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Beloved Essay 908 words - 4 pages In Beloved, by Toni Morrison, all of the characters desire a sense of normalcy after being permanently dejected by slavery and its institutions. As the white culture defines the social norms, it is difficult for free slaves to find their identities because they are unable to fit within the white world and its customs. Throughout the novel, Paul D constantly searches for his definition of “manliness”. As a social orphan, Paul D must find manhood’s meaning from his countless struggles as a slave. His definition of manliness was repeatedly dismantled by malicious forces like schoolteacher and Beloved. The only way for Paul D to successfully define what it means to be a man is to step away from society and define it alone. Paul D continuously uses his “rememories” of the Sweet Home men and how he and Sethe fit in a world full of discrimination. Sweet Home was a refuge for Paul D and the “last of the Sweet Home men” who were owned by Mr. Garner (p 147). Under Mr. Garner’s ownership, Paul D believed that “of all the Blacks in Kentucky, only five of them were men,” all living on Sweet Home (p 147). On the plantation, Garner owns the title “men” and bestows it upon his slaves as if they are his equals. Mr. Garner would insist to other farmers that his “niggers is men every one of em” to see their fierce reactions to the title (p 12). Paul D was raised in a world, figuratively, by white parents that introduced him to the hierarchies of society. However, with a man doesn’t inherit his manhood from society. Mr. Garner believed that manhood rested on the ability to “handle guns,” the ability to “choose a horse or a wife,” and make decisions, even though the choices that he gives the Sweet Home men are rather limited (p 147). Paul D holds on to the belief that “in their relationship…was true metal” because Mr. Garner “believed and trusted” them as well as “listened to” each man; as if the men were free labor, Garner encourages them to correct him as well as “invent new ways of doing things” (p 147). The men’s manhood will continue to be defined by the Garners based off of what he values of the men’s thoughts and feelings. Paul D and the five other men believe that “deferring to his slaves’ opinions” in no way deprived Garner “of authority or power” (p 147). However, they don’t understand that Garner promotes his slaves’ statuses to “men” in order to maintain control over them. By not treating them like animals the sense of his power increases. As Sweet Home’s authority figure changes from Garner to schoolteacher, Paul D is... Find Another Essay On Beloved beloved Essay beloved Essay 2336 words - 9 pages Beloved Toni Morrison’s, Beloved, is a complex narrative about the love between mothers and daughters, and the agony of guilt. “ It is the ultimate gesture of a loving mother. It is the outrageous claim of a slave.” These are the words, of Toni Morrison, used to describe the actions of Sethe, the central character in the novel. She, a former slave, chooses to kill her baby girl rather then let her live a life in slavery. In preventing her 998 words - 4 pages Beloved Everyday, people are faced with choices. Some of life’s choices are simple, such as deciding what to wear to school or choosing a television station to watch. Other choices, however, are much more serious and have life-altering consequences. Sethe, the protagonist of Beloved, and Sophie, the main focus in Sophie’s Choice, are mothers that are faced with choices that change their entire lives. While the time period and characters beloved essay 729 words - 3 pages Ben ZahalanHour 3Beloved Prep Sheet #51. Beribboned (286): Adorned with ribbonsPillowslip (293): A sack like cloth that a pillow is placed inside; today, called a pillow caseDisdain (293): A feeling of contempt for anything regarded as unworthyCogitation (301): A complex thought2.Sawyer fires Sethe from her jobSethe becomes infatuated with Beloved, forgetting about Denver, then changes her mindset and Denver and Beloved switch placesBeloved Beloved Essay 1362 words - 6 pages encounters while at 124. With the help of her mother’s past and their present, Denver eventually looks past 124 and out towards the world, allowing herself to create her own identity. Denver has grown up alone. When she was younger, 124 was filled with people; Baby Suggs, Howard, Buglar, Sethe, and many others. However, as Denver grew up 124 became emptier, until the only people remaining were herself, Sethe, and the ghost of Sethe’s baby, Beloved Beloved Essay 1532 words - 6 pages Beloved Essay Slavery is a past we can never forget, the torment projected upon millions will linger on like a foul odour. Toni Morrison in her novel Beloved tries to illustrate slavery and its effects. She shows that one must deal with past ordeals in order to attain a future. Stamp Paid a former slave relives a gruesome past and eventually learns to accept his past. Paul D meets up with an old friend from Sweethome (their old plantation) and My Beloved 1318 words - 5 pages corrupted him. I fall to my knees and embrace my sobbing, shaking daughter, the only part of my Beloved I have left. “It’s okay... we’re going to be okay.” I tell her. She nods her head and clutches my clothes desperately. “I love you.” I repeat brokenly. Love is War, and War finds you where you least expect it... Delivered by those you Love most. Internet sources; http 1491 words - 6 pages Novel Analysis – Fledgling by Octavia Butler Introduction. The novel follows the story of Shori Matthews, a 53-year-old vampire with a special ability to last longer in the sun than her relative vampires due to her darker skin. Shortly after awakening, Shori meets a construction worker by the name of Wright Hamlin who helps her along the way. A human woman named Brook became another important helper and source for Shori, who in turn helped her Beloved, A scared character? 697 words - 3 pages Throughout history, religion held a strong meaning in people’s eyes; the theme Christianity seemed to be the mere focus as it was actually the only religion thoroughly presented in the post-colonial era. It is not surprising, then, that Beloved by Toni Morrison is a novel that expresses itself by having a correlation link with Christianity and the Old/New Testaments. While this novel has been subject to numerous interpretations, Beloved is seen Religion in "Beloved" 790 words - 3 pages Toni Morrison’s novel, Beloved, explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual suffering that was brought on by slavery. Several critical works recognize that Morrison incorporates aspects of traditional African religions and to Christianity to depict the anguish slavery placed not only on her characters, but other enslaved African Americans. This review of literature will explore three different scholarly articles that exemplifies how Morrison Analysis of Beloved 671 words - 3 pages Beloved is a story of heartbreak, supernatural forces, and love and hate and the balance between them. Beloved is one of Toni Morrison’s most highly recognized pieces of literature. Morrison accomplishes so much in writing the story Beloved. Morrison does not attempt persuade readers with this story. Beloved is a ghost story among other things. Morrison’s found a way to describe racism and slavery from an African American standpoint without Similar Essays Beloved Essay 1057 words - 4 pages Justin Vieira January 23, 2000 SUPA WRT 105 Mrs. Weiss I Love Mommy #3 “Inside, two boys [Howard and Buglar] bled in the sawdust and dirt at the feet of a nigger woman [Sethe] holding a blood-soaked child [Beloved] to her chest with one hand and an infant [Denver] by the heels in the other. She did not look at them; she simply swung the baby toward the wall planks, missed and tried to connect a second time…” (page. 149). One of the first Beloved Essay 573 words - 2 pages The moral dilemma in Beloved, summarized as whether or not Sethe had the right to kill Beloved, has debatable answers but the most clear cut answer to the moral dilemma is that Sethe did not have the right to play God in taking another's life and she did not do the right thing. No human on the Earth has the right to play God in taking the life of another. Dying is up to God's choice of fate towards an individual, not the right of an individual Beloved Essay 1110 words - 5 pages Toni Morrison's novel, Beloved, reveals the heartbreak love and its power to throw an individual into an internal battle against himself. In the beginning of the novel, Sethe, the main character, is seen as a woman who as a woman that has submitted to an isolated life and who cares not to interact with others around her. Yet, this has not always been the case. Sethe was once a woman so full of love. She had admired her husband, Halle, her four Beloved Essay 1111 words - 5 pages into. Comparable to the adversity felt by Frankl, Toni Morrison chronicles the struggle of slavery in North America in her book “Beloved”. Morrison illustrates the psychological impact of slavery through the characters Paul D, Sethe, and Denver’s repression of their memories. With the help of each other, they accept their past and piece the fragments of their identities together. Man’s Search for Meaning and Beloved both describe the hardships
Quiz Question Type - Draw a graph Idea created by Kevin Burnham on Oct 4, 2018 Open for Voting As a math teacher I would love to be able to use Canvas to assess students ability to graph a linear equation (in the long run, any function not just linear). This would require them being able to plot some points, and connect those points with a line or curve depending on the function type. I have not found very many places where this can be practiced in a digital format (geogebra.org is about the only one i've found, and it takes a good amount of set up and learn how to use). I haven't found any places where this can be assessed in a digital format.
Open main menu The Bamana Empire (also Bambara Empire or Ségou Empire) was a large West African state based at Ségou, now in Mali. This state was established after the fall of the Mali Empire and the Keita dynasty, as a smaller Bambara Empire founded by other Bambara families related to the Keita clan. It was ruled by the Kulubali or Coulibaly dynasty established c. 1640 by Kaladian Coulibaly also known as Fa Sine or Biton-si-u. The empire existed as a centralized state from 1712 to the 1862 invasion of Toucouleur conqueror El Hadj Umar Tall. Bamana Empire Some of the cities in Mali which were under the control of the Bamana Empire. Common languagesBambara Ancestor Worship • 1712 Mamary Coulibaly Historical eraEarly modern period • Kaladian establishes dynasty • Established • Disestablished Preceded by Succeeded by Saadi dynasty Toucouleur Empire Tomb of Biton Mamary Coulibaly at Segou koro, near Ségou. The Coulibaly DynastyEdit The NgolosiEdit Economy and structureEdit Bamana archer. Jihad and fallEdit At the Battle of Noukouma in 1818, Bambara forces met and were defeated by Fula Muslim fighters rallied by the jihad of Cheikou Amadu (or Seku Amadu) of Massina. The Bamana Empire survived but was irreversibly weakened. Seku Amadu's forces decisively defeated the Bambara, taking Djenné and much of the territory around Mopti and forming into a Massina Empire. Timbuktu would fall as well in 1845. The real end of the empire, however, came at the hands of El Hadj Umar Tall, a Toucouleur conqueror who swept across West Africa from Dinguiraye. Umar Tall's mujahideen readily defeated the Bambara, seizing Ségou itself on March 10, 1861, and declaring an end to the Bamana Empire (which effectively became part of the Toucouleur Empire). See alsoEdit 1. ^ Quoted in Davidson, Basil (1995). Africa in History. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 245. ISBN 0-684-82667-4. Further readingEdit • Djata, Sundiata A. K. (1997). The Bamana Empire by the Niger: Kingdom, Jihad and Colonization 1712–1920. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener. ISBN 1-55876-131-4. • Condé, Maryse (1996). Segu. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-025949-X. • Roberts, Richard L. (1987). Warriors, merchants and slaves: the state and the economy in the Middle Niger Valley, 1700-1914. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1378-2. External linksEdit
1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars (No Ratings Yet) 1. Causes of astigmatism 2. The symptoms of astigmatism 3. The treatment of astigmatism 4. Prevention of astigmatism eye disease in which there is impaired vision due to the lack of focus and irregular shape of the cornea. For normal vision surface of the cornea should be spherical and smooth. Because of improper shape of the cornea shifting the focus, the light rays are refracted differently, and one sees a fuzzy picture. With astigmatism, the image falls on the retina, and in front of or behind it. As a result, the objects become fuzzy, distorted their shape. For example, the patient with astigmatism see the dot as a dash or ellipse. Depending on the part where the defect occurs, there are two types of astigmatism corneal and lenticular. Lenticular astigmatism is weakly expressed and has virtually no effect on vision, as it has a low refractive power. It is less common, but worse to treat. Signs of corneal astigmatism is more pronounced, deteriorating the clarity of vision. This type of the disease is more common and treated faster. The origin of the astigmatism can be congenital or acquired. A congenital form of astigmatism in children and is associated with hereditary diseases or negative effects on the fetus during pregnancy. The acquired form occurs in adults and is caused by diseases and injuries of the eye, surgery on the cornea and other reasons. Astigmatism of the eye can manifest in several forms • mixed with this form of astigmatism occurs in the same Meridian in another aspect, • myopic in one of the main meridians have normal vision and the other myopia (short-sightedness) • hyperopic during this astigmatism in one of the main meridians is manifested hyperopia, and another emmetropia. At the initial stage of astigmatism may not bother humans and appears safe. However, if you run it, the disease can lead to more serious diagnosis of strabismus and drastically reduces visual acuity. Astigmatism brings a lot of discomfort in the form of headaches and burning eyes. Causes of astigmatism Until the end of the causes of astigmatism, scientists have not identified. Most often this can be a congenital disorder or external factors. The external factors include various injuries and damage to the eye or surgery for vision correction and other eye diseases. Astigmatism is diagnosed at an early age of 2 years, so often it is a congenital disease. In a family where there were cases of this disease, the likelihood of it approaching one hundred percent. The most common cause of astigmatism is the irregular shape of the cornea. Less curvature of the lens of the eye. Since the probability of transmission astigmatism is inherited, the child should be examined to exclude the possibility of disease. In the initial stages astigmatism subtle, the patient may feel discomfort from the loss of vision that can be a symptom of other diseases. The symptoms of astigmatism With astigmatism at the initial stage of vision is almost not deteriorated people for a long time may not know about existing disease. In severe degree symptoms of astigmatism are more acute blurred vision, eye fatigue, painful and burning sensation, dry eyes. In the initial stages, the disease is almost negligible, so people take him for eye fatigue, because the vision becomes slightly blurred and fuzzy. If astigmatism to run, it can bring unpleasant consequences. Among other symptoms of astigmatism blurry vision distinguish the contours of objects become blurred, the shape becomes irregular and indistinct. Get real sore and tired eyes, blushing, and felt a burning sensation in the eye, dryness, tearing. When working at the computer or reading a book in a patient with astigmatism can go blind, it becomes difficult to determine the distance to objects. Along with a decrease of vision a person has increased eye fatigue and often headaches. The child has congenital or acquired astigmatism in both eyes, or one eye may cause blindness due to the fact that the retina of one eye does not participate in the perception of images begins to see only one eye or alternately in both eyes, reduced sharpness and quality of vision. When looking at the objects the child can squint to see things clearly. Indirect symptoms of astigmatism in children can be a problem in the development and achievement irritability, frequent headaches, poor school performance, slow mental and physical development. Among other symptoms of astigmatism emit light sensitivity. A person can not look at bright light without pain in the eyes, there is pressure on the eyes, discomfort. If a person begins to see the bad in twilight, this may be a sign of astigmatism. The person sees bad in the evening, you feel uncomfortable when driving a car. The eyes constantly strain and start to hurt. The treatment of astigmatism If astigmatism start or treated improperly, it can cause sudden vision loss, amblyopia and strabismus. When properly conducted treatment of astigmatism eyesight is fully restored, it becomes clear, the pain symptoms disappear. In medicine there are 3 main methods of treatment of astigmatism special glasses, contact lenses, surgery. Often patients need to wear glasses with a special astigmatic lenses. Lenses are cylindrical, so they should gradually get used. When wearing such glasses may experience unpleasant symptoms and discomfort can hurt your eyes and dizzy. Eventually they pass. Astigmatic spectacle lenses are more expensive than a simple lens for the correction of myopia, as in the manufacture take into account the axis of the cylinder for treating the astigmatism. With myopic astigmatism glasses need to consider the diopter of myopia, so vision is not reduced. If the astigmatism occurred, the child’s vision will be corrected only with glasses. In a small age eye surgery is not recommended, as the body does not tolerate it. How to cure astigmatism using lenses? Modern medicine uses in the treatment of astigmatism contact lenses, which are made in the shape of a torus. These lenses are more convenient and enjoyable than the old hard lenses that were uncomfortable to wear and negatively affect the condition of the cornea of the eye. However, the astigmatism is not treated completely with the help of lens wear, and with the help of special glasses. They can temporarily correct the sight and slow the disease process. The most effective method of treatment of astigmatism performs surgery. Modern medicine uses the technique of laser correction that is carried out using a special microkeratome device. This type of surgery less dangerous for the patient and is performed using local anesthesia. Using a laser beam to separate the top layer of the cornea, the part of the inner layer is burned, and then the top layer back. After laser surgery of epithelial tissues regenerate themselves quickly, sutures are not required, and the top layer of the cornea is fused with the help of collagen produced naturally. This method of laser correction (LASIK) is popular among doctors and patients because it requires no lengthy recovery after the surgery and brings rapid positive results. After surgery the patient’s vision is fully adjusted in a few hours. Prevention of astigmatism If in the family there were cases of astigmatism, the child is not insured against it. In other cases, it is necessary to observe measures of prevention of astigmatism. They are aimed at removing the strain eye, exercises vision and maintaining eye hygiene • It is necessary to observe the correct mode of lighting in the room. Workstation or Desk for study must be properly lit and the light should fall from the left or right side depending on which hand the person writes. • Periodically perform exercises to relax the eyes and exercise of vision. Every hour you must take short breaks, look into the distance, doing exercises to relieve tension. • Taking vitamins for eyes, maintain the vision, which needs to pick up • To respect the visual and physical exertion. Visual work should alternate with action. • Foods to eat to enhance eyesight with vitamins a, D (carrots, butter, liver). • With the help of massage, colour therapy and other methods can relieve eye strain and to improve the blood supply of the eyeball and its surrounding tissues. The simplest method is the use of the device points Sidorenko, which is used in various diseases of the eye, decreased vision, and at the diagnosis of astigmatism. • Correct and timely treatment of eye disease which can lead to the development of astigmatism corneal disease, keratoconus, irregular shape of the lens and others. • Carry out regular examinations to prevent disease, especially in patients with astigmatism. • To protect eyes from sun, dust and other falling items that can cause injury. Recommend you read other articles on the topic of Astigmatism Astigmatism is fairly common eye disease during which disturbed vision (lost focus). Sometimes, both congenital and acquired (due to damage to the right shape eye the cornea or crystalline lens). Due to violations of the angle of refraction of radiation, in a human patient with astigmatism, the observation picture is projected behind the retina or in front of her, that is, the blurred image is given, without sharpening.
Depth (diamond) A diamond’s depth is measured from the table (the flat facet at the top of a diamond), to the culet (the point at the base of a cut diamond). Depth percentage is crucial, as this denotes the proportions of the diamond and will affect the brilliance, fire and scintillation, and therefore the superiority of the cut. Cut too shallow and light will be lost without reflection, cut too deep and the stone loses sparkle.
Energy Rewards to Reduce the Level of Greenhouse Gas Energy Rewards is a socially equitable, economically efficient, wealth creating system to reduce the levels of greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere to whatever level we collectively decide. The method is to give citizens the right to take up zero interest loans in inverse proportion to their consumption of energy. If the loan rights are taken up the money must be invested in ways that demonstrably reduce the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and guarantee that the loan will be repaid from the income or savings generated as a result of the investment. This approach can be used by any community of any size and is independent of the actions of other Communities. Communities that adopt the approach will get cheaper energy and their wealth will increase more rapidly than communities who continue with the status quo or who attempt to use pricing mechanisms to reduce the level of greenhouse gas emissions. The Psychology of putting a price on Carbon The debate surrounding the introduction of an emissions permits trading system in Australia shows all the ways that people use to bypass thepenalty by finding reasons why they are a special case. This is quite understandable because the approach of increasing prices to get investment elsewhere is fundamentally unfair and people instinctively know it. To solve the problem we have to leave the price of energy to be set by the market and we must use market mechanisms to decide the most efficient methods to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The remainder of this article describes the mechanics of how this can be done and gives an indication of how quickly it will work, whether there is enough green energy available, and how quickly it can be developed. The beauty of this approach is that it will not impact on the economy of any country that embraces it and it will make any community or nation wealthier. How it works The concept behind Energy Rewards is to reduce the cost of finance for ghg reducing investments by issuing the right to take out zero interest loans. If the rights are taken up the loan money must be invested in ways to reduce green house gas concentrations. The loans are repaid through the earnings on the investments and the loan repayments are guaranteed by the community. Zero interest loans means that many ways of reducing green house gas concentrations will be profitable investments. If we give a wide choice to investors and we have many investors then the methods that cost the least for the greatest reduction in ghg concentrations will tend to be the ones chosen. This will ensure the most economically efficient methods will be chosen. The money can be invested in ways to • remove greenhouse emissions from the atmosphere, • produce energy that will generate little or any greenhouse gases. Overview of how the transactions could be The idea of issuing the right to zero interest loans repaid from investments fits easily within the existing banking and financial infrastructure. The only change from the current way money is loaned is that the community takes on the risk for the loans being repaid not the banks. This is the only variation we need to the financial system and this is already being done with other contingent loan schemes such as the Australian Higher Education Contribution Loan Scheme. The difficulties arise in ensuring the loans are repaid, the money is invested where we want it to be invested and ensuring the investments are distributed equitably throughout society. Loans will be repaid if the repayments are “automatic” and are tied to the use of the loan money. Loans will be spent on reducing the level of emissions if there is a penalty for not investing the money in the areas designated. This penalty will be banning people who abuse the system from future loan participation. Who gets the right to have loans is the next issue. One suggestion is to give the rights in inverse proportion to the amount of mains energy consumed. This will Reward people who consume little energy and will distribute the loans to the less wealthy in society and so it will be equitable. It is important that people agree to get the rights because that means they can be banned if they do not obey the rules. It is important that we give rights to loans rather than giving loans because people might decide there are no worthwhile investments and save their rights for a later better opportunity or people can sell their rights if they cannot be bothered to invest. How the money is invested is critical to success. We open up a market place where investors can invest their Rewards loans. Suppliers who think they have a product or service that will help build infrastructure to reduce the level of greenhouse gases can volunteer to sell their products or services and at the same time they can say how they will reduce the level of greenhouse gases. When someone pays an approved supplier using Rewards, the supplier converts the Rewards into unrestricted money (i.e. general currency). The body running Rewards will agree to let suppliers sell in the market providing their claims on reduction of gases are achieved. If they do not obey the rules then they and any colluding buyers are banned from the system for a period of time. A market in the right to a Reward loan will arise, with people who feel they are unable to purchase anything in the sustainable energy market place offering to sell their Rewards to others. Selling a Reward does not change the need for the Reward to ultimately be invested in the market place for renewables and saving emissions. It is unknown what the market price of Rewards will be but we can confidently predict that it will be significantly less than the face value of the Rewards. What is the value of loans needed? We can estimate the value of loans needed to make a difference by estimating the amount of money required to invest to generate all energy through renewable sources over a period of time. At present the total electricity energy consumption of Australia is about 200,000 gigawatt hours per year or an energy generating capacity of 23000 megawatts at 100% capacity. This means we need to build 2300 megawatt hours of renewable energy capacity per year for 10 years to completely replace electricity from burning fossil fuel with renewable energy production. We also know that electricity is about 1/3 of our total energy consumption so to replace all our energy with renewable electricity will require an investment equivalent of about 7,000 megawatts of electricity generation per year for the next 10 years. We know that today we can build geothermal power stations and solar thermal power stations for a cost of $5 to $8 million per megawatt of continuous power. Let us assume $6 million per megawatt of continuous power. We know that the cost of building infrastructure reduces by about 15% for each doubling of capacity. Over the 10 years we can expect the cost of renewable energy to drop to $4million per continuous kw. This means we need to invest about $30 billion per year at current prices to build the infrastructure that will allow Australia to generate one hundred percent of its energy requirements through renewable electricity sources within 10 years. Is it Economically Efficient? Simplicity and Fairness The question of hurting export industries is an important one. There are arguments that any increases in input costs to Australian industries will make them less competitive. With Rewards there will be no increase in costs to existing industries. One of the potential opponents of the scheme is existing power generators. It is unfair that their assets will become worthless and so they should be Rewarded if they close down fossil burning power stations. This is easily done by giving them zero interest loans to be invested in renewable energy plants to build the same capacity as their existing plants. Emergent Properties of the System The goal of the system is to reduce greenhouse gases. We know that will happen with Rewards. We also know that the country can afford to divert $300 billion of investment over ten years. Each month Australians invest $24 billion dollars in housing so $30 billion per year is a manageable amount of investment. For those who want to sell their Rewards rather than directly invest them, it is expected that the right to a loan will probably be about 50% of the loan value. This reduces the inflationary impact of the system and reduces the amount of money in the system which in turn increases the value of the underlying assets. In other words the excess money that has been created from the minerals boom and from inflated house prices will be removed from the system through investment in productive assets. It is expected that it will lead to a reduction in house price and to an increase in exports as Australia ships more energy and associated technology overseas. more valuable commodity than it is today. created for all. Emergent Properties for the world as a whole This article has outlined a framework for the development of a sustainable energy economy. The exact details will change from the initial estimates but the overall principles will remain the same. That is, we create simple day to day transactions that lead towards a goal of energy sustainability with no green house gas emissions. If the system does not work the way we expect, we can change the day to day transactions in small ways to get the desired outcomes. How to build the Cotter Dam with No increase in Water Rates The ACT government is planning to build a dam on the Cotter River to store an extra 70 gigalitres of water for use when there is little or no water in the rivers. Over a period of 40 years we can expect the dam to fill at least twice and for at least 140 gigalitres of extra water to be sold during that period. The ACT government can auction this water so that a person who purchases it gets the right to a kilolitre of water for the next 40 years. That is the lots would be auctioned in 40 kilolitres lots. The government has to raise $220M and it can be expected that the price that people are willing to pay will be a minimum of $2 per kilolitre as the maximum price today is $3.60. That is the amount of water needed to be sold is likely to be less than the 140 gigalitres of extra water. These water rights can be traded independently and can be used as currency. It is likely that many building construction companies will be happy to be paid in water rather than money. This investment would be most attractive to superannuation and pension funds who have a need to preserve their assets and to have an asset whose value keeps up with inflation. If the government borrows money at 7% interest rate with a repayment of 20 years then it will cost the ACT water consumers $381,700,000 in interest and repayment costs. If the water is presold then it costs the ACT water consumers and government nothing. Funding the Broadband Network with Zero Interest Loans Fixing the GFC while reducing ghg I have just listened to the last Soros lecture and he makes many good points . Soros has long argued that stable equilibrium as a model does not reflect reality and he continues to make a lot of money because policy makers act as though it does.I have also listened to a talk by Tim Jackson and read his book – Prosperity without Growth. Cumulative per capita responsibility for anthr... Image via Wikipedia Reblog this post [with Zemanta]
Hyena are characterised by their bulky build, sloping back, brawnish coat, powerful jaws and dog-like expression. Despite looking superficially canine, they are more closely related to mongoose and bears than to cats or dogs. Contrary to popular myth, hyenas are not exclusively scavengers: the spotted hyena in particular ia an adept hunter capabel of killing an an animal as large as a wildebeest. Nor are they hermaphroditic, an anceint belief that stems from the false scrotum and penis covering the female hyena’s vagina. Spotted Hyena in Swahili: fisi (Crocuta crocuta) Shoulder height: 85 cm; weight: 70 kg. Sociable and fascinating to observe, the spotted hyena lives in loosly structured clans of about ten animals, led by females who are stronger than larger than males. It is the largest hyena, distinqguished by its blochily spotted coat, and it is most frequently seen at dusk and dawn in the encountered on a daily basis in the Serengeti, Ngorongoro Crater and many other reserves. Share this Post:
Making Research Relevant: Teaching Students to Synthesize Evidence Every time I go to a workshop about research writing and synthesis (and I’ve been to a few since I teach both AP Language and AP Seminar), we talk about making smoothies or chocolate chip cookies or chili. In every instance–much to my disappointment– we’re not talking about eating, we’re talking about blending evidence effectively. […] Making Research Relevant: Writing To Understand There are lots of ways to “do” research in a secondary classroom–everything from small writing pieces with just a little research to full-blown research projects that span several weeks. However you do it, though, it can get messy quickly. How do we show them all the rules of citation without overwhelming them? How do we […]
The French Opera House was opened in New Orleans in 1859. Operas were held in the city as early as 1791, but the opening of the French Opera House on December 2, 1859, heralded a new era of grand opera in New Orleans. [1] The French Opera House was closed during the Civil War and was ultimately destroyed by a fire in 1919. [2] New Orleans was the first American city to support an opera company. The city of New Orleans was also rated “America’s Musical Capital” because of the prominent presence of opera. [3] The French Opera House’s construction began in 1859 on the corner of Bourbon and Toulouse Streets. It took 233 days and $118,500 to build. Constructors used bonfires as light to work on the opera house throughout the night. This contributed to its rapid construction. [9] Charles Boudousquie, the head of a stock company and later manager and commissioner of the French Opera House approached James Gallier, Jr. and Richard Easterbrook to build his opera house. [10] The French Opera House was built in the style of European grand operas. The Greek revival building measured 166 feet on Bourbon Street and 187 on Toulouse Street. The central portion of the Bourbon Street façade projected onto the sidewalk. This arcade protected theatre-goers in bad weather. This was furthered by a gallery projecting over the street. The auditorium was elliptical with the proscenium stage thrusting forward with a curved apron. There was an orchestra pit followed by curved parquette (orchestra) seating. Boxes lined the side of the parquette as well as the pit. Four tiers of seating curved along the walls of the auditorium. The first two tiers had stalls and boxes. The third tier held seats that provided cheap tickets for white patrons. Non-whites were only allowed in the fourth tier of seating. [11] With this opera house and other theatres around the city, New Orleans became an American and world center for theatre. Aida was performed for the first time in the United States at the French Opera House in 1880. [12] Though by far the most common type of performance, grand opera was not the only type of performances shown in the opera house. The theatre tried to vary the acts and audiences who came. German prima donna Madame Anna Grunewald performed Lachner’s operetta “Last Rendezvous” at the Opera House in 1865 after a world tour. The show also featured Vaudeville acts and comedies. [13, 14] During the late 1800s, subscriptions could be bought for the season at Philip Werlein's Music Store at 135 Canal Street. Season tickets ranged from proscenium seats at $384 to balcony seats at $64. [17] The subscriptions could also be obtained at significantly lower prices at auctions. [18] In the 1900s, subscriptions were bought at Grunewald’s Music Store with prices ranging from $1500 for proscenium seats to $110 for balcony seats. [19] In the 1800s the French Opera House was a cultural center as well as a theatre. The House was used during Mardi Gras as a meeting place for revelers before parades and to house the Mardi Gras balls. [20] Even before the fire that destroyed the House, accidents were common. In 1854 during a comedy sketch by a Mr. Carrier, the upper two balconies of the theatre collapsed, killing two and injuring dozens. Almost all of those affected were Creole due to the location of their seats and the typical audience of that type of performance. [23] The French Opera House was destroyed in a fire on December 4, 1919. The fire appeared to have started across the street in Silvestre's Restaurant. [24] The exterior walls were brick, but the interior was most likely wood as it only took a few hours for the fire to completely destroy the Opera House. [25] At the time of its destruction, the House was owned by the Tulane University fund. Damages from the fire were estimated at $250,000 but the building was insured for less than ten percent of that. [26] Despite efforts to rebuild, the theatre was closed for good. After the fire, the site was used for a while as a lumber yard and also as a parking lot. Winthrop Rockefeller built a hotel, Le Downtowner du Vieux Carré, on the site in the mid-1960s, about the same time he was elected governor of Arkansas. The property has gone through several owners, names, and concepts since then; today it is owned by the Tonti family and operated as the Inn on Bourbon Street. Bourbon Street and Toulouse Street, New Orleans, LA
The European Union prepares for possible large-scale cyber attacks It is no longer unthinkable for a large-scale cyber attack to have serious repercussions on the physical world, paralysing an entire sector or certain sections of society. To prepare for the main cross-border cyber attacks, the European Council has adopted a response protocol to address emergencies in the European Union. This Protocol assigns a central role to the European Cyber Crime Centre(EC3) and is part of the EU plan to provide a coordinated response to incidents and large-scale cross-border cyber security crises. This Protocol serves as a tool to provide support to police authorities in the EU when giving an immediate response to the main cross-border cybernetic attacks, with a rapid assessment, safe and timely sharing of high-value information and effective coordination of international aspects of investigations. In 2017, cybernetic attacks without precedent from WannaCry and NotPetya stressed to what point responses caused by incidents and reactions were not enough to effectively address the cyber criminal modus operandi that is evolving very quickly. The response Protocol to European Union emergencies determines procedures, roles and responsibilities of key actors within the EU and beyond: secure channels of communication and points of contact 24 hours for the exchange of vital information, and with general coordination. The Protocol details the complementing of current mechanisms for crisis management in the EU with the rationalising of transnational activities and facilitating collaboration with the pertinent European and international actors, taking full advantage of Europol resources. Moreover, it facilitates collaboration with the web and information security community and members of the relevant private sectors. Only cybernetic security events of a suspicious and criminal nature are within the scope of the Protocol; it does not include incidents or crises caused by a natural disaster, a mistake caused by man or a failure in the system. Therefore, in order to determine the criminal nature of the attack, it is vital that the first reactions involves all the necessary measures to preserve electronic tests that could be found in the computer systems affected by the attack, which are essential for any penal investigation or legal proceeding. Being an Agency of the EU for cooperation in police matters, Europol is obliged to provide support for member states in order to effectively detect, investigate, interrupt and deter large-scale cyber crime, if it appears to be of a criminal nature. Comentari / Comentario / Comment / Commentaire Esteu comentant fent servir el compte Log Out / Canvia ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo S'està connectant a %s
Oes income inequality hurt economic growth? Income distribution is the most interest topic in economics, in particular when we talk about income inequality. When we look around us we can see that income disparity is huge topic at the present time. Its clear that some citizens are better-off than others. So, we can see there is a gap between the rich and poor people. Also, there is a gap between some countries. My primary question is does income inequality hurt economic growth? I am going to take two countries as example Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Nigeria. This paper is going to talk about Nigeria Economy. Then I will discuss the income distribution, and how dose income inequalities affect economic growth? Also this paper will examine the effect of income inequality on poverty in Nigeria, and the gap between the rich and the poor people. In addition, I am going to examine if there is solution to poverty reduction. On the other hand, I am taking Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as a second case. I will discuss the economy of KSA, as is known Saudi Arabia is the second largest oil producer in the world. Also, I will examine the effects after the price of oil fall down, and how this affected the rate of growth, and income distribution. In addition, I will examine what are the options that KSA has in order to achieve the convergence? Please follow this structure: Literature Review My primary question i??does income inequality hurt economic growth?i?? Taking Nigeria as first example: and telling about: 1- Nigeria economy 2- How does income inequality hurt: Economic growth in Nigeria Poverty in Nigeria Nigeria is the largest oil producer in Africa can they use oil revenues to reduce inequality? Taking as second example: 1-KSA economy 2-income distribution in KSA 3-how does income inequality hurt economic growth in KSA? 4-Is there specific policy being used to address income inequality in KSA?
