :) Edited.
Physical Education At Unity School, physical education is viewed as an integral component of a child’s overall educational experience. Each student is provided the opportunity to experience success in a risk-free environment, regardless of personal ability and/or physical limitations. Class periods are planned to maximize the students’ activity time and to minimize periods of inactivity. The all-encompassing goal of the physical education program is to change one’s life by filling it with purposeful, meaningful, and enjoyable physical activity. That general goal is further divided into seven performance and behavioral standards, which are derived from the national standards set forth by the National Association of Sport and Physical Education (NASPE). At each level, the curriculum is designed to allow students to meet and exceed the following standards: 1. The student demonstrates competency in many movement forms and proficiency in a few forms of physical activity. 3. The student analyzes the benefits of regular participation in physical activity. 4. The student values physical activity and is a regular, active participant. 5. The student achieves and maintains a health-enhancing level of physical fitness. 6. The student demonstrates responsible personal and social behavior in physical activity. 7. The student understands that physical activity provides the opportunity for enjoyment, challenge, self-expression, and communication.
Shaken Baby Syndrome Inflicts Brain Injury That Can Lead to Permanent Disability Or Death By Leah, Parent Herald March 22, 04:30 am Shaken baby syndrome, also known as traumatic brain injury or abusive head trauma is an injury to a child's brain due to child abuse. This kind of injury usually takes place to babies three to five months old. However, it can also happen to children five years of age. Parents would often believe that shaken baby syndrome happens as a result of a child's bouncing and falling during playtime. This belief, however, is not true as this injury can only take place when a child is violently shaken, according to Bundoo. Since baby's neck muscles are not fully developed, it cannot provide enough support for the weight of their head, giving less control on the rotation of the neck when big amount of force is inflicted. This in return results in the rupturing of vessels and brain tissue or even bleeding inside the brain and may lead to permanent injury and even death. Shaken baby syndrome cases have been observed to be more at the age when child cries the most. It is at this time when most caregivers or even parents get frustrated failing to stop the child from crying. This frustration when not handled properly may lead to an uncontrollable application of strength to the child. A child with a shaken baby syndrome may display the following symptoms; breathing difficulty, bluish color due to oxygen constraint, being unable to focus the eyes and seizures. The best thing to do in the presence of these signs is to immediately seek medical attention. Although most babies immediately show signs of trauma especially if it is a repetitive experience, there are some cases wherein the child seem to be normal and may require longer time to display symptoms, according to Kids Health. The most effective way to avoid the shaken baby syndrome is to handle the caregiver or parent's stress well making sure that the ones who handle the child know very well their accountability and the vulnerability of the baby entrusted to them. See Now: Top 30 Best The Incredibles 2 Toys © 2019 All rights reserved. Do not reproduce without permission. Sign up for our Newsletter Real Time Analytics
In most atoms, electrons occupy a zone exterior to the nucleus. Though electrons are often represented as particles in discreet orbits around the nucleus, they cannot be said to occupy a specific point in space. Rather, ... More » One neutral atom of sodium has 11 electrons. A sodium ion has 10 electrons. More » Each magnesium atom has two valence electrons. Valence electrons obtain their name from their location within an atom. These electrons are located within the outer layer of an atom. More » A nitrogen atom's appearance consists of a nucleus that's surrounded by one orbital containing two electrons and a second orbital containing five electrons. The total number of electrons in one atom of nitrogen can be de... More » A nucleus of an atom can be compared to the sun of a solar system because the nucleus, like the sun, is the largest part of an atom and its electrons orbit around it, much like planets in a solar system. Atoms can also g... More » The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by particles called electrons. These electrons revolve around the nucleus in paths called orbitals, which vary in their complexity. More » The atomic radius describes the size of the atom, and although there is no standard definition for the value, it is the distance between the nucleus and the outermost electrons. Atomic radii tend to increase moving down ... More »
You are on page 1of 8 Database normalization Database normalization is a technique for designing relational database tables to minimize duplication of information and, in so doing, to safeguard the database against certain types of logical or structural problems, namely data anomalies. For example, when multiple instances of a given piece of information occur in a table, the possibility exists that these instances will not be kept consistent when the data within the table is updated, leading to a loss of data integrity. A table that is sufficiently normalized is less vulnerable to problems of this kind, because its structure reflects the basic assumptions for when multiple instances of the same information should be represented by a single instance only. Higher degrees of normalization typically involve more tables and create the need for a larger number of joins, which can reduce performance. Accordingly, more highly normalized tables are typically used in database applications involving many isolated transactions (e.g. an Automated teller machine), while less normalized tables tend to be used in database applications that do not need to map complex relationships between data entities and data attributes (e.g. a reporting application, or a full-text search application). Database theory describes a table's degree of normalization in terms of normal forms of successively higher degrees of strictness. A table in third normal form (3NF), for example, is consequently in second normal form (2NF) as well; but the reverse is not always the case. Although the normal forms are often defined informally in terms of the characteristics of tables, rigorous definitions of the normal forms are concerned with the characteristics of mathematical constructs known as relations. Whenever information is represented relationally, it is meaningful to consider the extent to which the representation is Problems addressed by normalization An insertion anomaly. Until the new faculty member is assigned to teach at least one course, his details cannot be recorded. A deletion anomaly. All information about Dr. Giddens is lost when he temporarily ceases to be assigned to any courses. A table that is not sufficiently normalized can suffer from logical inconsistencies of various types, and from anomalies involving data operations. In such a table: • The same information can be expressed on multiple records; therefore updates to be applied to multiple records (one for each of his skills). If the update is not particular employee's address is. This phenomenon is known as an update cannot record the details of a newly-hired faculty member who has not yet been assigned to teach any courses. This phenomenon (fact/ event) is known as an insertion anomaly. • There are circumstances in which the deletion of data representing certain facts necessitates the deletion of data representing completely different facts. The appears. This phenomenon is known as a deletion anomaly. Ideally, a relational database table should be designed in such a way as to exclude the possibility of update, insertion, and deletion anomalies. The normal forms of relational database theory provide guidelines for deciding whether a particular design will be vulnerable to such anomalies. It is possible to correct an unnormalized design so as to make it adhere to the demands of the normal forms: this is called normalization. Normalization typically involves decomposing an unnormalized table into two or more tables that, were they to be combined (joined), would convey exactly the same information as the original table. Background to normalization: definitions • Functional dependency: Attribute B has a functional dependency on attribute A i.e. A → B if, for each value of attribute A, there is exactly one value of attribute B. In our example, Employee Address has a functional dependency on Employee ID, because a particular Employee ID value corresponds to one and only one Employee Address value. (Note that the reverse need not be true: several employees could live at the same address and therefore one Employee Address value could correspond to more than one Employee ID. Employee ID is therefore not functionally dependent on Employee Address.) An attribute may be functionally dependent either on a single attribute or on a combination of attributes. It is not possible to determine the extent to which a design is normalized without understanding what functional dependencies apply to the attributes within its tables; understanding this, in turn, requires knowledge of the problem domain. For example, an Employer may require certain employees to split their time between two locations, such as New York City and London, and therefore want to allow Employees to have more than one Employee Address. In this case, Employee Address would no longer be functionally dependent on Employee ID. • Trivial functional dependency: A trivial functional dependency is a functional {Employee Address}. • Full functional dependency: An attribute is fully functionally dependent on a set of attributes X if it is a) functionally dependent on X, and b) not functionally dependency on {Employee ID, Skill}, but not a full functional dependency, for it is also dependent on {Employee ID}. • Transitive dependency: A transitive dependency is an indirect functional dependency, one in which X→Z only by virtue of X→Y and Y→Z. • Multivalued dependency: A multivalued dependency is a constraint according to rows: see the Multivalued Dependency article for a rigorous definition. • Join dependency: A table T is subject to a join dependency if T can always be • Superkey: A superkey is an attribute or set of attributes that uniquely identifies superkey for the "Employees' Skills" table; {Employee ID, Skill} would also be a Skill} would be a candidate key for the "Employees' Skills" table. "Employees' Skills" table. candidate key which the database designer has designated for this purpose. Edgar F. Codd first proposed the process of normalization and what came to be known as the 1st normal form: There is, in fact, a very simple elimination procedure which we shall call normalization. Through decomposition non-simple domains are replaced by "domains whose elements are atomic (non-decomposable) values." —Edgar F. Codd, A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks In his paper, Edgar F. Codd used the term "non-simple" domains to describe a heterogeneous data structure, but later researchers would refer to such a structure as an abstract data type. In his biography Edgar F. Codd also cited that the inspiration for his work was his eager assistant Tom Ward who used to challenge Edgar to rounds of database normalization similar to a chess match between master and apprentice. Tom Ward has been often quoted in industry magazines as stating that he has always enjoyed database normalization even more than sudoku. Normal forms determining a table's degree of vulnerability to logical inconsistencies and anomalies. The higher the normal form applicable to a table, the less vulnerable it is to such inconsistencies and anomalies. Each table has a "highest normal form" (HNF): by normal form higher than its HNF. Newcomers to database design sometimes suppose that normalization proceeds in an these higher normal forms. Edgar F. Codd originally defined the first three normal forms (1NF, 2NF, and 3NF). These normal forms have been summarized as requiring that all non-key attributes be dependent on "the key, the whole key and nothing but the key". The fourth and fifth normal forms (4NF and 5NF) deal specifically with the representation of many-to-many and one-to-many relationships among attributes. Sixth normal form (6NF) incorporates considerations relevant to temporal databases. First normal form Main article: First normal form A table is in first normal form (1NF) if and only if it faithfully represents a relation. Given that database tables embody a relation-like form, the defining characteristic of one in first normal form is that it does not allow duplicate rows or nulls. Simply put, a table with a unique key (which, by definition, prevents duplicate rows) and without any nullable columns is in 1NF. Note that the restriction on nullable columns as a 1NF requirement, as espoused by Chris Date, et. al., is controversial. This particular requirement for 1NF is a direct contradiction to Dr. Codd's vision of the relational database, in which he stated that "null values" must be supported in a fully relational DBMS in order to represent "missing information and inapplicable information in a systematic way, independent of data type." [4] By redefining 1NF to exclude nullable columns in 1NF, no level of normalization can ever be achieved unless all nullable columns are completely eliminated from the entire database. This is in line with Date's and Darwen's vision of the perfect relational database, but can introduce additional complexities in SQL databases to the point of impracticality.[5] One requirement of a relation is that every table contain exactly one value for each attribute. This is sometimes expressed as "no repeating groups"[6]. While that statement itself is axiomatic, experts disagree about what qualifies as a "repeating group", in particular whether a value may be a relation value; thus the precise definition of 1NF is the subject of some controversy. Notwithstanding, this theoretical uncertainty applies to relations, not tables. Table manifestations are intrinsically free of variable repeating groups because they are structurally constrained to the same number of columns in all See the first normal form article for a fuller discussion of the nuances of 1NF. Second normal form Main article: Second normal form The criteria for second normal form (2NF) are: • The table must be in 1NF. • None of the non-prime attributes of the table are functionally dependent on a part non-prime attributes on candidate keys are full functional dependencies.[7] For example, in an "Employees' Skills" table whose attributes are Employee ID, • Note that if none of a 1NF table's candidate keys are composite – i.e. every candidate key consists of just one attribute – then we can say immediately that the table is in 2NF. Third normal form Main article: Third normal form The criteria for third normal form (3NF) are: • The table must be in 2NF. • Every non-prime attribute of the table must be non-transitively dependent on each candidate key.[7] A violation of 3NF would mean that at least one non-prime attribute is only indirectly dependent (transitively dependent) on a candidate key. For example, consider a "Departments" table whose attributes are Department ID, Department Name, Manager ID, and Manager Hire Date; and suppose that each manager can manage one or more departments. {Department ID} is a candidate key. Although Manager Hire Date is functionally dependent on the candidate key {Department ID}, this is only because Manager Hire Date depends on Manager ID, which in turn depends on Department ID. This transitive dependency means the table is not in 3NF. Boyce-Codd normal form Main article: Boyce-Codd normal form A table is in Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF) if and only if, for every one of its non- trivial functional dependencies X → Y, X is a superkey—that is, X is either a candidate key or a superset thereof.[8] Fourth normal form Main article: Fourth normal form A table is in fourth normal form (4NF) if and only if, for every one of its non-trivial multivalued dependencies X →→ Y, X is a superkey—that is, X is either a candidate key or a superset thereof.[9] Fifth normal form Main article: Fifth normal form The criteria for fifth normal form (5NF and also PJ/NF) are: • The table must be in 4NF. • There must be no non-trivial join dependencies that do not follow from the key constraints. A 4NF table is said to be in the 5NF if and only if every join dependency in it is implied by the candidate keys. Domain/key normal form Main article: Domain/key normal form Domain/key normal form (or DKNF) requires that a table not be subject to any constraints other than domain constraints and key constraints. Sixth normal form A table is in sixth normal form (6NF) if and only if it satisfies no non-trivial join dependencies at all.[10] This obviously means that the fifth normal form is also satisfied. The sixth normal form was only defined when extending the relational model to take into account the temporal dimension. Most SQL technologies, as of 2005, do not take into account this work, and most temporal extensions to SQL are not relational. See work by Date, Darwen and Lorentzos[11] for a relational temporal extension, Zimyani[12] for further discussion on Temporal Aggregation in SQL, or TSQL2 for a non-relational approach. Main article: Denormalization Databases intended for Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) are typically more normalized than databases intended for Online Analytical Processing (OLAP). OLTP Applications are characterized by a high volume of small transactions such as updating a sales record at a super market checkout counter. The expectation is that each transaction redundant or "denormalized" data may facilitate Business Intelligence applications. denormalized or redundant data must be carefully controlled during ETL processing, and normalized alternative to the star schema is the snowflake schema. It has never been proven that this denormalization itself provides any increase in performance, or if the concurrent removal of data constraints is what increases the performance. The need for denormalization has waned as computers and RDBMS software have become more Denormalization is also used to improve performance on smaller computers as in is crucial. Non-first normal form (NF²) form is a definition of database designs which do not conform to the first normal form, by allowing "sets and sets of sets to be attribute domains" (Schek 1982). This extension is a (non-optimal) way of implementing hierarchies in relations. Some theoreticians have dubbed this practitioner developed method, "First Ab-normal Form", Codd defined a relational database as using relations, so any table not in 1NF could not be considered to be relational. Consider the following table: Non-First Normal Form Person Favorite Colors Bob blue, red Jane green, yellow, red Assume a person has several favorite colors. Obviously, favorite colors consist of a set of colors modeled by the given table. To transform this NF² table into a 1NF an "unnest" operator is required which extends the relational algebra of the higher normal forms. The reverse operator is called "nest" which is not always the mathematical inverse of "unnest", although "unnest" is the mathematical inverse to "nest". Another constraint required is for the operators to be bijective, which is covered by the Partitioned Normal Form (PNF).
