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verb (used with object) (in systemic linguistics) to use a unit as a constituent of another unit of the same or lower rank on the rank scale, as in using the phrase next door within the phrase the boy next door or the clause that you met yesterday within the phrase the girl that you met yesterday. the process of rankshifting. Nearby words 1. ranking, 2. ranking member, 3. rankism, 4. rankle, 5. rankly, 6. ransack, 7. ransom, 8. ransom, john crowe, 9. ransome, 10. ransomware Origin of rankshift First recorded in 1960–65; rank1 + shift British Dictionary definitions for rankshift a phenomenon in which a unit at one rank in the grammar has the function of a unit at a lower rank, as for example in the phrase the house on the corner, where the words on the corner shift down from the rank of group to the rank of word to shift or be shifted from one linguistic rank to another
Our Body's Phase Angle? A Guide \| El Paso, TX. Skip to main content When it comes to body composition analysis and body composition testing, most tend to think about muscle mass and body fat percentages. However, today's medical BIA (bioelectrical impedance analysis) equipment does a lot more than that. Body fat percentages are only a small part of a body composition analysis. For body composition equipment utilizing Direct Segmental Multi Frequency-BIA technology (DSM-BIA), means that you are able to measure and monitor other valuable indicators of your health such as visceral fat, body water, segmental readings, and phase angle values. What’s Phase Angle? • Phase Angle or PhA allows us to see how the body is responding to changes in health - good or bad. • For example, people with cancer or who are malnourished have low PhA's. • PhA decreases with age. This is due to the body's slowed down capacity to repair cells quickly. • When ill, the Phase Angle goes down • When healthy the Phase Angle goes up. • When you boost your Phase Angle, aging slows down. Solving The Riddle of Phase Angle • PhA is a direct measurement of cell integrity and the distribution of water inside and outside the cell membrane. How Do You Measure Phase Angle? phase angle guide el paso tx. • In healthy humans, the cell membrane is made of a layer of non-conductive (insulator) lipid material that's between two layers of conductive fluids (the body's water). • Two conducting materials that surround an insulator are often referred to as a capacitor. • The cell membrane is a fortress with capacitor capabilities that prevent currents from entering the cells and other unwanted materials, e.g., toxins and waste. • This means healthy cells/tough capacitors better prevent unwanted substances from entering. In Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) • PhA means the relationship between resistance and reactance. • This falls into lean body mass and body cell mass • Lean Body Mass (LBM) is the total weight of the body's organs, skin, bones, body H2O, and muscles. • Describes the entire body weight minus body fat. • Also referred to Fat-free mass. • Resistance is when a conductor transfers the energy of an electric current. • Greater the conductor, lower the resistance. • Low resistance/associated with large LBM. • High resistance/associated with low LBM. • A person that has sizeable lean body mass has a lot of body water, which means greater conductivity of the current and less overall resistance. • Reactance measures the cells’ ability to store energy. • The body has high reactance if the cells can store energy easily and has low reactance if it saves energy poorly. • Healthy cells with healthy cellular membranes hold the electrical energy charge longer. • Impedance is the sum of resistance and reactance. • Measuring PhA and cell health can be done with a Bioelectrical impedance device, which assesses cell membrane health. • To measure impedance, a small alternating current is run into the body, which then measures the effects on the current caused by the body. • 50 KHz is considered ideal to maximize reactance and determine the point where the most potent cells resist the current. • As current travels through your body, the body's water will naturally resist the flow of the current and this is referred to as resistance. • When current encounters a cell, the cell wall causes a delay, as the voltage builds up, in order to pass through the cell wall while the current continues instantly. • This brief time delay, which is caused by the cells is compared to the amount of water, which provides us with a PhA. • Impedance is a combination of these two values. Phase Angle and Overall Health phase angle guide el paso tx. Tracking your PhA, allows you to gain a more precise picture of your health, as it examines cell health/integrity and the amount of water inside. • Higher PhA values mean greater cellular integrity and reflect better cell health. • Low PhA, is predictive of decreased muscle strength, compromised quality of life, and increased mortality in older adults with cancer. • Low phase angles are consistent in individuals with malnutrition, HIV/AIDS, cancer, and chronic alcoholism. How To Know If My PhA Is Normal? Certain factors can influence PhA such as (Age, Gender, BMI) but there are differences in PhA's across different populations. Which means that PhA values tend to differ based on the BIA equipment being used. Example of a Phase Angle Reading Utilizing The InBody 770: What everyone needs to know is that phase angle depends on the individual makeup of everyone. The Connection Between My Body's Composition & Phase Angle • Improving body composition helps increase phase angle. • Improving body composition through nutrition, exercise or both. Lifestyle Factors That Can Impact Phase Angle are: • Exposure to toxins • Eating processed food • Not getting enough sleep • Stress of all types (Emotional, Physical, Mental) • Not enough exercise or physical activity • Excess of caffeine, alcohol, sugars Phase Angle Increase May Result From: • Muscle mass gain • Inflammation reduction along with body fat reduction Phase Angle Decrease May Result From: • Muscle tissue loss • Increased inflammation Phase Angle In A Clinical Practice A study, monitoring PhA values in a hospital setting found that it helped identify nutritionally at-risk patients quickly, thus saving the staff time, as the patients did not have to answer the in-depth nutritional questions. Instead, they took a quick BIA. Phase Angle Takeaway • PhA values can be highly informative of what is going on in one's body. • PhA can help in identifying health risks/issues • Track lifestyle change progress • Medical Clinics can use PhA to help create custom treatment and health care plans Functional Medicine * Functional Medicine * Chronic Disease Insights & Assessment Today's Chiropractic Trending: Back Pain Insights Location Near You
• en • it • es • ru • fr English Adjectives to Describe Places We all like to travel and city breaks (short holidays) to foreign cities are very popular. A lot of my travelling is in Europe and it always amazes me how cities differ from country to country. The following are English adjectives to describe places. So when you are next travelling, try and put your destination in to one of these categories. Learn English Adjectives to Describe places. How to describe places in English. Intermediate level English vocabulary. #englishlessons #englishteacher #englishlanguage #ingles #vocabulary English Adjectives to Describe Places Many cities can be described as beautiful or interesting but it does not tell us the truth about that city. The following English words can be used to give a more detailed description. We have all visited this type of city. Full of gift shops and tourist buses. It is not necessarily a negative but we may not like cities that are too busy and often the prices in cafes and restaurants are inflated (high). There are many different dictionary meanings to this word. It can mean sophisticated and free from national prejudice. So it may be difficult to find a true cosmopolitan city anywhere! However, it is simplest definition it is a city that has sophistication and is occupied and visited by people from all nationalities. London would be such a city. This word usually describes something or somebody as interestingly old fashioned or odd. We could used this word to describe the small old cities that have avoided or escaped any real modernisation and still have the old features of previous centuries.The old centre of Tallinn in Estonia is such a city. This certainly indicates a city with the charm of an ancient city with the spirit of the middle ages. Old ramparts (castle walls) and wooden buildings. There are not so many cities remaining like this but some cities in part still retain these old features. I think Carcassonne in South West France is an ideal example of a city with beautiful medieval fortresses. English Adjectives to Describe Places - Infographic English Adjectives to Describe Places. Useful English vocabulary. www.englishlessonviaskype.com #learnenglish #englishlessons #английский #angielski #nauka #ingles #Idiomas #idioms #English #englishteacher #ielts #toefl #vocabulary #ingilizce #inglese Enjoyed this infographic? Here’s what you can do next: Share on facebook Share on whatsapp Share on twitter Share on vk Such cities are easy to find. Modern re-building and renovations often give these type of cities a similar look and feel and can lose their uniqueness (individuality). However, there can be a beauty about these cities in terms of the high skyscrapers and glass buildings that are an all too often feature of these cities. Although I haven’t yet visited it myself I would believe the city of Brasilia in Brazil fits the bill (ideal example) as it was purpose built to contain all the presidential and government offices. It was built from scratch (from nothing). Without describing the architecture or the historic nature of a city we can still find appropriate adjectives to describe other cities that we visit. For example, a LIVELY city is a city full of life, lots of activities both during the day and at night. Some cities take on a different appearance in the evening with street cafes, bars and other night life activities (clubs and discos). I would describe Dublin the capital of Ireland as that type of city. city is one full of people, trade and business which is active all day. Street markets noisy traffic and people everywhere. This describes many Asian cities and pictures of busy cities in India like Calcutta come to mind as I am writing this. It is hard to find a city that has been UNSPOILED (escaped change) by recent modern developments and still retains (keeps) its old world charms. However, we usually use such a word to describe parts of the nature or forests or parks near our cities. Older cities full of old world charm (no high rise buildings) are often recognized by the narrow, meandering streets (long narrow streets going from left to right in gentle curves) and rambling lanes (small streets that last for ever!). So the next time you have a holiday or a take a short trip discover what type of city you are visiting!! We can help you speak better English More Information For more information in English Expressions, English Phrasal Verbs and English Grammar Rules, check ou the following links: IELTS Vocabulary about Crime Expressions with GET you need to know Popular Travel Phrasal Verbs in English English Adjectives to Describe Places - Image to share English adjectives to describe places. Touristy, modern, contemporary, lively. www.englishlessonviaskype.com #learnenglish #englishteacher #vocabulary #hoctienganh #ingles #ingilizce #английский Share on facebook Share on email Share on twitter Share on vk Close Menu
“How can I ask my friends not to talk unkindly or inappropriately about others?” “How can I ask my friends not to talk unkindly or inappropriately about others?” Liahona, February 2018 Questions & Answers Gossip, unkind words, vulgarity—you’ve probably heard all of these things while walking your school hallways. Sometimes your friends are the ones participating, and you might feel uncomfortable and unsure of how to respond, but you can make a difference by being a good example. Although it isn’t fun to stand up to others, remember that “profane, vulgar, or crude language or gestures, as well as immoral jokes, are offensive to the Lord and to others.”1 And even when said in jest, unkind words still hurt. If your friends say inappropriate or unkind things about others, “good-naturedly encourage them to choose other words. If they persist, politely walk away or change the subject.”2 Explain that you believe that every person is a child of God and should be respected accordingly. Choose to be a supportive friend to everyone rather than an enemy who criticizes and puts others down. Your strong example will be a helpful model for your friends. For the Strength of Youth teaches that “clean and intelligent language is evidence of a bright and wholesome mind.”3 Let your words reflect your beliefs, and the Spirit will stay with you to provide guidance in these difficult situations. And stand assured—true friends will respect you for your decision to use clean, uplifting language that emphasizes the positive qualities of others. Help Each Other to Stay Positive My friends and I got bracelets, and every time one of us said something mean about another person, we would flick the speaker’s bracelet. This was a good constant reminder to keep our thoughts and words positive. Caroline J., age 18, Utah, USA Ask for God’s Help Prayer will help you get strength from God to know how to speak to others. First, ask the Lord to know what to say to your friends. Also ask Him to help your friends understand the importance of looking at everyone as beloved children of Heavenly Father. Emphasize the importance of seeing the best in people and not saying bad things about them. Victória Kércia M., age 19, Piauí, Brazil Embrace Differences with Love My friends must know that because we each have different strengths, we can benefit one another. In spite of people’s imperfections, we must always have more love for them, and we must also believe in the power to change that is found in the Savior’s atoning sacrifice. Esther M., age 19, Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of the Congo Be Direct You can just tell your friends nicely, “Hey, stop that. I don’t appreciate it,” or “Please don’t talk like that. That is rude.” After all, one of two great commandments is to “love thy neighbour as thyself” (Matthew 22:39). Clayton P., age 14, Arizona, USA Change Their Perspective You can simply tell them that what they are doing is not correct and that they should try to make someone happy rather than sad. You could even ask them how they would feel if they were the ones receiving unkind remarks from other people. Help them see the situation from another perspective. By helping other people be better, you will be able to feel the Spirit more often, and the Lord will bless you for your righteous actions. Darren O., age 15, Utah, USA Have Courage Just like Esther, Joseph Smith, Joseph of Egypt, and many other scriptural figures, you can have the courage to stop your friends from speaking inappropriately about others. I was going through the same situation, and I had the courage to talk to my friends in a loving and understanding way. In the end, they accepted and understood how important it is to use pure and worthy language! Besides reading the scriptures and praying, fasting helps a lot in those situations. Pray and ask with faith that our Heavenly Father will give you the courage to speak and touch the hearts of your friends. Paola H., age 17, San Salvador, El Salvador Be an Example The best way to do this is by setting the example. Take the initiative to say good and positive things about whoever is being talked about. You will be amazed by how fast the conversation can change. Elder Eads, age 24, Korea Seoul South Mission Explain the Drawbacks Tell your friends how many positive experiences and interactions with other people they are missing out on. Explain that saying curse words is not good because it distances you from other people and pollutes your mind. Plus, good people avoid you if you use bad language. Elisa Ferreira S., age 16, Minas Gerais, Brazil 1. True to the Faith: A Gospel Reference (2004), 128. 2. True to the Faith, 129. 3. For the Strength of Youth (booklet, 2011), 20.
Common Name: Cayenne Latin Name: Capsicum minimum A very hot pepper Capsicum’s name is derived from the Greek word, “to bite”. Legendary for its curative properties its helps to maintain well-being, and is a favourite for both medicinal and culinary purposes. Supreme for warming the system, cayenne gets the blood circulating; through cold fingers, toes and other extremities, providing an overall sense of warmth to the system. Cayenne is also very nutritious; peppers in general contain iron, phosphorous, calcium, B-complex and more vitamin C than oranges. Easy to grow, it is a perennial first introduced to Britain from India, but does well in North American climates. Parts Used: Fruit Constituents: Capsaicin, carotenoids, flavonoids, essential oil, vitamin C Actions: Stimulant, febrifuge, carminative, tonic, sialagogue, rubefacient, anti-septic Medicinal Uses: Cayenne is the most useful of the systemic stimulants. Its warming, circulatory stimulating properties are safe and effective tonic for the heart, regulating blood flow, and strengthening the arteries, capillaries and nerves. Capsicum is a great digestive aid by stimulating the release of both saliva and stomach enzymes. Externally, it is a potent analgesic as it sends messages to the brain to release endorphins, the body’s “feel good” hormones. Its effectiveness as a rubefacient aids in topical pain relief for arthritis, bursitis, and muscle and joint aches. Used in first aid it helps to stop bleeding. Used In: Heat Rub
"Figure 10: Proportion of suicide by method, females, England and Wales, registered between 2001 and 2017","" "","" "","" "Notes","1. The National Statistics definition of suicide is given in ""Things you need to know about this release"" section of this bulletin. 2. 'Other' category includes methods of suicide such as firearm, contact with sharp object and jumping/lying in front of a moving object. 3. Figures are for persons aged 10 years and over. 4. Deaths of non-residents are included in figures for England and Wales. 5. Figures are for deaths registered, rather than deaths occurring in each calendar year. Due to the length of time it takes to complete a coroner's inquest, it can take months or even years for a suicide to be registered. More details can be found in the Quality and methodology section. 6. Table 19 in the reference table, named 'Suicide in the United Kingdom', has more information regarding definitions. " "Unit","Percentage" "","" "","Drowning","Fall and Fracture","Poisoning","Hanging","Other" "2001","7.3","2.8","49.0","26.6","14.3" "2002","7.4","4.1","48.3","26.1","14.1" "2003","7.3","4.1","46.3","26.9","15.4" "2004","6.6","3.5","46.1","28.2","15.6" "2005","6.9","4.9","43.4","30.6","14.2" "2006","6.8","3.9","40.3","34.1","14.9" "2007","6.2","3.9","39.6","33.9","16.4" "2008","7.1","4.9","36.3","37.8","13.8" "2009","6.9","3.0","35.4","38.4","16.3" "2010","5.7","3.3","36.9","37.7","16.4" "2011","6.4","4.3","38.1","35.0","16.3" "2012","5.7","4.1","39.9","37.5","12.8" "2013","5.7","3.7","36.6","41.6","12.4" "2014","5.8","4.1","35.1","42.0","12.9" "2015","5.7","3.9","32.2","45.0","13.2" "2016","4.8","4.6","33.6","45.3","11.7" "2017","5.2","3.1","36.8","42.8","12.1"
Madhubani Paintings You are here Home » Glossary » Madhubani Paintings Madhubani Paintings Madhubani Painting Madhubani painting or Mithila art is a 2500-year-old Indian art form having its origin in the Mithila region of Bihar and Nepal. Madhubani paintings are said to have their origins during the period of Ramayana. It is believed that King Janaka had once expressed his desire to get Princess Sita’s wedding captured in the form of a painting. The result was what we call Madhubani painting today. This art form was practiced in the mud walls and floors of the homes in Bihar. A massive earthquake hit Bihar in 1934, thus leading to the discovery of this art form. British Colonial officer William G. Archer happened to run into one of these paintings while he was looking into the damage caused by the earthquake in the interior walls of homes in Bihar. How are Madhubani paintings made? Artists use bright colours extracted from natural dyes in these paintings. They are created using fingers, twigs, matchsticks and even pen nibs in modern times. It is difficult to spot any blank space in these paintings. Rice paste is used to make outlines of the framework. The border is usually enhanced with geometric and floral patterns. Popular Themes and Designs The figures depicted through these paintings have protruding fish-like eyes and pointed noses. Themes revolve around Hindu deities and natural elements such as bamboo tree, parrot, turtle, fish sun, moon, and lotus. Artists also draw complex geometric patterns to delineate love, devotion, and prosperity. These paintings depict ritual content for special occasions, ceremonies and festivals from mythology like Ramayana. Present Scenario Women like Mahalaxmi, Dulari and Karpuri Devi (sister-in-law of known artist Mahasundari Devi) from Ranti village of Bihar have kept this traditional art form alive in more ways than one. They have not only taught other women about this alluring art form but also created awareness on how to take the legacy forward. At present, the Mithila museum of Japan showcases their splendid work of art. Available at Delhi : Ambapalu Bihar Emporioum, Dilli Haat, Sutasta, State Emporiums CP Madhubani Paintings 3 (60%) 1 vote Get Listed With Shopkhoj
Do you have a cold, flu or pneumonia? (NC) Our ability to breathe is often taken for granted until it's compromised. When wintertime illnesses take the air out of your lungs, it helps to know what you have so you can treat it accordingly. While your healthcare provider is the best source of information for your specific disease, here is a cheat sheet from The Lung Association to help you sort through the symptoms and get back to breathing. Common cold. This is the most common respiratory illness and the least severe one. The common cold is contagious and since it's caused by a virus, no antibiotic will treat it. Symptoms include sore throat, cough that can last up to two weeks, runny nose, congestion, feeling tired and run-down, sneezing, mild headache, mild soreness and achy muscles. Treat the symptoms with over-the-counter medication. If you have a lung disease, do not take cough or cold medicine unless approved by your doctor. Influenza (flu). Caused by the influenza virus, the flu is more serious than the common cold and infects the lungs, throat and nose. Symptoms include sudden fever or feeling feverish, chills, cough, sore throat, loss of appetite, muscle aches, fatigue, runny nose, sneezing and watery eyes. Talk to your doctor about medication to treat the flu. If you have asthma or COPD, follow the advice in your action plan. You may have to take extra medicine to control your symptoms. Pneumonia. Unlike the common cold and flu, pneumonia settles in your lungs where the germs, bacteria or virus cause inflammation. This makes breathing a struggle. Of the three diseases, this is the most serious one and should be treated as such. Symptoms include fever, cough, phlegm, shortness of breath, feeling very tired and unwell and chest pain. Antibiotics are the best solution for pneumonia caused by bacteria. Seek medical treatment if you experience difficulty breathing. All three sicknesses have some similarities in terms of prevention, such as avoiding contact with sick people, washing your hands and quitting smoking. Flu vaccine is also great way to prevent the flu. Two treatments that work for all are plenty of fluids and rest. Not only will rest and staying home from work speed up your recovery, you will avoid spreading your germs further and your co-workers will thank you. Find more information at
Pindar frontispiece west welsted "Victory Odes" circa 500 BCE - 440 BCE Why is it canonical? Pindar was one of the great lyric poets of the Greece, and his "Victory Odes" are all that survive of his work intact. The are, however, also his most well known, lauded, and cited works. These works have been read for centuries as exemplars of Archaic Greek lyric poetry. Images and Videos Pindar frontispiece west welsted Frontispiece showing Pindar of Pindarou Olympia, Nemea, Pythia, Isthmia (1697) Pindar's odes in Greek with a word for word translation into English. Full English translations of all Pindar's odes and other surviving works.
Skip to main content How To Recognise Dyslexia In Your Child 7 Ways to recognise potential Dyslexia in kids With the advent of technology in the field of science and medicine, the quest of finding prevention measures and cure for the eradication of even the most complex and fatal diseases like cancer, has emerged as an achievable target. Just like drops of water eventually lead to an ocean, similar is the analogy for the development of any disease in the human body. During early stages, it is the human senses that are alarmed first. If the individual is cautious enough to understand such symptoms, the disease can ultimately be ceased. A disorder which hinders the ability of learning and reading certain languages, Dyslexia, also known as ‘reading disorder’ is one of the concerns that needs to be looked upon. The diagnosis of this disorder at the earliest is of utmost importance. Seven signs to recognise potential Dyslexia in kids are: 1. Late Onset of speech in Infants The expected age for an infant to start talking, i.e. when he/she speaks the very first word, is around 6-8 months. Babies learn from the sounds they hear frequently and as Dyslexia weakens the aural and visual senses, it often delays the start of speech in infants. 2.Trouble in pronunciation due to defect in acoustic sense The basis of dyslexia is the lack of phonological awareness in the child. The ability to distinguish between different sounds and mixing various sounds and words are the prime symptoms. This hikes the difficulty in understanding the phonemes related to the words and letters. 3.Reluctance to read even small paragraphs or sentences If the child gets frustrated or refuses to read aloud often, this indicates that he/she may have problem in recognising the words and sounds distinctly. If the child often skips words in sentences, it might be a possible case of Dysgraphia. 4.Trouble with basic grammar and languages Dyslexia is a cognitive disorder, it is not related to intelligence in any way. Even though the child is willing to learn and knows the language, he makes such mistakes without much of his knowledge. This makes him/her lack behind in academics as compared to other fellow classmates. 5. Difficulty in mathematics The child may have problems with basic math operations and numbers, probably because of utter confusion. This can be a case of Dyscalculia, where it is difficult to visualise numbers and count them serially. 6.Slow processing speed in general tasks Due to the trouble in recognising and distinguishing different sounds and characters, the kid requires a lot of time in understanding even the basic of questions and tasks. Their skill-sets differ from their peers. They may take unusually long to come to terms with seemingly normal practices, that come easily to their counterparts. But they may be super- fast and way ahead of their fellow mates in certain activities like painting, sketching, a sport, or Math. -look out for what they are. 7.Signs of depression and loneliness Due to the feeling of being left out and being the odd man out in the crowd, these kids tend to separate themselves from the society. Frustration and short temper is a common case in such scenarios. Dyslexia is not lack of intelligence or being unable to express, it is the difficulty with phonological processing, spellings and sometimes, timely responding to visual signals. If this is recognised early, the kids can be assisted in learning right from the basic level, by special teaching techniques, programs, and many other sources that help him match up to the level of his fellow mates. Everyone lives life in his/her own way, understanding the world in this journey of unknown time-frame and purpose. It’s us, collectively as a society, that has to progress together, helping each other till the end. We must learn to appreciate, and not condemn the irregularities and differences between us, and let each freely nurture into a being. Accept? No, Celebrate Differences. Do you recognise these symptoms in someone you know? Popular posts from this blog Cut offs for Class 11 in Pune Schools and Junior Colleges - Stateboard Congratulations on your child's performance. Time to take the next step to chose between the three major fields Arts, Commerce and Science. Once that is done you need to figure out on which school / junior college fits in your score criteria and fees. SchoolFinder brings to you a consolidated view of the schools and colleges in Pune along with their respective cut offs and fees. School NameStreamsCommentsNew English School and Junior CollegeScience : 90.4%Fees for Science General : Rs. 100/- Electronics/ Computer Science : Rs. 34,800/- SNDT Kanyashaala and Jr. CollegeScience : 88.6% Commerce : 81.6%Fees for Science : Rs. 9836/- Commerce : Rs. 1836/-HHCP High School and Junior CollegeScience : 94.6% Commerce : 84.2Fees for Science General : Rs. 2700/- Electronics : Rs. 19500/- Commerce : Rs. 2700/-Nutan Marathi Vidyalaya High SchoolScience : 92.2%Fees for Science General : Rs. 2940/- Scooter and Motor Cycle Servicing/ Electronics/ Computer Science : Rs. 17940/-Smt. Susheela Bahudh… Difference between CBSE, ICSE, IGCSE, IB and State Board With the Beginning of admissions’ season across cities in India, parents face dilemma as which board would fit best for their young ones. India Schools offer both Indian and International Syllabi namely: 1. CBSE: Central Board of Secondary Education 2. CISCE: Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) 3. IB: International Baccalaureate 4. IGCSE: International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) Cambridge University 5. State Board:State Government Recognized Board Let’s consider each one of them…. A. CBSE Central Board of Secondary Education A Board which follows universal pattern is the first choice for parents with transferable jobs. CBSE affiliates all Kendriya Vidyalayas, all Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas, private schools, and most of the schools approved by central government of India Examination Pattern: All India Senior School Certificate Examination (AISSCE) for Class 10 and 12 Facts Total Number of Schools Affiliated with CBSE: 14808 Areas of Operati… The fact is that it happens so subtly that no one realizes. We send children to school with the noble intention that they would acquire the education that will help them to become successful individuals. Imagine if the exact opposite was happening? Children are more impressionable than you may imagine! And that is why they are very perceptive about peppy songs, idiosyncrasies or catchy one-liners mouthed by movie stars and everything else playing in that box in our living rooms we call TV. Same happens for them at school too. Apart from what they see and learn from the textbooks, it is also the surroundings at home and school and the behavior and attitude of the people around them that they pick up things from. All these later contribute in forming their values, beliefs and attitudes about and towards the various things in life. This silent education that seeps through subconsciously (largely) also stays the longest with the child. They outstay the chronological order of historical e…
Biological soil crust response to late season prescribed fire in a Great Basin juniper woodland View article. This study evaluated the effects of fire on biological soil crusts of early-seral juniper. Compared with unburned plots, the biomass of cyanobacteria was diminished under juniper and sagebrush; it was reduced in the interspaces in both burned and unburned plots, presumably in response to generally harsher conditions in the postburn environment. Nitrogen fixation rates declined over time in juniper plots and interspaces but not in sagebrush plots. Although fire negatively affected some biological soil crust organisms in some parts of the early-seral juniper woodland, the overall impact on the crusts was minimal. If the intent of burning is to reduce juniper, burning of early-seral juniper woodland is appropriate, as most affected trees were killed. Burning early-seral juniper may be preferred for controlling juniper encroachment on rangeland.
Cysteine Metabolism and Metal Toxicity Chronic, low level exposure to toxic metals is an increasing global problem. The symptoms associated with the slow accumulation of toxic metals are multiple and rather nondescript, and overt expression of toxic effects may not appear until later in life. The sulfhydryl-reactive metals (mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic) are particularly insidious and can affect a vast array of biochemical and nutritional processes. The primary mechanisms by which the sulfhydryl-reactive metals elicit their toxic effects are summarized. The pro-oxidative effects of the metals are compounded by the fact that the metals also inhibit antioxidative enzymes and deplete intracellular glutathione. The metals also have the potential to disrupt the metabolism and biological activities of many proteins due to their high affinity for free sulfhydryl groups. Cysteine has a pivotal role in inducible, endogenous detoxication mechanisms in the body, and metal exposure taxes cysteine status. The protective effects of glutathione and the metallothioneins are discussed in detail. Basic research pertaining to the transport of toxic metals into the brain is summarized, and a case is made for the use of hydrolyzed whey protein to support metal detoxification and neurological function. Metal exposure also affects essential element status, which can further decrease antioxidation and detoxification processes. Early detection and treatment of metal burden is important for successful detoxification, and optimization of nutritional status is paramount to the prevention and treatment of metal toxicity. Quig D. Altern Med Rev. 1998 Aug; 3(4):262-70. 9727078 PubMed. 1. movie review buy Write an reviews for me, writing help Write movie reviews services.. Buy movie reviews services., Buy cover latter help online.. Leave a Reply
Articles on Trolling Displaying 1 - 20 of 61 articles Trolls spread Russian disinformation campaigns across Europe and the U.S. Shutterstock Busting Russia’s fake news the European Union way The Europeans have something to teach the US about protecting citizens subject to Russian internet propaganda. Their effort isn't just a different form of propaganda. It's more like fact-checking. The Scream, by Kent Monkman (2016), is part of a traveling exhibition this year on colonized Canada: Shame And Prejudice: A Story Of Resilience. Kent Monkman Settlers with Opinions A leading Indigenous academic says too many Canadians take ugly pleasure in being ignorant about Indigenous issues. It's time for some straight talk about Settlers with Opinions. Katie Hopkins entering the Celebrity Big Brother house in 2015. Ian West/PA Archive/PA Images The people who abuse MPs online MPs come in for a lot of abuse online. But who are the haters and is the media partly to blame for the way it reports politics? Trolling is no longer confined to the darker corners of the internet, especially now the U.S. president himself is engaging in it. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon) Trolling ourselves to death in the age of Trump We're living in an alternate political universe of brazen lies and grotesque online spectacles of incivility. Who - or what - is to blame for trolling going mainstream? Trolls tend to downplay the impact of their abusive online behaviour on their victims and seem to relish the mayhem they cause. Let’s use this to help them lift their game. from How empathy can make or break a troll Trolls tend to know the impact they'll have, but don't seem to care. So, how do we use our new findings to help stop this seemingly pointless, harmful behaviour? We need to call out trolling for what it is: harassment and abuse. Dragana Gordic/Shutterstock The media dangerously misuses the word ‘trolling’ The media is doing the public a disservice by using the word "trolling" to describe more serious behaviours that should be defined as online harassment and abuse. Top contributors
Follow Us 12th Biology 2013 Set1 Delhi Board Paper Solution Question 23 Differentiate between inbreeding and outbreeding in cattle. State one advantage and one disadvantage for each one of them. SN Inbreeding Outbreeding 1 Mating of more closely related individuals Mating of unrelated animals 2 Mating is between animals of same breed for 4-6 generations If mating is b etween animals of sam e breed them there should be no common ancestor for 4-6 generations. 3 Mating is between same species. Mating can be between d ifferent species. Advantage of inbreeding It increases homozygosity so is used for developing pure lines. Disadvantage of inbreeding It causes inbreeding depression, due to that decline in survival and reproduction occur. Advantage of out breeding It produces hybrids with desirable characters like better lactation period and high milk productions. Disadvantage of inbreeding It causes outbreeding depression, that is decline in reproductive fitness,purelines are aslo created in outbreeding.
The Arduino 101 came out recently, and it has built-in "Bluetooth Low Energy" capabilities. The tutorials and code examples that can be found for the 101 all seem to be about transmitting data, but I can't find anything about receiving data. I've tried to go through the source code of the CurieBle library to find some hints, but I feel a little overwhelmed/lost. Could someone point me to a code example which demonstrates how to do this? Context: I was previously using an HC-05 module paired with an Arduino Nano in order to receive data. In this case it is quite easy to connect the HC-05 to the Nano's digital pins and receive data like so: #define RxD 7 // This is the pin that the Bluetooth (BT_TX) // will transmit to the Arduino (RxD) #define TxD 8 // This is the pin that the Bluetooth (BT_RX) // will receive from the Arduino (TxD) SoftwareSerial blueToothSerial(RxD,TxD); void setup() { // Allow Serial communication via USB cable to computer pinMode(RxD, INPUT); // Set up the Arduino to receive INPUT from the HC-05 on Digital Pin 7 pinMode(TxD, OUTPUT); // Set up the Arduino to send OUTPUT to the HC-05 on Digital Pin 8 void loop() { char recvChar; while(1) { if(blueToothSerial.available()) { recvChar = blueToothSerial.read(); Serial.print("Read character: "); // Print the character received to the Serial Monitor Is there equivalent, and equally simple, code available, which would do the same thing via the BLE built into the Arduino 101? According to the Arduino Callback LED tutorial, you can use the dedicated library to access the BLE features of the board. All the Curie Libraries are covering the new Arduino/Genuino 101 embedded characteristics . In your case you must incluse the CurieBLE.h and configure the bluetooth service with Read/Write access. Have a look to this page for a complete sample. It seems the 101 only supports Bluetooth LE stack and not the full Bluetooth stack including RFCOMM, virtual com port. This means there is no proper supported way, but it seems people are working on workarounds. It's possible to using HC-05 with Intel 101. I worked on the pin 0, 1, as the Serial1 class. • 1 I don't understand what you are trying to say. Can you please elaborate. – sa_leinad Jun 11 '18 at 12:09 Your Answer
Water Problem in HUDA Sectors Due to increasing temperature and heat, demand of water has gone up very high in all sectors of HUDA as well as other areas. Few reason behind water shortage :- - Long power cuts (Situation has gone from bad to worst due to long power cuts because tube wells do not have hotline power supply) - Wastage of water (on cleaning of cars, corridors, house, etc.) - Decreasing of ground water level - Too much over extraction - Non implementation of Rain Water Harvesting schemes In last few decades we have wasted water like anything and neither follow the rules nor taken the initiative to recharge ground water. Due to modernization we have created big concrete jungle and left no open space so that ground water recharge takes place when rain comes. Actually rain water harvesting has not been implemented with strict enforcement. The best way to recharge the ground water is to make provision for rain water harvesting in every household and it must be a condition when government agencies give their permission to construction the house. For existing residential areas government should invite NGO and RWA to start applying method of rain harvesting. Still if we did not awake and don't stop wastage of water in coming 2-3 decades we may not have the water and the city will become like a desert.
Plaque and Tartar: Knowing the Difference July 30, 2018 We all know plaque and tartar are both undesirable things to have on your teeth, but if you’re like many of our patients, you might be confused about what differentiates the two from one another. Both are products of excess bacteria on your teeth, and luckily, both are treatable! However, knowing the differences can help you better understand why daily dental hygiene and biannual checkups are so crucial to prevent plaque and tartar buildup. What is Plaque? That unsavory sticky, soft film you may feel on your teeth throughout the day is plaque. The more you eat and drink, the more it coats your pearly whites, leaving a less than fresh sensation. Unfortunately, bacteria love making this film their home. When you eat, the leftover particles that stick to your teeth become food for the bacteria. Some foods are worse offenders than others—high carb and sugary meals especially—though the bacteria aren’t picky. As they feed on your meal, the bacteria give off acids that erode your teeth’s enamel over time. This can lead to gum disease and cavities if left unchecked. The best way to prevent plaque buildup is to keep up with your daily dental hygiene routine—brushing twice and flossing once a day. You can also chew sugar-free gum after meals and stay hydrated throughout the day by drinking plenty of water to keep bacteria at bay, though that doesn’t mean you can skip brushing and flossing! What is Tartar? Tartar is what forms when plaque hardens on your teeth due to being left there too long. The longer plaque stays there, the more time is has to solidify into a substance that is much more difficult to remove. Brushing and flossing at home won’t cut it—you will need to visit your dentist to get a full cleaning. This is one of the many reasons why seeing your dentist every 6 months is so important! Tartar buildup that is left unchecked can lead to noticeable problems including: • Tooth discoloration • Tooth sensitivity • Gum disease Making it a habit to brush and floss everyday can stop too much tartar from forming, while regular checkups can remove any lingering buildup. Why Have a Checkup Every 6 Months? As much as we love seeing our patients, we wouldn’t recommend biannual dental visits if there weren’t other good reasons! Your 6-month checkup is the time to make sure your oral hygiene routine is working and to check up on the overall health of your mouth. Your dentist will monitor your teeth and gums for tartar buildup, and your hygienist will give you a professional cleaning to get rid of it—though the cleaning will be a lot less unpleasant if you do most of the work for us! Remember, the longer tartar sits on your teeth, the more damaging it gets. All the more reason to never skip a cleaning again. Leave a Reply
My Homepage Apparent Leg Length Discrepancy Having one leg shorter than the other is a common physical condition. It has two primary causes--structural or functional problems. Structural differences in length can be the result of growth defect, previous injuries or surgeries. Functional differences in length can result from altered mechanics of the feet, knee, hip and/or pelvis. These altered mechanics from functional leg length discrepancy often stem from having an unbalanced foundation.Leg Length Discrepancy The causes of LLD are many, including a previous injury, bone infection, bone diseases (dysplasias), inflammation (arthritis) and neurologic conditions. Previously broken bones may cause LLD by healing in a shortened position, especially if the bone was broken in many pieces (comminuted) or if skin and muscle tissue around the bone were severely injured and exposed (open fracture). Broken bones in children sometimes grow faster for several years after healing, causing the injured bone to become longer. Also, a break in a child?s bone through a growth center (located near the ends of the bone) may cause slower growth, resulting in a shorter extremity. Bone infections that occur in children while they are growing may cause a significant LLD, especially during infancy. Bone diseases may cause LLD, as well; examples are neurofibromatosis, multiple hereditary exostoses and Ollier disease. Inflammation of joints during growth may cause unequal extremity length. One example is juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis, the joint degeneration that occurs in adults, very rarely causes a significant LLD. Often there are few or no symptoms prior to the age of 25-35. The most common symptom is chronic lower back pain, but also is frequently middle and upper back pain. Same-sided and repeated injury or pain to the hip, knee and/or ankle is also a hallmark of a long-standing untreated LLD. It is not uncommon to have buttock or radiating hip pain that is non-dermatomal (not from a disc) and tends to go away when lying down. The most accurate method to identify leg (limb) length inequality (discrepancy) is through radiography. It?s also the best way to differentiate an anatomical from a functional limb length inequality. Radiography, A single exposure of the standing subject, imaging the entire lower extremity. Limitations are an inherent inaccuracy in patients with hip or knee flexion contracture and the technique is subject to a magnification error. Computed Tomography (CT-scan), It has no greater accuracy compared to the standard radiography. The increased cost for CT-scan may not be justified, unless a contracture of the knee or hip has been identified or radiation exposure must be minimized. However, radiography has to be performed by a specialist, takes more time and is costly. It should only be used when accuracy is critical. Therefore two general clinical methods were developed for assessing LLI. Direct methods involve measuring limb length with a tape measure between 2 defined points, in stand. Two common points are the anterior iliac spine and the medial malleolus or the anterior inferior iliac spine and lateral malleolus. Be careful, however, because there is a great deal of criticism and debate surrounds the accuracy of tape measure methods. If you choose for this method, keep following topics and possible errors in mind. Always use the mean of at least 2 or 3 measures. If possible, compare measures between 2 or more clinicians. Iliac asymmetries may mask or accentuate a limb length inequality. Unilateral deviations in the long axis of the lower limb (eg. Genu varum,?) may mask or accentuate a limb length inequality. Asymmetrical position of the umbilicus. Joint contractures. Indirect methods. Palpation of bony landmarks, most commonly the iliac crests or anterior iliac spines, in stand. These methods consist in detecting if bony landmarks are at (horizontal) level or if limb length inequality is present. Palpation and visual estimation of the iliac crest (or SIAS) in combination with the use of blocks or book pages of known thickness under the shorter limb to adjust the level of the iliac crests (or SIAS) appears to be the best (most accurate and precise) clinical method to asses limb inequality. You should keep in mind that asymmetric pelvic rotations in planes other than the frontal plane may be associated with limb length inequality. A review of the literature suggest, therefore, that the greater trochanter major and as many pelvic landmarks should be palpated and compared (left trochanter with right trochanter) when the block correction method is used. Non Surgical Treatment After the leg length discrepancy has been identified it can be categorized in as structural or functional and appropriate remedial action can be instigated. This may involve heel lifters or orthotics being used to level up the difference. The treatment of LLD depends on the symptoms being experienced. Where the body is naturally compensating for the LLD (and the patient is in no discomfort), further rectifying action may cause adverse effects to the biomechanical mechanism of the body causing further injury. In cases of functional asymmetry regular orthotics can be used to correct the geometry of the foot and ground contact. In structural asymmetry cases heel lifts may be used to compensate for the anatomic discrepancy. LLL Shoe Insoles shoe lifts for men's shoes Surgical Treatment Surgeries for LLD are designed to do one of three general things ? shorten the long leg, stop or slow the growth of the longer or more rapidly growing leg, or lengthen the short leg. Stopping the growth of the longer leg is the most commonly utilized of the three approaches and involves an operation known as an epiphysiodesis , in which the growth plate of either the lower femur or upper tibia is visualized in the operating room using fluoroscopy (a type of real-time radiographic imaging) and ablated , which involves drilling into the region several times, such that the tissue is no longer capable of bone growth. Because the epiphyseal growth capabilities cannot be restored following the surgery, proper timing is crucial. Usually the operation is planned for the last 2 to 3 years of growth and has excellent results, with children leaving the hospital within a few days with good mobility. However, it is only appropriate for LLD of under 5cm.
Summary and Analysis: <i>The October Country</i> Jack-in-the-Box"" Edwin has been taught that the house that he and his mother-teacher live in is the Universe. His father, whom he regards as God, constructed this house for them years ago and was later killed by a Beast in the garden. Since then, Edwin has been carefully supervised by his mother, who tells him that if he ever leaves their Universe, he, like his father, will die. However, Edwin does not understand death and is curious about what may be beyond the trees and the garden wall of his Universe. No matter which of the rooms of the Universe he visits, Edwin uses their windows as vantage points from which to try to catch a glimpse of the world beyond. He is unsuccessful until he discovers the door open to one of the rooms forbidden to him. He enters, climbs the spiral stair to the tower, and looks out of the windows. In an experience not unlike that of the biblical Saul, Edwin views the world beyond his Universe. He even fears blindness because of the wonder of what he sees. Later, after an especially happy birthday celebration, Edwin discovers his mother lying motionless on the living room floor. When he cannot awaken her, Edwin experiences freedom for the first time in his life. He frantically races through the town, announcing his death. "Jack-in-the-Box" is unique to The October Country because of its sheer fantasy element. Here Bradbury creates an entire fantasy world, a Universe so unique and separate from the real world that Edwin can adapt to it yet is totally unable to function normally when he faces reality. Throughout the story, the Jack-in-the-Box is an obvious symbol for Edwin and his plight. At first, the toy doll is shut away within its box and unable to be free. Likewise, Edwin is trapped within the Universe that his father-God created for him, and all the while, he longs for freedom. Only when the Jack-in-the-Box has been cast from the Universe window is the doll capable of being rid of its prison box and of stretching its arms in a gesture of freedom. Edwin, too, never experiences freedom until he casts himself out of the Universe that was created for him. Bradbury is a staunch believer in the innate goodness that exists within us. His use of sun imagery demonstrates this belief since he often uses these images to depict the life source and wholeness of humanity. When Bradbury describes father-God's creation of the Universe and his placing of Edwin's mother as the center of that Universe, he establishes the sun as the central image in the story. Edwin's mother is indeed his sun. She is his teacher, his friend, and his life. But Edwin's world is destroyed when he discovers his mother lying cold and quiet on the floor. The center does not hold. Edwin's sun is dead and his life source no longer exists. Ironically, in what he believes to be sure suicide, he runs into reality, crying "I'm dead, I'm dead, I'm glad I'm dead." Bradbury speaks to his readers from his pulpit of fantasy here. All people are dead unless they give meaning and order to their lives. Pop Quiz! In "All Summer in a Day," why doesn't Margot get to enjoy the rare Venusian sunshine? Back to Top
NC State - Nanotechnology battery design gets boost from aligned Carbon nanotubes DCN Corp® - A sheet of aligned carbon nanotubes is rolled on a cylinder. Credit - © Wiley-VCH VerlagInnovative researchers from North Carolina State University (NC State) have demonstrated a new flexible nano-scaffold for rechargeable Lithium (Li) ion batteries that could assist to make cell phone and electric car batteries last much longer. Such research was published in Advanced Materials as: "Aligned Carbon Nanotube-Silicon Sheets: A Novel Nano-architecture for Flexible Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes", which claimed the potential of manufactured sheets of homogeneously aligned Carbon (C) nanotubes coated with Silicon (Si). As stated by Dr Philip Bradford (assistant professor of textile engineering, chemistry and science at NCSU) - "putting silicon into batteries can produce a huge increase in capacity - 10 times greater," Also, as stated by Dr Bradford - "but adding silicon can also create 10 times the problems." Significant challenges with the use of Si has been that it actively 'swells' when Li ion batteries discharge. As the batteries cycle - Si can break-off from the electrode and negatively float around (classified as pulverisation) instead of remaining in place, thus, making batteries less stable. However, when Si-coated C nanotubes are aligned in one direction - similar to a layer of drinking straws laid end-to-end, then the structure enables for controlled expansion, so that the Si is less prone to pulverisation (as stated by Xiangwu Zhang - associate professor of textile engineering, chemistry and science at NCSU). Zhang stated - "there's a huge demand for batteries for cell phones and electric vehicles, which need higher energy capacity for longer driving distances between charges," - and - "we believe this carbon nanotube scaffolding potentially has the ability to change the industry, although technical aspects will have to be worked-out. The manufacturing process we're using is scalable and could work well in commercial production." Original article available here DCN Corp finds above description extremely interesting, and is wondering if the same homogeneous alignment of C nanotubes is achievable via the company's nanotechnology dip coating methodology? If so, and you or your colleagues are interested in a R&D collaboration - please ensure to contact the company as soon as practicably possible.