5 Ways Technology Will Impact The Future Of Sport Sport has been around for thousands of years and will most likely continue to be around for thousands more. The more technology advances, the more benefits are being realised to integrate it with our favourite sports. Here are five ways in which technology will impact the future of sport. 1. Football and VAR VAR (Video Assistant Referee) was first introduced in 2017 in Italy and Germany’s top flight leagues. It is used when incidents occur that have been identified as game-changing. When an incident occurs, the VAR recommends that it should be reviewed. The video footage is reviewed by the VAR, who advises the referee via headset what the video shows. The referee can decide to review the video footage on the side of the pitch before taking appropriate action. Alternatively, the referee can accept the information from the VAR and takes appropriate action. Although it makes decision-making more accurate, implementing VAR does come with its disadvantages. One of the main negatives is the time it takes to make a decision using VAR. It slows down the flow of the game and referrals can take far too long. 2. Data Analytics Almost every aspect of every sport in the world is being monitored and analysed by collecting data. Embedded in players’ jerseys are monitors tracking everything from heart rate to distance covered, this allows sports teams to examine the data and find out what was done right and what areas could have been improved. Not only can data analytics improve the ability to improve players, but data can be collected from fans to influence marketing efforts and decisions about sporting events, such as when to schedule games and how to cater to fan preferences. 3. Virtual Reality Virtual Reality allows coaches to observe their players from different angles to understand their behaviour, while athletes can also observe their performance from real matches and training sessions. It can also be used to practice in simulations and can adjust their technique according to system feedback. Virtual Reality will have an even bigger impact on the fans and the way they can watch their favourite teams. By capturing matches using 360° video cameras, the audience can watch the events as an immersive experience through headsets or mobile. The capability of VR allows viewers to see what they want and focus on their favourite players. One of the most notable companies dominating this industry is NextVR, who are already broadcasting NBA, NFL and Wimbledon, with many more different leagues and sports to come. 4. Hawk-Eye Technology in Cricket and Tennis Hawk-Eye technology specifically measures a ball’s trajectory. In tennis and cricket, there are six cameras situated around the court/field of play and they all track the path of the ball. These six separate views are then combined together to produce an accurate 3D representation of the path of the ball. Tennis and cricket were the first two sports to implement the technology in 2001, since then other sports have started to use it including rugby, badminton, volleyball and Gaelic football. 5. Ingestible Thermometer Pills For athletes, it is important to supervise temperature and heart rare. Heat exhaustion is the second most common reason for sports-related fatalities. Ingestible thermometer pills have become a necessity for most trainers in most sports. These pills transmit vital information of the body to medical personnel and if there is any problem with the body, it can be solved before any accident occurs. Future Of Gaming Gaming is without a doubt one of the most popular sources of entertainment with more than 2.5 billion gamers worldwide. As technology advances, so will the quality of video games and how we play them. So what does the future of gaming look like? One of the main changes in gaming is as technology evolves, as will how powerful gaming consoles will be. As a result of this, loading times on games will shorten and graphics will improve. In the not-so-distant future there will be video games that are indistinguishable from real-life. There will not only be traditional gaming consoles such as the Xbox and PlayStation, but Virtual Reality headsets and games compatible with Augmented Reality that will be played wearing a pair of glasses or even smart lenses At the moment, Virtual Reality is still in its infancy but it has the potential to become a lot more. Current hardware just includes a user wearing a headset and using a controller to move in-game.However, the end goal for Virtual Reality companies such as Oculus, will be a fully immersive experience that puts the player directly into the game. As exciting as the whole Virtual Reality movement may seem, future hardware will likely need a range of ethical and usage guidelines. There is a very real risk of people staying in a virtual reality for too long and suffering physical consequences, or struggling to differentiate between virtual and physical realities. As depicted in the film Ready Player One, which is definitely worth a watch. As the popularity of gaming increases worldwide, so has the competitive gaming scene which is known as eSports. It is a billion dollar industry with hundreds of millions of viewers annually. eSports is unquestionably going to see an increase in popularity over the next couple of years and there are a number of factors that will drive the growth that include diversity of game genres, geographic expansion of leagues, regulation of competitions, ownership of media rights and alignment of traditional and digital media. It is likely that in the next couple of years, you will not buy individual games but there will be subscription-type services for games using a Netflix-type model. The future of gaming is definitely an interesting one and I will be keeping a close eye on new innovations related to the industry. The potential is limitless, especially with the predicted advancements in technology. It is likely that gaming in 100 years will be completely incomprehensible to us now. Future Of China
Fear Prevades Night Assignment There are several themes in the book Night by Elie Weisel, including dehumanization, survival of the fittest, loss, the salvation of love, and man’s cruelty. One of the more prominent themes that Weisel also uses in his book is that of fear and how it affects the Jews throughout the story. He emphasizes this theme of fear through the use of literary devices such as, imagery, metaphor, and tone. Weisel effectively uses imagery to better show and describe to his readers exactly what he and others went through while living in the concentration camps. As he and the other Jews are headed for the fire pits upon their arrival at the first camp, he says “I was face to face with the angel of death. ” (31), believing he going to burn to death in the pits. The angel of death just represents death itself, for death can not have a face, but to make it more humanized and to make it more relatable Weisel says he is looking death in the face. Really it means he is about to come to his death. He was terrified because of this revelation. Another instance of imagery used to describe fear is shown through a man who did not pass the selection process and is about to be sent to the crematory, “Suddenly his eyes would become blank, nothing but two open wounds, two pits of terror. ” (72). He lost his faith with God and that is what mainly sent him to the crematory. Once, his faith started to crack he lost the will to live and quit putting up a struggle to survive. This man is desolate without his God, thus, unchecked terror about death has overtaken him and this terror shows in his eyes, for he knows his doom is at hand. We will write a custom essay sample on Fear Prevades Night specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The imagery helps to show the full impact that fear has on an individual and how each may see it in a different way. The use of metaphors in Night helps the reader become more engrossed in the story and in the horrible things that are happening to the Jews and to Weisel. One such metaphor uses fear as an undercurrent but does not directly state it. “The news had stunned everyone, yet we drained the bitter draft to the dredges. ” (11). The news of having to deport caught all the Jews in the Ghettos by surprise. They were not prepared to deport and they had already told themselves that it would never happen to them, that they were perfectly safe from all the action. Hearing they had to deport made them realize that things weren’t going to get better, that they were not special, and that they would not avoid all the terrible misfortune that had befallen the other Jews. Even though the news was bad they wanted to know everything they could about the bad news, so that they could be prepared for what would happen next. They were hoping that this was the dredges of the news and that there was no more left that they would have to swallow.. Yet they had fear of what was to come and the things they would have to go through. Fear swelled up in them as they drank the sour news. Elie has an inner fear at the end of the book. He is afraid of what he has become. “From the depths of the mirror, a corpse gazed back at me. ” (109). He has just looked in a mirror after three years of never seeing himself. He is aghast at what he sees and does not believe it is him in the mirror. There is not really a corpse there for a corpse is not alive and cannot stand. He is just so thin and wasted away that he looks like a corpse. Also, he is basically like a shell or just a body for he has no faith, hope, or happiness. He is broken and his empty body is basically all that is left of him. His corpse-like look on the outside, like a mirror, reflects the death of his soul on the inside. He has nothing to live for. He is afraid of the person he has become and does not want to be this person reflected in the mirror. The tone of Weisel’s writing makes a big impact on the reader. He uses a very distinct way of writing that is able to show the whole horror of the situation. He creates a tone of sadness and depression with the theme of loss and the fear that it brings. “In the depths of my heart, I felt a great void. ” (66) Elie has just rejected God as an all justice being. He has said that man is stronger and better than God, but now he feels bad about it deep in his heart. He wishes that he did not believe this way, but can not help the way he feels and how he sees God. Now that he doesn’t fully believe in God, it’s as if he is missing a piece of himself. Deep within him he is fearful of what will happen to him being alone in the world without God. He fears he is losing a piece of himself. Another instance of tone showing fear was when the Jews thought they were going to Hungary, but were actually going to the Czechoslovakia border, “Our eyes were opened, but too late. ” (21). Only then did they fully comprehend where they were going and that they would not “just be on vacation”, but now it was too late for them to go or run, they were trapped. His eyes had always been open, but it means that only now does he see what is going to happen to them or have an idea about what is going to happen to them. The tone of this passage suggests the fear and foreboding felt by the Jews about what was to come and of what might happen to them. Fear is often associated with the night, but in Night it is infused throughout the book at all times of day. The literary devices used to convey fear are practiced well in this story. Not just any writer can instill a sense of foreboding and fear in a reader throughout an entire book. How to cite this assignment Choose cite format: Fear Prevades Night. (2019, Apr 16). Retrieved from https://primetimeessay.com/fear-prevades-night/
Vietnam: Random Facts and Trivia Some random facts and trivia for the country of the world Vietnam, including army, the peasant class, and forced urbanization. Most of North Vietnam's people are collectivized peasants. Since most men serve for a period in the regular armed forces, women have surmounted many traditional prejudices. They are armed as members of the militia, they do heavy labor, and they are active in the professions. Though the majority of the South Vietnamese are still peasants, the war drove many into urban areas. Some American professors considered this "forced urbanization" to be a "modernizing influence," but the cities became filled with slums, unemployment, crime, corruption, and vice. A few military officers, businessmen, and others who did not allow their moral scruples to interfere with making a profit benefited from the war, but their wealth contrasted sharply with the visible urban poverty. You Are Here: Trivia-Library Home » World Country: Vietnam » Vietnam: Random Facts and Trivia « Vietnam: Location, History, Size, Population, & GovernmentYemen: Location, History, Size, Population, & Government »
Leonardo Da Vinci : An Intellectual Man Essay Leonardo Da Vinci : An Intellectual Man Essay Length: 1066 words (3 double-spaced pages) Rating: Better Essays Open Document Essay Preview Leonardo da Vinci, born on April 15, 1452, near the Tuscan of Vinci, Italy, was the son of Caterina and Ser Piero who divorce Caterina to marry a rich heiress named Albeira. As an intellectual man with many talents, da Vinci was the epitome of “Renaissance man”. He was interested and studied “the laws of science and nature, which greatly informed his work as a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, military engineer and draftsman” (Biography.com Editors). According to McLanathan, Da Vinci “had a notebook in his pocket wherever he went.” In the notebook, he would use his drawing skill to record his thoughts and make observations. It also contains evidence of an extraordinary life and drawings such as “real and imaginary people; dragons and monsters; plans of churches, palaces, and fortifications; diagrams of machines and weapons of war; designs for musical instruments; trees, plants, and flowers; clouds and the flow of water; anatomical studies of men and animal; and landscapes” (McLanathan). Unfortunately, many of his books are lost, except for a few which was preserved. Leonardo da Vinci is one of the greatest artists during the Italian Renaissance, and his most well-known and famous art pieces in the 21st century are The Last Supper and Mona Lisa. Leonardo was raised by his father, who was an attorney and notary. Da Vinci was a great artist at a young age with no formal education beyond math, reading, and writing. With an undeniable art talent, Ser Piero appreciated da Vinci’s talent and apprenticed da Vinci to the sculptor and painter Andrea del Verrocchio of Florence. During his time there, he trained in mechanical arts and refined his painting and sculpting techniques. Da Vinci eventually became an independent master in 1478... ... middle of paper ... ... slight smile that has been the “subject of speculation”. Today, the painting is in the Louvre Museum in Paris, France. Leonardo da Vinci was one of the greatest artist during the Italian Renaissance. He was the epitome of the “Renaissance man” because of his intelligence and interests in many fields such as art, music, anatomy, science, physics, and etc. Da Vinci was apprenticed to the sculptor and painter Andrea del Verrocchio of Florence at a young age by his father who shows appreciation in his works. Around 1483, he moved to Milan and works for the Sforza until the destroy of Milan after the duke’s fell of the power. The only fresco, which is not a fresco, survived the destruction was The Last Supper. Another painting that was well-known was Mona Lisa. In 1529, Da Vinci died at the age of 67 at Cloux. His body was buried near the palace church of Saint-Florentin. Need Writing Help? Get feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly. Check your paper » Leonardo Da Vinci And The Last Supper Essay - The paintings of Mona Lisa and The Last Supper are some of, if not, the most iconic artistic creations in history. The artist responsible for these famous paintings is said by many to be the greatest painter in the entire history of art. Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1517) is most well-known for his artistic ability in painting and sculpture, however, there is still a great deal about him that is often over-looked. Contained in the notebooks Da Vinci left to be discovered are detailed notes and diagrams on engineering, hydraulics, and astronomy just to name a few.... 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The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language defines “renaissance man” as “[a] man who has broad intellectual interests and is accomplished in areas of both the arts and the sciences.” This is a term still used today, and its derivation is obvious.... [tags: Biography Artist Da Vinci Bio Essays] Better Essays 2752 words (7.9 pages) The Genius of Leonardo da Vinci Essay - The Genius of Leonardo da Vinci By any standards, Leonardo da Vinci is one of the greatest minds to ever have lived. His fame is not only a product of his multi-talented life as a painter, architect, mechanic, scientist, geologist, writer, musician, physicist, and inventor, but also the quality of his vision and the caliber of his mind. There was no man before him, and as of yet, no man since that has been able to combine the worlds of art and science as masterfully as Leonardo da Vinci did. Leonardo was an illegitimate child, born in the village of Vinci, from where his family took their name.... [tags: Papers] Better Essays 494 words (1.4 pages) The Work of Leonardo da Vinci Essays - Grasping the full understanding of science and perfection in creative art are the two ultimate goals that mankind had been striving for ever since these two aspects became an important part of society. Many had aimed for it but none succeeded. Most of those who attempted to obtain this Holy Grail failed but some were able to conquer many fields. Leonardo da Vinci is a perfect example of those “Universal Geniuses.” Leonardo was one of the few who achieved major success in both art and sciences including portrait painting, conceptual engineering, anatomy, and many more.... [tags: essays research papers] Better Essays 670 words (1.9 pages)
Abolish The CFPB (From The Weekly Standard) The CFPB was created by the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act, a law premised on the belief that the global recession was the result of the insufficient regulation of banks. That the recession happened mainly as a result of government policies and government agencies encouraging banks to act foolishly is an argument we will set aside. The CFPB—according to its website—aims “to protect consumers from unfair, deceptive, or abusive practices and take action against companies that break the law.” The idea that no federal authority was empowered to perform such functions until 2010 is laughable. Among others, the Bureau of Consumer Protection, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation are charged with these purposes. The CFPB is utterly disposable. Indeed it is disposable. How many regulators do we need? There was an army of these guys long before the CFPB. Sadly there will be when and if the CFPB is killed. These federal Naderites believe themselves to be unaccountable to the rest of the government. The CFPB’s creators—the Democrats who passed the Dodd-Frank Act on a party-line vote—said they wanted the agency to be “insulated” from political pressures. That may sound high-minded, but government agencies in the American republic are not supposed to be insulated from the people’s representatives. We have national elections every two years for a reason. The CFPB is funded by the Federal Reserve rather than congressional appropriations, and its presidentially appointed director serves a five-year term (so as not to coincide with any one administration) and can only be removed for cause. In 2016, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the agency’s structure violates the Constitution’s separation of powers. That case is under appeal… …The agency aggressively targets small and mid-sized businesses its agents believe are taking advantage of consumers—particularly local and regional banks—with the result that these institutions must spend more on compliance and legal counsel. Who pays the price for that? Ironically, consumers. Click here for the article.
You are here: Governing Solar Radiation Management Governing Solar Radiation Management By \| People sitting around a table with city and sun in the background On October 1, the School of International Service’s Forum for Climate Engineering Assessment (FCEA) released a report titled “Governing Solar Radiation Management.” The report is the result of a two-year process in which prominent environmental policy researchers from the US, Europe, and New Zealand convened multiple times to debate the proper objectives of Solar Radiation Management and the best way to meet them. The report and the process of convening the workgroup exemplify American University’s emerging position as a leader in sustainability and environmental policy research. We caught up with Simon Nicholson, SIS professor and co-founder of FCEA, to ask him a few questions about Solar Radiation Management and what this report will tell us about managing it. What is Solar Radiation Management? Solar radiation management (SRM), or solar geoengineering, is a proposed method of responding to climate change. The idea is to reflect a little bit of sunlight back into space before it can warm the planet—for example, by depositing tiny reflective particles in the upper atmosphere or spraying salt into clouds over the ocean to make them brighter. The technologies to do this don’t actually exist yet, but some scientists argue SRM could become a useful supplement to cutting greenhouse gas emissions—though they’re also quick to emphasize that SRM is by no means a replacement for emissions reductions. Is SRM in the mainstream of climate change solutions? Definitely not—but it’s getting a lot more attention than it used to. Fifteen years ago, almost no one talked about SRM. It was really a fringe idea. Now there’s a rapidly growing body of academic literature on it and growing awareness among the public and policymakers. For a good indicator of SRM’s status, look to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which periodically summarizes what we know about climate change and how to respond to it. Their last big assessment report, published in 2013 and 2014, mentions SRM, but only briefly. So, it’s in there, but not in a way that presents as a serious option, at least in the near term. The IPCC is about to release a special report looking at the consequences of limiting global warming to 1.5°C, along with the challenges of doing so, and based on a leaked version of the report’s summary, it’s likely to have basically the same tenor when it comes to SRM: “Some people have suggested SRM, and there’s some chance it could help, but we don’t know enough about it.” Why is this the right time to consider how SRM might be governed? Research into SRM is moving ahead without adequate oversight or deliberation. The lesson from other emerging technologies is that it’s important for governance to stay out ahead of the technology. In the case of SRM, the world just isn’t ready to govern SRM research or the technologies it could create. Existing institutions can govern different bits of it here and there, but there’s currently no coherent means of governing the whole enterprise. It’s going to take time to develop those institutions, which means we need to get started. We’re also at a crucial moment in the conversation about SRM. Up to this point, research into SRM has been almost exclusively theoretical—computer modeling, social science, that sort of thing. At least a couple of research groups are now talking about taking their research outdoors and doing some small-scale experiments to better understand whether and how these technologies might work. There’s no direct environmental risk from these proposed experiments, but they’re an indication that we need to get the ball rolling on governance, too. How did this Working Group come together, and what makes it special? The Forum for Climate Engineering Assessment wanted to bring new voices into the SRM conversation, and we wanted a group that could produce actionable recommendations based on a deep understanding of how governance works. With that in mind, we invited global governance experts who hadn’t previously worked on this issue. We convened this group for five meetings over more than two years and brought in many of the world’s leading experts on SRM to inform their deliberations. In the process, our working group has made themselves into experts on SRM governance. At the end of that process, while they remain divided on the ultimate wisdom of SRM, they’ve coalesced around a set of near-term steps that should be taken regardless of where you stand on SRM. We’re really proud of the report that they’ve produced, which advances the governance conversation from one about principles to one about the essential next steps the international community, national governments, and civil society can take to begin governing SRM. What are the main recommendations contained in the report? The report offers twelve recommendations about essential, actionable steps that international organizations, national governments, and civil society can take to govern SRM over the next five to ten years or so. Those recommendations fall into three buckets: creating politically legitimate deliberative bodies to facilitate an inclusive, international dialogue about whether and how SRM might fit into global climate policy; leveraging existing institutions, such as the institutions in the UN system or national-level climate assessments, to govern SRM more effectively; and making research transparent and accountable. What do you hope policymakers take away from this report? We want policymakers to recognize that the time to start governing SRM is now and that there are essential, actionable steps that they can and should take in the next few years to begin doing so. How can a report like this one affect policies that impact people? SRM isn’t something that’s going to happen tomorrow. But if it were ever developed and deployed, it would literally change the world forever. Every single person on Earth would be affected by it. While that’s still a distant prospect, the decisions we make today will shape whether and how SRM technology and the tools for governing it get developed. This report points policymakers in the right direction. I can easily imagine my kids’ generation facing world-changing decisions about using SRM. The world will need institutions capable of making those decisions wisely. The actions recommended in this report would lay the foundation for those institutions.
Study shows potential to develop brain tumour liquid biopsies Cancer Research UK Scientists are making strides in developing liquid biopsies for brain tumours by detecting tumour DNA in the fluid from around the brain and spine. “Our work shows that a cheap, easily available technique can be used to analyse tumour DNA in cerebrospinal fluid." - Dr Florent Mouliere Liquid biopsies are fluid samples from patients, for example from the blood or urine, which provide a less invasive way to monitor disease compared to tumour biopsies. A less intrusive test could be hugely beneficial for brain tumours where collecting samples can be difficult and risky for patients. Scientists at the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute analysed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) – which bathes the brain and spinal cord – in 13 patients with a type of brain tumour called a glioma. They detected tumour DNA in five (39%) of the patients and their findings* are published in EMBO Molecular Medicine. Researchers used a cheap and widely available technique called shallow whole-genome sequencing to detect brain tumour DNA – they looked for large genetic changes, such as genes being duplicated or lost. For the first time, the researchers identified tumour DNA in the CSF by looking at the size of the DNA fragments, which are shorter than those from healthy cells. This provides another way to detect brain tumour DNA, potentially increasing the detection rate. In one patient, multiple tissue samples from their brain tumour were compared to their CSF. The genetic changes broadly matched, but the CSF contained changes that were missed in some of the tissue samples, suggesting that CSF samples could reflect the repertoire of genetic alterations found in brain tumours. Dr Florent Mouliere, co-first author, who conducted the work as a scientist at the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, said: “Liquid biopsies are showing great promise for a number of cancer types, but tests for brain tumours have lagged behind due to the low levels of tumour DNA found in body fluids, in particular the blood. Around 11,400* people are diagnosed with brain tumours in the UK every year and only 14% of people will survive their disease for a decade or more. That’s why Cancer Research UK has made brain tumour research one of its priorities, spending around £25 million over the next five years. Professor Charles Swanton, Cancer Research UK’s chief clinician, said: “Survival for brain tumours remains low and there is an urgent need for research like this to identify strategies to better manage these complex diseases. This study lays important groundwork that brings the possibility of liquid biopsies for this hard to treat disease one step closer. Mouliere et al. Detection of copy number alterations in glioma using short cell-free DNA in cerebrospinal fluid. EMBO Molecular Medicine. Doi: 10.15252/emmm.201809323 Notes to Editor * This technique could provide a less expensive alternative compared to other published work that used more costly sequencing methods, which detect smaller changes to the genetic code. *** 11,432 new cases of brain tumours, 2015 UK data.
Lanoline-StellaLanolin is a natural, organic, renewable raw-material originating from the natural secretion of the sebaceous glands of sheep. Lanolin has been known since ancient times for its skin treating properties. It has been scientifically studied and industrially manufactured only since the end of the last century. Lanolin can be obtained from wool grease which is itself extracted from the scouring effluents obtained during the cleaning of wool. Throughout its life, the sheep naturally give out a fat which soaks into its fleece and stays there until it is washed in the textile factories. The quantity of wool grease, or suint as it is called which soaks into the fleece is high. It can amount up to 10 % of the wool’s weight. However, the process used to extract it from wool washing-waters makes it possible to recover a limited amount, only. Lanolin is obtained either from suint (Woolgrease) extracted by centrifugation which is then collected by mechanical skimming of the baths in which the wool is washed or from extracted suints or from pressurised suints obtained by breaking down with acid all of the waters used in washing the wool. This process is slowly disappearing due to the increase in the use of synthetic detergents which make the breaking down of emulsions more difficult. creme-Lanoline-StellaDepending on the type of animal, the secreted fat which soaks into the fleece has a different composition. The quality of woolgrease depends to a great extent on the breed of animal and the conditions in which it is brought up. However each woolgrease is free of glycerol (wool grease is not a grease in the true sense of the word but more a wax). They also contain cholesterol and have an exceptional affinity for water. Compared with most fatty components, woolgrease stands out on account of its relatively low saponification level (about 100). Its very hich proportion of non-saponifiers (almost 50 %) and a very low iodine value (17 to 32). Woolgrease is therefore a wax made up mainly of a mixture of esters, fatty alcohols (cholesterols, lano-sterol, agno-sterol, cerylic alcohol, cetyl alcohol, lano-octadecyl alcohol, carnaubylic alcohol), with a small percentage of these alcohols in their free state and combined with a mixture of fatty acids, namely palmic acid, myristic acid, capric, butic, lognoceric and cerotic acids.