You are on page 1of 1 When raindrops first form and drop out of clouds, they are very large -- sometimes as big as baseballs. They are also nicely spherical due to the surface tension inherent in But as raindrops fall, air resistance drags on the drops and distorts them. We typically represent that distortion as a teardrop because that's the shape they make when they're hanging off something here on the ground. But in the air, raindrops actually take on other shapes that are more like pancakes, parachutes, or broken grocery Each raindrop, still falling, reaches a point where the air resistance is so great that the drop flattens out and then bursts. What hits the earth, then, are the fragments of larger raindrops that have exploded on the way down. Very small droplets, those with a radius of 0.014 cm, remain spherical the whole way There's another fact about raindrops that may also be related to the way they break up on the way down. You would think that larger raindrops fall faster than smaller raindrops; i.e., the force of gravity acting on an object with more mass would give it greater acceleration than a smaller object. However, two researchers from Michigan Tech University discovered that some smaller raindrops actually fall faster than larger
You are on page 1of 29 GEK1532 Differences in Color Vision Thorsten Wohland Dep. Of Chemistry S8-03-06 Tel.: 6516 1248 E-mail: We remarked that we cannot find three actual colors that could mix all colors in the CIE diagram. Historically, the fact that we have three cones was derived from the fact that we can mix (almost) all colors by using only three primary colors, namely the colors discussed for additive and subtractive color mixing. The existence of exactly three cones was then confirmed by physiological research and the sensitivity curves for the three cones were measured. Mixture of three colors Assume you choose 460, 530, and 650 nm. We then proceeded to describe all colors by only three values. This should be possible since with three cones we get only three signals from our retina. We found out that we really need only three values to describe all colors. But no matter which existing color we chose, we always end up with some of the values beeing negative (meaning some of the exisiting colors are not in the gamut of our choice of colors). STL, Chapter 9 Mixture of three colors It turns out, though, that to describe colors with three POSITIVE values we need to assume some theoretical colors. STL, Chapter 9 Additive vs subtractive color mixing The CIE diagram is based on additive color mixing Subtractive color mixing is not easily predictable by the CIE diagram. And the mixture of two pigments often leads to curved lines in the CIE diagram. additive mixing The reason for this is that in additive mixing we work with three well defined colors. But in subtractive mixing we have to work with pigments and dyes which occur naturally. These compounds do not just reflect single defined wavelength but absorb differently over the whole visible spectrum. subtractive mixing Fig. 1-10 of Nassau Different types of color deficiencies and their frequency All defects we discussed up to now lead to people that are color deficient. People that are color blind are Monochromats (achromatic vision) cone monochromats (one cone works) rod monochromats (no cone) -> photophobic Defect monochromats deuteranopes protanopes tritanopes Anomalous trichromacy See chapter 14 of Kurt Nassau Frequency of occurrence in males 0.01 % 2% 2% < 0.1 % 5% The color circle as viewd by redgreen deficient people Normal vision Red-green deficient From Scientific American, Special on Color (German Version) See the following website for some pictures that demonstrate vision of color deficient people: What colors do you see? Same Hues, but ordered differently 100% Sat 100% Brightness 25 % Brightness 10% Saturation The Anomaloscope From Scientific American, Special on Color (German Version) a) Normal vision b) No red c) No green d) Red anomalous e) Green anomalous The number of cones Retina independent color anomalies With age the lens of humans becomes more and more yellow (same happens with cataracts). Your brain adapts to that and you still perceive white as white etc. However, when you paint, the colors you use will contain more yellow (Metamers). Retina independent color anomalies Normal a) and b) Cataract c) and d) Color of object a) and c) Color of paint chosen b) and d) a) and b) are metamers for the normal painter c) and d) are not metamers since the yellow lens filters out different amounts of blue light in the object and paint color (note that the object color contains more blue than the paint color) From Scientific American, Special on Color (German Version) Claude Monet From Scientific American, Special on Color (German Version) Color defects Roughly 10 % of males and 0.5 % of females have color defects. Rarer cases include one sided color defects (unilateral color deficiency) or Digit-color synesthesia in which digits can elicit a color perception (Nature 406, 365, July 27, 2000). Do you see the shape? Hearing Color, Tasting Shapes Scientific American, May 2003, p. 53 59. Can you recognize the number? 3 353 3 Stare at the plus sign and try to identify the number on the right. How does the retina now work? There are several phenomena in nature which any theory how the retina works has to be able to explain: Lightness constancy Color Constancy Webers law Lightness and Brightness Brightness: Attribute of a visual sensation that describes the intensity of the stimulus (bright - dim). Lightness: Attribute of a visual sensation of an illuminated area that describes the intensity of the stimulus in relation to a white illuminated area. (light - dark) Webers law On the left the reflected light intensity increases by equal amounts. On the right the ratio of adjacent intensities is constant. We call this a logarithmic scale: a ! ln b ea ! b l a b ! b l a Seeing the light, Fig. 7.4 2b 1 !2 b 2 l 2b ! b l 2 l b 1 2 ! b 1 l Webers law On the left the reflected light intensity increases by equal amounts. On the right the ratio of adjacent intensities is constant. a ! ln x ea ! x We call this a logarithmic scale: ln(1) = 0 = 0ln(2) ln(2) = 0.693= 1ln(2) ln(4) = 1.386= 2ln(2) ln(8) = 2.079= 3ln(2) Seeing the light, Fig. 7.4 Lightness Constancy Webers law states that we see brightness in logarithmic scale. However, we know as well that we perceive something white always as white, no matter how bright the illumination is. This phenomenon is called Lightness constancy. Lightness constancy thus means that we see objects always in relation to the surrounding. So when the illumination changes, the brightness (absolute intensity) changes, but not the lightness (the ratio of different brightnesses). Good illumination Darker illumination Color Constancy Color constancy describes the same effect for the perception of color: Colors tend to stay the same, independent of the intensity of the illumination (remember that a change in color in the illumination will of course change as well the perceived colors). Why is this advantageous to a human beeing? Two examples were lightness and color constancy do not work! 1. Lightness changes not uniformly everywhere. 2. At dim light, the rods are starting to work and add their signal to the cone signal. Lightness changes not uniformly everywhere The rod system Scotopic vision: night vision, based on rods; maximum sensitivity: around 500 nm Mesopic vision: transition from photopic to scotopic vision, both systems operate (e.g. at dusk) Photopic vision: day vision, based on cones; maximum sensitivity around 550 nm Kurt Nassau, Fig. 1-16 Scotopic vs Photopic Vision Scotopic vision: max sensitivity ~500 nm Photopic vision: max sensitivity ~550 nm Purkinje shift Mesopic vision: Humans have characteristics of tetrachromat Short Summary Color deficiencies Webers law and laws of color and lightness constancy Color of the cone system Influence of the rod system on color
Elementary Math Smartick - Math, one click away Try it for free Abrir el Menú Móvil Try it for free! or Login Geometric Shapes: Circle We’ve already seen some of the main geometric shapes in earlier posts. In this post, we’re going to look more in depth at the circle. The circle is a geometrical shape that is made by drawing a curve that always has the same distance from the point that we refer to as the center. In just a little bit, we’re going to learn about the different parts of the circle. The “length” of the circle is called the circumference. The only difference between the circumference of the circle and the circle is that the circumference is a numerical value (sometimes with units), and the circle the actual figure that the circumference is measuring. The center of the circle is the point from which all points on the circle are the same distance. A radius is a segment drawn from the center of the circle to any point on the circle. A chord is a segment drawn from one point on the circle to another point on the circle. A diameter is a chord that passes through the center of the circle. The diameter of a circle is the length of a diameter of the circle. The diameter is twice as long as the radius. Was this post on the circle helpful for you? If so, share it so that your friends can know more about this geometric shape, too. We’ll keep looking at geometric shapes in future posts. If you want to learn about geometry, don’t think twice about creating an account at Smartick! Learn More: Add a new public comment to the blog: For private inquiries please write to hello@smartickmethod.com Your personal details will not be shown publicly. Privacy Policy
© YouTube For nearly 100 years, Russia has been under US sanctions, often to the detriment of American national security. Cohen begins by putting the current bipartisan Senate campaign to impose new, "crushing" sanctions on Russia in historical context. Broadly understood, sanctions have been part of US policy toward Russia for much of the past 100 years. During the Russian civil war of 1918-20, President Woodrow Wilson sent American troops to fight against the emerging Soviet government. Though the "Reds" were clearly the established government of Soviet Russia by 1921, Washington continued to deny the USSR diplomatic recognition until President Franklin D. Roosevelt established formal relations in 1933. During much of the 40-year Cold War, the United States imposed various sanctions on its superpower rival, mainly related to technological and military exports, along with periodic expulsions of diplomats and "spies" on both sides. Congress' major political contribution was the 1975 Jackson-Vanik Amendment, which denied Moscow privileged trading status with the United States, primarily because of Kremlin restrictions on Jewish emigration from the Soviet Union. Indicative of how mindlessly habitual US sanctions had become, Jackson-Vanik was nullified only in late 2012, long after the end of the Soviet Union and after any restrictions on Jews leaving (or returning to) Russia. Even more indicative, it was immediately replaced, in December 2012, by the Magnitsky Act, which purported to sanction individual Russian officials and "oligarchs" for "human-rights abuses." The Magnitsky Act remains law, supplemented by additional sanctions leveled against Russia as a result of the 2014 Ukrainian crisis and particularly Moscow's annexation of Crimea. Looking back over this long history, there is no evidence that any US sanctions ever significantly altered Moscow's "behavior" in ways that were intended. Or that they adversely affected Russia's ruling political or financial elites. Any pain inflicted fell on ordinary citizens, who nonetheless rallied "patriotically" around the Kremlin leadership, most recently around Russian President Vladimir Putin. Historically, such sanctions were not problem-solving measures advancing American national security but more akin to temper tantrums or road rage, making things even worse, than to real policymaking. Why, then, Washington's new bout of sanction mania against Moscow, especially considering the harsh official Russian reaction expressed by Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, who called the Senate's proposed measures "a declaration of economic war" and promised that the Kremlin would retaliate? One explanation is an underlying, astonishing assumption recently stated by Michael McFaul, the media-ubiquitous former US ambassador to Moscow and a longtime Russia scholar: "To advance almost all of our core national security and economic interests, the US does not need Russia." Such a statement by a former or current policymaker and intellectual is perhaps unprecedented in modern times - and manifestly wrong. US "core" interests "need" Russia's cooperation in many vital ways. They include avoiding nuclear war; preventing a new and more dangerous arms race; guarding against the proliferation of weapons and materials of mass destruction; coping with international terrorists (who are in pursuit of such materials); achieving lasting peace in Syria and elsewhere in the Middle East; fostering prosperity and stability in Europe, of which Russia is a part; promoting better relations with the Islamic world, of which Russia is also a part; and avoiding a generation-long confrontation with a formidable new alliance that already includes Russia, China, Iran, and other non-NATO countries. If McFaul's assumption is widespread in Washington, as it seems to be, we are living in truly unwise and perilous times. None of this seems to have been considered by Washington's sanction zealots. Nor have four other circumstances. Sanctions against Russia's "oligarchs" actually help Putin, whom the US political-media establishment so despises and constantly indicts. For years, he has been trying to persuade many of the richest oligarchs to repatriate their offshore wealth to Russia. Few did so. Now, fearful of having their assets abroad frozen or seized by US measures, more and more are complying. Second, new sanctions limiting Moscow's ability to borrow and finance investment at home will retard the country's still meager growth rate. But the Kremlin coped after the 2014 sanctions and will do so again by turning away even more from the West and toward China and other non-Western partners, and by developing its own capacity to produce sanctioned imports. (Russian agricultural production, for example, has surged in recent years, now becoming a major export industry.) Third, already unhappy with existing economic sanctions against Russia, European multinational corporations - and thus Europe itself - may tilt even farther away from their capricious "transatlantic partner" in Washington, who is diminishing their vast market in the East. And fourth, waging "economic war" is one impulsive step from breaking off all diplomatic relations with Russia, this too actually being discussed by Washington zealots. Such a rupture would turn the clock back many decades, but in an era when there is no "globalization," or international security, without Russia. Finally, what reason do Washington extreme Cold Warriors themselves give for imposing new sanctions on Russia? Most of them are in the US Senate, historically a body with at least several independent-minded distinguished statesmen, but no longer, with the apparently solitary exception of Rand Paul of Kentucky, who has demonstrated considerable wisdom in regard to US-Russian relations. Their professed reasons are various and nonsensical. Some say Russia must be sanctioned for Ukraine, but those events happened four years ago and have already been "punished." Others say for "Russia's aggression in Syria," but it was Putin's military intervention that destroyed the Islamic State's terrorist occupation of much of the country and ended its threat to take Damascus, to the benefit of America and its allies, including Europe and Israel. Still others insist the Kremlin must be sanctioned for its "nerve agent" attack on Sergei Skripal and his daughter in the UK several months ago. But the British government's case against the Kremlin has virtually fallen apart, as any attentive reader of articles in David Johnson's Russia List will understand. Ultimately, though, the new bout of sanction mania is in response to Russia's alleged "attack on American democracy" during the 2016 presidential election. In reality, there was no "attack" - no Pearl Harbor, no 9/11, no Russian parachuters descending on Washington - only the kind of "meddling" and "interference" in the other's domestic politics that both countries have practiced, almost ritualistically, for nearly a hundred years. Indeed, whatever "meddling" Russian actors did in 2016 may well have been jaywalking compared to the Clinton administration's massive, highly intrusive political and financial intervention on behalf of the failing Russian President Boris Yeltsin's reelection campaign in 1996. We are left, then, with the real reason behind the new anti-Russian sanctions effort: to thwart and even punish President Donald Trump for his policy of "cooperation with Russia." And Putin too for having met and cooperated with Trump at their Helsinki summit in July. This bizarre, also unprecedented, reality is more than a whisper. According to a New York Times "news analysis," as well as other published reports, a "bipartisan group of senators, dismayed that Mr. Trump had not publicly confronted Mr. Putin over Russia's election meddling, released draft legislation" of new sanctions against Moscow. "Passage of such a bill would impose some of the most damaging sanctions yet." Leave aside for now that it is not Russian "meddling" that is delegitimizing our elections but instead these fact-free allegations themselves that are doing so. (How many losing candidates in 2018 will claim their victory was snatched away by Putin?) Consider instead that for doing what every American president since Eisenhower has done - meet with the sitting Kremlin leader in order to avoid stumbling into a war between the nuclear superpowers - in effect both Trump and Putin are being condemned by the Washington establishment, including by members of Trump's own intelligence agencies. If so, who will avert the prospect of war with Russia, a new Cuban missile-like crisis, conceivably in the Baltic region, Ukraine, or Syria? Certainly not any leading representative of the Democratic Party. Certainly not the current Russophobic "bipartisan" Senate. Certainly not the most influential media outlets, which amplify the warmongering folly almost daily. In this most existential regard, there is for now only, like it or not, President Donald Trump.
初三英语阅读理解训练题及答案一初三英语阅读理解训练题及答案一（一） Little Tom down the street calls our dog "The keep dog".Zip is a sheep dog. But when Tom tries to say" Seep", it comes out "keep". And in a way Tom is right. Zip is always bringing things hoem for us to keep! I'll tell you about some of them. Zip's first present was a shoe. It was made of green silk. We didn't know how Zip found the shoe. But after a moment Mary, my big sister, told me the shoe had a strange smell. I nodded(点头)and held my nose. "What do you think it is?" "It smells like something for cleaning. I think someone tried to clean a spot (污点) off the shoe. Then he put it at the door to dry." "Along came Zip. And good-bye shoe!" I said."We should take it back." "We can't ".said my sistter. "Maybe little Tom is right," Mary said. "Maybe Zip is a keep dog!" 　　2.Tom calls Zip "the keep dog"because . A.the dog likes keeping things B.the dog likes playing with shoes C.he doesn't know the dog's name D.he can't pronounce the word "sheep"well 　　3.What made the shoe strange was . A.its colour B.its smell C.its size D.that it was a silk one 　　5.We can know from the reading that the dog . A. likes to give presents to people B.has been kept in at the writer's home C.has brought some trouble D.likes to be called "the keep dog" Key: 　　5.C （二） An old lady in a plane had a blanket 毯子）（ over her head and she did not want to take it off . The air hostess spoke to her, but the old lady said, “I have never been in a plane before , and I am frightened. I am going to keep this blanket over my head until we are back on the ground again !” Then the captain came. He said, “Madam, I am the captain of this plane. The weather is fine, there are no clouds in the sky, and everything is going very well. ”But she continued to hide. So the captain turned and started to go back. Then the old lady looked out from under the blanket with one eye and said, “I am sorry, young man, but I don’t like planes and I am never going to fly again. But I’ll say one thing, ”She continued kindly, “You and your wife keep your plane very clean!” 　　1. An old lady had . 　　3. spoke to her . A. The air hostess B. The man next to her C. her husband D. one of her friends 　　5. The woman didn’t like planes and she was never going . A. to fly again B. to travel C. to go abroad D. to go home Key: 　　1. Dick flew to New York because . A. he went there for a holiday B. he had work there C. he went there for sightseeing (观光) D. his home was there 　　4. Who would send him the name and address of his hotel? A. The manager (经理) of his hotel. B. The police office. C. The taxi driver. D. His wife. B. Dick didn't work on the first night of his arrival. C. Dick forgot to send his wife a telegram. D. Dick wanted to go back to his hotel in a taxi. Key: 1-5 B A B D C （四） Two farmers were on their way home one evening after a hard day's work. Both were tired. They happened to look up at the sky and saw a black cloud overhead. "Ah!" said one farmer, "tomorrow we shall have rain and the rice will grow well." The second answered, "Nonsense (胡说), the rain will only kill the crops (庄稼)." So they began to quarrel (争吵). Just then a third farmer came along and asked them why they were quarreling. Both farmers explained about the black cloud. "What cloud?" asked the third farmer. They all looked at the sky. The cloud was no longer there. Choose the right answer 　　1. The two farmers were . A. going home B. going to the field C. going to work D. going to see their friend 　　2. The two farmers on that day. A. had a holiday B. didn't work C. worked hard D. wanted to quarrel with each other 　　3. When there are black block clouds in the sky, . A. it will rain soon B. it will be fine C. it will get hot D. the sun is shining brightly 　　4. The two farmers fought in words because . A. they were hungry B. it rained C. one said the rain would do good to the crops and the other didn't think so D. they both hoped for rain 　　5. The third farmer came with and said to the other two. He . A. wanted to make friends with them B. joined them in the quarrel C. wanted to know why they were quarreling D. had nothings to do 　　6. How many farmers said that the rain would be helpful? . A. None B. One C. Two D. Three 　　 2011 考研英语阅读新题型选 5)模拟考研英语阅读新题型(7 模拟题及解析 Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first an ... 　　京翰教育中心 http://www.zgjhjy.com 泰兴市第三高级中学 №103054 高一年级英语数科阅读理解练习（7）高一（）班姓名备课组长宋德生期中复习 A “How can I learn English well?” This is a question many students ask. In my opinion, the most effective way is to learn lessons by heart. If you can recite ... 　　大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案（一）一 There are three kinds of goals: short-term,medium-range and long-term goals. Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities,which we can apply on a daily basis.Such goals can be achieved in a week or less ... 　　英语四级阅读理解模拟试题及答案详解 19 来源：考试大 2010/4/28 【考试大：中国教育考试第一门户】模拟考场视频课程字号:T T 【阅读练习】阅读练习】 Americans are proud of their variety and individualty, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform. Why are uniforms so __1__ in the United States? Am ... 　　英语四级阅读理解模拟试题及答案详解 17 来源：考试大 2010/2/2 【考试大：中国教育考试第一门户】模拟考场视频课程字号:T T It’s never easy to admit you are in the wrong. Being human, we all need to know the art of apologizing. Look back with honesty and think how often you’ve judged roughly, said __ ... 　　英语四级阅读理解模拟试题及答案详解 18 来源：考试大 2010/2/3 【考试大：中国教育考试第一门户】模拟考场视频课程字号:T T Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always __1__ such people, but I also explain that there’sa big difference between "being a writer" and writing. ... 　　 2011 年英语四级阅读理解模拟试题及答案详解 9 温馨提示:帮考网英语四级考试免费练习题，温馨提示:帮考网英语四级考试免费练习题，如需完整题库请登录 http://news.bangkaow.com 英语四级考试免费练习题 Cancer is feared by everyone. And this fear is reaching epidemic（流行性） proportions. Not the disease itself ? there is no such thing as ... 　　 2011 年英语四级阅读理解模拟试题及答案详解 8 温馨提示:帮考网英语四级考试免费练习题，温馨提示:帮考网英语四级考试免费练习题，如需完整题库请登录 http://news.bangkaow.com 英语四级考试免费练习题 Until the 1980s， the American homeless population comprised mainly older males. Today， homelessness strikes much younger part of socie ... 　　 09 年 MBA 英语阅读理解（精读精解）13 英语阅读理解（精读精解） [日期：2008-10-09] 来源：太奇 MBA 网作者： [字体：大中小] 背景： As a track star in high school, Sallie Krawcheck ranked amon g her state's best at the high jump. But she hasn't jumped for a nyone since, and her unshakable indep ... 　　高考英语写作基础部分写作的潜规则：写作的潜规则：用简洁地道的语言把意思表达清楚用自己最高的语言水平把要求的要点写清楚句子好，才是真的好句子好，一个没有亮点的文章比一个有小错误一个没有亮点的文章比一个有小错误没有亮点的文章比一个有的文章更可怕。。。的文章更可怕。。。打造完美的首句：打造完美的首句：不能低于12个单词不能低于12个单词不能出现低级词汇不能出现并列的短句用词要有难度?? 用词要有难度尽量使用我们在高中阶段学的词汇 some/many??v ... 　　软件测试常用英语词汇 1．静态测试：Non-Execution-Based Testing 或 Static testing 代码走查：Walkthrough 代码审查：Code Inspection 技术评审：Review 2．动态测试：Execution-Based Testing 3．白盒测试：White-Box Testing 4．黑盒测试：Black-Box Testing 5．灰盒测试：Gray-Box Testing 6．软件质量保证 SQA：Software Qualit ... 　　文章源于科技论文发表网：www.59168.net QQ:1003 59168 英语教学类论文:自我决定动机理论在高职英语教学英语教学类论文自我决定动机理论在高职英语教学中的应用摘要：学习动机在英语教学活动中起着重要的作用。本文以自我决定动机理论为依据，结合高职生英语学习的特点和多年英语教学实践，探讨了如何激发和培养学生英语学习动机的策略，进而提高英语课堂教学效果。关键词：自我决定动机理论高职英语教学一、引言。高职学生英语基础较差，上课听不懂，学习困难，无法与老 ... 　　学习自考《高级英语》学习自考《高级英语》完全指导高级英语是英语本科的一门必考课程，要占 12 学分，但实际上并没有那么可怕。但这门课有一个显著的特点就是通过考试容易，考高分难。（推荐辅导书）：推荐辅导书）：东方出版社的同步辅导与同步训练该书主要用于全文翻译，课后练习的答案。北大燕园的模拟试题考前冲刺强化训练用。吉林大学出版社的题典平时经常练习用。（推荐助学）：推荐助学）：黄浦夜大史志康所教授的高级英语，分为一年慢班和半年快班两种。「我上课的地方，自考外语出名的好 ... 　　四级英语词组 LIST 1 be（not）in the mood(for sth./to do sth) stir up solution to the problem under no circumstances in/under the circumstance at the core of in one’s presence presence of mind derive from in proportion to result in result from as a result o ...