Ultimaker Breaks the Speed Limit One of the annoying things about 3D printing is the length of time it takes to produce objects. Unlike a printed 2D page, which is created in a single sweep of the inkjet, 3D objects have many layers that sometimes take hours to print. Clearly, a way of speeding things up would be desirable. The folks at Ultimaker, an up and coming hobby 3D printer, have done something about this by experimenting with increasing the speed of their device. They cranked up the feedrate (the speed of extrusion) to an astonishing 300 mm/second (this is contrasted with a conventional rate of around, say, a mere 30 mm/second) and also raised the travel rate (the speed of movement while not extruding) to near-warp-speed of 350 mm/second! How did they achieve this record-breaking speed? First they used PLA plastic instead of ABS, as they found "flowrate issues occasionally and at high speeds it bonds less to the previous printed layer". Also they believe this approach might not be successful for all shapes. This is what we love about 3D printing: every week someone makes it a whole lot better. 3D Print Spaceships From 2001: A Space Odyssey Share That Model With OurBricks
Technological advancements are changing the healthcare landscape in a myriad of ways from robotics to smart sensors, wearables, ingestible sensors to mobile apps and much more. However, the prolific amount of data that is getting generated is also paving way for security concerns. Also, the disparate nature of the data collection in the healthcare sector isn’t helping the cause either. According to a global study, the cost of frauds in the healthcare domain in 2.5 times higher than the global average of other industries. Some of the challenges that the healthcare industry are – • Lack of secured infrastructure to allow for interoperability of data. • Limited access to PHI (Protected Health Information) limiting efficiency and progress of research. • Privacy and security of patient data. To overcome these challenges experts are looking forward to technologies like blockchain. Blockchain which was until recently associated with cryptocurrency and the financial sector is finding applicability beyond that. Blockchain technology is primarily a distributed ledger system which stores information in the form of a distributed ledger and can be accessed with a key, this makes the data secure and immutable. As predicted by BCG, healthcare experts are looking forward to the blockchain technology to: • Bring in new capabilities and disrupt the present approaches to patient care and healthcare services. • Speed up and improve R&D, care delivery, and care management, and to reduce costs. How blockchain technology can reshape the healthcare sector: Healthcare sector is exploring the blockchain technology in various ways to create a more secure and efficient ecosystem. Here’s how: Solving for Interoperability of data Blockchain can help in creating a data management system where patient data and health data can be coupled together in a secured system due to its distributed and immutable qualities. According to IDC: ‘’Blockchain’s interoperability could underpin data exchange, serving as an alternative to today’s health information exchanges (HIEs); essentially, it would act as a network for transmitting secure, real-time patient data for healthcare providers, including the pharmacies, insurance enterprises, and clinical researchers.’’ Secured healthcare Supply Chain Blockchain transactions are recorded in a chronological, immutable, secured ledger which can help healthcare vendors in pharma and medtech enterprises track the journey of raw materials, compounds, or components at every step of the supply chain, from the original source to the patient. One such example is the MediLedger Project, backed by pharma giants like Genentech and Pfizer, which uses blockchain tools to track medicines. Similarly, combines sensors and blockchain technology to monitor products requiring cold-chain handling to improve pharma supply-chain efficiency. Giving patients control of their data Since a blockchain ledger requires a key to access every distribute ledger, it can help patients take control of their data. Every transaction recorded on blockchain ledger can enable patients to have an eye on anyone who has access to their data from the physician to HIE (Health Information Exchange) to the medical device, insurer, etc. In the same lines Google’s DeepMind, is working with Britain’s National Health Service (NHS) on developing a blockchain distributed system which enables the NHS and also patients to track personal data access and use in real time. Similarly, MIT Media Lab has developed MedRec, which is a decentralized record management system for EMRs (Electronic Medical Records) that uses blockchain technology to manage authentication, confidentiality, accountability, and data sharing. GDPR and HIPAA Compliance According to FDA for electronic data exchange -’ 21 CFR Part 1’1 needs to be followed. Similarly, it is a mandate for healthcare enterprises to be HIPAA compliant in the U.S. and GDPR compliant while dealing with EU patients. when it comes to dealing with patients based out of Europe. Blockchain ’s secure and immutable environment which is auditable and security friendly. Smart contracts and automation Blockchain enabled ‘Smart contracts’ (scripts that self-execute based on predetermined rules) can help in creating an automated process of creating contracts which are error free. These smart contracts can integrate the process between patients, healthcare provider, and insurance agencies due to standardization of the transaction data between all the parties. Accelerating R&D Data standardization and maintaining the hygiene of the data set is one of the major requirements of R&D in healthcare. Blockchain technology can help in automating, validating, ensuring the adherence to trial protocols by pharma and medtech companies in the data sets. Blockchain technology can also help in ensuring error-free and standardized infrastructure for data collection. The clinical data gathered will be reliable and verified. Academic institutions like MIT are exploring the possibilities of blockchain technology in this area. They are developing the OPAL/Enigma platform, which enables parties to jointly store and analyze data with complete privacy. In conclusion While the healthcare domain is still in the nascent stage when it comes to leveraging the benefits of the blockchain technology. However, the sector seems to be optimistic about the potential blockchain can have in optimizing and making processes more efficient. Exactly why, it is predicted that by 2025, blockchain in healthcare will grow over $5.61 billion and researchers project that 55 percent of healthcare applications will have adopted blockchain for commercial deployment. With the healthcare being one of the major sectors to adopt technological innovations a blockchain enabled future for healthcare isn’t far away. You can download the infographic here. Share this article Nikunj Sanghvi - VP, Sales and Business Development, Robosoft Technologies. Nikunj Sanghvi is Vice President sales and business development in Robosoft Technologies. Nikunj is passionate about technology, design, and mobile and stays up to date with current trends in these domains. Nikunj has a wide experience ranging from hands-on development to managing multimillion dollar consulting businesses, leading all aspects from sales and business development to operations and delivery, across varied industries including healthcare, retail, BFSI, etc. He is steeped in technology, having programmed games since childhood, and developed his own Internet search venture while still a student during the dot-com boom. Facebook Comments
The traditional dance The sardana is a popular Catalan dance, which best symbolizes Catalonia. It is an outdoor dance (squares, streets…), a dance of celebration and fraternity, solar by its form, Mediterranean by its mesure. The musical set specialised in the interpretation of sardanas is unique in the world. The COBLA is made up of the following instruments: a pipe and a tambourine (« fabiol » and « tambori ») played by the same musician, two « tibles » and two « tenores » (wind instruments from oboe’s family and the most typical of the cobla); two trumpets, a valve trombone, two « fiscorns » (instruments which slook like the saxophone) and a trumpet and a second trombone. So, from Roussillon plains and Empordà (birthplace of actual sardana) to beyond Ebre’s estuary, the sardana is an invitation to celebration, to Catalonia. The barretina This element of traditional masculine costume was considered as a symbol and as a sign of catalanity. The bottom has a half circle form. The barretina (catalan hat) can be red, purple, grey or black. The way of folding or putting it on the head changed according to places and social classes that used it. When it was worn folded at the front, it was called barretina plana (flat barretina), if it was folded on the side, it was barretina de garbi. The barretina was above all a characteristics of seafarers, but it was also worn by shepherds and peasants. It was used during urban events, such as during the great demonstration for protectionism in Barcelona in 1882. The popular use of the barretina started to disappear at the end of 19th century, but its symbolic strength was still used in a lot of literary compositions of this period, especially during the Jocs Florals (Flower Games). In these compositions, the barretina was sometimes transformed in a symbol of freedom, some other times it symbolizes the country values against the urban conformity, or also the courage of Catalan people. The barretina was the title of a literary and political catalanist weekly newspaper published in Barcelona between 1868 and 1904. Updated : Tuesday, September 30, 2014 - 16:23
Theiling Online Sitemap Conlang Mailing List HQ CHAT: American government (was: browsers) From:John Cowan <cowan@...> Date:Tuesday, February 11, 2003, 14:06 Tristan scripsit: > How do they force an absolute majority? If there are there candidates > and one wins 15%, one 40% and the other 45%, there's no absolute > majority. I thought you did first-past-the-post? Not in this case. If no candidate gets an absolute majority of electoral votes, the entire election results are thrown out, and the House of Representatives elects the President, with the members of each state receiving one joint vote. This has only happened twice. If no candidate receives an absolute majority in the House, they keep balloting until someone does. Such elections have only happened twice, and given the fact that we have effectively only two parties, are most unlikely to happen again (barring a 50-50 split in the 538 electoral votes). No third-party candidate has gotten more than 1 electoral vote (due to rebellious or brain-dead electors -- one of whom actually swapped his votes for President and Vice President! -- not to genuine election results) since 1968. Theoretically the Vice President has since 1800 been elected in exactly the same way as the President, except that non-majority elections go to the Senate rather than the House (perhaps because the V.P. is ex officio presiding officer of the Senate). This also has happened twice. In practice the V.P. is chosen by the President before the election, generally comes from a different part of the country ("balancing the ticket"), and is not a position that anybody actively wants as a rule. When the first Congress was trying to decide on the President's title, they considered "His Elective Majesty" among others; Washington parodied this effort by calling his V.P. "His Superfluous Excellency". In the end, the titles adopted were simply "Mr. President" and "Mr. Vice President". Nitty-gritty details at On mayors: American cities typically have elected mayors and city councils. Sometimes the mayor has the most power, sometimes the council, sometimes power is pretty evenly divided. In some cities, however, there is only a council which then elects a professional administrator (usually called the "city manager"). City managers seem to be particularly common in California and Texas. -- John Cowan "If he has seen farther than others, it is because he is standing on a stack of dwarves." --Mike Champion, describing Tim Berners-Lee (adapted)
Transcribing poster talks to foster reflective learning Anthony Young, Aichi University Quick guide • Keywords: Moodle, Voicethread, speed, practice, recording, transcribe, error correction • Learner English level: False beginner to advanced • Learner maturity: High school to adult • Preparation time: 30 minutes • Activity time: Approximately 180 minutes • Materials: Student posters, computers, headsets Students often let out a melancholy groan in a class when the teacher announces today’s topic is going to be about something mundane like holidays. It is often the case, however, that when pushed to give more details (in other words, more in-depth output) about such subjects, even more advanced students struggle with appropriate vocabulary and form. According to Swain (1995), output serves three main functions for language learners. It prompts them to test hypotheses, allows them to notice gaps in language use, and acts as a spring board for metalinguistic awareness. The purpose of this activity is to create such a situation where students are pushed to speak outside their comfort zones and in turn reflect on where it is they fall short. Step 1: (Optional) Set up a Moodle page for your class and add an assignment link for students to upload their transcripts. Step 2: Have students create a account to use for the recording section of this activity. Step 3: Link your students’ accounts on with your own by adding them to your friend list. Create a class thread and send out an invite to all members to contribute (with editing privileges). Step 1: Choose a topic relevant to your students’ lives, for example, family, future plans, and so on. Develop schema and establish key grammar and vocabulary through the use of warm-up activities. Then set out guidelines for a poster talk. For example, it will be 2:30 in length, include five designated talking points, make use of specific grammar and/or vocabulary. Step 2: Have students create personalized posters about the topic on Microsoft Word consisting of images only. This can be homework. These posters will act as visual aids to support students in the practice stage to help them organize their ideas into an orderly fashion. Step 3: Have students practice by pairing them up and having them talk about their posters under timed conditions. This is very useful as it makes students aware of the importance of speed, clarity, and time management. It is important to note that the scripts should not be used as the key objective of this activity is to have students speak naturally about the topic. Step 4: Instruct students to log in to and upload their posters to the class thread set up beforehand. Then have students record and rerecord themselves speaking until they are happy with the quality of their work. This may take around 25-30 minutes. Step 5: Have students listen back to their recordings and transcribe themselves onto a new Word document. Then instruct students to go through it and highlight any parts in which they feel are not correct or they feel could be improved on. Afterwards, have students copy and paste the transcript below the original and try and make corrections to it, this time highlighting their corrections in another color. Step 6: Finally, put students into groups where they read their transcripts, show their repairs, and offer each other advice on how to improve their work. Finally, students upload their transcripts onto Moodle to be checked and graded. Follow-up activity Once the teacher has gone through the transcripts, common errors can be noted and a quiz activity can easily be created to reinforce the reflective theme. This activity has proven to be effective with different levels of L2 learners. The no-script, time-restricted, and content-intensive boundaries set for the poster talks makes even the most ordinary topics challenging. Yet, students’ ability to delete and rerecord their talks until satisfied creates a low-stress environment and an enjoyable, reflective learning experience. Swain, M. (1995). Three functions of output in second language learning. In G. Cook & B. Seidlhofer (Eds.) Principles and practice in the study of language (pp. 125–144). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tuesday, May 21, 2019 \| ePaper Foolproof way of writing the best answers in exams • Print Weekend Plus Desk : 1) How you can score good marks in exams! With board exams just around the corner, students are buried in their books, frantically trying to memorise as much as they can, and parents are trying their best to provide them with all the resources needed to score well. 2) Battling the exam pressure From last-minute revisions to getting the best pens for writing smoothly, ensuring an A on the report card is not an easy task. However, when it comes to the final showdown, a lot of students are not able to write their answers as well as they had prepared for the exams. 3) Learn to ace the exams! While the reasons behind the same can range from the lack of confidence to poor writing skills, we are listing down 5 crucial points that parents must teach their children, which will help them to frame their answers in a better manner. 4) Stop with the lengthy answers A common misconception amongst students is that if they decide to flood the sheets with everything they know, the examiner is going to give them extra marks. However, this approach more often than not proves to be counter-effective as there are chances that the examiner might get irritated and deduct a few marks for writing unnecessarily and wasting his/her time. .5) Write important points first This one is a no-brainer and yet a lot of students tend to make this mistake. Always remember that your examiner is checking hundreds of answer sheets, so the best way of grabbing his/her attention is by starting with the meatier chunk of the answer, without beating around the bush. Add all the extra and not-so-important points towards the end. 6) Pay attention to presentation Even if your child does not have a good handwriting, explain to them the concept of proper spacing, margins and putting lines after every answer. These little things make a huge difference as a neat answer sheet is much more likely to earn you marks than a poorly scribbled and hardly legible one. 7) Use a single line to cross out your mistakes Ditch the fluid and use one, neat stroke to cross your mistakes. It makes your paper look tidier and reduces the chances of getting blots of correcting fluid all over the sheet. 8) Use bullet points wherever you can The best way to put across your points is to get the examiner notice them is by writing in bullet points. It makes your answers legible and comfortable to read. More News For this Category Some vacation ideas that even your kids will love Some vacation ideas that even your kids will love Weekend Plus Desk :Children are a tough crowd to please, especially when it comes to keeping tweens and teens entertained on vacation. Tour operators, hotels and cruises have responded Monsoon munchies: Satiate snacks craving with these easy recipes Monsoon munchies: Satiate snacks craving with these easy recipes Weekend Plus Desk :onsoon is almost here and while sitting by the window and watching the rainfall, as the world goes by, sounds like a lovely idea, getting something Teen girls more vulnerable to bullying than boys Teen girls more vulnerable to bullying than boys Weekend Plus Desk :eenage girls are bullied more often than boys, and are more likely to consider or attempt suicide, a study has found. Researchers from Rutgers University in The Holy Ramzan-Anis FatemaThe whole world is enlightened as the Heavenly 'Noor' is on earth,The noblest desires are blended with joyous Muslims' heart.Let us uphold the flag of whiteness as Short StoryJourney for turtleArisha Naveennce upon a time, there was a girl named Lily. At that time there were no iPhones, nothing to learn if animals were friendly or not, Great Poet Omar Khayyam Literature Desk :mar Khayyam, Arabic in full Ghiyath al-Din Abu al-Fat Umar ibn Ibrahim al-Nisaburi al-Khayyami was born on May 18, 1048, in Neyshabur (also spelled Nishapur), Khorasan in Novelist Shawkat Osman Novelist Shawkat Osman Syed Azizul Huq :hawkat Osman (1917-1998), educationist, novelist, short story writer, was born on 2 January 1917 in the district of Hughli, Paschimbongo, India. His real name was Sheikh A poem for 1st May-Sukanta BhattacharyaRed fire flames had spread from one skyline to another,What more can it be while living a dogâ€™s life? How long will you be pleasedAt all Poet Sukanta Bhattacharya Anik Mahmud :oet Sukanta Bhattacharya (1926-1947), Marxist poet, was born on 15 August 1926 at his maternal uncleâ€™s home in Kolkata. His paternal home was in Kotalipara in Faridpur. Hard water can harm babyâ€™s sensitive skin Hard water can harm babyâ€™s sensitive skin Weekend Plus Desk :n the past few years, environmental factors have become very crucial when it comes to their impact on health, including air pollution or the kind of
Top 10 children's ailments All parents have to deal with child ailments with their child. From fever to currant beard. From ear infection to head lice. Read about the ten most common ailments in children aged 12 months to 6 years. What ailments are there? What are the symptoms? What can you do about it? Can you prevent them and do they have a function? We can speak of fever when the body temperature is higher than 38 ° C. Fever is a normal reaction of the body to infection with viruses or bacteria. Fever probably helps to fight the infection. At a higher temperature, viruses and bacteria grow less well. The height of the fever says little about the severity of the disease. It is not necessary to lower the fever, because the fever can not hurt. If your child feels very sick, has pain or drinks badly, you can possibly give paracetamol. After half an hour it is often a bit better. Drink enough If the temperature does not drop as a result, it says nothing about the severity of the disease. The dose depends on the age and weight of your child and is stated on the packaging. Also make sure that your child drinks enough. This is to prevent chances of dehydration. The body must be able to lose the heat. Therefore choose thin clothes that loosely fit around the body. If your child is cold because of the fever, you can cover it with a blanket. Calm is also important, but your child does not have to stay in bed and can simply go outside if he needs it. Contact GP Contact your doctor if your child: has a fever and persists for more than three days; drowsy or not easy to wake up; groans or cries and can not be comforted; get a rash during the fever; is anxious or will breathe differently, for example, breathing faster or not breathing short periods; a different skin tone (pale, blue or gray); quickly getting sicker; gets sick, goes vomiting or gets diarrhea; drink much less than normal; get a febrile seizure; is familiar with a reduced resistance or with a disease where the infection gives extra risk; if there are other phenomena that you worry about. 2. Eczema Constitutional or atopic eczema is also called dew worm. The condition affects people in all ages, including children. 10-20% of all children suffer from eczema or skin irritation. It often starts when your child is three or four months old but it can also occur sooner or later. The predisposition to eczema is hereditary, but reduced resistance, allergy or skin dehydration can make the symptoms worse. In the case of dew worm, a red rash appears on the forehead, cheeks and neck. The skin is red and swollen, with red blisters that dry out and form crusts. It starts in the face but it can spread to the skin folds such as the elbows, knees and neck. These symptoms are accompanied by a lot of itching. There can also be irritated red eyes. For children, itching is perhaps the biggest problem. Crabs must be prevented, however, as this increases the chance of infection. The symptoms worsen and there may be wounds and eventually even permanent scars. Eczema is not contagious. So you can not get it from someone else or transfer it to someone else. Cow's milk allergy When children suffer from cow's milk allergy, there is often eczema, in addition to the problems of the gastrointestinal tract. Especially in children who suffer from atopic eczema or diaper rash, the symptoms can worsen. Then there is contact eczema. This type of eczema is caused by hypersensitivity to a certain substance such as nickel, chromium, rubber, soap, cosmetics or detergents. Contact eczema can occur from one moment to the next. When should you consult a doctor? Eczema is in principle not suitable for self-medication. Always consult a doctor for open wounds, persistent or severe symptoms. What you can do yourself is to take good care of the skin and prevent dehydration by, for example, not using soap. Tips for eczema When dry skin is important to regularly lubricate the skin with a greasy cream or oily ointment; If your child is hypersensitive to soap then you can switch to so-called soap replacement products; When the skin is very dry, a greasy bath oil can provide a solution. This oil forms a layer of fat on the skin and thus prevents peeling and dehydration. Fatty bath oil is available in various forms and can be used for itching, dry eczema or as a protection against eczema; You can prevent the skin from drying out by not applying products with alcohol on the skin and not using soap. To prevent itching, you can use an itch-stopping remedy; If your child suffers from eczema, it is wise to use unscented and hypoallergenic products. Itching is terrible and of course you want your child to get rid of it as quickly as possible. Fortunately, there are products for this. Like for example Cardiflor. Cardiflor offers various mild products that offer support where necessary and have few side effects. For example, the Cardiflor ointment is particularly suitable for treating dry, flaky skin, even in small children. The less-fat Cardiflor cream is suitable for wet skin conditions, Cardiflor emulsion for larger body surfaces. For serious complaints, there is Cardiflor Forte, a medical device. Cardiospermum halicacabum is the active ingredient of all products, reducing inflammation reactions of the skin. The Cardiflor products are available at pharmacies and pharmacies. 3. Head lice Head lice are crab-like parasites that can occur on the scalp. Head lice are quite common in schools, are very contagious and can sometimes cause real epidemics. Having head lice does not indicate bad hygiene, as is sometimes assumed. The lice climb with small claws from one hair to the other and do not jump or fly. This climbing is relatively quick, so the lice can 'switch' when there is close contact between two people. Lice can also be transferred from one person to another via clothing (coats, hats, etc.). Lice live on blood that they suck from the scalp. On average, the lice 'drinks' 3 to 6 times a day. When the lice can not visit the scalp regularly, he starves and dies. The bites can be itchy. Itching is therefore often the first sign of a lice infection on the hairy head. The lice stick their eggs against the hair shaft. The eggs are called nits. After 8 days, the small lice come out of the egg and are then sexually mature after about 10 days. A louse is capable of producing about 6 nits per day. The number of lice per infected head is usually not very large (about 20). However, many nits can be present. The main complaint with head lice is itching caused by the saliva of the lice that is inserted into the skin during the blood sucking. When the itching leads to scratching, wounds can develop which in turn can be infected by bacteria. This can lead to painful inflammations. How is it treated? Since the beginning of 2011, RIVM (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) has stated that combing is the only preference. To comb The hairs must be systematically combed out several times a week with the special lice comb. Both the lice and the nits will mainly be found close to the scalp. The hair must be moist for optimal results and it should be done in good light. By combing above a white paper, the 'harvest' can be collected and checked. Of course combing is a very labor-intensive job and it will not always be easy for the children to sit quietly all the time. Turn on the television, for example, so that your child is distracted and stays calm. "Lice mothers" are used at most schools and day-care centers. They regularly check the hair of the children with a nitskam. Nevertheless, the RIVM writes the following about suffocation of the head lice: For some time in the Netherlands new anti-head lice drugs have been available with dimethicone (a silicone-like substance) as active ingredient. Dimeticon has a physical effect: during a treatment, the polymer encapsulates the lice hermetically, causing it to die due to a shortage of oxygen. Efficacy has been proven several times in various clinical studies. This treatment does not lead to resistance development. Measures such as washing bed linen, cuddly toys, coats and vacuuming the car are no longer necessary. There is insufficient evidence for the effect of such environmental measures. Lice are mainly transmitted through hair-hair contact, there are few indications for spreading through the environment. The effect of a lice cape on the spread of head lice has also not been scientifically proven. This is why the RIVM does not recommend lice tapes. 4. Diarrhea We speak of diarrhea when the stool is thin and watery and is much more common per day than usual. Diarrhea is common in infants and children. Diarrhea usually occurs due to an intestinal infection. The pathogens (usually viruses or bacteria) enter the intestines through the mouth and cause inflammation of the intestinal wall. The intestinal wall can then absorb less moisture. This makes the stool thinner. The pathogen can be transferred to another person via the stool or saliva. In case of poor hygiene, also via toilet, fingers and kitchen utensils. Bacteria that can cause intestinal infection are also present in contaminated water or spoiled food. Sometimes your child can also get diarrhea because it drinks a lot of fruit juices. Especially with too much apple juice and soft drinks (light) the risk of diarrhea is high. This type of diarrhea often occurs in toddlers. In diarrhea, your child may have painful abdominal cramps, where the stools sometimes blow out and your child suddenly has to cry. Diarrhea often accompanies children with vomiting, sometimes with fever. A child with diarrhea loses a lot of fluid, especially if it also has a fever or has to vomit. If your child does not drink enough, it can dry out. Especially children under the age of two can dry out quickly. Dry out within 24 hours Children younger than two years can dry out within one day (24 hours). Older children within two to three days at: water-thin diarrhea (several times a day); diarrhea and 39 degrees fever; diarrhea and bad drinking or vomiting. How do you recognize dehydration not or little urination (dark urine); complaining about thirst; drowsiness and lethargy; dry mouth, deep-set eyes; if you lift a skin fold with the fingers, it will remain 'standing'. Small chance The chances are small that your child is dehydrated if it drinks well and regularly urinates (wet diapers), drool or cry with big tears and just walk around. Diarrhea usually passes over within a few days. Follow the advice and keep an eye on signs of dehydration. Dehydration requires quick treatment, especially in children under 2 years of age. Therefore, be alert and call in a doctor if you do not trust it. 5. Chickenpox Chickenpox is an infectious disease caused by the varicella zoster virus. It is one of the classic childhood diseases. This disease starts with spots, which change into blisters on the second day. The vesicles dry out after a while. Scabs then appear that fall off without leaving scars. The blisters occur on the trunk, face and limbs and sometimes some in the mouth. Fever and itching occur, but do not make the child really ill. The vesicles can become infected through scratching. This disease is very contagious. Contamination takes place via contaminated air droplets or through direct contact with the vesicles. From one day before the outbreak of the vesicles until the skin vesicles are dry, the child is contagious. This usually takes ten days. The itching may be treated with a menthol gel in children older than two years. Keep your child's nails clean and short. Avoid scratching, it aggravates the itching and can cause scarring. If your child does not have a fever, it may go outside. Avoid contact with other children and do not let your child play in the sand or mud, because chicken pox can be infected by bacteria. If there are spots in the throat and your child has a sore throat, then a water ice cream or cold drink can provide relief. Parents often doubt whether their child has chicken pox. This is because not every child gets as many spots and smallpox. Certainly in the case of a child with (very) few smallpox, it is difficult for experts such as the GP to confirm that it has chickenpox. The question is whether it is wise to keep children away from someone with chickenpox, because it is almost certain that they will ever get the disease. It is in principle better when this happens at a young age, since the course of the disease is usually a bit more intense in adults. 6. Running or middle ear infection A middle ear infection is a sudden infection of the middle ear (behind the eardrum). This infection is caused by all kinds of bacteria and viruses that also cause colds and other respiratory tract infections. The symptoms of middle ear infection severe earache, grabbing at the ear (because of the severe earache); child cries when the ear touches; fever (not always, especially in infants); often a cold; sometimes spitting and / or diarrhea. The complications of a middle ear infection loopoor: the eardrum is destroyed and there is pus from the ear. The pus looks like snot and stinks (not to be confused with earwax that looks dark yellow); the pain decreases and the fever drops. The gait can last for two weeks; a chronic middle ear infection with hearing loss resulting in infection of the bone behind the ear; How do you get middle ear infection? A middle ear infection usually occurs as a complication of a cold or an enlarged nose almond (closes the inner ear). Some children are very sensitive during the first years. The inflammatory fluid from a gait contains viruses or bacteria. When your child is infected with a bacterium / virus from a gait, he or she first gets cold complaints or cough complaints. Only a few people develop a middle ear inflammation. You can clean the ear with a washcloth with lukewarm water. Do not use cotton swabs to remove the moisture, which can damage the eardrum. Do not put anything in the ear. The bacteria multiply more easily in an enclosed space. Usually a caretaker heals spontaneously. If it persists for a week, go to the doctor. He will usually prescribe ear drops, sometimes in combination with antibiotics. If the ear is not dry after 2 weeks, the GP can refer you to the ENT doctor. 7. Worms or aarsmaden Aarsmaden are small worms that live in the gut. They come out with the feces and are then visible to the naked eye. The worms are about 1 cm long and white in color. In the evening and at night the female lays eggs around the anus. The symptoms are: sometimes vague abdominal complaints; abdominal pain and / or diarrhea, fatigue and irritability due to poor sleep due to itching. How do you get worms? By (unnoticed) eating eggs. By scratching nails and fingers become infected with eggs. These eggs can end up in the mouth through the fingers. A new worm can emerge from every egg. In this way, the child maintains the infection. Infected food, clothing, bedding, furniture and toys can also infect others. Usually the infection passes to the whole family. A child remains contagious as long as there are worms in the intestines that lay eggs. What do you do against worms? A treatment against worms is an anti-wrinkle cure for the GP. The whole family is treated with an anti-worm treatment. Extensive hygiene is required until a few days after starting the course. In case of treatment, the complaints are over within a few days. 8. Currant beard Currant beard is an innocent but very contagious skin infection disease caused by bacteria. It is also known as impetigo or child abuse. Currant beard is common in children between 2 and 12 years old but it can occur at any age. The infection often starts at a place where the skin is already damaged (scrape, crab, eczema). There are some wounds, red spots and sometimes blisters with yellow pus. These inflamed spots can merge and expand. When a bubble bursts, it dries and a honey-yellow crust develops. If there are many wounds, blisters and yellow scabs around the nose and mouth, it can look like a beard of currants. That's where the name comes from. Currant beard can itch. With curried beards in the face there are sometimes swelling in the neck to feel. These are glands that swell in response to the infection. How does it arise? Currant beard is caused by a bacterium. It usually concerns the staph. Children and adults can carry this bacterium with them (for example in their noses) without getting a raisin. Usually the bacterium is transmitted through the hands or via infected toys. Currant beard is contagious until the wounds have dried or healed. The staph can also sometimes be transmitted by coughing or sneezing. The following hygienic measures can help prevent aggravation and expansion of the currant beard and prevent contamination of others: try to avoid touching or scratching the wounds. If the child is old enough you can also explain why; make sure your child regularly washes his hands with regular soap; keep the nails clean and short; wash your child with soap once a day; let your child use their own towel and take a new towel every day; make sure that people in the vicinity of your child wash their hands regularly (inform the class or the day care center); if necessary, you can clean the things that your child often touches (toys, doors, railing) once a day. In addition to good hygiene, waiting is the only thing that really helps with currant beard. The wounds will not disappear through ointments or pills. However, these can speed up the process. Antibiotics are good for combating the bacteria that develop the currant beard, which stops the disease. Consult the doctor for the correct medication. 9. Water warts Water warts are hemispherical, smooth, skin-colored, firm bumps with often a depression in the middle. They are translucent or white. If you press against it on the side, some white mash (molluscum) will emerge. Water warts can not hurt. In children, water warts mainly occur on the trunk, the arms and legs, but sometimes also in the face and on the lower body. The skin can become inflamed around the warts: the skin is red and flaky and may start to itch. Often there is also a bacterial infection, causing such a wart thick, red and painful and crusts arise. Water warts are the result of a virus. Contamination takes place through intensive skin contact during games, at school, gymnastics, swimming, judo; by using each other's towel. Not every child gets waterwarts automatically after infection with the virus. There are indications that water warts are more common in boys than girls. Children with allergic conditions are more likely to eat water warts. The time between infection and the emergence of the warts (incubation period) varies from two to seven weeks, sometimes up to six months. It is good to realize that the incubation period can be much shorter in children with skin that has cracked open (eg in eczema). What do you do against water warts? There is only one way to make water warts disappear that works for everyone: do absolutely nothing and wait patiently until they disappear spontaneously. As soon as the body starts to make antibodies against the water-wart virus, the warts go away. Whoever has had the virus once, is resistant to the rest of his life and never gets water warts again. Not only is not doing anything so the easiest way to get rid of water warts, it is also the best. Only not the fastest. On average it takes several months to a few years before water warts disappear. What can you do to prevent further contamination? > Dry the skin gently after a bath or shower. The blisters can open with hard rubbing; do not dry your child with the same towel, but use a clean one every time; do not let your child scratch the warts; if necessary, shorten his nails; is there a water wart in an annoying place? Stick it off with a plaster; let your child wash his hands if he has scratched a wart; you can disinfect an open-clawed wart with some iodine. Then stick a patch over it. 10. Coughing Cough is one of the most common symptoms in children. Although a cough can sound awful, it is usually not a sign of a serious condition. Coughing is a reflex that clears the throat and airways of your child. Although coughing can be annoying, it helps your child to heal or protect his body. A cough can be acute or chronic. Acute cough starts suddenly and usually lasts 2 to 3 weeks. Acute cough is usually obtained with a cold or flu. Chronic cough lasts longer than 2 to 3 weeks and can have various causes. Non-productive cough A non-productive cough, cough without mucus, is often caused by a virus infection of the upper respiratory tract (nose and throat), such as a cold or flu. The non-productive cough usually gets worse in a warm room or after the child has slept. However, a dry cough may also indicate an early sign of an infection of the lower airways, such as bronchitis, inflammation of the smallest airways in the lungs, or pneumonia (inflammation of the lung tissue). Productive cough A productive cough, cough with mucus, is caused by virus infections and asthma. The coughing helps to remove fluid from the lower airways. Older children can spit out the mucus, while younger children swallow the mucus in their stomach. Pseudococcus occurs especially in children from 6 months to 5 years. The characteristics are hard and non-productive cough (barking) and the child may appear short of breath. Children with pseudococcal have a swollen upper trachea which is usually caused by a viral infection. The swelling, which is below the vocal cords, causes the barking cough. A child with pseudococcus can also excite high tones when breathing in. Whooping cough If your child suffers from severe deep and rapid coughing, the disease may have whooping cough. Initially, a child with whooping cough will have symptoms that resemble a common cold. Gradually the cough will become more intense, especially at night. The frequent coughing episodes generally have a rapid succession in which the child coughs up to suffocation. After coughing, the child breathe deeply, hearing a long whining sound. Rapid coughing can lead to breathing problems and the child may turn blue in the face due to the temporary shortage of oxygen. If you suspect that your child has whooping cough, please contact your doctor. What do you do against coughing? There are all kinds of soothing remedies to reduce the burden of coughing. Think of honey for example. Scientists have investigated the effects of certain cough medicines and honey came out as the best in the test. Please note that honey and other cough drinks are not suitable for children under 12 months. In case of severe chest tightness due to the pseudococcus, for example, you can reduce the coughing stimulus with hot, humid air. Together with your child, sit next to the warm running shower for 10 to 20 minutes with the door of the bathroom closed. You can also bathe with your child for a while (20 to 30 minutes). The effect of steam on pseudococcus has not been scientifically proven. But being busy with your child in this way can give you a lot of rest. If you notice that your child does not like the steam or the bath, stop it. Teach your child to cough well Good cough and sneeze hygiene is also important for further contamination. Teach your child to cough in the elbow. Most parents learn to shake their child's hand when coughing, but then you only move the germs. After coughing, the hands are usually not washed immediately and everything that your child touches with the hands after coughing becomes contaminated. When coughing in the elbow, there is little contact with the environment and only the shirt needs to be washed. In addition to the above ten most common ailments, there are of course many more ailments that you may encounter during the development of your child. The best advice that can be given is and remains; If you do not trust it, always consult a doctor. Leave Your Comment
Ideation Card Deck / Game Jame Ludic Epistemology: Game Jam They don’t call it Language ARTS for nothing. Since the Romantic Era, art and aesthetic experience (including poetry, the modern novel, creative processes, writing etc) has been fundamentally related to serious ‘play’ and the productive ‘free play of the imagination’ (Kant). Play is also (more recently) defined as moments of ‘flow’ where the act of thinking/making/creating (and learning) becomes intrinsically worthwhile and pleasurable to the thinker/poet/writer/maker (and learner). In this coming week’s reading by Lotherington and Jenson, they explore ‘Ludic Approaches’ to learning – that idea that serious play and (deep) game-based learning can support deeper learning and creative/critical making. Your job this week is to continue developing and refining your game. As you do so: What & How do people learn through playing your game? What will they make or do or design or create (in relation to the game or ideation deck)? The “end game” is that our sharing of ideas will culminate in an online digital card deck / game system that I will have a developer create that you can use in your teaching practice (if you so desire).
Type your word below and click What-does.net is your comprehensive online definition dictionary. If you are not sure how to define Blanket, our website can provide you with the appropriate definition. On this page, you can find what is Blanket. Blanket meaning blanket - 8 dictionary results 1. 1. cover as if with a blanket; " snow blanketed the fields" 2. 2. A heavy, loosely woven fabric, usually of wool, and having a nap, used in bed clothing; also, a similar fabric used as a robe; or any fabric used as a cover for a horse. 3. 3. A piece of rubber, felt, or woolen cloth, used in the tympan to make it soft and elastic. 4. 4. A streak or layer of blubber in whales. 5. 5. To cover with a blanket. 6. 6. To toss in a blanket by way of punishment. 7. 7. To take the wind out of the sails of ( another vessel) by sailing to windward of her. 8. 8. A soft woollen covering. blanket - examples of usage 1. One Saturday afternoon I remained at the tent, the other members of the party having gone down to the Lower Camp; a native brought up a parcel containing a blanket and addressed to " Mr. William Bogis." - "Reminiscences of a South African Pioneer", W. C. Scully. 2. They looked to where the sun should be coming over the mountain and instead they saw the sun coming down the side of the mountain in a blanket of white smoke. - "The Shepherd of the North", Richard Aumerle Maher. 3. After half an hour's sweat the animal should be rubbed and covered with a dry blanket. - "Special Report on Diseases of Cattle", U.S. Department of Agriculture J.R. Mohler. Filter by letter:
Hypothyroidism – Ayurvedic Remedies For It! By Dr Ashwini Vivek Mulye , Ayurveda Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid disorder occurring when the thyroid becomes damaged or inflamed, making it unable to produce enough of the hormone thyroxine. Hypothyroidism is more common in the elderly and mostly common in women than men. The chances of developing hypothyroidism increases as you age. Classification of Hypothyroidism: 1. Primary hypothyroidism is when the thyroid gland itself is diseased 2. Secondary hypothyroidism is caused by problems with the pituitary gland 1. Hashimoto’s disease – is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes the thyroid to become inflamed and unable to produce enough thyroid hormones. 2. Surgical removal of the thyroid gland 3. Thyroiditis during and after pregnancy 4. Radiation therapy for head and neck disease 5. Certain medications such as sulfonamides, lithium, amiodarone, can interfere with the thyroid’s ability to produce hormones 6. Pituitary gland problems 1. Inability to concentrate 2. Puffy face 3. Hoarseness of voice 4. Slow pulse 5. Decreased immune functioning 6. Abnormal cholesterol levels 7. Irritability 8. Sensitivity to cold 9. drooping and swollen eyes 10. Depression 11. Hair loss 12. fatigue 13. weight gain 14. headaches 15. Dry skin 16. Mental impairment 17. Increase in allergic reaction 18. Premenstrual tension 19. Muscular pain Ayurveda Treatment for Hypothyroidism: Ayurveda approach to treatment of disease is highly individualized. According to Ayurveda the thyroid function is controlled by Pitta dosha. Pitta / Agni – The fire is responsible for all of the metabolic actions carried out by the thyroid hormones. In Hypothyroidism, Pitta dosha is covered by Kapha Dosha which diminishes the cellular metabolism. Treatment principle is aimed to remove coating of Kapha dosha thus enabling Pitta to perform its function normally. Line of Treatment: Ayurveda treatment for Hypothyroidism removes the kapha covering the pitta which enables proper functioning of Agni – correcting digestion and metabolism. Treatments – The treatment modalities includes panchakarma, external therapies, internal medications, Activities, Advice of food and lifestyle changes. • Panchakarma – Vamana, Virechana, Basti, Nasya • Externally – Udwarthana, Shiro dhara, Kashaya Seka, PPS • Internally – Deepana (Appetisers) • Pachana – (Digestives) Specific Asanas , Panayamas, meditation, regular exercises. 1. Intake of water preferably warm water and food which helps digestion 2. Improved intake of fresh vegetables and iodine rich foods such as fish, shell fish, white onions. 3. Timely regular wholesome meals in a conducible non disturbing atmosphere. Lifestyle Changes: Specific to the individual constitution, nature of work and geographical conditions.
Parietal Lobe Those with diabetes had greater levels of tau protein in the spinal and brain fluid regardless of cognitive status. Tau tangles are characteristic of Alzheimer's. Those with diabetes also had cortical tissue that was an average of 0.03 millimeter less than those who didn't have diabetes, regardless of their cognitive status. This greater brain atrophy in the frontal and parietal cortices may be partly related to the increase in tau protein. There was no link between diabetes and amyloid-beta, the other main pathological characteristic of Alzheimer's. Previous research has indicated that people with type 2 diabetes have double the risk of developing dementia. Previous research has also found that those who had been diabetic for longer had a greater degree of brain atrophy The findings support the idea that type 2 diabetes may have a negative effect on cognition independent of dementia, and that this effect may be driven by an increase in tau phosphorylation. Brain scans of 19 women two to four weeks and three to four months after they gave birth showed that grey matter volume increased by a small but significant amount in the midbrain (amygdala, substantia nigra, hypothalamus), prefrontal cortex, and parietal lobe. These areas are involved in motivation and reward, emotion regulation, planning, and sensory perception. Mothers who were most enthusiastic about their babies were significantly more likely to show this increase in the midbrain regions. The authors speculated that the “maternal instinct” might be less of an instinctive response and more of a result of active brain building. Interestingly, while the brain’s reward regions don’t usually change as a result of learning, one experience that does have this effect is that of addiction. While the reasons may have to do with genes, personality traits, infant behavior, or present circumstances, previous research has found that mothers who had more nurturing in their childhood had more grey matter in those brain regions involved in empathy and reading faces, which also correlated with the degree of activation in those regions when their baby cried. A larger study is of course needed to confirm these findings. September 2009 Tetris increases gray matter and improves brain efficiency Neural changes produced by learning to read revealed December 2008 Sex difference on spatial skill test linked to brain structure It’s been well established that men (as a group) consistently out-perform women on spatial tasks. Research has also established that the parietal lobes in women tend to have proportionally more gray matter. Now a new study shows that the thicker cortex in the parietal lobe in women is associated with poorer mental rotation ability. It also reveals that the surface area of the parietal lobe is increased in men, compared to women, and this is directly related to better performance on mental rotation tasks. It also appears that, perhaps because the brain structure is different between men and women, the way the brain performs the task is different. While men appear able to globally rotate an object in space, women seem to do it piecemeal. Koscik, T. et al. 2008. Sex differences in parietal lobe morphology: Relationship to mental rotation performance. Brain and Cognition, Article in Press March 2007 Disentangling attention A new study provides more evidence that the ability to deliberately focus your attention is physically separate in the brain from the part that helps you filter out distraction. The study trained monkeys to take attention tests on a video screen in return for a treat of apple juice. When the monkeys voluntarily concentrated (‘top-down’ attention), the prefrontal cortex was active, but when something distracting grabbed their attention (‘bottom-up’ attention), the parietal cortex became active. The electrical activity in these two areas vibrated in synchrony as they signaled each other, but top-down attention involved synchrony that was stronger in the lower-frequencies and bottom-up attention involved higher frequencies. These findings may help us develop treatments for attention disorders. Buschman, T.J. & Miller, E.K. 2007. Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Control of Attention in the Prefrontal and Posterior Parietal Cortices. Science, 315 (5820), 1860-1862. Right parietal lobe implicated in dyscalculia April 2006 Fast language learners have more white matter in auditory region An imaging study has found that fast language learners have more white matter in a region of the brain that’s critical for processing sound. The study involved 65 French adults in their twenties, who were asked to distinguish two closely related sounds (the French 'da' sound from the Hindi 'da' sound). There was considerable variation in people’s ability to learn to tell these sounds apart — the fastest could do it within 8 minutes; the slowest were still guessing randomly after 20 minutes. The 11 fastest and 10 slowest learners were then given brain scans, revealing that the fastest learners had, on average, 70% more white matter in the left Heschl's gyrus than the slowest learners, as well as a greater asymmetry in the parietal lobe (the left being bigger than the right). Golestani, N., Molko, N., Dehaene, S., LeBihan, D. & Pallier, C. 2006. Brain Structure Predicts the Learning of Foreign Speech Sounds. Cerebral Cortex, Advance Access published on April 7, 2006 June 2005 How sleep improves memory January 2005 IQ-related brain areas may differ in men and women October 2004 Development of working memory with age An imaging study of 20 healthy 8- to 30-year-olds has shed new light on the development of working memory. The study found that pre-adolescent children relied most heavily on the prefrontal cortex and parietal regions of the brain during the working memory task; adolescents used those regions plus the anterior cingulate; and in adults, a third area of the brain, the medial temporal lobe, was brought in to support the functions of the other areas. Adults performed best. The results support the view that a person's ability to have voluntary control over behavior improves with age because with development, additional brain processes are used. July 2004 Intelligence based on the volume of gray matter in certain brain regions November 2003 Maturation of the human brain mapped November 2001 Differential effects of encoding strategy on brain activity patterns
Monday, September 29, 2014 Indian Polity Constitution, Social Justice MCQ - 29 September 2014 1. Who among the following enjoys the rank of a Cabinet Minister in the Union Cabinet? [A]Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission [B]Secretary to the Government of India [C]Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister [D]Supreme Court Judge 2. A member of a State Public Service Commission can be appointed and removed respectively by ____________________________. [A]President, Governor [B]Governor, President [C]President, President [D]Governor, Governor 3. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Election Commission of India? [A]It consists of members having a tenure of six years [B]It is an independent and statutory body [D]Being an all-India body, it is also concerned with the elections to the Gram Panchayats and State Municipalities 4. Which of the following is not one of the official language mentioned in the VIIIth schedule? 5. Many key features of the constitution such as the federal structure of the government, provincial autonomy, a bicameral central legislature and the principle of separation of powers are directly taken from ______________________. [A]Government of India Act,1935 [B]Indian Independence Act, 1947 [C]Nehru Report of 1928 [D]Government of India Act,1915
Please visit our Sponsors Related FAQs: Freshwater Substrates 1, FW Substrates 2, Freshwater Filtration, Freshwater Set-up FAQs on: FW Substrate Selection, FW Substrate Physical Properties, FW Substrate Chemical Properties, FW Substrate Amounts & Placement, FW Substrate Changing, Moving, Adding To, FW Substrate Cleaning, FW Substrate Issues, FW DSBs, Related Articles: Freshwater Substrates, Freshwater Filtration, Establishing Cycling, Aquascaping, Freshwater Livestock, Freshwater Maintenance Nice bottoms Choosing the right substrate for your aquarium by Neale Monks The bottom of the tank is one of the most neglected parts of the aquarium, and as far as many aquarists are concerned there really isn't much to consider. In a freshwater tank, you use gravel, and in a marine tank coral sand. If the tank has an undergravel filter, you'll need a fair depth of the stuff, but if it's just a decorative covering to hide the floor of the tank, then you only need enough to hide the glass. So is that really all you need to know about aquarium substrates? Definitely not! Choosing an unusual substrate is a great way to give a tank a distinctive look, and more importantly there are many types of fish that appreciate specific types of substrate. Gravel and sand Ordinary aquarium gravel consists of small chips of granite, basalt, and other non-calcareous stones. There are several reasons why it has become the standard substrate for most aquaria, but the most important is that it is chemically inert and so does not affect the hardness or pH of the water. This means that it can be used in soft water aquaria without any risk of it slowly dissolving into the water and thereby raising its alkalinity. Another important factor is that gravel is relatively coarse and irregularly shaped, making it an excellent filter medium when used as part of an undergravel filtration system (a rather misleading name perhaps, given that the filtration is in, not under, the gravel!). Compared with canister filters, cleaning undergravel filters couldn't be easier -- every month or two rake the gravel with a stick and siphon up the muck that comes out. But gravel has some shortcomings, the most important of which is that it isn't the ideal substrate for fish that need to dig or burrow. In the wild many catfish, such as Corydoras, naturally, use their sensitive whiskers to find food in the mud at the bottom of the rivers and lakes that they inhabit. When kept in tanks with a gravel substrate, they try to do the same thing, but the coarse gravel particles invariably abrade the whiskers to some extent. Whether or not this actually does the catfish any harm is debatable, but there's no question that gravel is positively harmful to fish like spiny eels that actually dig into the substrate. Spiny eels are sensitive fish at the best of times, and when kept in tanks with a gravel substrate they can scratch themselves while digging, and these wounds commonly lean to mysterious but often fatal skin infections. So with fish like catfish and spiny eels -- not to mention loaches, Mormyrids, gobies, earth-eating cichlids, and freshwater flatfish -- you really want to keep them in a tank with a softer substrate than gravel. Sand is an easy to use option, but aquarists do need to bear in mind that there are at least three different types they are likely to encounter. Each has its uses, but because of their very different chemical properties they are not all equally suitable for any given aquarium. The most easily obtained aquarium sand is coral sand, which as its name suggests is made up of finely ground coral, along with tiny pieces of things like seashells, calcareous algae, and sea urchin spines. Being made up largely of calcium carbonate, coral sand is a very effective buffering agent, increasing the pH and hardness levels of any aquarium it is used in. For this reason, coral sand cannot be used in any tank with fish that do not like hard, alkaline water, which includes the vast majority of community fish from Asia, Africa, and South America, such as angelfish, tetras, barbs, catfish, gouramis, and loaches. On the other hand, those fish that do appreciate such conditions, such as Rift Valley cichlids, many livebearers, and brackish water fish positively thrive in tanks with coral sand. Coral sand is relatively coarse, and so to a certain extent can be combined with other types of substrate to create an undergravel filter. A thin layer or coral sand (1-2 cm) on top of a plastic gravel tidy will not impede the flow of water to any great extend, and underneath the gravel tidy can be placed crushed shells or a coarse calcareous substrate such as Calcium Plus. These will all work together nicely to provide an excellent biological filter as well as maintaining the high pH and alkalinity. One issue with coral sand, and indeed many of the other white or highly reflective substrates, is that they often have the undesirable side effect of causing the fish to fade their colours. Not all fish do this of course (hardly any marines do, for example) but the effect can be dramatic with some cichlids and brackish water fish. Mixing in darker sand with the coral sand can help, as will a layer of algae over the sand once the tank matures, but the best solution is to use the rocks, plants, and lighting in the aquarium to create distinct regions of light and dark so that the fish do not feel continually 'under the spotlight'. An alternative to coral sand is river sand, sometimes called beach sand. The constituents of this sand vary from place to place, but typically it contains some chemically inert materials (such as granite and quartz) along with a proportion soluble calcareous material. So while it isn't such an effective pH and hardness buffer as coral sand, it will still have some effect, so can't be used with soft water fish. Like coral sand, the buffering effect of river sand makes it a good choice with fish that like alkaline water conditions, and it looks especially good with native marines, Central American cichlids, brackish water fish, and livebearers. On the other hand, river sand cannot be used with an undergravel filter; unlike coral sand the grains are so small and compact so readily that it cannot be separated from a gravel filter bed without impeding the flow of water. River sand can only be used as a decorative medium for covering the bottom of the tank, and in an unplanted tank the depth should be no greater than that which the fish can easily move around while they're digging. The danger comes from food or other pieces of organic matter getting buried in the sand and allowed to decay anaerobically. Anaerobic decay is bad because it produces toxic gases that can leak into the aquarium stressing, and potentially killing, the fish. It is usually recommended that substrates that are not part of an undergravel filter should be no deeper than around 1 to 2 cm. Planted tanks can get away with greater depths, because the roots themselves will oxygenate the substrate preventing the risk of anaerobic decay, and where you are keeping big fish, such as violet gobies or flounders, that can and do shift large quantities of sand, you can increase the depth of sand used according to the size of the fish in question. The third type of sand aquarists are likely to encounter is silica sand, often called silver sand on account of its shiny, almost metallic, colour. As its name implies, silica sand is made up of silicates such as quartz. While chemically similar to glass, the 'smooth' grade of silica sand is completely harmless to fish. In fact silica sand is especially appreciated by fish that take mouthfuls of sand when they feed, such as the Eartheater cichlids and Awaous gobies. It is also ideal for use with any fish that like to burrow, such as flounders and spiny eels. Finding silica sand can be tricky because few aquarium stores actually sell it. Instead find a garden centre or a pet store that deals with reptiles. Garden centres sell the stuff for use with indoor plants and as a dressing for potting compost, but do make sure you avoid the 'sharp' grade of silica sand, which is unsuitable for use in aquaria. Reptile stores sell smooth silica sand for use with things like lizards and snakes that need a soft substrate for digging into, especially when laying their eggs. Not all the sand sold in reptile stores is silica sand though: there are several sands produced that include a mixture of sand types including calcareous sand that work as dietary supplements. I like silica sand a great deal. Not only do the fish love it, but with the appropriate use of a supplement like laterite or aquarium soil it can also make an outstanding medium for aquatic plants. But is it the perfect substrate? I think not; while undoubtedly an versatile and inexpensive substrate it does have some major shortcomings. Just as with river sand, it cannot be used with an undergravel filter, and may also allow for potentially dangerous anaerobic decay. Silica sand is also very reflective, and as noted earlier, some fish fade their colours when kept over such as substrate. But by far the most contentious issue with silica sand is whether there is a connection between the use silica sand and the growth of diatoms (better known to aquarists as the brown, slimy algae that coat the glass sides of the tank). Since silica sand is made up of quartz grains, essentially the same stuff as glass, the rate at which silicates would dissolve into the water should be trivially small. After all, no one is suggesting that we stop using glass tanks because the cause diatom blooms! Even so, some aquarists have noted blooms of diatoms in tanks after they installed a silica sand substrate, and insist that silica sand is the causative factor. Other aquarists disagree, and given that I've used silica sand many times and never noticed a diatom bloom, I'm minded to agree with them. Certainly factors like high nitrate/phosphate levels and inappropriate lighting are going to be far more important in promoting the growth of diatoms that whether or not you use silica sand. Moreover, even if there is some dissolution of silicates into the water, this won't affect things like hair algae or blue-green algae at all because silicon is not an important nutrient for these organisms. Peat and soil Although aquarists have used peat in filters for years, primarily as a tool for acidifying and softening water, but its use as an aquarium substrate is relatively uncommon. This is a shame, because in some situations it can be an excellent choice, lending a very distinctive 'jungle stream' look to an aquarium. It looks especially good with species that naturally inhabit deep and dark forest streams and pools, in particular tetras, dwarf cichlids such as Apistogramma, labyrinth fish, and some types of killifish. These fish not only appreciate the acidity that the peat lends to the water, but they also show off their colours most brilliantly when kept in tanks with a dark brown or black substrate. The blackwater tint that the peat gives to the water also helps. Whereas neon, cardinal, and Glowlight tetras can look a bit subdued in the average tank, kept in dimly lit tanks with a dark substrate and tea-coloured water their natural colours really show through in a most amazing way, especially when kept in large groups. The popular killifish from the general Aphyosemion and Nothobranchus also shine more brightly in dark tanks, and will also use the peat as a place to lay their eggs, mimicking their use of leaf litter and mud in the wild. But be careful with these fish, because they do not like very acidic pH levels, so a buffering agent may need to be used to stabilise the pH around 6 or 7, depending on the species. Peat is also a nice substrate for fish that like to dig, and fish such as Mormyrids and Synodontis will not only happily dig for food in a moderately deep layer of peat but they will also keep it clean and constantly turned over, removing the risk of uneaten food polluting the tank. While peat is unlikely to become compacted enough to produce pocket of anaerobic decay in the same way as sand, uneaten food can still be a source of unwanted nitrates and phosphates that can promote the growth of algae. It is also possible to use peat with an undergravel filter by separating the peat from a regular gravel bed using a gravel tidy. There are of course limitations to the use of peat as an aquarium substrate. Compared with sand and gravel, aquarium peat is relatively expensive. You can use peat from a garden centre, but you do need to be very careful about picking the right kind: what you want is sphagnum moss peat that has had no additives or fertilisers added. An alternative made from coconut fibre can also be used. It is usually sold for use with reptiles and amphibians and sometimes comes as solid blocks that can be soaked to produce a remarkably large amount of fibre. Although it works well as far as a useful soft substrate goes, it doesn't affect the water chemistry as much as real peat, which may of may not be a good thing depending on what fish you are keeping. Price aside, the biggest problem with peat is that it effects to water chemistry profoundly. Soft, acidic water is fine for many aquarium fish, but things like livebearers and many kinds of cichlid do not like such conditions. Even fish that naturally inhabit soft, acid waters may well be acclimated to hard, alkaline conditions at the wholesaler and then the retailer long before you buy them, so carefully adapting them back to soft water conditions is essential. Few fish tolerate sudden changes in water chemistry well. Another problem with peat is that it is poor in nutrients, and used without any supplements does not make a good medium for growing plants. When peat is used by gardeners it is invariably supplemented with compost or some other, nutrient rich, substrate except when a nutrient poor substrate is specifically needed, as with carnivorous bog plants like Venus fly traps. For good plant growth you really need something that is rich in minerals like iron but low in nutrients like phosphate and nitrate that will promote the growth of algae. There are two popular substrates that fulfill these criteria: laterite and pond soil. The laterite sold to aquarists is essentially an iron-rich earth similar to the red soils common in the tropics. It is used as a supplement rather than an alternative to a traditional gravel substrate and provides a significant boost to the growth of virtually all aquarium plants. Because it is a fine powder it cannot be used with undergravel filters (it would simply clog up the filter inhibiting the flow of water). Of course building a deep, dense substrate may be good for the plants but there is a risk of anaerobic decay or uneaten food or fish wastes that get buried in the gravel. While the roots of the plants will carry some oxygen into the substrate and thereby reduce the chances of anaerobic pockets developing, the best solution is to use an under tank or in-gravel heater to form convection currents at the bottom of the tank. These will slowly pull oxygenated water into the substrate at a rate sufficient to prevent anaerobic conditions. The key thing is that in contrast with undergravel filters, which move oxygenated water through the gravel very quickly, these gentle currents do not oxidise the mineral ions in the substrate rapidly enough to interfere with their uptake by the plants. Aquatic, or pond soil, is a special compost produced primarily for outdoor use but which can work very well in aquaria. It lacks nitrates and phosphates, unlike traditional soils and composts, so won't promote the growth of algae. On the other hand, it is rich enough to provide the minerals like iron and copper than plants need to grow well. The main worry most people have with using soil in their aquarium is that they imagine it will be messy and cloud the water, but the soils sold for use in ponds won't do this. While some soil particles and fibres might float to the surface, there should be nothing that the filter can't remove after a day or two. I find creating a bed of pond soil 3-6 cm deep topped with a layer of silica sand 3-4 cm deep works very well, and though there is some mixing of the layers, the plant roots actually stabilise the substrate very effectively (exactly as they do in the wild). The principal downside to using pond soil is the same as that with laterite, namely that it cannot be used with an undergravel filter. Do you need a substrate at all? There are a couple of situations where you might want to avoid using a substrate altogether. These are in the breeding tank and the quarantine tank. In some breeding tanks you will need a substrate (for example with killifish that deposit their eggs amongst peat fibres) but in many cases a tank without a substrate works much better. Leaving out the substrate makes it much easier to remove uneaten food and fish wastes using a siphon or pipette. Likewise, a quarantine tank is a place that you will want to keep as clean as possible. It's debatable whether leaving out the substrate completely is a good idea, after all many fish find a shiny glass tank bottom rather stressful, but even if you do use a substrate it is going to be a very thin, easy to clean layer of sand or gravel rather than anything more substantial. Getting to the bottom line There are clearly many more different types of substrate than plain gravel and coral sand, and each lends the aquarium very specific advantages. An aquarist wanting to keep a school of Congo tetras, some Synodontis, and a few Mormyrids and Ctenopoma will find that a substrate of peat will work wonderfully with some large pieces of bogwood and a few epiphytic plants like Anubias nana. The resulting tank will be dark, mysterious, and very atmospheric. On the other hand, someone who wants to create a vibrantly coloured planted tank will definitely want to consider using gravel or sand supplemented with laterite or aquatic soil. Doing without an undergravel filter may cause some problems, but the improved plant growth definitely makes it worthwhile if that's where your interest lies. So when it comes to planning your next aquarium, check out the alternatives to plain old gravel available at your local garden centre and reptile store as well as in your local tropical fish shop. You may have more options that you thought! Information boxes Substrate: No substrate Advantages: Easy to clean Disadvantages: Most fish don't like bright, shiny glass beneath them Best with: Baby fish, fish in quarantine or treatment tanks Substrate: Plain gravel Advantages: Suitable for undergravel filter, chemically inert, easy to clean Disadvantages: Most fish cannot dig or burrow, not typical of many fish habitats Best with: Fish that swim away from the substrate, e.g., barbs and tetras Substrate: Coral sand Advantages: Effectively buffers water to high pH and hardness levels, works well with digging fish, easy to obtain, can be used with undergravel filters Disadvantages: Cannot be used with fish needing soft/neutral water conditions, high reflectivity may wash out the colours on some fish Best with: Marine fish, Rift Valley cichlids, brackish water fish Substrate: River/beach sand Advantages: Looks very realistic, works well with digging fish Disadvantages: Tends to increase pH and hardness, so not good with fish needing soft/neutral water conditions, cannot be used with undergravel filters Best with: Rift Valley cichlids, brackish water fish, fish that likely moderately hard water such as livebearers and killifish Substrate: Silver (silica) sand Advantages: Works well with digging fish, chemically inert Disadvantages: Cannot be used with an undergravel filter, high reflectivity may wash out the colours on some fish Best with: Any digging fish not requiring the pH/hardness buffering capability of coral sand Substrate: Peat Advantages: Works well with digging fish, acidifies the water, many fish have particularly bright colours when kept over a dark substrate Disadvantages: Colours the water, loose pieces of peat can clog the filter, reduces the pH rapidly so additional pH stabilisation may be necessary, cannot be used with undergravel filters Best with: Killifish, Mormyrids, and some dwarf cichlids Substrate: Laterite Advantages: Supplements plain gravel to promote plant growth Disadvantages: Relatively expensive, cannot be used with an undergravel filter Best with: Small, non-digging fish in a planted aquarium Substrate: Pond or aquatic soil Advantages: Supplements other substrates such as gravel or sand to promote plant growth, inexpensive and easy to obtain Disadvantages: Cannot be used with undergravel filters Become a Sponsor Features: Helpful Links Hobbyist Forum Calendars Admin Index Cover Images Featured Sponsors:
Cork is out of the methane bubble Recently, the IPCC gave us 12 years to reach the Paris target of 1.5 degrees Celsius global warming. At the time, I predicted that was WAY too optimistic. The time to get our act together is 40 years ago. As I’ve said for years, one of the major threats is runaway methane emissions. Blowholes have appeared in Siberia since at least 2012. They happen when the permafrost blocking an ancient methane vent weakens enough. There is an explosion that goes out in the way a misadjusted gas cooker goes out because of lack of oxygen — but the hole stays, leaking methane into the air. A new study by researchers at the University of Washington shows that the giant methane monster has now awoken. Warming in the Arctic circle is far faster than anywhere else on the planet. This has meant early spring rains, which are melting the permafrost at a previously unheard-of rate. The result: methane release from melting permafrost has increased by 30%. Why does this matter? Methane has approximately 85 times the greenhouse effectiveness of carbon dioxide, but it decays over time. One a 100 year scale, it’s about 25 times as strong. So, the exact impact depends on what time scale you consider: the shorter the stronger. Since we do not have 100 years, it’s on the disastrous side of terrible. Idiot governments are ignoring the IPCC recommendation of going on emergency footing. And yet, it’s clear we don’t have 12 years. Action must be taken as if our lives depended on it. Because they do. This photo shows methane clathrates releasing the gas, which has spontaneously ignited. About Dr Bob Rich
The word “Xeriscape,” was coined by the Denver Water Department in 1981 to help make water conserving landscaping an easily recognized concept – and their efforts have been a tremendous success. The word “xeriscape” is a combination of “landscape” and the Greek word “xeros,” which means “dry.” What is it exactly? Xeriscape is a method of landscaping that promotes water conservation. Rather than a specific “look” or a limited group of plants, Xeriscape is a combination of seven basic landscaping principles. These principles are explained below in the order a landscape planner or property owner would consider to install the best landscape. Each principle must be considered during the planning and design phase, but the sequence of installation is also very important in assuring a successful Xeriscape. Photo courtesy of Aquacraft, Inc. The seven principles of Xeriscape are: 1. Planning and Design Trying to create a landscape without a plan is like trying to build a home without blueprints. A plan provides direction and guidance and will ensure that water-conserving techniques are coordinated and implemented in the landscape. The first step is to look at your existing landscape and create a “base plan.” This is a to-scale diagram showing the major elements of your landscape – your house, driveway, sidewalk, deck or patio, existing trees, etc. 2. Soil Improvements If you have good topsoil you can ignore this section. Many people, however, have inferior topsoil because of sand and clay. Clay soil is dense, slow to absorb and release water. If water is applied to clay soil too quickly, it either pools on the surface or runs off. Over watering heavy clay soil can actually drown plants. On the other hand, sandy soil can’t hold water. Unless irrigated frequently, plants in sandy soils tend to dry out. To enable your soil to better absorb water and allow for deeper roots, you may need to add a soil amendment before you plant. For most soils, adding 1 to 2 inches (2.54 cm to 5.08 cm) of organic matter such as compost or well-aged manure to your soil can be beneficial. Rototill the organic matter into the soil at least 6 inches (15.2 cm) deep. (Note: if you are landscaping with native plants, soil amendments may not be necessary, as they prefer soil that is not too rich. For many of these plants, the only soil preparation necessary is to loosen the soil.) 3. Efficient Irrigation A Xeriscape can be irrigated efficiently by hand or with an automatic sprinkler system. If you’re installing a sprinkler system or upgrading an existing system, it’s a good idea to plan this at the same time you design the landscape. Zone turf areas separately from other plantings and use the irrigation method that waters the plants in each area most efficiently. 4. Zoning of Plants Different areas in your yard get different amounts of light, wind, and moisture. To minimize water waste, group together plants with similar light and water requirements, and place them in an area in your yard which matches these requirements. A good rule of thumb is to put high water-use plantings in low lying drainage areas, near downspouts, or in the shade of other plants. It’s also helpful to put higher water-use plants where it is easy to water. Dry, sunny areas or areas far from a hose are great places for the many low water-use plants. Planting a variety of plants with different heights, color and textures creates interest and beauty. By grouping your plants appropriately, you minimize water waste while ensuring that your plants will flourish in the right environment. 5. Mulches 6. Turf Alternatives Traditionally, the landscape of choice across North America has been a carpet of bluegrass turf. Bluegrass is lush and hardy, but in many regions it requires a substantial amount of supplemental watering. One way to reduce watering requirements is to reduce the amount of bluegrass turf in your landscape. Native or low water use plantings, patios, decks or mulches can beautify your landscape while saving water. Choosing a lower water using turf also serves the same purpose. Such choices can include buffalo grass, blue grama grass, turf type tall fescue and fine fescues. 7. Appropriate Maintenance Preserve the beauty of your Xeriscape with regular maintenance. The first year or two, your new landscape will probably require a fair amount of weeding, but as plants mature they will crowd out the weeds, significantly reducing your maintenance time. In addition to weeding, your Xeriscape will need proper irrigation, pruning, fertilizing and pest control. Maintenance time for a new garden is similar to a traditional landscape, but it decreases over time. In addition to weeding, proper irrigation, pruning, fertilizing and pest control will keep your landscape beautiful and water thrifty. When your garden is well taken care of, you can sit back and enjoy it. Learn about the Water Savings Associated with Xeriscape. This article originally appeared on the Alliance for Water Efficiency. Visit their site to learn much more! The Alliance for Water Efficiency is a stakeholder-based nonprofit organization dedicated to the efficient and sustainable use of water. Headquartered in Chicago, the Alliance serves as a North American advocate for water efficient products and programs, and provides information and assistance on water conservation efforts.