Are There: a) Too Many or b) Too Few Asian-Americans Admitted to College? John H. Bunzel, former president of San Jose State University, recently concluded a three-year term on the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Are admissions officers at many of our more selective universities putting numerical limits on the number of Asian-Americans admitted? A controversy about admissions policies--whether they are aimed at slowing down the influx of Asian-Americans and are therefore biased against them--is growing at many schools. Critics point to Asian-American admission rates (the number offered admission divided by the number of applicants) lower than those of Caucasians, despite Asian-American performance as measured by test scores, high school grade-point averages (GPAs) and subsequent college GPAs that appear to be equal and at times superior to that of Caucasians. At Stanford, Harvard, Princeton and Brown, Asian-Americans constitute as much as 8% of the freshman classes, but they make up only 2.1% of U.S. population. Using this approach, Asian-Americans appear to be doing well. But this approach is flawed, for several reasons--it ignores the geographic concentration of Asian-Americans in a few states and metropolitan areas, and overlooks the fact that a much higher proportion of Asian-Americans than Caucasians is actually eligible for college admission. Not only do Asian-Americans have excellent test scores and high school grade-point averages, but the proportion that takes the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) is much higher than that of Caucasians. Furthermore, a much larger proportion of Asian-American students continue education past the age of 17. Finally, the use of simple ethnic representation as a basis for evaluating a university's admission and enrollment figures can be misleading, because such an analysis ignores the number of Asian-Americans who actually apply to that institution. A 2.1% representation in a freshman class would be absurdly low if more than 20% of the applicants were Asian-Americans. For these reasons, a college's Asian-American admission rate is the more appropriate statistical indicator. And Caucasian admissions data is the most useful comparative basis for appraising Asian-American admissions. This leads to a key question: Are lower admission rates for Asian-Americans the result of being less qualified than Caucasians, or have Asian-Americans been victims of barriers and inequities in the admissions process? Official data shows that Asian-Americans are not academically less qualified than Caucasians. In 1982, Asian-Amerian and Caucasian applicants to Harvard had average combined verbal and math scores of 1,251 and 1,258, respectively (out of a possible 1,600). More striking, however, are the SAT figures for both groups offered admission by Harvard: Asian-Americans had an average combined score of 1467, while Caucasians scored 112 points lower, at 1355. The figures suggest that in order to be offered admission, Asian-Americans had to have higher SAT scores than Caucasians admitted. The data reveals a similar pattern for Princeton in 1982 and 1983 and for classes entering Brown in 1979-1983. It seems clear, then, that academic qualifications of Asian-Americans can't explain their low admission rates. No admissions officer has produced any conclusive evidence of significant character or personality differences between Asian-American and Caucasian applicants. But one study of high school students leaves no doubt that Asian-Americans work much harder--the males spent an average of 11.7 hours a week doing homework, while the Caucasian males spent an average of 8.6 hours. One would think industriousness would be regarded favorably by college officials. Yet when asked what personality traits might account for lower admission rates among Asian-Americans, one admissions officer responded that they tend to be "driven." Another reason often given is the tendency of Asian-Americans to major in the sciences and technical fields. Yet Department of Education figures show that for both Asian-Americans and Caucasians, business and management has been by far the most popular major. Confidential data from one top-ranked private university reveals that among every category of intended major in 1985, Asian-Americans had a lower admission rate than Caucasians. At this institution, 20% of the Asian-American and 17% of the Caucasian applicants indicated they intended to major in engineering, but the admission rate for Asian-Americans was less than half that for Caucasians. If the characteristics and qualities of Asian-Americans cannot account for their low admission rates, the remaining possible explanations lie in procedural characteristics of the admission process. A Brown report found that low non-academic ratings were given to Asian-American applicants "due to cultural biases and stereotypes which prevail in the admissions office." Furthermore, use of a "historical benchmark," a mechanism that sets enrollment goals in terms of prior freshman classes, lowered the admission rate of Asian-Americans as their applications increased. With the exception of Brown, however, there is no definitive evidence that numerical limits on Asian-American admissions might be in effect at any other institutions. (Access to decision-making information supporting or refuting such a finding is hard to get.) Nor is outright racism a sufficient explanation. The answer is more complex. For example, a conceptual confusion over the meaning of "diversity" might in part account for the limiting of Asian-American admissions. An internal document at one private university wondered what the underlying rationale was for ethnic diversity. Was it because it is good for the society at large, or because it is mandated, or popular? And how is the goal of ethnic diversity to be balanced against other factors? When asked why Asian-American admission rates tend to be so low, university officials usually respond that their aim is to achieve "ethnic diversity" in their student bodies and that Asian-Americans are an "overrepresented minority." The apparent assumption is that admitting more Asian-Americans would contradict the goal. But increasing the number of students whose ethnicity is unlike that of the majority would, by definition, increase the ethnic "diversity" of the students. Besides, limiting Asian-American admissions in the name of "diversity" inaccurately assumes the homogeneity of Asian-Americans, who differ widely in their linguistic, cultural, historical and socioeconomic backgrounds. Finally, the concept of "overrepresentation" is faulty when applied uniquely to Asian-Americans. Said the Brown report: "One could only imagine the outcry . . . if Brown decided to reduce its 25%-30% Jewish student population down to the 3% that Jews represent in the national population . . . . The point here is not that we wish to cut . . . the number of Jewish students . . . but that this argument which Brown used to justify limiting acceptance of Asian-Americans is invalid and inconsistent." It seems fair to say that Asian-American admission rates have been determined more by the policies, preferences and practices of college admissions officers than by the qualifications of Asian-American applicants. After concluding that there is no implicit quota or evidence of conscious discrimination on the part of the admissions staff, Stanford's faculty-student committee addressed the problem of a "negative bias" in Asian-American admissions, ranging from the possibility of "unconscious biases" in evaluating subjective data on the part of the admissions staff to "unconscious stereotyping" in letters of recommendation. There are promising signs that past problems can be prevented. If Asian-American admissions should suddenly rise at a university, it would be essential for all to understand that such an increase is not the result of "unfair advantages" being given to Asian-Americans, but rather the effect of unfair disadvantages being removed. Copyright © 2019, Los Angeles Times EDITION: California \| U.S. & World
Your browser is no longer supported Learn more No hard evidence champagne can prevent dementia • Comment “Drinking three glasses of champagne per week could help stave off dementia and Alzheimer’s disease,” the Daily Mirror reports. But before you break out the Bolly, you should know the study that prompted this headline was on rats. The study that forms the basis of these reports was actually published in 2013, but apparently recently went viral on social media. It looked at the possible effects of the phenolic acids found in champagne on memory in rats. Phenolic acids are similar to flavonoids, which are plant substances said to have antioxidant qualities. Three groups of eight rats were each given six weeks of daily champagne, a non-champagne alcoholic drink, or an alcohol-free drink. Their performance at finding treats in a maze was assessed before and after this period. The main finding was that rats given champagne were better at remembering how to find the treat than those given the alcohol-free drink. They found the treats roughly five times out of eight, compared with four times out of eight in rats given the other drinks. A slightly improved maze performance in a small number of rats does not necessarily translate into humans having a reduced risk of dementia from drinking champagne. The health risks of consuming large amounts of alcohol are well known. If you want to increase your flavonoid intake, there are far cheaper – and healthier – alternatives to champagne, such as parsley, peanuts and blueberries. But whether these would actually prevent dementia is unproven. Where did the story come from? The study was carried out by researchers from the University of Reading and the University of East Anglia. No sources of funding are reported and the authors declare no conflicts of interest. It was published in the peer-reviewed journal, Antioxidants and Redox Signaling. What kind of research was this? This animal research aimed to investigate the effects of certain phenolic acids found in champagne on the spatial memory of rodents. Foods and drinks that contain flavonoids (a plant pigment) have received considerable attention over the past few years for their potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent research has also suggested they may have the potential to protect the brain and nerve cells. For example, some observational studies in humans suggested a low to moderate red wine intake could protect against cognitive impairment and dementia. Red wine contains flavonoids as well as phenolic acids. These compounds are found at high levels in white wines, particularly champagne. The high phenolic compounds are said to come from the two red grapes Pinot Noir and Pinot Meunier, and the white grape Chardonnay, used in its production. The theory the researchers wanted to test was that these compounds might be able to affect the nerves and blood vessels in the brain, resulting in changes to cognitive performance. To investigate this, they looked at the effects of moderate champagne intake on the spatial memory and movements of rats. What did the research involve? The research involved three groups of adult male rats (eight in each) who were housed in standard conditions. The three groups were assigned to receive daily champagne, a non-champagne alcoholic carbonated drink, or an alcohol-free carbonated drink for six weeks. All three drinks had the same nutritional value and contained the same number of calories. For the two alcoholic drinks, alcohol was given at a level of 1.78ml per kilo of of body weight. This was calculated to be roughly equivalent to 1.3 125ml glasses of champagne a week for humans. The drinks were given in the form of a mash, by mixing the drinks with a small amount of powdered food (8mg of food per 10ml of liquid). The rats’ spatial and working memory was assessed using the maze test, which includes chambers and tunnels with visual cues and food rewards. These tests were given at the start of the study and after six weeks of drink supplementation. The rats were given eight tests in the maze each time, and the researchers looked at how often the rats chose the correct route to get the food reward. Motor skills were also tested using a balance beam test. After the study was completed, the rats’ brains were examined in the laboratory – in particular, the hippocampus, which is the area involved with learning and memory. Laboratory methods were also used to extract and measure the amount of phenolic compounds present in the champagne. What were the basic results? At the six-week mark, accuracy in the maze test seemed to improve for the rats given champagne. At the study’s start, average choice accuracy was 4.25 out of eight tests in all rats. After drink supplementation, accuracy was 3.50 in those given the alcohol-free drink, 4.00 in those given the non-champagne alcoholic drink, and 5.29 in those given champagne. The difference was statistically significant between those given champagne and those given the alcohol-free control drink. The groups did not differ in the speed or distance walked along the balance beam. After death, brain hippocampus examination revealed rats given champagne had increased levels of various proteins related to the division of cells and neuroplasticity (the ability of the nerve cells in the brain to adjust and adapt). The major phenolic compounds present in champagne were gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, tyrosol, caftaric acid and caffeic acid. These compounds were not found in the non-champagne alcoholic drink or the alcohol-free control drink. How did the researchers interpret the results? The researchers say their findings suggest that, “Smaller phenolics such as gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, tyrosol, caftaric acid and caffeic acid, in addition to flavonoids, are capable of exerting improvements in spatial memory via the modulation in hippocampal signaling and protein expression.” This research found champagne might improve spatial memory in adult rats, possibly in relation to the phenolic acids in the drink. These chemicals are similar to another type of plant chemical called flavonoids, which have also been suggested as having biological effects on animals. Previous research has suggested flavonoids may have effects on nerve cells in the brain and cognitive functioning. This study on rats found those given champagne to drink over six weeks seemed to have improved performance when finding treats in a maze test. These rats also seemed to have increased levels of brain proteins related to adaptability and learning. This research has limited direct applicability to humans. Animal research like this can give a useful insight into the possible biological effects of a chemical, food or drink that may be transferable to humans. However, we are not identical to rats, and it can’t be guaranteed that the results would be the same. The fact that rats may have performed slightly better in a maze, or demonstrated some protein changes related to nerve adaptability, does not mean champagne definitely reduces the risk of dementia in humans. It’s not always possible to prevent dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s, the most common form, which has no established cause beyond ageing and possibly genetics. However, behavioural changes may help. To possibly reduce your risk of developing dementia and other serious health conditions, it’s recommended that you: • Comment Have your say You must sign in to make a comment Related Jobs
Stent and SURGERY to protect against stroke In the case of a narrowed carotid artery, a stroke to prevent, there are two methods of treatment: a Stent or surgery. Researchers at the University of Basel have compared both methods and found that they come with similar risks to comparable results. For the treatment of a narrowed carotid artery, two methods are applied: In an Operation, arteriosclerotic deposits can be removed and the constriction will be eliminated. The second possibility is the Insertion of a small tube, called Stent, which holds the narrowed area open. Scientists at the University of Basel have studied in an international cooperation data from four studies involving over 4,700 patients to determine which approach led to better results. They found that the risk of a stroke was a stroke after the procedure in both methods is comparable and less than one percent per year was: "In the case of two therapies all can expect most patients to bleiben&quot in the next ten years, of a stroke spared;, Prof. Leo Bonati, who led the investigation. During the surgery for placement of a stent, there was a three percent higher risk for stroke, the age-dependent: While the risk was not increased in younger individuals, while it increased with age. Especially for people up to 65 years of age, a Stent could, in the opinion of the authors that an appropriate Alternative to surgery. A narrowing of the carotid artery due to atherosclerosis can lead to the formation of blood clots. The carotid artery supplies the brain with blood, and when clots dissolve, it can cause a stroke with serious consequences.
吉林省实验中学2018-2019学年度上学期高一年级英语学科 - 英语试题 - 《高中生》杂志 ● 新高考网作者：发布时间：2018-11-05 10:52:37 本文来源于：　　1. How are the speakers going to the park? 　　A. By taxi. B. By car. C. By bus. 　　2. What is the man looking for? 　　A. A restaurant. B. A block (街区). C. A bank. 　　3. What is the relationship between the two speakers? 　　A. Teacher and pupil. 　　B. Parents and child. 　　C. Shop assistant(店员)and customer. 　　4. What does the man think of the panda? 　　A. Lovely. B. Amazing. C. Kind. 　　5. What does the man want to have? 　　A. Italian food. B. Mexican food. C. French food. 　　6. What has happened to the clock? 　　A. Sold. 　　B. Sent to the watchmaker’s. 　　C. Stopped working. 　　7. What does the woman think of the man? 　　A. He can’t mend the clock. 　　B. He had better mend the clock. 　　C. He should have the clock repaired. 　　8. Where does the conversation take place? 　　A. In the street. B. On the phone. C. In a shop. 　　9. Where does the woman work? 　　A. In a bank. B. In a hotel. C. In a school. 　　10. What’s the result of the conversation? 　　A. The man had his room changed. 　　B. The man phoned the manager. 　　C. The man got angry.. 　　11. Who is the woman answering the phone? 　　A. Timothy’s mother. 　　B. Timothy’s teacher. 　　C. Timothy’s classmate. 　　12. Why does the man call the woman? 　　A. To invite Timothy to have lunch. 　　B. To care about Timothy. 　　C. To allow Timothy to stay after class. 　　13. What can we learn from the conversation? 　　A. Timothy isn’t working hard in English. 　　B. Timothy is not interested in English. 　　C. The man is trying to help Timothy. 　　14. What are they talking about? 　　A. Animals. 　　B. Their future plans. 　　C. What a clerk does. 　　15. What does the woman want to be after she leaves school? 　　A. A clerk. B. A musician. C. A vet (兽医) . 　　16. What does the man want to be? 　　A. An engineer. B. A clerk. C. An animal doctor. 　　17. When will the woman leave school? 　　A. At the beginning of the term. 　　B. At the end of the term. 　　C. At the middle of the term. 　　18. When was the man stricken (雷击) by lightening. 　　A. Last September. 　　B. Last winter holiday. 　　C. Last summer holiday. 　　19. How long was the man breathless after the strike? 　　A. For 17 days. B. For 11 days. C. For 7 days. 　　20. What happened when the man woke up and spoke suddenly? 　　A. The people around were scared (受到惊吓). 　　B. His family burst into tears. 　　C. The people around were so happy. 　　第二部分阅读理解(共两节，满分30分) 　　Some places in the world have strange laws. It’s important for you to know about them before going there. 　　Whoever likes to chew gum (口香糖) may have to leave Singapore. The government really wants to keep the city clean and will fine you for chewing gum. 　　Before you leave for the United Arab Emirates you’d better make sure you aren’t visiting during Ramadan (斋月). During that time you aren’t allowed to eat or drink in public. Tourists have been fined up to $275 for drinking in public. 　　Lovers spend so much time kissing each other goodbye at train stations that trains often start late. This law---no kissing your lover goodbye at train stations---is rather old, and isn’t in use today in France. 　　In Thailand it’s against the law to drive a car or motorcycle without a shirt on, no matter how hot it is. Punishments are different in different areas and can include warnings and tickets costing about $10. No joke ---the local police will stop you. 　　Studies in Denmark have shown that cars with their headlights on are more noticeable by other drivers than those with their headlights off. Drivers there are required to leave their headlights on even during the day, or they may face a fine up to $100. 　　Do you often buy things using coins? Don’t do it in Canada. The Currency Law of 1985 doesn’t allow using only coins to buy things. Even the use of the dollar-coin is limited (受限制的). The shop owner has the right to choose whether to take your coins or not. 　　Make sure you know about these laws before your next trip. Better safe than sorry. 　　21. What is mainly talked about in the text? 　　A. How to make your trip around the world safe. 　　B. Some strange laws you should know about for your trip. 　　C. Interesting places you can go to around the world. 　　D. Why there are strange laws in the world. 　　22. If you are driving a car in Thailand, __________. 　　A. the police will play a joke on you 　　B. the police will give you tickets costing about $10 　　C. you should wear your shirt even though it’s hot 　　D. you should always keep your headlights on 　　23. What can we learn from the text? 　　A. You can turn your headlights off in daytime in Denmark. 　　B. Kissing goodbye at train stations isn’t allowed in France today. 　　C. Tourists in the United Arab Emirates shouldn’t eat in public. 　　D. The Singaporean government cares a lot about its environment. 　　A few days ago my wife sent me out to buy something. When I came hom e, I handed her a paper bag and said, “Here are the apples you wanted.” She looked in the bag, and then she looked at me. “I told you,” she said slowly, “to buy some eggs.” 　　I felt worried about my absent-mindedness (心不在焉，健忘) , so I went to see a doctor. He was a very kind man. “I have seen many people like you. It’s nothing to worry about,” he said. “If you know you are absent-minded, you are all right. But if you do not know you’re absent-minded, you may be really in trouble.” 　　“Many famous people were absent-minded,” the doctor told me. “Thomas Edison was standing in line one day to pay his taxes. When he arrived at the window, he found that he had forgotten his own name. He had to ask the man who was behind him to tell him who he was.” 　　I felt much better and got up to leave. “Thank you, doctor,” I said. “How much do I have to pay you?” 　　“Ten dollars for the check-up ,” the doctor said. 　　“But doctor, I did not have a check-up!” 　　For a moment the doctor looked puzzled. Then he said, “Oh, yes, it was the patient before you who had a check-up. How absent-minded I am!” 　　24. It can be inferred (推断) from the first paragraph that when the author’s wife heard what her husband told her, she was ______. 　　A. excited B. surprised C. sad D. proud 　　25. The doctor took Edison’s story for example ______. 　　A. to make fun of Edison 　　B. because he liked telling stories 　　C. to show absent-mindedness is common among people 　　D. to make the author laugh 　　26. According to the passage, who was/were absent-minded? 　　A. Only the aut hor. B. The author and the doctor. 　　C. The doctor alone. D. The author's wife. 　　Travelling to China is like travelling to another world. Its many famous beautiful places will make you lose yourself in them. However, it is usually not enough for a traveller only to visit these nice places. If you have time to see the local people, talk with them and even have dinner with a local family, it would be a wonderful experience, to know more about the local people’s life style at home in China. 　　New Hope Travel Agency will arrange (安排) a family visit to Xi’an, an ancient historic city in China. We especially have chosen typical local families to host this activity in which you can see the true living style of Chinese people. Most of the hosts retired (退休) at home, so they are happy to see visitors from different countries to come to their homes.] 　　Not only can we arrange to visit the local family but we can arrange to taste the true home cooked dishes. Our tour guide will ask you for advice about the food you want to eat. Just enjoy the locally cooked dishes. It’ll be quite a different and exciting experience. 　　Our agency also provides a good opportunity for you to learn to cook Chinese food. We have a general cooking class in the local family. If you’d like to learn to cook one or two Chinese dishes, please go to our Chinese Food Cooking Class to choose your favorite dishes. 　　Don’t wait. Welcome to China. 　　27. Where does the writer want the tourist to travel? 　　A. To the local family. B. To beautiful places. 　　C. To the mountains. D. To cooking schools. 　　28. New Hope Travel Agency will arrange a family visit to _______. 　　A. Yan’an B. Beijing C. Xi’an D. Shanghai 　　29. The hosts are happy to see visitors from different countries probably because ______. 　　A. they have retired and have free time 　　B. they want to learn a foreign language 　　C. they want to make some money 　　D. they want to travel to another country 　　30. What can the tourists do during the family visit 　　A. They can learn Chinese from the hosts. 　　B. They can learn Chinese table manners. 　　C. They can learn how to be polite. 　　D. They can learn how to cook Chinese food. 　　In the spring and summer months, thunderstorms are common. ____31____. In thunderstorms, lightning c an strike (击中) people and buildings and is very dangerous. 　　It was reported that a man was struck by lightning when he was making a phone call under a tree. He died at once. You may not know it, but nearly 1,800 thunderstorms are happening at any moment around the world. ____32____. So what should you do during a lightning storm? Scientists say that a person's chances of being struck by lightning are 1 in 600,000. ____33____ . 　　If you are indoors during a thunderstorm: 　　Stay away from anything that is metal because lightning can come into the house through it. 　　Don't stand near the windows. 　　Don't take a shower or bath. Lightning can travel through water. 　　Never use the phone. ____34____. 　　If you are caught in a thunderstorm outdoors: 　　* ____35____. If there's no building around, try to find a low place to stay in. 　　Do not go under a tree because the lightning could hit the tree and travel through the tree to hit you. 　　Never use a cell phone. 　　A. Try to get home as soon as possible. 　　B. Since they happen often, some people don't take them seriously. 　　C. Lightning could travel through the phone line and hit you. 　　D. In fact, many people are killed by lightning every year. 　　E. But you can reduce (减少) those chances by following these safety rules. 　　F. But it is very important for us to learn about lightning. 　　G. Go into a nearby building or car right away. 　　The king’s Elephant-keeper had a Dog, who often went into the house where the king’s Elephant lived. At first the Dog went there to get the ___36___ that was left after the Elephant had ___37___eating. Day after day they became great ___38___. The Elephant began to share his food with the Dog, and they ___39___ and played together. 　　One day a ___40___ saw the Dog. He loved the Dog, so he ___41___the Dog and took him away from the Elephant-keeper. The Elephant ___42___ the Dog and did not want to eat. The next ___43___, the king knew it. He sent his servant to find out why the Elephant was ___44___ in that way.[来　　The servant went to ___45___ the Elephant-keeper, “Why does the Elephant look so ___46___?” The keeper answered, “There was a Dog who was the Elephant’s friend but he ___47___ yesterday.” 　　“Do you know ___48___ he is now?” asked the servant. 　　“No, I do not,” said the keeper. 　　Then the servant went back to the king and said, “The Elephant is not sick, but he is ___49___ without his friend, the Dog. A farmer took him away, but nobody knows where the farmer ___50___.” 　　“Well,” said the king, “I’ll send ___51___ all over the country, asking the farmer to turn him ___52___. I’ll give him as much money as he paid for the Dog.” 　　When the farmer ___53___ this, he turned him loose. The Dog ran back as ___54___ as he could. The Elephant was so ___55___ to see the Dog that he picked him up and put him on his head. 　　36. A. money B. food C. cloth D. water 　　37. A. finished B. allowed C. spent D. forgot 　　38. A. soldiers B. heroes C. friends D. workers 　　39. A. traveled B. ate C. studied D. tried 　　40. A. servant B. keeper C. farmer D. king 　　41. A. trained B. borrowed C. bought D. beat 　　42. A. visited B. met C. welcomed D. missed 　　43. A. week B. day C. hour D. month 　　44. A. acting B. running C. sleeping D. drinking 　　45. A. ignore B. recognize C. ask D. help 　　46. A. clever B. short C. busy D. sad 　　47. A. went away B. came up C. turned to D . came back 　　48. A. how B. who C. where D. why 　　49. A. free B. slow C. lovely D. lonely 　　50. A. walks B. writes C. reads D. lives 　　51. A. wood B. word C. air D. medicine 　　52. A. loose B. quick C. right D. open 　　53. A. felt B. stopped C. imagined D. heard 　　54. A. often B. quietly C. carefully D. fast 　　55. A. glad B. sorry C. safe D. shy 　　I am taught by many teachers in my school. Every subject has a 56 (differ) teacher, but I like my math teacher 57 (well). Her name is Lakshmi, but we usually c all her Ma’am. She is our class teacher, too. 　　Ma’am 58 (join) us last term. She is very kind and her method of teaching is so interesting and simple 59 we all can understand what is being taught. Most 60 (important), Ma’am teaches us with great patience. 61 we do not understand a proble m, she will spend extra time 62 (explain) about it until we understand it. And we can go to her at any time during school hours for help. 　　She also helps us with activities at school. When there is some kind of program, she will be there to help us to get ready 63 the show. Even when we go on a picnic, she takes good care of 64 (we) 　　To me, Ma’am is not only 65 good teacher, but also our best friend. I love Ma’am and I wish her a happy life. 　　第四部分写作(共三节，满分45分) 　　第一节：单词拼写(共10小题;每小题1分，满分10分) 　　66. She had changed so much that I could hardly _________(认出)her. 　　67. She got frightened and excited, but is much _______(镇静)now. 　　68. What we must do is to ________(营救)them from danger at once. 　　69. He is a ________ (可信赖的) friend on whom you can depend. 　　70. At _______(黄昏) the lights of the city come on. 　　71. Shakespeare made use of a wider ________(词汇)than ever before. 　　72. The doctor tried to _______(说服)him to give up smoking, but he wouldn’t listen. 　　73. What is your ________(态度) to this idea? 　　74. The two _________(德国人) and three Englishmen are all my friends. 　　75. Harmful rubbish is usually _______ (埋) deep to protect environment. 　　第二节：单句改错(共10小题;每小题1分，满分10分) 　　76. At the end of a 16th century, about five to seven million people spoke English. 　　77. I would be grateful if you could give me some advices. 　　78. At one point we were so high that we found us cycling through clouds. 　　79. Today the number of people learning English in China are increasing rapidly. 　　80. Ever since middle school, my sister and I have dreamed taking a great bike trip. 　　81. Another time five months before, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. 　　82. Although many Americans move a lot, but they still recognize and understand each other’s dialects. 　　83. Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had destroyed in the earthquake. 　　84. The army organized teams to dig out those that were trapped under the ruins. 　　85. I remember that it was in the classroom where I met Jim. He was reading then. 　　第三节: 书面表达(满分25分) 　　1. 年龄; 　　2. 学习情况及英语水平; 　　3. 兴趣和特长; 　　4. 性格特点; 　　注意：1. 词数100左右; 　　3. 开头语和结束语已写好，不计入总词数。　　Dear Sir/Madam, 　　____________________________________________________ ___________________________ 　　I’m looking forward to your reply. 　　Yours sincerely, 　　Li Ming 　　语法填空：56. different 57.best 58. joined 59. that 　　60. importantly 61. When/If/Whenever 62. explaining 　　63. for 64. us 65. A 　　单词拼写 66. recognize 67. calmer 68. rescue 69. reliable 　　70. dusk 71. vocabulary 72. persuade 73. attitude 74. Germans 75. Buried 　　单句改错：76. a---the 77. advices—advice 78.us—ourselves 　　79.are—is 80 dreamed of 81.before—ago 　　82.去掉but 83. had∧been 84 that---who 　　85. where--- that 　　Dear sir/Madam, 　　I learned from the newspaper that your company needs an English secretary. I'm really interested in this position and hope I can work for you. 　　I'm 18 years old and will be graduating from Shuangliu Foreign Languages School this July. I'm an excellent student, among the top 5 in my class of 50 students. I'm good at English, especially spoken English. I often use the computer and I type very fast. In my spare time, I read a lot. Poems are my favorite. I enjoy music very much, too. Being an active young person, I like sports and outdoor activities. Besides, I'm easy to get along with and I like to make friends. 　　I'm looking forward to your reply. 　　Yours sincerely, 　　Li Ming ALL Rights Reserved
Believe it or not, the climate of a wine is present in the glass if you know the specific things to look for. It all begins with the color. Let’s take a look at two obvious examples to illustrate the principle. The first is a white wine that is very light in color, almost greenish in hue, and probably grown on young vines in cool temperatures. This would be very distinct from a full-bodied red, dark in color, and heavy in fruit, which is most likely from an established vineyard in a warm climate with lots of sun. There are some rules of thumb and some easy signs to help you out. Using the simple rule that more alcohol means more sun, we can look at the legs in a glass to help us determine the climate—slower legs can mean more alcohol and that can hint at more sun. Conversely, under-ripe wines can have leafy flavors, tart qualities, and higher acidity that over the ripening process would soften and dissipate in their intensity. It should be notes that there are just general rules and exceptions abound. Take for example the confounding case of Old World Cabernet vs. New World Cabernet. Depending on where it’s grown, the most prolific varietal on earth can show very different shades of itself. In the cooler microclimates of Bordeaux, more acid comes forward and the tannins are chewier, and more pronounced; while in the warmer temperatures of Napa and western Australian those attributes are softened to be rounder, more integrated, and less acidic. Both styles are delicious in their own right but they make identification that much more difficult. As we continue to explore the New World, developing new vineyard lands on virgin terroir, we will certainly encounter all new climates to identify without continually evolving palates. The news is good though—you can study vineyard maps, vintage charts, familiarize yourself with the nuances of each varietal, research annual weather patterns, compare Old World wines to New, but if you really want to know what’s in a glass, the answer is simple…taste, taste, and taste some more! Leave a Reply
More results for Creole Creole languages linguistics Britannica.com. Creole languages include varieties that are based on French, such as Haitian Creole, Louisiana Creole, and Mauritian Creole; English, such as Gullah on the Sea Islands of the southeastern United States, Jamaican Creole, Guyanese Creole, and Hawaiian Creole; and Portuguese, such as Papiamentu in Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao and Cape Verdean; and some have bases in multiple European languages, such as two creoles found in Suriname, Saramacca based on English and heavily influenced by Portuguese and Sranan based on English and heavily influenced by Dutch. strength and conditioning training Vessel details for: CREOLE Yacht IMO 8229901, MMSI 249630000, Call Sign 9HB4909 Registered in Malta AIS Marine Traffic. YOU ARE USING AN OUTDATED BROWSER. It is limiting your browsing experience. Please upgrade to a modern browser. Cookies and local storage help us deliver our services. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies and local storage. what is grey hat seo Cajun vs. Creole Food What is the Difference? Over the years the term Creole grew to include native-born slaves of African descent as well as free people of color. Typically, the term French Creole described someone of European ancestry born in the colony and the term Louisiana Creole described someone of mixed racial ancestry. online vpn Learn About Creole Cuisine Concepts, Authentic New Orleans Cuisine. with all of the bells and whistles, we have the perfect venue for you. Daiquiri Bars Cafes. Special Event Venues. Join Our Family. Creole Cuisine Restaurant Concepts participate in E-Verify. Learn more about E-Verify and your Right to Work. Creole Cuisine Restaurant Concepts 2017. optimise search engine Cajuns and Creoles Experience New Orleans! Cajuns aren't' Creole, and a Creole isn't' a Cajun. Creoles as an ethnic group are harder to define than Cajuns. Creole" can mean anything from individuals born in New Orleans with French and Spanish ancestry to those who descended from African/Caribbean/French/Spanish heritage. what is conditioning Creole definition and meaning Collins English Dictionary. A Creole is a person of mixed African and European race, who lives in the West Indies and speaks a creole language. A Creole is a person descended from the Europeans who first settled in the West Indies or the southern United States of America. mini split heat pump Creole Definition of Creole by Merriam-Webster. Rhyming Dictionary: Words that rhyme with creole. Spanish Central: Translation of creole. Nglish: Translation of creole for Spanish Speakers. Britannica English: Translation of creole for Arabic Speakers. Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about creole. Comments on creole. What made you want to look up creole? Creole travel Services. These include a personal reservations agent for hotel bookings, personal Creole Exclusive representative, fast track services at the airport, exotic flower garlands upon arrival, assigned Creole Exclusive. Creole Travel Services offers groups corporate groups of 15 to 1 000 people a collection of exiting and creative proposals, whether they wish to effectively entertain their clients, develop networking relationships, improve team communication or simply enjoy group atmosphere. What's' the Difference Between Cajun and Creole? The simplest and shortest but probably least relevant definition of Creole" is born" in the colonies" In early sources from the Louisiana colony, you'd' see references to Creole horses considered stronger because they were born and raised in the Louisiana heat, for example. Creole Wikipedia. Creole language, a language that originated as a mixed language. List of creole languages. English-based creole languages. French-based creole languages also termed Bourbonnais creole or Mascarene creole in western Indian Ocean islands. Creole music, a genre of folk music in Louisiana, the United States. Contact Us
[ jump to a language at random ] Ancient Hebrew Ancient Hebrew was the language of the early Jews from 2000 to 500 BCE It was used for the Jewish Bible (the Christian "Old Testament"), which is why it's also called "Biblical Hebrew", and is still used as a liturgical language. See also Modern Hebrew. [the four essential travel phrases] Language information at Wikipedia and Ethnologue Writing system information at Omniglot and Wikipedia Alternate names for Ancient Hebrew include Biblical Hebrew, Old Hebrew, and Classical Hebrew The four essential travel phrases in English: 1) Where is my room? 2) Where is the beach? 3) Where is the bar? 4) Don't touch me there! Do you have a language or dialect to add? Did I get something wrong? Please let me know... contact information
City of Montreal looking at taking fewer plane trips, reducing carbon footprint The mayor of Montreal says the city will be doing its part to cut down on the number of business trips on planes and to reduce its carbon footprint. Mayor Valerie Plante said they'll start purchasing carbon credits whenever elected officials or bureaucrats travel on city business. That's about 150 trips a year. Plante said they'll be re-evaluating those travel plans. "How can we limit or diminish the number of plane rides versus other ways of going around?" said Plante. Plante said they'll also be looking at ways of cutting back on the number of trips by plane, something she already does for her own business travels. "All trips are important, or missions. But at the same time, they do cost money for Montrealers, it does create a lot of greenhouse gas emissions. As well, also, this idea of work-life balance, (is) something to consider," said Plante. The credits will be reinvested into educational projects teaching children about reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Plante will take about 40 plane trips this year, including one to Buenos Aires last week. Her predecessor Denis Coderre took about 60 such trips a year.