Microbes (bacteria, viruses and parasites) Public summary: Learn about the fascinating world of microbes with our fun cuddly toy bacteria, viruses and parasites, plus awesome slides and pictures. Three boxes of kit to explain microbiology Useful information Kit List: Three small grey boxes, one for each of bacteria, viruses and parasites. Details of what is in each box are given in the explanation below. Packing Away: Please make sure that we have all the cuddly microbes, and that they go back in the right box. Frequency of use: We’ve put together three boxes to talk about microbes. This can be combined into one big experiment, or split into three separate ones. Please try to keep each type of microbe in its rightful box. Bacteria box In the box: • 9 x cuddly bacteria • 1 x cuddly penicillin bug (to talk about antibiotics) • 1 x cuddly yeast (to say that not all microbes are bacteria) • 1 x plate of plastic bacteria (E.coli) • 2 x bacteria viewers (look a bit like small microscopes) • 3 x slides sets for bacteria viewers • 1 x flask for growing bacteria • Packets of tools for growing bacteria • Laminated fact sheets for cuddly bacteria • Laminated instructions sheets for hand washing activity • UV hand wash cream (this is £15 per bottle, so use only minimum amount per group) • UV light for hand wash activity If you want to do the hand wash activity you'll need a soap, warm water and bowl and some paper towels to dry hands on. There are several things to do: lots of cuddly bacteria to talk about (everyone loves these), UV hand-washing experiment (good for younger kids) and bacteria viewers and lab props (better for older kids). Stories you could tell: - How some bacteria are really good for us and others are bad (with the cuddly bacteria) - How you can pass on bacteria (good and bad) on your skin- see hand wash activity notes (good for younger kids) - How to grow bacteria in the lab (with lab props and slide viewers) Element One: Cuddly Microbes The following explanations are also found on laminated sheets in the box, and there is some additional information on labels attached to the cuddly bacteria: 1) E. coli (Escherichia coli): Gram negative, rod shaped SLIDE in microscope box Found in the intestines of most mammals- it’s there inside you only hours after you’re born! There are lots of bacteria in our digestive system that are harmless to us – in fact they stop harmful bacteria from living and growing there instead. Sometimes E.coli can make us ill; some unusual strains produce toxins which can give us food poisoning. Biologists like E. coli: It’s very easy to grow in the lab and can make lots of proteins and DNA very quickly. 2 ) Salmonella (Salmonella enterica): Gram negative, rod shaped SLIDE in microscope box Can infect humans and animals, so sometimes infects people of food isn’t cooked properly (particularly chicken or eggs). Causes gastroenteritis (diarrhoea and vomiting…) The bacterium itself can actually live inside certain types of white blood cell, which is a very effective way of hiding from the cells of the immune system that circulate in the blood. 3 ) Typhoid Fever (Salmonella typhimurium): Gram negative, rod shaped Very closely related to the Salmonella bacteria that cause food poisoning. Typhoid fever is a lot worse than food poisoning however: its symptoms include a high fever, abdominal pain, a skin rash and headaches. Some people can be infected without having symptoms, but can still pass it to other people making them carriers of the disease. 'Typhoid Mary' (Mary Mallon) was the first recognised asymptomatic carrier and spread typhoid around New York in the early 1900s in her work as a cook, over 50 have fatalities have been linked to her. It is spread by drinking water or eating food contaminated with the bacterium. Typhoid fever is most common in India and its spread can be prevented by good hygiene. 4 ) Diarrhoea (Campylobacter jejuni): Gram negative, spiral shaped Most common cause of food poisoning in the UK, linked to handling raw chicken. It produces a toxin that kills certain human cells, which helps the bacteria to survive, without being attacked by the immune system. 5 ) TB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis): ‘Acid fast’ will not gram stain Infects the lungs when the bacterium is breathed in. Here it gets contained by the immune system in a tough shell. Only about 1 in 10 people who have the bacterium get ill: this usually happens when the immune system is weak and cannot contain the bacterium. The disease can cause damage to the lungs and in really bad cases it can spread to other parts of the body. 6 ) Cholera (Vibrio cholerae): Gram negative, comma shaped Usually spread when water is contaminated by the bacterium. Produces a toxin that stops you absorbing water through your intestines. This causes really bad diarrhoea, which can be fatal as you lose too much water and salt from your body. 7 ) Listeria (Listeria monocytogenes): Gram positive, rod shaped Causes fever and muscle pains. If the bacterium can get to the brain this can cause meningitis. Pregnant women are the most commonly infected – the mother usually gets a mild fever but the baby might be badly affected or born early. The source of the infection is often food – pasteurising dairy foods helps kill the bacteria and reduce the numbers of infections. 8 ) Stomach Ache (Shigella): Gram negative, rod shaped Very closely related to E. coli. When the bacterium is ingested it can get inside the cells of your intestine. It produces some toxins that can also make you ill. 9 ) Yogurt (Lactobacillus bulgaricus): Gram positive, rod shaped One of a number of species of bacteria that can be used to make yoghurt. What Wikipedia has to say about the use of L. bulgaricus in the manufacture of yoghurt: “Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus is commonly used alongside Streptococcus thermophilus as a starter for making yoghurt. The two species work in synergy, with L. bulgaricus producing amino acids from milk proteins, which are then used by S. thermophilus. Both species produce lactic acid, which gives yoghurt its tart flavour and acts as a preservative. The resulting decrease in pH also partially coagulates the milk proteins, such as casein, resulting in yoghurt's thickness. While fermenting milk, L. bulgaricus produces acetaldehyde, one of the main yoghurt aroma components. Some strains of bulgaricus also produce bacteriocins which kill undesired bacteria. It is often helpful to sufferers of lactose intolerance, whose digestive systems lack the enzymes to break down lactose to simpler sugars.” 10) gonorea, syphilis, chalmydia (Yes, we know that they're not bacteria, but we'd found that people ask about antibiotics, so we think that they're a nice bonus to have in the box) Penicillin (Penicillium chrysogenum) This is a fungus that makes penicillin, an antibiotic that kills some types of bacteria. It does this to kill off the bacteria that are competing for the food it needs for growth, but we have used penicillin from this fungus to treat bacterial infections in humans. Yeast for bread and beer Also a kind of fungus. It's one cell, just like the bacteria, though the cell is much bigger. In bread the yeast can use the sugars in the dough for its growth; it breaks them down in a reaction that produces the gas carbon dioxide, which make the bread rise. In beer the yeast converts the sugars to alcohols. Element Two: Growing Bacteria in the Lab The kit: • 1 x plate of plastic bacteria (E. coli) • 1 x flask for growing bacteria • Packets of tools for growing bacteria NB. The kit we have has not been used in a lab and the 'bacteria' on the plate are not real! Under sterile (no other bacteria) conditions: 1) You can grow some types of bacteria in the lab. E. coli is happy to grow on agar plates, as long as it has all the nutrients it might need. The L-shaped spreader is used when you put the cells on the new plate, to make sure that the bacteria aren't too close together. 2) If you want more cells than this, get some bugs you're interested in with the green tool. 3) The plastic flask can be used to grow bacteria in a growth medium/ broth. (Extra detail: For E. coli you'd usually use Luria-Bertani medium (LB) at 37 degrees C to provide the necessary nutrients. This contains 10g Tryptone (enzymatically digested milk protein casein - supplies amino acids), 5g of Yeast Extract (supplies lots of nutrients), 1g glucose, 10g NaCl pH ~7.2, deionized, distilled water to 1 litre.) Element three: bacteria viewers The kit: • 3 x slides sets for bacteria viewers These are essentially a more durable version of a set of slides and a microscope. In the set of slides (which come with a booklet for information) you can see various different shapes of bacteria - just like in the cuddly bugs: 1) Round (1= "coccus", 2+ = "cocci") 2) Rod (1= "baccilus", 2+ = "baccili") 3) Spiral These shapes are determined by the cell wall (the tough outer layer) and the cytoskeleton (internal "scaffolding"). They matter because they affect how the cells can absorb nutrients from its environment, how they can attach to surfaces and how they're able to move. Element four: Handwashing Activity Why should we bother washing our hands? This activity uses glow in the dark stuff to show how easy it is to miss the bits of your hands where bacteria are... The kit: • Laminated instructions sheets for hand washing activity • UV light for hand wash activity Also needs a bowl and paper towels that are not supplied in the box There is a set of laminated instructor notes in the box, taken from the Wellcome Trust. A full version can be viewed online here: http://www.yourgenome.org/downloads/pdf/teachers/handshake/handshake_tno... • No hand washing: Form a ‘line’ around your group of children. Squirt UV cream on the first child’s hand and get them to rub their hands together, then shake the hand of the next person in the group, then they shake the next person’s hand... Shine the UV torch onto each of the kids’ hands to show up the ‘bacteria’. All should now wash their hands thoroughly. • Compare the results with hand washing: Repeat the procedure but get each person to wash their hands in the bowl after the UV cream has been rubbed in but before they shake the hand of the next person. • If the group activity isn’t suitable, you could always compare before and after hand washing on the same child. • This should show that washing hands helps to remove microbes – and washing with soap does this better than with just water as the soap breaks down some of the natural oils on your hands that help the bacteria to stick. Look at where the bacteria were found – it’s easier for bacteria to stay between our fingers and under our nails – and that’s why it’s important to wash your hands properly! Viruses box In this box: • 12 x cuddly viruses • 1 x plastic model HIV virus (in box) • microbiology text book VIRUSES: Can be as simple as DNA or RNA in a protein coat. They use the cells of their host to make lots of new viruses. Often these new viruses get released by causing the cell to burst. Viruses can’t survive for very long outside of cells so new viruses quickly find a new cell to infect. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): Retrovirus (RNA genome copies itself into DNA, using viral reverse transcriptase. The DNA integrates into the host chromosome and new viral genomes are produced by host transcription/translation machinery) Can be spread via some bodily fluids and blood. Lives in white blood cells (CD4+ helper T cells) and eventually kills them, which means the immune system cannot function properly. People where HIV has killed too many white blood cells have AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), and this means that they can become very ill or even die from diseases that would not harm a healthy person (opportunistic infections – a big killer is tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis – cuddly bug in the bacteria box). Common Cold (Rhinovirus): positive sense RNA Spreads easily from infected people when they sneeze or contaminate surfaces. The virus is very happy at the temperature and conditions in the human nose which is where they initially infect. There are lots of different types of rhinovirus whose protein coats all look different to the immune system, which is why we don’t get become immune to the common cold. Measles (Morbillivirus): negative sense RNA virus Usually spread by breathing in virus from droplets in the atmosphere. Causes a fever, rash and red eyes. Most people will have been vaccinated against this with the MMR jab, which mostly eradicated measles from the UK. However since the scare about the MMR jab (spuriously linked to autism), the disease has been cropping up in affluent areas of London! (Vaccine scares can destroy herd immunity, the protection the population has when enough people are vaccinated and the virus cannot find enough hosts to spread to.) Kissing Disease (Epstein-Barr Virus): DNA virus Most of you will have this virus right now. It is usually spread via saliva, causing a mild fever in the majority of the population in early childhood. (Lots of people have asked me why this is and the answer is we don’t really know – scientists think it might be something to do with how the immune response develops over childhood.) However some people who don’t get the virus in early life might get it when they come into contact with other people’s saliva in their teenage years - they then get Glandular Fever. An interesting thing about the virus is that you never really get rid of it; some of its DNA forms little circles in the nucleus of the white blood cells it infects, and it can remain dormant (latent infection) for a long time (occasionally getting out into saliva but not making you ill). The virus that causes chicken pox can do this in nerve cells. Influenza: Negative sense RNA virus Infects almost all mammals (eg. swine flu, bird flu), aquatic birds are primary host. Common problem in humans - see most in winter when low air humidity allows the visus to spread more effectively. Spread by breathing in virus particles (Respiratory tract). Causes symptoms including fever, headache, cough, muscle aches and less commonly vomiting and diarrhoea. It can be vaccinated against, however it is able to change its structure (by mutating its genome which is a random process) so it can evade the immune system. This means flu vaccines keep having to be updated to protect people against the new variations of the virus. This, and the fact that influenza virus also infects birds, is the reason why it would not be possible to eradicate influenza. Could compare this to viruses like smallpox and polio which have or have nearly been eradicated because they have more stable genomes and no animal reservoir. Rabies: Negative sense RNA virus Enters via skin and exits via saliva - spread through being bitten by an infected animal (usually dog). Results in death by killing brain cells in the cerebellum. The virus travels to the brain from the bite site up the nerves and it progresses slowly, so it is possible to stop the progression of the disease by vaccinating after being bitten. Ebola: Negative sense RNA virus Spreads by direct contact. This virus has a high fatality rate of up to 90% (but closer to 40% in the most recent outbreak). It causes symptoms including fever, muscle aches, skin rash, vomiting + diarrhoea, weakness, bleeding from nose, mouth etc. The virus can infect many cell types and it spreads within the body through the circulatory system. It causes such severe disease because it causes clotting within the blood vessels, bleeding inside the body (haemorrhage) leading to a drop in blood pressure and multi-organ failure. It is also so severe because it originated in a different animal to humans - the fruit bat - and transmitted to humans relatively recently. This is in contrast to viruses such as the common cold which have been in human populations for a long period of our evolution meaning we have adapted to survive it. Winter Vomiting Disease (Norovirus): Positive sense RNA virus Very common in the UK and very contagious. Causes vomiting and diarrhoea. Spread can be prevented by washing hands regularly. Polio: Positive sense RNA virus See "Polio, vaccination and disease eradication" experiment Chicken Pox: Double stranded DNA virus Otherwise known as Varicella-Zoster virus, a member of the herpesvirus family. Highly contagious; Spread through direct contact, coughing and sneezing, and causes red spots on the skin all over the body. Causes mild symptoms if caught when young, but causes Shingles in adults which is more serious. After initial infection, the virus goes dormant (latent) in the nervous system, and later in life it might reactivate to cause shingles. T4 (T4-Bacteriophage): Bacteriophage are viruses but they do not infect humans – they infect bacteria. One day this might be useful to us for treating bacterial infections (‘phage therapy’) where you can infect specific bacterial cells with genes that kill them/stop them reproducing. HPV, here's, cancer (not virus) Parasites Box • 6 x cuddly parasites (4x protozoa, 2x insects) • 2 x cuddly mosquitos (parasite "vectors") • laminated fact sheets • laminated parasite matching game • microbiology text book What is a parasite? - Being a parasite is essentially free-loading off the host that it feeds on. - Some parasites live on the surface of their hosts, these are ectoparasites (e.g. some mites/lice, ticks). - Some types parasites live inside their "prey", these are endoparasites. Some of these live in gaps between the host tissues (eg trypansomes, tapeworms) while others live inside the host cells (eg malaria parasites) - Most parasites live in more than one species at some point in their lifecycle (see individual descriptions). - The parasites that you're most likely to hear about are single-celled Protozoa (including the parasites that cause malaria and trypanosomiasis), and parasitic worms (such as tapeworms). - There is constant conflict between parasite and host: the host’s immune system is trying to kill the parasite, and the parasite is trying to hide from the immune system. Co-evolution of the parasite with the host has led to them becoming well adapted to each other – a good parasite is one that manipulates the host so it can reproduce maximally but doesn’t kill the host because it needs somewhere to live! - Parasitic diseases are a massive problem for global health. Malaria kills nearly 1 million people per year, most African children under 5 years old. Parasitic worms might reduce your quality of life so much that you can’t care for your family, leading to a wider impact (eg elephantiasis). In many regions where parasitic diseases are a problem there is very basic healthcare, making treatment more difficult to access. - Also a big problem in animals - cost to pet owners of preventative treatment (to avoid illness), most farm animals have a significant parasite burden (gives economic costs of reduced production, greater food intake required, medications etc. Some examples of parasites PROTOZOA: Single-celled eukaryotes 1) Malaria (Plasmodium falciparum): 4 parasites cause malaria: Plasmodium falciparum (the most common and most deadly), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale. These are carried by Anopheles mosquitoes, the vector, which are active and hence bite people at night. When they bite an infected person they take up the parasite into their digestive system (parasite stage = sporozoite), and then secrete it into the next person they bite in saliva (used to inject anticoagulants to keep the person bleeding so the mosquito can get its blood meal). The parasite then travels in the bloodstream to the liver where cells are infected (parasite stage = merozoite). Parasites are released and enter red blood cells in the circulation, where they multiply and burst the red blood cell, causing the symptoms of malaria. Inside some red blood cells the parasites become gametocytes which are taken up by another mosquito if it bites the person. Symptoms at first include fever, chills, headache and vomiting. In some cases this can rapidly progress to severe anaemia, respiratory distress or cerebral malaria - and can be fatal. However if you live in a malarial area (and get infected often) you may develop partial resistance to malaria and be infected without symptoms (asymptomatic infection). When you travel to a malarial area (Asia, South America, Africa - but the range is spreading) you use chemoprophylaxis (drugs to stop an infection becoming established), in combination with avoiding being bitten (mosquito nets, DEET mosquito repellent) - and there are also drugs available to treat malarial infections. 