Está en la página 1de 3 North Arakan: an open prison for the Rohingya in Burma by Chris Lewa Many minorities, including the Rohingya of Burma, are persecuted by being rendered stateless. Hundreds of thousands have fled to Bangladesh and further afield to escape oppression or in order to survive. There were mass exoduses to Bangladesh in 1978 and again in 1991-92. Each time, international pressure persuaded Burma to accept them back and repatriation followed, often under coercion. But the outflow continues. The Rohingya are an ethnic, linguistic and religious minority group mainly concentrated in North Arakan (or Rakhine) State in Burma, adjacent to Bangladesh, where their number is estimated at 725,000. Of South Asian descent, they are related to the Chittagonian Bengalis just across the border in Bangladesh, whose language is also related. They profess Sunni Islam and are distinct from the majority Burmese population who are of East Asian stock and mostly Buddhists. Since Burmas independence in 1948, the Rohingya have gradually been excluded from the process of nation-building. identifies three categories of citizens: full, associate and naturalised. Full citizens are those belonging to one of 135 national races2 settled in Burma before 1823, the start of the British colonisation of Arakan. The Rohingyas do not appear in this list and the government does not recognise the term Rohingya. Associate citizenship was only granted to those whose application for citizenship under the 1948 Act was pending on the date the Act came into force. Naturalised citizenship could only be granted to those who could furnish conclusive evidence of entry and residence before Burmas independence on 4 January 1948, who could speak one of the national languages well and whose children were born in Burma. Very few Rohingyas could fulfil these requirements. Moreover, the wide powers assigned to a government-controlled Central Body to decide on matters pertaining to citizenship mean that, in practice, the Rohingyas entitlement to citizenship will not be recognised. In 1989, colour-coded Citizens Scrutiny Cards (CRCs) were introduced: pink cards for full citizens, blue for associate citizens and green for naturalised citizens. The Rohingya were not issued with any cards. In 1995, in response to UNHCRs intensive advocacy efforts to document the Rohingyas, the Burmese authorities started issuing them with a Temporary Registration Card (TRC), a white card, pursuant to the 1949 Residents of Burma Registration Act. The TRC does not mention the bearers place of birth and cannot be used to claim citizenship. The family list, which every family residing in Burma possesses, only records family members and their date of birth. It Peace Walk for Rohingyas The 1982 Citizenship Law In 1982, Burmas military rulers brought in a new Citizenship Law1 which deprived most people of Indian and Chinese descent of citizenship. However, the timing of its promulgation, shortly after the refugee repatriation of 1979, strongly suggests that it was specifically designed to exclude the Rohingya. Unlike the preceding 1948 Citizenship Act, the 1982 Law is essentially based on the principle of jus sanguinis and Stephen Hendry does not indicate the place of birth and therefore provides no official evidence of birth in Burma and so perpetuates their statelessness. The Rohingya are recognised neither as citizens nor as foreigners. The Burmese government also objects to them being described as stateless persons but appears to have created a special category: Myanmar residents, which is not a legal status. However, on more than one occasion, government officials have described them as illegal immigrants from Bangladesh. In 1998, in a letter to UNHCR, Burmas then Prime Minister General Khin Nyunt wrote: These people are not originally from Myanmar but have illegally migrated to Myanmar because of population pressures in their own country. And a February 2009 article in the government-owned New Light of Myanmar newspaper stated that In Myanmar there is no national race by the name of Rohinja. Deprivation of citizenship has served as a key strategy to justify arbitrary treatment and discriminatory policies against the Rohingya. Severe restrictions on their movements are increasingly applied. They are banned from employment in the civil service, including in the education and health sectors. In 1994, the authorities stopped issuing Rohingya children with birth certificates. By the late 1990s, official marriage authorisations were made mandatory. Infringement of these stringent rules can result in long prison sentences. Other coercive measures such as forced labour, arbitrary taxation and confiscation of land, also practised elsewhere in Burma, are imposed on the Rohingya population in a disproportionate manner. are prevented from returning to their village as their names are deleted from their family list. They are then obliterated administratively and compelled to leave Burma. Some Rohingyas have been prosecuted under national security legislation for travelling without permission. Rohingyas are also forbidden to travel to Bangladesh, although in practice obtaining a travel pass to a border village and then crossing clandestinely into Bangladesh has proved easier than reaching Sittwe. But, similarly, those caught doing so could face a jail sentence there for illegal entry. Many people, including patients seeking medical treatment in Bangladesh, were unable to return home when, during their absence, their names were cancelled on their family list. Once outside Burma, Rohingyas are systematically denied the right to return to their country. Unregistered Rohingyas in Bangladesh must fend for themselves. This mother gave birth 40 days previously and has not been able to feed her baby properly. Marriage authorisations In the late 1990s, a local order was issued in North Arakan, applying exclusively to the Muslim population, requiring couples planning to marry to obtain official permission from the local authorities usually the NaSaKa, Burmas Border Security Force. Marriage authorisations are granted on the payment of fees and bribes and can take up to several years to obtain. This is beyond the means of the poorest. This local order also prohibits any cohabitation or sexual contact outside wedlock. It is not backed by any domestic legislation but breaching it can lead to prosecution, punishable by up to 10 years imprisonment. In 2005, as the NaSaKa was reshuffled following the ousting of General Khin Nyunt, marriage authorisations were completely suspended for several months. When they restarted issuing them in late 2005, additional conditions were attached including the stipulation that couples have to sign an undertaking not to have more than two children. The amount of bribes and time involved in securing a marriage permit keeps increasing year after year. The consequences have been dramatic, particularly on women. Rohingya women who become pregnant without official marriage authorisation often resort to backstreet abortions, an illegal practice in Burma, which has resulted in many maternal deaths. Others register their newborn child with another legally married couple, sometimes their own parents. Some deliver the baby secretly in Bangladesh and abandon their baby there. Many children are reportedly unregistered. Many young couples, unable to obtain permission to marry, flee to Bangladesh in order to live together. Education and health care As non-citizens, the Rohingya are excluded from government employment in health and education and those public services are appallingly neglected in North Arakan. Schools and clinics are mostly attended by Rakhine or Burmese staff who are unable to communicate in the local language and who often treat Rohingyas with contempt. International humanitarian agencies are not allowed to train Muslim health workers, not even auxiliary midwives. Some Rohingya teach in government schools, paid with rice-paddy under a food-for-work programme as they cannot hold an official, remunerated teachers post. Restrictions of movement have a serious impact on access to health and education. Even in emergencies, Rohingyas must apply for travel permission to reach the poorly equipped local hospital. Access to better medical facilities in Sittwe hospital is denied. Referral of Restrictions of movement The Rohingyas are virtually confined to their village tracts. They need to apply for a travel pass even to visit a neighbouring village and they have to pay for the pass. Travel is strictly restricted to North Arakan. Even Sittwe, the state capital, has been declared off-limits for them. Their lack of mobility has devastating consequences, limiting their access to markets, employment opportunities, health facilities and higher education. Those who overstay the time allowed by their travel pass irregular migrants and they have no access to official protection. The combination of their lack of status in Bangladesh and their statelessness in Burma puts them at risk of indefinite detention. Several hundred Rohingyas are currently languishing in Bangladeshi jails arrested for illegal entry. Most are still awaiting trial, sometimes for years. Dozens have completed their sentences but remain in jail called released prisoners as they cannot be officially released and deported, since Burma refuses to re-admit them.3 Tens of thousands of Rohingyas have sought out opportunities overseas, in the Middle East and increasingly in Malaysia, using Bangladesh as a transit country. Stateless and undocumented, they have no other option than relying on unsafe illegal migration channels, falling prey to unscrupulous smugglers and traffickers, or undertaking risky journeys on boats.4 water. After drifting for up to two weeks, three boats were finally rescued in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India and two boats in Aceh province of Indonesia. More than 300 boat people are reportedly missing, believed to have drowned. The issuing of a TRC to Rohingyas has been praised as a first step towards citizenship. On 10 May 2008, the Rohingya were allowed to vote in the constitutional referendum but ironically the new Constitution, which was approved, does not contain any provisions granting them citizenship rights. There is no political will for the Rohingya to be accepted as Burmese citizens in the foreseeable future. UNHCR/Suthep Kritsanavarin On 2 April 2007, six UN Special Rapporteurs put out a joint statement addressing the Rohingya situation and called upon the Burmese government to: repeal or amend the 1982 Citizenship Law to ensure compliance of its legislation with the countrys international human rights obligations, including Article 7 of the Convention of the Rights of the Child and Article 9 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women; take urgent measures to eliminate discriminatory practices against the Muslim minority in North Rakhine [Arakan] State, and to ensure that no further discrimination is carried out against persons belonging to this community. In addition, Bangladesh, Malaysia and Thailand should put in place effective mechanisms to allow Rohingyas access to protection as refugees. Chris Lewa ( is coordinator of The Arakan Project, a local NGO primarily dedicated to the protection and promotion of human rights for the Rohingya minority of Burma, through documentation (including first-hand testimonies) and research-based advocacy. 1. See wmain?page=printdoc&docid=3ae6b4f71b 2. See race.htm 3. See article p42. 4. See Chris Lewa Asias new boat people, FMR 30: critically ill patients is practically impossible. Consequently, patients who can afford it have sought medical treatment in Bangladesh but are sometimes unable to return to their village. Likewise, there are few secondary schools in North Arakan In Malaysia or Thailand, the and pupils need travel permission Rohingyas have no access to to study outside their village. The protection. They are regularly caught only university is in Sittwe. After in immigration crackdowns and end 2001, most students could no longer up in the revolving door of informal attend classes and had to rely on deportations. Since Burma would distance learning, only being allowed not take them back, Thailand has to travel to Sittwe to sit examinations. occasionally deported Rohingya boat Since 2005, however, even that has people unofficially into border areas been prohibited. Not surprisingly, of Burma controlled by insurgent illiteracy among groups. the Rohingyas is Malaysia usually We, Rohingyas, are like high, estimated deports them birds in a cage. However, at 80%. over the border into Thailand caged birds are fed while For the in the hands of Rohingya, the we have to struggle alone brokers. Against compounded the payment of to feed ourselves. effect of these a fee, they are various forms smuggled back A Rohingya villager from of persecution into Thailand Maungdaw, North Arakan has driven or Malaysia many into dire poverty and their and those unable to pay are degrading conditions have caused sold into slavery on fishing mental distress, pushing them to flee boats or plantations. across the border to Bangladesh. In December 2008, Thailand started In exile implementing a new policy of pushing back Rohingya boat people In Bangladesh, the 28,000 Rohingyas to the high seas. In at least three still remaining in two camps separate incidents, 1,200 boat people are recognised as refugees and were handed over to the Thai military benefit from limited protection on a deserted island off the Thai and assistance by UNHCR but coast and ill-treated before being it is estimated that up to 200,000 towed out to sea on boats without more live outside the camps. an engine and with little food and Bangladesh considers them as
• Categories • Archives STUDY: Arsenic Makes Some Ancient Medieval Books Deadly to the Touch Who knew reading could be so dangerous? books with arsenic in them, poisonous books found in library Credit: Pxnio cc0. Researchers studying medieval texts at the University of Southern Denmark have uncovered a hidden danger in the bindings of at least three different historical documents that date back to the 1500 and 1600s. A green pigment found in the bindings of these books was discovered to be enriched in arsenic, so much so that they would poison anyone coming into physical contact with them. Naturally, one wonders how the arsenic found its way into these medieval books. First, for the non-chemists among us: what is arsenic? Arsenic is one of the elements—atomic number 33 on the periodic table. In nature, it is usually found in minerals that contain sulfur and some other metals. However, it can also be found in a pure crystal form. Throughout the world, arsenic has been employed as an ingredient in many pesticides. It is actually beneficial as a dietary supplement in trace amounts. It is only at elevated levels where it becomes a health problem. Short-term exposure at high levels can produce symptoms including but not limited to vomiting, watery and bloody stools, and severe abdominal pain. Prolonged exposure can result in general numbness, skin lesions, chronic diarrhea, heart disease, and a variety of different types of cancer. Scientific research has shown that arsenic-induced cancer results from it impeding the DNA repair pathways in the cell. Globally, arsenic contamination of groundwater that feeds water supplies has been responsible for long-term poisoning of communities with one of the worst incidents reported in Bangladesh and described by the World Health Organization as the “largest mass poisoning of a population in history.” But how did arsenic end up in medieval texts? The answer is actually somewhat surprising. In the pre-Victorian era, arsenic was quite commonplace in various paints, dyes, and wallpaper. It was even found in children’s toys and cosmetics at the time. It was employed as a pesticide for meats and vegetables, where they would be sprayed and dipped in solutions containing arsenic. Indeed, the particular arsenic containing green pigment discovered on the pages of these books was well-known as “Paris green” or “emerald green.” Despite being somewhat familiar with arsenic as a poison, its use was not discontinued until Victorian times. Indeed, one doctor aware of the dangers regarding arsenic was quoted in 1857 as saying “a great deal of slow poisoning is going on in Great Britain.” Given these historical uses of arsenic-containing substances, it has been speculated that the origin of the arsenic contamination of the texts was the intentional application of an arsenic-containing green pigment for aesthetic reasons or potentially as an anti-pesticide. The arsenic contamination of the medieval texts was discovered when researchers were conducting an in-depth analysis of the book bindings. Their interest revolved around an old practice dating back to 1536 where parchment from banned books was recycled as binding material for new books. Therefore, fragments of historical texts have been partially resurrected underneath cover pigments. The research team used X-ray beams to detect ink remnants containing the elements of calcium, copper, and iron. This approach has been previously used to examine other artifacts including paintings and pottery. But this time, the X-rays unexpectedly detected massive amounts of arsenic, which was responsible for the green coloring on the books being examined. Load more... Page 1 of 2 First \| Prev \| 1 \| 2 \| Next \| Last View All • Avatar Dr. Paul Lawrence is a research scientist specializing in molecular genetics and microbiology, who c... keep reading
Posted by Eliscia C. Arizona My American Creed is how everyone should be given the opportunity to education regardless of their ethnicity My American Creed is very different for those of my age and generation. Although it if very important to kids my age and younger and for the kids that will follow after my generation. My American Creed is that everyone should be given the opportunity to education regardless of their ethnicity, religion,race, gender, or political standing. Everyone should be treated the same in school and given the equal opportunity to learn the same things and being pushed as far as they can. One of the main reasons people come to America is for a better life due to the opportunities available to us. People send their children to american to receive a better life than they had, to get an education and have the opportunity to go to college and make good money and even make a difference in the world. Growing up in America as a hispanic race wasn't always the easiest, you get judged and categorized in school as the kids that are into bad things and just go to school because they are forced to. Being hispanic in school you are immediately dropped down as if you don't know anything. “For Hispanics in the United States, the educational experience is one of accumulated disadvantages. Many Hispanic students begin formalized in schooling without the economic and social resources that many other students receive. For Hispanics, initial disadvantages often stem from parents' immigrant and socioeconomic status and their lack of knowledge about the U.S. education system.” We are being represented by the color of our skin and our background and not by what we can do or the good grades we put up. Published on May 15, 2018 Report a problem...
Chronological map of the history of translation theory Get Started. It's Free or sign up with your email address Rocket clouds Chronological map of the history of translation theory by Mind Map: Chronological map of the history of translation theory 1. In the domestic science of translation, a turning point was the book A.B. Fedorov "Introduction to the theory of translation" (1953) 1.1. in it for the first time a reasoned definition of the theory of translation as a predominantly linguistic discipline was given. 2. Translation Theory Today 2.1. The main focus of this science is on complex issues, namely, the general problems of the translation process, the characteristics of the translated texts and any aspects that contribute to the understanding of foreign languages and cultures. 3. Date of birth of translation theory 4. Middle Ages 4.1. In the Middle Ages, studies in the field of translation theory were limited to questions of an adequate translation of the Bible 5. The first theoreticians of the translation were the ancient Romans 5.1. Politician and philosopher Mark Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) and the poet Quintus Horace Flaccus (65-8 BC) 6. The revival of translation theory 6.1. The revival of the theory of translation began only in the 17th century, in many respects due to the active development of book printing. 7. Automatic translation 7.1. With the advent of the first electronic computers in the mid 40-ies. there is an idea to get the machine translated. 7.2. Even thousands of army interpreters could not cope with the information avalanche. 7.3. It is during this period that the first attempts are made to machine (or automatic) translation - "automated processing of information in a bilingual situation" 7.3.1. In 1954, the so-called Georgetown Experiment 7.4. Machine translation has stimulated theoretical research in the field of linguistics. 8. The theory of translation is one of the youngest sciences: its history is about 50 years, although even the ancient Roman scholars who lived more than 2,000 years ago tried to bring the translation into the process of translation. 9. The rapid development of modern translation theory is associated with the 50-ies. XX century.
Zion National Park On the edge of the Colorado Plateau, in South Western Utah lies a refuge of trickling waterfalls, forging rivers, gardens, and canyons. It is located along the same string of colorful cliffs as the Grand Canyon. The lowest layer of Zion is actually the top layer of the Grand Canyon, as the land slowly inches and dips downwards. Zion is known primarily for its bright red cliffs, and for its sense of an oasis in the middle of a desert. Although the land in and around Zion is arid, hot, and generally dry, there are pockets in Zion that are surprisingly lush and green. The canyon forms a perfect place for flash floods, which bring with them life and greenery. The general trickling of water in the canyon gives rise to hanging gardens, waterfalls, ferns, and large, established cottonwood trees. This area truly was an oasis for the prehistoric peoples, the native farmers, the Spanish explorers, and the Mormon ranchers. The name Zion implies its use as a refuge, and indeed, this land has been a help to travelers and farmers alike. Unlike much of the desert area, the park has some unusual features that make farming a lucrative proposition. There are flat, wide spaces, a river to water crops with, and a reasonable growing season. After the prehistoric big game died out, the natives sought farming as a way to survive in the area and it worked! Mormon’s moved in after the natives left the area, and continued to farm and create cities and towns. Zion National Park was founded in 1935, in the middle of the Great Depression. As the country was trying to figure out how to support the millions of Americans who were finding it hard to survive, President Franklin Roosevelt initiated the Civilian Conservation Corps, as a way to both help struggling families and preserve America’s precious land. Men would sign up to work in the park and would be paid $25 a month- a reasonable sum in the 1930s. These men were responsible for clearing trails, opening up roads, building park buildings, parking lots, fighting fires, and reducing flooding in the Virgin River. The back breaking work of these men are what made Zion National Park so accessible and enjoyable to visitors then and today. The ecosystems of Zion National Park center around water. Although the Virgin River is relatively small, it runs through the park and carves out the shapes and designs in the sandstone canyon walls. This river moves into the Emerald Pools, which are characterized by a waterfall and the famous hanging gardens, and lush cottonwood trees. In the park there is a wide range of biodiversity. Interestingly, there are many toads and frog species, which are adapted to both the desert aridness and the wet pools. Cacti are also a common sight in the park, as they are the most dedicated and skilled plants to thrive in a desert. What should I do in the park? Backpacking, hiking, tours, and cycling are all popular pastimes in the park. Wading through the the Narrows, a strip of canyon with shallow river water flowing through, is a an enjoyable and original hiking experience as your feet are submerged the entire time. Rock climbers can also find a niche in the park, but must first request a climbing permit before attempting to scour the canyon walls. For those who enjoy boating more, it is possible to get a free Wilderness permit that will allow you to kayak through parts of the canyon. How much does it cost to get into the park? Private vehicles are $30 for a weekly pass, and individual persons without a car are $15. Children under 15 can enter for free. For other fee questions, follow this helpful link: https://www.nps.gov/zion/planyourvisit/fees.htm Where should I stay when visiting the park? Within the park, there is one lodging option, the Zion Lodge, which is three miles north of the Zion Canyon Scenic Drive. There is more lodging in the nearby towns of Springdale, Rockville, Mt. Carmel Junction, St. George and Kanab. What will the weather be like? As a desert, the temperatures vary wildly. In the summer, temperatures frequently exceed 100 degreed Fahrenheit. The Fall is the best season to go hiking through the park, but be aware of flash flood warnings. Winter is chilly, and can dip below freezing at night. Come prepared based on the season in which you are visiting. Helpful links: For other great resources, please visit:
DICT.TW Dictionary Taiwan Search for: [Show options] 5 definitions found From: DICT.TW English-Chinese Dictionary 英漢字典 idea /aɪˈdiə \|\|ˈaɪ(ˌ)diə \|\|ˈaɪdi/ idea /aɪˈdɪə, ˈaɪd(ˌ)ɪə/ 名詞 From: Network Terminology From: Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) I·de·a n.; pl. Ideas Her sweet idea wandered through his thoughts. --Fairfax. Being the right idea of your father Both in your form and nobleness of mind. --Shak. 2. A general notion, or a conception formed by generalization. Alice had not the slightest idea what latitude was. --L. Caroll. Whatsoever the mind perceives in itself, or as the immediate object of perception, thought, or undersanding, that I call idea. --Locke. That fellow seems to me to possess but one idea, and that is a wrong one. --Johnson. What is now idea for us? How infinite the fall of this word, since the time where Milton sang of the Creator contemplating his newly-created world, -- “how it showed . . . Answering his great idea,” -- to its present use, when this person “has an idea that the train has started,” and the other “had no idea that the dinner would be so bad!” --Trench. 5. A plan or purpose of action; intention; design. I shortly afterwards set off for that capital, with an idea of undertaking while there the translation of the work. --W. Irving. Thence to behold this new-created world, The addition of his empire, how it showed In prospect from his throne, how good, how fair, Answering his great idea. --Milton. From: WordNet (r) 2.0 n 1: the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking entered my mind" [syn: thought] 2: a personal view; "he has an idea that we don't like him" 3: an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth; long it would take" [syn: estimate, estimation, approximation] 4: your intention; what you intend to do; "he had in mind to all the pieces" [syn: mind] 5: (music) melodic subject of a musical composition; "the theme is announced in the first measures"; "the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it" [syn: theme, melodic theme, musical theme]
1471-2148-13-248 1471-2148 Research article <p>A molecular phylogeny of Alpine subterranean Trechini (Coleoptera: Carabidae)</p> FailleArnaudarnaud1140@yahoo.fr CasaleAchillea_casale@libero.it BalkeMichaelColeoptera-ZSM@zsm.mwn.de RiberaIgnacioignacio.ribera@ibe.upf-csic.es Zoologische Staatsammlung, Muenchhausenstrasse 21, Munich 81247, Germany Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del Territorio, Sez. Zoologia, Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 25, Sassari 07100, Italy Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona 08003, Spain BMC Evolutionary Biology <p>Phylogenetics and phylogeography</p> 1471-2148 2013 13 1 248 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/248 10.1186/1471-2148-13-24824225133 The Alpine region harbours one of the most diverse subterranean faunas in the world, with many species showing extreme morphological modifications. The ground beetles of tribe Trechini (Coleoptera, Carabidae) are among the best studied and widespread groups with abundance of troglobionts, but their origin and evolution is largely unknown. We sequenced 3.4 Kb of mitochondrial (cox1, rrnL, trnL, nad1) and nuclear (SSU, LSU) genes of 207 specimens of 173 mostly Alpine species, including examples of all subterranean genera but two plus a representation of epigean taxa. We applied Bayesian methods and maximum likelihood to reconstruct the topology and to estimate divergence times using a priori rates obtained for a related ground beetle genus. We found three main clades of late Eocene-early Oligocene origin: (1) the genus Doderotrechus and relatives; (2) the genus Trechus sensu lato, with most anisotopic subterranean genera, including the Pyrenean lineage and taxa from the Dinaric Alps; and (3) the genus Duvalius sensu lato, diversifying during the late Miocene and including all subterranean isotopic taxa. Most of the subterranean genera had an independent origin and were related to epigean taxa of the same geographical area, but there were three large monophyletic clades of exclusively subterranean species: the Pyrenean lineage, a lineage including subterranean taxa from the eastern Alps and the Dinarides, and the genus Anophthalmus from the northeastern Alps. Many lineages have developed similar phenotypes independently, showing extensive morphological convergence or parallelism. The Alpine Trechini do not form a homogeneous fauna, in contrast with the Pyrenees, and show a complex scenario of multiple colonisations of the subterranean environment at different geological periods and through different processes. Examples go from populations of an epigean widespread species going underground with little morphological modifications to ancient, geographically widespread lineages of exclusively subterranean species likely to have diversified once fully adapted to the subterranean environment. Different Arthropod lineages have successfully colonised subterranean environments, prevalent among them are aquatic and terrestrial crustaceans, arachnids, myriapods and insects, in particular Coleoptera 1 . In the western Palaearctic, two groups of Coleoptera include the majority of the underground diversity: the tribes Trechini (family Carabidae) and Leptodirini (family Leiodidae), with hundreds of species with different degrees of morphological modifications assumed to be adaptations to the subterranean environment – different degrees of “troglomorphism” 2 3 4 . The high degree of parallelism or convergence in these modifications has always been an added difficulty to reveal phylogenetic relationships among the subterranean species 5 6 7 8 , but at the same time poses a very interesting evolutionary problem, as the mechanisms through which it is achieved remain largely unknown. According to the traditional view, virtually every species of subterranean Coleoptera developed the troglomorphic characters independently, but recent work on the Pyrenean fauna has challenged this assumption by demonstrating a single origin for ancient and diverse clades of exclusively subterranean species 9 10 . At the same time, the phylogeny of Pyrenean Trechini shows that the currently recognised genera (Aphaenops (nomen protectum 11 ), Hydraphaenops and Geotrechus), which were recognised mainly based on strong similarities in the general body shape 9 10 12 , are largely poly- or paraphyletic, with a striking degree of morphological convergence. In a wider study, Faille et al. 13 included other highly modified western Mediterranean cave Trechini considered by some authors to be related to the Pyrenean fauna (i.e. to be members of the “phyletic lineage” of Aphaenops in the sense of Jeannel 2 ), such as the Iberian Apoduvalius and Paraphaenops, Speotrechus from southeastern France, or the Sardinian Sardaphaenops. All these species were found to be not related to the Pyrenean fauna but to other lineages in the same geographical areas, showing again a strong morphological convergence among them 13 . However, in that study the basal relationships among the main lineages of the western Mediterranean fauna of Trechini could not be established, likely due to the lack of representation of more eastern lineages. Here we extend the study of subterranean Trechini to the fauna of the Alps, which include members of the Aphaenops lineage assumed to be related to the Pyrenean fauna but also members of the traditionally recognised second major division of Trechini, the “isotopics” (in opposition to the “anisotopics”, which include all the species of the Aphaenops lineage). These two divisions refer to morphological characters of the male genitalia (see below). The fauna of the Alps is extremely rich in both epigean (i.e., living “above ground”, in the surface) and hypogean (i.e. living “below ground”) Carabidae, with more than 650 species in the eastern part –approximately half of the Italian ground beetle fauna, and a fifth of all European species, from the Canary Islands to the Urals. This area includes more than 200 endemic species, most of them concentrated on the eastern pre-Alpine belt (the “Southern Alps”, from the Como lake to Trieste) and many of them subterranean 14 . It is considered a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity, comparable to the Dinaric Alps or the Pyrenean chain 15 . The easternmost area of the Alps (the “Suprapannonian sector”sensu Ozenda & Borel 16 , around Graz) lacks limestone formations and is less rich in subterranean species (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Similarly, the western part of the chain, from the Lepontine to the Maritime-Ligurian Alps, is poor in subterranean species due to the scarcity of limestone in the area north of Torino 17 , despite having a very diverse fauna, with 440 species of Carabidae and a high number – c. 30% – of endemics 18 . Only the Ligurian Alps are entirely calcareous and markedly karstified, with deep and large subterranean systems even at high altitude 19 (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Map of the main alpine karsts (in black) (modified from 17 ). Click here for file The Trechini fauna of the Alpine range is one of the best known in the world due to two centuries of studies by professional and amateur speleologists and biospeleologists. The subterranean species are currently grouped into 14 genera, 13 of them endemic to the Alps 11 20 21 22 . The origin of this subterranean fauna has been debated at length by different authors, who proposed contrasting hypotheses 2 14 18 19 20 . Some of the most specialised and emblematic species have been related to the Pyrenean fauna due to their strikingly similar external appearance, in particular some ultra-specialized Trechini very similar to the Pyrenean Aphaenops (the so called “aphaenopsian” shape 1 23 ). Within the Alps, some genera have fragmented distributions, such as Duvalius or Trichaphaenops, or morphologically similar genera occupy isolated areas, such as Boldoriella and Orotrechus, and yet some others have divergent morphologies with unknown affinities, such as Doderotrechus, Italaphaenops, Allegrettia or Lessinodytes 14 18 19 20 24 25 26 27 . With this study we attempt to clarify the geographical and temporal origin of all these subterranean taxa with the use of molecular data and a comprehensive representation of the subterranean and epigean European Trechini, including a wide sample of the most diverse and widespread genera (Trechus and Duvalius) as well as examples of all Alpine troglobiont genera but two. Using c. 4Kb of a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear markers of 207 specimens in 173 species we use maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods to build a calibrated phylogeny to estimate the temporal origin and the relationships of the subterranean taxa, with a special interest in the most morphologically deviant species, showing the highest degree of troglomorphism and the most enigmatic origin. Taxonomic background of the Alpine Trechini Trechini is a highly diverse and cosmopolitan tribe of carabid beetles, divided in well characterised subtribes 22 (see 28 for an overview of the phylogenetic placement of Trechini). All subterranean European species, together with their related epigean groups, belong to subtribe Trechina, which are traditionally divided into two groups of genera on the basis of differences in the male genitalia. Thus, in the isotopics the endophallus has a symmetric copulatory piece in ventral position (“série phylétique de Duvalius” sensu Jeannel, 1928 2 ), while in the anisotopics the copulatory piece is asymmetric and placed in lateral position (Additional file 2: Figure S2) 6 . <p>Additional file 2: Figure S2</p> Lateral (a) and dorsal (b) views of a Trechini male genitalia, showing the anisotopic (1) and isotopic (2) positions of the copulatory piece (modified from 2 ). Click here for file There are nine anisotopic and eight isotopic genera of Trechina in the Alpine chain (see Additional file 3: Table S1 for a list of genera, their distribution and number of species, and the number of specimens included in our analyses). Seven of the anisotopic genera are found in the southeastern part of the chain, from the Como Lake (Lombardy, Italy) to Trieste and Slovenia (Figure 1). The only exceptions are Doderotrechus, an endemic to the Cottian Alps in the Italian Piedmont living in natural limestone caves, artificial mines and the MSS (“millieu souterrain superficiel”, or mesovoid shallow substratum), and the diverse, widespread and mostly epigean genus Trechus. Trechus has more than 800 species, mostly in the Palearctic region 12 22 , and includes widespread winged species as well as short-range wingless endemics, many of them restricted to individual mountain massifs 29 30 31 . There are many species with different degrees of troglomorphism. Faille et al. 9 13 shown that the genus is a paraphyletic assemblage with some troglobitic genera or species nested within it. In the Alpine chain there are no species of Trechus exclusive of the subterranean environment, although some species are regularly found in it, and some high altitude orophilous species (e.g. in the T. strigipennis group) show depigmentation and reduced eyes. <p>Additional file 3: Table S1</p> List of the genera of Alpine Trechini, including number of species and previous hypotheses of relationships 2 11 12 13 20 22 23 24 25 27 30 46 47 , 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 . Click here for file <p>Figure 1</p> Simplified map of the distribution of the anisotopic genera of Trechina in the Alpine region (the widespread genus Trechus is not represented) Simplified map of the distribution of the anisotopic genera of Trechina in the Alpine region (the widespread genus Trechus is not represented). See Additional file 5: Table S2 and Additional file 4: Figure S3 for details of the sampled localities. Seven of the eight isotopic genera of Trechina present in the Alps are subterranean and endemic to this area (Additional file 3: Table S1). Only one of them, Duvalius, has a wider distribution (Figure 2). The ecological preferences and degree of troglomorphism of the members of the speciose genus Duvalius are very diverse: some are depigmented and blind, hygrophilous, nivicolous and living in caves, deep soil or MSS; but others are epigean, living in forest litter and alpine pastures, and are slightly pigmented and/or with reduced eyes, and even (albeit exceptionally) winged 32 . The genus is widely distributed from Spain, Maghreb (Algeria) and France in the West to central Asia and China in the East. It is diversified mostly in the Alps, Italian and Balkan peninsulas and the Carpathian region, with some species in Catalonia, Mallorca, Sicily and Sardinia. Easter of the Alps the genus is recorded from the Caucasus, Middle East and Iran, reaching the Tien Shan Mountains in China 12 . The Alpine species belong to the subgenus Duvalius and have been divided into various species groups (14 for the Italian species 20 ), which in turn have been divided in more numerous “lineages” 33 34 , mostly based on the structure of the copulatory piece. The genus was considered as a complex by Jeannel 23 , with more troglomorphic genera derived from local species pools. <p>Figure 2</p> Simplified map of the distribution of the isotopic genera of Trechini in the Alpine region (the widespread genus Duvalius is not represented) Simplified map of the distribution of the isotopic genera of Trechina in the Alpine region. See Additional file 5: Table S2 and Additional file 4: Figure S3 for details of the sampled localities. Other subterranean Trechini potentially related to the Alpine fauna We included in our study three species of the two anisotopic genera Neotrechus and Adriaphaenops from the Dinaric Alps, to test for potential relationships with the species of the Alpine fauna. The Dinaric karst is a recognised hotspot of subterranean biodiversity 35 especially rich in highly specialised troglomorphic Trechini, with new genera and species described every year (see e.g. 36 37 ). The phylogenetic relationships of this highly diverse trechine fauna are unknown, but the two genera included here have been related to Alpine or Pyrenean taxa: Neotrechus is currently considered as close to the Alpine genus Orotrechus, whereas Adriaphaenops was considered a representative of the former Aphaenops lineage. Nevertheless, recent molecular results cast doubts on the possibility of such relationships 9 38 . We also include an example of Pheggomisetes (with three described species), known from some caves in the Bulgarian and Serbian Balkans and with a highly derived morphology. It was considered as an isolated relict of the Eocene fauna, without clear affinities with the extant Trechini 2 . Phylogenetic analysis The estimated optimal evolutionary model was GTR + I + G for the three mitochondrial gene partitions (cox1, rrnL + trnL and nad1) and the nuclear small ribosomal unit (SSU), and GTR + G for the nuclear large ribosomal unit (LSU). In each of two independent MrBayes analyses the two runs (i.e. a total of four runs) reached convergence after 34 MY generations as measured with the effective sample size (ESS). The combination of the four runs also converged for most of the parameters (including the total likelihood of the trees), but had two alternative states (with two runs each) differing substantially in some parameters that did not converge, such as e.g. the total branch length, double in one state than in the other, or the alpha parameter of the gamma distribution in all partitions except the nuclear LSU. Despite the large differences in some of the parameters the two topologies were congruent for all well supported nodes (Figure 3). The topology obtained with Maximum Likelihood in RAxML was also generally congruent with the MrBayes trees, with only some poorly supported nodes showing incongruence (Figure 3) (see detailed comments below). <p>Figure 3</p> Phylogram of Alpine Trechina obtained in RAxML using the combined data matrix Phylogram of Alpine Trechina obtained in RAxML using the combined data matrix. Number in nodes, Bayesian posterior probability obtained in the two alternative states of MrBayes (see main text) a⁄ ML bootstrap obtained in RAxML. Subterranean genera and lineages are indicated by asterisks (see Additional file 3: Table S1). -: unresolved or poorly supported node (bt ≤ 70%, Bpp ≤ 70); x: contradictory node. 3a: clade 1; 3b: clade; 3c: clade; 3d: clades 2 and 3. In all cases the monophyly of Trechina was strongly supported, with three main clades that were recovered in all analyses. Clade 1 (Figures 3a-c and 4) included most of the anisotopic species: the Pyrenean hypogean lineage (clade 1.1, Figures 3a and 4), the genus Epaphius and relatives (Blemus and some species of Trechus, clade 1.2) and a large group including most species of the genus Trechus plus a number of subterranean genera nested within it (clade 1.3). These included all the Alpine and Dinaric subterranean anisotopic genera with the only exception of Doderotrechus, plus some other genera from nearby areas (Speotrechus, Jeannelius, Typhlotrechus, Sardaphaenops and Paraphaenops, Figures 1 and 3). <p>Figure 4</p> Summary tree with the main clades of Alpine Trechini, as obtained with RAxML Summary tree with the main clades of Alpine Trechini, as obtained with RAxML. Stars, nodes with a support of pp = 1 for both Bayesian topologies and bt = 100 for RAxML. -, unresolved or poorly supported node (bt ≤ 70%, Bpp ≤ 70); x, node not present. Node labels refer to major clades (see text and Figure 3); For each of the clades the number of genera and species included in the analyses is given in brackets. Clade 2 (Figures 3d and 4), well-supported in all analyses (Bayesian posterior probability, pp = 1; ML bootstrap support, bt = 100), included all the isotopic species, with a largely paraphyletic Duvalius and the five subterranean genera (Anophthalmus, Arctaphaenops, Agostinia, Luraphaenops and Trichaphaenops) nested within it in uncertain positions. The Balkan genus Pheggomisetes was found sister to this clade 2, although with only moderated support (pp = 0.92/0.89; bt = 52). Clade 3, also well-supported (pp = 1; bt = 100) (Figures 3d and 4), included the remaining anisotopics: the Alpine genus Doderotrechus plus a species of Trechus from Tibet, T. bastropi. The isolated genus Iberotrechus was in some analyses recovered as sister to this clade, with low support. Clade 1.1, the Pyrenean hypogean lineage In agreement with previously published phylogenies 9 13 , none of the three Pyrenean genera Aphaenops, Geotrechus and Hydraphaenops were recovered as monophyletic. The Pyrenean lineage was sister to the rest of clade 1 in all reconstructions, but this sister relationship was not well supported (Figures 3a and 4). Clade 1.2, the “Epaphius” group Epaphius and two species of Trechus, one widespread (T. rubens) and an Alpine endemic (T. ovatus), were grouped in a well-supported clade (pp = 1; bt = 100). We found the genus Blemus sister of this clade, although supported only in the Bayesian analyses (pp = 0.9; bt < 50). Clade 1.3, Trechus and other hypogean anisotopics This well-supported clade (pp = 1; bt = 88) was subdivided into two groups, the first (1.3.1) with Circum-Mediterranean species, gathering two Iberian Trechus with the highly modified genera Sardaphaenops (Sardinia), Paraphaenops (Iberia) and the Adriatic Typhlotrechus. This group was not well supported, although it was recovered both in the ML (bt < 50) and the Bayesian analyses (pp = 0.83/0.79). The second main group (1.3.2) was very well-supported (pp = 1; bt = 99) and included the Caucasian endemic genus Jeannelius, the French hypogean genus Speotrechus, a clade ( with all the hypogean genera of anisotopic Trechina from the Alps (except Doderotrechus) plus the Dinaric hypogean genera, and a clade ( with most of the Trechus species including many Alpine endemics and the type species of the genus, T. quadristriatus. The clade was well-supported (bt = 80; pp = 0.99/1) and included the subterranean genera Orotrechus, Boldoriella, Lessinodytes, Allegrettia, Italaphaenops and the two Dinaric genera Adriaphaenops and Neotrechus (Figure 3c). No epigean species were nested within this clade. The monophyly of both genera Orotrechus and Boldoriella was confirmed, whereas the position of Lessinodytes, Allegrettia and Italaphaenops, as well as that of the Dinaric species, was uncertain. A sister relationship was suggested in the ML analysis between Allegrettia and Italaphaenops, but without support and not recovered in the Bayesian analyses. The sampled species of the genus Orotrechus were recovered as monophyletic, and divided in two groups of species: the first, poorly supported (pp = 0.54/0.97; bt = 66) including O. vicentinus, O. fabianii, O. giordanii and O. montellensis, and the second, well-supported (pp = 1; bt = 99), with all other sampled species (Figure 3c). The two aphaenopsian species O. jamae and O. messai, currently attributed to different species groups 20 , were included in the same clade. The genus Boldoriella was found monophyletic with low support (pp = 0.86/0.92; bt = 54), but the separation of two subgenera within Boldoriella (Boldoriella and Insubrites 26 ) was not supported by our analyses, as B. (Insubrites) focarilei was closer to B. (Boldoriella) carminatii than to B. (Boldoriella) humeralis. The clade was also well-supported (pp = 0.97/0.99; bt = 81), and included most of the species of Trechus sensu stricto (including the type species of the genus). Seven sub-clades were recovered with general good support, together with some isolated species of uncertain position (T. karadenizus and T. lepontinus, Figure 3b): (1) a Pyrenean-Cantabrian clade (pp = 1; bt = 77), which included 16 species, some of them hypogean (T. beusti, T. navaricus, T. bouilloni, T. escalerae and Apoduvalius alberichae); (2) the group of T. fairmairei and closely related species; (3) two species of the Maritime and Ligurian Alps, T. liguricus and T. putzeysi, as sister (with low support) to a species from the Eastern Alps, T. gracilitarsis; (4) the two species of the T. strigipennis species group as currently defined 14 39 (T. pochoni and T. piazzolii); (5) two species of Apoduvalius, with uncertain affinities; (6) the Trechus fulvus group, here represented by the species T. fulvus and T. gigoni (the latter described as Antoinella 40 ); and (7) a clade containing T. quadristriatus and T.obtusus, plus some Alpine and Pyrenean endemics as well as species from Turkey. Clade 2, the isotopic Trechina The isotopic Trechina in the traditional sense 2 30 were confirmed as monophyletic with strong support (pp = 1; bt = 100), although the internal resolution was poor. The genus Anophthalmus was recovered as monophyletic (pp = 1; bt = 100), but depending on the phylogenetic method used it was sister to the rest of Duvalius species plus the subterranean genera Agostinia, Trichaphaenops, and Arctaphaenops (ML), or nested within this group (Bayesian), in both cases with low support (Figures 3d and 4). In all cases the rest of the subterranean isotopic genera were nested within a largely paraphyletic Duvalius. Some of the supported lineages had a well defined geographical distribution, such as a clade of species from the Maritime and Ligurian Alps, including the subterranean Agostinia launi plus the Duvalius carantii, canevai, clairi and gentilei species groups (sensu Vigna Taglianti 20 ) (although with good support only in the Bayesian analyses, pp = 1/0.98; bt = 56); or D. berthae from Catalonia, unambiguously related to D. raymondi from Provence (Southern France) (pp = 1; bt = 94). Some other lineages corresponded to species groups defined on the basis of morphology, such as the subgenus Euduvalius, the D. longhii (pars) and D. baldensis groups sensu Vigna Taglianti 20 , or the D. microphthalmus group sensu Jeannel 2 . Clade 3, Doderotrechus The phylogenetic position of the genus Doderotrechus within Trechina was not well supported, although the Bayesian analyses suggested a closer relationship to the isotopics than to the main clade of anisotopics (Figures 3d and 4). Doderotrechus casalei, which was considered close to D. crissolensis 41 , was recovered as sister to the rest of the species. The genus was found to be sister to a Himalayan Trechus recently described from south-central Tibet, T. bastropi, with strong support (pp = 1; bt = 100). Estimation of divergence dates According to our results, based on the rates estimated for a related ground beetle genus using the same genes 42 , the origin of the Trechina radiation dates back to the middle Eocene (Figure 5). The origin of the main lineages within Trechina dates back to the late Eocene-early Oligocene, although the last common ancestor of the sampled species of some of them was estimated to be of much more recent origin, in the Miocene. Thus, the origin of the Pyrenean lineage was estimated to be at the end of Eocene, but the present-day species diversified from the early Miocene (c. 23 Ma, Figure 5). Similarly, the isotopic clade (clade 2) separated from the basal Trechina in the upper Oligocene, but the diversification of the group was estimated to be at the late Miocene, c. 10 Ma, in a rapid succession. Some of the subterranean clades (e.g. Luraphaenops + Trichaphaenops or Anophthalmus) originated short after the origin of the diversification of the clade, whereas the two other genera (Arctaphaenops and Agostinia) originated later, in the Lower Pliocene. The estimated age of the isolation between the only Iberian species, D. berthae, and the French D. raymondi was estimated to be at the end of the Miocene. <p>Figure 5</p> Ultrametric time-calibrated tree obtained with BEAST for the combined dataset Ultrametric time-calibrated tree obtained with BEAST for the combined dataset. Grey bars, 95% confidence intervals of the estimated ages for the nodes. Hypogean clades and species are in red or identified by an asterisk. Other lineages had an earlier diversification, as estimated from our results. The hypogean Dinaric-Alpine clade (clade, Figure 3b) diversified in the late Oligocene, with an early isolation of the Dinaric