Case studies: Low level behaviours Tyler is out of his seat wandering around Module 5 The aims of this unit are: 1. To introduce and use a ‘small steps’monitoring approach to improve Tyler’s levels of organisational skills. 2. To return Tyler to settled ‘on task’behaviour. 3. To introduce a simple reward and behaviour monitoring system to raise level of attainment and achievement. Tyler participates quietly during the introduction and the lesson starter activities. When he is expected to sit and work independently he is constantly up and about, moving around the class. He is back and forth looking for equipment, finding his books, sharpening pencils and dealing with a messy pen. Constantly on the move, his work output is always minimal.
Vitamin D is essential for bone health Vitamin D is necessary for most people’s bone health and to protect against osteoporosis . Multivitamin for Men ReviewVitamin D plays a critical role in regulating bone health. Vitamin D promotes the absorption of calcium in the intestine as well as the activity of bone building cells. It helps to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood and strengthen the skeleton. Your body requires vitamin D to absorb calcium. Children need vitamin D to build strong bones, and adults need it to keep bones strong and healthy. When people do not get enough vitamin D, they can lose bone, have lower bone density, and are more likely to break bones when they are older. About 10 million Americans already have osteoporosis, and 34 million are at risk. Contrary to popular belief however, low intake of calcium is not the primary cause of osteoporosis. While Americans have the highest calcium intake in the world, we also have one of the highest hip fracture rates in the world. The standard American diet causes much of the consumed calcium to be lost in the urine. Excess salt, caffeine, sugar, and animal products leach calcium out of bones and promote urinary calcium loss. In contrast, vegetables, beans, fruits, nuts, and seeds are rich sources of calcium and other important minerals, and do not promote the urinary excretion of calcium. A three cup serving of raw, chopped greens – like kale, bok choy, or collards – provides the same amount of calcium (or more) as one cup of whole milk. Only 32% of the calcium in the cup of cow’s milk can be absorbed by the human body compared to about 50% for many green vegetables. Medical studies show vitamin D is more effective than calcium for treating osteoporosis. The main source of vitamin D is from exposure to sunlight. Vitamin D3 is formed by the action of sunlight (UV light) on the skin. A deficiency of vitamin D can contribute to osteoporosis because without it, calcium will not be fully absorbed by your body. The most natural way to obtain vitamin D is through sun exposure, but because of indoor jobs, our climate, and skin cancer risk it is virtually impossible to achieve optimal levels of Vitamin D from sunshine alone. Vitamin D supplementation is necessary for most people. Vitamin D is found in small quantities in a few foods (eg fatty fish -salmon, herring, mackerel, liver, eggs, fortified foods). However adequate vitamin D is unlikely to be achieved through diet alone. People who do not get enough vitamin D should consider taking a supplement to keep your bones health. Multivitamin for men is combined with vitamin D, calcium and all essential vitamins and minerals you need. The Multivitamin for Men is the ultimate health supplement for today’s man. Vitamin D may decrease Parkinson’s disease risk Low levels of vitamin D are associated with cognitive decline New studies show low vitamin D levels may link to cognitive decline. Think of the health benefits of vitamin D, and you’ll probably think of bone strength. In recent years, however, the evidence that vitamin D affects more than just bones has mounted; cardiovascular disease, cancers, stroke, depression, and metabolic disorders have all been linked to low vitamin D levels. A new review adds cognitive decline and dementia to that list. This goes way beyond preventing rickets! It even goes beyond vitamin D as an immune stimulator. The authors report that participants with Alzheimer’s had significantly lower vitamin D concentrations and that mental status scores were higher among participants with higher vitamin D levels. Many factors affect vitamin D concentrations: skin pigmentation, age, genetics, sun exposure, geographic location of the participants, and time of year. Also, cognitive decline and aging may affect vitamin D levels through dietary and behavioral changes. In the brain, vitamin D has protective functions by regulating genes, directing nerve growth factor, controlling neurotransmitters, and clearing amyloid plaques (a hallmark of Alzheimer’s). A British study, presented at the Alzheimer’s Association’s International Conference in Honolulu (July 2010) showed that older men and women with low levels of vitamin D are nearly four times as likely to have problems with their memory, attention and logic. A related report, also published July 2010 by some of the same researchers, in the Archives of Internal Medicine had similar results. It reported that older men and women with low levels of vitamin D don’t do as well on tests of reasoning, learning and memory as those with higher levels. Participants completed interviews about their health history, had medical examinations, provided blood samples and took tests measuring thinking skills at the start of the study and again after three years and six years. The analysis reveals that compared with participants who had sufficient vitamin D levels, those who were severely deficient experienced a substantial decline in thinking and in executive function—the ability to organize thoughts, make decisions and plan ahead. And in case you are wondering: the authors say that the link between vitamin D deficiency and cognitive decline persisted even after adjusting for diet, health and other factors! Do you know that Multivitamin for men gives you much of what you need in a day, including vitamins D? Better get some Multivitamin for men and start taking it, before you forget why you should! Get enough vitamin D to raise testosterone level
Prebiotics and Your Pet's Hapiness Prebiotics and Your Pet's Hapiness Posted By: Ockert Cameron Published: 21/11/2016 Times Read: 2134 Comments: 0 By definition, prebiotics are a type of non-digestible fibre compound. Just like other high-fibre foods, prebiotic compounds - including the kind found in foods like garlic, Jerusalem artichokes, jicama, dandelion greens and onions (for humans only) - pass through the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract and remain undigested [ref], since the human and canine body can’t fully break them down. Once they pass through the small intestine, they reach the colon, where they’re fermented by the gut microflora. Prebiotics are best known as a type of fibre called “oligosaccharides” [ref]. Today, when researchers refer to “fibre”, they’re speaking about not just one substance, but a whole group of different chemical compounds found in foods, including fructo-oligosaccharides, other oligosaccharides (prebiotics), inulin and polysaccharides. Originally, prebiotics weren’t classified as fibre compounds, but recently research has shown us that these compounds behave the same way as other forms of fibre. Today, prebiotic carbohydrates that have been evaluated in humans largely consist of fructans or galactans [ref], both of which are fermented by anaerobic bacteria in the large intestine. As reported in Bacteria in the Gut: Friends and Foes and How to Alter the Balance, by R. A. Rastall [ref], using prebiotics is an attractive alternative to the feeding of probiotics, because one can avoid the drawbacks of using probiotic bacteria;- such as maintaining viability. Prebiotics can be incorporated into a wider range of products and are stable to heat treatment, not that this is highly relevant in our raw feeding philosophy. Unfortunately, there is relatively little work published on the use of prebiotics in companion animals [ref]. Most of the research to date has focused on lactosucrose and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS). Based on R.A. Rastall's research, the combination of a probiotic with a prebiotic to support its viability and activity has been termed a synbiotic [ref]. The use of prebiotics relies on the adaptability of organisms. Population size (i.e. how many there are of any one type of organism) depends on several factors, including the total amount of food available and the competition from other species of organisms. If one organism can adapt itself to take advantage of a situation that other species cannot, then it will thrive while other species decrease. This is termed "adaptability". In the case of the gut flora, a feature common to the beneficial bacteria is their ability to ferment fibre as we stated above. Pathogens and putrefying bacteria seem less able to do this, so the presence of ferment-able fibre will encourage an increase in beneficial bacteria and a corresponding decrease in pathogens. Conversely, a poor diet tends to favour the increase of pathogenic bacteria. Prebiotics are substances that are able to alter the gut flora in favour of the beneficial micro-organisms. Ferment-able fibres and in particular fructooligosaccharides (FOS) (also sometimes called oligofructose or oligofructan), are the most effective prebiotics in modifying favourable gut populations and metabolic effects in the gastrointestinal tract. The effect of probiotics on the gut flora may only be temporary if beneficial populations are not able to multiply faster than the pathogens. Prebiotics lay the foundations for more permanent manipulation of the gut flora by encouraging growth and development of beneficial populations, while limiting the development of pathogens. For maximum effect we recommend considering both pre- and probiotics by using a probiotic supplement along with an adequate supply of ferment-able fibre in the diet. Manipulation of the gut flora by diet to encourage the growth of beneficial populations has several results including: • Inhibition of harmful bacteria with corresponding reduction in toxins, carcinogens and putrefactive substances; • Stimulation of the immune system; • Increase absorption and utilisation of nutrients; • Increased synthesis of vitamins; • Improved stool characteristics; • Increased production of the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), acetate, butyrate and propionic. SCFAs are used as metabolic substrates (building blocks) by body tissues and are rapidly absorbed into the epithelial cells of the colon where they are utilised or passed into the blood stream. Butyrate, the end product of the fermentation process, is known to be an important fuel for colonocytes (cells within the colon) in some species and may also be important to dogs. Although fermentation by bacteria is most likely to occur in the colon, some fermentation does take place in the small intestine and dogs fed a diet containing ferment-able fibre usually have large and heavier than normal small intestines with a corresponding increase in mucosal (a layer in the stomach that form part of its defence system) and absorptive surface areas, which together have beneficial effects for your fur kids. Bacterial populations in the gut require nitrogen for growth. Some of this will come from your fur kids’ diet, but an important source of nitrogen for bacteria in the large intestine is blood urea diffusing (process managed by the liver) into the bowel. It is then broken down by enzymes (ureases) and used by the bacteria for protein synthesis. This bacterial protein eventually passes out of the animal in the faeces. High populations of bacteria therefore reduce levels of blood urea and lessen the need for it be excreted through the kidneys, so we can add a reno-protective role to the list of benefits of ferment-able fibre in the diet. Better Gut Health and Improved Digestion As noted by Dr. Josh Axe, prebiotics wind up stimulating the growth of beneficial bacteria (often called “probiotics”) that colonize our gut microflora. Since they act like food for probiotics, prebiotic compounds help balance harmful bacteria and toxins living in the digestive tract, which has numerous health implications, including improving digestion. Research has shown that higher intakes of prebiotic foods can increase numerous probiotic microorganisms [ref], including Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, L. reuteri, bifidobacteria, and certain strains of L. casei or the L. acidophilus-group. One of the benefits of having good bacteria in the gut is that they’re able to use fibre from the foods that we eat, which would otherwise be non-digestible, as a source for their own survival. As our gut bacteria metabolize otherwise non-digestible fibres from foods, they produce those short-chain fatty acids that help us in many ways. The canine gut operate with similar attributes. • diarrhoea (especially after taking antibiotics); • certain intestinal infections and chronic disorders like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis; • symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); • inflammatory bowel disease; • leaky gut syndrome; • Candida virus (common in humans). Enhanced Immune Function and Cancer Protection A large number of human intervention studies have demonstrated that dietary consumption of certain prebiotic-containing food products can result in statistically significant changes in the composition of the gut microbiota that help improve immunity [ref]. The “prebiotic effect” has been associated with modulation of biomarkers and activities of the immune system, including a reduction of the concentration of cancer-promoting enzymes [ref] and putrefactive (bacterial) metabolites in the gut. In humans, some of the ways these can enhance immunity include offering prevention or treatment of urinary tract infections, vaginal yeast infections, digestive disorders, colds and the flu, cognitive disorders, and even cancers, including colon cancer. We assume that due to the similar nature of the canine digestive system, similar findings would be published if some day more research of this nature becomes available for our fur kids. Often associated with toxic load, colon cancer is an example of a pathology for which a possible role of gut microbiota composition has been hypothesised. Many studies show a reduction in the incidence of tumours and cancer cells [ref] after consuming specific food products with a prebiotic effect. Lower Inflammation Prebiotics can help lower inflammation, which is one of the root causes of diseases, including human's number one killer: heart disease. People consuming more prebiotics, and in general eating a high-fibre diet, tend to have healthier cholesterol levels and lower risk markers for cardiovascular diseases. Again, without the substantive scientific studies into the canine digestive system and associated health, we have to assume that due to the similar nature of our systems, we will be able to observe similar findings. Protection of Bone Health A 2007 study published in The Journal of Nutrition found that prebiotics enhance the absorption of minerals in the body, including magnesium, possibly iron and calcium. All of these are crucial for retaining strong bone bones and preventing fractures or osteoporosis [ref]. In one study, just eight grams of prebiotics a day was shown to have a big effect on the uptake of calcium in the body that led to an increase in bone density. Did You Know? Natural Tripe is the most natural prebiotic available for your fur kids today. Make sure that you include a meal of tripe at least once a month, if not every week, to ensure that your fur kids obtain all the necessary goodness available from the tripe meals. What is tripe? Tripe - the magical mystery meat that dogs crave and humans fear! Tripe seems to be the line in the sand drawn between beginning raw feeders and the “been there, done that” old pros. If you are among the uninitiated, then you will find feeding tripe to be a real treat, as will your fur kids. Not only will tripe provide immense health benefits for your fur kids, it will catapult you to the rank of seasoned raw feeder, just one rung below raw feeders who scoop road kill off the road and tote it home in their trunk to proudly offer as a gift for their furry charges! Tripe is the stomach of a ruminating (grazing) animal including cows, game and sheep. The unique stomachs of ruminants have four chambers which systematically break down grasses with a slew of digestive enzymes, gastric juices and amino acids. Why does it have to be green? The same digestive enzymes and beneficial bacteria that help the ruminant animal digest foodstuff will do the same for your fur kids. Think how much money you can spend on digestive enzymes and probiotics in a bottle and those same wonderful, natural substances are in abundance in green tripe. Cooking destroys digestive enzymes, so it is important that your dog’s tripe is not only green, but raw. If your fur kid eats a cooked or commercial diet, then he may be suffering from enzyme deficiency. The signs of this can include anxiety, lack of energy, chronic diarrhoea and digestive problems, gingivitis, viral and bacterial infections and yeast overgrowth. If your fur kids suffer from any of these disorders, consider the value of adding green tripe to his diet or increasing the amount you currently feed. As we stated in the introduction, the gut is populated by hundreds of different kinds of bacteria or microflora which are divided into the “good guys” and the “bad guys”. The “bad” bacteria are those responsible for health complaints and some of their members include e- coli, salmonella, campylobacter and listeria. These are the bacteria contained in foods and the environment that could potentially make your fur kids sick: if it weren’t for the protection of the “good” bacteria. The good bacteria improve immune function simply by out- numbering the bad bacteria and maintaining a healthy microflora in the gut. Green tripe is loaded with Lactobacillus Acidophilus , one of the bacterial “good guys”. Your fur kid’s gut can only feed so many micro-organisms, so the more “good” bacteria he consumes, the less “bad” bacteria will find anything to eat in his gut and they will get crowded out. Many health issues are caused by imbalance in the microflora. Older dogs are especially prone to this as they tend to have lower levels of beneficial bacteria in their guts. Supplementing your fur kid’s diet with lots of raw, green tripe will help him maintain a healthy balance of microflora, manufacture more B vitamins, and prevent many health disorders. The Bad News? ... The rumours you heard are true: tripe stinks! However, if you are really serious about your fur kid’s health, you will get past the smell. Instead of thinking about the horrific smell, think about all of the great stuff tripe will do for your fur kids. Don’t worry, those dry-heaves will go away with time! Other Sources of Prebiotics ... The best alternative natural sources of prebiotics include (if you don't see your way through with tripe): • acacia gum (or gum arabic) • raw chicory root • raw Jerusalem artichoke • raw dandelion greens • raw garlic • raw leeks • raw jicama • raw asparagus • under-ripe bananas Why then, a natural diet? Probiotics and prebiotics are also added to some foods artificially and available as dietary supplements. While many food manufacturers now produce foods that are “high in fibre”, many use isolated fibre sources that are difficult to digest; some might even have mild laxative effects. Therefore, getting fibre and prebiotics from whole, real foods is always going to be your best option for your fur kids and yourselves. Supplementing with a quality probiotic supplement that also includes prebiotics can be beneficial too, but this shouldn’t take priority over feeding a balanced, healthy natural raw diet to your fur kids. Additional Articles and Videos Good reference articles & videos further reading available at: • "Prebiotic effects: metabolic and health benefits", by Roberfroid M, Gibson GR, Hoyles L, McCartney AL, Rastall R, Rowland I, Wolvers D, Watzl B, Szajewska H, Stahl B, Guarner F, Respondek F, Whelan K, Coxam V, Davicco MJ, Léotoing L, Wittrant Y, Delzenne NM, Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Meheust A, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (PubMED) • "Fiber and Prebiotics: Mechanisms and Health Benefits", by Joanne Slavin, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota PubMED) Products related to this post Related Posts Write Comment
Open main menu Medial pontine reticular formation The medial pontine reticular formation (MPRF) is a part of the human brain located in the pons of the brainstem (specifically the central pontine reticular formation). It plays a critical function in the generation of REM sleep. Role in REM sleepEdit GABAergic neurons of the MPRF are activated by Acetylcholine (released by the Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus), and in turn activate cells in the basal forebrain -- namely the Dorsal raphe nucleus (which produces serotonin) and the Locus coeruleus (which produces Norepinephrine).[1] This activation will stimulate cortical activity, which is characteristic of the low amplitude / high frequency EEG patterns observed during REM sleep. As well, lesions of the MPRF will cause a great decrease of REM sleep. 1. ^ Purves, Dale (2012). Neuroscience (5 ed.). MA: Sinauer Associates. pp. 635–638. ISBN 978-0-87893-695-3.