2) African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosoma brucei): Parasites are injected into you by the bite of a tsetse fly in Africa (tsetse fly = the vector), or they can cross the placenta to infect a fetus. Trypanosomes don’t live inside cells like malaria but they live in the blood stream – this means they have to do clever things to hide from the immune system, such as constantly changing their protein coat so that the immune system can't recognise them as a parasite. 2 different trypanosome subspecies cause sleeping sickness: T. brucei rhodesiense gives a rapidly-progressing disease (death in weeks to months) whereas causes a slowly-progressing disease (you might not have any symptoms for years!). Sleeping sickness occurs when the trypanosomes enter the brain and start to destroy the areas that control sleep and wakefulness, leading to blurred sleep/wake transitions and falling asleep at inappropriate times, progressing to coma and death! Trypanosomiasis (disease caused by trypanosomes) is treatable - but it's much easier at the early stage (drugs: pentamidine/suramine) than once the parasites enter the brain (drugs: melarsoprol - which comes from arsenic and has nasty side effects that can be fatal themselves!). African trypanosomes also infect cattle, making agriculture in areas with tsetse flies really unproductive - cattle become really thin and so can't work (pulling ploughs etc) and aren't useful as food for people either! 3) Chagas disease/ American trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma cruzi) Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). 10 million people in the world are infected, mainly in South America. The vector transmitting the trypanosomes to humans is the triatomine bug ('kissing bugs'). These live on the walls of houses and are nocturnal, biting people on their exposed faces when they are asleep at night. Unlike the African trypanosomes, South American trypanosomes aren't injected with the bug's saliva but the bug defecates next to the bite and it's the faeces that contain the parasites. They get into the person's bloodstream when they rub their face and smear the faeces into the bite! The first sign of infection is often a large swelling of the eyelid on the side of the face that was bitten. Parasites can then enter the heart (30% cases) causing problems with the heartbeat, and maybe sudden death. Digestive problems can also occur (10% cases) when there is enlargement of the oesophagus as food can't enter the stomach - the food that gets trapped can start rotting which is pretty disgusting! Chagas disease is highly treatable though, with nearly 100% of people cured if treated early (benznidazole or nifurtimox). 4) Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) Toxoplasma gondii is a species of parasitic protozoa.The definitive host (where the sexual stage of the life cycle occurs) is the cat - gametes are formed in the digestive tract and exit in the faeces. Then they enter another host (intermediate host) when they eat or drink contaminated food or water. So far every warm-blooded animal tested can act as a host - including humans. Here the parasite can enter any nucleated cell and replicates to form a tissue cyst. This can be passed on to another intermediate host or a cat by carnivory. Usually toxoplasmosis has very mild symptoms (there might be some fever) and in France up to 90% of adults are infected (due to the French love of rare meat)! However serious disease can be caused in immunocompromised people (AIDS sufferers or post-transplant patients on immunosuppressive drugs) and pregnant women (increasing the risk of spontaneous abortion and birth defects). This is why pregnant women are advised not to touch cat litter! (also explains why pregnant women are advised to clean fruit/veg thoroughly as gametes can contaminate them, and women become infected this way) T.gondii infection of the brain can lead to changes in behaviour by changing the amounts of chemicals in the brain (dopamine). Rats and mice lose their fear response to the scent of cats (tested using cat urine) and are more curious - very important effect, as means rats are more likely to be caught and eaten by cats giving greater rate of infection of cats (completing the parasites life cycle). Studies in humans have linked toxoplasmosis to schizophrenia (including hallucinations and reckless behaviour), slower reaction times and greater chance of causing traffic accidents. (There's some slides for these in "Microscopes & Cells" which can be borrowed - same for some preserved specimens in "Horrible Housemates".) Flukes (Trematodes): Adult flukes are leaf-shaped flatworms. Prominent suckers at the mouth and on the stomach help maintain position. Flukes are hermaphroditic (both male and female) except for blood flukes (schistosomes), which are bisexual. The life-cycle includes a snail intermediate host. Tapeworms (Cestodes): Adult tapeworms are elongated, segmented, hermaphroditic flatworms that inhabit the intestinal lumen. You can eat the cysts in undercooked animal tissues (pork is probably the greatest risk if undercooked), and then they develop in your intestines. They eat your food from your intestine – instead of you getting the nutrients. They attach to the intestinal wall using suckers in the head. Problematic in the developing world where there is already malnutrition. People used to use tapeworms as a slimming aid… They can grow up to 15 metres long and live for 20 years! Larval forms live in extraintestinal tissues. Roundworms (Nematodes): Adult and larval roundworms are bisexual, cylindrical worms. They inhabit intestinal and extraintestinal sites. 1) Schistosomiasis (caused by a fluke/ trematode) • Schistosomiasis is a chronic, parasitic disease caused by blood flukes (schistosomes) • At least 230 million people require treatment every year – praziquantel • Infection from larval forms released from freshwater snails in contaminated water • Penetrate the skin and live in circulation where females release eggs • Cause damage because of the host immune response to the parasites 2) Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) (caused by a fluke) • Freshwater snail intermediate host, where reproduction occurs, then they are released as cercariae and swim through water to be ingested by ruminants normally, or sometimes humans eating uncooked foods like watercress • Adult lives in the liver where they feed on the lining of bile ducts – makes cheese-like holes in the liver • Produce eggs – up to 25000 a day per female 3) Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease, caused by a nematode) • Dracunculiasis (caused by Dracunculus medinensis, a long thread-like worm) is a parasitic disease on the verge of eradication • Exclusively transmitted by drinking water contaminated with parasite-infected fleas such as rural isolated ponds • Takes 10-14 months for worm to mature in the body 4) Hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus, kinds of nematodes) • Soil-transmitted helminths (parasitic worms) • Major burden of disease worldwide - estimated 576-740 million people infected with hookworm • Hookworms live in the small intestine, eggs are passed in faeces of infected person – this is a problem in the developing world where people may defecate outside (near bushes, in a garden, or field) of if the faeces of an infected person are used as fertilizer, eggs are deposited on soil. • Eggs then mature and hatch, releasing larvae (immature worms). • The larvae mature into a form that can penetrate the skin of humans, and infection is mainly acquired by walking barefoot on contaminated • Infection is treatable – anthelminthic medications eg. albenadazole (There are two cuddly toys for this, so you can show a second uninfected mosquito feeding off a human host) Mosquito (Culex pipiens): • Most mosquitoes are harmless but some can transmit disease • Viral diseases, such as yellow fever, dengue fever and Chikungunya, transmitted mostly by Aedes aegypti • Parasitic disease malaria, carried by mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles • Lymphatic filariasis (the main cause of elephantiasis – worms block lymphatics impairing lymph drainage causing swelling of the limbs) • We have cuddly toys of mosquitoes – in the parasites box (There's some cuddly toys and slides for these, and hopefully some preserved samples borrowed from the "Horrible Housemates" experiment) 1) Head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) • Lice are wingless biting or sucking insects. Lice infestation of any part of the body is called pediculosis! • Live on your head (an ectoparasite) - has a single strong claw on each leg that can grab onto 6 hairs so they can move rapidly (may be on several heads in one day). But their short stumpy legs mean they can’t jump or walk well on flat surfaces. • Your head provides a source of food - blood • Eggs are called nits and the female attaches the eggs close to the scalp with a transparent quick-setting glue • The time taken to hatch depends upon temperature • Head lice have no lungs! They take in air by muscle contraction of the abdomen (via spiracles) • Head lice have been recovered from prehistoric mummies! 2) Bed bug (Cimex lectularius) • Ectoparasites that feed on human blood (haematophagous) • Live in houses and especially beds – most active at night so they can feed on the host without being noticed • Adults can survive more than a year without feeding • They don’t usually spread disease but they can cause allergic skin reactions • Light brown flattened oval-shaped body, vestigial front wings, microscopic hairs on abdomen that give a banded appearance Risk Assessment Date risk assesment last checked: Sun, 20/01/2019 Risk assesment checked by: Matt Worssam Date risk assesment double checked: Wed, 23/01/2019 Risk assesment double-checked by: Risk Assessment: Hazard Risk Likelihood Severity Overall Mitigation Likelihood Severity Overall Microbe toys and accessories Trip hazard if dropped on the floor. 3 2 6 Keep all props in contained area and pick up any fallen toys as soon as is safe. Call first aider in case of injury. 2 2 4 UV cream UV cream in eyes. 2 3 6 When giving UV cream to children, tell them not to put their fingers near their eyes and ensure they rinse it off. Call first aider in case of injury. If washing up liquid gets into an eye, demonstrator must call a first aider and may perform an eye wash if trained and confident to do so. 1 3 3 UV cream Slip hazard if spilled. 1 2 2 All spills should be cleared up immediately. Call first aider in case of injury. 1 1 1 UV cream Possible allergic reaction to cream? (Widely used in teaching, so severe reaction is likely to be rare). 1 3 3 Suggest that volunteer from group isn't one who is known to have sensitive skin. Call first aider in case of allergic reaction, then seek further medical advice where appropriate. 1 3 3 Sensitive Topics We have a cancer cell and some things here which can cause cancer which effects lots of people, there are also several other potentially fatal diseases. 4 2 8 Deal with topic respectfully, move on if it seems distressing. Move to different experiment if required. 3 0 0 Publicity photo: Experiment photos:
Sustaining Water The future of sustainable desalination technology relies on sound and sustainable energy development policies that take full account of the security (in the broadest sense of the term) of future generations. Industrial ecology needs to be vigorously promoted. Priorities should be redefined with reference to the principles of sustainability, and development of technology and investment must be redirected accordingly. The transition from the unsustainable to the sustainable will not take place miraculously in a short period of time; it must be gradual and wisely planned. To facilitate the transition and to enable people to cope with the changes and the new paradigm of human sustainable development, capacity building is essential. People must be enabled to plan, design, develop, operate and maintain sustainable energy and water systems in the various regions of the world. The capacity to understand and manage natural systems and resources with the aid of appropriate technology must be built into societies, thus freeing them from undue dependence on others, and from unsustainable use of natural resources. There is a huge need to increase understanding of the transboundary issues that cut across issues of water, technology, economics and natural resources. Capacity building and systems of education and training in the various regions of the world which are most sensitive to these issues would make a major contribution to human development. In this process, population, which is otherwise regarded as a burden on the Earth's life support systems, can be turned into valuable human capital. Figure 1. shows the world's water distribution. World Water
DinoData Logo When you want to dig for dino data! Dinosaurs Paleontologists Media Contact Population: 35,000 Region: Prešovský Country: Slovakia Humenné is a town located in the Southeast of the Slovakian region of Prešovský. The economy of Humenné is based on farming, tourism, processing (food, chemicals), textile manufacturing, and construction. People have lived in and around what is now Humenné for thousands of years, but the settlement of the town didn't happen until the early fourteenth century. The history of the town was influenced by a lineage called the Drugeth, who used Humenné as the seat of their dominion within the Hungarian Empire until the end of their line in 1684. In the nineteenth century, the Andrássy family made their influence on the town, mainly by constructing new buildings in the town. Humenné was a non-economically-important town, mostly being an administrative centre. In 1956, a textile plant was built in the town, which caused the population to grow and caused the town to actually become economically important in the region. Not much can be found out about the meaning of the town's name. Have any dinosaurs been discovered here? Find Out!
[erlang-questions] Erlang and syntax. Richard A. O'Keefe <> Sun Feb 23 22:35:22 CET 2014 On 23/02/2014, at 12:58 AM, Vlad Dumitrescu wrote: > On 22 Feb 2014 12:43, "Anthony Ramine" <> wrote: > > > > Erlang is made to be boring. Boring means that it needs to be brain dead easy to comprehend. Brain dead easy means no macros. Don't forget: Erlang had been around and useful for some time before the preprocessor was added. I used to love the Lisp family. But it's not the only functional syntax. There are functional languages that make Perl look beautiful (O'CAML and F#: I'm thinking of you). There's SML, which would be pretty neat if it had list comprehensions. (Hello, SML? This is the 21st century calling! We have something like list comprehensions in C#. Isn't it about time you caught up?) There's Haskell and Clean. ;; Scheme (define (dot Xs Ys) (let loop ((Xs Xs) (Ys Ys) (S 0)) (if (and (pair? Xs) (pair? Ys)) (loop (cdr Xs) (cdr Ys) (+ S (* (car Xs) (car Ys)))) -- Haskell dot xs ys = loop xs ys 0 where loop (x:xs) (y:ys) s = loop xs ys (s+xy) loop _ _ s = s %% Erlang dot(Xs, Ys) -> loop(Xs, Ys, 0). loop([X\|Xs], [Y\|Ys], S) -> loop(Xs, Ys, S + XY); loop(_, _, S) -> Does anyone else remember my proposal that would have had us write this as dot(Xs, Ys) -> (S where S = 0 then S+X*Y \|\| X <- Xs & Y <- Ys). Historically, Prolog -> Strand-88 -> Erlang. I still don't understand why Erlang uses band bor bnot bsl bsr instead of Prolog's /\ \/ \ << >> (I understand why it can't _now_) and why Erlang reversed the sense of == and =:=. Erlang's syntax hits a "familiarity" sweet spot: - it uses infix operators like Pascal/C/Javascript (unlike Lisp) - it uses f(X, Y, Z) function calls like Pascal/C/Javascript (unlike Haskell) - it uses = for binding a value to a variable, which looks a bit like assignment to a C/Javascript programmer Or rather, it _did_ hit a sweet spot before records and the preprocessor were added. Even then, the preprocessor is aimed squarely at C programmers. -define macros may be (heck, they _are_) even more confusing than lispy ones, but they are confusing in a comfortingly familiar way. More information about the erlang-questions mailing list
Simple Tips To Help You Eat Healthier Every Day by Dr Pj Prakash It would be nice for the subject of proper nutrition to have clear-cut, no-fuss guidelines to follow. The problem arises in that there are so many opinions and contradicting ideas about different aspects of nutrition, and each person's body is different to a certain extent. Food labels also tend to be confusing and a bit hard to verify if the food is healthy or not. Here you will find an informative guideline to make dealing with your everyday nutrition choices a little bit easier. Eating a variety of meat-based protein and plant-based protein is important in order to have a balanced diet. Many more protein sources that are edible exist. Consuming products such as eggs, fish, nuts, or beans will provide great amounts of protein. One important nutrition tip to follow is to eat your vegetables and fruits each and every day. It's recommended by the USDA that you consume between 9 and 13 servings of fruit and vegetables each day. Although this number sounds very high, it really isn't too difficult to include all these servings. Drink orange juice for breakfast, and use real tomato paste with your spaghetti noodles. Make sure you eat plenty of whole grains. People that eat more whole grains are healthier than those who eat refined carbohydrates. Your daily food consumption should include brown rice, whole wheat bread that is 100% and pasta. Whole grains are very high in dietary fiber and also contain lots of nutrients. The same can't be said of carbohydrates that are refined. If you want a good ground beef substitute when cooking, think about ground turkey breast that is lean. Ground turkey breast is lower in calories and saturated fat than ground beef. Only use white meat whenever possible, because dark meat is very similar to ground beef. Some ground turkey may contain a mixture of dark and regular meat so you won't have all of the benefits of reducing all the saturated fats. Try to eat moderately if you want to be in optimal health. When you consume too much fat or calories, it does cumulative damage to your overall health. This can interfere with normal body processes and can be detrimental to your health. If your recipe allows for your choice of nut, choose almonds. Almonds are a triple-threat because they can lower your cholesterol, fortify your blood cells and fuel your body with protein. They also tend to be less expensive than other types of nuts. Pureed berries, pears or peaches make a great and healthy snack. This sweet spread is great for dipping pretzels or pitas. Try different kinds of fruit. Change things up often so you don't become tired of fruit. Eating a healthy diet will give you a healthier appearance and make you feel more energetic. One of the first steps to improving your diet is to cut down on your consumption of refined, processed sugar. Sodas are notoriously unhealthy. These drinks are high in sugar, which should be severely restricted on your diet. Reducing the amount of sugar you consume will help with your weight loss. This can help you feel and look much better. Have a friend help to support you during your major life changes, such as dieting. Look for someone who has either accomplished their goals or is embarking on their journey just like you. The main thing is that you have someone to share your thoughts and concerns with. You diet can be more nutritious if you find some healthy recipes to try. Homemade protein bars are pretty easy to make. All you need are some milk, protein powder and organic peanut butter. Oatmeal pancakes are easy to make and super healthy. You will find it nearly impossible to stay healthy without good nutrition. You will allow yourself to lead a healthier life by knowing which foods are ideal for your diet. Remember the advice provided to you and you'll be healthier in no time. About the Author: Return to healthy tips Make a Free Website with Yola.