species plus Italaphaenops from the other Alpine genera (although the phylogenetic position of Italaphaenops was not well supported, see above). The origin of the radiation including all the subterranean anisotopic genera but Italaphaenops was contemporaneous with that of the Pyrenean clade, in the early Miocene. Similarly, the diversification of the main clade of Trechus (clade was also dated in the late Oligocene. Most of the subterranean colonisations within the Trechus lineage were also estimated to have occurred during the middle and late Miocene, as well as the separation between the Himalayan Trechus bastropi and the hypogean genus Doderotrechus. On the contrary, the subterranean genera Sardaphaenops, Paraphaenops, Typhlotrechus, Speotrechus and Jeannelius were estimated to be of Oligocene origin (Figure 5). The estimated age of the origin of the Sardinian endemic Sardaphaenops was 33 Ma. Phylogeny of the Alpine Trechina In agreement with previous phylogenetic analyses 13 28 43 we found strong support for the monophyly of the subtribe Trechina, although the phylogenetic relationships among the main lineages of this subtribe remain uncertain. Contrary to the Pyrenean lineage, the Trechina of the Alps do not form a geographically well-defined unit, even when the widespread genera Trechus and Duvalius are not considered. Some genera of subterranean blind Trechini of the Dinarides (Adriaphaenops and Neotrechus, the two included in our study) were nested within the lineage of subterranean anisotopic Trechini from the Alps (our clade, stressing the need to include more Dinaric genera to establish the phylogenetic relationships of the group and understanding its origin and the colonisation of the area by subterranean Trechini. Recent discoveries of unexpected and remarkable genera in the Dinaric karst suggest that the subterranean fauna of this area needs further investigation 36 37 38 . Our age estimations were based on rates obtained in 42 for a related genus of groundbeetle using a combination of fossil and biogeograhic events (see Methods below), but were remarkably similar to those obtained by a previous work on western Mediterranean Trechini using as a calibration point the vicariant separation of the genus Sardaphaenops due to the tectonic drift of the Sardinian plate from the continent ca. 33 Ma 13 . Thus, even when the tectonic separation of Sardinia was not used as a calibration point in 42 , our estimate for the origin of Sardaphaenops was 32.7 Ma, fully in agreement with a vicariant tectonic origin. Similarly, the estimated ages of e.g. the Pyrenean, Duvalius sensu lato, main group of Trechus and Doderotrechus + Iberotrechus crown clades were respectively 22.7, 9.6, 24.8 and 23.4 Ma in 13 , versus 23.0, 9.7, 27.5 and 27.8 Ma here. The anisotopic genera Our results confirm the monophyly of the Pyrenean lineage 9 , as none of the hypogean highly modified Trechini of the Alps and Dinaric chains were found to be related to it. The Pyrenean hypogean lineage remains isolated, with no clear affinities with other Trechini, and the similarities in the body shape of the species included in the Aphaenops lineage of Jeannel 2 should thus be the result of convergence or parallelism (see below). We also found support for the monophyly of the genus Orotrechus, characterised by the presence of a peculiar, synapomorphic structure of the lamellar parameres in the male genitalia and by having only the first tarsomere dilated in the male. These well defined morphological synapomorphies prevented authors from describing species with an aphaenopsian and non-aphaenopsian general body shape as different genera 2 , as it happened in other cases. Thus, in the same genus it is possible to find all degrees of troglomorphism, from the small-sized, poorly specialised endogean species (such as O. mandriolae (Ganglbauer) or O. cavallensis Jeannel), to the anophthalmous hypogean species (such as O. holdhausi (Ganglbauer)) and finally the highly modified aphaenopsid species (such as O. venetianus (Winkler), O. stephani (J. Müller), O. jamae, O. theresiae Casale, Etonti & Giachino, O. gigas Vigna Taglianti and others). Our preliminary results suggest a complex history of the genus, with various species groups colonizing the same area at different times (e.g. several sympatric species with different degrees of troglomorphism are known in the Cansiglio-Cavallo massif in the Eastern Italian Alps 14 ), as observed in the Trechus lineage. Although our sampling only included less than half of the described species, it is apparent that the genus needs a taxonomic revision, as none of the species groups previously suggested was found to be monophyletic 2 20 30 44 45 . We did not find, however, evidence for the assumed close relationship between this genus and Neotrechus (the “Neotrechus lineage” of Jeannel 2 , accepted by all subsequent authors), although the lack of support does not allow to completely discard this hypothesis. We also did not found a close relationship between the highly modified subterranean genera Allegrettia, from the Italian Alps, and Jeannelius, from the Caucasus, as hypothesized by some authors due to their strikingly similar external morphology 27 46 47 . The inclusion of other Caucasian genera will allow to test the alternative hypothesis of Jeannel 48 , who suggested that Jeannelius is more related to other Caucasian genera than to the Italian Allegrettia. An unexpected relationship was that of the western-Alpine genus Doderotrechus with a Himalayan Trechus from south-central Tibet. Trechus bastropi belongs to a group of species (the T. dacatraianus group) considered to be isolated within the Himalayan Trechus fauna owing to the structure of the male genitalia 31 . Such affinities were unexpected but not unique: in the western Alps there is a very isolated endemic subterranean species of Sphodrina ground beetle, Sphodropsis ghilianii (Schaum), the type species and only Alpine representative of a genus that includes several Asiatic species 49 . Furthermore, the presence in the Alps of other species of ground beetles considered to be relicts, belonging to genera mainly diversified in Asia (e.g. Broscosoma Rosenhauer 14 ), is well known. The isotopic genera We found support for the monophyly of the isotopics, as a derived lineage nested within the anisotopics. Although the dichotomy isotopics-anisotopics is usually applied only to the species of Trechina 6 , the asymmetry of the endophallus is a character present in all species of Trechini, and thus can be assumed to be plesiomorphic. According to our results, the diversification of the Duvalius clade occurred later than that of most of the anisotopics lineages, but was more geographically widespread and species rich than most of them. The possible relationship of the symmetry of the male genitalia with an increased diversification and geographical expansion seems difficult to explain from an evolutionary point of view, and due to its unique character it also cannot be statistically tested. The detailed study of the diversification of the isotopic lineage would require a more complete sampling of the high number of species of Duvalius from other geographical areas, from the Iberian peninsula and the Maghreb to central Asia. Similarly, the incomplete sampling of the species of Anophthalmus did not allow us to unambiguously solve if Duvalius (in its widest sense) is monophyletic and sister to it, or if Anophthalmus is a lineage nested within Duvalius, as previously hypothesized 2 . The sister relationship between Anophthalmus and the French Duvalius delphinensis, even if poorly supported and present only with Bayesian methods, is intriguing as this is considered to be an isolated species within Duvalius, but with some morphological characters common with Anophthalmus (shape of the male genitalia, pubescence of the head 2 23 ). As seen with other genera, Anophthalmus includes species with various degrees of specialisation to the subterranean environment, from endogean or nivicolous to strictly troglobitic. The genus differs from Duvalius mainly in the elytral chaetotaxy 2 , and previous attempts to clarify its taxonomy based on morphological characters have not reached a wide consensus (e.g. 50 51 52 53 54 ). The lack of resolution within the Duvalius lineage suggests a rapid diversification, which according to our estimations happened mostly in the late Miocene. The origin of some of the most troglomorphic genera, such as Arctaphaenops, Agostinia, Luraphaenops and Trichaphaenops, with a marked aphaenopsian habitus, was estimated to be Plio- or Pleistocene, more recent than that of other similarly modified genera from the area (e.g. Italaphaenops or Lessinodytes, from the early Miocene). The detailed phylogenetic affinities of these genera are still uncertain, although some of our results contradict assumed relationships. Thus, Agostinia launi appears to be closer to Duvalius ochsi and D. gentilei than to D. carantii, contrary to previous hypotheses 2 20 . Trichaphaenops and Luraphaenops were found to be sister taxa, suggesting a common origin of the morphological modifications of the two genera, but it would be necessary to study species of Duvaliaphaenops to further confirm this hypothesis. In all these cases the subterranean taxa tended to be related with other geographically close lineages, as found in previous works with subterranean Trechini and Leptodirini 9 10 . In agreement with this general pattern, our expectation is that the genus Arctaphaenops should also be closer to some Duvalius species of the same geographical area (which could not be included in our study) than to other aphaenopsian isotopic Trechini from the western Alps to which it was traditionally related (Trichaphaenops 6 ). The large geographical gap between Arctaphaenops in the northeastern Alps and Trichaphaenops in the southwestern Alps and the Jura was explained by an hypothetical extinction of all intermediate forms by Pleistocene glaciers on the northern side of the Alps 6 . However, the ecology of some Arctaphaenops species, able to live at high altitude in cold, ice caves 55 , contributes to weaken this hypothesis of an extinction by glacial episodes, not supported by our phylogeny. The inclusion of some of the northernmost species of Trichaphaenops and the easternmost Duvalius may help to clarify the phylogenetic relationships of Arctaphaenops. Another example of unexpected affinities between geographically close taxa is that of the species Duvalius raymondi (French Provence) and D. berthae (Catalonia). Duvalius berthae, the only Iberian species of the genus, was thought to be very close to D. lespesi 2 , from the French Causses. On the contrary, this later species was found to be related to D. exaratus, from the Eastern Alps, included in a different species group by Jeannel 2 (the D. longhii group) because it was pigmented and oculated. Vigna Taglianti 20 recognised the morphological peculiarities of D. exaratus, considering it an isolated species within the D. longhii group. Although not definitely discarded, the hypothesis of possible affinities between Duvalius and Doderotrechus previously suggested 13 was not supported by our results. Origin of the subterranean lineages of Alpine (and nearby areas) Trechini Subterranean Trechini can be considered a good example of abiotically limited relicts 56 57 . Karstic areas, and more generally the deep soil fissures, may act as a buffer zone protecting subterranean animals from rapid and strong fluctuations of hygrometry, allowing the persistence of strict hygrophilous species with very reduced dispersal power outside this environment in the present day climate conditions. Subterranean species are known to be able to colonize all kinds of underground compartments 58 59 60 , but, despite the physiological limitations, some amount of surface dispersal must have also occurred at some time in some taxa with already a high degree of troglomorphism, as shown by recent phylogenetic contributions 9 12 61 . The ancient origin of some of the subterranean lineages is in agreement with the age of many alpine caves (excluding paleokarst), which are of Pliocene or even Miocene age, although the karstification of some massifs colonised by hypogean Trechini (e.g. the Vercors massif in southeast France, the Lessini Mountains in northeast Italy, and others) has been more or less continuous since the Eocene 17 . Some of the discontinuities in the current distribution of the subterranean genera may also be explained by the geological history of the area. Thus, the geographical gap between the hypogean anisotopic Alpine and Dinaric genera may be explained by marine transgressions that occurred during the middle Miocene north of Zagreb 62 , which could have led to the destruction of the fauna of this area and/or promoted the isolation of the ancestors of the extant species. It is interesting to note the presence in this area of the polytypic, enigmatic species Typhlotrechus bilimeki, the phylogenetic position of which was not well supported although our results suggested it may be related to the Iberian species Trechus schaufussi (“groupe pandellei” sensu Jeannel 2 ), with an ancient (Oligocene) divergence. By the late middle Miocene the marine transgresion between the Dinarides and the Alps had definitively disappeared, and the ancestors of the isotopic genus Anophthalmus should have colonised the area. According to our results, and in agreement with previous work of a more limited geographical scope 13 , there are multiple origins of the highly modified hypogean Trechini in the western Palaearctic, with a high degree of convergence or parallelism among species occupying the same microenvironment. Both within the hypogean Alpine anisotopic and the Dinaric clades it is possible to recognise the same morphological types found in the Pyrenees 2 6 9 . Species occurring mostly in the soil, in superficial fissures or in the mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS), sometimes also nivicolous at high altitude, such as the genera Orotrechus and Boldoriella, have a similar general morphology than the species of Geotrechus in the Pyrenees, more stout and robust and with shorter legs and antennae. Highly hygrophilic, small species living in deep fissures and only exceptionally appearing in accessible caves, such as Lessinodytes, are very similar to the Pyrenean Hydraphaenops, with a narrow pronotum and head, often hairy body and long mandibles. Finally, species living in deep subterranean fissures and in natural or artificial caves (such as some Orotrechus and Boldoriella, Allegrettia and Italaphaenops) share with the Pyrenean Aphaenops an extreme elongation of the body, specially pronotum, head and appendages, leading to the typical “aphaenopsian” facies. It must be stressed that all three Pyrenean genera are para- or polyphyletic, increasing considerably the number of independent developments of each of the characteristic morphotypes 9 . As noted above, in many cases the highly modified subterranean species can be related to other epigean (or less modified) taxa in the same geographical area, such as for example the species of the genera Apoduvalius and Antoinella (the latter already proposed as a synonym of Trechus, related to the species of the fulvus group 63 ), which are confirmed as polyphyletic and to belong to the Trechus lineage. In the case of the T. fulvus group, it seems likely that from an epigean, widespread species (T. fulvus) there were many instances of independent populations colonising the subterranean environment (as schematised in Figure 6a), some of them recognised as distinct species but others only as subspecies or simple varieties, and most of them –but not all– wingless and with different degree of eye reduction 64 . This seems also to be the case of the widespread genus Duvalius, nested within which there are some highly troglomorphic species currently considered as distinct genera (Arctaphaenops, Agostinia, Trichaphaenops and Luraphaenops). In the Duvalius lineage, and contrary to what happens with the T. fulvus group, the origin of the highly troglomorphic taxa cannot be directly traced to a single, widespread species, so there is the possibility that the colonisation of the subterranean environment was preceded by local speciation of still epigean species (Figure 6b). <p>Figure 6</p> Simplified representation of three idealised scenarios of subterranean colonization leading to an extant monophyletic hypogean lineage (see Discussion) Simplified representation of three idealised scenarios of subterranean colonization leading to an extant monophyletic hypogean lineage (see Discussion). Different combinations of the three, in all possible degrees, can be found among the subterranean Trechini from the Alps. a: Three independent subterranean colonizations from a widespread epigean ancestor. b: Same as (a), but preceded by speciation of the epigean ancestor. The three resulting epigean species colonize independently the subterranean medium. c: Single subterranean colonization, with subsequent dispersal and diversification of the hypogean species. It is, however, remarkable that some monophyletic and exclusively subterranean lineages, without recent epigean relatives, are of ancient origin and include a high number of taxa in a relatively large geographical area, such as e.g. the Pyrenean lineage (clade 1.1 in Figure 4), the Dinaric-Alpine hypogean clade (clade or the genus Anophthalmus. For these lineages, the most parsimonious scenario is a single origin of the subterranean habit and the associated troglomorphic characters (Figure 6c). This would imply the possibility that highly modified species were able to expand their geographical ranges and diversify, in some instances necessarily requiring surface displacements. This arguably happened in the highly modified Leptodirini genus Troglocharinus from the Pyrenees, which colonised the coastal area south of Barcelona during a climatically favourable time window in the early Pliocene 61 . In the case of the Dinaric-Alpine subterranean clade (, which includes taxa from the Dinarides and the southeastern Italian Alps (i.e. the “Illyrian-Gardesan Dolomitic sector” sensu Ozenda & Borel 16 ), the almost continuous presence of karst through this area (Additional file 1: Figure S1) may have allowed the displacement of species not able to leave the subterranean environment. The absence of subterranean anisotopic species in the northeastern calcareous Alps (Figure 1), in where there is only an isotopic subterranean genus of Trechini (Arctaphaenops, of a much more recent origin), would be in agreement with this hypothesis. Thus, it seems that no anisotopic taxa of this clade was able to cross the Suprapannonian sector 16 65 , without karst in a large area around Graz (Additional file 1: Figure S1), suggesting that they were not able to disperse long distances outside the subterranean environment. It is always possible that the geographic expansion of this clade was due to epigean ancestors which are now all extinct or remain unknown, and that the troglomorphic species have thus an independent, local origin. However, at present there is no evidence to support this hypothesis, which on the other hand could never be falsified – only made unlikely. We have unveiled the complex history of a ground beetle lineage with multiple instances of independent colonisation of the subterranean world, showing that there is no simple, unique evolutionary pathway in which this could be achieved. Thus, among the Alpine fauna of Trechini we have recognised recent radiations with multiple origins of subterranean species (e.g. Duvalius, some lineages within Trechus); isolated, highly modified troglobitic genera of uncertain affinities (e.g. Doderotrechus, Speotrechus); and ancient, diverse lineages likely to have diversified and expanded once fully adapted to the underground life (the Dinaric-Alpine subterranean clade). It seems clear that the use of simplistic models may only lead to the artificial recognition of exclusive alternative hypotheses where there is a continuum of different processes. To understand the origin and evolution of the subterranean fauna it is thus necessary to comprehensively investigate the evidence provided by the phylogenetic and geographical context of each lineage individually. Taxon sampling, DNA extraction and sequencing Sampling was carried out in the Alps and nearby areas during 2011 and 2012. We included examples of all the endemic genera of hypogean Trechini from their entire known distribution area, with the only exception of Aphaenopidius and Duvaliaphaenops, of which no specimens could be obtained. Of the two Alpine genera with a widespread distribution (Duvalius and Trechus) numerous localities of hypogean and epigean species were sampled (Additional file 4: Figure S3; Additional file 5: Table S2). We also added some taxa from other geographical areas that have been related to the Alpine fauna (Pyrenees and Sardinia), plus two genera of hypogean Trechini from the Dinarides, one orophilous Himalayan species originally described as belonging to the genus Trechus, and a sample of the genera Pheggomisetes and Jeannelius from the Balkans and the Caucasus respectively. In total, we analysed 207 individuals of 173 species belonging to 31 genera (Additional file 5: Table S2, where authors and year of description of the studied species can also be found). Specimens were collected by hand or by means of pitfall traps containing propylene glycol, known to preserve DNA 66 67 , and subsequently preserved in 96% ethanol. For some species we extracted DNA from dried specimens deposited in the ZSM. Extractions of single specimens were non-destructive, using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany). After extraction, specimens were mounted on cards and genitalia stored in water–soluble dimethyl hydantoin formaldehyde (DMHF) on transparent cards, pinned beneath the specimen. Vouchers and DNA aliquotes are stored in the collections of ZSM, IBE and MNHN. <p>Additional file 4: Figure S3</p> Map of the sampled localities. Click here for file <p>Additional file 5: Table S2</p> Material used in the study, with locality data, voucher number and accession numbers of the sequences. Click here for file The tree was rooted with a species of Patrobini (Penetretus temporalis), found to be sister to Trechinae (or Trechitae) 28 43 . In preliminary analyses other Trechini outgroups closer to Trechina (as e.g. Trechodina, Perileptus or Thalassophilus) were found to have extremely long branches and were not used to avoid analytical artifacts. The topologies obtained were, however, very similar (results not shown). We amplified fragments of four mitochondrial genes: 3′ end of cytochrome c oxidase subunit (cox1) and a single fragment including the 3′ end of the large ribosomal unit (rrnL), the whole tRNA–Leu gene (trnL) and the 5′ end of the NADH dehydrogenase 1 (nad1). We also amplified two nuclear genes, an internal fragment of the large ribosomal unit 28S rRNA (LSU) and the 5′ end of the small ribosomal unit 18S rRNA (SSU) (see Additional file 6: Table S3 for the primers used). Sequences were assembled and edited using Sequencher TM 4.8 (Gene Codes, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI). Some sequences were obtained from Faille et al. 9 13 (Additional file 5: Table S2). New sequences have been deposited in the EMBL database (Accession Numbers: Additional file 5: Table S2). <p>Additional file 6: Table S3</p> Primers used in the PCR amplification. Click here for file Phylogenetic analyses We aligned the sequences using the MAFFT online v.6 with the Q-INS-i algorithm and default parameters 68 . Analyses were conducted on the combined data matrix with MrBayes 3.1.2 69 , using five partitions corresponding to the five genes used (the trnL and rrnL genes were included in the same partition). We used jModelTest 3.7 70 to identify the best model of nucleotide substitution fitting each gene (partition). Two independent analyses of MrBayes ran until convergence using default values, saving trees each 5,000 generations. ‘Burn-in’ values and convergence were determined through the effective sample size (ESS) in Tracer v1.5 71 . Results of the two runs were combined using LogCombiner v1.4.7 and consensus trees were compiled with TreeAnnotator v1.4.7 (Drummond & Rambaut 2007). Maximum likelihood analyses were conducted on the combined data matrix with RAxML GUI 72 73 74 , using four partitions corresponding to the cox1, rrnL + trnL + nad1, SSU and LSU fragments with a GTR + I + G evolutionary model and default values for other parameters of the search 73 . Estimation of divergence times We used the Bayesian relaxed phylogenetic approach implemented in BEAST v1.7 to estimate the age of divergence of the different clades 72 75 . We pruned the outgroups and implemented a GTR + G model of DNA substitution to the same partition by genes used in the phylogenetic analyses. We used as priors the rates estimated for the same gene fragments in 42 for a related group of ground beetles (genus Carabus) based on a set of fossils and biogeographic events. We sequenced three fragments not included in 42 , nad1, trnL and SSU, for which we used the same rates as cox1, rrnL and LSU respectively. The rates used were a strict clock for the mitochondrial genes, with mean rates of 0.0145 for the genes nad1 and cox1 and 0.0016 for the fragment rrnL + trnL; and a lognormal clock with mean rates of 0.0010 and 0.0013 for the SSU and LSU genes respectively. We used a Yule process of speciation as the tree prior, sampled the chain each 5,000 generations and used TRACER to determine convergence, measure the effective sample size of each parameter and calculate the mean and 95% highest posterior density interval for divergence times. Availability of supporting data All supporting data are included in the Supplementary files with the exception of the sequences, deposited in the EMBL database with accession numbers HG514501-HG514996, and the alignments and trees, deposited in tree BASE: http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S14674. Competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest. Authors’ contributions AF, AC and IR conceived the study. AF and AC coordinated the sampling. AF obtained the sequences. All authors contributed materials/reagents. AF and IR did the analyses and drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to the writing and improving the manuscript, and approved the final version. We are particularly indebted to numerous colleagues and friends for their invaluable help and constant support in sampling specimens of many of the species studied in this contribution, most of them with narrow distributions and often restricted to localities of very difficult access (caves, high mountains). In particular, we wish to thank Charles Bourdeau, Hervé Bouyon, Petr Bulirsch, Gianfranco Caoduro, Dávid Čeplíck, Alain Coache, Giorgio Colombetta, Louis Deharveng, Thierry Deuve, Giorgio Fornasier and all the members of the Unione Speleologica Pordenonese, Javier Fresneda, Fulvio Gasparo, Michael Geiser, Mario Grottolo, Pier Mauro Giachino, Bernard Junger, Manfred Kahlen, Alexandr Koval, Ján Lakota, Enrico Lana, Leonardo Latella, Jean-Michel Lemaire, Roman Lohaj, Paolo Magrini, Paolo Marcia, Harald Mixanig, Roman Mlejnek, Riccardo Monguzzi, Vittorino Monzini, Carlo Onnis, Alessandro Pastorelli, Erminio Piva, Jean Raffaldi, Jean Raingeard, Jose Maria Salgado, Joachim Schmidt, and Dante Vailati. We also sincerely thank Alberto Ballerio (Brescia) for his very helpful support with the ICZN, which allowed us to confirm the generic name Aphaenops (corrected to Aphoenops in recent catalogues) as nomen protectum and conservandum in agreement with articles and 33.3.1 of the Code. Although none of the species sampled is included in international lists for the conservation of endangered species of wild fauna (Annexes of the Habitat Directive 92/43/EEC, Berna Convention or CITES), we thank the local administrations, speleological associations or responsibles of Natural Parks for the licenses to access closed, touristic or protected areas or caves. License for the subterranean taxa protected in France was obtained as specified in 9 (arrêtés N°2003-06, 25/2003, 2004–01). We thank Diego Lonardoni (Director of the the Lessinia Natural Parc, Verona, Italy) for his authorisation to conduct scientific investigations in this area and Slavko Polak (Notranjski muzej Postojna) for his support in sampling in some Slovenian caves. We also thank the ZSM for allowing the use of specimens of the Daffner collection for DNA extractions, Enrico Lana for the picture of Italaphaenops dimaioi and two anonymous referees for comments to the manuscript. 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Central Asian Shepherd Dog History, Personality, Appearance, Health and Pictures Central Asian Shepherd Dog Also known as the Alabai, the Mid-Asian Shepherd, the Central Asian Sheepdog, the Central Asian Owcharka (also written as Ovcharka or Ovtcharka), the Middle Asian Owcharka, the Sredneaziatskaya Owcharka, or simply the Asian Shepherd, this ancient breed has been guarding livestock in remote areas of Russia for centuries. With many breeds of big, heavily built dogs, it is popular to claim that they are "probably descended from the Tibetan Mastiff". This has also been said of the Central Asian, but one authority reverses this, listing it instead as "believed to be an ancestor of the Tibetan Mastiff". If this is true, it places this dog at the very root of the large-dog tree. One Russian author recently described it as "the oldest Livestock Guardian breed in the world". The Central Asian Shepherd Dog has existed over a huge range, from central Russia to Siberia and Mongolia, and there has undoubtedly been a certain amount of random crossing with other dogs in some areas. In other regions, however, it is so isolated that it has remained untainted for countless years. Today the purest form of the Central Asian is said to be found in the remote regions of Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. In Kirgyzstan, where it was once common, it is sadly now extinct, and as a working dog its numbers are in decline almost everywhere. In a few regions, however, it has recently been recognized as a "national treasure" and support groups have been formed. This is true, for example, in Turkmenistan. This strange dog, which traditionally has had its tail and its ears lopped off at birth, and which appears in many colour varieties and coat patterns, acts as a protector of livestock and also of the (often nomadic) people who own it. The Central Asian Shepherd Dog is strictly a guarding dog and, as such, is capable of working in extremes of temperature and landscape. In temperament it is unusually lethargic, conserving its energy until the moment when it perceives that there has been an intrusion into its territory. Then it is instantly transformed into a fast, fearless and powerful defender. Background Notes The Central Asian Shepherd Dog was rarely been seen outside its vast homeland until recently, but towards the end of the 20th century a few of them were co-opted for other duties, such as competing in the show-ring and acting as urban house pets. Their popularity increased rapidly. At a major dog show held in Moscow in April 2000, there were no fewer than 270 examples of this breed on display. In the same year at an international dog show in Milan there were 42 Central Asians competing, including examples from Russia, Poland, Hungary, Italy and the Czech Republic. Gallery of Central Asian Shepherd Dog
Differences between edgar and edmund What seems to work best is finding a vulnerability or a point of empathy, where an audience can look at Lear and think how shocking it must be to be that old and to be banished from your family into the open air in a storm. The performance was directed by Gregory Doran, and was described as having "strength and depth". Goneril sends Edmund back to Regan. When Lear arrives, he objects to the mistreatment of his messenger, but Regan is as dismissive of her father as Goneril was. Goneril Differences between edgar and edmund that she finds Edmund more attractive than her honest husband Albany, whom she regards as cowardly. In Act 1 scene 1 it was seen that the Duke of Burgundy no longer wanted Cordelia since King Lear disowned her for not bei ng able to profess her love for him, thus leaving her without any portion of lands nor riches from her father. Both Anthony Nuttall of Oxford University and Harold Bloom of Yale University have endorsed the view of Shakespeare having revised the tragedy at least once during his lifetime. Goneril and Regan speak privately, revealing that their declarations of love were fake, and that they view Lear as a foolish old man. The king was so upset, that she compared her love of him with such a small thing, gave her to a servant and commanded, he should take her into the forest and kill her. In the end they did get what they wanted and seemed to be happy that their sister did not get anything or more than they would have gotten like what was suppose to happen. Now alone with Lear, Kent leads him to the French army, which is commanded by Cordelia. Until the decent society is achieved, we are meant to take as role-model though qualified by Shakespearean ironies Edgar, "the machiavel of goodness", [18] endurance, courage and "ripeness". He disinherits Edgar and proclaims him an outlaw. Edgar babbles madly while Lear denounces his daughters. The production directed by Jon Ciccarelli was fashioned after the atmosphere of the film The Dark Knight with a palette of reds and blacks and set the action in an urban setting. Edmund defies Albany, who calls for a trial by combat. Kent returns from exile in disguise calling himself Caiusand Lear hires him as a servant. Many different characters within King Lear may be seen as very similar in some instances, such as Goneril and Regan and King Lear and Gloucester. Whereas Cordelia does not know how to profess her love for her father in words in such a way like her sisters did. Regan kills the servant, and tells Gloucester that Edmund betrayed him; then she turns him out to wander the heathtoo. Foakes [16] Historicist interpretations[ edit ] John F. The Fool reproaches Lear with his foolishness in giving everything to Regan and Goneril, and predicts that Regan will treat him no better. The early editors, beginning with Alexander Popesimply conflated the two texts, creating the modern version that has remained nearly universal for centuries. Shakespeare seems to make this contrast and comparison between the characters in order to not only make the play interesting, but to draw a link between the characters and make the play more understandable to the audience. The English translation of this story by Oliver Loo begins as follows: Also, at least a thousand individual words are changed between the two texts, each text has a completely different style of punctuation, and about half the verse lines in the F1 are either printed as prose or differently divided in the Q1. The armies meet in battle, the British defeat the French, and Lear and Cordelia are captured. Moreover, the Duke of Burgundy and the King of France as ver different in character as well. It is right for man to feel, as Edmund does, that society exists for man, not man for society. He reserves to himself a retinue of one hundred knightsto be supported by his daughters. The eldest, Gonerilspeaks first, declaring her love for her father in fulsome terms. He reveals evidence that his father knows of an impending French invasion designed to reinstate Lear to the throne; and in fact a French army has landed in Britain. The eldest spoke, she loved him more, than the whole kingdom; the second, more than all the precious stones and pearls in the world; but the third said, she loved him more than salt. The last of the great actor-managers, Donald Wolfitplayed Lear in on a Stonehenge-like set and was praised by James Agate as "the greatest piece of Shakespearean acting since I have been privileged to write for the Sunday Times".The differences between these versions are significant. Nuttall speculates that Edgar, like Shakespeare himself, usurps the power of manipulating the audience by deceiving poor Gloucester. For one, as far as we know, Lear’s three daughters, Goneril, Regan, and Cordelia, all have the same mother, whereas Gloucester had his son Edgar with his wife and his son Edmund out of wedlock. Bevor Sie fortfahren... Nov 06, · Some differences is that the daughters are all the rightful heirs of King Lear, while Edmund and Edgar are illegimate and legitimate sons of Gloucester. Another difference would be one group are women and in the times of Shakespeare really had no income except for what was provided for them by their family as mint-body.com: Resolved. Later, Goneril starts to lust after Edmund. When she sends him to her Regan she begins to suspect something may happen between the two because of Regan now being a widow after Cornwall's death. When she finds that Regan has asked to marry Edmund, she comes up with a plan to kill both Albany and Regan. Compare And Contrast Edgar And Edmund. What are the differences and similarities between the main plot and the subplot in Edgar Allan Poe and Emily Dickinson, Compare and Contrast Emily Elizabeth Dickinson and Edgar Allan Poe are two of the biggest poets in American Literature from the s. They had many things in common from their writings about death and sadness, because of their unfortunate losses in life. Comparisons and differences between various characters in King Lear It is in that scene that Gloucester relaises that Edmund plotted against him, and that Edgar was the one who truly loved and cared for him. Comparisons and differences between various charac October (6). Differences between edgar and edmund Rated 5/5 based on 39 review
Category: Medical Medicus Global The technology for Telemedicine has been available for many years but even more so now with the availability of cell phones and faster internet connections. Why is Telemedicine taking off now? With just about everyone owning a cell phone, people can consult a doctor from just about anywhere. The use of electronic health records can make it much easier for doctors to access patient records Patients are comfortable with not having to visit a doctor’s office, which is more time-efficient for doctors. One of the important benefits of telehealth is to help reduce the cost of health care by reducing travel time, fewer or shorter hospital visits and less staffing. What’s so amazing about telemedicine is that studies have consistently proven that health care services given through telemedicine are just as good as in-person appointments. Further in some specific areas of health care such has mental health and ICU care telemedicine provides many benefits with greater patient satisfaction. What Telemedicine is not is a replacement for the family physician, but it is a useful tool that can be used to augment in-person treatment. People want telemedicine because it reduces travel time while reducing stress and can greatly impact their families. Studies over the past 15 years have documented patient satisfaction for telehealth. Along with telemedicine and cell phones, doctors can now offer their patients services that may not have been available otherwise. What if you are sick and it’s the middle of the night? What if you need a prescription when you are on vacation or traveling for business? Thanks to telemedicine your cell phone may just be your best friend. Is rotavirus really a big problem? Rotavirus infects intestinal tracts of under-fives. Children who are under the age of five can get the infection more than once, but the first time is usually the worst. When talking globally, the virus is responsible for two million hospitalizations as well as 500,000 deaths of under-fives on a yearly basis. The figures are abysmal and depressing. Adults as well as older children can also be infected by the virus, but the condition will be too mild. How does rotavirus spread, anyway? The disease, sadly, is highly contagious. The stool of an infected child has germs that are livable for a long duration. The germs can remain for a long duration upon contaminated surfaces, such as hands. A child can catch the disease by touching a contaminated object and putting it in mouth. The spread of the virus is a primary problem in daycare and hospitals as well. The disease can spread from child to child like wildfire. Daycare workers also help in spreading of the disease. The childcare workers, sometimes, do not wash their hands after changing diapers, I.e. the germs remain in the hands of the workers. And the workers feed other infants from the same unwashed hands. That is, by far, one of the most common causes of the disease. What are the different symptoms of the disease? • The intestinal infection in infants is characterized by watery diarrhea, vomiting, low-grade fever and abdominal pain as well. • In most cases, bowel movements can occur close to 20 times per day. Such highly frequent bowel movements last up to nine days. That is a lot of water wastage from an infant’s body, and it is dangerous. • The chances of having dehydration through a rotavirus infection are thick. Having 20 bowel movements for nine days can cause severe dehydration in infants. The common signs of dehydration are deep breathing, tiredness, coldness of hands as well as feet, lack of tears and weakness. The subsequent rotavirus infection in an infant may not have dehydration as a symptom. How to diagnose the disease? The infant has to get admitted to a hospital. Most of the times, doctors and pediatrists test young children for Rotavirus A. The test involves examination of the diseased child’s stool. Such type of examination, by and large, is carried out with the help of immunoassay. The immunoassay helps measure the presence of a substance (proteins or virus) in the stool. Rotavirus vaccine has arrived to help in combating from this malady. Each child should get a dose of the vaccine. The dosage value depends upon the brand of the vaccine. The vaccination program should be started when the child is two months old. The vaccine is available in liquid form only. A rotavirus vaccine is as important as a conjugate vaccine, and it should be included within a child’s immunization schedule. Regenerative Medicine Alternative Home Medical Supply The situation was not easy to accept. Often they need to share a room with people with whom they have nothing in common. The noise level is also high and patients find it difficult to adjust as they lose their mental peace. The noise level often goes high and it is too difficult to bear. Sound sleep is also affected and the patients fail to have enough rest. That is why many people consider that hospitals are dangerous places to stay during sickness. There is also immense exposure to different types of germs that extends the duration of a certain disease. Today, the quality of life has changed for the patients, who stay at home. The patient can enjoy the benefits of the hospital by staying in the home itself. The concept is widely accepted and many families prefer this modern way of recovering the patients. Nursing care at home has become common that ensures quicker recovery of the patients. The advent of alternative medical supply has improved the quality of life of the patients. They get the appropriate care and the correct supplies that is required to recover soon. There is also good scope to interact with the members of the family and remain cheerful. At times, they may not feel that they are ill and time passing is too easy in a homely environment. Improve the Physician/Patient Relationship 1. Manage expectations. Patients expect quality care from their medical providers, so it’s your duty to provide that care to the best of your ability and maintain communication at all times. Create a culture of open communication between you, your staff, and patients so people know what to expect from each other. Each patient comes from different backgrounds and have their own idea of what good patient care consists of. 2. Make sure you and your colleagues are on the same page each day. Stress to staff members the importance of prioritizing the patient relationship. Have regular meetings to discuss concerns or issues that need to be addressed. What things can be done to improve the experience of each patient? 3. Take a deep breath. In our busy culture you can easily get caught up in a fast pace, but taking a deep breath is a great way to relax, plus it helps you be in the moment and gives you the ability to focus on the patient in front of you instead of worrying about what needs to be done next. 4. Build trust through transparency. Transparency means that every interaction flows from a belief of being open, honest, and truthful. Being honest with staff and patients can make a huge difference in preventing medical malpractice. Be truthful about the risks and benefits of providing medical procedures and what is happening throughout the process of care. 5. Be nice. One may assume that this is common sense, but you would be surprised how many physicians forget this simple rule. Remember why you went into the medical field in the first place. Have fun and enjoy the journey. About Medication Disposal Programs have been implemented to encourage Americans to properly dispose of medications that pose a serious safety hazard if left in their residential medicine cabinet. The best and safest method of disposing of pharmaceuticals is for consumers to deliver their unwanted medications to an authorized collection site. This can be done at a sponsored scheduled prescription “Take-Back” event or any time at a Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) authorized collection site. The number of available drop off locations increased after DEA amended the Secure and Responsible Drug Disposal Act of and expanded the options available to collect controlled substances from ultimate users for the purpose of disposal. The public may find authorized collectors in their communities by calling the DEA Office of Diversion Control’s Registration Call Center at 1-800-882-9539. Two of the largest pharmacy chains in our country, CVS and Walgreens, have recently launched programs to allow consumers to return their unwanted medications for safe disposal. CVS launched its CVS/Pharmacy Medication Disposal for Safer Communities Program, a Federal grant initiative. As part of this program, the company distributes drug collection bins to police departments and municipalities so they can set up environmentally responsible local drug disposal programs.(1) Walgreens plans to install safe medication disposal kiosks in more than 500 drugstores in 39 states and Washington, D.C., primarily at locations open 24 hours.(2) Healthcare providers and other DEA Registrants can learn how to properly dispose of unused controlled substances by viewing DEA’s disposal regulations at the DEA Diversion website or at the Federal Governments Regulations website. The Final Rule of the Secure and Responsible Drug Disposal Act of authorizes certain DEA registrants (manufacturers, distributors, reverse distributors, narcotic treatment programs, retail pharmacies, and hospitals/clinics with an on-site pharmacy) to modify their registration with the DEA to become authorized collectors. All collectors may operate a collection receptacle at their registered location, and collectors without an on-site means of destruction may operate a mail-back program. Retail pharmacies and hospitals/clinics with an on-site pharmacy may also operate collection receptacles at long-term care facilities.(3) DEA will conduct its 11th National Prescription Drug Take-Back Initiative (NTBI) on April 30th, from 10am to 2pm. Collection sites will not accept any dangerous, hazardous, or non-compliant items such as medical sharps and needles (e.g., insulin syringes), or compressed cylinders or aerosols (e.g., asthma inhalers). To find the collection site nearest you, visit the DEA website, click on the “Got Drugs” icon and enter your zip code. During DEA’s last NTBI held on September 26, , DEA and 3,800 other participating law enforcement agencies collected over 350 tons of unwanted prescriptions that could have otherwise been diverted into the hands of addicts. High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Non-Invasive Procedure One of the most important aspects of HIFU is that it is a non-invasive procedure. Whereby patients living with brain tumors, prostate cancer and other conditions may require surgeries as standard treatments, sound waves, much like light ways, may be just as effective in safely destroying tumors and other cancerous cells. Studies have already reported success with high intensity focused intensity ultrasound in treating kidney and liver tumors as well as breast and prostate cancer. Similarly, the focused ultrasound can be used as a treatment for hypertension as, currently, one of the only ways to treat this condition is through radio-frequency pulses that disrupt the abdomen’s renal arteries. However, this procedure, although not surgical, is still considered to be invasive as it requires a catheter, but high-focused intensity ultrasound that uses sound waves through a transducer outside for the patient’s body may be an effective method of treating the nerves around the blood vessels. High Intensity Focused Ultrasound and Plaque A team at the College of Science and Engineering at the University of Minnesota has found that HIFU may also help to clean out a patient’s arteries in an attempt to remove plaque and other buildup that might have occurred over time. If plaque is left in a patient’s body, blood clots may form and may break away from the lining of the vessel. Should this happen, the clot could potentially travel to the heart, lungs or brain and cause a heart attack, pulmonary embolism or stroke, respectively. While physicians typically use medications or place balloons inside the vessels and expand them to help the plaque to break away, there are potential complications associated with these methods. Instead, high intensity focused ultrasound directed at a vessel for two to five seconds can help to rid the arteries of plaque. Depression Medication Side Effects Many depression medication side effects can be very unpleasant. They can affect each individual differently as well as different medications can have different side effects. For some individuals, depression medication side effects subside after a couple of weeks as their bodies adjust to the medication. Because the effects can be so severe, some individuals stop taking the medications. Medications for depression can usually take a couple of weeks or more to work, which is a major factor in individual not sticking with the medication they have been prescribed. If they are feeling side effects this can increase the problem of individuals stopping their medication before there is a chance of finding it may have worked. Aside from depression medication side effects causing individuals to stop taking their medication, trying to find a medication that works can be a lengthy trial and error period. When a medication prescribed for an individual does not work after a couple of weeks they will need to try another medication until one is found to work. Individuals can lose faith that a medication that works can be found and cause them to give up trying new medications. Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) This type of medication is also an older type that has some of the worse depression medication side effects that can prove to have lethal dietary and drug interactions. Mostly prescribed for the treatment of atypical depression it is usually used as a last resort when all other medications have failed. The FDA has approved a patch form of the medication that has reduced the dangers of dietary dangers because it does not enter the gastrointestinal system. This depression medication side effects include dry mouth, insomnia, increased heart rate, drowsiness, blurred vision, appetite changes, muscle twitching and feelings of restlessness and loss of sexual desire or ability. Also, it may interact with certain foods. Atypical Antidepressants This type of medication is a newer type of medication that targets other neurotransmitters than serotonin. Some of the medications may target serotonin as well as other neurotransmitters or without the serotonin. The chemicals they affect are mainly norepinephrine and dopamine. This depression medication side effects include nausea, fatigue, weight gain, sleepiness, nervousness, dry mouth, and blurred vision. The side effects are less severe than the older type medications. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s) This is also a newer type of medication that has gained a lot of popularity and has proven to work quite well. This medication works by affecting serotonin in the brain. These medication side effects include sexual problems, drowsiness, sleep difficulties, and nausea. In adults over 65, it can cause an increase in falls and bone fractures. Article Source:
Willow Lane and Beddington Corner The history of what became the Willow Lane industrial estate in the 20th century can be traced back to the Romano-British period, but it was from the late 16th century that industry was attracted to this part of Mitcham, where the Wandle was a source of pure water and, above all, power. In their time textile bleaching and printing, the production of dyes, leather manufacture, copper and flour milling were to be found here, but all have now gone, to be replaced in the last century by a diversity of businesses. During the Victorian era, before development had commenced, market gardening and watercress growing were also major activities, supplying the London markets. This book is an attempt to bring together, as a coherent narrative, elements in the complex history of what still remains for many a little known corner of Mitcham.