Celebrate Pi Day by Learning the Secret of the Circle Reading Time: 2 minutes Materials needed • A compass or two different sized round containers from which to trace around the bottom • A sharpened pencil • A ruler • A calculator • Long lengths of heavy string or yarn • Scissors to cut the string Follow these steps to discover the secret of the circle. Tip: Use a compass to draw two different sized circles. It’s best to draw them of drastically different sizes. 1. Lay out the length of string around the outside edge of the first circle, cutting it to fit precisely once around the outer edge. 2. Now measure the length of string using the ruler and record this measurement as the circumference of the large circle. 3. Draw a line through the center of the large circle and extend it to the edges of the circle. This is the diameter. 4. Measure the diameter of the large circle using your ruler and record this number as the diameter of the large circle. 5. Now, calculate the ratio of C/d (circumference divided by the diameter). A calculator is best for younger students so that they understand the concept of Pi even if they haven’t yet learned division. 6. Repeat these steps for the smaller circle. The secret of the circle is that no matter what size circle you start with, dividing the circle’s circumference by its diameter (C/d) always yields Pi! Note that this activity will likely not yield precisely Pi because of the somewhat crude measuring techniques. However, repeating this exercise for many different sized circles reveals the pattern that holds the circle’s deepest secret. Further reading Here is a bit more information on Pi. Wikipedia’s Pi information. I found this lesson in one of my favorite math teaching aids, ‘Math Wizardry for Kids‘. Enhanced by Zemanta
Pyramidal base found in Mexico City Pyramidal base found in Mexico City. milenio 650-year-old temple found near Tlatelolco 70% of the structure, found on the site of a supermarket, remains preserved Excavations at a recently unearthed archaeological site in Mexico City have revealed the presence of a temple, just 100 meters away from the greater Tlatelolco archaeological zone. The discovery consists of a 1.2-meter-high circular pyramidal base measuring 11 meters in diameter, part of a temple once dedicated to Ehécatl-Quetzalcóatl, the Aztec deity associated with the wind. Erected 650 years ago, the 70% of the structure remains preserved where it lies buried three meters deep. The local volcanic rock tezontle was used in its construction, with a plaster finish. The remains of the Aztec temple are located on the grounds of what was a supermarket, demolished in 2014 to make way for a commercial center. Given the archaeological potential of the area, officials from the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) maintained close communications with the mall developers so archaeologists could be involved in every step of the demolition and excavation process. Once the first hints of the rock base were detected, INAH began a controlled excavation using archaeological techniques, explained the director of the Tlatelolco archaeological zone, Edwina Villegas. The relevance of the discovery in the context of the Mexica-Tlatelolca culture was such that the construction company ceded to INAH the 300-square-meter piece of land where the pyramidal base was found. In addition to the Ehécatl-Quetzalcóatl temple, several vestiges of archaeological interest were unearthed during the excavation, explained Edwina Villegas. “We found a basket that contained the skeleton of a newborn child, maguey thorns, bird bones, capstans, incense burners and pieces of obsidian and pottery,” she said. “We weren’t expecting to find this pyramidal structure. Given its magnitude and degree of preservation, it was decided to leave it exposed, giving the community a chance to get a glimpse of our past,” said the national archaeology coordinator of INAH, Francisco Sánchez Nava. In order to preserve the discovery while having it on display, INAH will protect the area with an “archaeological window.” “In order to protect the pyramid, a wall will be built around it . . . a ramp and a railing will also be set, allowing the public to see at least half the temple located along Flores Magón avenue,” explained Villegas. Prominent Mexican archaeologist Eduardo Matos Moctezuma said the relevance of the recent discovery resides mostly in the fact that it provides yet another piece of the great puzzle that is the pre-Hispanic city of Tlatelolco. Matos said it is hard to determine the true extent of what has been called the Tlatelolco Ceremonial Center, currently made up of 67 pyramidal structures, although close to 40 more have been detected under nearby streets. Just two meters away from the unearthed pyramid base, construction of the shopping enter continues with the excavation of a six-meter-deep parking lot. Source: Milenio (sp) Reader forum
Thanks, The PowerAthleteHQ.com Team Nitrogen Balance: Be Positive You should be eating a high protein diet. Remember, when we say “protein” we are talking about foods that had a face, mother our soul. If it didn’t run, swim, slither or fly, we’re talking about salad ingredients. We’ve told you the importance of choosing animal over plant protein for health and performance, battling through hordes of social media soy lovers. The only thing we enjoy more than eating muscle is building it! To do so, a super model’s portion of protein just won’t cut it. If your goal is to get stronger, bigger, leaner, more powerful, you need a positive nitrogen balance. So, cook up a steak and tuck in because you’ll want to level up your carnivorous character after reading this one. Nitrogen, the big letter N from the poster in high school chemistry class is essential for growth and reproduction. One’s nitrogen balance is measured by their nitrogen intake versus nitrogen output. Having a positive nitrogen balance means you have consumed more nitrogen than you have excreted. A positive balance is associated with pregnancy, growth, and anabolism. Incongruently, a negative nitrogen balance is associated with serious tissue injury, fasting, and catabolism. When energy is expended without proper nutrient refueling, a negative energy balance will occur causing the loss of vital muscle tissue and potentially damage the organs. Over time, this could result in the body using its own blood to assist internal organs. A negative nitrogen balance has such a profound impact on the human body it can be seen clearly in the extremely bloated stomachs of malnourished children in third world countries. While all macronutrients contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, only protein contains the nitrogen molecule and you need to eat a surplus of it to negate the impact of training. Your body uses protein to repair tissues, as well as to make enzymes and hormones. Protein is also the building block of skeletal muscle tissues, bones, cartilage, hair, skin, nails, and blood. The average Joe and Jane need protein just to make sure everything above is in working order. If you’re an athlete who is training for a sport, or someone who works out regularly, your protein needs will far exceed those of the general population due to the stress and breakdown of muscle tissue through intense training. While caloric needs will largely depend on the type of training you are doing and your athletic goals, we typically start people eating 33% of their daily calorie calories in the form of animal based protein. With this approach of high protein intake, we can ensure all protein needs are met. So, it makes sense that eating enough protein should tip the scales in favor of a positive nitrogen balance, right? Well, yes and no. It’s not enough to just eat protein. You also need to also make sure you are eating enough carbohydrates and fat to supply energy. If your diet is high in protein but severely lacking in the other macronutrients, protein will be used for energy thus robbing your muscles of the amino acids they need for growth. To get your nitrogen balance up, you’ll need a diet high in protein but also well balanced with carbohydrates and/or fat. To put your nitrogen balance on the plus side, you’ll also need adequate sleep and rest. As covered in previous articles, sleep is crucial for performance. If you’re training repeatedly without adequate recovery, your body could use an excess protein you had stored for growth to provide energy for the next workout. Simply put, if you want to grow, and grow you must, you need plenty of rest to make sure your body is using protein towards a positive nitrogen balance. You likely never knew in high school chemistry that the table of elements you were memorizing held the key to muscle growth. Nitrogen, a molecule found in the protein we eat must be consumed in excess of what we utilize if we want a positive nitrogen balance. A positive nitrogen balance is associated with growth and anabolism and necessary for optimal muscle performance. If growth is what you’re after and a positive nitrogen balance is what you need, than a high protein diet is going to get you there. So, if you want a body that shows off your hard work in the gym put more dead animal on your plate and get your nitrogen balance on the plus side! Tyler Minton Nutrition Coach at Power Athlete Latest posts by Tyler Minton (see all) Leave a Reply
Currently, I have my webpage set to Unicode/UTF-8. When trying to display a special character (for example, em dash, double arrow, etc), it shows up as a question mark symbol. I cannot change these characters to the HTML entity equivalent. How can I circumvent this issue? • What is your source code file encoded in/where does the content come from? – deceze Jan 19 '12 at 7:06 A question mark in a lozenge, �, indicates a character-level error: the data contains bytes that do no represent any character, according to the character encoding being applied. This typically happens when the document is declared as UTF-8 encoded but is really in iso-8859-1, windows-1252, or some similar encoding. Windows-1252 is a common default encoding used by various programs on Windows platforms. So you may need to open the file in your authoring program and re-save it as UTF-8 encoded. If problems remain, please post the URL. Posting the code alone is not sufficient, since the character encoding is primarily specified in HTTP headers. If you see a question mark in a small box, then it might be a font-level problem (lack of glyph in the fonts being used), but this would be very rare for common characters like the em dash. Different browsers have different ways of indicating character- or font-level problems. • Side note: depending on the font it might also be a white rectangle or a question mark in a rectangle. – Joey Jan 19 '12 at 7:33 Make sure your document is set to the correct character encoding in the actual code editor, as well as in the doctype. Both are necessary. I spent hours trying to tweak HTML when the only problem was that I needed to set the text setting in Coda. <meta charset="utf-8"> See the following screenshot: enter image description here Make sure your characters are actually UTF-8 characters. They will probably look something like this: ® or U+0020 http://www.kinsmancreative.com/transfer/char/index.php is a handy site for finding the decimal values of commonly used UTF-8 special characters if you need a reference. Your Answer
Mars rover Curiosity updates February 14, 2013 It’s been a hot minute since I mentioned the Mars rover Curiosity. She’s been slowly but surely working her way across Gale Crater, stopping to take photos along the way and investigate anything interesting she comes across. Recently she came across this bizarre-looking rock protrusion that looks a bit like a shiny door handle or knob: Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech It was a pretty interesting and puzzling find, but NASA scientists think they have an explanation. Indeed, it’s not a knob or hood ornament, nor is it made by aliens. A much more logical explanation is uneven weathering and erosion. For the full details head over to Universe Today. But in short, Ronald Sletten from the Mars Science Laboratory team at NASA/JPL explained in a press release that the object is a small part of the rock that is different in composition from the rest. The shiny part is made up of a harder type of rock than its surroundings. Since the surface of Mars is home to lots of dust/wind storms, there is quite a bit of wind erosion, and the softer surrounding rock erodes aways much faster than the harder rock. The shininess is also a by-product of erosion- certain types of rocks have a tendency to become smooth and shiny from erosion rather that just being blown away. NASA also posted a PDF with some good photos comparing the Mars image to similar phenomena on Earth. What I’m wondering is- what is that harder part of the rock made of? Why is there? Are there any other formations like it nearby? I know that on earth some volcanic rocks have a smooth & shiny appearance, so could this be a chunk of volcanic rock that was flung from an eruption and landed in water, then moved to its current location by fast-moving water and deposited in a muddy area that subsequently hardened into sedimentary rock? Maybe more theories will come out soon. In other Curiosity news, the final instrument yet to be used/tested was the percussive rock drill. The drill was successfully tested and then used on Feb. 8th to drill the hole seen on the left in this image: Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS The rover has now successfully tested all of her science instruments and everything is working perfectly. A sample of the pulverized rock was taken, and will be analyzed in the days to come. This rock is suspected of having been altered or eroded by flowing water on the surface many millions of years ago. I’m looking forward to seeing what they find to confirm (or deny) this theory and what else is learned about Mars’ watery past. 5 Responses to “Mars rover Curiosity updates” 2. �sze. Na ostatek reflektory gasną, – Wózki widłowe Stilol Nie inaczej ϲo jest, ruchy, wózki widłowe Toyota ruchyl – dobiega w ogonie granda głuchy w tej chwili odległоścią, – Chcecie po ttej stronie, wywłoka, pełną noc wzdrygać ѕię?! Głośniejszy warkot diesla, światła zawracającej сiężarówki, wydobywająz ciemności w żaden sposób cielsko zabudowań ոa drugim brzegu. Aktualnie jes dozwolone wyprostować przygarbione plecy, W definitywnej sekundzie, kiedy snop reflektora pr. 3. here Says: Second, classified ads could be the typical part of an newspaper in places you see job postings, for rent or for sale ads plus a host of similar advertisements. The discussion above offers 3 suggestions that can help to present new life for your posting efforts. 4. If you want to publish your resume inside former manner of the two choices, this is that which you would do. Since the main focus of the blog building process would be to develop a strong following for your site it really is vital to understand what readers look for in the content you post. 5. Says: Jones uses the idea from the “iron core” as the continuing cause for his later arguments. e and youngsters to fend for themselves, but what sort of parent thinks about himself before thinking of his child. An indirect quote can be a paraphrased or rephrased writing of actual words spoken by persons interviewed:. Preparation: Teachers must collect enough newspapers for young students to be employed in Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
If you've reached a certain age in life, you'll probably remember the first time that, in total horror, you plucked a grey hair from your head while looking in the mirror. Going grey is a completely natural part of the ageing process, and it happens to most of us, but it can still be a shock to see your beloved natural hair shade changing colour over time. Why does hair turn grey? The idea that stress turns your hair grey is a myth. In fact, hair doesn't 'turn' a specific colour overnight. Once a hair follicle produces hair in the scalp, the colour is set for the rest of its growth. To understand why hair goes silver, it's important to understand why it has colour in the first place. The answer lies in a a special type of cell known as a melanocyte, which produce melanin pigments as they grow into the hair fibre. It's not stress that turns hair grey Melanin comes in two forms, eumelanin (black or brown) and pheomelanin (reddish-yellow). Combinations of these two create the spectrum of natural human hair colours that we're all familiar with: Blonde, brown, black and red. "Melanin-producing cells at the base of each hair follicle feed pigments through to the hair root," says Dr Sarah Brewer, Healthspan medical director (healthspan.co.uk) and author of Eat Well, Look Great (Eddison Books, £13.99). "If you produce red melanin, you will have gold, auburn or red hair, while black melanin produces shades of brown or black, depending on its concentration." As we get older, the pigment-producing melanocytes in our hair follicles gradually lose their ability to create melanin. When there are fewer pigment cells in a hair follicle, a strand of hair will appear more transparent as it grows, appearing grey or silver in colour against your natural hair colour. Can my diet help? Experts believe that a good diet can help to ward off the white. "Premature greying of hair has, in particular, been linked with a lack of certain B vitamins, folic acid or copper," says Brewer. Eating certain foods, including avocados, delays the onset of grey hair according to some experts. She suggests upping your vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid or pantothenate, to safeguard your locks - "It's found in wholegrains, beans such as edamame, lentils and beansprouts, vegetables such as broccoli, dark green leaves, avocado and tomatoes." Incorporating good sources of vitamin B12 can be helpful too, like liver, kidney, oily fish - especially sardines - red meats, white fish, eggs and dairy products. "Reishi, the mushroom of immortality, boosts blood flow to the peripheries and promotes the growth of healthy, glossy hair." It's an ancient Chinese remedy for premature hair greying, and is usually drunk as a herbal tea. It can be bought in most health food shops. Brewer says that a good general rule is to follow a wholefood, nutrient-rich diet - avoid processed, convenience foods, and those with a lot of added salt to keep hair in good nick. George Lamb explains those sex faces he's been pulling in the park (all while looking FIT) George Lamb If you do want to dye your hair, it's always a good idea to be mindful about what you're applying to your body. "Chemicals found in hair dyes can often irritate skin and cause allergic reaction," warns Brewer.
Where does cashmere come from? Where does cashmere come from Learning that cashmere comes from a goat probably does not add to its intrigue. Knowing however, the many steps that are taken to obtain that very special fiber may actually increase its appeal. These particular goats have a double fleece that has two distinct layers. One is very soft and is the undercoat. The outer or guard coat is much more coarse. In order to produce cashmere, the goat must be de-haired. This will allow the undercoat to be used in the production of cashmere. The Kashmir or down goat is the source of the down that is used to produce the fiber for clothing and other textiles. The production of cashmere is primarily done in China and Mongolia. The northwestern provinces of China which includes Inner Mongolia, among others and Mongolia itself are the primary countries that produce this luxurious fabric. The large amount of goats in that area allows the production of this high end export that is vital in the economical status in some of the provinces. These specialty fibers such as cashmere are collected during the molting season, which occurs each spring. The animals will naturally shed their winter coats. Most of the molting begins in March and continues through May. In Mongolia and China the hair is removed by hand with a comb. The coarse hair is removed and used for things other than the production of textiles. It is often used in brushes and other functions other than apparel. By using this hand combing method, there is a greater yield of the pure cashmere. Shearing of the goats mechanically results in a more coarse fiber and lower cashmere production. Mongolia produces over three thousand tons of cashmere each year. The total annual production of all countries that produce cashmere is between fifteen and twenty tons. China is the primary source, Mongolia is the second largest producer. This number includes the total yield from the goats. Pure cashmere, which has all of the coarse fiber removed, yields about 6500 tons each year. The cashmere is dyed and spun into yarn that will be woven into textiles and made into apparel. While the natural colors of cashmere are white, brown and gray, the process of dying will produce a huge variety of colors that can be used. Of the five hundred grams of fiber that is produced by each goat, only 150 grams are the luxurious underdown. There are two different types of cashmere. Virgin cashmere is that which has not been processed in any way. It has not been dyed or woven into textiles and is experiencing it for the first time. Recycled cashmere are fibers that are reclaimed from scraps that were either felted of woven and may or may not have been used by consumers around the world. This amazing fabric is worn with style and pride. It is soft and comfortable and will produce a lot of warmth during the chilly spring and autumn evenings and very warm during the winter months. It is an investment in your apparel, but well worth it if you consider the quality and the durability of the well cared clothing or blankets that result. Return from Where does cashmere come from to Cashmere Expert Return from here to Cashmere Directory
A solar storm on its way to Earth could mean the Northern Lights might be seen from the UK on Saturday night, forecasters have said. The Met Office said the phenomenon, known as the aurora borealis, may be visible in Scotland. Skies in Glasgow and Edinburgh are forecast to be cloudy on Saturday night, but there could be breaks long enough to reveal the lights. Further north, in the Scottish Highlands, or east, in Dundee and Aberdeen, the sky is likely to be clearer. Bonnie Diamond, meteorologist at the Met Office, said: "A Coronal Mass Ejection has happened and the effects of that are expected to arrive later tomorrow evening. "This type of active geomagnetic storm means that there is the possibility of the aurora borealis, commonly known as the Northern Lights. "Whether or not you will see the Northern Lights depends on where you are and what the weather is like. Scotland is where you're most likely to see it. "There's a couple of showers on the west coast of Scotland on Saturday evening, and with those showers there will be a bit of cloud. "However, the clearest skies are further east in Aberdeenshire, where there are plenty of clear skies. Further north, you're pretty likely to see something." NOAA, an American agency that monitors the atmosphere, said the Northern Lights could be visible as far south as Michigan and Wisconsin in the United States.
How Nutribullet Can Help Children’s Health? Natural fruits and vegetables are packed with nutrients that are necessary for the health of individuals. Nutribullet has specially created keeping in mind the extraction of nutrients from these food items. When you process food in this super extracting machine you can get the complete benefit of the nutrients in the food items. How Nutribullet benefits Kids? Kids require special nutrient supply as their body and mind grow at very fast pace. Lack of essential nutrients can hamper their growth and also causes various body ailments. The problem with kids is that they do not like most of the things which are healthy because of issues with taste. But when you use the Nutribullet super extractor to offer healthy and yummy drinks to your kids with fresh fruits and vegetables, you can be assured that they get the following benefits : • Enhanced Nutrition: As already discussed, growing children need lots of nutrition that helps them to grow stronger and healthier. Consuming fruits and vegetables through NB would prevent anaemia among picky eaters and offers a good amount of nutrition to help kids stay healthy. • Lowers obesity: These days kids love to gorge on junk foods which are unhealthy that leads to obesity. You can offer your kids with the yummy and delicious nutriblast drinks that are made with fruits and veggies that have zero calories. • Promotes Digestive Health: When your kids consume fruits and vegetable in the juiced form by NB, they can have a better digestive system as it can ease issues like constipation among kids. Vegetables and fruits are rich in fiber and can help in regular bowel movements. • Helps in better performance: When you give your kids the energizing drinks made with nutribullet, it can improve their academic performance. This is because the healthy drinks with fruits and vegetables can offer good nutrition and make your kids think and perform better. • Promotes healthy mental growth: Lack of nutrients at childhood can lead to slow mental development too. Vitamins, minerals and other health-promoting nutrients present in juices made by nutribullet can help in filling the gap. Nutribullet recipes for Kids Peanut butter banana milkshake This recipe provides the necessary proteins and vitamins that growing children need. This recipe will ensure that children do not have to be given vitamin supplements and it will also take care of the protein requirements. Take 1 banana, 1-2 teaspoons of peanut butter, 2 scoops of Greek yogurt, ½ cup of non-fat milk or milk substitutes like almond milk or coconut milk. Add all these ingredients into the Nutribullet and extract. To make this recipe more interesting, you can add a dollop of whipped cream. This milkshake tastes like a peanut butter sandwich which is something that kids love. This recipe is also rich in nutrients that are necessary for the growth of kids. Cacao nibs are extremely delicious and nutritious and yogurt is a great source of protein and other nutrients. Your kids would love the taste and you will be satisfied that you have provided them with some important nutrition. 1 cup non fat vanilla Greek yogurt, 1 cup berries like strawberries, blueberries and raspberries, ¼ cup of cacao nibs and a dollop of whipped cream that is optional. Put all the ingredients in the Nutribullet and extract. Serve the recipe chilled for better flavor, surely kids will love it as much as they do ice cream. Rainbow blast Usually, it is difficult to make kids eat nutritious vegetables like kale and cabbage. However, this recipe is such that it will make kids drink it up quickly. Take some kale and savoy cabbage, 1/3 frozen banana, 4-5 frozen cherries, 4-5 mangoes, a little coconut water ½ Nutribullet cup of almond milk and cold water to the maximum line and extract. Healthy candy With this delicious recipe, you can make children get the benefits of vegetables like spinach and carrots that usually kids shy away from. This recipe has a mesmerizing candy flavor that would make your kids love spinach dearly ! Take ½ cup spinach, ¼ cup shredded carrots, ½ cup blueberries, 1/3 cup diced pineapple, 4 strawberries, 5 green grapes, ½ pear, ½ cranberry juice. You can add more cranberry juice if necessary and extract. When you prepare these delicious recipes using your nutribullet, you can be assured that your child gets the essential vitamins and minerals and a balanced diet even if they do not eat their lunch or dinner properly. Last Updated on ReviewsWorthy Team We will be happy to hear your thoughts Leave a reply
Skip to main content The Supreme Court’s Public and the Public’s Supreme Court ISSUE: Summer 1976 THIS essay has two related themes, which will be considered in inverse order from their appearance in its title. The first is the problem of making the Supreme Court of the United States and its justices accessible and understandable to the public at large. The second is the problem of ascertaining the proper audience to which Supreme Court decisions should be directed. Both themes are suggested by the recent publication of Richard Kluger’s important book, Simple Justice (Knopf, $15.95), a history of the Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education, outlawing racial segregation in the public schools. Brown’s impact, Kluger rightly senses, was not confined to schools, nor even to race; it reaffirmed and gave concrete meaning to “the inherent equality of mankind.” After the unanimous dictates of the Court in Brown were pronounced, one could argue, it did not matter what Americans thought about race relations and racial superiority and inferiority; they had, in their public lives at any rate, to act as if human beings really were created equal. Over time, so runs the argument, thinking one way and acting another becomes a strain, and finally one shapes thoughts to actions. All people become equal because the law, personified by the Supreme Court, says they must be so regarded. Conformity to law finally becomes conformity to a different way of thinking, But the Supreme Court, Kluger shows, was acutely aware of the controversial nature of racial segregation, anxious to avoid offending large segments of the public with its decision, and as concerned with the immediate practical consequences of a holding invalidating segregated public schools as it was with the juristic rationale for the holding itself. The external politics of the Brown decision illustrate that judge-made law in America commands respect but does not necessarily compel obedience. If sufficient numbers of the public profoundly disagree with a judgment of the Court—the Dred Scott case, for example—the judgment will not stand, Brown changed the character of American public education not simply because the Supreme Court said that racial segregation in the public schools was “against the law” but because the Court correctly understood that most Americans, on reflection, would find the public practice of racial segregation antithetical to fundamental ideals of the nation. If the Supreme Court’s relation to the American populace, then, is more reciprocal than might sometimes be thought—if the Supreme Court needs the public as much as the public needs the Supreme Court—how can the two entities better understand one another? Surveys and polls continually reveal that although the office of Justice of the Supreme Court perhaps commands more public respect than any other, very few Americans know who sits on the Court at any given time, what functions the justices perform, or what the Court’s decisions mean. Conversely, service on the Court tends to protect the confidentiality of a justice, sharply limit public access to him, and discourage him from seeking public contacts. Roughly speaking, it seems as if the public at large cannot fully understand the Court, nor can the Court fully understand the thoughts and feelings of the public. How, then, can the two entities effectively interact? Simple Justice dramatizes the interaction of law with the movement for black equality in modern America. Three literary analogies to Simple Justice come to mind, Simple Justice is like a Homeric epic in its slow progression of stories within stories, intermingling finally with one another in a grand and heroic climax. It is like a 17th-century morality play in its recurrent insistence that the values of decency and humaneness can and should triumph. And it is like a Victorian novel in its skillful interplay of personal and social themes, its threads of plot and subplot that are finally bound together. Seldom, in my view, is so value-oriented a piece of scholarship so successful as an historical contribution. There are quarrels lawyers or historians could pick with Kluger’s perspective: he characterizes 19th-century judges as “liberals” or “conservatives,” using these terms in their 20th-century sense; he occasionally reads cases loosely and thereby evaluates decisions as speaking more broadly and decisively than they were likely intended. One senses Kluger is not really too concerned with the technicalities and qualifications of legal and historical scholarship: his purpose is to dramatize, and he is willing to oversimplify a little to maintain the emotional intensity of his narrative. Brown was an unusual case in that it affected many more persons than an ordinary Court decision, was written—deliberately, as Kluger points out—in a much less “legalistic” tone, and received widespread publication outside the normal channels through which judgments of the Court are communicated. It was also, unlike many other controversial Warren Court cases, a decision touching the nerve fibers of American society and exposing that society’s basic contradictions. The juxtaposition of race and equality has been a central issue of American civilization since its origins; it remains such; Brown purported, at one level (“law”) and in one context (public elementary schools), to assert that equality transcended race consciousness. Consequently the public had a strong need to understand Brown and to relate to it. One could argue, in fact, that the primary roadblock to the Brown decision was a sense on the part of several justices that the public would not comprehend a decision that racial segregation in public schools was impermissible and would therefore not accept it. Brown, then, because it was a case to which so many Americans needed to relate, is an especially good subject for a narrative that seeks a wider audience than the usual Court-watchers and commentators. But the question goes beyond Brown: in seeking to relate to a particular Supreme Court decision can the public relate to the Court at large? Three public impressions of the Court suggest themselves, each with its own germ of an insight. One is that the Supreme Court is “nine people”; a second that the Court is “a branch of government”; a third that the Court is “the supreme law of the land.” Simple Justice deals most fully with the first and the third, only sparingly and not altogether successfully with the second. Each impression, taken alone, is an inadequate description of the Court. In combination, and with some added reflection, the three may capture its essence. Much of Kluger’s narrative could be said to stand for the proposition that although the Supreme Court is composed of nine people, it is “really” made up of far more. The scenario of Simple Justice contains the activities of hundreds of persons over vast amounts of time. It includes not only blacks, such as Reverend Joseph A. Delaine, who turned to the courts to challenge segregated practices, but lawyers for their cause, such as Spottswood Robinson and Thurgood Marshall; social scientists, such as Kenneth Clark, who helped in the litigation; lower court judges, such as John Parker, Waties Waring, and Collins Seitz, who passed on the constitutional validity of segregated public schools; and advocates on the other side, such as Lindsay Almond and John W. Davis. It takes in judges—Lemuel Shaw, Samuel Miller, Henry Billings Brown, John Harlan the Elder—who considered questions of racial segregation throughout American history. It includes law clerks to the justices who sat for the three years of arguments surrounding Broion and its companion cases. The sweep of Kluger’s narrative seems designed not merely to set standards for exhaustive research, but to make a broader point: the process of a Supreme Court decision involves many more individuals than those who are publicly identified with the result. The additional individuals not only take part in the decision-making process; they help shape the outcome. Aggrieved blacks in the 1940’s had the fortitude to seek remedies in the courts. Lawyers agreed to represent them and shaped arguments that they intended to persuade judges. Judges searched for pronouncements of other judges on similar matters as authorities to follow, disagree with, or disregard. Judges talked to their law clerks and digested the latter’s research. Judges read the newspapers and tried to ascertain the tolerance of public opinion for change in the area of race relations. The nine Justices who finally decided Brown were not deciding alone. The Supreme Court may be isolated from partisan politics, and its members may even on occasion be out of touch with contemporary attitudes, but its decisions cannot fairly be reduced to the idiosyncratic judgments of nine men. Yet the personnel of the Court at a given time surely makes a difference in the outcome of decisions. Regardless of the swirl of outside pressures surrounding a justice as he enters the conference room to discuss and vote on a case, his presence there, as opposed to the presence of some other individual, is important. Therein lies the germ of truth in the public impression that the Court is “nine people.” Kluger argues in Simple Justice that the death of Chief Justice Vinson in the summer of 1953, and the subsequent appointment of Earl Warren to succeed to the Chief Justiceship, was decisive in the outcome of Brown. Vinson had been wedded, though not exclusively, to the principle of segregation; he had influenced the views of others, such as Justice Clark. Warren was not similarly wedded and had the advantage of being regarded as a former public official and politician with his “finger on the nation’s pulse.” Warren’s presence, for Kluger, not only tipped the scales in favor of the eventual result in Brown but ultimately secured unanimity for the decision. I shall have more to say in the latter portion of this essay about the difficulties of determining the precise interplay of personalities in the Supreme Court’s decisions. At this point it suffices to note that while the Court cannot fairly be equated solely with “nine people,” the interaction of its nine members strongly affects its decisions. “Interaction” on the Court is nonetheless not simply the agreements and disagreements of individuals. It is also discussions between persons who hold the highest office of one of the principal branches of American government. Here one confronts the “branch of government” perception of the Court, which suggests that the Court’s decisions are not so much the judgments of persons as they are the pronouncements of a permanent and continuous American governmental institution. There is something to be said for this perception, to which Kluger gives only slight attention. Justices on the Court are continually seeking to square their decisions with the extant judgments of their predecessor Courts. In the discussions of Brown, for example, a most serious argument for maintaining the existence of racially segregated facilities was that a prior Court had sustained their constitutionality and nearly 60 years had passed without that Court’s judgment being invalidated, On the surface, institutional continuity may look simply like blind adherence to the past. A Court that slavishly follows precedent, one might assume, imprisons the law in time. But institutional continuity is not so much an appeal to history as it is an appeal to the mystique of American governmental bodies, who are designed, in theory, to serve the public rather than to promote the interests and values of those who are associated with them. The Supreme Court is peculiarly vulnerable to the charge that it does not serve the public because of the undemocratic character of its appointments process and the life tenure of its members. If the Court is not somehow distinguishable from its current occupants—if the institution itself has no identity over time—then law becomes equated with idiosyncratic judgments by people on whose actions there is no effective political check. Thus Justices take seriously matters of institutional continuity and feel strongly the constraints on their actions that come from a sense of association with the Supreme Court of the United States. Some Justices, such as Felix Frankfurter, try to make a sharp distinction between their personal sympathies or antipathies and their judicial obligations; others, such as Earl Warren, find such a distinction artificial. No Justice functions, however, without a sense of holding an office in the American system of government and being bound, to some extent, by the traditions of that office and by public expectations about its performance. Brown was a difficult case not because arguments for maintaining segregation were humane or fair or just, but because they represented the majoritarian legal and social thinking of six decades, and they had been regularly, albeit sometimes grudgingly, accepted by the United States Supreme Court. A rationale for overruling the legal and social principle of Plessy v. Ferguson, an 1896 decision sustaining the constitutionality of “separate but equal” racially segregated public facilities, was hard to find, not simply because of indecisiveness among some of the Warren Court’s members about the value of integrated public schools, but because of the strong weight afforded institutional continuity in Supreme Court decisions. Among those justices who had difficulty finding a