Fibre Channel hardware interconnects storage devices with servers and forms the Fibre Channel fabric. The fabric consists of the physical layer, interconnect devices, and translation devices. The physical layer consists of copper and fiber-optic cables that carry Fibre Channel signals between transceiver pairs. Interconnect devices, such as hubs, switches, and directors, route Fibre Channel [...]
Why Purple? US Purple Heart Why Purple? The Purple Heart is the oldest known United States military decoration still in use. The Purple Heart formally known as the Badge of Military Merit was created by then General George Washington in 1782. Here is what he wrote: General Washington understood two things. First, in order for the Continental Army to be successful against the British forces every soldier had to be dedicated to and understand the mission. Second, in order to keep the morale of the soldiers they had to be rewarded for exemplary service. It is assumed that General Washington chose Purple because it was associated with royalty, courage, rank, creativity, and nobility. General Washington has taught us that leaders must reward exemplary service if they want it repeated. Leaders focus their teams on the mission and reward them for their accomplishments. Let us help you focus your team on what’s really important…The Mission.
The Discovery Of The Centre Of The Universe Centre of the universe "Ah, but you are the centre of my universe," she whispered - or maybe it was all in my imagination. Confusingly, I also read that the USA town of Wallace is the centre of the universe: "On September 25, 2004, Mayor Ron Garitone proclaimed Wallace to be the centre of the Universe. Specifically, a sewer access cover was declared to be the precise location of the center of the Universe. A specially made manhole cover was made to mark the spot. It bears the words "Center of the Universe. Wallace, Idaho." This prompted British comedian and writer Danny Wallace to visit Wallace. He wrote about his visit in the book Danny Wallace and the Centre of the Universe, published in 2006. The event is celebrated on the third Saturday of September." Source: Wikipedia. But the good news is that in reality we are all the centre of the universe, wherever we happen to live or be visiting. Though, I must admit it makes my head a bit befuddled thinking about it. The Big Bang that supposedly created our universe - and not to be confused with any other actions of a similar name - didn't start from a single point as we would normally expect. The theory is that it had to happen everywhere at once because, before the Big Bang, space and time did not exist. Therefore there was no single point where it could have started from. Yes, but how could anything have started from somewhere that didn't exist? And this is where a God usually comes into the equation by many people. But, there again where was God hiding at the time of the Big Bang? With respect, leaving God to one side, the popular theory about our universe is often likened to an inflating round balloon. As it continuously inflates it creates time and space. This means there is no time and space outside of the universe. If some spots are drawn on the balloon (let's call them galaxies), and you shrunk yourself down to a minute creature, every way you looked or travelled you would still appear to be at the centre of everything (i.e. the universe). And weirdly the balloon (universe) continues to expand, creating more time and space, and the point from where it started is everywhere. Okay, my explanation isn't too special, it's not really my field, so I can understand why lots of people will tell you that: 'In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth'. It's a darn sight easier explanation but, there again ... there are so many questions. Other Recent Posts: A Walk Along The Coast In Tenerife Answers To The Nine Most Perplexing Questions Of All Time The Coincidence Of The WW2 Nurse And The Truck Driver Bookmark and Share 1. Suzie08:49 I'm still scratching my head about all of this, but I think I understand the balloon being like the universe. I was wondering though if there could be lots of universes. It's nearly 9am so I'll have to try and get on with my work but this will puzzle me for most of the day. 2. The Many Worlds Theory of quantum physics is another puzzler! 3. Just when I finally understand the String Theory, you want to throw me a balloon? Oh! Wait, if it pops, then there's your Big Bang, right? Mike?
Scientists have developed a new lens that stretches just 2mm across and is finer than a human hair, which they believe will be able to greatly magnify nanoscale objects. Made of paint whitener, the so-called ‘metalenses’, are unlike traditional camera lenses that use curved discs of glass. Instead, the new metaleneses employ small pillars with a thin layer of transparent quartz that are tens of nanometers wide. These pillars effectively ‘slice up the light’ as it passes through. What’s more, the scientists say the metalenses won’t have aberrations like the glass optics you use on your camera and they can be manufactured at a fraction of the cost. “Correcting for chromatic spread over the visible spectrum in an efficient way, with a single flat optical element, was until now out of reach,” said Bernard Kress, Partner Optical Architect at Microsoft, who was not part of the research. Eventually, they say, the metalenses will be rolled out into mass-market cameras and camera phones, with other applications ranging from microscopes to your contact lenses.
Phy Sci Unit 5 Studying Atoms Question Answer The smallest piece of matter that still retains the properties of the element Atom Number on the periodic table that represents the number of protons in an atom Atomic Number Number on the periodic table that is the weighted average mass of the mixture of isotopes that exists naturally for an element Average Atomic Mass Showed through light spectroscopy that electrons existed in specific energy levels in 1913 Bohr Father of modern atomic theory – showed with experiments in 1800 that all elements had atoms as their smallest particles Dalton Ancient Greek who first said all matter was made of small indivisible particles called “atomos” Democritus Region outside of the nucleus where the electrons are found Electron Cloud Current atomic model with electrons not as particles in orbits, but wave-particles in areas of probability Electron Cloud Model Negatively charged particles in an atom Electrons Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons Isotopes The sum of the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus Mass Number Neutral particles in the nucleus of an atom Neutrons The center of the atom containing protons and neutrons Nucleus Positively charged particles in an atom Protons Smallest known particle that makes up protons and neutrons Quarks Discovered the positive nucleus at the center of atoms with gold foil experiment in 1911 Rutherford Discovered electrons with cathode ray tube experiments in 1904 Thompson Each energy level of an atom can hold a maximum number of what? electrons The filling order for electrons in a Bohr diagram is 2,8,18,32 What do the dots in a Lewis Electron Dot diagrams represent? electrons in the outer level or valence electrons What does the chemical symbol represent? the name of an element The mass number of any element equals what? The protons + the neutrons Where is the atomic number found? At the top of the element box Why do different metals produce different colors when burned? Electrons are “excited” by added energy, and jump to another energy level. When they “fall back,” they release energy as light. The amount released determines the color seen. How do you indicate a specific isotope of an element? By adding the mass number of that isotope (example: H-1, C-14) How do we show protons, neutrons and electrons on a Bohr diagram? proton – p+; neutron – n; electron – e-; protons and neutrons in nucleus, electrons in energy levels He discovered the neutron. James Chadwick He believed that all matter was made up of earth, air, fire, and/or water. Aristotle In an experiment, it is the variable that is being tested or manipulated. Independent variable Calculate the mass number of a element with 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 6 neutrons. 12 Sum of protons and neutrons Diagram or model showing an element symbol and dots representing the outermost electrons only. Lewis structure or diagram Diagram showing particles in the nucleus and all electrons in their energy levels. Bohr model How many electrons may reside in energy level 1 if it is full? 2 How many electrons may reside in energy level 2 if it is full? 8 How many electrons may reside in energy level 3 if it is full? 18 How many electrons may reside in energy level 4 if it is full? 32 Leave a Reply
A holistic treatment approach is needed to fight Lyme disease, which is a complex multi-symptom disease. A right diet, state of mind, quality of sleep, yoga, meditation and Ayurveda can all help cure this disease. Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium named Borrelia that is spread by ticks. It was diagnosed for the first time in 1975; now 300,000 people are estimated to be affected by it in U.S. Lyme disease, which is difficult to diagnose, is multisystemic, including orthopedic, neurological, rheumatological, psychiatric and cardiac-related issues. Common symptoms are joint and muscle pain, fatigue, sleep disorders, memory problems, lack of focus, anxiety, restlessness, ringing in the ears, vertigo, light and sound sensitivity, numbness, weakness, poor digestion, tingling in different parts of the body, and night sweats. A single tick bite can have many pathogens and cause other co-infections. Antibiotics are the primary treatment but some patients do not respond well to antibiotics, making treatment difficult. Most medical authorities also advise against long-term antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease. If Lyme disease is not diagnosed and treated early, the condition worsens and treatment becomes difficult. In this advanced stage of the disease, antibiotics don’t help much. Yoga, Ayurveda and a holistic approach can be used to identify specific symptoms and suggest the appropriate treatment. As per Ayurveda, Lyme disease is caused by external toxins. Due to this, Ayurveda treatments are generally focused on detoxification. Healthy Diet and Lifestyle When antibiotics are taken over a long period of time, they affect the digestive tract. Care should be taken to replace some good bacteria lost during the treatment. The gut is the largest immunological reservoir and its health should be maintained. Fermented and cultured foods are useful to keep the gut healthy. Eat a balanced diet high in antioxidants and probiotics. Immunity boosters like colostrum and maitake mushroom can also help. Ginger and cinnamon in diet will help improve blood circulation. Garlic in diet helps improve immunity. Use turmeric in the diet with other spices to reduce inflammation. Lowering or stopping inflammatory diet of wheat, rice, legumes and nuts also helps. Try anti-inflammatory diet with specific focus on gut healing and liver support. In general, clean up the diet to avoid sugar, fried and junk foods. Start a healthy vegetarian discipline, and avoid refined, processed and meat-based foods. Increase intake of dark colored vegetables like beetroots, carrots, green leaves and kale. You can detox through simple self-care activities like sauna, massage, swimming and light exercises. Sesame oil is a good warming massage oil to ease musculoskeletal pain. Gentle yoga and breathing exercises like alternate nostril breathing (anulom vilom) are helpful in improving energy levels and removing toxins. Healthy Mind The state of mind, trust and confidence are very important for any treatment. You must learn to stay happy and raise the state of consciousness to feel love, acceptance and courage to accelerate the healing process. Think positive and constantly tell the body that it is healing and progressing towards a complete recovery. It is also useful to maintain a daily journal to write positive intentions, goals and reminders for things you are grateful for in life. Reiterating these thoughts everyday helps develop positive thinking. Keep stress away from your mind. Planned relaxation time or white spaces in the daily calendar helps with getting “you” time. When stress is increasing and there is more acidity in the body, try getting more alkaline content in food and drink to balance it. Engaging in a spiritual practice like spending time with nature, meditation, OM chanting or even a religious practice not only keeps the mind away from the suffering for some time, but also helps develop a positive attitude towards life. During meditation, try to focus on the areas where there is pain and retrain the subconscious mind to communicate with the body with positive encouraging thoughts. Sound Sleep The quality of sleep plays an essential role in strengthening immunity. Practicing yoga nidra/sleep meditation helps cure sleep related disorders. Adequate sleep cycle everyday and meditation are important to control inflammation. Yoga nidra helps the body heal itself, regulate blood pressure, balance blood sugar levels, improve focus and stabilize emotions. Create a daily sleep timetable and abide by it. Sleeping and waking up at the same time everyday is important for overall health. Ensure that the sleep area is clean, organized, dark, quiet and comfortable. Despite changes in season, don’t let it affect your sleep cycle. Sleeping early and waking up with the sunrise helps optimal alignment with circadian rhythms. Home Remedies and Ayurveda It is advised to consult an Ayurvedic practitioner before starting any treatment. Each case of Lyme disease is unique and complex; a tailored treatment is needed. Panchakarmais a traditional detoxification therapy that works on a deeper level to restore, purify and optimize the functioning of cells and tissues. It helps reduce inflammation, strengthen muscles and remove toxins from the body. Boiling a banana peel in water and drinking it like tea in the evening will help you get good sleep and cure sleep disorders. Tart cherry juice and kiwis are also known to help with sleep disorders. Try immune-augmentative and antimicrobial herbal Ayurveda medications like giloy ghanvati, chandraprabha-vati, punarnavadi-gugguluor gandhak-rasayan. Just having a tablet of giloy ghanvati in the morning and evening alone will be helpful in improving immunity. For problems related to the heart due to Lyme disease, you can try hridyamrit vati, amalaki rasayanor arjunarishta. Use one tablespoon of powder made from equal parts of dried ginger,methi(fenugreek seeds) and turmeric everyday with warm water for any joint pains. Turmeric is anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral. It even helps reduce platelet aggregation. One teaspoon of guduchipowder, twice daily, is helpful for arthritis and inflammation symptoms; it also enhances the immune system. When symptoms are related to the nervous system, ekang-veer-ras, nirgundior kaishor-guggulucould be taken. If symptoms and side effects of medicines cause constipation, try triphalapowder or amlajuice occasionally. A combination of neemand ashwagandhaare good detoxification and strength building medicines that can be taken with other Ayurveda treatments. Ashwagandha lowers the stress hormones in the body, reduces fatigue and improves sleep. To remove long-term symptoms of the disease and cure autoimmune problems, try tulsi ghan vati and giloy ghanvati tablets. One More Thing Treatment of Lyme disease, especially when it has caused long-term suffering, is a complicated and frustrating experience. Generally, it is said a four-week antibiotic course makes people symptom-free; however, it is difficult to know if Lyme disease is fully erased from the system. It goes dormant but can show up in some form later in life. It is important to be patient, trust the treatment and not get ‘ticked off!” Himanshu Bharadwaj, a designer by profession, teaches yoga, meditation and holistic cures. He also conducts meditation sessions for stress relief and creativity enhancement. Connect at YourCommunityYoga.com/Himanshu or Meetup.com/Yoga-Meditation-CT.
The board’s role in effective student behaviour management Ko tā te poari tūnga whakahaere tōtika i te whanonga ākonga Each student's right to an education must be balanced with the need to ensure all students are able to learn in an emotionally and physically safe environment. Taking a student out of school can have a significant impact on their learning and social outcomes. That is why stand-downs and suspensions should always be the principal's last response after all other avenues have been tried. What happens at a suspension meeting? The principal should attend the meeting. The student, the student's family \| whānau and any support people are entitled to attend the suspension meeting. The meeting can only go ahead without the student and family if the board is satisfied they have been notified of the meeting and given a copy of the principal's report at least 48 hours prior to the meeting. The board then must: • Review the principal's report • Listen with an open mind to the student's response and to any information from the family \| whānau • Decide if the principal made a legally correct decision and followed a fair process • Take all relevant information into account and decide whether to: • lift the suspension without conditions • lift the suspension with conditions • extend the suspension with conditions • exclude (if the student is under 16 years) or expel the student (if the student is 16 years and over). Find out more about conditions. Boards must take care to follow good meeting practices at a suspension meeting. Find out more about public excluded business and delegations What should be in the principal's report? • Clear, factual and neutral information about what happened, including when and where it happened • Reasons why the principal considers the incident justifies suspension. The principal's reasons must meet the legal threshold in section 14 of the Education Act 1989 (i.e. gross misconduct, continual disobedience or behaviour risking serious harm) • Any other appropriate background information about the student's history e.g. pastoral care. This background information must not be confused with the principal's reasons for suspension • The report must be accurate, up to date, complete, relevant and not misleading What's the difference between stand-down and suspension? Stand-down means the formal removal of a student from school for a specified period. Stand-downs of a particular student can total no more than five school days in a term or ten school days in a year. Suspension means the formal removal of a student from school until the board of trustees decides the outcome at a suspension meeting. How does the board get involved when a student is suspended? When a principal decides to suspend a student, the board must hold a meeting (to determine the outcome of the suspension) within seven school days of the suspension decision. If the decision to suspend is made in the last week of a term, the board must hold its suspension meeting within ten calendar days. If the board does not hold the meeting in time, the suspension automatically lifts and the student returns to school. Who can stand-down or suspend a student? Only the principal can stand-down or suspend a student. They have to decide if the circumstances of the student's behaviour fall into one of three categories. These are: • the student's gross misconduct is a harmful or dangerous example to students at the school, or • the student's continual disobedience is a harmful or dangerous example to students at the school, or • the student's behaviour is likely to cause them harm, or harm to other students at the school. Other content Scroll Arrow Icon © 2018 New Zealand School Trustees Association
Is the Earth round? The Earth is an irregularly shaped ellipsoid. Earth from space While the Earth appears to be round when viewed from the vantage point of space, it is actually closer to an ellipsoid. However, even an ellipsoid does not adequately describe the Earth’s unique and ever-changing shape. Additionally, the shape of the Earth is always changing. Sometimes this change is periodic, as is the case with daily tides that affect both the ocean and the crust; sometimes the change is slow and steady, as with the drift of tectonic plates or the rebound of the crust after a heavy sheet of ice has melted; and sometimes the shape of the planet changes in violent, episodic ways during events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or meteor strikes. The National Geodetic Survey measures and monitors our ever-changing planet. Geodesy is the science of measuring and monitoring the size and shape of the Earth, including its gravity field, and determining the location of points on the Earth’s surface.