Microscale Thermochemical Reactor for Production of DME Technology Description Researchers at OSU have developed a microscale reactor for the efficient gas phase conversion of CO2 and methane to dimethyl ether (DME). The device architecture utilizes millimeter to sub-millimeter characteristic lengths and novel pillar features to achieve rapid diffusion and heat conduction, improving yield and thermal efficiency while reducing operating pressures. Solar energy can be utilized as the thermal input, further reducing energy consumption for the production of DME as compared to the state of the art. Features & Benefits • high energy efficiency • high conversion efficiency • reduced pressure operation • agricultural methane sources • stranded methane Background of Invention Dimethyl ether (DME) is gaining interest as an alternative fuel because of its favorable chemical properties and the ability to produce it from renewable resources. Currently, DME is typically made through a 2-step process of first synthesizing then dehydrating methanol. DME can also be made in a single step through dry reforming of CO2 with methane while also utilizing solar energy as the thermal energy source. However, both processes face a variety of challenges ranging from poor kinetics, fouling of catalysts, and temperature control while using solar energy. Therefore, a solution is needed that improves reaction efficiency and yield while making the system more tolerant to fluctuations in thermal input. patent pending; seeking development partners
Directly to word page Vauge search(google) Home > Amygdala in a sentence Amygdala in a sentence up(1) down(0) Sentence count:41Posted:2017-09-01Updated:2017-09-01 Similar words: dog daysbalalaikapolling daythanksgiving daygamyseamyfoamydreamyMeaning: n. an almond-shaped neural structure in the anterior part of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum; intimately connected with the hypothalamus and the hippocampus and the cingulate gyrus; as part of the limbic system it plays an important role in motivation and emotional behavior. Random good picture Not show 1 In subsequent situations, the amygdala might respond to preconscious information—but conscious awareness or memory may never follow. 2 The amygdala is an executor of stress behavioral, autonomic and neuroendocrine responses. 3 On the other hand, amygdala may also be involved in pain modulation through connections with periaquiductal gray (PAG), rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), and other brain stem areas. 4 The evidence comes from two patients with rare amygdala injuries who displayed an unusual disregard for how much they stood to lose when taking part in a gambling game. 5 To test this, Kirby focused on the basolateral amygdala, the region of the almond-shaped structure that handles negative emotions, including stress, anxiety and fear. 6 Objective To study the role of basolateral amygdala in startle conditioned reflex. 7 Here we investigate whether the amygdala, a temporal lobe structure, is affected by ALS. 8 Asymmetries in the PFC and the amygdala are the physiological bases of individual difference in emotion. 9 The amygdala is activated by stimulus that elicits certain forms of negative affect, particularly fear. 11 The amygdala, in turn, contacts an array of brain regions, making heavy use of a neurotransmitter called corticotropin -releasing hormone (CRH). 12 The amygdala had the greatest response to scenes as most emotionally intense. 13 Each lobe includes an amygdala and a seahorse - shaped structure called the hippocampus. 14 The amygdala consists of two almond-shaped tissue clusters buried deep within the brain. 15 When the controls perceived odors, the bilateral amygdala, piriform,[] and anterior insular and cingulate cortices were activated. 16 Objective : To explore the effect of amygdala lesion on the monoamine transmitters in normal rat brain. 17 Objective To study the MRI volume of the amygdala and hippocampus in patients with major depression. 20 The hypothalamus controls drives like and thirst and the amygdala handles arousal, among other things. 21 The cell group that located at two sides of the third ventricle is the amygdala. 22 These feelings are stored separately, the brain region called the amygdala. 23 A couple seconds later two other brain regions became active, called the insula and the amygdala. 24 AIM: To investigate the effects and mechanism of nicardipine, a calcium channel blocker, on amygdala kindling in rats. 25 In women, the same is true of the left amygdala. 26 Conclusion The high level of DA, low level of 5-HT and NE in prefrontal lobe of PCP rats changed with the remission of schizophrenia after the medial amygdala subnuclei had been destroyed. 27 OBJECTIVE To investigate the inhibition and antiepileptic effect of midazolam on amygdala kindling models in rats. 28 However, the analgesic effects of acupuncture and morphine were not reversed by naloxone microinjected into the amygdala or the mesencephalic reticular formation. 2 . 29 The aging changes of substance P ( SP ) in central nucleus of the amygdala were observed. 30 Antti Revonsuo, a Finnish cognitive scientist, has shown that our amygdala (the fight-or-flight piece of the brain) fires more than normal when we're in REM sleep (the time in sleep when we dream). More similar words: dog daysbalalaikapolling daythanksgiving daygamyseamyfoamydreamyamylumbigamycreamysteamyinfamychlamysamylaseexogamypolygamymonogamychlamydiadaldallydaleand allmodaltidalsandalvandalmedalscandaldallas Leave a comment Welcome to leave a comment about this page! Your name: Latest commentsInto the comment page>> More words
Sanshou (also known as; Sanda) Sanda, Sanshou, Chinese Boxing / Chinese Kickboxing or an “unsanctioned fight” is a Chinese self-defense system and combat sport. Sanshou is a martial art which was originally developed by the Chinese military based upon the study and practices of traditional Kung Fu and modern combat fighting techniques; it combines full-contact Kickboxing, which include close range and rapid successive punches and kicks, with Wrestling, takedowns, throws, sweeps, kick catches, and in some competitions, even elbow and knee strikes. Sanshou is not seen as a style itself, but rather is considered as just one of the two components of Chinese martial arts training and is often taught alongside taolu (forms) training. However, as part of the development of Sport Wushu by the Chinese government, a standard curriculum for Sanshou was developed. It is to this standard curriculum that the term Sanshou is usually applied. This curriculum was developed with reference to traditional Chinese martial arts. The most famous fighters in China are Cung Le (Kickboxing), Liu Hailong (Sanda), Muslim Salikhov (Sanda), Simon Marcus (Kickboxing), Zhang Tiequan (MMA) and Zou Shiming (Boxing). The generalized modern curriculum practiced in modern Wushu schools is composed of different traditional martial arts fighting styles from China, but mainly based on scientific efficiency. Sanshou’s competitive history involved barehanded or Lei Tai fights in which no rules existed. Later it was also adopted as a method by the People’s Liberation Army of China. One can see Sanshou as a synthesis of traditional Chinese fighting techniques into a more amorphous system and is commonly taught alongside traditional Chinese styles, from which Sanshou techniques, theory and training methods are derived. The emphasis of Sanshou is on a more amorphous fighting ability. Sport variation Yùndòng Sǎndǎ (Mandarin Chinese, Sport Free Fighting), or Jingzheng Sǎndǎ (Mandarin Chinese, Competitive Free Fighting): A modern fighting method, sport, and applicable component of Wushu / Kung Fu influenced by traditional Chinese Boxing, of which takedowns & throws are legal in competition, as well as all other sorts of striking (use of arms & legs). It has all the combat aspects of Wushu. Sanda fighting competitions are often held alongside taolu or form competitions. Sanda is practiced in tournaments and is normally held alongside taolu events in Wushu competition. Competitors can win by knockout or points which are earned by landing strikes to the body or head, throwing an opponent, or when competition is held on a raised Lei Tai platform, pushing them off the platform. Fighters are only allowed to clinch for a few seconds. In the U.S., competitions are held either in boxing rings or on the raised Lei Tai platform. Amateur fighters wear protective gear. “Amateur Sanda” allows kicks, punches, knees (not to the head), and throws. A competition held in China, called the “King of Sanda”, is held in a ring similar to a boxing ring in design but larger in dimension. As professionals, they wear no protective gear except for gloves, cup, and mouthpiece, and “Professional Sanda” allows knee strikes (including to the head) as well as kicking, punching and throwing. Some Sanda fighters have participated in fighting tournaments such as K-1 and Shootboxing. They have had some degree of success, especially in Shootboxing competitions, which is more similar to Sanda. Also notable competitors in China’s mainstream Mixed Martial Arts competitions, Art of War Fighting Championship and Ranik Ultimate Fighting Federation are dominantly of Wushu background. Muay Thai is frequently pitted against Sanda as is Karate, Kickboxing, & Taekwondo. Notable competitors Some well-known Chinese Sanshou fighters include Bao Li Gao, and Liu Hailong. Some Sanshou fighters well known in the United States include the IKF and former Strikeforce middleweight champion, Cung Le, and Marvin Perry. Other Sanshou based fighters who have entered MMA include KJ Noons, Pat Barry, Zhang Tiequan and Muslim Salihov, the European and world champion from Russia beat 4 top Chinese fighters from different weight categories, including the Chinese champion from the 90 kg category and became the first non-Chinese to claim the “King of Sanda” title. Military variation * Ti – Lower-Body Striking – including kicks, knees and stomping * Shuai – Throws – using Wrestling and Judo-like takedowns and sweeps, and * Chin-Na – Seizing – which includes jointlocks, strangulation and other submissions Source: Wikipedia
The Difference Between Rattan, Cane and Wicker Furniture © aerogondo - Wicker is a collective term that is used to refer to any type of woven furniture such as reed, rattan, cane, seagrass, and bamboo among others. In addition, wicker pertains to the very act of weaving or also means the finished woven furniture that is made from weaving different materials to form an article of furniture. It is impossible to describe the difference between rattan, cane, and wicker furniture, as rattan and cane are materials, and wicker is a process. In order to learn more about the craft of building furniture with the use of natural materials and the process of weaving itself, it is only but ideal to identify wicker, rattan, and cane separately. What is Wicker? In general, a wicker may refer to a natural or synthetic vine or grass that is then woven into a pattern. The resulting form from the weaving or interlacing materials is aptly called as wickerwork. Wicker furniture is then made from weaving slender branches around wooden or metal frames to produce chairs, tables, and sofas among others. Wicker furniture are made from either natural or synthetic materials. Natural Wicker • Reed • Cane • Rattan • Seagrass • Bamboo • Willow Synthetic Wicker • Resin • Vinyl Depending on your preference, wicker furniture may be left natural, stained, or painted. Benefits of Using Wicker Furniture • The light and airy feel of wicker furniture makes them perfect for tropical settings. • Wicker furniture looks more natural and organic which in turn complements environmentally-friendly interior design and architecture. • Wicker furniture are highly flexible in that owners can apply cushions to make them look excellent in homes with more modern look or feel. • The lightweight nature of wicker makes them an excellent material for infant and children’s room. • Wicker furnishings are most commonly used for outdoor patios. It is relatively easy to move around chairs and tables made from wicker. Care and Maintenance of Wicker Furniture You can maintain the beauty and integrity of wicker furniture for many years if you know how to properly take care of them. The inherent nature of wicker furnishings- that which is its woven nature makes wicker more prone to dirt and dust. Here are quick and easy steps on how you can guarantee their durability, flexibility, strength, and beauty for many years to come: • To avoid the accumulation of dust and allergens, it is best to dust and clean your wicker furniture regularly. Use a clear furniture polish to repel dirt and dust for days. • It is ideal to protect your wicker furniture through the application of lacquer. This should be made one a year or once every two years to ensure quality and to retain the strength of the materials. • For areas that are deeply soiled, the quick solution is to clean it with soap and water. • To avoid accidents, make sure to smooth out the edges and rough spots with sand paper. What is Rattan? Rattan originated from Southeast Asia thus it is inherently a tropical palm tree. It basically grows like a tree, but eventually bends back to the ground like a vines and then snakes through the ground instead. The rattan is known to be one of the strongest woods available. This quality of rattan makes it the ideal material in the production of durable furniture for home use and installation. The Philippines is one of the main producers of rattan which are then imported to countries like the United States for further furniture processing and production. What is Cane? Cane is basically a part of the rattan plant. It is produced simply by peeling off the skin of the rattan vine. This material is then wrapped in solid hardwood, steel, or aluminum frames to create a more appealing furniture item. Cane as a wicker material effectively highlights the mottled coloring and pattern of rattan skin. One great quality of cane is that it is less porous. This means that it can easily repel spillage. The remaining liquid can be easily wiped down by a dry towel. Canes are highly pliable in nature, thus it is ideally used in the production of chair seats or surface texture to the façade of furnishings. As mentioned above, cane is also used in combination with rattan materials so as to highlight it beautifully. Unlike rattan which is most commonly treated and painted, cane is left in its natural round state. In terms of strength, cane is generally stronger than rattan, thus it is most commonly used for binding purposes. One common quality between cane and rattan is that both of these are inexpensive wicker materials. Although most of the materials are imported from tropical countries, furniture made from cane and rattan is still considerably cheaper than those made from solid hardwood or plastic. They are also known to be very lightweight in nature. One can easily transport or move them with minimal to no hassle at all. Lastly cane and rattan wicker furniture are environmentally-friendly! If you would like to make a change and successfully reduce your carbon footprint, one way to show this is buy purchasing or producing your very own wicker furniture made from natural weaving materials. The fast rate of growth of rattan makes it highly renewable and very environmentally-friendly too!
Home » Blogs » The Emotionally Sensitive Person » Emotion Regulation: Observing and Describing Emotions Emotion Regulation: Observing and Describing Emotions As a child, you learned the labels for what you were feeling from your caregivers. Is that tightness in your throat fear or excitement? Is the tension in our muscles anger or fear? Those around you gave you labels for what you were experiencing in your body with statements like, “You’re such a ball of nerves today,” “Stop crying, you’re just mad you didn’t get your way,” or “I’m guessing you’re pretty mad at your mom.” Sometimes your caregivers may not have been accurate in giving you labels for what you were feeling. Perhaps they guessed wrong or made assumptions that weren’t accurate. Maybe those around you weren’t comfortable with happiness or anger or sadness and so they would tell you that you were feeling a different emotion. In these situations you may not have learned how to label your emotions accurately. As a child, you didn’t know how to label what you felt, so you didn’t know if the label others gave you was accurate. Think about your experience. Is it possible that you label excitement as fear? Maybe you label excitement as happiness? Perhaps when you’re afraid you express anger and don’t recognize the fear? These are just a few ways that you may have learned inaccurate labels for your emotional experiences. Caregivers and those around you also taught you how to think about emotions. If your family was uncomfortable with emotions, then you probably learned to avoid them as much as possible or to push them down. If your family was comfortable with anger but not with sadness, then you are likely to express anger easily and hide other emotions. What was the message you were given about emotions? Part of coping effectively with emotions is accurately labeling your emotions. Just knowing what you are feeling acts like a brake on the emotion. It’s difficult to regulate emotions if you’re pushing them away most of the time. In fact, pushing emotions away and trying not to feel will make it more likely that you’ll act impulsively or experience depression or anxiety. An important skill to help regulate emotions is to Observe and Describe Emotions. If you can observe and describe your emotions you will be better at regulating them. You’ll also learn that you are separate from your emotions. If you can observe what you are feeling, then you are separate from that emotion. When you are separate from your emotions, then you can make choices about whether to act on them or not. You can also choose to be at one with your emotions. This means that you accept your emotions as part of you. When you are participating in pleasurable activities, this is important. You want to throw yourself into the activity and fully enjoy it. You can learn to accurately observe and describe your emotions. Being able to observe and describe your emotions means to be able to describe all the components of emotions: the prompting event, any interpretations or judgements or assumptions that occur, the physiological changes in the body, your facial and body expressions of the emotion, the aftereffects of the emotion and the name of the emotion. If you have a secondary emotion, label that too. Think of a time recently when you had a moderately strong emotion. Can you answer the following questions about that emotion? 1. What prompted the emotion? 2. What was your interpretation of the prompting event? Did you judge the prompting event? Did you make assumptions? Are the facts of the prompting event different from what you assumed or thought? How did that change your emotions? 3. How did your body feel when you experienced the emotion about the event? What expression did you have on your face? What was your body posture? 4. What were the after effects of the emotion? After you experienced the emotion, what happened? For example did you feel angry that you were scared? Did you have thoughts about the emotions you felt? 5. What action urge did you have when you experienced the emotion? 6. Did you have a secondary emotion? Practice answering these questions about different emotions that you have experienced. The more you practice the more you’ll naturally observe and describe your emotions and improve your ability to cope with emotions. Photos by Used with permission. Emotion Regulation: Observing and Describing Emotions Karyn Hall, PhD No comments yet... View Comments / Leave a Comment APA Reference Hall, K. (2016). Emotion Regulation: Observing and Describing Emotions. Psych Central. Retrieved on May 21, 2019, from Last updated: 13 Sep 2016
One day it occurred to The Members (parts) of the Body that they were doing all of the work while the Belly got all of the food. They believed the Belly was lazy and unproductive. It was decided that they would hold a meeting that evening to discuss how unfair this seemed. After what was a very long meeting that night it was voted on that The Members of the Body would go on strike until the Belly agreed to take its proper share of the work. The unhappy body parts didn’t do anything for several days in an attempt to stop feeding the Belly. The Legs stopped walking, the Hands stopped moving and the Teeth stopped chewing. As a result of this inactivity and the starving of the Belly, the Legs became more and more tired, the Hands could hardly move anymore and the Mouth became parched and very dry. Eventually, the entire Body collapsed and passed away as the Belly completely starved. Source: Æsop. (Sixth century B.C.) Fables. The Harvard Classics. 1909–14. What do you make of this fable? As a leader, you should know the strengths and value each team member brings. You should also be aware of their shortcomings and weaknesses. Leadership is all about relationships and making rock solid connections so that everyone in the organisation knows what they contribute to the team and why they are there. How does this relate to your team? To your success… Your opportunity to chat… Mark Russell Inspired Performance Coaching – Dedicated to Your Success. Leave a Reply
For example, if we want to prove that $a^2+b^2\ge 2ab$ for all $a,b\in\mathbb{R}$, we will start from something which is true (axiom or something that is already proved). In this case we will use fact that square of any real number cannot be negative, so $(a-b)^2\ge0$. Transforming this inequality we will get $a^2+b^2\ge 2ab$. This is one of the simplest proof. We started from something which is aready proved and transforming it we got required inequality. But what about complex equations or inequalities? Why is so hard to prove that if $a,b,c,x,y,z\in\mathbb{N}$ and $x,y,z>2$ such that $a^x+b^y=c^z$ then $a,b,c$ must have a common prime divisor? My question: is there any equation, inequality or anything which never can be proved using axioms or identities which are already proved? • 2 $\begingroup$ Think in set theory, this equality cant have a proof with the axioms we have: $\|\mathbb{R}\|=\aleph_{1}$. This was a problem that Cantor tried to prove al his life, it has an interesting history. $\endgroup$ – Yesid Dec 25 '14 at 15:44 • 3 $\begingroup$ See Tarski's high school algebra problem. $\endgroup$ – Git Gud Dec 25 '14 at 15:45 • $\begingroup$ Prove from what? Take anything as an axiom, it will prove itself. $\endgroup$ – Asaf Karagila Dec 25 '14 at 18:26 • $\begingroup$ Also, it should be noted that there has been several threads, all highly voted and thoroughly answered, about "unprovable statements". For example this and this. And probably many others too. $\endgroup$ – Asaf Karagila Dec 25 '14 at 18:32 Just a couple of appetizers: • Exhibit a set $X$ such that $f:\mathbb N\to X$ is an injective function, but no function $F:X\to\mathbb N$ is injective, and $g:X\to\mathbb R$ is an injective function, but no function $G:\mathbb R\to X$ is injective. [Click for hint.] • $P\neq NP$. If you can prove or disprove it, or at least prove that it's undecidable, you'll be very famous. And rich. • $\begingroup$ I knew about this, but these conjectures may be proved. Is there any conjecture which surely cannot be proved? $\endgroup$ – user164524 Dec 25 '14 at 15:45 • 1 $\begingroup$ @Mathematician171 Fair enough—the “$P=NP?$” problem may have a definitive answer, albeit it is apparently very difficult to find. But the continuum hypothesis is proven to be undecidable using the standard axioms of modern mathematics, the so-called Zermelo-Fraenkel model with the axiom of choice (ZFC). $\endgroup$ – triple_sec Dec 25 '14 at 15:48 • $\begingroup$ I can easily prove $\sf CH$. $\endgroup$ – Asaf Karagila Dec 25 '14 at 18:36 • $\begingroup$ @AsafKaragila In ZFC? $\endgroup$ – triple_sec Dec 25 '14 at 18:45 • $\begingroup$ With $V=L$ as an additional axiom. :-) $\endgroup$ – Asaf Karagila Dec 25 '14 at 18:49 Your Answer
Let's say I have $10$ biased coins. Each coin has a different probability for head. $$\text{coins} = [10\%, 20\%, 30\% ...]$$ I flip each coin once What is the probability of getting: 1. At least $3$ heads 2. Exactly $3$ heads • $\begingroup$ Someone correct me if I'm wrong but could you make a symmetry argument to say that this is equivalent to treating all the coins as having a probability of $\frac{0.1+0.2+...+1}{10}=0.55$ $\endgroup$ – Remy Dec 15 '17 at 7:14 • 1 $\begingroup$ @Remy No, that would be incorrect. For example, suppose you have two coins with probabilities of heads being 0 and 1. The result when you toss these coins is not like tossing two coins with probability of heads 1/2. $\endgroup$ – awkward Dec 15 '17 at 14:36 You can use a probability generating function. If the probability that coin $i$ comes up heads is $p_i$ for $i = 1,2 ,3 \dots ,10$, then the probability that you will get exactly $n$ heads when the ten coins are tossed is the coefficient of $x^n$ in $$\prod_{i=1}^{10} (1 - p_i + p_i x)$$ when the product is expanded. This is easy if you have a computer algebra system but tedious otherwise. The result when $p_i = 0.1 i$ is $$0.00036288 x^{10}+0.00699984 x^9+0.0482076 x^8+0.159749 x^7+0.28468 x^6+0.28468 x^5 \\+0.159749 x^4+0.0482076 x^3+0.00699984 x^2+0.00036288 x$$ so the probability of exactly three heads is $0.0482076$. For the probability of at least three heads, add the probabilities for one or two heads and subtract from 1. (It is not possible to get zero heads in this example, because $p_{10} = 1$.) • $\begingroup$ Can you explain this a little more: For the probability of at least three heads, add the probabilities for one or two heads and subtract from 1. $\endgroup$ – samol Dec 15 '17 at 18:38 • $\begingroup$ @samol If $H$ is the total number of heads, $P(H=0)+P(H=1)+P(H=2)+P(H \ge 3) = 1$. Solve for $P(H \ge 3)$. You could also add up the probabilities of 3, 4, 5, ... , 10 heads, but that's more work. $\endgroup$ – awkward Dec 15 '17 at 20:34 The solution is easy but cumbersome (if I am using the right word). So, I will show the solution for $4$ coins (for the sake of simplicity.) And assume the probabilities to get heads are different: $a,b,c,d$. If we have $4$ coins then there are 4 possibilities to get exactly $3$ heads and there is one more possibility to get at least $3$ heads as shown below enter image description here Accordingly the probability to get exactly $3$ heads is If we want the "at least" case then we have to add $abcd$. In the case of $10$ coins the number of possibilities for exactly $3$ heads is ${10 \choose 3}=120$ and all have to be listed like above. In the "at least" case we have much more possibilities to be listed: $\sum_{i=3}^{10} {10\choose i}$ and all have to be depicted. Your Answer
Going to Town: Towns and Developing Cities, 1920-2001 Copyright Notice Going to Town: Towns and Developing Cities, 1920-2001 Tobacco Towns The Coastal Plain, its broken topography still not knitted by compensatory highways and railroads, developed no sizable urban area even by North Carolina standards. Wilmington, with less than 50,000 inhabitants, was the largest place east of Raleigh but still somewhat isolated from the rest of the state. More representative of the very gradual urbanizing process in the east was a cluster of towns in the central Coastal Plain: Rocky Mount, Wilson, Greenville, Goldsboro, and Kinston. The five towns ranged in population from Kinston (22,000) to Rocky Mount (34,000), with only Greenville undergoing any significant increase in the 1960s. Kinston and Goldsboro actually declined during the decade. In 1860 all but Rocky Mount had been among the ten largest towns in the state; in 1970 none was. Such prosperity as they enjoyed could be attributed largely to the fact that they were the five largest bright leaf tobacco markets in the world, with Wilson the world leader. The tobacco towns that fared best were those that had something extra going for them besides the leaf and some small industrial concerns. The ability of Goldsboro, for example, to maintain a faltering pace owed much to the federal government. The slight, relative advantage at Wilson was mainly Atlantic Christian College (now named Barton College), Hackney Body Works, and 2 million square feet of tobacco warehouse space (including Smith's, the world's largest tobacco auction market). Greenville faced much the same economic strains of fluctuating markets and black and white exodus as the other towns but weathered them better because of the expansion of its college. East Carolina Teachers College ("Eeseeteesee," as it was known down east), originally a girls' school, was long an ugly duckling in North Carolina's extensive system of higher education. A period of aggressive leadership after World War II carried it rapidly to higher status as East Carolina College and, ultimately, East Carolina University, complete with a medical school and big-time athletics. East Hargett — Various factors, not always discriminatory, combined in the first decades of the twentieth century to concentrate black business along a stretch of Raleigh's East Hargett Street, which became, in effect, the city's "Negro Main Street." Prominent black commission merchant Berry O'Kelly acquired the real estate for the district. O'Kelly began as a small merchant in the community of Method, now part of Raleigh. East Hargett Street early gained a good reputation in the city. Distinctly middle-class, it drew black doctors, lawyers, tailors, beauticians, dentists, and barbers, as well as black insurance companies and undertakers, a black theater, hotel, and bank, and a wide assortment of retail stores. But the street was at least as important socially as it was economically. The 1940s brought changes in the character of East Hargett, but the street continued to be the focus of black business in the Raleigh area. Traffic and parking congestion drove some of the doctors, undertakers, and other professionals elsewhere in quest of more space. Many businesses previously owned by one individual became partnerships or corporations, while a general improvement in the civil position of blacks made them less dependent upon black-owned businesses. Gradually, East Hargett Street became more impersonal in its business style, less important in its social dimension. But the street in its heyday provided the black community with services and opportunities that were available through no other channel. In Asheville, a similar successful black business venture was the Young Men's Institute. Demographers and urban planners looking toward the twenty-first century foresaw huge supercities stretching north and south from Los Angeles on the Pacific Coast and from Boston southward to the Potomac in the East. From the perspective of 1970, North Carolina seemed unlikely in the foreseeable future to become engulfed in any such urban sprawl, but the state's leading population centers were, indeed, beginning discernibly to merge. This raised the prospect of a vast, uninterrupted urban complex, a "Charleigh" or "Ralotte" that would pave the tobacco fields of the Piedmont and make parks of its rolling forests. The term "Triangle" was already frequently heard for the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill area, though distinct rural expanses still largely separated the three. "Triad" would soon be coined to designate the Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point area, and a contest in the Charlotte vicinity in 1968 had brought forth the term "Metrolina" as the label for the urbanized region of which Charlotte was the hub. Moreover, all three of these incipient supercities formed points along a 300-mile strip reaching from Lynchburg, Virginia, to Anderson, South Carolina, that seemed likely to become a southern version of megalopolis by the year 2000. At the end of the twentieth century, North Carolina's population exceeded 8 million, and 5.4 million (68 percent) of the state's inhabitants were living in urban areas. Keep reading >> Express Lanes: Interstates, Airways and Newspapers, North Carolina 1920-2001 Keep reading Add a comment
ADA Accessibility Information The Effects of Caffeine, Soda and Chocolate on Your Kids' Teeth Group of people enjoying soda in Portland, OR.As parents, it’s important to help our children build a strong foundation for oral health so their smile will last longer and remain beautiful. New parents, however, often underestimate the importance of their kids’ baby teeth. After all, they’re just going to fall out and make room for the permanent ones, right? It’s easy to think that these disposable teeth aren’t a big deal. In reality, the opposite is true. Baby teeth serve a crucial role as placeholders for a child’s primary teeth. If an adult tooth is lost permanently, especially during childhood, it can lead to problems such as abnormal eruptions and misaligned teeth later. At Great Grins for KIDS - Portland, we make sure parents are properly informed when it comes to their kids’ oral health. Caffeine is one of the most commonly consumed substances among children today, and we’re here to educate you on the different ways it can prove harmful to their teeth if not kept to a minimum. Too Much of A Good Thing Too much of anything can, of course, be potentially bad for you but, when it comes to our oral health, some consumables’ effects are stronger and longer lasting than others. Caffeine exists in many food & drinks. While items like soda and chocolate can be acceptable in moderation, the biggest ongoing issue with kids is over-indulgence. We highly recommend limiting your child’s caffeine consumption to a bare minimum, especially during early childhood. Tooth Enamel and How Caffeine Affects It The enamel on human teeth is the hardest, most highly mineralized substance in the body. It is one of the four major tissues that make up our teeth (the other three being dentin, cementum, and dental pulp). Normally visible as the outermost layer of the crown, enamel is a semi-translucent coating responsible for protecting your teeth from decay, which is why it’s crucial to preserve it for as long as possible. Unfortunately, once the enamel is gone, your body does not make more of it. Because it does not contain living cells like your bones, for example, it cannot regenerate. How to Take Care of Your Kids’ Enamel While weakened enamel can be restored to some extent through various methods such as re-strengthening its mineral content (Brushing regularly with fluoride toothpaste, flossing, visiting us for regular professional cleanings, etc), it can never be rebuilt even with the best dental care. This fact too often goes unappreciated by people who do not worry about their enamel until after it starts eroding, which makes it all the more important to help your kids keep it in good shape. Sugary foods & drinks, acidic fruits, and very hard consumables such as candies or ice cubes can all wear down or chip away your enamel. This is why parents should always advise children to suck on candy when they have it but never bite or chew it. Caffeinated beverages like sodas and energy drinks are particularly detrimental, as they usually contain high amounts of sugar. The bacteria in your mouth feeds on sugars among other basic carbohydrates we consume. As they feed, they produce acids which attack the enamel, which naturally leads to cavities. Other Effects of Caffeine on Children Because caffeine is a stimulant absorbed into every tissue of the body, it is easy to see how it becomes addictive. Exposing kids to it at an early age is more likely to start a cycle of addiction. Caffeine also acts as a diuretic, meaning it causes more urine to be produced, which can lead to a loss of calcium that also weakens teeth. This increases the risk of tooth decay and gum disease. If you wish to learn more about the effects of caffeine on your kids’ beautiful smile or schedule an appointment to visit Great Grins for KIDS - Portland for cleaning, please call (971) 470-0054. Read More Testimonials
National Archaeological Museum, Athens Last updated National Archaeological Museum Archaologisches Nationalmuseum Athen.jpg Open street map Central Athens.svg Red pog.svg Location within Athens Location Patission Street, Athens, Greece Coordinates 37°59′21″N23°43′55″E / 37.989170°N 23.731827°E / 37.989170; 23.731827 Type National museum Public transit access Logo of the Athens Metro Operating Company (AMEL).svg Athens Metro Line 1.svg Victoria station Logo of the Athens Metro Operating Company (AMEL).svg Athens Metro Line 1.svg Athens Metro Line 2.svg Omonoia station Logo of the Athens Metro Operating Company (AMEL).svg Athens Metro Line 4.svg Exarcheia - Archaiologiko Mouseio (2027) The National Archaeological Museum (Greek : Εθνικό Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο) in Athens houses some of the most important artifacts from a variety of archaeological locations around Greece from prehistory to late antiquity. It is considered one of the greatest museums in the world and contains the richest collection of artifacts from Greek antiquity worldwide. [1] It is situated in the Exarcheia area in central Athens between Epirus Street, Bouboulinas Street and Tositsas Street while its entrance is on the Patission Street adjacent to the historical building of the Athens Polytechnic university. Greek language language spoken in Greece, Cyprus and Southern Albania Athens Capital and largest city of Greece Greece republic in Southeast Europe Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, also known as Hellas, is a country located in Southern and Southeast Europe, with a population of approximately 11 million as of 2016. Athens is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki. The Museum in 1893 National Museum 6.jpg The Museum in 1893 The first national archaeological museum in Greece was established by the governor of Greece Ioannis Kapodistrias in Aigina in 1829. Subsequently, the archaeological collection was relocated to a number of exhibition places until 1858, when an international architectural competition was announced for the location and the architectural design of the new museum. [2] Ioannis Kapodistrias Governor of the First Hellenic Republic Count Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias, sometimes anglicized as John Capodistrias, was a Greek statesman who served as the Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire and was one of the most distinguished politicians and diplomats of Europe. After a long and distinguished career in European politics and diplomacy he was elected as the first head of state of independent Greece (1827–31). He is considered a founder of the modern Greek state, and the architect of Greek independence. The current location was proposed and the construction of the museum's building began in 1866 and was completed in 1889 using funds from the Greek Government, the Greek Archaeological Society and the society of Mycenae. Major benefactors were Eleni Tositsa who donated the land for the building of the museum, and Demetrios and Nikolaos Vernardakis from Saint Petersburg who donated a large amount for the completion of the museum. Mycenae archaeological site in Greece Mycenae is an archaeological site near Mykines in Argolis, north-eastern Peloponnese, Greece. It is located about 120 kilometres south-west of Athens; 11 kilometres north of Argos; and 48 kilometres south of Corinth. The site is 19 kilometres inland from the Saronic Gulf and built upon a hill rising 900 feet above sea level. Saint Petersburg Federal city in Northwestern Federal Okrug, Russia The initial name for the museum was The Central Museum. It was renamed to its current name in 1881 by Prime Minister of Greece Charilaos Trikoupis. In 1887 the important archaeologist Valerios Stais became the museum's curator. Prime Minister of Greece head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of the Greek cabinet The Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic, colloquially referred to as the Prime Minister of Greece, is the head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of the Greek cabinet. The incumbent prime minister is Alexis Tsipras, who took office on 21 September 2015. Charilaos Trikoupis Prime Minister of Greece Charilaos Trikoupis was a Greek politician who served as a Prime Minister of Greece seven times from 1875 until 1895. Valerios Stais was a Greek archaeologist. He was born in Kythera. He studied medicine and later archaeology. He became the director of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens in 1887 and held that post until his death. During that period he organized or participated in excavations in Epidaurus, Argolis, Attica, Dimini, Antikythera and elsewhere. He also wrote a lot of archaeological studies, published in various papers and mainly in Archeologiki Efimeris, and many books. During World War II the museum was closed and the antiquities were sealed in special protective boxes and buried, in order to avoid their destruction and looting. In 1945 exhibits were again displayed under the direction of Christos Karouzos. The south wing of the museum houses the Epigraphic Museum with the richest collection of inscriptions in the world. The inscriptions museum expanded between 1953 and 1960 with the architectural designs of Patroklos Karantinos. [3] World War II 1939–1945 global war Patroklos Karantinos was a notable Greek architect of early modernism in Greece. The building The museum has an imposing neo-classical design which was very popular in Europe at the time and is in accordance with the classical style artifacts that it houses. The initial plan was conceived by the architect Ludwig Lange and it was later modified by Panagis Kalkos who was the main architect, Armodios Vlachos and Ernst Ziller. At the front of the museum there is a large neo-classic design garden which is decorated with sculptures. [2] Classicism art movement Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for a classical period, classical antiquity in the Western tradition, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. The art of classicism typically seeks to be formal and restrained: of the Discobolus Sir Kenneth Clark observed, "if we object to his restraint and compression we are simply objecting to the classicism of classic art. A violent emphasis or a sudden acceleration of rhythmic movement would have destroyed those qualities of balance and completeness through which it retained until the present century its position of authority in the restricted repertoire of visual images." Classicism, as Clark noted, implies a canon of widely accepted ideal forms, whether in the Western canon that he was examining in The Nude (1956), or the literary Chinese classics or Chinese art, where the revival of classic styles is also a recurring feature. Ludwig Lange (architect) German architect Ludwig Lange was a German architect and landscape designer. Expansions and renovations The Antikythera Ephebe 0028MAN-Room3.jpg The Antikythera Ephebe The building has undergone many expansions. Most important were the construction of a new east wing in the early 20th century based on the plans of Anastasios Metaxas and the construction of a two-storeyed building, designed by George Nomikos, during 1932–1939. [2] These expansions were necessary to accommodate the rapidly growing collection of artifacts. The most recent refurbishment of the museum took more than 1.5 years to complete, during which the museum remained completely closed. It reopened in July 2004, in time for the Athens Olympics and it included an aesthetic and technical upgrade of the building, installation of a modern air-conditioning system, reorganisation of the museum's collection and repair of the damage caused by the 1999 earthquake. The Minoan frescoes rooms opened to the public in 2005. [4] On May 2008 the Culture Minister Mihalis Liapis inaugurated the much anticipated collection of Egyptian antiquities and the collection of Eleni and Antonis Stathatos. [5] Today, there is a renewed discussion regarding the need to further expand the museum to adjacent areas. A new plan has been made for a subterranean expansion at the front of the museum. The museum's collections are organised in sections: [6] SectionRoomsSample inventories Prehistoric Collection (Neolithic, Cycladic, Mycenaean) 3-6 and 48 [7] Sculptures Collection7-34 Vase and Minor Objects Collection (Including Stathatos and Vlastos-Serpieris collections)42 [8] and 49-56 [9] Santorini Collection48 Metallurgy Collection36-39 Egyptian and Near Eastern Antiquities Collection40-41 Epigraphical Museum 1, 9 & 11 Prehistoric collection The prehistoric collection displays objects from the Neolithic era (6800–3000 BC), Early and Mid-Bronze age (3000–2000 BC and 2000 to 1700 BC respectively), objects classified as Cycladic and Mycenaean art. Neolithic era and early and mid-Bronze age collection Cycladic art collection Cycladic collection features the famous marble figurines from the Aegean islands of Delos and Keros including the Lutist. These mysterious human representations, which resemble modern art and inspired many artists such as Henry Moore, [10] came from the 3rd millennium BC old cemeteries of Aegean islands along with bronze tools and containers. Mycenean art collection Heinrich Schliemann finds Mycenean collection includes also the magnificent 19th-century finds of Heinrich Schliemann in Mycenae from the Grave Circle A and the earlier Grave Circle B. Most notable are the golden funerary masks which covered the faces of deceased Mycenean nobles. Among them, the most famous is the one that was named erroneously as the mask of Agamemnon. There are also finds from the citadel of Mycenae including relief stelae, golden containers, glass, alabaster and amber tools and jewels. Other features include an ivory carving of two goddesses with a child, a painted limestone head of a goddess and the famous warrior's vase dating from the 12th century. Egyptian Art collection The Egyptian collection dates back to the last twenty years of the 19th century. Notable is the donation of the Egyptian government which in 1893 offered nine mummies of the era of the Pharaohs. However, the Egyptian collection is mainly by two donors, Ioannis Dimitriou (in 1880) and of Alexandros Rostovic (in 1904). In total the collection includes more than 6000 artifacts, 1100 of which are available presently for the public. The collection is considered to be one of the best collections of Egyptian art in the world. The exhibition features rare statues, tools, jewels, mummies, a wooden body tag for a mummy, a stunning bronze statue of a princess, intact bird eggs and a 3000-year-old loaf of bread with a bite-sized chunk missing. The exhibition centrepiece is a bronze statue of the princess-priestess Takushit, dating to around 670 BC. Standing 70 cm high and wearing a gown covered in hieroglyphs, the statue was found south of Alexandria in 1880. [11] Stathatos collection The Stathatos collection is named for the donors and major Greek benefactors Antonis and Eleni Stathatos. The collection features about 1000 objects, mainly jewels as well as metal objects, vases, and pottery from the Middle Bronze Age to post-Byzantine era. Features of special note are the Hellenistic period golden jewels from Karpenissi and Thessaly. Artists and artifacts Artifacts derive from archaeological excavations in Santorini, Mycenae, Tiryns, Dodona, Vaphio, Rhamnous, Lycosura, Aegean islands, Delos, the Temple of Aphaea in Aegina, the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia in Sparta, Pylos, Thebes, Athens, Vari Cave, the Antikythera wreck and from various other places in Greece. [2] New exhibits Two of the newest exhibits of the museum include a 4th-century BC golden funerary wreath and a 6th-century BC marble statue of a woman, which were returned as stolen artifacts to Greece in 2007 by the Getty Museum in California, after a 10-year-long legal dispute between the Getty Center and the Greek Government. [12] One year earlier, the Los Angeles foundation agreed to return a 4th-century BC tombstone from near Greek Thebes and a 6th-century BC votive relief from the island of Thassos. [13] Museum highlights Library of archaeology The museum houses a 118-year-old library of archeology with rare ancient art, science and philosophy books and publications. The library has some 20,000 volumes, including rare editions dating to the 17th century. [14] The bibliography covers archaeology, history, arts, ancient religions and ancient Greek philosophy, as well as Ancient Greek and Latin literature. Of particular value are the diaries of various excavations including those of Heinrich Schliemann. The collection of archaeology books is the richest of its kind in Greece. The Library has been recently renovated with funds from the Alexander S. Onassis Foundation. Its renovation was completed on 26 May 2008 and is now named after Alexander Onassis. [15] Museum activities Visitors' information The museum is accessible by the Athens metro. The nearest stations are Viktoria station and Omonia station. The museum houses a gift shop with artifact replicas and a café in the sculpture garden. The museum is fully wheelchair accessible. There are also facilities and guides for hearing-impaired visitors. For the latest activities of the museum, including the currently running periodic exhibition, visit the Official Museum's Blog: See also Related Research Articles Aegean civilization Aegean civilization is a general term for the Bronze Age civilizations of Greece around the Aegean Sea. There are three distinct but communicating and interacting geographic regions covered by this term: Crete, the Cyclades and the Greek mainland. Crete is associated with the Minoan civilization from the Early Bronze Age. The Cyclades converge with the mainland during the Early Helladic ("Minyan") period and with Crete in the Middle Minoan period. From ca. 1450 BC, the Greek Mycenaean civilization spreads to Crete. British Museum National museum in the Bloomsbury area of London Pottery of ancient Greece ancient greek artifact made of clay Ancient Greek pottery, due to its relative durability, comprises a large part of the archaeological record of ancient Greece, and since there is so much of it, it has exerted a disproportionately large influence on our understanding of Greek society. The shards of pots discarded or buried in the 1st millennium BC are still the best guide available to understand the customary life and mind of the ancient Greeks. There were several vessels produced locally for everyday and kitchen use, yet finer pottery from regions such as Attica was imported by other civilizations throughout the Mediterranean, such as the Etruscans in Italy. There were various specific regional varieties, such as the South Italian ancient Greek pottery. Greek art Greek art began in the Cycladic and Minoan civilization, and gave birth to Western classical art in the subsequent Geometric, Archaic and Classical periods. It absorbed influences of Eastern civilizations, of Roman art and its patrons, and the new religion of Orthodox Christianity in the Byzantine era and absorbed Italian and European ideas during the period of Romanticism, until the Modernist and Postmodernist. Greek art is mainly five forms: architecture, sculpture, painting, pottery and jewelry making. Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki museum in Greece The Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki is a museum in Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece. It holds and interprets artifacts from the Prehistoric, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods, mostly from the city of Thessaloniki but also from the region of Macedonia in general. Ancient Greek sculpture sculpture of Ancient Greece Ancient Greek sculpture is the sculpture of ancient Greece. Modern scholarship identifies three major stages in monumental sculpture. At all periods there were great numbers of Greek terracotta figurines and small sculptures in metal and other materials. Aegean art Aegean art, which effectively means Greek Bronze Age art, refers to art that was created in the Grecian lands surrounding, and the islands within, the Aegean Sea before the start of Ancient Greek art, which is normally dated around the 11th century BC. Included in the category Aegean art is Mycenaean art, with lavish metalwork in gold, imagery of combat and massively-constructed citadels and tombs, Cycladic art, famous for its simple "Venus" figurines carved in white marble, and the Minoan art of the Minoan civilization, which is famous for its palace complexes with frescos, imagery of bulls and bull-leaping, and sophisticated pottery. These are very differenrt arts, reflecting very different cultures. Taking all this into account, the term "Aegean Art" is thought of as contrived among many art historians because it includes the widely varying art of very different cultures that happened to be in the same area around the same period. Lion Gate main entrance of the Bronze Age citadel of Mycenae The Lion Gate was the main entrance of the Bronze Age citadel of Mycenae, southern Greece. It was erected during the 13th century BC, around 1250 BC in the northwest side of the acropolis and is named after the relief sculpture of two lionesses or lions in a heraldic pose that stands above the entrance. Staatliche Antikensammlungen Art museum in Munich, Germany The Staatliche Antikensammlungen is a museum in Munich's Kunstareal holding Bavaria's collections of antiquities from Greece, Etruria and Rome, though the sculpture collection is located in the opposite Glyptothek and works created in Bavaria are on display in a separate museum. Ancient Egypt also has its own museum. Akrotiri (Santorini) Bronze Age settlement on the volcanic Greek island of Santorini (Thera) Akrotiri is a Minoan Bronze Age settlement on the volcanic Greek island of Santorini (Thera). The name and the population are currently Greek. The civilization of the Bronze Age city, however, shows affinities to early Cretan civilization, which, going by its writing system, was undoubtedly not Greek. The Greeks arrived in Crete during the Mycenaean Period, later than Akrotiri. The date of their diffusion through the Cyclades remains a mystery, but there is nothing identifiably Greek at Akrotiri. Etruscan art Etruscan art was produced by the Etruscan civilization in central Italy between the 9th and 2nd centuries BC. From around 600 BC it was heavily influenced by Greek art, which was imported by the Etruscans, but always retained distinct characteristics. Particularly strong in this tradition were figurative sculpture in terracotta, wall-painting and metalworking especially in bronze. Jewellery and engraved gems of high quality were produced. The Antikensammlung Berlin is one of the most important collections of classical art in the world, now held in the Altes Museum and Pergamon Museum in Berlin, Germany. It contains thousands of ancient archaeological artefacts from the ancient Greek, Roman, Etruscan and Cypriot civilizations. Its main attraction is the Pergamon Altar and Greek and Roman architectural elements from Priene, Magnesia, Baalbek and Falerii. In addition, the collection includes a large number of ancient sculptures, vases, terracottas, bronzes, sarcophagi, engraved gems and metalwork. Goulandris Museum of Cycladic Art museum in Athens The Nicholas P. Goulandris Foundation - Museum of Cycladic Art is a museum of Athens. It houses a notable collection of artifacts of Cycladic art. National Archaeological Museum (Florence) archaeological museum of Florence, Italy The National Archaeological Museum of Florence is an archaeological museum in Florence, Italy. It is located at 1 piazza Santissima Annunziata, in the Palazzo della Crocetta. Dietrich Felix von Bothmer was a German-born American art historian, who spent six decades as a curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where he developed into the world's leading specialist in the field of ancient Greek vases. Grave Circle A, Mycenae Grave Circle A is a 16th-century BC royal cemetery situated to the south of the Lion Gate, the main entrance of the Bronze Age citadel of Mycenae in southern Greece. This burial complex was initially constructed outside the fortification walls of Mycenae, but was ultimately enclosed in the acropolis when the fortifications were extended during the 13th century BC. Grave Circle A and Grave Circle B, the latter found outside the walls of Mycenae, represent one of the major characteristics of the early phase of the Mycenaean civilization. Archaeological Museum in Zagreb Archaeology museum in Zagreb, Croatia Ancient Greek art Beth Cohen is an American classical archaeologist. She studied under German-American art historian Dietrich von Bothmer at the Institute of Fine Arts of New York University where she received her doctorate on bilingual vase painting of Ancient Greece. Her dissertation, Attic Bilingual Vases and their Painters is the main book used in the study of bilingual vase painting. Cohen became a specialist in the field of Greek vase painting, especially on rare forms of Attic vase painting. She organized the 2006 exhibition The colors of clay. Special techniques in Athenian vases at J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu. The conservation and restoration of Ancient Greek pottery is a sub-section of the broader topic of conservation and restoration of ceramic objects. Ancient Greek pottery is one of the most commonly found types of artifacts from the ancient Greek world. The information learned from vase paintings forms the foundation of modern knowledge of ancient Greek art and culture. Most ancient Greek pottery is terracotta, a type of earthenware ceramic, dating from the 11th century BCE through the 1st century CE. The objects are usually excavated from archaeological sites in broken pieces, or shards, and then reassembled. Some have been discovered intact in tombs. Professional conservator-restorers, often in collaboration with curators and conservation scientists, undertake the conservation-restoration of ancient Greek pottery. 1. "Ministry of Culture and Sports \| National Archaeological Museum". Archived from the original on 2007-06-22. Retrieved 2018-02-28. 2. 1 2 3 4 The National Archaeological Museum (2000) Euangelia Kypraiou Archaeological Receipts Fund Direction of Publications, Athens Greece 3. "Ministry of Culture and Sports \| Epigraphic Museum". Archived from the original on 2012-05-21. Retrieved 2018-02-28. 4. \| National Archaeological Museum Archived 2007-11-09 at the Wayback Machine 5. "Egyptian antiquities exhibition". Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2008-06-10. 7. The Prehistoric Collection Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine , National Archaeological Museum 8. Stathatos Collection Archived 2016-01-21 at the Wayback Machine , National Archaeological Museum 9. The Vase and Minor Objects Collection Archived 2016-09-20 at the Wayback Machine , National Archaeological Museum 10. Early cycladic sculpture: its aesthetics and its influences on Henry Moore and Constantin Brâncuși DEB Lercher - 1979 - State University of New York at Binghamton 11. Priceless ancient Egyptian relics go on display [ dead link ] 12. "BBC NEWS - Europe - Ancient wreath returns to Greece". Archived from the original on 2015-11-22. Retrieved 21 November 2015. 13. " Arts - Greece closes net on antiquities smuggling". Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2007-07-23. 14. "Rare tomes... - News -". Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 21 November 2015. 15. "This Week - News -". Archived from the original on 2015-04-11. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
What determines happiness in life \| 2KnowMySelf What determines happiness in life By M.Farouk Radwan, MSc. How to be happy In my previous article what is true happiness I explained how people always depend on quick fixes in order to feel happy instead of fixing the real problems that are making them sad. If someone has problems with his social life then traveling somewhere, doing something new or watching an exciting movie will only make him feel happy for a short period of time then his sadness will return back again shortly after he finishes this temporary activity. Another big group of people act as if words are the magical solution to their pain by claiming that positive thinking and affirmations can make them become happy even if they have loads of unsolved problems (see Do affirmations really work?). Both groups of people eventually feel sad again after the occurrence of any small event that reminds them of their already existing problems. What determines our happiness levels? So if the only way to feel happy is to start satisfying our unmet needs, then what determines our happiness levels? Suppose that a guy has no friends and a moderate job. If this guy’s dream was to have lots of friends and to become rich then he suddenly became rich most probably he won’t experience happiness with its full potential simply because loneliness will still make him a bit unhappy. (see What causes happiness). Of course money will improve the guy's mood because it already satisfied one of his unmet needs (which is becoming rich) but still the feelings of loneliness will prevent him from being truly happy. Now what if that guy managed to make friends and become popular, wont he feel very happy? Yes exactly, that’s what will happen. In short we become very happy when we manage to meet most of our unmet needs. Some people depend heavily on quick fixes to regulate their mood not knowing that this is the fastest way to reach depression. In my book, The ultimate guide to getting over depression i explained how the use of quick fixes can lead to depression if the major problems weren't dealt with. Hanging out with friends, finding something good to eat or going to the movies won't make you happy on the long term but instead such actions can make you depressed. Can I have everything I wanted to have ? Yes you can but in order to be happy you don’t need to acquire everything that you have ever dreamed of but instead you just need to satisfy the unmet needs that have the highest priority. For example, the guy that we talked about earlier might want to live beside the sea side to avoid the pollution in his city but since this need doesn’t have a very big weight he can still be very happy without satisfying it. The difference between real happiness and the mood you are currently experiencing is determined by the difference between the life you are currently living and the life you wished to live. (see Why am i depressed). If the gap grew you will feel sad, if it got bigger you will get depressed while If it was minimized you will feel truly happy. Want to know more? How to remain happy? I want to be happy How to be happy being single How to get over anyone in few days (book) How to end Depression instantly (book) How to control people's minds (Course) How to develop rock solid self confidence fast (course) 2knowmyself Best Selling Books How to make someone fall in love with you. Based on the psychology of falling in love How to get over anyone in few days Breakups will never hurt like before. How i became a dot com millionaire The ultimate guide to making money from the internet
Nutrition tips All about Food Allergy March 28 , 2018 By: Dana Al Salah – Certified Food Allergy Coach What is an allergy? Allergy is an immune response to a normally harmless substance. People can be allergic to many things such as pollens, molds, dust mite, animal dander or saliva, insect stings or bites, medication, food, latex etc. What is a food allergy? A food allergy is an immune system disease. The body’s immune system reacts to a food protein because it mistakes that food protein as a threat. Symptoms can vary from mild to severe which could be life-threatening; anaphylaxis. What is the difference between food allergy and food intolerance? Food allergy is sometimes confused with food intolerance. Food allergies involve your immune system and can be life-threatening. An intolerance is when your body has trouble digesting a food. It can make you feel bad, usually with an upset stomach, but it is not life-threatening. The most common intolerance is to lactose—which is a natural sugar found in milk. What are the most common food allergens? All food can cause a reaction. More than 170 foods are known to cause food allergies. The most common foods that ta cause food allergy reactions are milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, wheat, fish, shellfish, and sesame. What are the symptoms of a food allergy reaction? An allergic reaction to food can have many different symptoms, and a single person can experience different symptoms from one reaction to the next. Many reactions start with skin symptoms, like hives or a rash, but some do not. More serious symptoms like a drop-in blood pressure and trouble breathing can be life-threatening. Potential signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction: • Mouth: Itchy, swelling of tongue and/or lips • Gut: Nausea, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea • Lung: Short of breath, wheeze, repetitive cough • Neurological: Sense of “impending doom,” irritability, change in alertness, mood change, confusion • Other: Itchy, red, watery eyes What is anaphylaxis? Anaphylaxis “A-na-fi-LAX-is” is a serious life-threatening allergic reaction that comes on quickly. Early use of an epinephrine auto-injector is the primary treatment for anaphylaxis. Will antihistamines stop anaphylaxis? No. While antihistamines can help relieve some mild symptoms from an allergic reaction, such as an itchy mouth or hives, they cannot stop the life-threatening symptoms of anaphylaxis. How much of a food allergen does it take to cause a reaction? Even trace amounts of a food allergen can cause a reaction in some people with food allergies. Although ingestion is the primary cause of severe reactions, in some cases, skin contact or breathing in a food protein (e.g., steam from cooking shellfish) can cause symptoms. Symptoms usually start appearing a few minutes to two hours after eating a food. In some cases, the second wave of symptoms may come back after the first symptoms have gone away. This is called a biphasic reaction. The risk of a biphasic reaction is why patients who suffer a severe reaction should remain at a hospital or under medical supervision for four to six hours for observation. Is there a cure for food allergy? Not yet. Strict avoidance of the food allergen is the only way to prevent a reaction and an epinephrine auto-injector is the only medicine to stop a severe reaction called anaphylaxis. Can a person outgrow their food allergies? Most children outgrow their food allergies, especially with milk. Peanut, tree nut, fish and shellfish allergies usually are lifelong. What should you do if you think you or any family member think to have a food allergy? If you think you or one of your family members have a food allergy, you should talk to your GP, allergist or a medical practitioner with experience in food allergy. Why are food allergies increasing? Food Allergies Are on the Rise. The Centres for Disease Control & Prevention reports that the prevalence of food allergy in children increased by 50 percent between 1997 and 2011. Most experts do believe that there’s a clear increase in food allergies. Surely, diagnoses have upgraded over the last years, therefore, some of the increase may be attributed to better diagnoses. No one really knows why food allergies are on the rise. One theory, known as the “hygiene hypothesis” we are being too clean! Some studies suggest that change in weaning practices and introducing solid foods over the last decades may be part of the cause. Recent research in England shows that early ingestion of peanuts may help prevent the development of peanut allergy. Nevertheless, you should always seek advice from your specialist or allergist, for there are important warnings and guidelines to be advised Other theories suggest that our diet and the modern lifestyle in addition to antibiotics and vaccinations may be responsible for the rise. Global warming seems to be part of the cause. Genetics also play a major role in the development of food allergies; for example, if one parent has allergies, their child has a greater risk of developing allergies as well. More studies are yet to be made to try to understand more about the complexity of food allergies and more importantly finding a cure.