rationale to overrule Plessy was Robert Jackson, who worried, Kluger maintains, that an overruling would undermine respect for “a supposedly stable organic law.” Jackson’s fear, while partially directed at the theme of institutional continuity, was also directed at a third public image of the Court, that it is “the supreme law of the land.” Earl Warren was also cognizant of this perception, Kluger believes, and may have shared it. “You did not “work out something” with the decrees of the Supreme Court,” Kluger characterizes Warren as thinking, “you obeyed them. That is what a government of laws meant.” On reflection, this public perception of the Court, like the prior two discussed, needs refinement. “Law” in America is, of course, much more than the pronouncements of nine justices or one institution. Other institutions make law, and some—Congress most notably—can legislate Supreme Court decisions out of existence. The Supreme Court may be, since Marbury v. Madison, the ultimate interpreter of the Constitution, but state legislatures, through the amendment process, can change the Constitution’s text. A corpus of officials is charged with enforcing the Court’s decisions and may, according to some evidence, retain an unchecked discretion to deviate from them if they choose. A Court decision outlawing prayers in public schools has not fully had that effect; another insisting that criminal suspects be fully apprised of their rights while under police custody has apparently been only indifferently implemented. Irate Presidents, from Jefferson through Nixon, have considered refusing to comply with Court decrees or have allegedly refused outright. Andrew Jackson has for years been associated with the ultimatum, “John Marshall has made his decision (one favorable to the interests of the Cherokee Indians and hostile to those of Jackson), now let him enforce it.” Jackson apparently never made such a categorical statement, but the possibility of noncompliance with a Court decision always exists. The Court is an institution charged with a responsibility to make authoritative pronouncements about what the state of a current branch of the law is. Its pronouncements carry great weight, and, as indicated, speak well beyond the time in which they are made, but they are not “the law” unless the American public, in the main, accepts them as such. Overwhelmingly insensitive or unpopular Court decisions never achieve the legitimacy necessary for public acquiescence. Plessy v. Ferguson did, for a time, but less than 40 years after its enactment its fullest meaning—a racially segregated society at all levels—began to be undermined. Thus the Court is the “supreme law of the land” only in a limited sense. Yet the authority of the Court in matters of social controversy remains immense. Habitually Americans have tried to resolve divisive social issues by appeal to legal institutions; historically the judiciary, personified by the Court, has been perceived as the ultimate arbiter of “legal” questions. When competing social attitudes, such as equality and racial prejudice, become issues of constitutional law, as in Plessy and Brown, and when the Supreme Court purports to resolve those issues, its participation has immense social significance. The Court lends all its majesty and dignity to one outcome or another. It says either “segregate with our blessings” or “integrate whether you like it or not.” One may not like what the Court says or even vow to disobey its edicts. But in so doing one opposes a force of great power and stature in American life. Kluger shows in Simple Justice the great importance of the participation of the Court in the civil rights movement, The Court did not initiate the movement, nor was it primarily responsible for the transformation in racial attitudes that has taken place in America between World War II and the present. But the momentum that civil rights received from Brown v. Board of Education was incalculable. The impact of Brown swept away one vestige of racial segregation after another, but recently countervailing forces have collided with the integrationist impulse, producing serious dilemmas that the current Court can no more “solve” than the nation can apparently reach agreement upon. Benign racial quotas in education and forced busing to achieve racial balance are issues on which Americans seem deeply divided at present. In none of these areas has the Court taken a ringing, unanimous stand comparable to its posture in Brown. Perhaps this is because the nine people currently on the Court cannot agree on a stand, perhaps because the judicial branch of government is limited in its ability to make decisions in certain contexts, perhaps because “the law of the land” is not perceived as clear on such issues. What needs to happen for these issues to be satisfactorily resolved is a continuing dialogue between the Court and the nation, so that individual Justices can be exposed to the same swirl of attitudes and arguments that they encountered in considering Brown. To be thus exposed, one might assume, the Supreme Court needs an understanding of the public, just as the public needs one of the Supreme Court. But what is the Supreme Court’s “public”? To whom should Supreme Court decisions be directed? Here the issues seem not so much in need of refinement as in need of initial examination. Who are the classes of persons to which Supreme Court decisions are addressed? Although we may surmise that some decisions, like Brown, affect countless numbers of people, being affected by a decision and understanding it may be two different things. Simple Justice raises the question of the impact of various kinds of publicists in communicating the decisions of the Court beyond their usual circles. In addressing that question I will be distinguishing between three segments of the public, “professional,” “informed,” and “lay,” and between two kinds of publicists, “insider” and “outsider.” The average Supreme Court decision is written for and communicated to a “professional” audience. This audience is primarily made up of persons with legal training and a specialized interest in the Court’s proceedings. The Court speaks to some members of this audience in a precise fashion by resolving a particular controversy in which they were involved. Such persons include the litigants before the court, their counsel, and lower court judges that have passed on the specific legal questions decided. Beyond this group are additional “professionals”: similarly situated litigants or potential litigants for whom the decision gives guidance; practitioners whose future advice to clients is affected by the decision; law professors who address the decision in the course of their scholarship or teaching. Most cases decided by the Supreme Court communicate almost exclusively to this group. Other decisions of the Court, especially those in the area of constitutional law, may be perceived as having wider applicability. The Court’s decision finding the practice of compulsory prayers in public schools unconstitutional, for example, affected not only the individual litigant in the case, his counsel, lower courts, and the specialized bar, but also numerous school children, their parents, and educators. But did those classes of persons understand the decision? In such cases the question of multi-leveled communication is squarely raised: can the Court write for more than one audience? In one sense the answer to that question is no. The reasoning of a Supreme Court decision is necessarily technical, involving an analysis of legal source materials communicated in legal language, Persons not trained in the law can not easily fathom intricacies in legal reasoning. Indeed, a widely shared perception of legal reasoning is that it is “lawyer’s gobbledegook,” and there is some truth in the perception. Like other professions and guilds in American society, lawyers and judges have a distinctive vocabulary and a distinctive mode of reasoning. The patterns of that reasoning are not always intelligible to laymen. Yet surely another audience exists for Supreme Court decisions: those persons without legal training who attempt to keep informed on contemporary issues and who take an interest in the social or political implications of Supreme Court decisions. Being “a branch of government” and “the supreme law of the land,” the Supreme Court is associated with politics and social life in a broad sense. Its decisions are widely characterized as “liberal” or “conservative,” as “progressive” or “reactionary,” and even as “right” or “wrong.” These characterizations are frequently made by “informed” non-lawyers: representatives of the media, writers, politicians, government officials, academicians. Such characterizations may be noted and appraised by the constituents of these various groups—the archetypal “laymen” who buy books, read newspapers, listen to influential people, and help create “public opinion.” Brown v. Board was a decision deliberately intended to reach beyond the professional audience of the Court. Chief Justice Warren’s opinion in Brown was written in simple, almost colloquial language. It was short enough to have its complete text published in newspapers. Kluger maintains that Warren intended the opinion to be “readable by the lay public, non-rhetorical, unemotional, and above all, non-accusatory.” The opinion had, Kluger feels, a “bleached-out quality” to its language, and a “thinness of legal materials.” James Reston said the opinion read “more like an expert paper on sociology than a Supreme Court opinion.” Although Brown represents the exceptional Supreme Court decision rather than the ordinary one, it starkly presents communciation dilemmas faced by the Court. How does the Court reach beyond a professional audience and yet retain its stature as a learned professional institution? How does it speak to the public in a comprehensive way without appearing to give over-simplified solutions to complex issues? How can its reasoning be both emotionally directed—through appeal to unifying values like “good citizenship” or universal bogeys like “inferiority”—and intellectually rigorous? The short answer to these questions is that the Court cannot simultaneously communicate to the “professional,” “informed,” and “lay” segments of the public with perfect success. Its pithy aphorisms and catch-phrases (“three generations of imbeciles is enough”), (“one-man, one-vote”) conceal complexities and suffer under intense academic analysis. Its technical masterpieces—some of the opinions of Justice John Harlan II come to mind—are sometimes incomprehensible even to “informed” nonlawyers. But the appropriate communication standard, it seems, can be something short of perfection. Indeed, it may be more important for the Court to take cognizance of its “informed” and “lay” audiences than for it to actually reach them. For the principle behind communication efforts is not to make everyone a lawyer (surely ample numbers exist) but to justify the Court’s power. The Court seeks public understanding because it seeks public legitimation of its decisions; otherwise its authority is eroded. Having limited enforcement powers, no political base, and few purse strings—little save its authority—the Court must justify its stature through its reasoning. If its communication is unpersuasive or unintelligible, its stature may be threatened. Given the technical nature of Court decisions and the imperatives of communication, the Court is forced to rely in part on publicists. Some of these publicists are hired by the Court: its press staff, its Clerk’s and Marshal’s offices. The latter two offices “publicize” by serving as liaisons, respectively, between the bar and the tourist public. Among the functions of the Clerk’s office is to apprise counsel and other interested parties of the state of the Court’s docket; among the duties of the Marshal’s office is to provide public tours of the Supreme Court building and to allow the public limited access to oral arguments while the Court is in session. The above “insider” publicists are privy, in varying degrees, to confidential information about Court personnel and procedures. They are not expected, by and large, to communicate this information to the public; they are expected, rather, to communicate only that information which is deemed appropriate for public consumption. Like other high-level governmental officials, the Justices of the Supreme Court are screened from the public by their staffs, and information released about their activities by “insider” publicists is selected information. Here one notices a trade-off common to public life in high circles: a public “right to know” about the activities of notable figures is recognized and catered to, but balanced off against the needs of such persons for privacy in their working and private lives. In the case of Supreme Court Justices a need for privacy is thought to be particularly acute since the Court is expected to be aloof from partisan strife and justices are expected to make “independent” decisions. Another set of “insider” publicists is the law clerks who serve as research aides to individual Justices. Calling such persons “publicists” may seem anomalous, since the task of a law clerk, ostensibly, is to aid a Justice in the preparation, not the dissemination, of an opinion. But the law clerks have traditionally been regarded as serving a broader function. They not only give a Justice access to the services of a person with supposed intellectual ability; they allegedly give the Justice access to contemporary ideas. Law clerks normally serve for only a year and are comparatively recent law school graduates: they arguably reflect contemporary waves of educated legal thought. According to this hypothesis, clerks may have a fuller sense than a Justice for the contemporary impact of a decision, or they may be, by virtue of their age, able to view delicate political judgments from a different perspective, Kluger surmises that Barrett Prettyman, Justice Robert Jackson’s clerk for the 1953 Term, was highly influential in persuading Jackson to suppress a concurring opinion in Brown. Whether law clerks actually help the Court expand the range and impact of its opinions or merely reinforce the views of the Justices they serve is a question whose answer undoubtedly varies from case to case and which is not, on balance, very significant. Of greater interest, for present purposes, is the fact that law clerks have the same limitations of confidentiality placed upon them as do other “insiders.” These limitations are made quite explicit: a clerk is not to reveal privileged information to which he has access during his tenure. The confidentiality limitation informally extends beyond the duration of a clerkship; former clerks are normally cautious about discussing the details of their past service with a Justice. The tradition of confidentiality sometimes puts former clerks and other “insiders” in the awkward position of believing they may know “the truth” about a particular episode in the Court’s history but being enjoined from contradicting erroneous accounts of that episode. Beyond the “insider” publicists previously described are “selected” insiders: journalists or academicians granted access to otherwise privileged information for the express purpose of revealing that information to the public. Sometimes the information is in the form of a “leak,” designed to have contemporary impact; sometimes it serves to provide a biographer or historian fuller background to the career of a Justice or to the work of a particular Court. Justices have taken radically different views on the use of selected insiders. Chief Justice Marshall himself wrote a defense of McCulloch v. Maryland under a pseudonym; Justice Story used the Court’s Reporter, Henry Wheaton, to disseminate copies of Story’s opinions to private persons; Chief Justice Stone granted Alpheus Mason access to intraCourt memoranda to aid in the preparation of a biography. Chief Justices Hughes and Warren, on the other hand, attempted to maintain confidentiality about the Court’s internal business and refrained, in autobiographies, from giving particularized accounts of their tenures. Countless “outsider” publicists of the Court exist: commentators in the popular press; academicians writing on a selected aspect of the Court’s performance or on the contributions of individual justices; educators seeking to describe the Court in any of its perceived roles. A distinction between “insider” and “outsider” publicists may be thought of, at first blush, as serving no purpose. If the Court needs to communicate its work to the public, and yet is limited, by the nature of its work, to communication to a very narrow audience, should it not welcome other publicists who can expand that audience? Should the precise access of the publicist to information emanating from the Court matter? After all, the purpose of a Court decision is to resolve a point of law and to advance reasons why the resolution has taken a particular form. If the reasons are circulated for public appraisal, why does it matter who circulates them? The difficulty, of course, is that American society has fos’tered the development of hierarchies of persons with “expertise” or lack thereof on contemporary issues, and has regularly attributed expertise to those with “inside” information. Thus in writing Simple Justice Kluger has not only set out to humanize the Brown decision but also to establish his credentials as an “insider” publicist. He has sought to do this by not only reading a great deal of the available popular and contemporary literature on Brown and the issues it raised but also by interviewing as many participants in the Brown decision as he could. Kluger attempts to create, along with a strong impression of what the Brown decision means to contemporary American life, an equally strong impression of the way Brown was: the “inside” story of the decision. This writer, while applauding Kluger’s high professional standards as a historian and a journalist, and while admiring his zeal and persistence, finds the “insider” stance of Simple Justice troublesome in places. Its difficulty stems from the apparently skewed focus it sometimes creates for readers. Instead of savoring the symbolic meaning of Brown—something no legalistic commentary on the decision can adequately capture—a reader is invited to ask what “really” happened “inside the Court” in the Brown case. And that inquiry, in this writer’s view, is nearly irrelevant. Can one ever “know” the connection of circumstances that produces a unanimous Court decision? Can one ever be sure which Justices took what positions in conference, or changed their votes, or suppressed dissents or concurrences, or made private deals? And does it matter? Kluger gives an account of the internal deliberations of Brown which is well reasoned and documented. He identifies some Justices as supporting and others as originally opposing the eventual outcome of Brown. He characterizes the various positions of the opponents and sketches a narrative of their eventual capitulation to the majority view, as expressed in Warren’s opinion. On two separate occasions this writer, while a law clerk at the Court many years after Brown, heard accounts of the deliberations that differed from Kluger’s. Other scholars have advanced hypotheses about the deliberations that are different still. But whether one chooses to accept Kluger’s account or those of others seems beside the point. Brown was a decision that confronted the Court with the possibility of profound change; it was a case laden with moral overtones; it was not easily “settled” one way or another by constitutional language. Such decisions inevitably produce uncertainties among some Justices and strong feelings among others. In the expression of these uncertainties and feelings complexities of personal relations come into play, Many years later “what happened” becomes elusive; it was never clear to start with. Each Justice brought his individual perspective to Brown; for each the meaning of the decision was not quite what it was for the others. The “way it was” inside the Court’s conference room in the Brown discussions consisted of a composite of thoughts and feelings that can never completely be recaptured, nor can the subsequent actions and thoughts of the participating Justices. Major historical events all have this quality; their “reality” is not completely reproducible. In suggesting that Kluger’s effort to describe “what happened” in Brown is not, and cannot be, completely authoritative, I do not mean to indict Kluger. He has succeeded, within his own limitations of access, in producing a plausible “inside” history of the case; contemporary Americans are fascinated with “inside” accounts of famous events; Kluger’s focus thus gives his book a wider appeal and thereby supports what I take to be his major task, that of universalizing the process of a Supreme Court decision by stressing its human elements. In this capacity Kluger is a superb “publicist” for the Court, for he shows that Supreme Court Justices, like the rest of us, make decisions as human beings, regardless of the constraining factors of their office and the technical requirements of their profession. The civil rights movement affected the nine Justices in Brown, at one level, in the same manner that it affected most other Americans: that is, it forced people to ask themselves why the accident of race should be a criterion for keeping some human beings forcibly separated from others. The answer the Brown justices gave to this question made more impact than the answers of numerous other people because of the multiple roles of the Supreme Court in American life. But the fundamental importance of Brown is that the question was asked. The symbolic meaning of Brown is thus primarily its human dimension, what it says about living in America. In stressing this dimension Kluger has done justice to the decision and to the Court, The Court’s “public” is therefore ultimately Americans as humans; the public’s “Court” is ultimately an institution composed of nine people who claim the power to affect our current definitions of humanity. Communication between the Court and the public, although fraught with complexities and difficulties, is essential because human beings are united in their humanity yet differentiated by their social and institutional roles. If the humans composing the Court are to wield greater power than most others in America, and are nonetheless incapable of surrendering their humanity, it would seem that they ought to advance some reasons why this power rests in them and not in others. Every time the Court makes a decision, then, it implicitly justifies its power. Thinking of the Court as “the law of the land” or “a branch of government” may help some Americans tolerate that power, but the Court is “nine people,” too, and nine singularly powerful people. Legitimacy is thus the recurrent quest of the Court. Legitimacy follows from the involvement of the public in Court decisions so that the decisions are largely accepted and followed, not so much because of the authority of the Court, but because of a general belief in the principles for which the decisions stand. The Court therefore needs to tell the public, as fully and carefully and clearly as it can, what its decisions stand for. Many times, because of its professional status, the Court cannot easily make such communications. But if no one does, the public is forced to rely on the Court simply because of its authority. In a period in which the accountability of authoritative institutions seems necessary for their successful functioning, blind public faith in the Court seems highly unlikely. If legitimacy is tied to communication, and if the technicalities of Court communications narrow their impact, it seems that the Court must communicate in other respects. The humanness of the Court, in particular, ought to be communicated. Yet there are difficulties, as noted: the need in the justices for some measure of privacy and confidentiality; the importance of the Court as an institution transcending personalities; the majesty of the judicial branch of government, which stems in large part from its identification with the values of impersonality and detachment. The triumph of Simple Justice is that it humanizes the Court without entirely losing sight of its transcendent institutional qualities. We see the nine Justices struggling with the personal difficulties Brown raises for each of them, and coping with the presence of each other; but we see also, if we look hard enough, their sense of being judges and being members of the Supreme Court of the United States, and, finally, their sense of the symbolic meaning of Brown. Brown, it seems, is a legitimated decision: its general principle of racial equality before the law seems largely accepted in America. A striking indication of Brown’s legitimacy is that the Court’s basic message was communicated to Richard Kluger, who has done his best to justify it in further communication. That seems to be what the process of legitimating Court decisions is all about: unraveling the complexities of Court-public communication to reveal the basic principles of concordance. Legitimacy comes when enough of the public understands, and believes, what the Court has said; it cannot come, in cases of massive potential impact like Brown, until the Court has truly spoken to the public. The “public” and the “Court” may not be entirely comprehensible to one another, but they are nonetheless mutually interdependent. Recommended Reading
From IBWiki (Redirected from Te Pito O Te Henua) Jump to: navigation, search Te Pito O Te Henua National flag and mon of Henua Conventional short name: Local: Henua English: Henua, Easter Island Established: 1808, Agreement of the Seven Akiri (modern monarchy established) Official: Arero Henua Others: Tahitian, Kanawikian, Japanese, Castilian Script: Roñoroño Capital: Oroño (ceremonial), Haña Roa (administrative), Anakena (royal seat) Largest: Hanga Roa Other: Mataveri Area: 63.17 square miles Population: 10,140 Henua (2005 census) King: Ña'ara III Chief Adviser: Ma'oa Petero Currency: pa'una ISO code: he Organizations: Austronesian League, East Asian Federation (observer.) Te Pito O Te Henua is a small, proud island nation in the Southeastern Pacific. Henua civilization goes back a thousand years and can boast of achievements beyond most nations its size, including the colossal stone human statues called moai and a unique, homegrown system of writing, Rongorongo. Te Pito O Te Henua was one of the only Polynesian islands to successfully resist colonization by Europe or Japan, although it did spend forty years as a fully autonomous Japanese protectorate. Today, Henua is a uniquely Polynesian elective monarchy and an increasingly popular destination for tourists. Te Pito O Te Henua means "Navel of the World/Land". Islanders call themselves Ñañata (sing. Tañata) Henua, "People of the Land", and their language Arero Henua, "Tongue of the Land". Most foreigners use the shortened name "Henua" to refer to the nation, people, and language. The modified word "Henuan" is sometimes heard, but considered improper. Batavian explorers named the island Paaseiland, or Easter Island, because they found it on Easter Sunday in 1722. Many Westerners continue to call the nation by a translation of this name (Isla de Pascua in Castilian, Ile de Paque in French, Ostrov Paskhe in Russian, etc.). However, more Westerners are using the name Henua. In some circles, using one of the "Easter" names instead of Henua marks you as someone not familiar with the culture. Most Polynesians outside Henua use the name Rapa Nui, given by Tahitian immigrants in the nineteenth century. This is to avoid confusion with other Polynesian people who use similar names for themselves (The Maori of Aotearoa, for example, call themselves "Tangata Whenua"). Officially the nation does not use any describing words in its name, but foreigners sometimes speak of the State or Kingdom of Easter Island, or even "Kingdom of the Easter Islands", referring to Henua and its tiny "colony" of Motu Motiro Hiva. Henua is an elective monarchy that combines traditional and constitutional elements. Power is shared between the seven 'Ariki, or clan chiefs; the 'Ariki Henua, the "chief of the land" or king; and the elected Council of 21 Advisers, or 'Atua Hatu. This system, in which the clans share power and are constitutionally equal, differs from most Polynesian islands, in which one royal clan has a higher status than the others. The current system was introduced in 1808 after many years of civil war. It put an end to competition for power among the various clans and lineages. Administrative Divisions Basis of the island's administration is the seven clans. Each clan has a home ahu, or shrine, but they are not geographical divisions as clan members are dispersed all over the island. Immigrants have historically been assigned to clans upon getting citizenship, but this is currently under debate. Henua's external colonies, Roaroa and Motu Motiro Hiva, have special statuses. Roaroa has an autonomous local government, while Motu Motiro Hiva has no permanent population (save occasional convicts) but is a royal preserve for seasonal fishing and hunting. A XVIJth-century moai near Hanga Piko Te Pito O Te Henua was settled sometime before AD 1000. Many features of the civilization emerged before 1500, including the moai statues and the beautiful petroglyphic art that became the basis for Rongorongo writing. Overpopulation and waste nearly caused ecological disaster by the mid-sixteenth century. One king prevented this when he declared a tapu, or an exclusive royal right of exploitation, on many depleting resources, including nearly all of the remaining wood supply, all terrestrial birds, and many freshwater springs. Growing clan rivalries led to a period of civil war in the eighteenth century, made worse by European diseases. The famous Birdman competition became the means for distributing political power. The annual Birdman rulers were incredibly cruel and wasteful, so in 1808 the seven Ariki, or clan chiefs, agreed to stop fighting and share power. Thenceforth, each Ariki Henua, or king, would be elected by the chiefs from a clan other than that of the previous king. Slavers from the New Kingdom of Granada threatened Easter Island in the 1860s; the islanders successfully fought them off once. They turned to Japan for protection. The island was a fully autonomous protectorate of Japan between 1876 and 1919. The nationalist King Hakapuna led many reforms in the 1920s-1950s. This included reforming rongorongo to make it easier to learn, instituting many democratic measures, and opposing colonialism internationally. Since the 1970s, life on Henua has been defined by rapidly increasing tourism and immigration. Some of the powers-that-be in Oregon have taken an interest in Henua and are helping to reforest it. Henua location.PNG The central state consists of two islands, Te Pito O Te Henua and the tiny islet of (Manu) Motu Motiro Hiva (called Isla de Sala y Gomez in Castilian), 260 miles to the east. The Roaroa islands are 760 miles away and are a Henua dependency. Nearly all of the inhabitants live on the main island. Henua is one of the remotest inhabited places in the world: the nearest landmass, Pitcairn Island, is 1300 miles to the west, and the coast of Chile is 2200 miles to the east. There are no defined land or maritime boundaries with other nations. Major products Logo of Rapa Nui Ecotours, Ltd. Henua's most important resources are culture, wind power, agricultural products, and wildlife, in approximately that order. Henua's culture and archaeological heritage have made tourism, particularly ecotourism, increasingly important. Rapa Nui Ecotours, Ltd. has become a major economic force on the island. It is jointly owned by the Henua government, some prominent Henua citizens (including three clan chiefs), and foreign investors from other Polynesian nations. Henua is currently developing its underutilized wind resources. Given Henua's windy climate, the wind turbines, once completed, should be able to power every building and car on the island. Henua exports a few agricultural products, including pineapples, bananas, grapes, and coffee. Most export crops are grown by agriculture cooperatives based on co-ops organized by Japanese investors durign the protectorate period. Many Henua also rely on subsistence farms and sea life to some degree. The barter economy has not left the island; many older people can remember the first time they needed to use money. As an intermediate stage between barter and money, Henua has a semiformal system of "traditional exchange media" consisting of cultural objects such as turtle shells and artwork that are used in a way similar to money. The currency is the pa'una, a word derived from the "pounds" used by New England whalers in the nineteenth century. The pa'una is pegged to Japanese currency at the fixed rate of 4 pa'una = 7 lò. The exchange rate went unchanged between 1890 and 1993, during which it was set at 4 pa'una = 6 lò (2:3 rate). The currency was revalued slightly in an attempt to curb local inflation during a period of increasing tourism and demand for imports. Subdivisions: 1 pa'una = 12 peto (from the Castilian "peso") = 120 vunu (from the Japanese "fun"). One interesting coin is the mo'ai, an 800=pa'una coin with an image of a mai statue painstakingly carved from obsidian This coin derives its value from the quality of the artwork as well as its store of Japanese currency. Actual obsidian mo'ai have not been made in decades, but mo'ai, half-mo'ai, and quarter-mo'ai notes continue to be printed in small quantities every few years. Everyone is proud of their culture, of course. The Henua have particular reason to boast. Sitting on the fringes of Polynesia, they have reaped the benefits and curses of isolation and come out the stronger. They are immensely proud of their native civilization, their unique written language, and their unconquered, uncolonized status. The Henua are known for being fun-loving and competitive. A Henua considers it a virtue to be able to make jokes during times of adversity or even tragedy. Henua has a long tradition of literacy and scholarship; indeed, literacy is the basis for citizenship on the island. In 1990, the Education Advisorate realized its long dream of a university of higher education on the island, taught in Arero Henua and using texts in Rongorongo. The Hare Nui te Hangaroa operates as a branch of the University of Pape'ete. The traditional faith is the state religion. Although participation in traditional rites is expected of all citizens, they are free to adhere to other religions. Henua has one radio broadcaster that airs two separate stations: Ratio Te Pito, aimed at adults, and Te Re'o, aimed at youth. Henua has no television. Movies have become popular since the Eighties, when an enterprising group founded a studio to add Arero Henua subtitles to foreign films. Henua has only one newspaper, Te Vaka Ama (The Outrigger). Language and writing The country code sticker for Henua cars features a Rongorongo letter. The national language is Arero Henua. Other than some recent loan words, it is essentially the same as the historical language here called Old Rapanui. Here, modern Rapanui reflects the massive changes to the language caused by a nineteenth-century attempt to evacuate the islanders to Tahiti. The expats and came back home with a language heavily influenced by Tahitian. Rongorongo, Henua's unique native script, emerged in the late eighteenth century after the island's exposure to European writing. An unknown innovator developed a script using symbols from Henua rock art. The script was used mostly for religious texts, myths, and incantations. The system was quite intricate; some glyphs stood for syllables, others for words, others for groups of words. Indeed, the scribes (tuhunga ta) were always making it more elaborate so that commoners would not be able to learn it. Modern Rongorongo was devised in the 1930s by order of King Hakapuna. It is a syllabic script like Cana. It may be standardized so that syllables beginning with the same consonant sound are represented by similar graphemes. Official Henua transliterations exist in the Latin, Cana, and Cyrillic scripts. National symbols Roundel of Henua's very modest air force Important symbols for Henua include its national flag and royal flag. Henua's national flag dates from 1959. The main emblem is the Honu (turtle), which also appears on Henua's air force roundel. The royal flag dates from the eighteenth century. It depicts a sooty tern, traditional symbol of the Tangata Manu or Birdman, on a white field. The moai statues are the most recognizable part of Easter Island's culture. As time has gone by, styles have changed, but they remain an important symbol of royal authority and of the Henua people. Henua's ISO code is he, represented by a single Rongorongo glyph resembling a backward numeral 3. Henua's license plate sticker has the "He" abbreviation in Rongorongo, Cana, and Latin writing. Main website: http://karnell.weebly.com/henua.html News page: http://karnell.weebly.com/news.html TAR flag Members of the East Asian Federation TAR flag Banaba \| Japan \| Micronesian Confederation \| Ralik and Ratak Islands \| Henua (observer) Retrieved from "http://ib.frath.net/w/Henua" Personal tools
Author Archives: 03 Robert Hubbard Maya Bone Skeleton Joint Orientation, Individual research Robert Hubbard Maya Bone Structure : Joint Orientation Joint orientation is an important step to ensure the Maya creation moves and behaves as it should. By default Maya will suggest or automatically set the orientation of the joint based on the information present in the model. This needs to be carefully observed because it is often not correct. Fingers are a great example of this: When you rotate your index finger, the tip of your finger will bend into the first joint of the forefinger. Sometimes when you first set up the hand joint, the finger joints might each have an imperfect joint orientation. The result is that they curl off at an odd angles, the forefinger might curl into the middle finger’s first joint. This is odiously a problem for a functioning hand model, and the orientation must be fixed. When you first begin working with a joint you need to ensure the X,Y, and Z axis are all set to zero, this will make sure angles and measurement are correct later in modeling. The X,Y, and Z are axis are vital to proper movement, but also in orienting the joint. Correctly modeling these elements will make changes and corrections a much easier process. Joints can be used in may different ways, they can stand alone, be part of a joint chain, and be a parent or child joint. A joint chain is relatively self-explanatory. It is a predetermined set of joint that are linked and moves together. A good example of this would be a tail. In a tail all joints move together, in the same direction, but the movement in that orientation may be slightly different. Using parent and child joints is also linking them, or a chain in a way. Like in a chain, as one moves the others move. So as the parent joint moves then the child joints can then move. In this instance, they do not have to necessary move in the same direction or orientation. The process to link joints can be done in multiple different ways. A flawless way to guarantee that different joints in the same model act alike, a process of duplicating and/or mirroring should be done. Legs are a great example of this, after building the joint chain for one leg, it can be easily mirrored (with perfect symmetry) to create the other legs joint chain. Duplicating a joint/joint chain with out mirroring is just as easy if the model calls for it. These tools can be a huge time saver because the user will not have to worry about joint orientation, X,Y, and Z axis, and liking/chaining the joints. Overall joint orientation is one of the more basic functions that require much attention to detail when creating a Maya bone structure. The over all correct movement of the figure all comes down to correct joint orientation. Following the correct steppes from the beginning of the modeling process will make the entire projects development easier as it goes on. Many different processes can be used to obtain the overall goal, depending on the project one my be suited better then another. P1_Robert Hubbard_03 # Sound Sculpture: Cylinder The concept behind Cylinder is to create a complicated object formed from the sound frequencies within a space. The software developed to create each profile can be modeled in either time or frequency. An STL file format is produced to begin the rapid prototyping process. These elements are modeled into a tangible expressive form of space measuring 200-400mm tall. Each object much be produced in a 3D printer because of the complexity of each form. I found this process interesting and inspiring for the project because the result is the tangible evidence of what we will be trying to manipulate within the gallery space. Additionally, I normally do think of time and frequency as objects that can be modeled within a space to a level of an abstracted understanding.