Twenty years ago Zambian copper mines were facing ruin, low prices, failing companies and ancient infrastructure had condemned the industry to a bleak future and with it the miners that depended on the metal for their livelihood. In Sudan conflict between Northern and Southern regions had frightened off all but the most intrepid investors, particularly in its nascent oil industry, but now despite the nation’s formal division and continued fighting it has not stopped the now two separate countries pumping out a sizable supply of oil, while Zambia’s copper mines enjoyed a renaissance as prices soared and mines upped production. What connects these two stories is of course the “China effect” – the unprecedented demand for the raw materials required by Chinese industry; copper, iron ore, nickel, aluminium, crude oil, coal and timber, not to mention soft commodities such as soy, wheat, beef and corn which help to feed agri-businesses and a growing consumer class. The last thirty years have seen these commodities all winding their way to China in increasing numbers, until such time when China had become the key price setter of many commodity prices, all thanks to its overwhelming market share in these goods. China’s influence and buying power around commodities is perhaps the most noticeable and debated aspect of its increasing global engagement with the world, with many painting it as neo-colonial in its approach, others lauding its investment in poorer countries as highly beneficial for their economic development. China’s success has been driven by these factors: • Political and economic focus and discipline – the State’s overarching policy of ensuring a steady supply of raw materials, by befriending commodity producers and directing state owned companies to invest in mines to obtain them. • Massive financial firepower, China has the world’s biggest currency reserves and a state owned banking system, which together means it has cash to spend. The support of state banks means that projects can be completed with a cost of capital close to zero, making normally uneconomical projects viable. • Demand, the requirement for all these inputs is subject to the internal growth of the Chinese economy (which has of course been extremely high), new roads, cities and ports being built, which has meant demand for raw materials go through the roof – leading to huge expansion in their supply, in other words more mines, oil rigs and quarries opening up or expanding. How Jinchuan Group cracked the South African platinum market Jinchuan Group a company headquartered in the far north-western Chinese province of Gansu, is the country’s largest producer of red copper and nickel. In 2011 Jinchuan took a 51 percent stake in Wesizwe Group, a South African platinum mining company. What should have been a straight forward deal was nearly destroyed by the intervention of a shadowy US controlled group called Musa Capital. As part owners of Wesizwe Group they tried to embezzle USD 70 million from the company as well as attempting a messy takeover to cover up the loss before Jinchuan Group could complete their deal, in the confusion also finding time to fire the CEO Michael Solomon. The owners of Musa Capital eventually ended up in court, as well as defrauding their own company they were also accused of swindling a Sowetan tribe that owned RZD 700 million worth of Wesizwe’s shares. Musa Capital had set up a series of companies to aid them in stealing the funds, but their scheme fell apart and Jinchuan eventually took their stake in the company ousting Musa Capital and reinstating the CEO. Jinchuan Group then enlisted the help of another Chinese organisation, the China Development Fund (CADFund). CADFund was set up by the Chinese Development Bank with USD 1 billion of seed finance to support Chinese projects across the African continent. Although CADFund has been criticised for poor investment decisions by generally pro-Chinese commentators like Deborah Brautigham, this time their equity stake of USD650 million for the Frischgewaagd-Ledig mining project near Sun City was a major fillip for Jinchuan. The battle for the firm was worthwhile. The deal was brokered by Martyn Davis CEO of Frontier Advisory who described it: This is a very significant strategic play because it gives China its first direct access to platinum”. This might not seem like a big deal, until you consider the structure of the world platinum market, where the vast majority of transactions for the precious metal are done on a long term contractual basis, and only 10% or so of the metal is available on the open market. The purchase of Wesizwe gave the Chinese a presence in the market dominated by the South African “big three” Anglo Platinum, Impala Platinum and Lonmin. The Frischgewaagd-Legig project should produce around 415,000 ounces of the rare metal a year, which will double Jinchuan’s current production levels. Platinum is a totemic metal, think of the order in importance of credit cards or value of records sales. Platinum is highest in the hierarchy above bronze, silver and gold. Valued because of its unreactivity and therefore a vital component in catalytic convertors, laboratory equipment and watch making, South Africa holds 80% of the world’s supply, giving it and the companies that control production a near monopoly. Chinese “Resource Grabs” So when commentators talk about Chinese resource “grabs” or control, Jinchuan is a classic case in point, a Chinese company purchasing and financing a mine and then exporting an essential metal for its industrial sector. The fact that platinum is controlled by a few companies and not a freely traded fungible commodity such as crude oil validates the theory that China is trying to “control” commodities. However the contrary argument can also be made, that the Chinese are trying to break the monopoly of control enjoyed by South African companies. China’s search for energy security is taking it to remote destinations and difficult to extract oil, the easy to reach sources of oil such as the gigantic shallow fields of the Middle East have already been found, tapped and lie under the control of other companies and countries. China has done its best to befriend certain governments, Angola, the two Sudans and Venezuela but it still faces a massive oil import bill and reliance on supply from all corners of the world. Thus any company that can help provide acreage or supply to China can be onto a winner, the likes of CNOOC and Sinopec can pay handsomely for proven sources of crude. Chinese demand for technology Those firms which can offer advanced technology in terms of deep sea drilling and refining capability will be extremely attractive to Chinese firms, who are way behind their western counterparts in these fields. For governments and oil firms looking east it is an increasingly sensible strategy, as demand in Europe and the USA stagnates, while demand in China (as well as India) is predicted to continue growing. For some this may mean a shift in political and military alliances overtime, while the USA has been seen as the regional hegemon in the Middle East for 50 years or so, represented by significant military assets in the Persian Gulf, primarily the US Navy’s 5th Fleet in Bahrain. Things change, if Washington no longer requires Middle Eastern oil then it may reconsider its long term position in the region, could one day China replace them, it seems unlikely now, but it is not a scenario that should be ruled out. Another key component of China’s oil imports is its dependence on sea lanes, the routes through the Persian Gulf and Straits of Malacca underline the nations’ growing strategic weakness, despite recent growth China does not have a powerful navy and the US remains dominant in terms of sea power. While many might argue that cyber or proxy warfare will be more crucial in any falling out between the two great powers of East Asia, naval strength remains crucial. What this is does mean is that China will look to invest in and develop ports (for now just conventional use), so places like Hambantota, in Sri Lanka, close to the shipping lane connecting the Suez Canal and Strait of Malacca has received significant Chinese investment. Other ports and harbours should also look for Chinese input, particularly those on strategically important positions that Beijing view as critical to the flow of imports and exports that power its economy. As Chinese manufacturing steps up a gear to more advanced production, the materials and minerals they require will change, if you are a supplier or miner, then analysing what is likely to see more demand in the future, will give you an idea of what might be the best sector to invest in. Security of supply; the Chinese government is mindful of the fact that it must ensure the steady flow of certain items to feed its manufacturing base remains, this creates opportunities for miners, national governments and prospectors to sell mining rights and land to Chinese companies. Chinese urbanization is set to continue At some point a Chinese slowdown is likely to manifest itself in lower orders for raw materials at factories and workshops across China, while this may seem like disaster for those involved in the commodity trade, as a glut in copper, iron ore and other natural resources will drive down prices and profit. But it would be wise to remember that China still has a lot of (relatively high) economic growth in it, although it may move away from the resource intensive production of the past, there is still a great deal of building to be done, just consider that 300 million people in China are likely to urbanize in the next twenty years, that is the equivalent to the entire population of the United States. When taken altogether that is a lot of copper wiring, steel and not to mention cement, stone and all the other materials needed in construction. All this means that Chinese mining firms will remain in the market for new sites and opportunities to extract minerals and metals across the globe (although growth might not be as spectacular as before), for mining companies this entails sustained demand for mines and for transport firms the means to move them. However others have be alert to shifts in policy and demand. For example China’s decision to impose a coal import duty to protect its own struggling industry could well have a devastating blow to an international industry which has become reliant on Chinese demand.
Christopher Long NYE, TEXAS. Nye was two miles north of Laredo in southwestern Webb County. It was named for Thomas C. Nye, who introduced the Bermuda onion culture into the area in 1898. In 1906 500 carloads of onions were shipped from Nye Spur on the International-Great Northern Railroad. A school began operating about 1900, and during the 1907–08 school year it had an enrollment of forty-two. The area has been gradually absorbed by neighboring Laredo, and in the early 1990s only a few older dwellings still marked the site of the former settlement. Image Use Disclaimer Handbook of Texas Online, Christopher Long, "NYE, TX," accessed April 21, 2019, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hvn62.
Assessing Function is Key to Providing Person-Centered, High-Quality Care By Megan Burke When older adults talk about their health and what really matters to them, topics usually include spending time with loved ones, enjoying a hobby and managing day-to-day life. These simple activities can become more challenging as health and daily functioning change over time. In fact, half of Americans turning age 65 today will at some point need a high level of help with daily activities like walking, eating and bathing. What happens when older adults need more support than loved ones can provide? How can older people best understand their daily living needs and where to find help? The healthcare system could be a natural spot to connect people to medical and non-medical services. What would it look like if healthcare systems and supportive services networks collaborated to respond to individuals’ needs and goals? Recent policy changes provide opportunities for Medicare to do just that by combining medical and non-medical services to improve care for people who have complex needs. Why Function Matters Before care systems can be fully responsive to older adults who have complex needs, providers and payers must understand a person’s functional ability. Such knowledge serves to identify person-level needs for care planning; connect individuals to appropriate services; and plan at the population level to deploy resources effectively (e.g., capitated funds, workforce). Research from Anne Tumlinson Innovations has consistently shown that non-medical factors—how a person functions on a daily basis, including the extent of his or her social supports—drive healthcare use and spending. Figure 1 shows that no matter how many chronic conditions a person has, functional limitations are the determining factor for healthcare costs. Target Services to Realize Value Successfully providing high-quality care requires collecting the right data, and then using it, as follows, to inform planning and service delivery. Identify functional needs. Health systems express difficulty with identifying who would benefit from non-medical services to maintain or improve function. Historically, health systems have identified “high-need, high-cost” individuals, using administrative and clinical data (e.g., diagnoses, hospital admissions, prescription drug costs). While understanding a person’s medical history is vital, older adults are much more than their medical diagnoses. Assessing for function helps to create an understanding of an individual’s needed supports for health and well-being. Connect individuals to services. Payers and regulators are beginning to recognize the value of assessing function. This year, for example, California’s Department of Health Care Services required its Medicaid plans to include 10 questions in their health risk assessments that address daily living, home environment, health literacy, social support, caregiver stress, potential for abuse, memory, fall risk, financial well-being and social isolation. Starting with simple screening questions concerning these 10 factors, health system staff can better identify who would benefit from a more comprehensive assessment, care coordination and support services. That said, collecting functional information is just the first step in delivering high-quality care. The real value comes in using this information to craft a care plan tailored to the whole person—one that addresses medical and non-medical needs and connects the person to services and supports within the health system and the community. Population-level planning for resource deployment. Assessing function not only is good for serving individuals, but also helps in creating strategies to meet the community’s needs. To better understand the populations served and effectively organize care, leading health plans and systems are beginning to gather data about function and social needs. As demonstrated in a 2014 Avalere study, this new knowledge can provide a clearer understanding of how to improve population-level risk stratification, and support delivery system efforts that better match people who have identified needs with high-quality, targeted interventions—even resulting in a return on investment. For health systems that have figured this out, The Playbook for Better Care offers a curated group of practical tools and resources to help target and improve care for people with complex needs. Opportunities in a Changing Policy Landscape A new policy window opened this year to connect Medicare beneficiaries with complex needs to services across the care continuum. The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 and guidance from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services promote assessment of functional and social needs as part of delivering high-quality, more cost-effective care. Examples include expanding the scope of supplemental benefits that Medicare Advantage (MA) plans can offer for beneficiaries with certain chronic conditions, including non-medical services based on an individualized needs assessment; allowing MA plans to offer beneficiary incentives for completion of risk assessments; and allowing more MA plans to test enhanced benefit packages targeted to individuals with specific chronic conditions. These changes allow health systems the flexibility to offer non-medical services, and present additional opportunities for health systems and community-based service providers to work together to meet individuals’ identified needs in a coordinated fashion. Older adults should be able to access a delivery system that respects and supports their needs and choices. Identifying how someone is functioning and then addressing non-medical as well as medical needs are essential elements of high-quality care. Such information helps health systems to better serve individuals, plan for targeted populations and use resources more effectively and efficiently. Megan Burke, M.S.W., is a policy analyst for The SCAN Foundation in Long Beach, Calif. Editor’s Note: This article appears in the November/December 2018 issue of Aging Today, ASA’s bi-monthly newspaper covering issues in aging research, practice and policy nationwide. ASA members receive Aging Today as a member benefit; non-members may purchase subscriptions at our online store.