How To Improve Your Memory With This One Weird, Yet Simple Trick, According To Science If you, like me, were ever even a slightly anxious teenager (or young adult, TBH), you probably rehearsed phone conversations before you called someone up to make sure you didn't forget to make any important points. If you're still forgetting things, whether it's picking up milk on your way home from work or packing your umbrella for a rainy day, you're in luck: According to a new study, if you're wondering how to improve your memory, acting out the things you're trying to remember might just help the information stick in your brain. The study, published in the journal Neuropsychology, asked 96 participants — including people "with mild cognitive impairment" between 64 and 87 years old, according to ScienceDaily, as well as healthy adults between 62 and 84 years old, and young adults between 18 and 22 years old — to remember future tasks by acting them out in advance. While the study mainly focused on determining whether the practice would improve the memories of older people who were potentially in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, the researchers found that both older and millennial-age participants were able to successfully improve their memory using this unique strategy. Dr. Antonina Pereira, a lead researcher on the study from the University of Chichester in England, explained in a statement that acting out the thing you're trying to remember, as weird as it may sound, really is the key to improving your memory. "The next time you would like to remember to pick up a pint of milk from the store on your way home," she said, "do not wait until you have got home to realize you have forgotten to do it. Instead, recreate the action you would like to remember, pretending that you are actually doing it, in as much vivid detail as possible." This detail is key, according to Dr. Pereira. Don't just passively imagine yourself going through the motions of something. Instead, harness the incredible power of visualization, and immerse yourself deeply in the scene, no matter how strange it may feel. If you're looking to keep information in your brain after you learn about it, try exercising a few hours after you learn something new. Those workout endorphins are apparently great for more than just improving your mood. A study published in Current Biology found that working out four hours after you learn something new can significantly boost your ability to recall the information later on. If you're still in school, this could be a great way to get outside and take a memory-boosting study break. And even if you're living the 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. life and exams are in the distant past, this method can still help you out. For instance, if you're trying to learn a new language, or even a cooking technique you've been practicing, try hitting the gym or doing a quick home workout after practicing that skill. Just be sure to wait a little while for your workout, because this study found that while the four-hour mark boosted memory, exercising immediately after the fact didn't. If you're more of a nap person than a gym rat, your time cuddled up on the couch might be able to improve your memory as well. According to a study published in the journal PLOS One, your afternoon snooze could ensure that your mind holds onto whatever new information you've fed it, as the research found that naps, regardless of how long they last, "closely resembled memory improvement after an eight-hour night of sleep." Whether it's a new skill or an important fact, getting in those Zs is clearly great for your brain. And, in what may be the best news of the century, eating chocolate could actually help things stick in your brain, too. A study published in the journal Physiology & Behavior revealed that certain nutrients in dark chocolate can actually increase blood flow to different parts of your brain, thus improving your ability to recall newly learned information. So the next time you're wondering whether you should have a chocolate croissant for breakfast, remember that it's literally brain food. Of course, if what you need to remember is to buy chocolate from the grocery store (always), you might want to start with the acting strategy.
Ratio - examples On solving problems and tasks with proportionally we recommend hint rule of three. Rule of three (proportionality) help solve examples of direct and inverse proportionality. Three members makes possible to calculate the fourth - unknown member. 1. Tourist 2. Cook on gas lpg The gas cylinder will last for 30 weekends for 2 hours of daily cooking. How many days will we be able to cook on a new cylinder when we cook 3 hours a day? 3. Barter kozky There is exchange trade on the market. We know that for two sheepskins we get three goat skins. We also know that for six rabbits skins we get four goat skins. How many rabbit's skins we get for four sheepskins? 4. The work 5. Lighthouse 6. Trapezium diagonals stredova sumernost It is given trapezium ABCD with bases \| AB \| = 12 cm, \|CD\| = 8 cm. Point S is the intersection of the diagonals for which \|AS\| is 6 cm long. Calculate the length of the full diagonal AC. 7. Isosceles triangle 8 8. Area of rectangle rectangle_24 How many times will increase the area of the rectangle, if we increase twice the length and at the same time we decrease the width by the half? 9. Ten cashiers 10. Garden 11. Chocolate 12. Forestry workers 13. Bonus 14. Troops 15. Motion problem 16. Excavation 17. Cyclist 18. Beer 19. Motion 20. Store
Publish date: Updated on John Quincy Adams’ son marries relative at the White House On this day in 1828, John Adams, son of President John Quincy Adams, marries his first cousin and inadvertently follows a pattern of keeping marriages within the family. John Adams’ grandfather, President John Adams, had married his third cousin, Abigail Smith. Intermarriage skipped a generation with John Quincy Adams, who married a non-relative. But, at 25 years old, John Quincy’s second-eldest son, John, married his first cousin on his mother’s side, 22-year-old Mary Catherine Hellen, in a private ceremony at the White House. Exactly nine months and seven days after the wedding, Mary Catherine gave birth to the couple’s first child, a daughter named Mary Louisa, in the White House family quarters. Mary and John gave her the name Mary, after her mother, and the middle name Louisa after her paternal grandmother Louisa Catherine Adams, the wife of John Quincy Adams. In 1853, Mary Louisa Adams also married a family member–her second cousin, William Clarkson Johnson, the son of her first cousin, Abigail Louisa Smith Adams, and President John Adams’ great-grandson. Both bride and groom descended from President John Adams–the wedding constituted the first marriage between descendants of two presidents. While both Mary Louisa and her new husband were descendants of President John Adams, only Mary Louisa was directly related to President John Quincy Adams. The Adams’ were not the only presidential family to intermarry. In 1905, Franklin Delano Roosevelt married Eleanor, his fifth cousin once removed. Eleanor did not have to change her name upon marrying, since her maiden name was also Roosevelt. Her father, Elliot, was the brother of former President Theodore Roosevelt. Marcos flees the Philippines In the face of mass demonstrations against his rule, Philippines President Ferdinand Marcos and his entourage are airlifted from the presidential palace in Manila by U.S. helicopters. Elected in 1966, Marcos declared martial law in 1972 in response to leftist violence. In the more Molotov is born Vlacheslav Mikhaylovich Skryabin, foreign minister for the Soviet Union who took the revolutionary name Molotov, is born in Kurkaka, Russia. Molotov was an enthusiastic advocate of Marxist revolution in Russia from its earliest days. He was an organizer of the Bolshevik Party in more Cassius Clay defeats Sonny Liston Explosion kills hundreds in Brazil On this day in 1984, a huge explosion destroys a shantytown in Brazil, killing at least 500 people, mostly young children. An investigation into the disaster later revealed that the true death count was impossible to know because so many bodies had in effect been cremated in the more Communists take power in Czechoslovakia Under pressure from the Czechoslovakian Communist Party, President Eduard Benes allows a communist-dominated government to be organized. Although the Soviet Union did not physically intervene (as it would in 1968), Western observers decried the virtually bloodless communist coup more Miami drive-in debuts American drive-in movie theaters experienced their golden era during the 1950s, but some Floridians were watching movies under the stars in their cars even before then: The city of Miami gets its first drive-in on this day in 1938. The Miami drive-in charged admission of 35 cents more British surrender Fort Sackville On this day in 1779, Fort Sackville is surrendered, marking the beginning of the end of British domination in America’s western frontier. Eighteen days earlier, George Rogers Clark departed Kaskaskia on the Mississippi River with a force of approximately 170 men, including more
What Vitamins Does Rice Have? Rice comes in three grain sizes -- long, medium and short. It is most commonly consumed in its refined white form, which is sold after the outer husk and layer of bran have been removed. Brown rice is similarly relieved of its outer husk, but the bran is left intact, giving it a brown color and chewy texture. Wild rice is not actually a rice, but an aquatic grass seed commonly grown in Canada. It has a smoky flavor and chewy texture. A bowl with long grain rice on a wooden table. (Image: timbudd/iStock/Getty Images) Vitamin B All the known essential water-soluble vitamins, with the exception of vitamin C, are grouped under the category of "vitamin B complex," although, as the University of Michigan Health System (UMHS) notes, these vitamins do not bear any special relationship to each other and are only grouped together due to an early erroneous belief that they were all part of a single nutrient. The B complex group plays various roles in the body's ability to produce energy. Wild, white and brown rice all contain varying amounts of vitamins B1 through B6. B12 is not found in rice, as it is only produced by animal food sources. Long grain brown rice contains higher amounts of B vitamins than does wild rice or white rice that has not been enriched. Vitamin E Vitamin E is found both wild, white and brown rice. Wild rice, with its .39mg of vitamin E per cooked cup, contains more than six times the amount found in white or brown rice, according to the USDA National Nutrient Database. Vitamin E is an antioxidant, protecting the body from damage caused by the presence of unstable molecules or free radicals. Vitamin E is active in preventing destruction to the cell membranes and fat-soluble tissues of the body. Vitamin K Vitamin K plays a role in bone growth and blood clotting by aiding in calcium transport throughout the body. The UMHS notes that vitamin K's ability to help blood clots form has been utilized by doctors in treating overdoses of the blood-thinning medication, warfarin. Vitamin K is most prevalent in leafy green vegetables, but some forms of rice contain vitamin K as well. Long grain brown rice provides the highest amount of vitamin K, at 1.2mcg per cooked cup, while wild rice provides about two-thirds the amount. White rice, unless is has been enriched, contains no vitamin K. Load comments
The Myth of the Grain of Sand The Myth of the Grain of Sand and the Real Story from Spey Co. Some nameless man, lost to us in the annals of time and history, had the brilliant notion that at the heart of every pearl was a grain of sand that had somehow found its way inside an oyster. This undeveloped notion certainly had enough romanticism and magic to appeal to our boundless imagination, and the fable stuck. You would be hard-pressed to find someone who has not heard of the legendary transformation from grain of sand to gem of queens. But what is the true story of how a pearl comes to be? Why the Grain of Sand Theory Doesn’t Hold Water It is true that an oyster, or mollusk to be more general, progressively coats an irritant in layer after layer of richly lustrous nacre, so our wayfaring dreamer was not too far off in the origins of pearls. But a grain of sand? Think for a moment how many grains of sand there are in the world’s oceans and in particular, the habitats favored of bivalves – shoreline shallows where movement and wave continually stir up sand. Add to that the fact that mollusks are filter feeders, which continuously open and close their shells to draw in the nutrients that happen to float by. If a pearl were formed each time a grain of sand entered a mollusk, pearls would not be the rare and prized gems they are today. Mollusks have become well adapted to cleansing their soft tissues of pesky sand by secreting a viscous fluid that collects any rogue particulates. This is then elegantly evacuated from the shell. But sometimes, just every so often, a truly aggressive irritant like a worm or parasite manages to bore through the shell and wedge itself deep within the organs and soft tissues of a mollusk. How Pearls Are Really Formed When this happens, there is a good chance that the intruder either lodges in the mantle tissue (next to the epithelial cells that stimulate mother-of-pearl production) or it drags a few of these cells along as it penetrates deeper into the mollusk. Because epithelial cells do what epithelial cells do, they continue to produce nacre – only this time the cells are no longer lining the shell; they are surrounding a particulate. As long as the cells are viable, which can be for many years, they excrete nacre throughout their newfound home. As this nacre-wrapped irritant turns and turns, it becomes in time the charming pearl. So the next time you hear an offhand remark about a grain of sand, you can hold your chin high in confidence knowing that epithelial cells wrapped about an irritant, and not a grain of sand, is the real reason that our beloved Spey pearls exist. The only thing left is to fashion the pearls into the fabulous jewelry of the Spey collection.
Skip to content Hepatitis C is the No. 1 cause of liver cancer and liver transplants. It's brought on by a virus you can catch if you come into contact with contaminated blood. You could get it from an unclean tattoo needle, for example. Sometimes, it spreads during sex. It's curable. But curing it hasn't always been easy or comfortable. For decades, you needed painful shots of a medicine called interferon and a pill called ribavirin. These drugs didn't target the virus that made you sick. Instead, they amped up your immune system so you'd fight it the way you do when you get the flu. But the treatment didn't always get the virus out of your body. Cure rates hovered around 50%. And people who stuck with the yearlong treatment -- not all did -- had to live with chemo-like side effects. These days, more and more people can get rid of the virus by simply taking a pill, at home, for just a few weeks. There are several ways to do it without having to get shots. Here's a closer look at some of the drugs and a peek at those on the horizon. How They Work There's no one-size-fits-all option. There are many different types, or "genotypes," of hepatitis C. Type 1 is the most common. This is important to understand when you talk to your doctor. Not all meds work on all types. Which medicine is best for you also depends on how much liver scarring (cirrhosis) you have. Your doctor might call these new drugs direct-acting antivirals. They zoom in on the virus that's making you sick. Each drug works in a slightly different way. But in general, the medicine interferes with proteins that help the virus grow or spread. Most of the time, these meds remove all traces of the virus from your blood within 12 weeks. This is called sustained virologic response (SVR), and it’s what doctors look for to tell if you’re cured. How long you'll need treatment can vary. It may range from 8 to 24 weeks.
Ridge Cap The ridge cap is used to seal the point at which two upward slopes meet. This can be both along the ridge of the roof as well as a covering for a hip. Either wood grip or self-drilling cap TEK screws can be used, and are applied through the ribs of the metal. Image title Since debris, insects, and blowing rain can find easy access under the ridge cap, closures are required to either completely or partially seal the opening. Closures under ridge caps come in 3 types: solid, vented, and hip tape. Solid closures (“outside closures”) are the same width as the panels. They lock together in a row placed directly under the screws that attach the ridge cap, and form a solid, water-tight, air-tight barrier. Image title Vented closures are the same length as the panels, and forms a water retardant, insect resistant barrier that allows hot air to escape from the attic, and is better than many of the other more elaborate and expensive venting systems.
Skip to content Monthly Archives: February 2011 Teaching vs Learning [pedagogy] I came across an excellent talk by Carl Wieman (2001 Physics Nobelist) on how to teach the ability to do science, Science Education in the 21st Century: Using the Tools of Science to Teach Science (@MIT; @iTunesU). This lecture was apparently delivered in 2008, but I just stumbled across it in iTunes. The actual lecture […] Supernova [Q&A] Krishna of Canara College asks, how do supernovae occur? There are two kinds of Supernovae. One that occurs due to the build-up of accreting matter on the surface of a white dwarf, and another that occurs due to a collapse in the core of a giant star. The former is thought to occur as a […] residue of stars [Q&A] Vibha (Poornaprajna PU College) and Tilak (SDM College) ask, there is a lot of stuff in the Universe, especially Hydrogen, where did they all come from? How did they form? Hydrogen is easy (well, in a manner of speaking). It is just an electron paired with a proton. A lot of these were produced during […] polar lights [Q&A] Sathwika of SDM PU College asks, what is the mechanism of the formation of aurora? Aurorae, aka polar lights, form when plasma from the solar wind gets funneled into the Earth’s atmosphere around the magnetic poles, and collide with Oxygen and Nitrogen atoms and ions in the upper atmosphere. The collision causes the electrons in […] Venusian day [Q&A] Vibha of Poornaprajna PU College asks, why is the Venusian day longer than its year? Venus takes ≈225 days to revolve around the Sun, but takes ≈243 days to rotate around its axis. What is more, it rotates backwards, along an axis that is opposite to the orbital rotation axis, so compared to North as […] geomagnetism [Q&A] Madhusoodan of Poornaprajna College asks, what causes the Earth to have a magnetic field? Typically, magnetic fields in astronomical objects are generated via a natural dynamo. Starting from a seed field which is embedded in the medium, the object first amplifies this field by wrapping it around via rotation, and then rearranges it via convection. […] about the Q&As [meta] Whenever I have had the opportunity to talk with non-astronomers about astronomy and astrophysics, or science in general actually, I have always been amazed at the level of interest and curiosity among people at all levels and ages. They are always brimming with questions, and invariably highly intelligent and perceptive questions. In fact, I’ve found […] the reach of black holes [Q&A] Comoving Distance [Q&A] Atul of Canara College asks, how is it possible that we can see quasars that are 28 billion light years away, when the Universe itself is only 13.7 billions years old? How can light have traveled farther than the Universe has existed? This can happen because the Universe is expanding. Distances to quasars and similar […] Theory of Law [epistemology]
Actinic Keratosis Download 10.73 Kb. Date conversion31.01.2017 Size10.73 Kb. Actinic Keratosis Lili Wu DEN 2311-Oral Pathology Actinic keratosis is a term that describes skin lesions with a precancerous tendency that result from chronic and prolonged exposure to the sun. Actinic keratosis usually presents as single or multiple lesions with a sandpaper texture.( References 1,2,5) The lesions are observed as “small, red, scaly patches” which appear on sun-exposed body parts such as the face, ears, scalp, neck and backs of the arms and hands. (Ref 3, 5) Actinic cheilitis is a similar sun exposure associated skin disorder that occurs on lower lip vermilion.( Ref 4) Actinic keratosis is caused by chronic sun exposure over a long period of time. Activities such as sunbathing and working outdoors increase the risk of acquiring actinic keratosis. Ultraviolet exposure from the sun exerts adverse effects to skin cells by predisposing them to gene mutation and molecular transformations. (Ref 1) The population at higher risk includes individuals with fair skin tone, red or blond hair and blue eyes(“Celtic type skin or Fitzpatrick skin type 1-2”; those who are more prone to sunburn), outdoor workers and regular users of sun beds, and immunosuppressed patients.(Ref 3,5) Actinic keratosis tends to occur in males over the age of 60. (Ref 5) Actinic keratosis may possess variable clinical appearances. On sun-exposed sites in the body, they usually arise as either individual or a group of roughened spots which may increase in size to 3-10cm in diameter. (Ref 5) They are usually more easily palpated than seen. Lesions may exhibit “rough, elevated, scaly bumps with a sandpaper-like texture”. (Ref 1) According to Goad N. (Ref 2), actinic keratoses do not always appear as red lesions. They can be skin-colored, pink or brown. “They can become raised, hard and warty, and may even develop a small horny outgrowth (due to excessive keratin production). The surrounding skin often looks sun-damaged----blotchy, freckled and wrinkled.”(Ref 2,5) Due to the pre-malignant nature of actinic keratosis, early detection may be a key to lower the risk of progression to squamous cell carcinoma. Oftentimes, visual inspection plus palpation of the lesions is sufficient for a diagnosis to be made. However, actinic keratosis can be underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed due to a variety of clinical presentations.( Ref 1) Some other possible variations in presentation include “cutaneous horns, hyperkeratosis, and pigmented, lichenoid, verrucous, confluent, and atrophic variants.”(Ref 2). Differential diagnosis of actinic keratosis usually comprises of discoid lupus erythematosus, seborrheic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, verruca vulgaris, squamous cell carcinoma, lichenoid keratosis and other benign inflammatory disorder.(Ref 1) Distinguishing actinic keratosis from these conditions can be challenging. Thus, a biopsy may be indicated for a definitive diagnosis if lesions recur after treatment or when concerns are raised regarding malignant transformation of the lesions.(Ref 1,5) Suspicious signs include bleeding, itching, pronounced hyperkeratosis, erythema, and induration(Ref 1,5). Microscopically, “actinic keratosis is characterized by hyperparakeratosis and acanthosis”. (Ref 4) Actinic keratoses are usually not harmful and remain undetected in affected individuals. Since small lesions may even go away on their own, no treatment is required if only small lesions are present. Protection from sun exposure by wearing protective clothing and sunscreen should suffice. However, treatment should be sought if lesions exhibit changes in size and texture. (Ref 2) If left untreated, actinic keratosis has a tendency to progress to squamous cell carcinoma.(Ref 1) Treatment options for actinic keratosis include cryotherapy, surgical removal, application of a cream, and photodynamic therapy. (Ref 2) Treatment approach can be selected based upon the extent of the skin lesion and patient preference. Cryotherapy, the use of liquid nitrogen, is effective when small individual localized lesions are present. Curettage, the surgical removal of abnormal tissues, is effective for highly recurrent lesions and provides a specimen for histologic analysis. When lesions are multiple or involve extensive areas, application of the following topical agents are viable: 5% fluorouracil cream, diclofenac gel, imiquimod 5%, salicylic acid ointment 2% and systemic retinoids. Photodynamic therapy is the application of a chemical followed by irradiation; it is used as an alternative to cryotherapy for more desirable cosmetic results. (Ref 1,2,5) As dental hygienists, we should become familiar with the clinical presentations and implications of actinic keratosis. Conducting head and neck exam is one of our responsibilities. The capability of recognizing abnormal lesions especially on the head and neck region will enable dental professionals to refer patients for medical guidance promptly. We can also educate the patients about the risk of these premalignant lesions turning into squamous cell carcinoma and suggest patients to use sun screen and physical protections for prevention of excessive sun exposure. 1. Englert, C., & Hughes, B. (2012). A review of actinic keratosis for the nurse practitioner: Diagnosis, treatment, and clinical pearls. Journal Of The American Academy Of Nurse Practitioners, 24(5), 290-296. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2011.00686.x 2. Goad, N. (2009). Recognising potential skin cancer. Practice Nurse, 37(8), 25. 3. Hepplewhite, A. (2012). Management of patients with actinic keratoses. British Journal Of Nursing, S27-30. 4. Neville, B., Damm, D., Allen, C., & Bouquot, J. (2009). Epithelial pathology. In Oral and maxillofacial pathology (3rd ed., pp. 404-406). St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders/Elsevier. 5. Watkins, J. (2014). Actinic (solar) keratoses: investigations and management. British Journal Of Nursing, 23(S4), S43. The database is protected by copyright © 2016 send message Main page
Tag: free trade area 4. What are the economic gains from free trade? 6. Distinguish between trade creation and trade diversion. With the Conservatives having lost their majority in Parliament in the recent UK election, there is renewed discussion of the form that Brexit might take. EU states are members of the single market and the customs union. A ‘hard Brexit’ involves leaving both and this was the government’s stance prior to the election. But there is now talk of a softer Brexit, which might mean retaining membership of the single market and/or customs union. The single market Belonging to the single market means accepting the free movement of goods, services, capital and labour. It also involves tariff-free trade within the single market and adopting a common set of rules and regulations over trade, product standards, safety, packaging, etc., with disputes settled by the European Court of Justice. Membership of the single market involves paying budgetary contributions. Norway and Iceland are members of the single market. The single market brings huge benefits from free trade with no administrative barriers from customs checks and paperwork. But it would probably prove impossible to negotiate remaining in the single market with an opt out on free movement of labour. Controlling immigration from EU countries was a key part of the Leave campaign. The customs union This involves all EU countries adopting the same tariffs (customs duties) on imports from outside the EU. These tariffs are negotiated by the European Commission with non-EU countries on a country-by-country basis. Goods imported from outside the EU are charged tariffs in the country of import and can then be sold freely around the EU with no further tariffs. Remaining a member of the customs union would allow the UK to continue trading freely in the EU, subject to meeting various non-tariff regulations. It would also allow free ‘borderless’ trade between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. However, being a member of the customs union would prevent the UK from negotiating separate trade deals with non-EU countries. The ability to negotiate such deals has been argued to be one of the main benefits of leaving the EU. Free(r) trade area The UK could negotiate a trade deal with the EU. But it is highly unlikely that such a deal could be in place by March 2019, the date when the UK is scheduled to leave the EU. At that point, trade barriers would be imposed, including between the two parts of the island of Ireland. Such deals are very complex, especially in the area of services, which are the largest category of UK exports. Negotiating tariff-free or reduced-tariff trade is only a small part of the problem; the biggest part involves negotiating product standards, regulations and other non-tariff barriers. All the above options thus involve serious problems and the government will be pushed from various sides, not least within the Conservative Party, for different degrees of ‘softness’ or ‘hardness’ of Brexit. What is more, the pressure from business for free trade with the EU is likely to grow. Brexit may mean Brexit, but just what form it will take is very unclear. Free trade area, single market, customs union – what’s the difference? BBC News, Jonty Bloom (12/6/17) Brexit: What are the options? BBC News (12/6/17) After the election, the real test: Brexi The Economist (8/6/17) May’s Ministers Plot Softer Brexit to Keep UK in Single Market Bloomberg, Tim Ross, Alex Morales and Svenja O’Donnell (11/6/17) UK’s Hung Parliament Raises Business Hopes for a Softer Brexit Bloomberg, Stephanie Baker and James Paton (12/6/17) Do not exaggerate the effect the election will have on Brexit Financial Times, Wolfgang Münchau (11/6/17) What is soft Brexit? How could it work as UK negotiates leaving the EU? Independent, May Bulman (12/6/17) Brexit-lite back on the table as Britain rethinks its options after election The Guardian, Dan Roberts (11/6/17) Review plan to quit EU Customs Union, urges FTA FoodManufacture.co.uk, James Ridler (12/6/17) Freight leaders urge government to review decision to leave EU customs union RTM (12/6/17) Making Brexit work for British Business: Key Execution Priorities M-RCBG Associate Working Paper No. 77, Harvard Kennedy School, Peter Sands, Ed Balls, Sebastian Leape and Nyasha Weinberg (June 2017) 1. Explain the trading agreement between Norway and the EU. 2. How does the Norwegian arrangement with the EU differ from the Turkish one? 3. What are meant by the terms ‘hard Brexit’ and ‘soft Brexit’? 4. How does a customs union differ from a free trade area? 5. Is it possible to have (a) a customs union without a single market; (b) a single market without a customs union? 6. To what extent is it in the EU’s interests to negotiate a deal with the UK which lets it maintain access to the customs union without having free movement of labour? 7. The EU insists that talks about future trading arrangements between the UK and the EU can take place only after sufficient progress has been made on the terms of the ‘divorce’. What elements are included in the divorce terms? 8. If agreement is not reached by 29 March 2019, what happens and what would be the consequences? 9. Will a hung parliament, or at least a government supported by the DUP on a confidence and supply basis, make it more or less likely that there will be a hard Brexit? 10. For what reasons may the EU favour (a) a hard Brexit; (b) a soft Brexit? 2. What arrangement does Norway have with the EU? Reports, Press Conferences, etc. The Economy After Brexit, Economists for Brexit Inflation Report Bank of England (May 2016) 1. Summarise the main economic arguments of the Remain side. 3. Summarise the main economic arguments of the Leave side. Videos and audio 3. Distinguish between trade creation and trade diversion.
Type your word below and click What-does.net is your comprehensive online definition dictionary. If you are not sure how to define Mortar, our website can provide you with the appropriate definition. On this page, you can find what is Mortar. Mortar meaning mortar - 7 dictionary results 1. 1. plaster with mortar; " mortar the wall" 2. 2. A strong vessel, commonly in form of an inverted bell, in which substances are pounded or rubbed with a pestle. 3. 3. To plaster or make fast with mortar. 4. 4. A chamber lamp or light. 5. 5. A short piece of ordnance, used for throwing bombs, carcasses, shells, etc., at high angles of elevation, as 45Á, and even higher; - so named from its resemblance in shape to the utensil above described. 6. 6. A building material made by mixing lime, cement, or plaster of Paris, with sand, water, and sometimes other materials; - used in masonry for joining stones, bricks, etc., also for plastering, and in other ways. 7. 7. Cement of lime and sand; vessel in which things are pounded; piece of ordnance for throwing shells. mortar - examples of usage 1. Mix all together, and pound it very well in a mortar. 2. Pass it through a cullender, and then return it to the mortar and beat it again, adding gradually the yolks of six hard eggs, and a pint of cream or half a pound of butter. 3. Not very far from Wandsworth, in the green pasturelands of Southfields, that great magician was already casting into bricks and mortar his tremendous dream- the city of dreams, the Paradise of Little Clerks. Filter by letter:
Defining Knowledge And Wisdom It can be hard to define knowledge and wisdom unless you take a closer look at the two. Knowledge is something that you have learned and wisdom is information that you gather from experiences and can also be considered as wise. While knowledge gives you a clear picture of fact and truth, wisdom is what helps us make the right decisions in our lives. Since you now know the difference between the two, lets dig a little deeper into both of their definitions. Knowledge can be defined in a few ways; the first is to acquire principles, facts, or truths in studying and investigation of a subject. Knowledge can also have to deal with knowing something or being familiar with a certain subject. It can also be the state of knowing something or a perception of what is true and what is false. Wisdom can also be defined in a few different ways, is it a state of being wise, having the knowledge what is right or true and using judgments of discernment, sagacity, and insight to your actions. Wisdom can also mean knowledge and learning on a scholarly level. I’m sure you have heard words of wisdom, which is a sayings or teaching that is wise. So basically, knowledge is something that is learned in school and wisdom is what you learn from life experiences but can also be learnt in school from a fellow classmate or teacher. Do you get it? If not I will give you a few examples; if you are learning a lesson from one of your teachers then you are gaining knowledge from what they said. If you grandfather is telling you a life story that has a moral at the end of it then you are gaining wisdom. Another example is, you are going college to learn how to be a doctor and all of the stuff that you learn to be one is the knowledge of the facts. But the advice that you instructor gives you about how to deal with patients and other things that can’t be learned in a book is wisdom. I either made knowledge and wisdom really clear to you or I just confused you more. The examples should make the two clearer to you if you didn’t understand my definitions. Think as knowledge as something you can learn and wisdom as what you gain from your day to day life experiences. Great Tips For Writing © All rights reserved. \| Write an interesting essay with expert's tips.
Definition of EAL Terms English as an Additional Language Acknowledges that there are pupils who regularly use one or more languages in addition to English. Term is acceptable for people of African and Caribbean origin. Varies whether people find it acceptable however. ‘Black and Asian’ is a preferable term. (DEREC 2003) Can be used but most prefer to be referenced to their specific country or religion. For example – Indian/ Bangladeshi or Hindu/ Sikh. Younger people who are born in Britain may prefer the terms British Asians or British. Bilingual here is taken to mean all pupils who use or have access to more than one language at home or at school-pupils who are living in and learning in English or more other languages. It does not necessarily imply full fluency in both languages’ (Aiming High DfES 2003) Ethnic Origin Any cohort, who has an ethnic origin, has a cultural tradition and a shared history. Other characteristics may be common geographical origin, common language, common religion or being a minority in a dominant group in a large community. Minority Ethnic (M.E.) Term applies to all who have an ethnic identity. The concept of minority ethnic can apply to any groups –including indigenous, white minorities. Minority Ethnic and Traveller Attainment Service People of colour Term common in the USA and gaining popularity in Britain. (DEREC 2003) Someone who is forced to flee their own country, who escapes to another country and is given refugee status by the government there. To qualify for refugee status, the person has to prove that they cannot return home; owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationally, membership of a particular social group or political opinion’’ (1951 UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees). Asylum seeker An asylum seeker is 'a person who has crossed an international border in search of safety; and refugee status, in another country'. (Rutter, 1998 Refugee council.) In the UK, a refugee is when a person’s asylum claim has been accepted. While waiting for a decision, the person is termed an asylum seeker. Please enter your comments below
Daily Prayer‎ > ‎New Testament‎ > ‎ Matthew 27. 1 - 10 posted 28 Jan 2012, 03:52 by Ben@theorderoftheblacksheep.com Thirty Silver Coins 1-2 In the first light of dawn, all the high priests and religious leaders met and put the finishing touches on their plot to kill Jesus. Then they tied him up and paraded him to Pilate, the governor. 6-10The high priests picked up the silver pieces, but then didn't know what to do with them. "It wouldn't be right to give this—a payment for murder!—as an offering in the Temple." They decided to get rid of it by buying the "Potter's Field" and use it as a burial place for the homeless. That's how the field got called "Murder Meadow," a name that has stuck to this day. Then Jeremiah's words became history: They took the thirty silver pieces, The price of the one priced by some sons of Israel, And they purchased the potter's field. And so they unwittingly followed the divine instructions to the letter.
Disease burden From WikiMD free wellness and medical encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Disease burden is the impact of a health problem as measured by financial cost, mortality, morbidity, or other indicators. It is often quantified in terms of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) or disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), both of which quantify the number of years lost due to disease. One DALY can be thought of as one year of healthy life lost, and the overall disease burden can be thought of as a measure of the gap between current health status and the ideal health status (where the individual lives to old age free from disease and disability).[1][2][3] The environmental burden of disease is defined as the number of DALYs that can be attributed to environmental factors.[3][4][5] These measures allow for comparison of disease burdens, and have also been used to forecast the possible impacts of health interventions. The World Health Organization (WHO) has provided a set of detailed guidelines for measuring disease burden at the local or national level.[3] For example, years lost due to disability (YLD) (or years of potential life lost – YPLL) measures the years of what could have been a healthy life that were instead spent in states of less than full health. In 2004, the health issue leading to the highest YLD for both men and women was unipolar depression;[6] in 2010, it was lower back pain.[7] In 2004, the World Health Organization calculated that 1.5 billion disability-adjusted life years were lost to disease and injury.[8][9] Disease category Percent of all Template:Abbr, worldwide[9] Percent of all Template:Abbr, worldwide[8] Percent of all YPLLs, Europe[9] Percent of all DALYs, Europe[8] Percent of all YPLLs, US and Canada[9] Percent of all DALYs, US and Canada[8] Neuropsychiatric conditions, such as depression 2% 13% 3% 19% 5% 28% Premature birth and other perinatal deaths (infant mortality) 11% 8% 4% 2% 3% 2% The first study on the global burden of disease, conducted in 1990, quantified the health effects of more than 100 diseases and injuries for eight regions of the world, giving estimates of morbidity and mortality by age, sex, and region. It also introduced the DALY as a new metric to quantify the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors.[3][10][11] In 2000–2002, the 1990 study was updated to include a more extensive analysis using a framework known as comparative risk factor assessment.[10] Modifiable risk factors In 2006, the WHO released a report which addressed the amount of global disease that could be prevented by reducing environmental risk factors.[4] The report found that approximately one fourth of the global disease burden, and more than one third of the burden among children, was due to modifiable environmental factors. The "environmentally-mediated" disease burden is much higher in developing countries, with the exception of certain non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers, where the per capita disease burden is larger in developed countries. Children have the highest death toll, with more than 4 million environmentally-caused deaths yearly, mostly in developing countries. The infant death rate attributed to environmental causes is also 12 times higher in developing countries. 85 out of the 102 major diseases and injuries classified by WHO were due to environmental factors.[4] To measure the environmental health impact, environment was defined as "all the physical, chemical and biological factors external to a person, and all the related behaviours".[12] The definition of modifiable environment included: Certain environmental factors were excluded from this definition: The WHO developed a methodology to quantify the health of a population using summary measures, which combine information on mortality and non-fatal health outcomes. The measures quantify either health gaps or health expectancies; the most commonly used health summary measure is the DALY.[2][11][13] The exposure-based approach, which measures exposure via pollutant levels, is used to calculate the environmental burden of disease.[15] This approach requires knowledge of the outcomes associated with the relevant risk factor, exposure levels and distribution in the study population, and dose-response relationships of the pollutants. A dose-response relationship is a function of the exposure parameter assessed for the study population.[2] Exposure distribution and dose-response relationships are combined to yield the study population's health impact distribution, usually expressed in terms of incidence. The health impact distribution can then be converted into health summary measures, such as DALYs. Exposure-response relationships for a given risk factor are commonly obtained from epidemiological studies.[2][3] For example, the disease burden of outdoor air pollution for Santiago, Chile was calculated by measuring the concentration of atmospheric particulate matter (PM10), estimating the susceptible population, and combining these data with relevant dose-response relationships. A reduction of particulate matter levels in the air to recommended standards would cause a reduction of about 5,200 deaths, 4,700 respiratory hospital admissions, and 13,500,000 days of restricted activity per year, for a total population of 4.7 million.[2] In 2002, the WHO estimated the global environmental burden of disease by using risk assessment data to develop environmentally attributable fractions (EAFs) of mortality and morbidity for 85 categories of disease.[2][3][16] In 2007, they released the first country-by-country analysis of the impact environmental factors had on health for its then 192 member states. These country estimates were the first step to assist governments in carrying out preventive action. The country estimates were divided into three parts: Environmental burden of disease for selected risk factors This presents the yearly burden, expressed in deaths and DALYs, attributable to: indoor air pollution from solid fuel use; outdoor air pollution; and unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene. Results are calculated using the exposure-based approach. Total environmental burden of disease for the relevant country The total number of deaths, DALYs per capita, and the percentage of the national burden of disease attributable to the environment represent the disease burden that could be avoided by modifying the environment as a whole. Environmental burden by disease category Each country summary was broken down by the disease group, where the annual number of DALYs per capita attributable to environmental factors were calculated for each group.[3] Implementation and interpretation The public health impacts of air pollution (annual means of PM10 and ozone), noise pollution, and radiation (radon and UV), can be quantified using DALYs. For each disease, a DALY is calculated as: DALYs = number of people with the disease × duration of the disease (or loss of life expectancy in the case of mortality) × severity (varying from 0 for perfect health to 1 for death) Necessary data include prevalence data, exposure-response relationships, and weighting factors that give an indication of the severity of a certain disorder. When information is missing or vague, experts will be consulted in order to decide which alternative data sources to use. An uncertainty analysis is carried out so as to analyze the effects of different assumptions.[15] When estimating the environmental burden of disease, a number of potential sources of error may arise in the measure of exposure and exposure-risk relationship, assumptions made in applying the exposure or exposure-risk relationship to the relevant country, health statistics, and, if used, expert opinions. Generally, it is not possible to estimate a formal confidence interval, but it is possible to estimate a range of possible values the environmental disease burden may take based on different input parameters and assumptions.[2][3][4] When more than one definition has to be made about a certain element in the assessment, multiple analyses can be run, using different sets of definitions. Sensitivity and decision analyses can help determine which sources of uncertainty affect the final results the most.[4] Representative examples The Netherlands In the Netherlands, air pollution is associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and exposure to certain forms of radiation can lead to the development of cancer. Quantification of the health impact of the environment was done by calculating DALYs for air pollution, noise, radon, UV, and indoor dampness for the period 1980 to 2020. In the Netherlands, 2–5% of the total disease burden in 2000 could be attributed to the effects of (short-term) exposure to air pollution, noise, radon, natural UV radiation, and dampness in houses. The percentage can increase to up to 13% due to uncertainty, assuming no threshold. Among the investigated factors, long-term PM10 exposure have the greatest impact on public health. As levels of PM10 decrease, related disease burden is also expected to decrease. Noise exposure and its associated disease burden is likely to increase to a level where the disease burden is similar to that of traffic accidents. The rough estimates do not provide a complete picture of the environmental health burden, because data are uncertain, not all environmental-health relationships are known, not all environmental factors have been included, and it was not possible to assess all potential health effects. The effects of a number of these assumptions were evaluated in an uncertainty analysis.[15] Exposure to environmental hazards may cause chronic diseases, so the magnitude of their contribution to the Canada's total disease burden is not well-understood. In order to give an initial estimate of the environmental burden of disease for four major categories of disease, the Template:Abbr developed by the WHO, EAFs developed by other researchers, and data from Canadian public health institutions were used.[17] Results showed a total of 10,000–25,000 deaths, with 78,000–194,000 hospitalizations; 600,000–1.5 million days spent in hospital; 1.1–1.8 million restricted activity days for sufferers of asthma; 8000–24,000 new cases of cancer; 500–2,500 babies with low birth weights; and C$3.6–9.1 billion in costs each year due to respiratory disease, cardiovascular illness, cancer, and congenital affliction associated with adverse environmental exposures.[17] DALYs are a simplification of a complex reality, and therefore only give a crude indication of environmental health impact. Relying on DALYs may make donors take a narrow approach to health care programs. Foreign aid is most often directed at diseases with the highest DALYs, ignoring the fact that other diseases, despite having lower DALYs, are still major contributors to disease burden. Less-publicized diseases thus have little or no funding for health efforts. For example, maternal death (one of the top three killers in most poor countries) and pediatric respiratory and intestinal infections maintain a high disease burden, and safe pregnancy and the prevention of coughs in infants do not receive adequate funding.[18] Disease burden methodologies such as DALYs also do not capture other aspects of disease and illness, such as pain and suffering, deterioration in quality of life, and emotional and physical impacts on families.[19] Featured disease Affects one in three adults Cause and effect misunderstood Secret of weight gain revealed By Eham Ajlouni / Jordan - PhD candidate at Alexandria University 2012 Health science - Medicine Branches of Internal medicine Branches of Surgery Popular Health Topics Portions of content adapted from Wikipedias article on Disease burden licensed under GNU FDL. WikiMD Sponsors: W8MD Weight Loss, Sleep & Medical Aesthetics Medical Aesthetics
After a decade in research, CSIRO researchers in Queensland have made a breakthrough that could turn Australia into a renewable energy giant. The fuss is over a type of membrane which allows ultra-high purity hydrogen to be turned into ammonia and back again, making efficient transport of the highly flammable fuel possible. For years this technology has been the missing link to the hydrogen fuel industry. A recent test in Queensland was a world first, powering a car with completely carbon-free ammonia-derived fuel. It’s a huge step for Australia and we have already received expressions of interest from Japan, South Korea and Europe which could line Australia up for its next export boom. Its another step toward cleaner powered cars and a greener future. Image: ABC News
Moja strona główna sundial software vertical Sundials on the Internet - Five sundial. • Heavenly Mathematics & Cultural Astronomy. • Latitude Is Horizontal or Vertical Vertical Sundial Design How do sundials work ? - Welcome to the. This page gives a comprehensive list of links to sundial related pages in the WWW. Usually new links are added on top. Keywords: sundial (English), Sonwyser Sundial Design Software - Sundials on the. This is the perfect day to set your sundial (hopefully you don't have too much snow on the ground) Thanks Kurdistan Planetarium for the video This page lists, first, all the programmes we know about which have been recommended by members, and then others which we have not had any feedback on. An interdisciplinary course on cultural astronomy. sundial software vertical sundial software vertical Make a Horizontal Sundial Sundial - Wikipedia, the free. How do sundials work ? Also available in Czech (web page) Polish (3 parts) Russian (PDF) and Brazilian Portuguese (4 parts) Part 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 The North American Sundial Society A sundial is a device that tells the time of day by the position of the Sun. In common designs such as the horizontal sundial, the sun casts a shadow from its style Garden Sundials - A Resource and Shop For. Sundial - Wikipedia, the free. NASS North American Sundial Society for sundials, gnomonics, history of sundials, theory of sundials, making sundials, using sundials, sundial education, teaching sundial links - Daniel Roth
Making Writers Read Recently, I ran into a unique challenge: I needed to connect a byte stream Writer to code that reads from a byte stream Reader. They both process a stream of bytes, but in different directions. This felt like tracing a big knot of cables only to find that both cables have plugs on the ends so you can’t connect them. I needed a thing-a-ma-bob to turn one of the “plugs” into a “socket.” To turn a “plug” into a “socket,” I first needed to understand how Readers and Writers work and how they can be chained together. It turns out they are remarkably similar, so it is possible to make a Writer read. While this was a somewhat unusual situation, I learned a lot about processing byte streams. I wanted to write it down so I don’t forget, and hopefully someone else will find this useful. The Direction of Readers and Writers Every programming language has a byte stream abstraction in its standard library, such as Go’s Reader/Writer and Java’s InputStream/OutputStream. The examples in this article are in Go, but other languages work the same way. As their names suggest, Readers are for getting bytes into your program and Writers are for sending them out. The Writer interface is: This means the caller passes in a chunk of bytes, the writer does something with it, then returns the number of bytes processed or an error. The Reader interface is nearly identical: These interfaces show how similar Readers and Writers are: the arguments and return values are exactly the same. They both take chunks of bytes and do something with them and can be called in a loop to process a stream. The difference is the direction in which the data flows. Luckily, which one to use is usually clear. Let’s consider a program that takes data from disk, converts each character to uppercase, then sends it over a network. We need a Reader to get data from disk and a Writer to send it over the network. It looks something like the diagram below. Using a Reader to get bytes in to the program and Writer to get them out In this example, which one to use is pretty clear. You must use a Reader to get bytes from disk, and you must use a Writer to send bytes out. When working with byte streams, it is pretty common to need to transform the stream by applying some operation to convert the bytes from one format to another. For example, you might want to compress data so it takes up less space. When transforming bytes, the direction of the data is usually clear. For example, if we are compressing data, it is usually when we are sending data out of the program, so compression is a Writer. By contrast, we usually decompress bytes to get the original data into our program, so decompression is a Reader. I recently found myself in the rare situation of wanting to process data in the “opposite” direction. I had a network server, with some complicated function that took a Reader and processed all the data in it. This function assumed the bytes were base64 encoded: I was modifying it so this function would process unencoded bytes instead. This meant I needed to add some logic to encode the bytes if they weren’t already encoded. I wanted something that looked like this: However, Base64 Encoder is a Writer, not a Reader, so this doesn’t work. I needed to take a Writer and convert it into a Reader. One solution is to avoid the problem. We could read the entire source stream into memory, transform it, then call the function with the now base64-encoded data. However this is inefficient. It needs to store the entire input in memory, while the streaming version uses a fixed amount to process an infinite stream. Making a Reader Write The Go standard provides a solution to this problem: the somewhat obscure io.Pipe. It creates a Reader and a Writer that are connected. The magic is that calling write on the pipe blocks until another thread calls read, and vice-versa. When there are two threads that want to exchange data, the Pipe copies bytes from one buffer to another. This looks something like the following: This means we can start a new thread that reads from the original Reader and copies bytes into the Base64 Encoder. The Base64 Encoder then writes the encoded data to the Writer side of the Pipe. Finally, we can pass the Reader end of the Pipe into the original complicated function. When it reads from it, it gets Base64 encoded bytes. It looks like the following: There are a few tricky parts to ensure everything completes in order and that errors are handled correctly. I’ve created a Github repository to demonstrate how this works. A Common Abstraction: Transformer This led me to wonder: If Readers and Writers can be converted into each other, shouldn’t there be some Transformer interface that could be used for both purposes? Something implementing this interface could be used as both a Reader and a Writer, without needing a Pipe. Compression libraries like zlib or Zstandard provide exactly this sort of transform function for compression and decompression. So why isn’t this more common? The issue is complexity, as it frequently is in engineering. To understand why, let’s take a look at an example of what the Transformer interface could look like in Go: The Transform function reads as many bytes as it can from the source buffer, processes them, and writes as many bytes as it can to the destination buffer. It returns the number of bytes written and the number of bytes read, or an error. The caller can then do something with the bytes in the output buffer. If the input buffer is empty, it needs to put more bytes in it. Finally, it can call transform again to process an infinite stream. Since the caller needs to manage both an input and an output buffer, using this interface is more complex than a Reader or a Writer, where there is only one buffer. At the same time, this interface is more powerful, because we can use it implement both a Reader and a Writer. Unfortunately, most transformations have some natural direction, as discussed previously. This means the Transformer is more more complex than Readers and Writers for typical use cases, but simpler for some rare cases. On the whole, Readers and Writers make the normal case simple, while the unusual cases are still possible (even if it takes an entire blog post for me to understand how to do it). I think this is a great example of the kind of complexity trade-off we should strive for when engineering software. Related Articles Crossing Streams: A Love Letter to io.Reader: An exploration of why the Reader/Writer interfaces are useful. Streaming IO in Go: The basics of using Readers and Writers, and chaining them together. Examples For Using io.Pipe in Go: How to use io.Pipe.
Canadian technology Canadian technology of construction is an increasingly popular generation already existing in the United States, Canada or Germany, but also in our country. Canadian building is an increasingly popular technology used not only in the United States, Canada and Germany, but also in our country. A Cottage house is built on wooden carcass with use of sandwich-panels coated by wooden fiber finish. Insulation is basal wool. The inner side of insulation is covered by gypsum cardboard, with OSB boards on the front side, which surface is decorated by facade plaster. Canadian houses can be easily designed and performed in energy-efficient standard. At the moment it is one of the fastest building technology . Building a house skeleton takes just a quarter. At that time, Canadian houses are warm, healthy, inexpensive and economical in operation. All houses are eco-friendly and meet the highest standards of quality and energy efficiency. Only verified environmentally friendly materials produced by the certified professional companies are used for the construction. Features of a house Energy efficiency A wall of a house is filled with mineral wool. As a result the thermal insulation of such a house is min. 20 cm. There is a possibility of thermal insulation of the house and use up to 30 cm of insulation in the exterior walls. For comparison brick house is insulated with polystyrene with a thickness of 10-12 cm. The heat transfer coefficient for the standard wall with a layer of wool 20 cm is U=0,19 W/m²K. Norma considers such homes warm, where the rate does not exceed U=0,3 W/m²K. Easily adjust the room temperature The frame building is heated only the air, they have no thermal inertia. Do not heat up the walls, which then return the heat. In practice, this means that cooled down house to 10 degrees C heats in 2 hours to 21 degrees C. For comparison brick house reaches the temperature after 48 hours, he must first become hot the cooled down wall, and then the interior of the building. The rate of finishing of a house Finishing is not a problem even in the absence of the target heating system (radiators mounted on the end), because during the finishing works it is enough to heat with the usual electric heaters or oil heater(house becomes warm very quickly). The buildings are healthy Even the smell of wood during the construction makes a man remember the old healthy wooden building. Later we cover wood with gypsum. But it does not bother to building a unique microclimate, felt by residents. Almost all of the materials used in these houses are natural wood, gypsum, mineral wool (made from recycled basalt) or special structural wood chipboard. There are 95% of the volume of the building material. Wood has the ability to self-regulation of humidity so creates its own microclimate. Durable construction Well-built canadian houses are very durable. Pizzeria "Joe's Pizza" is located in a canadian house built in 1822 in New York, Manhattan. Right next to this building, there is a building built in 1830.Therefore, if the house is built in accordance with the construction there is no fear that it will survive. Low cost of ownership Accommodation in the house of 100 m2 built on the Canadian technology is such as the maintenance of one-bedroom apartment in the capital. Make an appointment! Please fill in the short form. Manager will contact you To personalize content and provide a safer experience, we use cookies.. Więcej szczegółów w naszej Polityce prywatności Cookies
Colonial Americans responded to British attempts to assert additional control over their political and economic affairs with varying degrees of resistance. For the most part, the colonists attempted to balance their desire for imperial recognition of their traditional rights with statements of loyalty and affection towards the British king (and, to a lesser extent, Parliament). Public gatherings, for example, often included toasts that honored individual members of the British nobility, the long heritage of royal governance, the traditional rights of Englishmen, and the achievements of America in rapid succession. In a tempestuous time, these were not seen as contradictions: indeed, for Gouverneur Morris, the tensions between these concepts might have been all that stood between the colonists and complete anarchy. On the other hand, neither Thomas Jefferson (in A Summary View of the Rights of British America, August 1774) nor General Thomas Gage (in his letter to Peyton Randolph) appears to feel any tension over the question of loyalty whatsoever. Joseph Galloway’s Plan of Union attempted to use the political confusion constructively, by proposing a new type of political union between the colonies and Britain in which political sovereignty would be divided more evenly. The Continental Congress ultimately rejected this solution, and it was never proposed to the crown. Dunlap’s Pennsylvania Packet or, the General Advertiser (Philadelphia), September 19, 1774. On Friday last the honorable delegates, now met in General Congress, were elegantly entertained by the gentlemen of this city. Having met at the City Tavern about 3 o’clock, they were conducted from thence to the State House by the managers of the entertainment, where they were received by a very large company composed of the clergy, such genteel strangers as happened to be in town, and a number of respectable citizens, making in the whole near 500. After dinner the following toasts were drank, accompanied by music and a discharge of cannon. 1. The KING. 2. The QUEEN. 3. The Duke of Gloucester. 4. The Prince of Wales and Royal Family. 5. Perpetual union to the colonies. 6. May the colonies faithfully execute what the Congress shall wisely resolve. 7. The much injured town of Boston, and province of Massachusetts Bay. 8. May Great Britain be just, and America free. 9. No unconstitutional standing armies. 10. May the cloud which hangs over Great Britain and the colonies, burst only on the heads of the present ministry. 11. May every American hand down to posterity pure and untainted liberty he has derived from his ancestors. 12. May no man enjoy freedom, who has not spirit to defend it. 13. May the persecuted genius of liberty find a lasting asylum in America. 14. May British swords never be drawn in defense of tyranny. 15. The arts and manufactures of America. 16. Confusion to the authors of the Canada bill. 17. The liberty of the press. 18. A happy reconciliation between Great Britain and her colonies, on a constitutional ground. 19. The virtuous few in both houses of Parliament. 20. The city of London. 21. Lord Chatham. 22. Lord Camden. 23. Bishop of St. Asaph. 24. Duke of Richmond. 25. Sir George Saville. 26. Mr. Burke. 27. General Conway. 28. Mr. Dunning. 29. Mr. Sawbridge. 30. Dr. Franklin. 31. Mr. Dulany. 32. Mr. Hancock. The acclamations with which several of them were received, not only testified the sense of the honor conferred by such worthy guests, but the fullest confidence in their wisdom and integrity, and a firm resolution to adopt and support such measures as they shall direct for the public good at this alarming crisis.