Wanted, a Leader Architects of Fate or, Steps to Success and Power written by Orison Swett Marden in 1895 begins with this poem. “Wanted; men: Not systems fit and wise, Not faiths with rigid eyes, Not wealth in mountain piles, Not power with gracious smiles, Not even the potent pen: Wanted; men.” Obviously this was written long ago and much has changed since it was published but if you replace the word “men” with leader you reach the same conclusion. The world has a standing advertisement over the door of every profession, every occupation, every calling; “Wanted – A Leader.” Wanted, a leader who will not lose his individuality in a crowd, a leader who has the courage of his convictions, who is not afraid to say “No,” though all the world says “Yes.” Wanted, a leader who is larger than his calling, who values his occupation more than merely being a means of making a living. Wanted, a leader who sees self-development, education, culture, discipline and character as a means to his success. Wanted, a leader who is symmetrical and not one sided in his development, who manages all areas of his life with the same energy. A leader who is well-balanced and does not lack courage. To be a leader you need to poses certain qualities and skills. Luckily, they are all within your reach. The key to being a great leader is to change as the world changes, use common sense, to be upright, pure and generous. The world wants a leader who has a rounded education consisting of school, training and life experiences. Whose nerves are at their acutest sensibility, whose brain is cultured, keen, incisive, penetrating, broad, liberal, and deep. The world is looking for such a leader; could it be you? Previous post: Next post:
Please submit your answers for lesson 7 using this form. True or False Place a check mark next to the TRUE statements below. 1. Dolly was cloned after 27 unsuccessful tries. 2. Cloning would allow homosexual couples to produce offspring. 3. Scientists already have cloned mice, cattle, cats, goats, monkeys, pigs, and rabbits. 4. The technology is available to clone humans. 5. Human clones will not have a soul. 6. Cloning currently is used in producing livestock. 7. By definition, cloned animals are sterile. 8. Dolly was the first animal ever cloned. Multiple Choice Select the correct answers below. 1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a mammal? Possesses a four-chambered heart Born with a placenta Has insulating body covering 2. In cloning, which of the following is replaced from an adult cell that has been stressed? Golgi apparatus 3. The beginnings of what we today refer to as "cloning" actually go back to: 4. An undifferentiated cell can become which of the following: Blood cell Muscle cell Fingernail cell Hair cell 5. According to both medical ethics and United States law, experiments and medical procedures may be performed on people who can: Afford the cost Provide informed consent Attend a major medical facility Receive some benefit 6. Cloning is an inefficient process in which: Most clones survive Most clones die before birth Clones can be abnormal All clones die before birth Fill In The Blanks 1. Davor Solter stated: "The cloning of mammals by simple nuclear transfer is biologically ." 2. Researchers Rudolf Jaenisch and Ian Wilmut wrote: "Animal cloning is and is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future." 3. In 1 Timothy 5:14, Paul told younger women to "marry, bear , and rule the household." 4. Many of the animals that have been cloned have experienced obvious , while others have died shortly after birth, even though outwardly they appeared to be quite normal. 5. David Humphreys and colleagues discovered that "cloning by transfer is an inefficient process in which most clones die before birth and survivors often display growth abnormalities." Match the related concepts (place the correct letter in the space provided by each number). 1. The first offspring born to Dolly A. Telemere 2. Reliable indicator of reduction in life span B. James 2:26 3. Current success rate that scientists are reporting for cloning C. Bonnie 4. Indicates that if a body is living, then the soul must be present D. 1-2% 5. Initial success rate reported by Cyagra, prior to half of the company's cloned calves dying at birth E. 6% Copyright © 2001-Apologetics Press, Inc. We'd love to know where in the world our website visitors are coming from so we hope you'll fill out the contact information. We will not ask for contributions, no one will contact you against your wishes and your contact information will remain confidential. First Name: Last Name: Questions or Comments:
What are FODMAPs? The term FODMAP is an acronym, derived from "Fermentable, Oligo-, Di-, Mono-saccharides and Polyols". It is the generic term for certain kinds of short-chain carbohydrates that are poorly absorbed while they travel through the small intestine. Most of them reach the colon. As they have a very strong osmotic effect, they attract water molecules and counteract one of the main functions of the colon, which is absorbing water. The increased stool volume causes a feeling of discomfort and leads to loose stools or diarrhea. At the same time FODMAPs are readily fermented by the colonic microflora, which leads to an increased production of gas. The intake of large amounts of these carbohydrates may worsen the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Onions FODMAPs Lactose, fructose, sorbitol, fructans and galacto-oligosaccharides are grouped together under the term FODMAP. By reducing the intake of these compounds you can take off some stress of the digestive system and relieve symptoms. It is recommended to restrict them on a trial basis for several weeks to see if an improvement can be achieved. This dietary strategy can be used to manage symptoms, however, it is not a cure. Histamine configuration Sensitivities setup in the ”Food Intolerances” app. Unfortunately, restricting the intake of FODMAPs also has downsides. Most of them selectively feed beneficial gut bacteria. Cutting down the intake of these so-called prebiotic substances may alter the composition of the intestinal microflora – to date, no one really knows what the long-term consequences of this diet are. Therefore, you should use a gentle approach and evaluate your tolerance level. By no means should you try to eliminate FODMAPs entirely from your diet – a certain amount is desirable. You can use the manifold setup options in our app to reintroduce foods you might tolerate without adverse reactions. Image: Aurelien Guichard, https://flic.kr/p/hcrwY5 ( CC BY-SA 2.0)
Smart Ideas: Tips Revisited Important Things To Know On Water Health. Water is a very critical part of our existence on earth. This is why it is crucial to understand all about water health. Water is a vital part of our being, everything around us requires water. As it is, water makes up a lot of the earth and also of our bodies. Water health, however, is not so well understood. You will find that water is not as well treated as it should be. It is very important to know how to handle water whether the end result is to consume it ourselves in our day to day lives, for the growing of food, or even for the water creatures. Staying hydrated makes you feel healthier and stronger. All the body functions that take place in your body require water for them to actually happen so you should take as much as possible. The more you sweat the more you should take water to replace what you have lost. You might think that you have to have lost a lot of water to be dehydrated but the thing is, even the mildest dehydration will affect you. You need to take water to make your brain work as it should. Your mood will also change when you are dehydrated. Dehydration will also cause fatigue and anxiety. Your memory will also not work so well in case you find your body dehydrated. For people who suffer from headaches can treat it by increasing their intake of water. This is because even the slightest dehydration can bring about migraines. While water might not take away the headaches, it reduces how painful they are. Hydration will also help you not constipate as often as you do. The thing that actually causes constipation is dehydration. When you go to hospital complaining of constipation, the doctor will ask you about your water intake. If you want to lose weight, you should increase the amount of water you take in a day. The more water you take, the better your chances of eating less. It works to reduce your appetite for food because you will feel full. While in the journey to keeping water clean and safe for consumption, it is important to consider the fundamentals of how to go about it and what you can avoid to ensure water is clean and healthy for every living creature. Another fact on water health is litter can negatively contribute to unsafe water and it can be hazardous to our bodies. It is crucial to keep water safe as when you keep water safe and healthy for human and animal consumption, you will be preserving and taking care of yourself as well. To those who own dogs, their droppings if they are swept away into any water source, they can be harmful to humans. To avoid bacteria, it is crucial to ensure that all animal droppings do not get into sources of water. You should also consider not pouring any oil into water sources. If You Read One Article About Tips, Read This One How I Became An Expert on Tips
Breast Reconstruction In some cases, in order to prevent breast cancer from spreading to other organs, some parts of the breast or the entire breast has to be surgically removed (mastectomy). Immediately after the mastectomy is performed, or a while later (depending on the patient), the surgeon can perform a reconstructive surgery of the breast. This particular decision has to be made after consulting a breast surgeon, an oncologist and a plastic surgeon. Breast reconstruction is very important for patients that have suffered from cancer, as it helps them regain their self-confidence. Reconstruction operation can be done by implants (saline or silicone implant) or by using parts of the patient’s own tissue (moved sections of skin, fat, muscle). Saline implants offer more flexibility, as over time, the size of the breasts can be adjusted. The implant is done in three phases: first a tissue expander has to be introduced between the skin and the muscle. It is left there until the skin and muscle are slowly strecthed to make room for the implant. The expander is a special saline implant that contains a valve which allows further insertion of saline, thus adjusting periodically the size of the breasts until the end result is obtained. Finally, the expander is removed and the implant (saline or silicone) is inserted. If the patient has to undergo radiation therapy after the mastectomy is performed, it is recommended that the implant surgery is performed before the radiation therapy begins, as the skin is affected. Acellular dermal matrix This is a technique that uses the skin that remains after the removal of the breast or donated human tissue. The advantages are that it is a single-step procedure, and the tissue is well-integrated. Still, it is a procedure that is avaliable depending on the type of mastectomy that was performed. Choosing between saline or silicone implants Both options have good and bad aspects. The silicone implant is more similar to a natural breast, but is less flexible than a saline implant. Both kinds of implants are likely to rupture, but in the case of the saline implant, the patient can immediately notice if this happens. Both implant options can lead to health complications or unpleasant manifestations (infections, pain, contraction of the tissue around the implant), and both will need to be replaced after a while. Natural grafts surgery Breasts can be reconstructed by using skin and muscle taken from different parts of the patient’s body; this is a more complex procedure, but the end result will look and feel more like a natural breast. Several muscle flaps can be used in breast reconstruction: • the latissimus dorsi muscle (a large muscle in the back prelevated together with a skin portion and fatty tissue), • transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM), which uses tissue set from the lower abdomen, • deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction uses skin and fat tissue from the tummy, just like the TRAM procedure, but does not affect the muscle, which makes the recovery easier. • Superior gluteal artery perforator (S-GAP) flap is a breast reconstruction method that uses tissues from the upper buttock. It is a better option for women who have more fat tissue in that area than in the abdominal area. Nipple-areola reconstruction In the final phase of breast reconstruction, the nipple and the areola are recreated. This procedure helps build a more natural feel and look and it can help estompate scars. The nipple can be recreated from the skin of the reconstructed breast or it can be `spared` during the mastectomy. The areola can be reconstructed by tatooing the area around the nipple or by taking a skin graph from the groin area, as it is similarly pigmented. breast, general, implant, muscle, patient, procedure, reconstruction, saline, skin, tissue
State Pascal''s principle. Give and example of its use 2 years ago Comment well, it is also known as the transmission of fluid pressure. So, it is a principle in fluid mechanics that says that pressure exerted anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid such as the the pressure variations.
/ Backups NAS Appliances and RAID If you have multiple terabytes of data then you may want to consider buying a NAS appliance (or building a NAS, which will be discussed in a future post). They are standalone machines such as this one that connect to your network and present themselves as a network drive. They usually have multiple bays for hard drives (typically not included) and usually offer several different RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) options, alongside JBOD (Just a Bunch of Disks). What is RAID? RAID offers automatic redundant copies of your data by pooling together multiple hard drives and writing multiple copies[1]. But, as stated in any discussion about RAID, RAID is not a backup. It protects you against hardware failures only. For each of the RAID configurations, assume that you have X drives each with capacity Y. Most RAID implementations will only be able to use, per drive, the minimum capacity of all drives in your array. That is, if you have three 4TB drives and one 3 TB drive, it can only use 3 TB on your first three drives. • RAID 0 • This actually doesn't add any redundancy, but instead increases performance. Your files get split across the drives in the array (otherwise known as striping) so that when you read or write to/from the drives, you can do so from all drives simultaneously, increasing performance by a factor of X • If you lose any drives in the array, you lose ALL the data in the array (since because of striping, now you're missing pieces of many files) • Your usable capacity is XY • You need at least two drives • RAID 1 • This is a simple mirror. All data is written to two drives simultaneously • Your usable capacity is XY/2 • There is no write performance penalty • Sustained read performance will increase by a factor of X/2 • You can lose multiple drives without data loss, but they have to be the right drives. Each drive is mirrored to its partner, so so long as you don't lose both drives that are mirrors of each other, you can recover your data • You need an even number of drives • RAID 5 • Instead of storing a second copy of your data, RAID5 stores something called parity alongside your data • You can lose any one drive without data loss. By using the parity and the remaining data, the missing data can be reconstructed • You need at least three drives • The read and write performance is the same as that of the slowest disk, because for all writes you have to write to all disks and compute parity • Your usable capacity is (X-1)Y • RAID 6 • This is similar to RAID 5 except there's two different parity values calculated alongside your data • You can lose any two drives without data loss • You need at least four drives • Your usable capacity is (X-2)Y • RAID 10 (1+0) • This is a stripe of mirrors. • You can lose multiple drives, but if you lose any mirror, you will lose all your data (because they're striped) • You need at least four drives • The read and write performance is increased by a factor of the number of mirror sets • Your usable capacity is XY/2 • RAID 0+1 • This is a mirror of stripes • You can technically lose multiple drives so long as they are of the same stripe. However, once you lose the first drive, your RAID controller will stop writing to any drives in the stripe that contains the failed drive, so in theory your other drives in the same stripe are not likely to fail • The read and write performance is increased by a factor of X/2 • Your usable capacity is XY/2 • JBOD • Not a RAID, but just a way to combine your drives into one logical drive • You get to use all the capacity of your drives, even if they are mismatched sizes • If you lose a drive, then depending on how the JBOD was implemented, you may be able to recover some files. Obviously you will lose any files that resided on the dead disk. But there's also the chance that the JBOD implementation decided to span a file across the two drives NAS appliances will typically offer RAID 0, RAID1 , and JBOD, and if they have the appropriate number of drive bays, RAID 5 and RAID 10. I recommend either RAID 1 for the simplicity or RAID 5 or RAID 6 if available for the lower loss in capacity. RAID 5 and RAID 6 do require extra computation for every write, so it can result in slow performance if the CPU in the appliance isn't powerful enough. Make sure to read the reviews before buying one. I should mention there is some debate on whether RAID 5 is viable today. There's a fairly (in?)famous article on how RAID5 doesn't work for consumer drives because the chances of a drive failure during a rebuild (when you put in a new drive after a drive failure and the system reconstructs the data) are high enough to cause concern. Remember, in a RAID5, you can only lose one drive. If you lose a drive during a rebuild, you've lost two drives and all your data. But then you have discussions like this one where they disagree. I go into more detail in my next post in this series where I discuss my own setup, but I take the conservative approach and use RAID 6. It only costs one more drive. Furthermore, drive failures are correlated. I mitigate this by not buying all my drives from the same brand, but when all your drives are in the same system, in close proximity, experiencing vibration from the other drives spinning at 5400-7200 rpm, and experiencing the same workload, the chances of a second drive dying after your first one dies is higher than if you had the drives all installed on different systems alone. 1. Yes I know, RAID5 and 6 don't store an entire copy but they store parity instead. I'll get to that ↩︎ NAS Appliances and RAID Share this Subscribe to Seonwoo's Musings
Borg and Crossan on the Purpose of Luke’s Acts I just started reading The First Paul by Marcus Borg and john Dominic Crossan. I generally like Crossan, who tends to respect both fact and reason – more than most New Testament scholars. Early in the book the authors try to explain why Luke’s Acts of the Apostles said nothing about Paul’s death: “Because Acts does not report Paul’s death, some scholars have argued that Acts must have been written while Paul was still alive, which would mean the early 60s at the latest. This argument presumes that the purpose of Acts was to provide a ‘life of Paul’ and that the most plausible explanation for the lack of mention of Paul’s death is that he hadn’t yet died. But the purpose of Acts … is to tell the story of the spread of the Gospel from Jerusalem to Rome (see, for example, Acts 1:8). And so Acts ends appropriately with Paul preaching the gospel in the capital of the empire. For the author to have ended with, ‘And then Rome executed him,’ would have been an odd climax, to say the least” (15-16). The two authors show a nearly miraculous loss of reason. Though this was only page 15, they had already cited Paul’s letter to the Church of Rome several times. That church had been thriving for a long time. In fact, Paul wrote in part to obtain financial assistance. For Borg and Crossan to claim that the Christianity did not reach Rome until Paul brought it there requires simultaneous massive cognitive failures. If Luke really wanted to trace the spread of Christianity to Rome, he would have completely ignored Paul, who had nothing to do with it. The founders of the Church of Rome heard Peter in Jerusalem, and were persuaded/ “converted.” They may also have brought back one or more members of the “Jerusalem Church.” But this happened long before Paul got there. In fact, Christianity reached Rome before Paul left Antioch, before he founded any of his churches. As the authors know and have written about, around 48 CE the emperor Claudius threw Christians and other Jews out of Rome for creating public disturbances over Christ. Christianity was obviously well established in Rome before this. At this time, Paul was still assisting Barnabas in Antioch. If Luke were really interested in telling of how Christianity reached Rome, he would have followed Peter’s converts and never mentioned Paul at all. This is another amazing example of intelligent people saying profoundly stupid things on Paul’s behalf. But unlike many of their colleagues, they were not dishonest. Comments powered by CComment
Creating Text Fields In this section, we'll go over the basic ways to create and use all three types of text fields manually, and then we'll go over how to create a couple of them with ActionScript. The basic way to manually create a text field is to select the Text tool from the toolbar (T on the keyboard) and click and draw the text fields on the stage. After a text field has been created, you can still go back and resize it manually using the Text tool. You can also simply select it with the arrow tool, and handles will appear in each corner allowing you to scale it however you wish. You should not, however, use the Free Transform tool to adjust the size of a text field because it will actually stretch and resize the text inside the text field as well. Static Text Static text, again, can only be manipulated in the authoring environment. You can, however, do some interesting things with it such as distribute each individual character to its own layer. This can be useful if you want to do some interesting animation with words because each object would have to be on its own layer. To push letters from a single text field into individual layers, you will first want to create a text field by selecting the Text tool, setting the text type to Static Text, and clicking on the stage. After you have created the text field, you can simply type something in, like your name. When the text field is on the stage, and has some text in it, you can select it with the Selection tool, and either right-click (Maccontrol-click) and then select Break Apart, or you can choose Modify>Break Apart. After it has been broken apart, make sure all the text fields are still selected, and choose Modify>Timeline>Distribute to Layers (PCCtrl+Shift+D, MacShift+Open Apple+D). Now each letter has its own timeline named for that letter, as you can see in Figure 15.6. Figure 15.6. After you select Distribute to Layers, each letter receives its own layer. This technique can actually be done with all three types. When dynamic or input text fields are broken apart, they are turned into static text fields, but there isn't really anything special you can do with static text. Dynamic Text This type of text field is much more advanced than the static text field because it can be changed and manipulated at any point during authoring or runtime via ActionScript. As a matter of fact, you do not even need to type a single character in the text field itself to have text appear, as you will see in the first example. For this first example, we are going to put text in a dynamic text field. Start a new Flash document. Create a second layer, and name the top layer actions and the bottom layer text (remember from Chapter 8, "Welcome to ActionScript 2.0," that it's good practice to have a layer dedicated to ActionScript). In the text layer, create a dynamic text field, make sure the Show Border option is selected, set the Var property to myText, and give it an instance name of textField_txt. Now we are going to go to the first frame of the actions layer, open the Actions panel (F9), and put these actions in: //this will set the first text field's Var property var myText = "Testing"; Now test the movie (Control>Test Movie) and you will see that the text is now in the text field. It does this by sharing a variable name in ActionScript and the Var property in the text field's properties. This was the way it was done way back in Flash 5. It still works, but now we are going to do it the correct way because text fields are now objects in ActionScript. Using the same example, go to the text field's properties in the Properties Inspector and clear out the Var property box so that it is completely blank. Now go back to the actions in the first frame of the actions layer, delete all of the actions, and place these in instead: //this will create a string to hold our text var myString_str:String = "Test 2"; //this will set the text field's text property to the string textField_txt.text = myString_str; Now test the movie again, and you will see that the text field is displaying our text. This way of doing it is much easier to understand because instead of having a blind variable, you actually are setting text to a specific text field. This makes it much easier to go back and read. Because it is good practice to set text to the text field's text property, that is the way we will continue to do it. So far, the two examples we have done using dynamic text were not very dynamic. We could have just written that text in right on the stage. In this next example, you will see why dynamic text fields are so important. In this example, we are going to build a mouse tracker to show where the mouse is whenever the mouse moves. Start out by creating a new Flash document. As you did before, create two layers, the top one named actions and the bottom one text. In the text layer, create two dynamic text fields about 100 pixels wide and 20 pixels high. Make sure they both have Show Border turned on, and give them instance names of x_txt and y_txt. Now in the first frame of the actions layer, place these actions: //this event will update everytime the mouse moves this.onMouseMove=function(){ x_txt.text="x="+Math.floor(_xmouse); y_txt.text="y="+Math.floor(_ymouse); } Test the movie and you will see that whenever the mouse moves, the text fields will show its position on the main stage. If at first nothing appears in the text fields, click somewhere on the stage. Sometimes the stage must receive focus before mouse events can be detected. Now that you see how powerful and easy it is to update dynamic text fields, we are going to move on to our last text field type, input text fields. Input Text As mentioned earlier, input text fields are exactly like dynamic text fields in how we can set text to them. But unlike dynamic text fields, the user can actually type text in input text fields to interact with our Flash document. Input text fields also have a few extra options that the other two text types do not. The Linetype option can be set to Multiline just like dynamic text fields, but it can also be set to Password, which would make any character in it appear to be an asterisk. That comes in handy when building login systems. Another option is the Maximum Characters field, which you can set to keep the length of what the user can input at a certain length or less. You will begin to feel comfortable with input text fields as we go through the next example. In this example, we are going to allow users to input information into one text field, and when they submit it, we will place that exact same string in another field capitalized. Start by creating a new Flash document. Create two more layers so that you have three in total. Name the layers from top to bottomactions, button, and text. In the text layer, create a dynamic text field, make sure the Show Border option is selected, and give it an instance name of output_txt. On the same layer, create an input text field, make sure it has Show Border selected, and give it an instance name of input_txt. On the button layer, create a button, and give it the instance name submit_btn. Finally, in the actions layer, place these actions: //this event will occur when the submit button is released submit_btn.onRelease=function(){ output_txt.text=input_txt.text.toUpperCase(); } Test the movie, type something in the input text field, and then click the submit button to see the same text displayed in our dynamic text field, but in uppercase format. Also, notice in our code that we get text out of text fields using the exact same property we use to set text to text fields, the text property. So far, all we have done when we create a text field is to select the Text tool and draw the field on the stage. Now we are going to go through how to create one dynamically with ActionScript. Macromedia Flash Professional 8 Unleashed Macromedia Flash Professional 8 Unleashed ISBN: 0672327619 EAN: 2147483647 Year: 2005 Pages: 319 flylib.com © 2008-2017. If you may any questions please contact us: flylib@qtcs.net
Transitional Technological Objects In his book Natural-Born Cyborgs, Andy Clark recalls an experiment designed by V.S. Ramachandran, professor and director of the Center for Brain and Cognition at the University of California, San Diego. Here is Clark’s description of the experiment: “Sitting at your desk, place your left hand underneath the desktop. Get a volunteer to tap the desktop with her right hand while using the left to (in synchrony) tap your hidden hand.” “[M]any subjects will feel as if the ‘being tapped sensation’ is located on the desk surface—as if the desktop were a real, sensitive part of their body.” “Now have the volunteer hit the desktop with a hammer. Your galvanic skin response [GSR] jumps as if your own hand had been threatened!” When Clark returns to GSR later on in his book, he includes Ramachandran’s remark that “perhaps it’s not all that silly to ask whether you identify with your car. Just punch it to see whether your GSR changes.” There is a powerful idea here that Clark already evoked in the introduction to his book, when he describes his experience of the loss of his laptop as “a minor stroke.” With the loss of the technological object, it appears a part of himself has gone lost, to the extent that he is incapable of functioning normally. Even though we might not have a single piece of technology within our body, the fact that we operate as mind-body-technological scaffolding assemblages turns us into cyborgs. It is these typically human, supportive environments that justify Clark’s claim that we are natural-born cyborgs. What happens when we consider this type of thought next to D.W. Winnicott’s theory of the transitional object? A transitional object is an object that, although it is not a part of the infant’s body, is not fully recognized as belonging to external reality. To grow up means to let go of such objects, and to recognize the border between the body and what lies outside of it. But isn’t the car in the example from Ramachandran that Clark cites—do you identify with your car? Does your GSR change when you punch your car?—a kind of transitional object? And aren’t our lives in the increasingly technological world characterized by the breakdown of the separation between the body and what lies outside of it—in other words, by the creation of transitional objects? If losing our laptop can be compared to suffering a minor stroke, as Clark suggests, this means that the laptop has become a part of our body… What does this mean for Winnicott’s theory today? Does to grow up still mean to let go of transitional objects? Or, if to live in today’s technological world means to live with more and more transitional objects, might it perhaps mean to learn to engage with such objects in a different way? References: Andy Clark, Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2003. Image: Asmund Havsteen-Mikkelsen, Tower, 2007, oil on canvas, 94x155cm. Comments are closed. %d bloggers like this:
Domande in Italiano Questa categoria è per le domande poste in lingua italiana. This category is for questions asked in the Italian language. Everybody is different, not everybody has the same eye colour Words that have been taken from other languages don't always end in a vowel. Ex: il computer, gli sport, il club, il film, il DVD Giorgio Pini [February 1, 1899-March 20, 1987] was the editor of 'Il Popolo d'Italia' ['People of Italy']. The newspaper was founded by Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini [July 29, 1883-April 28, 1945], on November 15, 1914. Publishing of the newspaper began again in 1998, through the efforts of... La storia della famiglia Pallominy a Firenze, Toscana, Italia. La storia della famiglia Pallominy in Toscana in generale, e nella cittÃ di Firenze in particolare, non Ã¨ quello che si aspetta molto da una tipica vecchia famiglia italiana con una linea ben documentato che risale agli inizi... pizza, spaghetti, mozzarella, Gorgonzola, etc. Flower, you never remember me or Flower, don't you ever remember me may be English equivalents of 'Il fiore, non ti scordar mai di me'. The masculine definite article 'il' means 'the'. The masculine noun 'fiore' means 'flower'. The adverb 'non' means 'not'. The reflexive pronoun 'ti' ... they only buy butter... and only on the weekends. The verb essere, meaning 'to be' has six forms in the infinitive. They are as follows. Io - sono Tu - sei Lui/Lei - Ã© Noi - siamo Voi - siete Loro - sono Le zanzare [da famiglia Culicidae ] sono di colore grigio o nero . Siamo andati is an Italian equivalent of 'We went'. The auxiliary 'siamo' means '[we] are'. The past participle 'andati' means 'gone'. Together, they mean '[we] are gone, went'. They're pronounced 'see-AH-moh ahn-DAH-tee'. That's what's said when 'we' refers to a group of males or a mixed... Yes and no. Those Italians who hold other or no beliefs don't believe in Buddha. Those Italians who respect Buddhism as a religion believe in Buddha. Imported goods such as spices, tea, silks Italians immigrated to Canada in the 1800's Turin was Italy's first capital city from 1861 to 1865 when Florence became the capital & finally Rome became the capital in 1871. anche io ho bisogno di conoscere delle festivitÃ confuciane di gennaio . per favore datemene almeno una This question was under translation Italian to English, which translates: What is the most penalized team in the serie A by the arbitrators? Now if it was someone seeking for an opinion, here's mine for what it's worth... Credo che gli arbitri siano distorte a favore della squadra di casa, in quel... The last name 'Frantom' may or may not be Italian. It sometimes is identified as an English family name. But in that case, it most likely is originally a French last name. The French origins may or may not go back to Italy. It may relate to 'frantumi' , which is Italian for 'splinters'. It's in the region of Tuscany (There are no states in Italy). The surname "Franko" is from Italian, however the spelling has beenchanged from Franco . The K inItalian does not exist. Though, when names have been changed, evenslightly, it means that the family may have Italian descent, thoughit would go far down in their family tree. Ã© una linea che divide una figura in due parti simmetrica in modo che le figura in un lato Ã© la stessa figura dall'altro. Buona fortuna! ;-} Just in case... What is the axis of symmetry? a line that divides a figure into two symmetrical parts, in a way that the figure on one side is the... Domenico , which comes from the Latin adjective 'dominicus' for 'of or relating to the lord', is an Italian equivalent of 'Domenic'. Lethns is a water god who's specific to the ancient Etruscan culture of northern Italy, and Nettuno [Neptune] is a water god who becomes merged with Poseidon, the Greek sea god. Buon giorno! in italiano si dice Â¡Buenos DÃas! inArgentina. Umberto I [March 14, 1844-July 29, 1900] was Italy's leader in the decade, 1890-1900. In fact, as King of Italy, he led the country as of January 9, 1878. History has given him the nickname 'il Buono', which means 'the Good'. But his rule ended with his death by four well aimed pistol shots of... Direi diverse tonalitÃ¡ di marrone... alcuni chicchi possono tendere al nero. The plural of il fiume, the river is i fiumi, the rivers. 'I fiumi' is the plural of 'il fiume'. It's pronounced 'ee FYOO-mee'. The plural and singular forms of the noun are both in the masculine gender. Un lavoro sulle politiche da adottare Ã¨ come si traduce normalmente la frase inglese policy paper . Si puÃ² anche dire una pubblicazione sulle politiche da adottare. Si tratta di una spiegazione di problemi di politica. The official religion of Italy is Roman Catholicism. signora // Sig.ra abbreviated il volo di domani casablanca milano malpenza ci sarÃ ? What are the functions of the body parts of a seal ? 'Eel fohr-NAH-yoh' is how 'il fornaio' is pronounced in Italian. But the pronunciation goes so quickly that it sounds like 'eel fohr-NEYE-oh'. The phrase means 'the baker' in English. Medicine (drug) that opposes to the effects of drugs ? What are the countries where racism still is a serious problem? In how much time one heals of (from) keratitis? ciao bella. com'e' andata la tua giornata? what you put above had to have come from an online translator which are completely wrong 98% of the time. Esistono molte risorse che offrono la possibilitÃ di consultare dizionari della lingua italiana online. Tra i miei preferiti questi due: - Dizionario Italiano - Dizionario Sinonimi Molto denaro Ã¨ stato speso, ma poco Ã¨ stato fatto. no it is not. Italian is a person/something from italy, British is from Britain. Dino Buzzati Traverso [16x1906 - 28i1972], scrittore, pittore e giornalista dal comune italiano di San Pellegrino di Belluno, ha scritto 'Il deserto dei Tartari' nel 1940. Fermo Merisi e Lucia Aratori erano i genitori di Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio [29ix1571 - 18vii1610], pittore dal comune italiano di Milano. Montgomery Clift, of course... . MONTGOMERY CLIFT sang "Plaisir d'amour" to OLIVIA DE HAVILLAND in the famous William Wyler film, "THE HEIRESS", based on the Henry James classic "Washington Square".. Olivia won her second Best Actress Oscar for THE HEIRESS ('49).. Anonymous Italians usually have breakfast as soon as they wake up, lunch at 1o'clock and dinner at 8 o' clock in the evening. people also have snacks in between. C'Ã¨ un blog sempre aggiornato che recentemente ha pubblicato un post davvero semplice ed esplicativo, prova a dare un'occhiata su No, it's German. Neu = new and burg = castle, so a "Neuburger" would've been a "person from the new castle." mee say mankaato (1st"a" like in "cut", 2nd"a"like in "car", "o" like in "pot") tanto ("a" like in "cut", "o" like in "pot") doo - run - te ("te" like in "tell") less - taa ("a"like in "car") - te ("te" like in "tell") No , 'Andrew' isn't an Italian name. Names native to Italy tend not to include the letter 'w'. Instead, the Italian equivalent is 'Andrea', which is pronounced 'ahn-DREH-ah'.