Soviet October in the Yankee Imagination A century after the seizure of power by the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and Leon Trotsky, the current validity of the ideas of the Russian Revolution of October 1917 can be seen in the orientation of the struggles waged by the peoples of the whole against capitalist exploitation. October cleared the roads to human liberation that Marxism had identified and discovered in other new ways. It led the nation to achieve great successes in economic, politics, culture, social justice and defense, to make backward Russia a world power in a short time. October allowed the efforts and sacrifices of the peoples of the Soviet Union to reach the level of economic, military and scientific development that brought about a bipolarity of the world in which the nations of the planet could rest their hopes of progress. The United States was no exception. In January 1919, Lenin invited the left wing of the Socialist Party of America (SPA) to join the newly-created Communist International in Moscow. In the spring of that year this wing took control of the whole party displacing its previous leadership, which was smaller and of social-democratic orientation. From its origins, the SPA suffered attacks from several state governments and from the US federal government itself. It feared a repeat of the revolts that were taking place on European soil. In the United States, between the end of 1919 and January 1920, the “red terror” led the United States Attorney General to order the arrest of thousands of communists, with the Sedition Act of 1918 as a legal basis. During the Great Depression of 1929, the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) multiplied its pacts with small union groups. The election of Franklin D. Roosevelt as president also meant the renewal of the unions and increased in them the influence of the CPUSA. During this period, the CPUSA was distinguished by its defense of the Second Spanish Republic, a victim of the Francoist uprising that led to the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). Leftists from all over the world joined to defend the Republic, providing funds for medical care and in many cases volunteering in the International Brigades. The CPUSA provided the first members of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, which, in addition to supporting the Republican government of Spain, was the first military force made of US-made military force in which blacks and whites were integrated in the same ranks, with the same rights and obligations. When the United States Communist Party (CPUSA) was formed in 1919, the Washington government had long suppressed the Socialists because they had opposed American intervention in World War I and made a campaign against military service. As of January 1920, the new target of persecution was the communists who began to be massively imprisoned. The CPUSA was forced into hiding and had to change its name several times to avoid arrest of its cadres and militants. In the 1930s, the FBI persecuted Nazis and Communists under suspicion that they intended to launch an armed revolt against the federal government. In 1940, laws that made it illegal to hold a favorable opinion to overthrow the government came into force. In 1941, when the United States was about to enter the world war in Europe and Japan, the Roosevelt government accused 29 members of the Socialist Workers’ Party (SWP), then political allied with the Fourth International, of sedition and conspiracy to overthrow the government. The FBI raided the offices of the SWP and formed a grand jury for the trial. The accused used the process to proclaim their socialist principles from the dock, rejected the imperialist war and refuted the presentation of the socialist revolution as a conspiracy or coup. The United States’ entry into World War II in December 1941 forced an alliance with the Soviet Union that enabled the recruitment of communist militants into the US military. At the end of the Second World War, in 1945, and the beginning of the Cold War against the USSR, the official US “truce” with the CPUSA ended and an anti-communist psychosis was exacerbated by the alleged discovery of “Soviet espionage networks” and the denunciation of a growing power of the communists in the industrial trade union sector. Then came the McCarthy or witch-hunt period, one of the most shameful episodes in the legal history of the United States, which included the political murder of the couple Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, of sedition and conspiracy to overthrow the government a hate crime that still cries out for justice. A CubaNews translation by Walter Lippmann. More articles by: Weekend Edition April 19, 2019 Friday - Sunday Andrew Levine What Will It Take For Trump to Get His Due? 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In Praise of Inequality A disparity of income and wealth is good for us, as long as people can move up the ladder. </p> <p><script language="javascript" src="/scripts/billinc.js"></script></p> <p> In Winston Churchill 's oft-quoted formulation, "Democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have been tried." He could have said the same about capitalism. It may not be pretty, but it has turned out to be the least bad way of settling society's accounts. In this annual survey of the world's richest people, it's worth pausing to consider one ugly effect of capitalism. It creates a few very wealthy grandees--what the 1992 billionaires survey in FORBES called "the trickle-up phenomenon." And this phenomenon has generated a lot of envy among those less fortunate. Envy, though, is easier to bear than poverty. Socialism succeeded in lowering everybody's living standard. And the Third World today has greater economic disparities than the First. To be sure, billionaires tend to congregate in rich countries. All except one of the top ten countries in billionaire density have income per head above $22,000 a year (the exception is Saudi Arabia). But on the whole, income and wealth are more evenly distributed in affluent countries than in poor ones. A single number, called the Gini index--after economist Corrado Gini --sums up the degree of economic equality in a society. You draw a curve plotting the cumulative share of wealth (or income), y%, owned by the poorest x% of the citizens. If everyone has exactly the same money, the two numbers are always equal--the bottom 20%, for example, would have 20% of the pie--and the curve would be a straight line tipping up at a neat 45-degree angle. If, at the other extreme, Bill Gates owned every last dollar and the rest of us were broke, the line would go flat until the very last point, where it would lurch up at a vertical angle. All societies fall between these extremes. The Gini number is defined in such a way that it would equal 0 for the imaginary egalitarian society and 1 for the Bill-Gates-has-it-all society. Most developing countries have a Gini of 0.45 or higher. Nominally socialist China comes in at 0.40, alongside the U.S. (see table, below). Most of western Europe clusters around 0.30. We don't have a Gini handy for feudal England, but it would probably be at the high end of the scale. </p> <style> .red{color: #ac4908;} .box{border: solid 1px #000000;} </style> <p> Sources: The World Bank; Forbes.com. Rich and Poor The income gap is greater in the US than in Japan, but its easier in America to amass a fortune. Country Gini index Per capita GDP 2003 billionaires Canada 31.5 $22,379 15 China 40.3 845 0 France 32.7 21,751 13 Germany 30.0 23,098 43 Hong Kong 52.2 24,010 11 Italy 27.3 18,730 11 Japan 24.9 37,567 19 Mexico 53.1 5,817 11 Russia 48.7 1,697 17 South Korea 31.6 9,668 2 Spain 32.5 14,077 7 Sweden 25.0 25,705 5 United Kingdom 36.8 23,688 14 United States 40.8 36,144 222 Venezuela 49.5 4,981 2 In the West everybody is better off than people were in the days when the only way to subsist was by farming. Capitalism has produced a rising tide that has lifted all boats. But it has, no question, lifted some boats a lot more than others. These Gini numbers, mind you, measure wealth, not consumption. The Gates household is something like 150,000 times as rich as the average American household, but it does not spend 150,000 times as much on food and medicine. Taxes and philanthropy push the distribution of living standards a long way in the direction of equality. Do these two forces go far enough toward equality? That is the great debate for social philosophers. When President Bush announces his plan to cut taxes, his opponents greet the proposal with cries he is helping the rich. In Venezuela the divide between haves and have-nots has made the country virtually ungovernable. China's leaders have chosen to ride the capitalist tiger even if rapid economic growth leads to social tension. Economic inequality has two effects, one good, one bad and both named by economists Joseph Zeira, John Hassler and José Rodriguez Mora. The good one is the incentive effect. The greater the disparity between wealth and income, the harder people strive to be successful, and by their striving they enlarge the pie. The bad effect, called the distance effect, is that inequality begets more inequality--the children of the poor have to work harder to succeed, compared with the children of the rich. Just compare the schools in a deprived neighborhood with those in a better-class one. A society can choose to reduce the distance effect by taxing the rich and spending the proceeds on the poor. But in so doing it reduces the incentive to get ahead. European countries tend to have a lower Gini than the U.S.--and higher unemployment as well. In 1980 U.S. economic output per capita was just about the same as in France and Germany. Since then the per capita output in those countries has gone sideways, while in the U.S. it has climbed 50%. More than tax structures are at work, to be sure. Egalitarian South Korea has seen a fivefold gain in living standards in the past 22 years. Korea is not merely capitalist but also socially homogeneous, and a place where hard work, saving and education are prized. One lesson of all this is that societies where the spoils are more unevenly divided, such as the U.S., had better be mobile--or else. If a large enough number of people believe they have a fair shot at success, then they will put up with the megarich. But if large numbers feel stuck at the bottom, sooner or later they will explode. For now, mobility is making China safe for capitalism. The masses believe that plenty of people have become rich corruptly. But the Chinese economy still offers lots of legitimate business opportunities. Hong Kong has one of the widest disparities in income of any developed economy. Yet social unrest is unlikely. People there are too busy trying to enrich themselves. Mobility also is important at the top end. Consider these prophetic words about what was then Germany's forthcoming economic malaise, quoted in the FORBES billionaires survey of 1990. Too much German family wealth was kept in private hands, passed from one generation to another. According to Meinhard Miegel , then-director of IWG , a Bonn-based think tank: "As soon as someone starts enjoying his wealth, that's it, he's finished. The first generation is hungry, the second preserving, the third easygoing, the fourth wasting. We are entering the easygoing stage; we're not yet into wasting. Which means we are programming stagnation." In 1990 FORBES counted 38 billionaires in West Germany. Thirteen years later the number had edged up to 43, a 13% rise. The billionaire count jumped 111% in the rest of Europe and 124% in the U.S. As FORBES wrote in 1992: "We needn't love our billionaires, but we should be grateful we live in a society that keeps creating new ones."
Yield vs. Interest Rate: An Overview Yield is the earnings from an investment over a specific period. It will include the interest earned and the dividends received from a particular holding. Yield is the annual profit that an investor receives for an investment. For example, a lender might charge an interest rate of 10% for a one-year loan of $1,000. At the end of the year, the yield on the investment for the lender would be $100, or 10%. If the lender incurred any costs in making the loan, those costs would reduce the yield on the investment. Key Takeaways • Yield is the annual net profit that an investor earns on an investment. • The interest rate is the percentage charged by a lender for a loan. • The yield on new investments in debt of any kind reflects interest rates at the time they are issued. Yield refers to the return that an investor receives from an investment such as a stock or a bond. It is usually reported as an annual figure. In bonds, as in any investment in debt, the yield is comprised of payments of interest. In stocks, the term yield does not refer to profit from the sale of shares. It indicates the return in dividends for those who hold the shares. Dividends are the investor's share of the company's quarterly profit. For example, if PepsiCo (PEP) pays its shareholders a quarterly dividend of 50 cents and the stock price is $50, the annual dividend yield would be 4%. If the stock price doubles to $100 and the dividend remains the same, then the yield is reduced to 2%. In bonds, the yield is expressed as yield-to-maturity (YTM). The yield-to-maturity of a bond is the total return that the bond's holder can expect to receive by the time the bond matures. The yield is based on the interest rate that the bond issuer agrees to pay. Interest Rates The interest rate on any loan is the percentage of the principle that a lender will charge annually until the loan is repaid. In consumer lending, it is typically expressed as the annual percentage rate (APR) of the loan. As an example of interest rates, say you go into a bank to borrow $1,000 for one year to buy a new bicycle, and the bank quotes you a 10% interest rate on your loan. In addition to paying back the $1,000, you would pay another $100 in interest on the loan. That example assumes the calculation using simple interest. If the interest is compounded, you will pay a little more over a year and a lot more over many years. Special Considerations on Yield and Interest Current interest rates underpin the yield on all borrowing, from consumer loans to mortgages to bonds. They also determine how much an individual makes for saving money, whether in a simple savings account, a CD, or an investment-quality bond. The current interest rate determines the yield that a bond will bear at the time it is issued. It also determines the yield a bank will demand when a consumer seeks a new car loan. The precise rates will vary, of course, depending on how much the bond issuer or the bank lender wants the business. Interest rates constantly fluctuate, with the most important factor being the guidance of the Federal Reserve, which periodically issues a target range for a key interest rate. All other lending rates are essentially extrapolated from that key interest rate. Ultimately, interest rates are reflected in the yield that an investor in debt can expect to earn.
Jewellery or Jewelry? Well, both are correct. Jewellery is the correct spelling in British-English, whereas American English spells it jewelry. The word itself is derived from the old French word “jouel”. Whatever you say, Jewellery or Jewelry we are talking about exactly the same thing. We talk about consists of small pieces of precious gemstones and noble metals. But they are also made from simpler and everyday materials such as wood and glass. Jewelry has been worn by men and women since ancient times. They have used for a number of different reasons. For example, as a symbol of social status, or as an indication of wealth and social recognition. Jewelry was not only for personal use. Many civilizations in the past have stored and kept large amounts of wealth stored in the form of jewelry. Rings, necklaces, pendants, earrings, bracelets, cufflinks, and brooches, are the main jewelery set. Those sets can be attached to the body, the hair or even the clothes.
A basic guide to understanding the technology and using it to your advantage. Part 1 What is VoIP? VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol. Before we dive into VoIP let’s take a quick history lesson. We are all familiar with analog / POTS (plain old telephone service) phone lines. This service was provided by ILEC’s (Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier) like the Regional Bell Operating Company’s and AT&T or CLEC’s (Competitive Local Exchange Carrier) like XO Communications, MCI, Global Crossing, etc. When you wanted to make a phone call back then, you were using a pair of copper wires that went in and out of multiple CO’s (Central Office), thru a bunch of relays and ultimately borrowed for short term use of a pair of dedicated copper wires from point A to point B. Although we occasionally had problems, our alarm panels worked pretty good on these old fashioned POTS lines. Let’s jump forward. There are a few ways to define what VoIP is. Any technology that takes an analog audio signal, like a phone call or alarm signal, and converts it into a digital signal that can be transmitted over a IP connection. Any technology that allows an analog phone call or alarm signal to be carried across an Internet based or proprietary IP infrastructure network. I use the term proprietary IP infrastructure as Cable providers vow there services are not “VoIP” because the traffic is not carried across the Internet but rather their proprietary IP network. This may be in part a true statement however it’s misleading as the alarm signals are still being carried across their IP based infrastructure. Hence it’s still Voice over IP. Now that we know what VoIP is let’s take a look at how it works and more importantly why it doesn’t always work for security system’s and alarm communicators and how it can affect your central station alarm monitoring. How VoIP works can get into very complicated terms so let’s illustrate with a simple example. Do you remember using a microphone connected to your computer to record a message or a song? A computer uses samples of the sound and stores them in tiny bits on your computer. When you playback what you just recorded the computer attempts to take all the little bits or pieces of your message or song and assembles them together mostly in the correct order. VoIP uses somewhat the same technology whereas it takes your analog phone call or alarm message, breaks it down into small little bits, assemblies these bits into packets of data and prepares the packets for transmission. Once the packets are prepared they are sent across the Internet or proprietary IP infrastructure towards the ultimate destination. Once they are received, all these packets are collected and re-assembled back into some form of the original message. A single IP packet typically contains about 10 milliseconds of audio or alarm message. A typical alarm message can be 15 seconds. Based on that your alarm signal has been cut up into around 1000 bits or pieces. Those 1000 pieces are then transmitted across a IP path. At the destination all those 1000 pieces are collected and reassembled back into some semblance of the original message or alarm signal. Now that you have a basic understanding let’s take a simple look at the same idea in a different way. Take 1000 post cards and number all the cards 1 thru 1000. Address all the post cards to go “home” and leave them in numerical order. Now fly to any destination you want to visit on the other side of the country. Take all the post cards and drop them in the same mailbox at the same time. Fly back home and start checking the mail. Would you expect all 1000 post cards to arrive at the same time in the proper order? Probably not. What will realistically happen is the cards will arrive in random batch’s and groups on different days. There is a good chance one or two of the post cards will get lost. Now visualize repeating this process hundreds or thousands of times a day, how many failures would you expect? Alarm systems that are utilizing VoIP communications go thru that process every time it sends a signal. How many failures would you expect to see from the central station and how many problems with your alarm monitoring would you expect to see in a day? Next we will review why you should us VoIP. READ NEXT > For more information or to see how Command Alarm can help our independent alarm business succeed, contact us at: 855.226.7233 or INFO@COMMANDALARMMONITORING.COM Mike Riley {} is DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL STATION OPERATIONS at Command Alarm Monitoring, a national central alarm monitoring service, servicing independent alarm installers nationwide. facebook linkedin
How does it happen? The iliotibial band (IT band) is a thick band of tissue that runs along the lateral thigh. It crosses the hip and knee joints and helps control the leg angle leg when running. IT band friction syndrome occurs when there is pain over the outer side of the knee during running. Risk factors include a tight IT band, weak hip muscles, or foot over-pronation. With running, the repetitive rubbing of the iliotibial band over bursae causes pain. Where does it hurt? The pain can be felt over the outer part of the hip or knee joint. In the hip, the pain is sometimes reproduced if the affected leg is crossed. In the knee, the sharp pain can occur when squatting or going down stairs. When to Seek Immediate Medical Attention? If you are experiencing hip or knee pain associated with leg weakness, numbness, or shooting pain down the leg, you should seek medical attention for a thorough evaluation. What can you do? What can you not do? Apply a cold pack 10-15 minutes at a time to the painful area or take pain medications. It is helpful to reduce the duration and intensity of running and sports when you’re experiencing this pain. What can we do? You may be referred to see a sports physiotherapist who will evaluate your running biomechanics and teach you IT band stretching and leg strengthening exercises. Your doctor may prescribe pain medications for temporary relief. Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory medications that can be injected into the bursa to provide pain relief. Your physician may prescribe orthotics if it is determined that abnormal foot biomechanics is contributing to your IT band syndrome. IT band stretches Leg Strengthening Exercises
Table of Contents Big O notation Class Notation Description Constant complexity O(1) Most instructions are executed once Logarithmic complexity O(log N) Program becomes gradually slower with more input data Linear complexity O(N) Runtime increases linearly with input data Linear-logarithmic complexity O(N log N) Runtime is a bit more than doubled for doubled input (in devide and conquer algorithms) Quadratic complexity O(N2) Quadrupled runtime for doubled input Exponential complexity O(2N) Runtime grows expontentially for increased input. The performance of a system is not only dependent upon the theoretical complexity of the algorithms. It also depends upon its environment, e.g. the operating system, the compiler, runtime environment and the hardware. As all this factors cannot be reliably derived from theory an emperical analysis is necessary as well. Scientific method • How much faster? • What tried out with which effects? • Make experiments reproducible The purpose of optimization is to find a better approximation to the ideal runtime and resource consumption. The optimization process is a variant of the scientific method. It should be applied incrementally. 1. Start with the simplest possible solution for the required functionality 2. Analyze the performance and resource usage of the system 3. Identify the bottleneck 4. Define a testing scenario for the bottleneck (with best, average and worst case input data) 5. Apply the SCAMPER checklist to every instruction to find out a possibly better solution 6. Implement the improved solution 7. Rerun the testing scenario and compare the mutation with previous versions of the algorithm 8. Go back to step (5) until solution is good enough 9. Go back to step (2) until termination Algorithm engineering Books on this subject
William Henry Johnson eventually became one of the most decorated soldiers in World War I. His medals and military decorations came only eventually, however. He acted bravely and heroically in the Argonne Forest in May, 1918, killing multiple German soldiers and saving an American comrade, all the while being heavily wounded himself. The French military awarded him the Croix de Guerre, their highest honor. Johnson’s heroism was not recognized by the American military and American government until much later. Find out how much later, and why there was such a delay, listen to this Man Crush Monday episode! Buzzkill Bookshelf Max Brooks and Caanan White, The Harlem Hellfighters (2014).
The Origin Of Halloween Photograph: Justin Barlow How could someone have possibly dreamt up something so bizarre as Halloween? It’s one day in the whole year where people dress up and take to the streets to knock on strangers’ doors and ask them for sweets. I don’t know about everyone else, but when I was five I was told to run away if a stranger offered me a bag of pick-’n’-mix. And yet, many people revel in this opportunity to take advantage of their neighbours and stock up on a few weeks worth of chocolate. But, very few of the people who celebrate Halloween actually know why the day is so significant, nor why we go “trick-or-treat”-ing. It all started with Samhain, the Gaelic festival which marks the end of the harvest season and the beginning of winter. Between the sunset on the 31st of October and the sunset on the 1st of November, people in Ireland, Scotland, and the Isle of Man would acknowledge the transition of seasons. It was considered as a very liminal 24-hours, allowing spirits and fairies to enter the human realm. The people were afraid of these supernatural entities, and felt the need to appease the pagan gods and spirits of nature since they would decide whether their livestock survived the winter or not. To appease the spirits people left “treats” of food and wine on their doorsteps. The death of their livestock wasn’t the only thing these people were afraid of; the souls of the deceased were also thought to visit their homes. To prevent any harm coming to them, they would do two things. The first would be to have a large feast, in which they would invite their dead relatives to protect them. The second thing was to walk around with masks on, so that they looked like ghosts. That way the real ghosts wouldn’t be able to tell that they were human, and so they wouldn’t come to harm. Nowadays, we just wear costumes to scare our friends and have fun! So how did we get to the name “Halloween”? The idea is in the history but not the name. Well, Halloween is a contraction of “All Hallows’ Evening”, which takes place the day before the Western Christian feast on All Hallows’ Day. The feast takes place to remember deceased saints (hallows) and martyrs, as well as followers of Christianity who are no longer with us. The Christian Church used the notion of death from Samhain for their own uses. The idea is to laugh in the face of death, to confront and ridicule it – hence, in this instance, the need for scary costumes. During this medieval celebration of Halloween, two new traditions were brought into play: souling and guising. Souling was practiced on the 2nd of November, on “All Souls Day”, where people in poverty would beg for “Soul Cakes”, and in return would pray for dead people’s relatives. Meanwhile, guising was basically an olden-day version of the trick-or-treat we all know and love. People would dress up and exchange singing, poetry, or jokes for food. However, the term “trick-or-treat” didn’t come into being for a while afterwards, and largely focused on the “tricking” part. You might still be left wondering things like “what about traditions such as carving pumpkins?” Well, it didn’t start with the pumpkin, but the turnip. Whilst souling, the Catholic children used to carry turnip lanterns to represent the souls of the dead. In some parts of Great Britain, this was then transformed into a device for scaring people on the roads. Young boys would carve the gruesome faces into the lanterns, much as we carve witches and scary faces into our pumpkins today! Perhaps we would be surprised if full-grown adults were reduced to hysterics at the sight of a carved pumpkin, but, apparently, it actually used to happen. Today Halloween is a massive business and the second-most commercial holiday of the year. Perhaps it has lost it’s roots; I’m certainly not thinking of my livestock or deceased saints why I dress up, carve pumpkins, decorate my house, eat toffee apples, and egg my neighbour’s car. Regardless, it is still interesting to recognise the historical origins that modern-day fun is built upon.
pecky cypress Pecky Cypress Grain/Texture: Cypress has a straight grain and a medium texture. Endgrain: Resin canals absent; earlywood to latewood transition abrupt, color contrast medium; tracheid diameter large to very large. Workability: Overall, Cypress is easy to work with hand and machine tools, though sharp cutters ought to be used to prevent lifting of the grain. Also, the wood has been reported by some sources to have a moderate dulling effect on cutting edges. Cypress has good gluing, nailing, finishing, and paint-holding properties. Odor: Cypress has a distinct, somewhat sour odor while being worked. Common Uses: Exterior construction, docks, boatbuilding, interior trim, and veneer. Comments: Cypress is popular choice in construction applications where decay resistance is needed. Cypress trees develop unique aerial roots that protrude above the ground (or water), and are especially seen on trees growing in swamps. These structures are known as knees, and are sometimes harvested (on a small scale) and sold for woodcarving purposes. Pecky Cypress: Condition caused by a fungal attack that leaves long, narrow burrows or cavities in the wood. The fungus attacks mostly older cypress trees from the “canapy” or “umbrella” down. Once the tree is cut down, or harvested, the fungal attack stops, leaving the beautiful, unique pecky patterns.