EFASAND: Some important Economic concept and terminology you should know for exam ! Search This Blog Tuesday, 25 December 2018 Some important Economic concept and terminology you should know for exam ! There are too many ECONOMIC TERMS, A person should know who are preparing for any exam as like UPSC, BPSC AND ANY other government jobs or National level exam. Exclusive for those who were asked gk and gs. These terms are 1. Abuse of Dominance:- A situautsi when a dominant firms/company is engaged in promoting it's market position in 'anti-competitive' bussiness practice, such as - predatory price squeezing, charging unreasonable price and etc. 2. ACTIVITY RATE:- The labour force of a country is known as the activity rate or participation rate. 3. ADRs:- ADR stands for american Depository Receipt, which enables investors based in the USA to invest in non-USA companies trading on non stock exchanges. 4. ADS CONVERSION OFFER:- Conversion of local shares into American Depository Shares (ADS) of a company is called an ADS of a company is called ADS conversion offer. 5. Adverse Selection:-. It can be a problem when there is an asymmetry in information between the seller and buyer of an insurance policy. 6. Agriculture Extension:- Agriculture extension is a proper approach to motivate people to help themselves by applying agriculture reserch and devlopment, in their daily lives in farming, home making, and community living. 7. AGRICULTURAL LABOUR:- A person works on another's land for wages. 8. Alpine convertible bond:- Alpine convertible bond is a foreign currency convertible Bond issued by an Indian company exclusivly to swiss investor. 9. AMMORTISATAM:- Payment of loan in installment by the borrwoer. 10. Andean pact:- A regional to establish a common market links. 11. ANTITRUST:- A CATEGORY OF the government policy which deals with monopoly. 12. Appreciation:- it is increase of price of assets or currency. 13. ARBITRAGE:- Earning profit out of price difference of the same product in different market. Ex- buy from one country And sell in another country. 14. ARCs :- Assets reconstruction Companies (ARCs) acquire non-performing assets from financial institution along with the underlying securities mortgage and/or hypothecated by the borrowers to the lender. 15. Assets:- a physical or non-physical thing that have value. 16. ASSIGNED REVENUE:- it is use to refer tax or duties collected by government. 17. AUTARKY :- The idea of self sufficiency of any country. 18. BACKWARDNESS:- Stern of future which means a commodity is valued today. 19. Back-To-Back Loan:- a tern of international banking, is an arrangement under which two firm in diffrent economy borrow each other's currency. 20. BAD BANK:- a bank created specially to buy bad debets that is NPA(NON PERFORMING ASSETS). 22. Badla:- An indian term for contango associated with the trading system in the stock market which is a postponement of trade. From The web comment here Featured Post ADBUFF समीक्षा 2019: CPM, CPC और आवश्यकताएँ इस श्रृंखला में हम एडबफ समीक्षा करने जा रहे हैं, हम एडबफ की विभिन्न परिस्थितियों और अलग-अलग इकाइयों की जांच करेंगे। हम Adbuff की अलग-अलग...
Experimental feature Listen to this article Experimental feature “I feel as though I have died and gone to heaven,” said Britain’s skills minister in a recent speech, as he prepares to preside over the fastest rise in the minimum wage in the country’s history. The world will be watching. Governments in many developed countries are turning to minimum wage policies as they try to deal with inequality and anaemic wage growth. The stagnation in wages in recent years has been blamed on the rise of global competition, the decline in collective bargaining, a slowdown in productivity growth and the way in which technology has “hollowed out” some middle-skilled jobs. In response, Germany introduced its first ever minimum wage last year; Japan’s prime minister Shinzo Abe has called for minimum wage increases of 3 per cent a year for the foreseeable future; and some US cities such as Seattle are raising their wage floors to $15 an hour. Developing countries such as Malaysia are also using minimum wages to try to redistribute growth more fairly and encourage employers to move up the value chain. As Richard Dickens, an economics professor at Sussex university, concludes: “Minimum wages have never been so popular. The next question is: how far can you push it?” This is the question that Britain’s new national living wage — which starts at £7.20 an hour and will reach about £9 an hour by 2020 — will put to the test. Nick Boles, the skills minister, has claimed it will be “one of the biggest increases in the legal minimum wage that any government has done in the western world in living memory”. But the Conservatives did not always feel this way about the minimum wage. Indeed, the party opposed the UK’s introduction of the policy in 1998, arguing it would destroy jobs. “We bring to it the zeal of converts,” Mr Boles admitted. “Of course, there would come a point, if you pushed it up too far, that there would be serious adverse effects. We just don’t quite know where that is.” The UK’s minimum wage is already relatively generous by international standards, according to the Financial Times’ “Big Mac” minimum wage index. At £6.70 an hour, a minimum wage worker in the UK would have to work 26 minutes to buy a Big Mac. That is better than the US (41 minutes) and Japan (32 minutes), similar to Ireland and Germany, and worse than Australia and Denmark (18 and 16 minutes respectively). If Britain brought in its £9 an hour target today, a minimum-wage worker could buy a Big Mac after 18 minutes. There are other ways to measure the level of a minimum wage, such as where it stands relative to average pay. The government plans to increase the national living wage to 60 per cent of median earnings by 2020, which would take the UK from the middle of the OECD pack to the upper end. The government chose 60 per cent as a target in part because a handful of countries such as France and Australia already sustain minimum wages at that level. France has relatively high unemployment and Australia relatively low unemployment. But it is difficult to make straight comparisons because of differences in how the wages are set and to whom they apply. In terms of coverage, OECD data analysed by the Low Pay Commission, responsible for recommending minimum wage rates to the government, shows that about 9 per cent of UK workers currently earn within 5 per cent of the minimum wage — a fairly high proportion compared with peers such as Australia, the US and Canada. By 2020, the LPC’s analysis suggests this figure will swell to about 18 per cent — substantially higher than in any other OECD country for which data exists. “We’re going into uncharted waters and we just don’t really know. In some ways it’s a social experiment,” says Professor Dickens, who is also a member of the LPC. The big question is whether the UK can maintain its strong employment record, particularly for the lowest-skilled workers, who are about to become more expensive to employ. Andrew Hilton, director of the Centre for the Study of Financial Innovation, believes the policy will be “devastating” for entry-level and low-skilled jobs. This debate has emerged in Germany recently, too, after concern that the minimum wage is too high to enable recently arrived refugees to find jobs. Some German politicians have called for exceptions to the minimum wage for low-skilled refugees. Yet Professor Manning points out that the modelling being done for the minimum wage experiments in US cities like Seattle is encouraging. These analyses suggest low-paid workers will spend more money in the local economy, boosting local demand and creating a virtuous circle for employers and employees. He says the UK is right to experiment — and disputes the idea that the country is “stumbling towards a cliff edge”. He adds: “We may be in the dark . . . but it’s much more like we’re on the top of a rounded hill and if you go a little bit too far down, you just walk back up again. “Nothing here is irreversible.” Letter in response to this article: Big Mac price is bound to change / From Charles Horner Get alerts on Minimum-Living wage when a new story is published Copyright The Financial Times Limited 2019. All rights reserved. Follow the topics in this article
Puppeteer Motion-Capture Costume Exploring the use of affordable, off-the-shelf materials and basic techniques to create wireless motion capture wearables. The idea behind Puppeteer is to create accessible wearable technology solutions for motion-capture, aiming to create as much of the technology from scratch, collecting and sharing this knowledge through DIY instructions. The name Puppeteer comes from the concept of being able to puppeteer or control. In this case, the motion of the body wearing the costume controls whatever data is relevant to the performance or project. The fabrication of the suit is a handmade procedure, which is not intended for mass-production, but rather for small projects lead by individuals with enthusiasm for making things themselves, sewing, gluing, soldering, programming and bug fixing. The Puppeteer project is continuously being developed by Mika Satomi and Hannah Perner-Wilson http://www.KOBAKANT.at, and as such is constantly being expanded and refined. We welcome any feedback and input from interested individuals, groups and companies. This Instructable goes into as much detail as we think makes sense. When following the steps you must be prepared to solve some of the problems such as designing a pattern, deciding on sensor placement, planning your circuit by yourself. This Instructable explains the techniques we applied to bring things together and create a motion-capture wearable. The aim here is not to recreate our Puppeteer costume but to make your own. And hopefully find solutions to existing problems! - Sewing - Soldering - Pattern making - Basic understanding of the Microcontrollers and the Arduinio, multiplexers, circuits and components - Basic understanding of code and communicating with serial devices - Conductive thread from http://www.sparkfun.com also see http://cnmat.berkeley.edu/resource/conductive_thread - Neoprene from http://www.sedochemicals.com - Stretch conductive fabric from http://www.lessemf.com also see http://cnmat.berkeley.edu/resource/stretch_conductive_fabric - Fusible interfacing from local fabric store or also see http://www.shoppellon.com - Velostat by 3M from www.lessemf.com also see http://cnmat.berkeley.edu/resource/velostat_resistive_plastic - Machine poppers/snaps from local fabric store - Regular sewing thread from local fabric store - Amounts of stretch fabrics you will need to make the costume from - Perfboard with copper line pattern from http://www.allelectronics.com - Wire - Shrink tubing - Arduino LilyPad from http://www.sparkfun.com - Two XBee modules - one for the suit and one communicating with it - Two 3.7V Lipo batteries and chargers - Pens and lots of paper - Fabric pen that disappears over time - Ruler, soft measuring tape - Fabric scissors and paper scissors - Sewing machine that can do the stretchy stitch - Iron - Sewing needles - Popper/snap machine - handheld or hammer and simple version - Pliers for undoing poppers - Soldering iron and solder - Helping hands - Wire clippers - Wire strippers The principle behind the Puppeteer motion capture costume is to explore the use of fabrication methods that use very basic materials and tools and yet still produce useful solutions for motion capture. We have so far focused on capturing motion of the human body, but the techniques we have developed could also be applied to stuffed toys, animals and other objects. The puppeteer suit has been developed as an interface for various projects, adhering to requirements that were not purely motion capture oriented. The main focus throughout these projects has not been to collect precise data on the position of every limb and joint of the wearer, but rather to collect motion data such as joint angle and velocity from specific areas of the body. This data, as well as being translated into various outcome, can also be intentionally manipulated by the wearer, allowing them to interact with the system in a meaningful way. So far there have been three completed versions of Puppeteer motion-capture costumes that have been used in the following performances: 1) Ein Kleines Puppenspiel, 2) Language Game at LEMUR and 3) Perfect Human More information about all these performances can be found on http://www.KOBAKANT.at and in the next step. 1) Ein Kleines Puppenspiel In this performance the performer, Ivana Kalc http://myspace.com/ivanakalc wearing the costume was moving her body in order to puppeteer a representation of herself in a digital world. This performance was called Ein Kleines Puppenspiel http://puppenspiel.moviesandbox.net/ and was conceived by Friedrich Kirschner, who conceived and created the narrative, using a computer game engine Unreal Tournament, in which characters, cameras and events are all triggered by human actors acting in the real world through various devices, playing out the story, a real time puppet play. After producing the first working Puppeteer costume for this project, we decided to continue developing the Puppeteer costume. We started to explore new ways of exploiting, manipulating and designing conductive and resistive textiles to sense bodily motion, as well as creating soft and stretchy conductive traces. We wanted to be able to produce comfortable and washable costumes that, unless intended, did not limit the wearer's natural scope of motion. 2) Language Game at LEMUR The next Puppeteer project was developed during a one-month residency at LEMUR http://lemurbots.org/ in Brooklyn, NY. LEMUR has a set up of musical robots that can be triggered by Midi-signal. Our plan was to have a performer, wearing a motion capture costume, trigger various musical robots with her movements, creating a sound-scape to which in turn would influence her movements. We spent 4 intense weeks refining this concept, as well as designing and fabricating the next Puppeteer suit. We worked with a local ballroom dancer, Micaela Schedlbauer, who was interested in the project. Michaela had a very set dance routine and it was interesting to work with her, though unfortunately the time-frame did not really leave space for enough practice to break the routine in a way that gave her enough confidence to listen to the system, and to react to what was going on. 3) Perfect Human Performance The third Puppeteer costume was created for a performance inspired by a 1967 short film by Joergen Leth titled The Perfect Human and by Lars von Trier's 2003 The Five Obstructions. The performance took the text from the original film and introduced the obstructions of performance and non-linear narration. The original text was cut up into blocks and the performer was presented with a game like situation in which certain words and segments of sentences were mapped to the movement of certain body parts. The performer had to first figure out what movements triggered what fragments before she could try to speak the full sentence. Once a sentence was intentionally spoken correctly the performer would move on to the next level, the next sentence and a new mapping. This Puppeteer project was first developed for the Interface Cultures exhibition during the 2008 Ars Electronica in Linz, Austria, the performer was Ivana Kalc. Plans for future performances of the Perfect Human Performance intend collaboration with local performers in various locations. The only setback is that the performers must fit the existing Perfect Human Puppeteer suit, though slight alterations are possible. All three Puppeteer suits to date are based on the principle that pressure sensors also react to bend. This is true since pressure is exerted thorough the fact that materials pressure against each other when bent because the outer layer must stretch and presses against the inner layer, which has excess material that needs to go somewhere. Shortly prior to the first Puppeteer project we had developed the technique of making pressure sensors sandwiched between two layers of neoprene. The reason we chose to use neoprene was because we had been using it to make fabric buttons for another project http://www.massage-me.at Neoprene has some nice qualities for making pressure sensors since it creates a natural force feedback as well as spreading the pressure evenly. Fabric Bend Sensor The first fabric bend sensors we fabricated from two layers of 1.5mm neoprene, which has polyester jersey adhered to each side. The fact that fabric was mounted on either side of the actually neoprene made it possible to fuse a piece of conductive fabric to either piece of neoprene using iron-on interfacing, a heat glue common in quilting and sewing. In between the two pieces of conductive fabric we sandwiched a piece of Velostat, which is basically the black plastic that sensitive electronic components or circuits are packaged in to protect them from electrical charges or statically charging themselves. Velostat is carbon-impregnated polyolefin and is a bad conductor but also has the quality to reduce its resistance under pressure. All these layers are kept in place by lightly stitching around the edges of the neoprene. In the first Puppeteer suit we had twelve such sensors places around the body. Although the sensors are stable, they do such a lot of power, even when they are not being bent, since there is enough initial pressure on the sensor so that there is a constant flow of electricity that increases even more when bent. Conductive Thread Bend Sensor There is an Instructable that covers this Bend sensor >> https://www.instructables.com/id/Fabric_bend_sensor/ One change that was made in the next Puppeteer suit was to reduce the conductive surfaces on either side of the Velostat. So instead of fusing conductive fabric, we stitches a few diagonal stitches using conductive thread on either side of the neoprene. This reduced the initial conductivity a lot so that some of the sensors that were not mounted to tightly against the body, made no electrical connection unless pressured/bent. Also, circuit wise instead of power all sensors and measuring the changes in power passing through them we used a multiplexer to individually power and measure each sensor individually in super fast succession, so seemingly seamlessly, all at once. This, along with the conductive thread alternative lowered the energy consumption to a good level. Even though we have been exploring new materials, combinations and designs that produce pressure, bend and stretch sensitive sensors we have not yet implemented these results into a full Puppeteer suit. The following experiments offer some interesting starting points for further development, though we have failed to implement them in a full suit because of various reasons such as not being able to reproduce the results with enough consistency. Even though none of these experiments have yet been implemented in a Puppeteer suit, they are still part of the Puppeteer project and they will hopefully make their way into future versions. Carbon Paint One technique that produces some lovely results is the application of carbon paint to fabric. Depending on the thickness of the paint and the underlying fabric, one achieves different results. If the paint starts to crack too much, then when stretched the conductivity sinks, since there is simply just less physical connection. But if things come out just right and there is not too much cracking then the conductivity increases when stretched and we believe this is due to the fact that the carbon particles are being compressed though the physicality of the stretching and thus improving the conductive connection. Conductive Textiles The Berkley based company Eeonyx http://www.eeonyx.com/ produces some very interesting conductive textiles. They have the capability to coat almost any material/textile in a secret polymer solution, which can be regulated to produce any desired level of electrical conductivity/resistance. When they coat stretchy knits and materials such as Lycra and nylon, they practically produce stretch sensors. This is something we have just started to explore Conductive Rubbers There are lots of different conductive rubbers on the market and we have tested a few of them: - Conductive rubber bands sold by All-Spec http://www.all-spec.com/1/viewitem/1862C/ALLSPEC/prodinfo/i=rss, also see: http://cnmat.berkeley.edu/resource/conductive_black_rubber_band - Zoflex conductive rubber http://www.rfmicrolink.com/Conductive_rubber.html, also see: http://cnmat.berkeley.edu/resource/zoflex_conductive_rubber - Conductive rubber ropes from Images Scientific Instruments http://www.imagesco.com/sensors/stretch-sensor.html The problem we have had with using these rubbers as stretch sensors is that they are either very tough and take a lot of pull to really stretch and get a nice change in resistance, and as such would be hard to integrate in a motion capture suit, unless we make it super tight (or come up with other solutions). The other problem we encounter is that even though the change in resistance is measurable it bounces around a bit. It is often slow to react and then bounces to a peak before dropping down to a certain point, even though the rubber has only been stretches to a certain degree and held in the same position. These rubbers all react very nicely to pressure, when sandwiched between two conductive layers. They make great pressure sensors, replacing the layers of neoprene in that they offer their own natural force feedback and pressure distribution. Stretching piece of Zoflex video >> The soft circuit that connects all the sensors to the power source, microchip and wireless communication device are a very prominent design aspect of the suit. Since for reasons of convenience and necessity they run visibly across the outside of the suit. Rather than seeing this as a problem we view it as one of the main design aspects. Our (so far) preferred method of creating these conductive traces, which cover distances up to a max of 1.5 - 2 meters (when reaching all the way to the toes), is to work with thing strips of stretch conductive fabric. This method allows us to create stretchy fabric, comfortable, washable conductive connections that have a resistance of about 100Ohm/meter. Other options would be to use conductive thread, but since we work with stretchy materials and the stretchy stitch uses up a lot more thread that I directly sewn connection, we would reach much higher resistance using thread. Also, to be able to sew with a sewing machine, the full layout of the conductive traces on the suit would have to be clear before the suit is assembled and this has never been the case, since there are so many unknowns before the dancer first puts on the finished suit, and we find it much easier to be able to make alterations when the suit is worn and we can see exactly how it fits and where best to place the sensors. After we have fused interfacing to a large piece of stretch conductive fabric from LessEMF (www.lessemf.com), we cut it into 5mm wide strips and are then able to fuse these to the suit with the heat from an iron. Once the traces are in place we then isolate them by covering them with a good layer of Aleene's Flexible Stretchable Fabric Glue (http://www.duncancrafts.com/). We have found this to be the best solution so far. It does not influence the conductivity of the trace, nor does it much impede on the stretchiness of the fabric. It dries within one day and after 10 days of curing time it can even be quite safely washed with lukewarm water and a mild detergent. The first puppeteer version did not use conductive fabric but we disguised the fragility of the thin wires, by feeding them through fabric tubes. The second Puppeteer version we used only the stretchy fabric glue to isolate the traces and then some baby powder on top to remove their initial stickiness, even once dry they like to stick to each other. For the last Puppeteer version we used the stretchy fabric glues to isolate as well as to mount strips of the same white fabric, so that they were less prominent, but still part of the texture and design of the suit. In the last Puppeteer version we decided to make the sensor detachable so that we could exchange them and also it because quite a convenient way to attach them to the stretchy conductive circuit. We attached machine poppers to both sides of the sensors as well as to the ends of the conductive traces. We fabricated the sensors in three different lengths: - Long for the knees, underarms and elbows - Medium for the hips and shoulders - Short for the wrists - Customized shapes for the heels and toes Certain parts of the circuit we simply did not want to risk washing or exposing to a lot of wear and tear. These components include: the power source batteries, the Microcontroller Arduino LilyPad (www.cs.colorado.edu/~buechley/diy/diy_lilypad_arduino.html), the XBee wireless module, the Multiplexers, as well as various small components such as voltage regulators, capacitors, resistors and wire connections. In the case of the first Puppeteer suit all of these components were anyway not affixed to the costume itself, because there was a wired connection. In the later costumes we chose to integrate these components in part of the costume that could be removed from the rest of the suit so that the sensors and conductive traces could be washed separately. For the second Puppeteer version we stored these components inside a little backpack type accessory that came out on top of the rest of the costume like a hood and plugged into the ends of the conductive traces coming from the sensors via some handmade lugs that we were could sew to. These we made from headers, wire and Shapelock http://www.shapelock.com In the third Puppeteer version we integrated the components in the collar of the suit and the collar came right down the front of the suit, reaching the tops of the thighs and plugging into the ends of the conductive traces via metal poppers. In both cases we had access to the circuit by opening a zipper in the little backpack or the collar. The design of the first Puppeteer costume was intentionally connected through a physical wiring, which the performer herself could disconnect, by unplugging herself. These were early stages and at first we used two Arduino USB boards to read the data from all 12 sensors, since the Arduino comes with 6 analog inputs. An improved version of this scaled down to one Arduino, using four of its six analog inputs directly and one of them in combination with an eight channel multiplexer. The next Puppeteer suit became wireless, giving the dancer freedom to move around with no physical connection to the computer reading the sensor data. The only restrictions were those of the range of the Bluetooth module. We worked with the Sparkfun BlueSMiRF Gold module in connection with the Arduino LilyPad. The Bluetooth connection, though it worked, was very flaky so that for the third Puppeteer version we happily started working with the XBee, which has proved to be a great solution to all our wireless problems. These sensors are easy to make, though time consuming and tedious. They have shown to deliver stable data, which we are able to work. They have not exhibited any drastic changes over time, even after washing with lukewarm water and a mild detergent they continue to react to pressure in the same range. When worn against the body during performance the sensor's range does tend to shift, not necessarily in size but in range location. Weather this is due to wrinkles in the fabric that contains them, or sweat or something that goes on inside the sensor we do not know. The next steps include sensor development independently from creating the next Puppeteer suit. Other ideas to explore include adding a kind of array of sensors to one costume, the idea being that if we have enough sensors we would be able to track poses and motion sequences that were unique because all the sensors could only ever be in a certain state if a certain pose or motion were being made. Since the costume is tailored to fit a certain individual body size, the outcome of these projects has been specifically performance based. We are interested in expanding the design of the costume and creating things that can be worn and experienced by all. Here the planning of a modular system might make sense. So far the Puppeteer sensors focus mainly on the bend of the joints of the human body, but we are interested in detecting other, subtler motions. Aspects such as comfort, washability, durability and even sustainability (which is something we have not yet included) are things that we would like to continue to address in future. • Arduino Contest 2019 Arduino Contest 2019 • Woodworking Contest Woodworking Contest • Gardening Contest Gardening Contest 28 Discussions 4 years ago on Introduction I'm thinking about building a MechWarrior Mech for my next costume scaled at 7 foot tall. I'm trying to find something to sync the leg movement with the sound FX of the Mech walking. Any suggestions? 5 years ago on Introduction would this work well for human controlled humanoids? 6 years ago on Introduction I notice that you don't mention resistors anywhere in regards to the circuit. Were no resistors needed in this whole project? Reply 7 years ago on Introduction hey use this http://unity3d.com/unity/ im going to use it thttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-X-Ebh1kYAhis week need help here Could something like this be used to capture movement for film special effects, similar to the technique used in Avatar and parts of Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children? 10 years ago on Introduction Seeing this reminded me of http://www.sonalog.com/. Bearing in mind your second project, do you think your project could possibly be hooked up to this system's software (It appears to be free to download, but I'm not on windows, so I don't know if it needs registration). I realise that the Gypsy Midi controller is £900 of techy goodness, but I'm sure there's a lot of people out there who would be interested in controlling lights and visuals and music through a motion capture suit. Basically, I suppose what I'm really asking is, does the Arduino software have facility for converting to MIDI signals? Or, would a programme like glovepie be a better idea, in a sort of software daisy chain? 1 reply Sorry, just seen your comment about glovepie. Still, is it possible to use something like Bome MIDI translator and MIDI Yoke to eventually control lights and suchlike? 10 years ago on Introduction oh almost forgot. 5 stars. i recommend this one and thx for putting time in making this instructable :D we need more people like you =D 2 replies Reply 10 years ago on Introduction hi, and thanks so much for these comments. i'm going to look into the glovepie program, it sounds super appropriate for what we are interested in. we do smooth the input from the software side to some degree, but since we have been using the data to trigger events, we have not had need to smooth the data further for output purposes. a collaboration would be wonderful. maybe you can tell us a bit about who you are and your background. you'll find my contact details on my website >> http://www.plusea.at/ Reply 10 years ago on Introduction sure i will see what i can do. oh and if you need more smoothing =D glovepie can apply smoothing too. and the programming used in glovepie is very easy to handle. and yes i will look at your site for contact and such :D 10 years ago on Introduction plusea one word: thats brilliant i really want such suit. but it looks complicated though. and a question... How much did it cost you? and oh maybe i got an idea to port this to controll (might) look for the program (glovepie) its an program to easly assign any input to a specific control or device so you can easly port movement to games :D or other sort. and another question: isn't it possible to let the computer apply smoothing to the captured motion? so that it wait for the second slight movement and then interpretates the movement (at high speed so still realtime =D ) with interpretate i mean smooth the first frame of your previous position to the position you are now. :S and oh, since i got a lot of time on my hands XD can i contribute to your project in any way? >3 =) 10 years ago on Introduction Perhaps you could add a tilt-sensitive sensor, like the one in a macbook or iphone, that tells you software how many degrees it is. If you place on of those quite low, perhaps just below the navel, you could get a reading of whether the dancer is bending her body, lying down perhaps, etc. I don't know how accurate such sensors are, but worth checking out if you haven't already. Perhaps you could even control the angle of the arms on a 3d model more accurately using this. If the sensor is at the wrist, and you know the length of each part of the arm, you could perhaps calculate pretty accurately the position of the hand, at least if you combine it with the amount of bend from other sensors. Just an idea. I thought the first video with the 3dmodel was rather stiff, didn't seem to respond to much of what the danser was doing. 10 years ago on Introduction awesome work! Yesterday, I played around animating the bodyscans I did with DAVID-laserscanner - thought of motion capture - found this great instructable. This will be a next project. See you
Herodotus of Halicarnassus (c.480-c.429 BCE): Greek researcher, often called the world's first historian. In The Histories, he describes the expansion of the Achaemenid Empire under its kings Cyrus the Great (r.559-530), Cambyses (r.539-522), and Darius I the Great (r.522-486), culminating in Xerxes' expedition to Greece (480 BCE), which met with disaster in the naval engagement at Salamis and the battles at Plataea and Mycale. Herodotus' book also contains ethnographic descriptions of the peoples that the Persians have conquered, fairy tales, gossip, and legends. These are the confident opening lines of Herodotus' Histories, and the Greeks who heard them must have been surprised. Preserving the memory of the past by putting on record certain astonishing achievements was not unusual, but the bards who had been singing legendary tales had been less pretentious. Even the great poet Homer had started his Iliad in a more modest way:
What National Health Surveys Tell Us About Nutrition and Mental Health Bonnie Kaplan, PhDJulia Rucklidge, PhD The two of us have mainly been doing clinical treatment studies in relation to Nutrition and Mental Health. For example, Julia has studied broad-spectrum nutrient treatment of the symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and mood regulation in adults, including insomnia. However, we have also studied nutrient treatment in groups of people without psychiatric diagnoses who were exposed to the extreme stresses of earthquakes and floods. Those studies have consistently shown general population health benefits from nutrient supplementation. As a consequence, we have been interested in the broad public health implications of nutrition, such as the findings from national health population surveys. This blog will describe a few recent findings based on data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), a large cross-sectional survey that collects information related to health status, health care and health determinants for the Canadian population. The CCHS collects data from participants 12 years of age or older in the ten provinces and three territories of Canada. In a CCHS study on the economic burden of poor eating habits, Ekwaru and colleagues obtained the responses of 63,964 Canadians to validated questions on the frequency of consuming vegetables and fruit. They summarized the data as a single variable representing the total number of servings of vegetables and fruit consumed daily. First, they found that about 80% of the women and 89% of the men were eating fewer fruit and veggies than recommended by Health Canada (5-9 half-cup servings per day). Then they estimated the proportional reduction in chronic disease that would occur if all Canadians consumed the recommended number of servings of vegetables and fruit. The estimates obtained in the Ekwaru study for inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables were $3.3 B per year. It is interesting to compare the Ekwaru results with other findings on economic burden caused by lifestyle variables. In Canada, Krueger et al. compared fruit and vegetable burden to previously estimated annual economic burdens attributable to physical inactivity ($10.8 B), excess body weight ($23.3 B), and tobacco smoking ($18.7 B). So the estimates are that the cost to our societies of physical inactivity, excess body weight and tobacco smoking are greater than inadequate fruit and veggie consumption, but none of these are trivial costs. And there is another interesting way to examine these data: over the next 20 years an increase of just one serving of vegetables and fruit per day would avoid approximately $9.2 B in health care costs. In a country like Canada, with 1/10th the population of the USA, that is an amazing number. So far, these findings have related to physical health. But what about mental health? Those figures are not available yet in exactly the same form, but Bonnie and one of her former students Karen Davison published some relevant findings in 2017, again using data from the CCHS. They examined relationships among three variables: food insecurity, diet quality, and perceived mental health. Data were available from 15,546 adults aged 19-70 years. The measures of food insecurity and diet quality were conventional ones (e.g., the Healthy Eating Index), but the only measure of perceived mental health that was available for analysis was fairly general (good versus poor). After adjustment for covariates, they found a fairly consistent association with mental health for the two primary variables: both food insecurity and poor diet quality were associated with 60% increased probability of reporting poor mental health. In addition, suboptimal intake of two micronutrients (folate and iron) were associated with about a 50% increased probability of mental health being perceived as poor. Several other nutrients were associated with milder effects (e.g., B1 and zinc). What conclusion can be drawn from these studies, all of which used the CCHS data in Canada? Improving people’s diets may protect them from experiencing poor mental health. And we already know from much other research that food insecurity caused by low income is a strong predictor of diet quality. All the more reason to ensure everyone earns not the minimum wage, but a living wage. A study published two years ago emphasizes the importance of all of these findings. Noble et al. reported on brain scans from 1,099 typically developing individuals aged 3-20 years. The research was based in part on the scientific knowledge that income is related to success on a variety of cognitive tests. What the scans showed was that income was logarithmically associated with brain surface area. In other words, higher income was associated with larger amounts of brain development at the cortical level. And as the authors mention, there are multiple variables that might explain their cross-sectional study results, and nutritious food is one of them (others of course are more cognitively stimulating environments which have been shown in lab animals to increase brain development — so this would include both home environments as well as higher-quality child care settings; also the provision of more opportunities for physical activity; and also perhaps less exposure to environmental pollutants and stress). As always in our blogs, we are not saying that nutrition is the ONLY variable of interest. We are simply trying to raise awareness of the scientific data showing that nutrition is a very important variable with respect to brain and mental health. 1. Good nutrition is good for one’s health, period, and people with good health feel better. There is no such thing as “mental health,” hence articles such as these are inherently flawed based on their presuppositions. 2. I want better mental health and happiness for me….and I am looking to healthy eating and healthy exercise for help with my mood disorder…I really like what you are posting here bonnie and julia…I believe that good nutrition is vital for brain health…and I love the bio/psych/soc model for good mental health….and bad mental health 3. What is it? Brain, or mental health? And this stuff about brain scans is highly suspect. Look, everyone wants to have a better income and to eat better food in order to feel better. No one disputes this. But all this talk of some mysterious entity called “mental health” really needs to be scrutinized. In fact, in many countries, it is the poor people who actually eat good food, while the wealthy consume a lot of junk. Another point to consider is how vitamin mongering actually worsens problems for victims of natural disasters. This is very well documented in Ethan Watters excellent book “Crazy Like Us.” https://www.amazon.com/Crazy-Like-Us-Globalization-American/dp/1416587098 4. Doctors Kaplan and Rucklidge, I have seen quite a few articles here on nutrition for mental health. But instead of so many articles like this, can you write one on what actually to eat in what quantities in simple layman’s terms? Like M grams of N fruit per day/week/month—-> Contains A and B nutrients important for Y and Z functions. • OK here we go. The NMDA receptor is a glutamate receptor. Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. The NMDA receptor is blocked or gated by magnesium ions. Therefore Mg ions control the transmission of glutamate… the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS. 2.B6 active form PLP Pyridoxal phosphate Glutamate and GABA (major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS) are not separate, GABA is synthesized from glutamate by an enzyme called glutamate decarboxylase (it actually comes in two slightly different forms called isoforms but that’s gonna get complex) That enzyme requires a co-factor to work which is the active form of B6 PLP You would have to include stopping, all the stuff that will harm or inhibit glutamate decarboxylase such as glutamic acid…. MSG. • Great. Text about neurotransmitters and receptors. Once again, no mention of what foods to eat in what quantities to gain the right amounts of the aformentioned nutrients. 2 bananas a day? An apple? There is also no need to complicate things beyond what a layman needs to know. Nobody cares about NMDA receptors except those who take an interest in reading about them or do work associated with needing that knowledge. • I can’t work in residential substance abuse facilities, because I won’t have second thoughts about using nutrient regimens to get the residents more functional, no matter what the facility’s guiding ideology is. I’ll help you with Oldhead, Streetphotobeing. • I have nothing to add to my original post, which is not a complicated statement, nor should it be controversial, especially at MIA. Somehow this is being misconstrued as a debate. 5. https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-carillion-restructuring/britains-carillion-collapses-after-banks-pull-the-plug-idUKKBN1F40P0 Now let me tell you something about this. It was on the cards for a long time. Who ever has credit default swaps on Carillion are to blame, and it’s never going to be outright obvious, they will have nudged this into collapse. And I’m thinking Brexit is in the mix as well, being as the UK Govt were – at the end – the only ones backing them, and no doubt thought that would be enough to hold the banksters… and they sure do not want Brexit. Plus we now have a calling for a second vote…. so it can be seen as an attack on the Brexit position. Warren Buffet on CDS’s ‘creating your own reality’: Why is this relevant to ‘MH’ problems, well if you were just put into a position of suddenly not having a job and going into debt..it’s pretty obvious isn’t it. Sorry but all the good food in the world aint gonna sort this. Blythe Masters… she invented CDS’s by the way, look her up… get a handle on this financial psychotic poison. Comments are closed.
Continuing the safety discussions from last month, this article will feature topics related specifically to cold water safety and survival. Here on Lake Michigan the cold water can be very dangerous well into June and beyond. Many of us have experienced a strong west wind in mid-summer where the air temperature is gorgeous and the water temperature is cold, proof that even at the peak of summer cold water can be a danger. Being prepared with appropriate clothing and wearing your lifejacket can be an issue of life or death, particularly in the early season. It’s a great idea to wear your lifejacket at all times when on the water. Last month’s article discusses this topic in more detail, but the fundamental truth is wearing a lifejacket will greatly increase your chance of survival in all man overboard situations. Taking the time to find a comfortable lifejacket suited to your activity is important and eventually wearing your lifejacket on the water will become as second nature as putting on a seatbelt in the car. Survival time in cold water is often longer than people think particularly if you’re wearing a lifejacket. Without your lifejacket you are at greater risk and we’ll talk about those risks later. Approximate survival times based on water temperature: cold temp chart.jpg The greatest risk, beyond drowning of course, is hypothermia. Wearing a life jacket allows you to use survival positions that minimize heat loss. Swimming and treading water actually speed up heat loss as the cold water constantly flows over exposed areas of the body. The H.E.L.P. Position (Heat, Escape, Lessoning, Position) helps keep your body heat in and essentially involves condensing into a small area to help trap in your body heat. HELP position.jpg The Gasp Reflex or Inhalation Response is another important reason to wear your lifejacket while on cold water. The Gasp Reflex is an involuntary reaction to your body entering cold water. The Gasp Reflex has led to fatalities due to victims inhaling water and very quickly drowning. Lifejackets provide some level of protection as they keep your head near the surface even when jumping or falling into the water. The floatation of the lifejacket will also bring you back to the surface even if you are unable to yourself. Beyond your lifejacket it is important to consider what gear to wear on the water. It is easier to dress for cold water when the air temperature is also cold, but when the air temperature is warm and the water still cold it can be more of a challenge. While there are no perfect answers, here are some general rules to follow. - Layers! Just like your mother taught you, when it’s cold wear layers that you can easily add or remove for comfort. o Modern Base Layers like Under Armour or other thermal wicking materials are great. Gill has a great base layer set that I love wearing! I wear them undershorts well into the summer when the water is cold, they provide some protection from the cold and added benefit of blocking the sun’s UV rays. o Middle Layers vary considerably, typically a fleece or softshell work great, wool is also a traditional choice as it will keep you warm when wet (but it’s heavy when wet!). Avoid cotton, denim, and other non-wicking fabrics as they will actually promote heat loss when out of the water. o Outer Layers are traditionally foul weather gear while sailing or fishing. These can be relatively light weight and designed for water repellant or larger heavier gear that helps provide warmth. It is important that this gear helps block the wind and keep the wearer dry. Hard shell winter jackets will serve this purpose well if you don’t want to invest in expensive foul weather gear! o Drysuits function by keeping you encapsulated in a waterproof suit. They have no thermal properties of their own so base and middle layers are important. Note: You will sweat in one of these and that water is trapped inside with you, it is essential that you wear proper base layers to help address this! o Wetsuits work well for small boat sailors, surfers, and others who know they are going to get wet. They come in a variety of thickness for various conditions. Surfers here on Lake Michigan are famous for their deep winter surfing and a high quality winter wetsuit can keep you warm in extreme conditions. Wetsuits are worn on their own with at most a rash guard underneath to prevent chafing. Other safety equipment such as survival suits are out there but less likely to be utilized in all but a few activities here on Lake Michigan. Now is also an appropriate time to recommend doing man overboard drills each season with your crew regardless of how long you have been sailing together. A few years ago during a late May regatta the lifeline on a nearby boat broke and sent one of the crew into the cold water without a lifejacket, a quick and proper man overboard recovery got him out of the water in a matter of minutes. Practicing this is important and, yes, you can do a man overboard recovery with the spinnaker up but that is another topic. Practice this often and your crew will be all the safer! A great video showing the effects of cold water immersion called Cold Water Boot Camp was put together about 10 years ago and is a great resource for understanding the effects on individuals: As simply as it gets, when the water is cold: Dress appropriately and wear your lifejacket!
Low calorie sweeteners’ safety, use and benefits explained by experts Posted: 12 April 2019 Take-home messages from the Ibero-American Nutrition Foundation webinar • Sweetness liking is innate and decreases from childhood into adulthood. • Low calorie sweeteners are added instead of sugar in foods and drinks in order to provide sweet taste with little or no calories. Very small amounts (milligrams) are used to replace grams of sugar and in order to give the desired sweetness. • The safety of low calorie sweeteners is repeatedly and extensively assessed by food safety regulatory bodies globally. These agencies consistently confirm that approved low calorie sweeteners are safe. • The consumption of low calorie sweeteners can help in reducing calorie and sugar intake, and in turn, in glucose and weight control, when used to replace sugar in the context of a structured diet plan. • Based on available research, low calorie sweeteners’ intake at doses relevant to human consumption does not negatively affect the gut microbiota. In times when online information on nutrition topics may be conflicting and confusing, healthcare professionals should look for reliable scientific information and turn to credible sources such as regulatory authorities and health-related organisations that base their conclusions on the totality of available evidence-based information. This need was emphasised by experts speaking at a webinar on low calorie sweeteners organised by the Ibero-American Nutrition Foundation (FINUT) on 10th April 2019. Seven academic experts from Spain and countries of Latin America presented the latest evidence on sweet taste properties and characteristics as well as on the safety, use and role of low calorie sweeteners in weight management and glucose control. The current article aims to present to you the key take-home messages of each speaker talk, as presented at the FINUT webinar on low calorie sweeteners. Prof. Emilio Martínez de Victoria, Professor of Physiology, University of Granada, Spain: Sweetness is one of the “basic tastes”. The human body “recognises” sweetness with the help of the sweet taste receptors that are located in the oral cavity and are responsible for the initial detection of a sweet tasting stimulus. These receptors respond to various sweet tasting molecules including sugars, polyols and low calorie sweeteners. Today we know that sweet taste receptors are also present in other organs of the human body. Liking of sweet taste is innate. We are born with a liking for sweetness, which decreases from childhood to adolescence and into adulthood. The higher sweetness preference during childhood may reflect the higher energy and nutritional need of young children during periods of maximal growth. Currently, evidence does not support that exposure to sweet taste leads to a heightened appetite and/or consumption of sugar. What available research shows is that, after having eaten something sweet, the momentary pleasantness and choice of more sweet-tasting foods is reduced, a phenomenon known as “sensory specific satiety”. Prof. Adriana Gámbaro, Professor and Director, Department of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de la República, Uruguay: Human taste sensations can be divided into five primary or “basic” qualities: bitter, sour, salty, sweet, and umami or savoury, with the latter being a recent addition. There is large inter-individual variation in sweetness perception. Generally, sweet taste perception is instant. Sensory evaluation is defined as “a scientific discipline used to invoke, measure, analyse, and interpret reactions to characteristics of foods and materials as they are perceived by the senses of sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing”. There exist different methods that have been developed and are used in sensory evaluation. The more analytical methods include the participation of individuals who have advanced sensory capabilities compared to the rest of the population and are capable of identifying small differences in taste, including sweetness intensity. Dr Rebeca López García, Toxicologist, Logre International Food Science Consulting, Mexico: Low calorie sweeteners are food additives that are added to a variety of foods and beverages in place of sugars to provide a desired sweet taste with little or no calories. All low calorie sweeteners, either of natural or synthetic origin, have undergone the same extensive safety evaluation process before they are approved for use in foods and drinks. As food additives, low calorie sweeteners are added to food products for a specific technological purpose, i.e. to provide sweet taste. Their use alone is not intended to have any health effect. When used to replace sugars in the diet, low calorie sweeteners can bring benefits linked to the sugar reduction and, in turn, help reduce calorie intake and thus in weight control. Prof. Cecilia de Figueiredo Toledo, Professor, Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Estatal de Campinas, Brazil: The safety of approved low calorie sweeteners has been repeatedly assessed and confirmed by risk assessment regulatory and scientific bodies globally, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/ World Health Organization (WHO) Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). During the evaluation and approval process, the risk assessment experts of the food safety agencies establish an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for each approved sweetener, which is the amount of an approved food additive that can be consumed daily in the diet, over a lifetime, without adverse health risk. ADI is expressed on a body weight basis, meaning in milligrams (mg) per kilogram (kg) of body weight (bw) per day. Dr Susana Socolovsky, International Consultant, Pentachem SRL, Argentina: Low calorie sweeteners are used to replace sugar in foods and drinks. While low calorie sweeteners differ among each other in their structure, sweetness potency and overall profile, they are usually hundreds of times sweeter than sugar so only milligrams of a sweetener are required to replace for example 25g of sugar, the typical amount of sugar in a glass of sugar-sweetened soft drink. The intake of low calorie sweeteners is monitored to ensure that exposure does not exceed the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for each individual sweetener. Overall, the studies conducted to determine the intakes of low calorie sweeteners globally over the last decade indicate that levels of intake are generally within the limits for the individual sweeteners ADI and raise no concerns with respect to exceedance of the ADIs. Dr Rafael Figueredo, Director, Instituto Privado de Nutrición Integral, Paraguay, President of the Latin American Society of Nutrition (SLAN): The use of low calorie sweeteners in place of sugar in the context of a structured diet and weight loss programmes may favour the reduction of excess weight and maintenance of weight loss. Their effect on weight management is modest but statistically and clinically significant, and more profound in overweight or obese individuals. Furthermore, the use of low calorie sweeteners does not affect glucose control and may contribute to a better glycaemic control when used instead of sugar in the context of diabetes control programmes. The beneficial effect depends on the level of carbohydrate substitution and reduction. Prof. Angel Gil, Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Granada, Spain, President of FINUT: Most studies on low calorie sweeteners and microbiome have been conducted in animals with very few human studies. Current data establish no evidence of adverse effect of low calorie sweeteners on the gut microbiota at doses relevant to human use. Dietary changes unrelated to low calorie sweeteners’ consumption are likely the major determinants of change in gut microbiota composition, confirming the viewpoint supported by all the major international food safety and health regulatory authorities that low calorie sweeteners are safe at currently approved levels. Further studies are needed to clarify whether changes observed with some sweeteners in the intestinal microbiota in animals are present in humans and to study the effects of sweeteners for which evidence is not available so far. The webinar in Spanish is still available to attend online, for free, on the FINUT website here.
Brings you the best marine ecotourism experiences in Europe Meet the basking shark! The second largest fish in the Ocean by Andrea Blanco \| 22/08/2016 \| 17:07 “Fish are friends not food!” This is almost impossible for a shark to say you may think, but sharks are not as dangerous and scary as movies often like to show us. The second largest fish in the Ocean is a shark – the Basking shark, and it doesn’t like big meals. Basking sharks eat tiny plankton, a group of organisms that can’t swim against the current. They are the only passive filter feeding sharks. This means that, in order to eat, they just swim with their enormous mouth open filtering water. It doesn’t sound so scary right? Their big gill rakers separate the water from the plankton of the water column. As these sharks can grow up to 10 meters, imagine the huge quantity of water they have to filter to be well feed every day! During the summer you can easily see them swimming on the surface of the sea, because plankton concentrates there. These animals are pacific and really sociable. They usually swim in groups and can be spotted from the coast or with a boat. If you would like to learn more about basking sharks you can consult the Sharkopedia. Basking sharks are catalogued as vulnerable by the UICN Red List, but fortunately conservation programs are being carried out to avoid their extinction.
Biotherapy, health resource center for alternative medicine.Biotherapy - Center .com is a free resource center for alternative medicine. Site Map Elder Berry Elderberries have long been used as food, particularly in the dried form. Elderberry wine, pie, and lemonade are some of the popular ways to prepare this plant as food. The leaves were touted to be pain relieving and to promote healing of injuries when applied as a poultice. Native Americans used the plant for infections, coughs, and skin conditions. The American elder (canadensis) , also known as Elderberry, is small tree that grows to 12 feet and is native to North America. The European elder (nigra) grows to 30 feet, is found throughout Europe, Asia, North Africa, and has been naturalized in the United States. The tree has been called "the medicine chest of the common people. The flowers, leaves, berries, bark and roots have all been used in traditional folk medicine for centuries. The fruits have been used to make elderberry wine, and when cooked, can be used in pies and jams. The berries contain more vitamin C than any other herb except rosehips and black currant. The elder also has a rich background of cultural superstitions. In the Middle Ages legends held that tree was home to witches and that cutting down one would bring on the wrath of those residing in the branches. The Russians and the English believe that elder trees ward off evil spirits and it was considered good luck to plant a tree near your home. Sicilians think that sticks of elder wood can kill serpents and drive away thieves. This herb has a long history dating beyond the stone ages. Egyptians discovered that applying its flowers improved the complexion and healed burns. Many early Indian tribes used elderberry, and its variants, in teas and other beverages. In the 17th century the British often drank home made wine and cordials that was thought to prolong life and cure the common cold. The berries from the elder contain a considerable amount of vitamins A, B and C, as well as flavonoids, sugar, tannins, carotenoids and amino acids. Warm elderberry wine is a remedy for sore throat, influenza and induces perspiration to reverse the effects of a chill. The juice from the berries is an old fashioned cure for colds, and is also said to relieve asthma and bronchitis. Infusions of the fruit are beneficial for nerve disorders, back pain, and have been used to reduce inflammation of the urinary tract and bladder. Raw berries have laxative and diuretic properties, however the seeds are toxic and may induce vomiting and nausea. Elderberries are edible when cooked. Elder leaves contain the flavonoids rutin and quercertin, alkaloids, vitamin C and sambunigrin, a cyanogenic glucoside. Fresh elder leaves also contain hydrocyanic acid, cane sugar, invertin, betulin, free fatty acids, and a considerable quantity of potassium nitrate. Elder flowers and elder flower water have been used in a variety of ways topically and as a tonic mixture. Elder flowers are a mild astringent and are used in skin washes to refine the complexion and help relieve eczema, acne and psoriasis. Flower water makes a soothing gargle and when strained makes an excellent eye wash. The leaves and flowers are a common ingredient in ointments and poultices for burns and scalds, swelling, cuts and scrapes. Infusions and preparations with the blossoms combined with other herbs have also been used to quicken recovery form the common cold and flu.
Classical mechanics on a curved background On a flat background Lagrangians mostly look like \begin{align} L = \frac{1}{2} \mathbf{\dot x} \cdot \mathbf{\dot x} - V \left( \mathbf{x} \right) \end{align} and Hamiltonians look like \begin{align} H = \frac{1}{2} \mathbf{p} \cdot \mathbf{p} + V \left( \mathbf{x} \right), \end{align} where $\mathbf{x}$ is the position vector, $\mathbf{\dot x}$ is its time derivative, $\mathbf{p}$ is the momentum vector, and $\cdot$ represents the standard dot product. On the other hand in a curved background, we have to use the metric to take inner products. First, we establish a splitting into a time coordinate and three spatial coordinates, and we call the spatial part of the metric $g_{ij} , i,j = 1,2,3$. As usual, we let an overdot denote a derivative with respect to our chosen time coordinate. So the Lagrangian for a particle moving on a curved background described by the spatial metric $g_{ij}$ and experiencing a potential $V \left( \mathbf{x} \right)$ is \begin{align} L = \frac{1}{2} g_{ij} \dot{x}^i \dot{x}^j - V \left( \mathbf{x} \right), \end{align} the momentum is given by the 1-form $p_i = g_{ij} \dot{x}^j$, and the Hamiltonian is \begin{align} H = \frac{1}{2} g^{ij} p_i p_j + V \left( \mathbf{x} \right) \end{align} Here $g^{ij}$ is defined to be the inverse matrix of $g_{ij}$, so that $g_{ij} g^{jk} = \delta_i^k$ (where we are using Einstein summation convention as always here and $\delta_i^k$ is the Kronecker delta. What we are seeing is just the multiplication of a matrix with its inverse to obtain the identity matrix).
Nov 172013 Handshake and teamworkI have broken down what exactly is "Collaboration" and created an equation that will help to define it, and to create a framework from which to work with. Collaboration (kəlabəˈreɪʃn/) Noun: Defined as 2 or more people or organizations working together toward a common or shared goal. Seems simple and straight forward enough doesn't it? Get together with someone, and work towards something. In order to make your efforts successful, you would need to collaborate with other members of your team in order to make it a success. For example, in order for any sports team to be successful, they too must work together towards their common goal. Perhaps it's winning the next game or even the championship. The team must communicate and collaborate their goals. But what exactly is collaboration? How does it work? I've been working with collaboration software since the mid-1990's and have been helping individuals and organizations answer this very question for nearly as long. The Collaboration Equation is best represented by: Moss from The IT Crowd Connecting with the right people is essentially the most important part of collaboration. Without the right people in place it would be hard to be effective in any collaborative situation. Imagine you were the Director of IT (AKA DoIT) for a major corporation. You were given as task of creating a strategy to depreciate and replace a number of servers. Would you select the executive assistant for the CEO, the Assistant Marketing Manager, some guy named Charlie and the new hire in support with the awesome hair like Moss from the IT Crowd to work with you on this project? You are most likely going to work on this project with your hardware implementation team to discuss and to plan out the roll-out. After all, they are the best suited to the task given their knowledge and experience. Connecting with the team best served to work towards the common goal is vital for your efforts to be fruitful. Research and Planning After you have connected with the best people to work with, the next step it to plan out what the goals are. Set parameters and establish what your end goals are. Without these being discussed and agreed to, there is little chance that the effort will succeed. Most collaborative efforts will work best with an elected leader who may act as a moderator as required. Spending the time to research your topic is a great way to ensure that they knowledge is on topic and relevant. educate and share knowledge Sharing knowledge is power. It is often said that it is essential to create a "Knowledge Sharing Culture". In collaboration, those groups with isolated knowledge looked after by a privileged few is a paradox in of itself and will not survive for long, ultimately failing. Only effective collaboration and communication which spans across the whole group will give the collaborative effort the boost it really needs. In order to enrich a collaborative culture I believe that change must start with the individual. Every member of the collaborative effort has a sphere of influence along with their own individual knowledge, and this is where I believe real education and knowledge sharing will begin. This stage begins the second phase of our equation. Also known as "The Work" Phase. Time to put your creative juices together, and come up with some solid ideas. Every idea should be evaluated equally using the FAB method. Feature; Advantage; Benefit. Target Realization During the Research and Planning stage we set a goal, and now it's time to evaluate if our "Action" meets our planned goal or "Target". Keeping things simple, if our goal was to find a new material for a new shirt design, our target would be that a cotton blend have been chosen; realizing our target. If our goal was to find a new supplier for buttons, and instead we found a new supplier for irons, we did not meet our established goals and we will need to return to our Research and Planning stage. The final part of our equation is the addition of "Engagement". This is when the action resulted from the product of our equation components now becomes an action item. You've made a decision, it's now time to act upon it. Let's put this to the test. The following example will help us test to make sure our equation is valid. Guac & Mole Ice Cream Guac & Mole Ice Cream You are the Product Manager for an Ice Cream company named "Cold and Icy". Sales have been on a 'slippery slope' for some time and it's time to make some decisions about the product line. (C)onnect: You decide that you need to collaborate with your Production, Sales and Marketing Managers teams, as they are the best suited to the task of figuring out a product strategy for the next few quarters. (R)esearch and Planning: As the Product Manager, you have assembled the best team and announced that the goal of the collaborative effort would be to decide on what product(s) you may need to axe and to find a suitable replacement for it. Devise a plan and execute as soon as possible. (e)ducate and Share Knowledge: The Sales Manager has been studying reports, and relays to the team that sales of the Guac-&-Mole ice cream flavour have been very poor over the past few quarters. Marketing director says that the response from the field has been so bad that people are actually turning away from your other product lines. The production manager stated that avocados are becoming harder and harder to keep fresh in the hot summer months and there is too much spoilage. She also mentioned that there is an abundance of oranges in storage. The Marketing Manager says that research has demonstrated that Oranges mixed with Ginger and Lime is the next big thing. (A)ction: A few other new flavours were discussed, and the team decided that a having a taste test would be a great idea. The marketing department was put in charge of developing the plan to establish which new flavor(s) would replace Guac & Mole. The Production team was put to work to develop the new flavors and to submit the samples in time for the taste testers arrival. (T)arget Realization: After the taste test was completed, the results showed that 2 flavors were preferred by 80% of the testers. Marketing says that these 2 new flavours, Orange-Ginger-Lime Fizz, known as Joozie Fruit, and Green Tea both should replace Guac & Mole. The team decided that the two flavours would hit the market in time for the next season. (e)ngagement: The final step is create and execute on the established plan of releasing the replacement product(s) within the established time frame. If you find this post helpful or know someone it may, please share it using the links below. 2 Responses to “The Collaboration Equation – Getting The Most From Your Team” %d bloggers like this:
Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) 1. Introduction Li_fi refers to light based comunication technology that delivers a high speed, bi-directional, mobile communications similar to wifi but more secure and with greater speed. Li-Fi uses household LEDs to enable data transfer boosting transfer speed of 224 Gb/s. 2. Why the need for Li-Fi In general mode of communication the transmitter is placed at a centre location and the data is transmitted from it across the centre point. Now as the distance between the user and the transmitter increases the density of the data transmitted decreases and the data speed is impacted . Also as the data is tranmitted in every directional these data packets can be monitored by any unwanted guest and can be manipulated. Now imagine a data transmitter which transmit at a straight line of sight which maintains a high data density and data distortion is very less, here the data transfer speed is not impacted as much as in other technology. Also as the data is only transmitted in the confined environment and at a single line of sight then any other unwanted guest can not access the data. Credit: PureLiFi Credit: PureLiFi 3. Working A LEDs outlet or bulb is fitted with a Li-Fi compatible driver which is connected to an internet source. This driver is used to switch on/off the led at a frequency which can not be seen by human eye. By doing this it embed the beam of light with the binary data that needs to be transferred. A receiver dongle is needed to capture this binary data and convert it to readable form which is attached to the system. This form can be easily seen in the diagram given below. Credit: google Credit: google 4. Disadvantages Nothing is perfect in this world and so does Li-Fi. • The signal can not pass through walls which is good in terms of security but can be bothersome as different LEDs needs to be installed in different room. • Only works if the direct line of sight is maintained between transmitter and receiver. • This technology is good for broadcast but the upload link is very bad as the receiver also needs to have a special transmitter to maintain a good upload speed. 5. Applications • Underwater communications: Since radio waves cannot be used under water because these waves are strongly absorbed by sea water within feet of their transmission and this renders it unusable underwater but LIFI is suitable for underwater communication. • Health sector: Since WIFI is not safe to be used in hospitals and other various health care sectors because it penetrates human body and interfere with the machines. LIFI can be implemented and well suit in this sector. • Internet anywhere: street lamps can be used to access internet anywhere in footpaths, roads, malls, anywhere where light source is available. • Vehicle and transportation: LED headlights and tail-lights are being introduced.This can be used for vehicle-to-vehicle communication. This can be applied for road safety and traffic management. Leave a Reply
Ecohejdi Research Paper During the 1500 Essay Ecohejdi Essay, Research Paper During the 1500 & # 8217 ; s to 1800 & # 8217 ; s, the strength and stature of a state dependedupon its political power, which can be traced to how self-sufficing itwas. Endeavoring to be self-sufficing was what states sought after ; dependence was non a feature of a powerful state. Raw materialswere the most needed point to beef up the cardinal authorities, and deterinteractions, such as trade with other states. The first state tointroduce mercantile system in America was Spain. The Spanish American colonieswere non allowed to merchandise straight with Europe. Alternatively they had to funnelall of the sugar and baccy, two common commdities of the new land, through Spain. When this was done, heavy usage responsibilities were imposed andthe cardinal authorities gained. Spanish American settlements were forced intoproviding cherished metals and natural stuffs to the female parent state. Thesecolonies existed merely to enrich Spain, even if the economic policiesadversly effected the wellbeing of the settlements. This clasp caused thecentral economic system of Spain to turn at the disbursal of the settlements. Duringthe continuance of this period, the 1500 & # 8217 ; s through the 1700 & # 8217 ; s, mercantilismhad a major consequence on the economic systems in the new universe. English speakingcolonies were effected by England & # 8217 ; s policies and Acts of the Apostless. These policies andacts were agencies of commanding the economic system of the settlements in America andstrengthen the cardinal authorities of England. Dutch bargainers had the commercial vas market good cornered in the 1640 & # 8217 ; s. It was really hard for English settlements to vie with the Dutch. With having 75 per centum of Northern Europes & # 8217 ; vass, being well-financedand experienced, the Dutch were traveling to remain in control of the marketunless European Parliament intervined. In 1651 the European parliamentenacted the first Navigation Act to undersell the Dutches domination. England was trusting that this Act would except the Dutch from trade withthe English and coerce its ain merchandiser Marine to turn. This act was thefirst effort to implement merchantilism by England. The act proclaimed thatall trade between France and English settlements, Europe and English settlements, and the settlements with themselves must be conducted on an English ship ( Kurland ) . The British were trusting that this would hike the economic system andexpand the mercant Marine. The failure of this act was caused byinadequate machinery to implement the jurisprudence. The English settlements publiclydefied the act and maintain on trading with the Dutch. The Restoration of Charles II brought about major alterations in 1660. All ofthe Acts of the Apostless of the Commonwealth Parliament, including the Navigation Act of1651, were considered illigal under his regulation ( Kurland ) . Charles II did notintend on making off with the act, but revising it. The Navigation Act of1660 was a restatement of the 1651 act, but it besides established a list ofitems including: baccy, cotton, wool, and anil, that couldn & # 8217 ; t beshipped outside of the British imperium ( Barck and Lefler ) . This Act madethe English settlements frusterated for they could acquire a higher monetary value forthese points outside of the British imperium. The Navigation Act worked as adisadvantage to the settlements, but helped the cardinal economic system and governmentof the British by excepting such natural stuffs from trade to othercountries. The Staple Act of 1663 was an outgrowth of the Navigation Acts. It statedthat all European goods edge for the American settlements must foremost set down atan English port and so be reshipped to America in English vass ( Kurland ) . The British would profit from this act by enforcing customduties on goods, which cost would be passed to the American consumer. Theenglish merchandisers would gain from managing, insurance, and transportation fees. This Act besides provided for a naval officer in all colonial ports to insurethe upholding of the mercantile jurisprudence. From the American base point, theStaple Act meant higher monetary values and a blazing effort of the British toexploit America for the benefit of the English merchandisers. There was noneed for the Staple Act to be passed. The Act served no other purposeother than the enrichment of the British people and beef uping of thecentral authorities. Another illustration of the British seeking to exercise control over America waswith the Molasses Act of 1733. This Act imposed a responsibility of nine pence pergallon on rum, six pence per gallon on molasses, and five shillings perhundredweight of sugar imported from Gallic or Spanish settlements. The wasno revenue enhancement put on British rum, molasses, or sugar imported from BritishColonies. The British, seeking to command the American settlements, werelargely uneffective. The act was immensely ignored by the Americans. TheAmericans were non traveling to obey a jurisprudence passed by the English, when theenglish had no manner of implementing it. The English settlements were drawing off We will write a custom essay sample on Ecohejdi Research Paper During the 1500 specifically for you for only $13.9/page Order now from the alligence to Britain. The British wanted the settlements to buildthe political power of B ritain, without getting anything in return. TheBritish wanted to use up all of the resources and raw materials of America,without the colonies resisting. After the British recognized that the Molasses Act was ineffective, theyamended it with the Suger Act (Morison and Commager). Bribing customsofficals into taking 1 and a half pence per gallon not to notice the cargobeing unloaded was how the Molasses Act failed. To do away with thisproblem, the British cut the tax by fifty percent and strickly enforced it. Now the colonies were objecting to the decreased tax. Before, the tax wasnot collected or enforced so the Americans were happy. Now that the taxwas collected the Americans were feeling the threat of British rule. TheBritish government was regarding the colonies as a source of revenue. Thecolonies also noticed how the money was being spent and objected to it. The British talked of how they needed money to support troops in America. The troops were not there to protect the colonies, but to enforce Britishrule. The troops were stationed at ports, not in the interior where thethreat of attack was the greatest. America existed for the sole purpose ofstrengthening the central government of England. Unlike the rest of the Acts passed for the improvement of the britishgovernment, the Stamp Act caused the biggest political storm. Everyonefrom small farmers to merchants were effected. The parliament wanted thecolonist to pay for some imperial expenses. To do this, parliament passedthe Stamp Act in 1765. This law made it illigal to puchase any paper,newspapers, customs documents, various licenses, college diplomas, andnumerous legal forms for recovering debts, buying land, and making willswithout a stamp bought buy the British. The law enabled the British notonly to generate revenues, but censor all materials going into the public. The British would simply not stamp any material, such as a newspaper, thatwere putting any comments about the British that were bad. The Americancolonies did not reciate this law at all. They protested it with avengance claiming, “Taxation without representation is slavery.” Theworking-class’s approach to this problem is to riot, gather great mobs andburn things, and beat up the tax collectors. The upper-class’s way ofhandling this was to make reforms and go about changing this in a civilizedmanner. Everyone in the colonies could agree that the Stamp Act was aselfish law made by the British to control the media and aquire revenues atthe expense of the colonies. During 1790 to 1795, mercantilism helped spark the economy of America underHamiltons authority. Hamilton wanted all foreign debts, amounting to 11.7million, to be payed off in full (Kurland). This would establish a veryhigh credit rating with other nations and help the government createpolitical power. Other debts the Hamilton required to be payed off orassumed were the 40 million in Confederation war bonds and 28 million indebts of individual states (kurland). For the good of the creating a casheconomy and strengthing the U.S. credit rating, Hamilton wanted to induce aBank of the United States under the “implied powers” clause. The system ofbanking he purposed was very similar to that of Englands. Founded in 1791,the Bank of the United States had the duties of financing the federalgovernment during war, regulating credit, and producing sound currency. Hamilton also had the idea of making the bank privately owned, so it wouldrun proficiently. This would give the federal government a backbone duringtimes of war or emergencies and make it much more powerful. Hamilton alsocalled for American self-sufficiency. The report on Manufactures of 1791,written by Hamilton, promoted tariffs on imports to protect manufacturingand create national wealth. America was building its political power bymanipulating its economy. What the British were once doing to thecolonies, the colonies were now doing to themselves. America was using theidea of mercantilism to run the country and build political power. In conclusion, the whole purpose for England to develope and carry out theActs they passed were to stay in control of the colony’s economy and bettertheir central government. The British troops were not there to protect,but to carry out english laws. The Stamp Act was developed to control themedia and legal documents so the colonies wouldn’t stray away and acquiretheir own system. The Navigation Act was to stop the dominating Dutch fromtaking over the commercial vessel industry and build up Englands merchantmarine. The Molasses and Sugar Acts were to make America pay for its socalled troops and help British merchants. Britains mercantilistic ideas inthese Acts show their disregard for the new colonies and the exploitationof their resources. After the War for Independence, America took somemercantilistic ideas to begin building their political power and economy. Haven’t Found A Paper? 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About Us Contact Gallbladder Disease is More Common Than You Think Though statisticians claim that about 10 to 15 percent of the population of the United States have some type of gallbladder disease, the actual numbers are probably considerably higher. The reason for this is for many people, gallbladder disease, including gallstones often does not have symptoms. The gallbladder is found right beneath the liver and has the job of storing bile, which is made by the liver. It is hollow, pear-shaped and from 3 to 4 inches long. It can hold about 50 milliliters of bile, or gall. Bile is a greenish-brownish fluid that helps the body absorb fats and vitamins that are fat soluble, such as vitamins A and E. Though bile is mostly water, it is alkaline because of the levels of electrolytes, cholesterol, bile salts, pigments and bile acids. Bile also helps the body excrete bilirubin, a compound that clears out waste products, including dead red blood cells. Common Gallbladder Problems One of the most common of the gallbladder problems is gallstones, a result of the concentration of cholesterol or bilirubin in the gallbladder. Gallstones can be silent or cause such pain that the patient needs to be hospitalized and may even need to have their gallbladder removed. This surgery, called a cholecystectomy, does not impact the patient’s health overly much because the gallstone is not necessary to life or good health. Women are much more likely to have gallbladder problems than men. Women who are pregnant, use birth control pills, are on hormone replacement therapy or are of reproductive age are also more at risk for gallbladder problems. Female hormones stimulate the secretion of cholesterol and lower the secretion of the bile salts that can break them down. The gallbladder can also become inflamed in a condition called cholecystitis. The inflammation can come from gallstones, tumors, a blockage of the bile duct, problems with blood vessels or infections. Cholestasis is a disorder where the flow of bile is blocked. Cancer can also attack the gallbladder, though this is relatively rare. Symptoms to Look For One symptom that all gallbladder diseases share is a dull pain in the upper right part of the person’s abdomen that may radiate to the back or the right shoulder. It is sometimes triggered when a person eats a meal that is full of fat. The pain comes and goes. More specific symptoms include fever and a high white blood cell count if the person has cholecystitis. They may also have nausea and vomiting, and the area over their gallbladder may be tender to the touch. With cholestasis, the person may have jaundice. This is a yellowing of the skin and eyes accompanied by dark urine and clay-colored, oily or fatty stools. They may also have bouts of such intense itching that they may damage their skin scratching it. If the condition isn’t treated, the patient may lose bone density and be subject to unusual bruising and bleeds. This is because the vitamins that support the health of bones and contribute to clotting are badly absorbed in the absence of bile. With gallbladder cancer, other symptoms may be a general ill feeling, loss of appetite, a mass in the abdomen and unexplained weight loss as well as nausea, fever and jaundice. Causes of Gallbladder Issues The most common cause of gallbladder disease is gallstones. Other gallbladder diseases are most often complications from untreated gallstones, including inflammation, obstruction and even bladder cancer. Other causes of gallbladder issues are biliary dyskinesia, functional gallbladder disorder and PSC, or primary sclerosing cholangitis. In biliary dyskinesia, a valve called the sphincter of Oddi does not function the way it should. This valve controls how bile and other digestive enzymes produced by the liver and pancreas are delivered to the small intestine. If this sphincter isn't working, it can cause intense pain. Functional gallbladder disorder means that there is something stopping the gallbladder and the ducts from working properly even if there are no gallstones or a problem with the sphincter of Oddi. PSC is a disorder that causes bile to back up in the liver, which leads to nearly unbearable itching and cirrhosis of the liver, often to the point where a liver transplant is needed.
104 Matching Annotations 1. May 2018 • How does the inverse of aging impact the storytelling? What is its purpose? • Discuss the symbolism of the mythology and historical allusions. (ie, what does Ceres represent?) 2. Apr 2018 1. malangas n. Abacea plant, with large heart-shaped leaves, very short stem and edible tubers, grown in low and humid lands 2. difuminada adj. blurred 3. anticuario n. antique seller 4. proseguir v. pursue 5. semilla de carey n. Hawksbill seed 6. zambas adj. having really close knees but with legs that spread out at an angle. 7. Casa de Beneficencia n. poverty house 8. lanudo adj. shaggy 9. galgo n. greyhound 10. podenco n. hound (dog) 11. atigrado adj. tiger patterened 12. desabrochada adj. unbuttoned 13. Pascuas n. Easter 14. entorchados n. Embroidery in gold or silver, which was worn as a badge by the soldiers, ministers and other high officials in the uniform sleeves. 15. condecoraciones n. A state decoration such as a medal or the insignia of an order, that is awarded by a sovereign state to honor the recipient. 16. rutilante adj. sparkling 17. Bomberos del Comercio n. firefighters as they are known in Cuba. 18. Melchor n. Saint Melchior, or Melichior, was purportedly one of the Biblical Magi along with Caspar and Balthazar who visited the infant Jesus after he was born. Melchior was often referred to as the oldest member of the Magi. He was traditionally called the King of Persia and brought the gift of gold to Jesus. 19. suculento adj. juicy 20. el Buey n. castrated male cow; one usually found on Christmas nativity scenes 21. pocillos n. wells 22. San Dionisio n. Denis of Paris;Saint Denis was a legendary 3rd-century Christian martyr and saint. According to his hagiographies, he was bishop of Paris in the third century and, together with his companions Rusticus and Eleutherius, was martyred for his faith by decapitation. 23. el Asno n. donkey; one usually found on Christmas nativity scenes 24. Reyes Magos 25. Vírgenes de manto azul celeste n. The typical virgin on a manger is usually one with a sky blue mantel. In Cuba, the Virgin most commonly associated with the Virgin of Charity. 26. corderos pascuales n. Lamb that the Israelites were commanded to eat with peculiar rites as part of the Passover celebration. It has always been the constant belief in the Christian tradition that the Paschal Lamb prefigured symbolically Christ, "the Lamb of God," who redeemed the world through the shedding of his Blood, and particularly at the feast of the Eucharist, or new Easter. 27. hollar v. to tread 28. acera rajada n. cracked sidewalk 29. cólera n. cholera; an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea that lasts a few days. Vomiting and muscle cramps may also occur 30. albahaca n. basil 31. cuchicheaban v. to whisper 32. púas en el lomo n. spines on the back 33. bicho acorazado n. armored bug 34. espectro n. ghost 35. gnomon n. Astronomical instrument, composed of a vertical rod and a plane or horizontal circle, which was used to determine the azimuth and height of the Sun. 36. daguerrotipos n. a type of early photography. 37. Descartes n. a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. Dubbed the father of modern western philosophy, much of subsequent Western philosophy. In his natural philosophy, he differed from the schools on two major points: first, he rejected the splitting of corporeal substance into matter and form; second, he rejected any appeal to final ends, divine or natural, in explaining natural phenomena. In his theology, he insists on the absolute freedom of God's act of creation. 38. Bacon n. an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, and author. Bacon has been called the father of empiricism. His works argued for the possibility of scientific knowledge based only upon inductive reasoning and careful observation of events in nature. Most importantly, he argued this could be achieved by use of a sceptical and methodical approach whereby scientists aim to avoid misleading themselves. 39. Santo Tomás 40. Aristóteles n. an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical Greece. Along with Plato, Aristotle is considered the "Father of Western Philosophy" 41. Historia Natural n. an encyclopaedic collection of 36 large (quarto) volumes written between 1749–1804 by the Comte de Buffon, and continued in eight more volumes after his death by his colleagues, led by Bernard Germain de Lacépède. The books cover what was known of the "natural sciences" at the time, including what would now be called material science, physics, chemistry and technology as well as the natural history of animals. 42. Avestruz n. Ostrich 43. ecuménica asamblea de peplos n. ecumenical assembly of peplos 44. os dómines n. the domines 45. Real Seminario de San Carlos n. one of the oldest educational institutions of Zaragoza, Spain 46. poner coto v. to bring to a stop 47. caspa n. dandruff 48. levita n. a frock-coat 49. albacea n. the one who grants the last wishes of the one who is passing away, guarding their assets and giving them the corresponding destination according to the inheritance. 50. notario n. notary 51. Venus n. Roman goddess whose functions encompassed love, beauty, desire, sex, fertility, prosperity and victory. 52. orfebre n. goldsmith 53. alardes de jaeces n. Adornment of ribbons with which the mane of the horse is trained. 54. diapasón n. in music; an interval of five tones, three majors, two minors, 55. guarapo n. sugar cane juice 56. vaho n. mist 57. benjuí n. strong odor used for perfumes 58. lores de Pascua n. a flower; poinsettia 59. grupas alazanas n. reddish rumps (from the leather attached to the horse and carriage) 60. calesas n. carriages 61. biombos n. screen 62. rubores n. redness as from embarrassment 63. legajos n. bundles 64. maraña n. tangle 65. corpiños n. bodice 66. seda estrujada n. crushed silk 67. enaguas n. petticoat 68. las sienes n. temples of the head 69. aposento n. chamber 70. cirios n. long, thick wax candles 71. escondrijos n. a good place to hide oneself or hide something. 72. daguerrotipos, n. a type of early photography 73. Padre Anastasio n. served as Pope from 27 November 399 to his death in 401. 74. borlas de damasco n. damask tassels 75. pomos de medicina n. knob of medicine 76. pabilo n. the flame in the middle of a fire, candle, or lit object 77. voluta jónica n. lonic scroll 78. apetencias n. hunger 79. La Ceres 80. balaustrada adj. with the likeness of a baluster. 81. pringosos adj. sticky 82. palmadas n. palms 83. alcuzas n. Container made of tinplate or other materials, usually conical in shape, in which the oil is stored for various uses. 84. poleas n. pulleys 85. sordina n. mute 86. cayado n. a Bishop's pastoral staff 87. ojo redondo adj. wide eyed 88. musgosa adj. mossy 89. mieses n. grain from which bread is made 90. peplo desvaído n. faded peplo 91. Ceres n. Roman Mythology. Goddess of agriculture, grain, crops, fertility and motherly relationships. 92. testeros n. heads 93. astrágalos n. tarsal bone 94. dentículos n. denticle 95. guirnaldas n. garlands 96. cornisas n. Set consisting of moldings that serves as the finishing touch of a construction. 97. almenas n. Each one of the prisms that crown the walls of the old fortresses to shelter in them the defenders. 98. cales y de yesos n. limes and plasters 99. mampostería n. masonry 100. barro cocido n. cooked clay 101. tejas, n. roof tiles 102. fisgoneando n. snooping 103. andamios n. scaffolding
Cancer cells The technique improved the survival time for patients with glioblastoma by 50 percent when tested in a , said Loic P. Deleyrolle, Ph.D., a research assistant professor of neurosurgery in the UF College of Medicine. Researchers focused on disrupting the cell-to-cell communication that allows cancer stem cells to spread. To do that, they targeted a channel that use to transfer molecules. By cutting off their communications pathway, the deadly cells stay in check, Deleyrolle said. The research focused on connexin 46, a protein that is an essential component of cancer . Connexin 46 is part of intercellular channels known as a gap junction. That intercellular channel, which allows cells to exchange molecules and ions, is crucial to the growth of a glioblastoma tumor, researchers found. "When we shut down those channels in the , we can significantly reduce the tumor-forming abilities of the cells," Deleyrolle said. "Any significant increase in survival time will be a meaningful improvement because the current treatments provide only weeks of efficacy" Deleyrolle said. Because gap junction inhibitors have ubiquitous functions in many organs and tissues, one of the next research steps is to determine the inhibitors' most effective and tolerable concentrations. It is also necessary to understand more about the mechanisms that make the inhibitors work, Deleyrolle said. Still, could begin within a few years, he said. "When it comes down to treating such a complex disease, there isn't one magic bullet. You have to come up with complex, multiple approaches, he said. Explore further Researchers identify protein pathway involved in brain tumor stem cell growth Journal information: Cell Reports Citation: In lab tests, new therapy slows spread of deadly brain tumor cells (2015, July 27) retrieved 20 May 2019 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2015-07-lab-therapy-deadly-brain-tumor.html Feedback to editors User comments
Infrastructure: The Greatest Cyberattack Vulnerability The number of cyberattacks targeting critical infrastructures increased from 245 episodes in 2014 to 295 episodes in 2015, or 20 percent year over year, according to a 2015 report by the Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team (ICS-CERT). To learn more, check out the infographic below: infographic on cyber attack vulnerabilities Cybercrime by the Numbers The frequency of cyberattacks and the costs associated with cyber incidents are growing at an alarming rate. For instance, according to a 2014 survey, 97 percent and 76 percent of companies surveyed reported having been victims of a malware attack and a web attack, respectively. This is perhaps unsurprising considering that cybercriminals created 317 million pieces of malware in 2014 alone, which works out to about 1 million pieces of malware created every day that year. Moreover, cybercriminals have not spared government agencies, either. In fact, cyber incidents targeting US government agencies grew 10 percent between 2014 and 2015 to stand at 77,000. These incidents ranged from security breaches to data theft. The Threat of Cybercrime to Physical Infrastructure (Utilities) The US energy sector reported 79 cyber incidents in 2015 alone, which was the highest number of incidents among all sectors of the economy during that period, according to ICS-CERT. Moreover, the 2015 Global State of Information Security Survey revealed that the number of cyberattacks targeting utility and power companies globally increased sixfold between 2014 and 2015. In 2013, for instance, Iranian hackers used a cellular modem to breach the cybersecurity of a 20-foot-tall dam located near New York City. About two years later, on December 23, 2015, Russian hackers used a malware called BlackEnergy (BE) to disrupt the services of the Ukrainian power companies, causing massive blackouts that affected about 225,000 consumers. The outages lasted up to six hours in some parts of the country. It is worth noting that cyberattacks are becoming increasingly sophisticated and coordinated in nature. For instance, over 50 percent of the 245 threats reported to ICS-CERT in 2014 involved either advanced persistent threats or sophisticated actors. Virtual Infrastructure – The Internet To launch a virtual infrastructure cyberattack, hackers first need to gain access to an Internet-enabled device such as a server or router. For instance, cybersecurity experts revealed that, in 2014, hackers infiltrated 300,000 routers in small businesses and homes across Europe and Asia, allowing them to manipulate users’ web access. Two years later, in October 2016, hackers used Internet-enabled devices, including digital cameras and DVR players, to infect the servers of Dyn, an Internet performance management company owned by Oracle Corporation, causing a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack. The attack overwhelmed Dyn’s digital infrastructure, eventually causing it to collapse. This led to an Internet outage in some parts of the United States, with popular websites, including Twitter, Netflix, Reddit and CNN, going offline. A month later, in November 2016, about 900,000 customers of Deutsche Telekom, a German telecommunications company headquartered in Bonn, lost Internet access when German hackers launched a cyberattack on the company’s routers. How Technology Can Compromise the Physical Infrastructure Granted, new technologies such as digital industrial control systems (ICS) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems improve productivity and efficiency at the workplace. However, such systems can also compromise cybersecurity because hackers can use the technology that allows remote access to equipment and control systems for utilities to carry out a cyberattack. For instance, SCADA systems are particularly vulnerable to cyberattacks because they are typically older and less secure, and their security vulnerabilities are generally difficult to fix. This means that hackers are more likely to target these systems online. Furthermore, remote digital communication networking results in the interconnection of the infrastructure system, meaning that an attack in one location can potentially affect the entire system. Cyberattacks and the Internet of Things (IoT) The Internet of things allows Internet-enabled objects and devices to communicate with each other. According to various sources, there were 5 billion IoT devices in 2015, and some companies expect this figure to rise to 50 billion by 2020, including 6.1 billion smartphones and 250 million cars. Unfortunately, hackers can carry out cyberattacks using an IoT object or device. Recent research by ForeScout, a security company, says that some IoT devices are so vulnerable that they can be hacked in minutes. Moreover, hackers can infiltrate even innocuous devices such as web cameras and use them to launch DDoS attacks. In fact, web cameras were some of the devices used during the October 2016 DDoS attack on Dyn. It is worth noting that a cyberattack can also induce physical harm to an IoT system, such as causing devices to overheat or malfunction. Economic Cost of Infrastructure Attacks The US power grid infrastructure has experienced 15 cyber incidents since 2000. What’s more, studies show that an attack on the East Coast grid could cost the US economy anything from $250 billion to $1 trillion, with a single large industrial facility losing up to $1 million per day. At this point, it is worth noting that the East Coast accounts for about one-third of the US economy. Additionally, over 90 million people in 15 states would experience power outages. The insurance industry estimates that a viral cyberattack on the electricity grid would cost insurers anything from $21.4 to $71.1 billion. Additionally, the cost of cyberattacks on oil and gas facilities could reach $2 billion by 2018, according to a major insurance company. Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) In addition to malwares, cybercriminals also use advanced persistent threats (APT) to infiltrate a computer network. An APT attack entails an unauthorized person gaining access to and remaining in a network with the aim of stealing high-value data such as financial, infrastructure and defense data. It is worth noting that ATP attacks accounted for 55 percent of all the cyber incidents investigated by ICS-CERT in 2014, with 30 percent of those attacks targeting infrastructures in the energy sector. Internet Attacks An Internet attack could cause an Internet outage, leading to significant economic loss. In the United States, for instance, the Internet accounts for 6 percent of the nation’s economy. Unfortunately, Internet blackouts are relatively common. More specifically, there were 81 Internet outages globally between July 2015 and June 2016, with each outage wiping out $2.4 billion from the global GDP. India and Saudi Arabia lost $1 billion and $465 million, respectively, because of these blackouts. Securing Physical and Digital Infrastructures Information security professionals should create prevention, defense and response plans aimed at protecting the country’s critical infrastructures. The defense plan should be able to detect threats early and include a multilayer solution for dealing with such cyberthreats. The response plan, on the other hand, should be able to protect infrastructures by isolating and containing the threat. Fortunately, the Pentagon has several agencies tasked with maintaining the safety and integrity of the country’s critical infrastructures. These agencies include the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the Department of Homeland Security. Cyber incidents targeting critical infrastructures in America are becoming increasingly common. One of the major factors responsible for this increase is the adoption of new technologies such as ICS and IoT that connect these infrastructures to the Internet. Fortunately, cybersecurity experts can help protect these infrastructures from hackers by creating effective prevention, defense and response plans. Learn More Norwich University has been designated as a Center for Academic Excellence in Cyber Defense Education by the National Security Agency and Department of Homeland Security. Through your program, you can choose from five concentrations that are uniquely designed to provide an in-depth examination of policies, procedures, and overall structure of an information assurance program.
Unprecedented Arctic warmth in 2016 triggers massive decline in sea ice, snow (map) Temperatures across the Arctic from October 2015-September 2016 compared to the 1981-2010 average. (graph) Yearly temperatures since 1900 compared to the 1981-2010 average for the Arctic (orange line) and the globe (gray). NOAA Climate.gov map based on NCEP reanalysis data from NOAA's Earth System Research Lab. Graph adapted from Figure 1.1 in the 2016 Arctic Report Card. Credit: NOAA Headquarters A new NOAA-sponsored report shows that unprecedented warming air temperature in 2016 over the Arctic contributed to a record-breaking delay in the fall sea ice freeze-up, leading to extensive melting of Greenland ice sheet and land-based snow cover. Now in its 11th year, the Arctic Report Card, released today at the annual American Geophysical Union fall meeting in San Francisco, is a peer-reviewed report that brings together the work of 61 scientists from 11 nations who report on air, ocean, land and ecosystem changes. It is a key tool used around the world to track changes in the Arctic and how those changes may affect communities, businesses and people. "Rarely have we seen the Arctic show a clearer, stronger or more pronounced signal of persistent warming and its cascading effects on the environment than this year," said Jeremy Mathis, director of NOAA's Arctic Research Program. "While the science is becoming clearer, we need to improve and extend sustained observations of the Arctic that can inform sound decisions on environmental health and food security as well as emerging opportunities for commerce." Credit: NOAA Headquarters Major findings in this year's report include: • Warmer : Average annual air temperature over land areas was the highest in the observational record, representing a 6.3 degree Fahrenheit (3.5 degree Celsius) increase since 1900. Arctic temperatures continue to increase at double the rate of the global temperature increase. • Record low : Spring snow cover set a record low in the North American Arctic, where the May snow cover extent fell below 1.5 million square miles (4 million square kilometers) for the first time since satellite observations began in 1967. • Smaller Greenland ice sheet: The Greenland ice sheet continued to lose mass in 2016, as it has since 2002 when satellite-based measurement began. The start of melting on the Greenland ice sheet was the second earliest in the 37-year record of observations, close to the record set in 2012. • Record low sea ice: The Arctic sea ice minimum extent from mid-October 2016 to late November 2016 was the lowest since the satellite record began in 1979 and 28 percent less than the average for 1981-2010 in October. Arctic ice is thinning, with multi-year ice now comprising 22 percent of the ice cover as compared to 78 percent for the more fragile first-year ice. By comparison, multi-year ice made up 45 percent of ice cover in 1985. • Above-average Arctic Ocean temperature: Sea surface temperature in August 2016 was 9 degrees Fahrenheit (5 degrees Celsius) above the average for 1982-2010 in the Barents and Chukchi seas and off the east and west coasts of Greenland. • Arctic Ocean productivity: Springtime melting and retreating sea ice allowed for more sunlight to reach the upper layers of the ocean, stimulating widespread blooms of algae and other tiny marine plants which form the base of the marine food chain, another sign of the rapid changes occurring in a warming Arctic. Monthly change in the total mass (in gigatonnes) of the Greenland Ice Sheet between April 2002 and April 2016, based on GRACE satellite data. The ice sheet lost an average of 268 gigatonnes per year from 2002 to 2016. Credit: NOAA Climate.gov graph adapted from Figure 3.4 in the 2016 Arctic Report Card. Background photo from NASA P3-Orion aircraft. This year's report also includes scientific essays on carbon dioxide in the Arctic Ocean, on land and in the atmosphere, and changes among small mammals. • Ocean acidification: More than other oceanic areas, the Arctic Ocean is more vulnerable to ocean acidification, a process driven by the ocean's uptake of increased human-caused carbon dioxide emissions. Ocean acidification is expected to intensify in the Arctic, adding new stress to marine fisheries, particularly those that need calcium carbonate to build shells. This change affects Arctic communities that depend on fish for food security, livelihoods and culture. • Carbon cycle changing: Overall, the warming tundra is now releasing more carbon into the atmosphere than it is taking up. Twice as much organic carbon is locked in the northern permafrost as is currently in the Earth's atmosphere. If the permafrost melts and releases that carbon, it could have profound effects on weather and climate in the Arctic and the rest of the Earth. • Small mammals: Recent shifts in the population of small mammals, such as shrews, may be the signs of broader consequences of environmental change. This animation tracks the relative amount of ice of different ages from 1990 through early November 2016. Seasonal ice is darkest blue. Ice that is 9 or more years old is white. Credit: Video produced by the Climate.gov team, based on NOAA and NASA data provided by Mark Tschudi, University of Colorado-Boulder. Data processing by Hunter Allen. Editing by Bruce Sales. Narration by Deke Arndt, NCEI • Unprecedented Arctic warmth in 2016 triggers massive decline in sea ice, snow (map) Total chlorophyll concentration across the Artic in May 2016. The darker the green, the higher the chlorophyll concentration. The light gray indicates areas where there was no data due to clouds or ice. In some areas, chlorophyll concentrations averaged more than 14 milligrams per cubic meter higher than the 2003-2015 mean. (graph) Net primary productivity (the net carbon gain or loss by growing plants) in the Barents Sea for March-September 2003-2016. NOAA Climate.gov map derived from NASA/MODIS-Aqua data. Graph adapted from Figure 6.4 in the 2016 Arctic Report Card. Credit: NOAA Headquarters (map) Stretching from Alaska to Scandinavia to Russia, and hundreds of feet deep in places, the Arctic's frozen soils--permafrost--contain twice as much carbon as what's already in the atmosphere. As the Arctic heats up, permafrost may become a major source of greenhouse gases, which would further accelerate global warming. (top middle) Permafrost is like a giant freezer for carbon: thousands of years worth of plant, animal, and microbe remains mixed with blocks of ice. Historically, only a shallow "active layer" thawed in the short summer. (top right) In today's warming Arctic, permafrost is thawing and the active layer is getting deeper. (bottom left) Warming in the growing season has increased plant growth and allowed plants to remove more carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air during photosynthesis, but it is also thawing the frozen soils and stimulating decomposition of organic matter by soil microbes. Microbial activity releases the greenhouse gases CO2 and methane (CH4). (bottom right) When winter comes, the uppermost soil layer re-freezes quickly as air temperatures drop. But deeper layers, insulated from the frigid air, re-freeze more slowly. In the past decade, the parts of the Arctic tundra that are routinely observed have become a net source of carbon-containing greenhouse gases because microbial activity is continuing well into winter after plants go dormant. Credit: NOAA Climate.gov drawing. Permafrost map from NSIDC Explore further Hottest Arctic on record triggers massive ice melt (Update) Provided by NOAA Headquarters Citation: Unprecedented Arctic warmth in 2016 triggers massive decline in sea ice, snow (2016, December 14) retrieved 20 May 2019 from https://phys.org/news/2016-12-unprecedented-arctic-warmth-triggers-massive.html Feedback to editors User comments
Privacy Lessons from Snapchat 1) They post a privacy notice or policy that they copied from another website, or from a conference session on privacy, but they never read it, much less follow it. 2) They state there are no privacy risks with these new types of technologies and services because, after all, there are no privacy laws specific to them. Well, they should consider the recent Snapchat privacy problem and associated 20 years of ongoing compliance obligations and oversight from the FTC. What’s up with Snapchat privacy? Oh, you’ve not heard yet? Or, you heard something about Snapchat but thought it was all about teens taking risqué photos that were then captured by screen shots? Those are certainly part of the story, but it goes beyond that. Here is a summary of the Snapchat privacy fiasco: 1. Snapchat is a (formerly?) popular app that claimed their messages, photos and videos sent using it would “disappear forever” ten seconds after sending. A bold claim, argued by many who understand technology that it simply is impossible. (Anytime you send a photo/message/video to someone else, or post online, technically it will usually exist forever in at least one, and likely more, places.) 2. Snapchat transmitted geo-location information from users of its Android app, despite their claim in their posted privacy policy that it did not track or access such information. 3. Snapchat had basically no security for a feature called “find friends,” despite their security claims, which led to a breach that exposed the data of 4.6 million users. 4. In fact, it is technically possible for the recipients, and anyone snagging the messages passing through unsecured networks, to save (and share) the photos, videos and messages basically forever in an unlimited number of ways, despite Snapchat’s claims of being able to completely delete the messages. Of course the sender will often never know about those copies…until they come back to bite them at some point in the future. 5. Despite Snapchat’s permanent deletion claims, users could (and do) use third-party apps to log into the Snapchat service and make copies since Snapchat’s deletion feature only functions in the official Snapchat app. recipients can use these widely available third-party apps to view and save snaps indefinitely. 6. Snapchat stored video snaps unencrypted on the recipient’s device in a location outside the app’s control, leaving them accessible to users that connected their device to a computer and accessed the video messages through the device’s file directory. 7. Snapchat promised users that the sender would be notified if a recipient took a screenshot of a snap. However, any recipients using a later model (iOS7 or newer) Apple device can easily avoid the app’s screenshot detection, and the app will not notify the sender. 8. Snapchat promised in its privacy policy that it did not track or access geo-location data. However, Snapchat transmitted geo-location data from users of its Android app. 9. Snapchat collected iOS users’ contacts information from their address books without notice or consent. 10. Snapchat claimed it had security in place for its “Find Friends” feature, when in fact it did not. 11. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC), who have demonstrated many times, and increasingly, over the years that they do not want, and don’t like, organizations that make false and deceptive privacy and security claims, slapped Snapchat with a consent decree when all their misleading statements, chicanery, and basically outright lies, came to their attention. You can see the full FTC complaint against Snapchat here. As a high level description, the consent decree prohibits Snapchat from misrepresenting the extent to which Snapchat or its products or services protect the privacy, security, or confidentiality, and requires Snapchat to establish and maintain a comprehensive privacy program with a long list of requirements, and that will be audited at any time over the next 20 years. Even though these are points about Snapchat, knowing the mindset, and lack of attention to privacy, in most small to mid-size businesses, along with the large ones, these general actions and claims could be attributed to probably thousands of other organizations. Learn a couple of important lessons from this incident. You are legally obligated to follow your website privacy notices The promises you make on your website and within your posted privacy policy and privacy notice are legally binding. They are generally a contract you are making that includes promises you make to your web site visitors, customers, clients and patients, whatever the case may be. You cannot make promises and then not follow through with execution of them without being held liable. In this Snapchat case FTC specifically indicated more than once that Snapchat had “misrepresented in its privacy policy” their actual security and privacy practices. The FTC has also clearly stated this many times for many other organizations over the past several years, typically citing such instances as unfair and deceptive business practices under the FTC Act. I’ve done over 300 privacy and security compliance audits, and I’ve found in most where review of the posted website privacy policy was in scope that the employees had never even read the policy and didn’t know what it promised, including the employees who should have been doing business activities to comply with their own policy promises. Often times the website privacy policy is written by an overzealous member of marketing who wants to spin the message in a deceptive way, by a CEO who wanted to save money by simply posting something they found on some other website without backing it up with actions to do what it says, or by someone who found a free privacy policy generator somewhere online and posted the resulting verbiage on their site simply to have the appearance of a privacy policy. If you make promises within a privacy policy or privacy notice, they are legally binding and you are obligated to follow them. You must mitigate privacy risks even in the absence of explicit and specific legal requirements What makes the Snapchat privacy debacle so egregious is that they were promoting their app as a tool to help protect their users’ privacy, which apparently happened to primarily be just a bunch of lip service used as a marketing gimmick to get more users. Largely because of the reactionary nature of laws and regulations, and the typically long and time-consuming process to get them established, there are no current laws that explicitly cover apps. Or cloud services. Or smart devices. Or Big Data analytics. Or…and I could continue ad infinitum. . New technologies and services bring new privacy risks that have not existed before. Those providing them must be extra diligent in addressing these new privacy risks, even if there is not an existing law or regulations explicitly requiring such privacy risk mitigation. But unfortunately, with no explicit requirements, many organizations shrug off their responsibilities to protect their customers’ privacy, and simply give any privacy issues lip service as a marketing ploy to draw in customers. At the very least they should do a privacy impact assessment to identify and appropriately mitigate privacy risks. Even if you think there are no explicit obligations for you to address privacy, the FTC’s increasing actions should demonstrate that you cannot ignore privacy risks. Bottom line for all businesses of all sizes, from sole proprietorships to multi-national multi-billion dollar corporations… • You must actually comply with all the promises you’ve made in your privacy policies and privacy notice; or face significant sanctions. • Don’t make privacy promises, or create so-called privacy tools, as a part of marketing spin, or as a trick to get customers, and then do nothing meaningful to actually safeguard personal information or protect privacy; you will be held accountable. < !– Start of StatCounter Code for Default Guide –> tumblr visitor Leave a Reply
Brave New World Essay By Aldous Huxley Prompt: Compare life as Huxley described it in the World State with life in the United States today. For more than half a century, science fiction writers have thrilled and challenged readers with visions of the future and future worlds. These authors offered an insight into what they expected man, society, and life to be like at some future time. A society can achieve stability only when everyone is happy, and the brave new world tries hard to ensure that every person is happy. It does its best to eliminate any painful emotion, which means every deep feeling and passion. It uses genetic engineering and conditioning to ensure that everyone is happy with his or her work. Sex is a primary source of happiness. The brave new world basically teaches everyone to be promiscuous. You are allowed to have sex with any partner you want, who wants you, and sooner or later every partner will want you. Children are taught through hypnosis that “everyone belongs to everyone else.” In this Utopia, what we think of as true love for one person would lead to a passion for that person and the establishment of family life, both of which would interfere with the community and its stability. Nobody is allowed to become pregnant because nobody is born, everyone is a “test-tube” baby. Many females are born sterile. The ideas and ways of obtaining happiness are not too much different in the brave new world than in our lives here in the United States. The only difference is that these pleasures are looked at in different ways. Sex is a very large part of our society’s pleasure and everyone is allowed to have any partner that he/she wants, but this idea is not taught at a young age and everyone in our society does not feel this way towards sex. Our ideas and thoughts on topics of this nature are much more broad, and everyone is entitled to his/her own opinion. Families are established in our culture, which are looked upon as something very good for our society. Women are allowed to become pregnant as freely as they want and the government will even aid them in the process. This is one difference that is totally different from the brave new world. Women were a lot of times not even allowed to have children much less have as many as they so desired. Soma is a drug used by everyone in the brave new world almost everyday It calms people and gets them high at the same time, but without hangovers or nasty side effects. The rulers of the brave new world had put 2000 pharmacologists and biochemists to work long before the action of the novel begins; in six years they had perfected the drug. In the United States today, we look down on drugs heavily even legal ones, for example, alcohol and tobacco. Certain drugs of this type have been tested and the side effects have been noted to shorten one’s life span and make them complete actions unlike anything they would normally do when not under the influence. This is a direct opposite of how drug use was portrayed in the brave new world Huxley believed in the possibility of a drug that would enable people to escape from themselves and help them achieve knowledge of God, but he made soma a parody and degradation of that possibility. The combination of genetic engineering, bottle-birth, and sexual promiscuity means there is no monogamy, marriage, or family. “Mother” and “father” are obscene words that may be used scientifically on rare, carefully chosen occasions to label ancient sources of psychological problems. Love is supposedly a none existent emotion. If a member of the brave new world feels in “love” with a partner they are asked just to leave and find someone new. These ideas of love and marriage are almost completely opposite from that of our society. The idea of a mother and a father are treasured. To see a mother and father still together raising their own children and still loving each other, is a hard thing to come by in today’s society, but it is still thought of as a great thing. People freely love who they want in our society with no restrictions. Love and marriage are in a way looked at as one of the highest accomplishments in our society, unlike the brave new world where it was looked down upon severely. Death in the United States today, and throughout the world for that matter, is still and probably will forever remain a time of grief for all who loved the person who has passed. And even in the brave new world the emotion of sadness comes out during a time of death, it is just that the people are conditioned to eliminate those emotions and continue with their everyday routine. The society must run perfectly, and any flaw that disrupts the production of goods and the well-being of others, can cause chaos. The cycle of life must not be broken in the brave new world that is why the consumption of goods is simple. If the item is unusable in any way, don’t fix it, just throw it away. As they stated in the novel, “Ending is better than mending.” Waste was highly encouraged to keep jobs going forever. New items were constantly purchased. In opposition to that in the United States we tend to “get our moneys worth.” People are reluctant to throw away fixable and recyclable items. It is just a waste of money to throw away an item that can be repaired or used again. Many people live on a very tight budget and they cannot afford to keep purchasing new items, but in the brave new world, production never stopped, so money was in complete supply so their idea worked perfectly for them. This Utopia has a good side: there is no war or poverty, little disease or social unrest. But Huxley keeps asking, what does society have to pay for these benefits? The price, he makes clear, is high. You basically in turn sacrifice any ounce of a “life” you can have. Everything is so perfect you cannot have fun, cannot do things different from other people to make you unique. Everyone is conditioned to make everything run smoothly, but is that really an ideal society?
Technology has developed so much and is developing further with every single second. It is reaching heights which seemed impossible years ago. Fiction is coming to reality. We could have never imagined that there would come a time where we would be able to call someone who is living on the other side of the world by simply giving a voice command to a bot installed in our phones. But, tech experts these days are pushing their limits and are trying to reach new heights. Also see is AI a friend or a foe? Can you upload your mind to a computer? A Russian millionaire, named Dmitry Itskov has set his mind to make it possible for us to upload our brain to a computer. Yes, it seems bizarre but, he is keen on making it possible. He claims that within the next thirty years, he will be able to make human minds immortal. Dmitry is so confident that he left his business to completely devote his time and finances to this journey. What made him think this is possible? This idea came to his mind when he started thinking about how he will be dead within the next thirty-five years which deeply saddened him. This led to him thinking about a technology which could make human beings immortal. His passion to make fiction into reality started in the 1980s. Dmitry tells that it was his dream as a child to fly into the outer space by becoming a cosmonaut. His inspiration comes from a sci-fi novel in which the hero takes a pill of immortality and flies into the outer space. Also, see Your personal data can now be stored in your DNA. But how is this even possible? He states that as human beings get older, their cells start getting weaker which makes us more penetrable by various life-threatening diseases. To cure this, Dmitry Itskov has devised a plan that will bypass our aging. He intends to make use of highly advanced and pioneering science to explore the human mind and then upload it to the computer. This will make the human minds immortal and free from the constraints and limitations of the human body. His idea is pretty similar to Thomas Dietterich’s prediction about human beings turning into superhumans with the help of Artificial Intelligence and exoskeletons. What does he exactly mean by ‘uploading brains to a computer’? Dmitry Itskov explains that he wants to transfer a personality into a computer. The Mixed Response Dmitry’s statements and plans have received quite a lot of backlash but, no one has ever commented that his goal is impossible to achieve. Dr. Randal Koene who is a neuroscientist and a professor of memory and brain at the Boston University says Dmitry definitely lost touch with reality and his goal is very difficult to achieve. But, on the other hand, Randal also agrees that the evidence shows that what Dmitry wants to achieve is possible but, with a lot of hard work. He further states, that even neuroscience has yet to uncover such mysteries about the human mind. Dr. Miguel Nicolelis, who is currently working on developing mind-controlled exoskeletons for paralyzed people criticizes Dmitry’s vision. He states that it is impossible to codify the human emotions like love and hate. The aesthetic yet complex human mind can never be reduced to a digital medium. Also see What can we expect from AI to bring in the future Concerns of neuroscience Neuroscientists suggest that for Dmitry’s plan, they would have to study the brain as a computer. Dr. Ken Heyworth is of the opinion that the easier way to accomplish this mission is to map out the complex connections of the human brain. He believes that this is the only way of learning about the mysteries of our brain. Ken further admits that mapping the human brain with the technology that we have now is not possible. Yuste, from the Brain Initiative, gives us hope by stating that mapping the human brain may become possible within the next fifteen years. The neuroscientists are skeptical about Dmitry’s plans but, they cannot deny it because they themselves have not yet unleashed the secrets of the human mind.

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