What Components Make Up a Home HVAC System? Published on: September 30, 2014 Contractor thumbs up \| AC Southeast In order to properly care for your home HVAC system, it helps to know a little about the components it contains. The hot, humid weather around the Southeast places a lot of demand on your air conditioner in particular, but your furnace also works hard in cooler weather. Understanding your system and maintaining it correctly will help you prevent expensive the breakdowns all that stress can cause. HVAC is an acronym for “heating, ventilation and air conditioning.” For most homes in our area, that means a furnace, an air conditioner and a duct system that distributes air throughout the house. These systems are interconnected, and some of the same components are used by both the heating and cooling systems. The furnace is a large appliance that turns fuel or electricity into heat. It’s usually installed in the basement, attic or a closet. Gas, oil or another fuel is burned or electricity is drawn to create heat that warms the air passing through. The warm air is then blown into the duct system and out to your rooms. Today’s high-efficiency furnaces reach efficiencies of up to 98 percent. Because their exhaust fumes are cool, they need only a PVC pipe to release them outdoors. Their electronic ignition systems save fuel compared to a standing pilot light. Heat Exchanger Every furnace contains a heat exchanger. This component is typically made of steel sheet metal shaped as a plate or tube. Its job is to transfer heat. When the burners ignite and burn fuel, the heat exchanger heats up. It then transfers this warmth to the air flowing through it. The heat exchanger is one of the most important components in your home HVAC system and must be kept clean and free of cracks. Evaporator Coil The evaporator coil works with the air conditioner, but it’s physically attached to the furnace. This A-shaped aluminum component sits in a metal enclosure on the top or side of the furnace or inside the air handler. The evaporator coil works when the A/C is running. Cold refrigerant from the outdoor unit enters the coil, making the entire coil cold. The blower fan pulls warm air from your home over the coil. The refrigerant inside absorbs heat as the coil condenses humidity from the air. The air, now cooler and drier, continues down the ducts and to your rooms. Condensing Unit This is the large, square component that sits outside your home. It’s surrounded by thin aluminum fins and has a grate on top. Hot refrigerant gas coming from the indoor evaporator coil flows out to the compressor, a type of pump in the outdoor unit. This component increases the refrigerant’s pressure and temperature. The hot, high-pressure gas then flows to the condenser coils, which dissipates heat to the outdoor air. As the refrigerator gas cools, it turns back into a liquid. Refrigerant Lines The refrigerant lines are copper or aluminum tubes that carry refrigerant between the outdoor condensing unit and the indoor evaporator coils. HVAC air ducts are long conduits made of sheet metal, fiberglass or flexduct (plastic over a wire frame). They run through ceilings, walls, the attic, crawl space or basement, and/or garage and carry warm or cool air from the furnace or air conditioner. Because both heating and cooling systems depend heavily on the ducts, it’s important to keep the ducts well sealed and insulated. The vents are the points where ducts open into individual rooms. These are usually in the walls or floors, but can occasionally be found in ceilings. Supply registers are the small rectangular vents that deliver warm or cool air. Return vents, usually square and larger than supply registers, draw room air back into the home HVAC system to be re-heated or re-cooled. Because indoor air is already close to a comfortable temperature, recirculating it is more efficient than drawing air from outdoors. The thermostat controls the operation of your whole home HVAC system. Simple mechanical thermostats can be set to a particular temperature and will turn on the system as needed to maintain that particular temperature. Programmable thermostats can be programmed to maintain different temperatures for different times of the day and different days of the week automatically. If your home HVAC system needs professional care or you’d like tips on improving its efficiency, contact for help finding a contractor in your area.
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 74.djvu/600 From Wikisource Jump to navigation Jump to search This page has been proofread, but needs to be validated. OKEFINOKEE Swamp, which covers about 700 square miles of territory on the southern borders of Georgia, is one of the least known areas of its size in the eastern United States. Its existence has indeed been known to white men ever since the eighteenth century, but very few persons capable of giving an intelligent account of it have ever explored it. The earliest description of this swamp which we have is that of William Bartram. He never saw it himself, but passed near it in the spring of 1773, and seems to have gathered considerable information about it from the Indians and traders. In his celebrated volume of "Travels," published in 1791, we find the following description, which is such a curious mixture of truth and legend, and withal of so much historic interest, that it is worth quoting verbatim: The river St. Mary has its source from a vast lake, or marsh, called Ouaquaphenogaw, which lies between Flint and Oakmulge rivers, and occupies a space of near three hundred miles in circuit. This vast accumulation of waters, in the wet season, appears as a lake, and contains some large islands or knolls, of rich high land; one of which the present generation of Creeks[1] represent to be a most blissful spot of the earth; they say it is inhabited by a peculiar race of Indians, whose women are incomparably beautiful; they also tell you that this terrestrial paradise has been seen by some of their enterprising hunters, when in pursuit of game, who being lost in inextricable swamps and bogs, and on the point of perishing, were unexpectedly relieved by a company of beautiful women, whom they call daughters of the sun, who kindly gave them such provisions as they had with them, which were chiefly fruit, oranges, dates, &c., and some com cakes, and then enjoined them to fly for safety to their own country; for that their husbands were fierce men, and cruel to strangers: they further say, that these hunters had a view of their settlements, situated on the elevated banks of an island, or promontory, in a beautiful lake; but that in their endeavors to approach it they were involved in perpetual labyrinths, like inchanted land, still as they imagined they had just gained it, it seemed to fly before them, alternately appearing and disappearing. They resolved, at length, to leave the delusive pursuit, and to return; which after a number of inexpressible difficulties, they effected. When they reported their adventures to their countrymen, their young warriors were enflamed with an irresistable desire to invade, and make a conquest of, so charming a country; but all their attempts have hitherto proved abortive, never having been able again to find that enchanting spot, nor even any road or pathway to it; yet 1. According to Dr. William Baldwin, Bartram confused the Seminoles with the Lower Creeks.
Chat with us, powered by LiveChat Addiction FAQ’s What are the facts about Addiction and Drug Treatment? Most people who are suffering from addiction can't stop using drugs just because they want to. They won't feel OK until their bodies and brains stop feeling a need for the drug. Sometimes medicines can make it easier to stop taking the drug, without feeling sick. But getting the drug out of a person's system is just the first stage of treatment. People with addictions also need to change how they do things so they can live healthy lives again without drugs. Often they became so focused on getting and using drugs that: • They did not care for their family, their work, or their community. People with addictions often are in a lot of trouble for breaking rules and not keeping their promises. • They did not look after their health. People with addictions might not be eating or sleeping well, cleaning their teeth, or getting treated for infections. Their drug use might have caused health problems. • Things they used to enjoy no longer make them feel good. Drugs have made them stop caring about hobbies, interests, and friends. • Talking with doctors or counselors (people trained to listen and help you solve personal problems) or other people in treatment can help. Does Drug Treatment Work? Yes. People who get treatment and stick with it can stop using drugs. They can change their lives so they don't go back to taking drugs. But they have to try hard and for a long time. A person can make mistakes, feel bad, and start using drugs again. This is called a relapse. If that happens, the person should get back into treatment as quickly as possible. Relapse happens to a lot of people recovering from drug addiction. Stopping drug abuse is like trying to diet and lose weight. It's hard to learn to do things differently, like eat less, exercise more, and avoid some favorite foods. It's easy to slip up, eat too much, and gain back the weight. But then you have to try again. It's the same with quitting drugs. People with addictions might get treatment, slip up, and then go back to treatment many times before it works. It's important to get treatment for as long as you need it. What Is a Relapse? Sometimes people quit their drug use for a while, but start using again no matter how hard they try. This return to drug use is called a relapse. People recovering from addiction often have one or more relapses along the way. Drug addiction is a chronic (long-lasting) disease. That means it stays with the person for a long time, sometimes for life. It doesn't go away like a cold. A person with an addiction can get treatment and stop using drugs. But if he started using again, he would: • Feel a strong need to keep taking the drug. • Want to take more and more of it. • Need to get back into treatment as soon as possible. • He could be just as hooked on the drug and out of control as before. Recovery from addiction is a lifelong effort. Why Is It So Hard to Quit Drugs? Healing from addiction takes time. Making up your mind to stop using drugs is a big step. Being addicted makes you afraid of what will happen if you don't keep taking the drug. People often won't try quitting until they're forced to, because it seems too hard. When you stop using the drug, it upsets your body and brain. You might feel very sick for a while, and feel a very strong need to take the drug. It can be really hard to refuse to use the drug when you feel that bad. But you don't have to do it alone. Support groups, treatment programs, and sometimes medicines can help. You'll meet people who understand what you're going through, who can give you advice and cheer you on. Counselors can help you find medicines that make you feel less sick and reduce your cravings to use the drug. They can also teach you how to cope with problems without using drugs. After you've stopped using the drug, you still have a lot to do: • You have to relearn how to live without using drugs. • You have to work on the problems your drug abuse caused with your family, your job, your friends, and your money. • You have to stay away from people you used drugs with, and places where you used. • You have to learn what makes you want to take drugs again, so you can avoid or work on those things. • You may also need treatment for problems that led to your drug use, such as depression, anxiety or other mental health problems. What is a Trigger? A trigger is anything that makes a person feel the urge to go back to using drugs. It can be a place, person, thing, smell, feeling, or memory that reminds the person of taking a drug and getting high. A trigger can be something stressful that you want to escape from. It can even be something that makes you feel happy. People fighting addiction need to stay away from the triggers that can make them start using drugs again. Just like people with breathing problems need to avoid smoke and dust. How Does Drug Abuse Become Addiction? Not everyone who uses drugs becomes addicted. Each person's body and brain are different. So people react to drugs differently. Your relationships, surroundings, and stress can also make you more or less likely to become addicted. After you take a drug for a while, the feel-good parts of your brain get used to it. Soon, your brain and body must have the drug to just feel normal. But how does taking drugs become an addiction? Our brains want us to repeat things that we need or enjoy—like eating a good meal. That's why you want to eat more dessert than you know you should. That's why a little child often shouts "again!" when you do something to make her laugh. All drugs of abuse excite the parts of the brain that make you feel good. But, after you take a drug for a while, the feel-good parts of your brain get used to it. Then you need to take more of the drug to get the same good feeling. Soon, your brain and body must have the drug to just feel normal. You feel sick and awful without the drug. You no longer have the good feelings that you had when you first used the drug. What makes people more likely to get addicted to drugs? Contact Information Please call us toll-free at (800) 377-3495. for a confidential assessment and more information. You can also send an email to our Clinical Director Victoria Berman at She can also be reached at 800-544-5976 ext. 4. Our parent company is 800RecoveryHub. You can find us just about anywhere on social media by using 800RecoveryHub How do you find the right treatment center? With our free help! Call our confidential hotline at (800) 377-3495 to get help now. Confidential chat with our professional staff. Easy to complete our online confidential to get started today.
Whether you’re a journalism student wanting to learn security tips not taught in college classrooms, or a pro at keeping communications secure, the Electronic Frontier Foundation wants to make your activities online even safer from prying eyes. Each playlist includes a step-by-step guide for protecting and securing your private communications. Most start with a introduction to threat modeling, or understanding what information you want to protect and from whom. From there, the guides cover various other tools and services for particular situations, like “Things To Consider When Crossing The U.S. Border,” in the human rights defender playlist. The EFF’s SSD project also features a collection of tutorials to help people encrypt their phones, use PGP for different operating systems, and how to pick the best virtual private network. See also: NSA Whistleblower Edward Snowden: Keep Their Hands Off Our Data The organization’s guide doesn’t claim to protect people from every credible threat, but it does a good job of delineating what technologies and services are the most helpful and necessary to protect data from hackers or adversaries. After the Edward Snowden revelations, ongoing data breaches and personal information leaks, people are increasingly conscious of how and what they share online. Privacy hardware tools that aim to make data protection safe and simple have sprung up on the scene, just as quickly as their usefulness is debunked. With EFF’s suite of tools and resources, even the most novice user can begin to take steps to secure their data, and begin communicating with friends and colleagues in a safer, more indestructible way. Lead photo by JD Hancock on Flickr
Hypothermia in Elderly: A Winter Hazard an elderly couple walking in the snow The temperature is dropping colder at night. The chill can be felt through your coat as you wrap your arms around yourself to keep warm. You bundle up just to run out to the mailbox. Winter can be an inconvenience or a nuisance for those who dislike cold weather. But for the elderly, cold weather can be a serious health hazard. As we get older, our bodies become less efficient at regulating our body temperature. This puts many seniors, especially those over the age of 75, at risk of hypothermia. And getting hypothermia doesn’t necessarily mean they are outside for long periods of time, but it can happen within their own homes. Hypothermia is a dramatic drop in body temperature. Normal body temperature averages 98.6 degrees, while hypothermia is when the core body temperature drops below 95 degrees. If you suspect your loved one has hypothermia, they must get immediate care. The risks of hypothermia in the elderly from Aegis Living’s Chief Medical Officer, Dr. Shirley Newell. • Slower metabolism. Seniors have a more difficult time maintaining a normal body temperature. Even in their home, the risk for hypothermia increases if the room temperature dips below 65 degrees. • Chronic medical conditions. Many common diseases among the elderly can make it more difficult for seniors to stay warm. Conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, or an underactive thyroid can increase the risk factor. • Medications can affect body temperature. Some medications may change how the body regulates temperature. Seniors on antidepressants, nausea medications and some over-the-counter cold medications can make seniors more vulnerable to cooler temperatures. • Fixed income. Senior on a tight budget or in an effort to save money or be frugal may not use the heat or may not keep their home warm enough. How can hypothermia be prevented inside the home? Of course, the obvious answer is to keep their home warm. Check that their house is well-insulated and never let the thermostat dip below 65 degrees. Talk to their physician to see if their health, medical conditions, or medications are putting them at greater risk of hypothermia. Keep plenty of warm blankets handy and sweaters within an arm’s reach. If they have a fireplace or wood-burning stove, double-check their wood supply. How can hypothermia be prevented when outdoors? When outdoors, encourage your loved one to bundle up in proper attire to protect them from the cold, moisture, and wind using multiple layers of clothing. We suggest they wear a warm hat since large amounts of body heat can escape through your head. Maybe consider getting them a holiday gift of wool socks, hats, gloves, scarf, and thermal base layers for under their clothing to keep them extra warm and comfortable. During these cold months, it’s not advised for the elderly to work outside for long periods of time. Offer to help with yard work or hire help during the winter to assist them. Many of us would not think twice about getting hypothermia on a 60-degree day. But for our aged loved ones, they are at risk of hypothermia. On a day that you might not even wear a coat, they could be in danger.
― Anne Frank For centuries, candle-makers, or chandlers as they were known, were tasked with bringing light, warmth, and comfort to the cold, dark nights. The Science Of Candle Craft For much of history, candles were a valuable commodity only the wealthiest could afford. As a result, the chandlers' skills were highly sought after. Over time, their innovations harnessed new ingredients and techniques to create affordable, clean-burning, and long-lasting candles for the masses as well. Today, the art of candle-making is a multi billion dollar industry and candles are seen...
[huh-mol-uh-geyt, hoh-] verb (used with object), ho·mol·o·gat·ed, ho·mol·o·gat·ing. to approve; confirm or ratify. Nearby words 1. homoiothermic, 2. homoiousian, 3. homolateral, 4. homolecithal, 5. homolog, 6. homological, 7. homologically, 8. homologize, 9. homologous, 10. homologous chromosome Origin of homologate 1635–45; < Medieval Latin homologātus (past participle of homologāre < Greek homologeîn to agree to, allow); see -ate1 Related formsho·mol·o·ga·tion, noun British Dictionary definitions for homologation verb (tr) mainly Scots law to approve or ratify (a deed or contract, esp one that is defective) law to confirm (a proceeding, etc) to recognize (a particular type of car or car component) as a production model or component rather than a prototype, as in making it eligible for a motor race Derived Formshomologation, noun Word Origin for homologate C17: from Medieval Latin homologāre to agree, from Greek homologein to approve, from homologos agreeing, from homo- + legein to speak

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