Chicago Cardiology Institute provides a full range of procedures and treatments. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair An abdominal aortic aneurysm is an enlargement due to the weakening of vessel walls in the lower part of the aorta, a major blood vessel that runs from the heart through the abdomen. If the aneurysm ruptures, it can cause life-threatening internal bleeding. Treatment depends on the size of the aneurysm and the rate at which it is growing. A small aneurism may only need to be monitored with ultrasound. If the aneurysm is larger, fast-growing or leaking, surgery may be required. Endovascular surgery uses a catheter to place synthetic material within the weakened blood vessel to reinforce the vessel walls and prevent a rupture. Another option is open-abdominal surgery, which involves the removal and replacement of the damaged part of the vessel with a synthetic tube. Cardiac Catheterization, Angioplasty, Stenting Cardiac catheterization is a minimally invasive procedure used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions. A long, thin tube called a catheter is inserted into an artery or vein and threaded through the blood vessels to the heart. Diagnostic tests and some procedures can then be performed with the help of the catheter. Cardiac catheterization is often used to locate blockages or heart defects. If a blockage is discovered, a procedure called angioplasty may be performed. Your cardiologist will place a tiny balloon at the site of the blockage and gently widen the narrowed artery by expanding the balloon. A small metal coil called a stent may then be implanted in the clogged artery to help keep it open. Heart Valve Surgery Heart valve surgery is used to treat problems with one or more of the heart’s four valves—the aortic, mitral, pulmonary and tricuspid valves. These valves keep blood flowing through the heart in the proper direction, and if any are diseased or not working properly, surgery can be used to repair or replace the affected valves. Although open-heart surgery always involves some risk, improved technology and surgical techniques mean that almost all heart valve repair and replacement surgeries are successful at prolonging and improving quality of life, with few complications. Deals with diagnosing and treating arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats or rhythms). Arrhythmias occur when the electrical impulses that coordinate the heartbeat don’t work normally—the heart may beat too fast, too slow, or in an unusual pattern. This could render the heart incapable of pumping enough blood to the entire body. Arrhythmia can be treated with medication, surgery or an implanted device. Catheter ablation is a procedure used to treat an arrhythmia when abnormal heart tissue is the cause. A catheter is threaded through the blood vessels to the heart, and then heat or extreme cold is applied to abnormal heart tissue in order to ablate (destroy) areas that are triggering the abnormal heart rhythm. This ablation allows electrical signals to travel over a normal pathway instead, stopping the arrhythmia. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common kind of arrhythmia characterized by an irregular, often rapid heartbeat that causes poor blood flow to the body. During atrial fibrillation, the two upper chambers of the heart (the atria) beat irregularly and out-of-synch with the two lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles). Patients with AF have a significantly increased risk of stroke. The left atrial appendix (LAA) is the most common site of thrombosis (the clotting that causes a stroke) in patients with AF. It can easily be “excluded” or sealed off from the patient’s circulation system at the time of cardiac surgery by excision, ligation, suturing or stapling, to reduce future risk of stroke from a blood clot traveling from the LAA to the brain. A pacemaker is a small device implanted under the skin near the heart. Pacemakers are typically used to treat arrhythmias that originate in the upper chambers of the heart (the atria). The device emits electrical pulses that encourage the heart to beat at a normal rate. It can speed up a show heartbeat, control a fast heartbeat and coordinate the chambers of the heart. A cardioverter-defibrillator (also called an ICD) is another device that can be implanted in the chest. An ICD continuously monitors the heartbeat and if it senses a dangerous rhythm, it delivers electrical shocks in order to restore a normal heartbeat. ICDs are typically used when the two lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles) are not working properly, which could occur in conditions like ventricular tachycardia (a dangerously fast heartbeat) or ventricular fibrillation (a chaotic heartbeat that doesn’t allow the heart to supply sufficient blood to the rest of the body). A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is an opening between the upper right and left chambers of the heart that is normal and necessary during fetal development, but sometimes fails to close after birth. An atrial septal defect (ASD) is also a condition present from birth that causes an opening in the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart. Although PFOs are generally less serious, ASDs may cause problems like arrhythmia, increased risk of stroke, heart failure and pulmonary hypertension (increased blood pressure in the arteries of the lung). Both PFOs and ASDs can be repaired through cardiac catheterization, wherein a specialist inserts a device designed to close the opening. Alternatively, the PFO or ASD may be repaired with surgery to patch or stitch the opening closed. Cardioversion is a procedure used to restore a normal heartbeat in patients with certain kinds of arrhythmia, such as tachycardia (a heartbeat that is too fast) or fibrillation (a heartbeat that is irregular). It is usually used to treat atrial fibrillation. Cardioversion is performed by using electrodes placed on the chest to send electric shocks to the heart. This procedure is normally performed in a hospital, and patients are usually able to go home the same day. For most patients, cardioversion safely restores a normal heart rhythm. Vein Treatment Self-care is very important when it comes to varicose veins and spider veins. Wearing compression stockings throughout the day is often a first approach to treatment. Compression stockings squeeze the legs, helping the veins move blood back up the legs to the heart more efficiently. We also advise patients to: • exercise regularly • avoid tight clothing • elevate the legs while at rest • avoid long periods of standing or sitting • lose weight if the patient is overweight If self-care and compression stockings are not sufficient to treat the problem, there are a number of minimally invasive, non-surgical procedures that may help. • Sclerotherapy. Sclerotherapy is commonly used for spider veins and small varicose veins. The procedure involves injecting a small amount of a solution (a sclerosing agent) directly into the diseased vein. The sclerosing agent damages the lining of the vein and causes it to seal shut. This completely eliminates the diseased vein. Sclerotherapy is performed quickly and with no anesthesia at our office. • Ambulatory Phlebectomy. During this procedure, a surgeon will make multiple incisions to remove the vein one portion at a time. Ambulatory phlebectomy is a more permanent solution than sclerotherapy and offers a lower rate of recurrence. Endovenous Laser Therapy (also called endovenous laser ablation) is a minimally invasive treatment that uses laser energy to seal off varicose veins, diverting blood flow immediately to nearby healthy veins. During endovenous laser therapy, a thin laser fiber is inserted via a catheter into the diseased vein, generally through a small puncture in the skin above the affected area. A device delivers laser energy through the fiber;as the specialist gradually removes it, the laser energy causes the vein to collapse and blood flow to cease. Endovenous laser therapy can be performed in a doctor’s office in under an hour. The procedure is minimally invasive and the patient is encouraged to begin walking immediately afterward. Radiofrequency ablation is similar to endovenous laser ablation, but uses heat generated by radiofrequency to seal off faulty blood vessels. A catheter is inserted through the skin and positioned within the abnormal vein. Your doctor will then insert a radiofrequency electrode through the catheter and position it at the desired location. By applying radiofrequency energy, the blood vessel can be heated and will close off following the procedure.
Web Results Bleeding Kansas, Bloody Kansas or the Border War was a series of violent civil confrontations in the United States between 1854 and 1861 which emerged from a political and ideological debate over the legality of slavery in the proposed state of Kansas. Summary and Definition of Bleeding Kansas Definition and Summary: 'Bleeding Kansas' was the name given to a series of violent confrontations in Kansas, and the neighboring border towns of Missouri, following the passing of the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act.The conflict known as 'Bleeding Kansas' involved conflicts between Anti-slavery and Pro-slavery militant activists from 1854 - 1861 ... Bleeding Kansas: Bleeding Kansas, (1854–59), small civil war in the United States, fought between proslavery and antislavery advocates for control of the new territory of Kansas under the doctrine of popular sovereignty (q.v.). Sponsors of the Kansas–Nebraska Act (May 30, 1854) expected its provisions for Bleeding Kansas refers to the time between 1854 and 1859 when the Kansas territory was the site of much violence over whether the territory would be free or slave-owned. This time period was also known as Bloody Kansas or the Border War. A summary of Bleeding Kansas: 1854–1856 in History SparkNotes's The Civil War 1850–1865. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of The Civil War 1850–1865 and what it means. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Bleeding Kansas was finally resolved with the start of the Civil War in 1861. After the southern states seceded from the Union Kansas was formally declared a free state and joined the United States. Approximately 56 people were killed resulting from the events of Bleeding Kansas. Bleeding Kansas. Sometimes referred to in history as Bloody Kansas or the Border War, it was a sequence of violent events which involved Free-Staters (anti-slavery) and pro-slavery "Border Ruffians" in Kansas Territory and the western frontier towns of the state of Missouri. It transpired between 1854 and 1861, and attempted to influence ... Best Answer: If you plagiarize this for homework ill sic chuck Norris on you. When the U.S. was debating whether or not to abolish slavery, Kansas was about to become a state. The government decided to leave the decision of whether or not slavery would be legal or not up to the residents of Kansas themselves. SUMMARY. Few people would have expected bloodshed in Kansas Territory. After all, it had few slaves and showed few signs that slavery would even flourish. But civil war tore this territory apart in the 1850s and 60s, and "Bleeding Kansas" became a forbidding symbol for the nationwide clash over slavery that followed.
Mold grows on clothes that are damp or wet. This includes clothing that is damp from washing without drying, and clothes that become wet from perspiration. To prevent mold growth, one should dry the laundry immediately a... More » Mold grows when its spores float through the air and land on damp surfaces. Outdoors mold serves a natural function, helping to break down fallen leaves, twigs and even whole trees. Indoors, however, mold is capable of c... More » Mold grows on fruit by infecting the fruit with spores that develop filamentous roots that sink below the surface of the fruit. These roots steal nutrients from the fruit and are often not visible to the naked eye. The p... More » To clean mildew stains from fabric, begin by brushing off any mold or mildew on the item. Most mildew stains come out after moistening the stain and washing the item using laundry soap and water. Tougher stains may requi... More » Home & Garden Cleaning Laundry Wet towels typically smell bad because they have become a breeding ground for germs, mildew and mold. As these organisms grow in the warm, moist environment of a wet towel, they emanate a smell. This occurs especially wh... More » To safely remove mold from cloth, take the item outside, brush off as much mold as possible, soak the cloth in a water and vinegar solution, pretreat mold stains with a borax cleaning solution, and wash as normal. Dry th... More » Home & Garden Cleaning Laundry To remove gum from clothing, rub ice over the gum until the gum hardens, then scrape to remove the debris. You will need ice, a freezer bag and a blunt-edged knife. Gum can be removed from most clothing in about 30 minut... More » Home & Garden Cleaning Laundry
Levelling the playing field - gender inclusivity in quidditch Accessibility links Levelling the playing field - gender inclusivity in quidditch Sounds good...but what is quidditch? Quidditch was imagined from the mind of J.K. Rowling in the Harry Potter novels. But it has grown beyond the books to take on a life of its own. It is best described as being a full-contact sport - like a combination of rugby, dodgeball, and OzTag. Chasers use the quaffle (a slightly deflated volleyball) to score goals through their opponents’ hoops, while the keeper defends them. Beaters throw bludgers (dodgeballs) to knock opponents out of play. Seekers fight to catch the snitch, which is a ball in a sock attached to a neutral player’s pants. The game is played on plastic broomsticks, which act as a handicap for players. The sport is complex, and can seem chaotic to the uninitiated. Once you get the hang of it, though, it’s a fast-paced, adrenaline-filled, rewarding sport to play. Back to top Searching {{ model.SearchType }} for returned no results.
Japan nuclear crisis at its worst since 2011 300 tons of radioactive water are leaking from the Fukushima nuclear power plant. More than two years after an earthquake and tsunami in Japan caused the largest nuclear disaster since Chernobyl, Japan's nuclear crisis is escalating once again. Kyodo reports that 300 tons of radioactive water have leaked from a 1,000 ton tank at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. That led Japan's Nuclear Regulation Authority to consider raising the incident from a Level 1 nuclear event to a Level 3 (a "serious incident" with radioactive exposure 10 times the limit for workers) on the International Nuclear Event Scale, the first time an incident has been serious enough to be reported on the INES scale. The most extreme nuclear events on the scale are considered Level 7, a level only reached by Fukushima in 2011 and Chernobyl. The water by system used to cool the overheated nuclear reactors, but that water becomes contaminated and has been stored on-site. The latest incident is the worst (at least, so far) of a long list of mishaps this month in the cooling system, from rats chewing through exposed wires causing a blackout of the cooling system to Tepco, the company in charge of the cleanup, failing to stop leaks of contaminated water from flowing into the Pacific Ocean. Earlier this month Japan Prime Minister Shinzo Abe ordered the government to assist Tepco with the cleanup, not that it seems to be helping yet. On a related note, here's a recently released video from the 2011 tsunami that caused the nuclear meltdown in Fukushima. Like a slow-motion horror movie, but a true story: Terrifying stuff all around. Photo: Flickr/IAEA Imagebank This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
Assistive Technology Assistive Technology Trials Please check out the following videos for examples of how assistive technology can be used in your classroom. Many of these devices can be obtained for a trial period to see if the technology will work for your students before making a purchase. Trial periods are offered to Indiana public schools by the PATINS Project and Easter Seals Crossroads. Assistive Technology Videos * = Device or app is owned by AWSSC Communication Videos 1. The Importance of Visual Supports Example: First Then Visual Schedule 2. Aided Language Stimulation Explained 3. Video Modeling 4. Using a Communication Board 5. AAC in the Classroom Bluffton-Harrison Elementary success story YouTube Videos Created by AWSSC 1. Echo Smart Pen The Echo Smart Pen allows you to record audio while taking notes. The pen has the ability to match the recorded audio with what you are writing. Website: www.livescribe.com Price (as of 8/21/17): $179.99 2. C-Pen Reader The C-Pen reader can verbalize printed text as well as display it on the LCD screen. Great device for students who struggle with reading. Website: www.readerpen.com Price (as of 8/21/17): $250.00 3. LightAide* The LightAide is a device for low-vision and cognitively disabled students. There are many activities available to help young, struggling learners. Website: www.lightaide.com Price (as of 8/21/17): $1,599 (all activity sets included) 4. Claro ScanPen App* The Claro ScanPen app is designed to help students who struggle with reading by highlighting and vocalizing printed text. Website: www.claro-apps.com Price (as of 8/31/17): Free (in-app purchases offered) 5. Autism Apps* The Autism Apps app is designed to help teachers search for special needs apps for their students. Website: www.touchautism.com/app/autism-apps/ Price (as of 9/1/17): Free 6. First Then Visual Schedule* The First Then Visual Schedules app is ideal for students who struggle with following a daily routine. Website: www.goodkarmaapplications.com/first-then-visual-schedule.html Price (as of 9/1/17): $9.99/$14.99 7. Bookshare and iBooks* The Bookshare program is designed to give students with a print disability access to books for free. Website: www.bookshare.org Price (as of 10/11/17): Free 8. Read and Write for Google Chrome Extension* The Read and Write for Google Chrome extension allows students to read web pages, documents, books, etc. as well as have word prediction when typing. Website: Read and Write for Google Chrome Price (as of 1/4/18): Subscription based, either per student or school/district. Free, if needing only the reading feature. 9. SnapType App* The SnapType app can be used by students who struggle with handwriting. This app allows them to take a picture of a worksheet and complete it on a tablet device.. Website: SnapType Price (as of 1/16/19): $4.99 for the app. Free, for up to 3 documents.
Kamus Online suggested words Hasil cari dari kata atau frase: Mongoloid (0.01296 detik) Found 2 items, similar to Mongoloid. English → English (WordNet) Definition: mongoloid mongoloid adj 1: characteristic of or resembling a Mongol; “the mongoloid epicanthic fold” 2: of or pertaining to or characteristic of one of the traditional racial division of humankind including especially peoples of central and eastern Asia 3: of or relating to or suffering from Down Syndrome; “a mongoloid child” English → English (gcide) Definition: Mongoloid Mongoloid \Mon"goloid\, a. [Mongol + -oid.] Resembling a Mongol or the Mongols; having race characteristics, such as color, hair, and features, like those of the Mongols. --Huxley. [1913 Webster] 2. Of, related to, or affected with, Down syndrome; -- not a technical term. [PJC] Mongoloid \Mon"goloid\, n. A person affected with Down syndrome; -- not a technical term. [PJC] Cari kata di: Custom Search Touch version \| Android \| Disclaimer
Free Shipping Overview and Specifications: Model: TEC1-12706 Size: 40mm x 40mm x 4mm Operates from 0~15.2V DC and 0~6A Operates Temperature: -30 to 70 Max power consumption: 60 Watts The semiconductor cooler gives us a new concept of heat dissipation, which further controls the temperature of the CPU. With the advent of summer and the rise of ambient temperature, overclockers want to further improve the cooling conditions of the CPU. In the case of a semiconductor cooler, the temperature of the two ends of the plate will produce a certain temperature difference. People use it. The condensing surface provides a low temperature environment for the CPU. There are many uses for semiconductor refrigerators, which can be used to make portable refrigerating/insulation boxes, hot and cold water dispensers, and the like. Also used for heat dissipation of electronic devices. At present, the semiconductor material Z used in the refrigerator is mainly bismuth telluride, and the impurity is added to the N-type or P-type semiconductor temperature difference element after special treatment. Take the common TEC1-12605 as an example, its rated voltage is: 12v, rated current is 5A, Z large temperature difference can reach 60 degrees Celsius, the external size is 4 X 4 X 0.4Cm, weighs about 25 grams. Its work is characterized by one side of the cooling and one side of the heat. After the DC power supply is turned on, the electrons start from the negative electrode (-), pass through the P-type semiconductor, absorb heat here, and go to the N-type semiconductor, and then release the heat. Each time an NP module passes, heat is sent from one side to another. On one side, a temperature difference is created, thereby forming a hot and cold end. Installation and use reference The installation and use of the cooling plate is very simple. Before installation, Z should prepare a little thermal grease. Then, find a dry battery and connect it to the two leads of the refrigerator. You can feel that one end is obviously cool and the other end is hot. Remember the polarity of the lead and make sure. The cold and hot end of the chiller. When it is officially installed, apply thermal grease on both ends of the refrigerator evenly. Insert a cooling sheet between the CPU and the heat sink. Please pay attention to the direction of the hot and cold surface, the cold surface is attached to the CPU, and the hot surface is strong ( The higher the power, the better.) The heat sink is in contact. Then the idea is fixed three. Be careful that the clip of the fan should not be too short, otherwise it will be difficult to fix. After fixing, you can connect the cooling chip and the fan to the power supply (must pay attention to the polarity). If your chassis power is less than 230W, I advise you not to connect to the chassis power supply. Otherwise, the power may be insufficient. The computer is not working properly. It is recommended to use an external voltage of about 12V. At this voltage, the cooling capacity of the cooling sheet and the temperature difference between the hot and cold surfaces are suitable. Precautions 1. Pay attention to the heat dissipation at the hot end. The hot surface temperature of semiconductor refrigeration should not exceed 60 ° C, otherwise there is a possibility of damage. If the rated cooling voltage (12V), the general cooling fan can not provide enough cooling capacity for the cooling sheet, it is easy to cause overheating damage to the cooling sheet. At the same time, do not energize the refrigerator for a long time without a radiator. Otherwise, the inside of the refrigerator will be overheated and burned. 2. Condensation problems. When the temperature of the surface of the semiconductor refrigerating chip ceramics is reduced to a certain extent, dew condensation is likely to occur, and whether "condensation" is related to temperature and humidity (the concept of so-called "dew point" in meteorology). The condensation in the computer case is not allowed. The safer method is to make the cold surface of the semiconductor refrigerator work at about 20 °C; it can be adjusted by adjusting the voltage of the cooling fin or the fan speed of the heat sink. Z's good protection measures are to install an anti-condensation, heat preservation, isolation ring, so that it can be separated from the air to avoid condensation! 3, computer power supply problems. The power consumption of the cooling chip may be as high as 70W. Such a large load may undoubtedly cause problems in the poor quality of the computer power supply. Therefore, please confirm whether the chassis power supply is sufficient when using the player. If the cooling current cannot be reached, the current will be affected. The cooling effect, so the power supply is also the key to the cooling effect. 4. Pay attention to the heat dissipation of the chassis. Obviously, while the cooling chip reduces the CPU temperature, the heat at the hot end is also quite large, which may cause the temperature inside the chassis to rise and affect the work of other components. Therefore, pay attention to the heat dissipation of the chassis. Add a cooling fan to the appropriate position in the chassis. References: The relevant information is as follows, please buyers carefully read the relevant information A semiconductor refrigerator (TE), also called a thermoelectric cooler, is a heat pump. It has the advantage of not having mechanically operated components, and is used in applications where space is limited, reliability is high, and refrigerant is not contaminated. The semiconductor refrigerator has the following advantages and features in technical application: 1. It does not require any refrigerant, has a long service life and is easy to install. 2. The semiconductor refrigerator has two functions of cooling and heating. Leave a Comment
Collective Bargaining Theory Discipline: Economics Collective bargaining theory refers to studies carried out by UK political economist Alfred Marshall (1842-1924) into the negotiation of wage rates and conditions of employment by representatives of the labor force (usually trade union officials) and management. Collective bargaining generally involves the joint regulation of agreed procedures. Also see: countervailing power, syndicalism S Webb and B Webb, Industrial Democracy (London, 1897); H A Clegg, Trade Unionism under Collective Bargaining. A Theory Based on Comparisons of Six Countries (Oxford, 1976) Facebook Twitter
healthy fruits - MOA Top 10 Most Healthy Fruits in the World with Super Drink! To Receive a PDF of this Page/Article... Enter your Email Address healthy fruits - MOADo you want to boost your health? Just eat healthy fruits. Fruits are not questionable. There is no harm in eating fruits. There are so many fruits that can help you improve your health. They have their own nutrition level for your body. Did you hear the word Superfood, how about Superfruits? But of course, not all are pass to the criteria as Superfruits. When you mean “super” it means that they have this high nutrition level and complete vitamins included. Nutrition as fiber, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants and other nutrients that can help prevent diseases and can help you live longer. Buy and eat fresh fruits only. Experts studied that eating five to nine portions of vegetables and fruits a day can boost your health in a different level. Below are some fruits that have in common. Common means they are all the healthy fruits out there. Experts ranked them based on their nutrition level, the power to block diseases and vitamins you can get. Mostly berries and citrus. 1. Grapefruit Grapefruit is one of the healthiest fruits out there. This is known as one of the best when it comes to weight loss. Experts say that people who eat grapefruits before meal can reduce 1.3 kg compared to those who didn’t. Grapefruit is a good source of vitamins and minerals that are known for its ability to reduce insulin resistance and reduce excess fats. It is also good to reduce cholesterol level to help prevent kidney stones. This is highly nutritious and one of the most healthy fruits. 2. Orangehealthy fruits - MOA Orange is one of the most popular and most healthy fruits in the world. When you hear “citrus”, you can think of orange first. Orange is a good source of Vitamin B such as thiamone and folate. And very known that has a significant amount of Vitamin C. It is also rich in flavonoids, which have anti-inflammatory properties and strong antioxidant effects. It can reduce stroke risk for women and kidney stones. 3. Watermelon Watermelon is very rich in Vitamins A and C. Expert says that watermelon can help reduce the risk of cancer. A study shows that it contains some antioxidants that known as anti-cancer effects. Not only that, it can reduce cholesterol and blood pressure also. Out of all the fruits out there, watermelon is the most hydrating fruit that is best to eat every day. It contains 92% of water. 4. Guava Do you know that eating just one ounce i.e 28 gms of guava can give you 110% RDI for Vitamin C? That’s how nutritious the guava is. Not only that, it is also rich in fiber, copper, manganese and Vitamin A. One of the best in guava is, it contains antioxidants that can help you reduce the risk of chronic disease and colon cancer. 5. Lemon Known for its high Vitamin C, lemon is always used for reducing weight. You can mix it with green tea or ginger tea. Citric acid in lemon can help treat kidney stones. Researchers said that if you rank it, Lemon is one of the most nutritious and healthy fruits in the world. healthy fruits - MOA6. Apple Most of the kids, Apple is their favorite fruit. It contains a lot of Vitamin K, C, B and fibre. It can help reduce the risk of Alzheimers and diabetes. Apple is the best also to improve digestion and metabolic health. 7. Mango Favorite fruit of all ages is Mango. With the source of Vitamin C, it helps reduce any diseases such as diabetes. It also contains fiber with antioxidants and has inflammatory effects. This one of the most nutritious fruits that are enjoyed by all ages. 8. Banana Banana is high in minerals and vitamins and can get health benefits from it. Banana is very well known as being rich in potassium. One of the health benefits is it also contains pectin that can improve blood sugar control. It is good for digestive health also. If the person has difficulty to walk, one of the main reasons is because of lack in potassium. 9. Avocado By definition, avocado is different from other fruits. It is low in carbs and comprised of healthy fats. It can also help reduce inflammation for a better heart health. 10. Pineapple Pineapple is the best to eat daily. It also has the ability to digest protein and it contains bromelain. Bromelain helps to prevent cancer and tumor growth. Best Supplement – MOAhealthy fruits - MOA Moa is a proprietary, nutrient-rich blend of 36 superfoods and superfruits combined into a synergistic, low glycemic formula that helps support exceptional health benefits. When used regularly, Moa helps reduce oxidative damage from free radicals and supports healthy digestion, robust cellular defenses and immune function.* Fill your day with MOA and give your body the essential nutrients it needs to be healthy and balanced. To know more about healthy fruits and MOA, visit our website Translate »
Friday, September 14, 2018 The First-Ever Brownie was invented in Chicago by Bertha Palmer for the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition. Like Twinkies and deep dish (or pan) pizza, brownies were born in Chicago. Credit goes to Bertha Honore Palmer, wife of the Palmer House’s original owner, Potter Palmer. Apparently the organizers of the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 asked her and the hotel to concoct a delicious and transportable dessert, and this classic was born. Bertha Honore Palmer Unlike other brownie recipes which started appearing in 1904 and specified that butter and sugar were first creamed before being combined with a small amount of melted chocolate, the Palmer House brownie is made with more than a pound of melted chocolate and a pound of melted butter. The finished brownie is also glazed with apricot jelly. A combination of chocolate fudge and brownie, crispy-chewy on the edges, ultra dense and chocolatey, it’s best served frozen, or very cold… otherwise, gooey things happen. The Famous Palmer House Fudge Brownie Actual photograph of the Palmer House Brownie. YIELD: About 24 brownies ACTIVE TIME: 20 minutes Brownie Ingredients 1 lb. butter (1lb = 2 cups OR 4 sticks) 12 oz. granulated sugar 8 oz. cake flour [1] 1 Tbsp baking powder 4 large whole eggs 1 lb crushed, toasted walnuts Apricot Glaze Ingredients 1 cup water 1 cup apricot preserves 1 envelope unflavored gelatin powder Compiled by Neil Gale, Ph.D. [1] What is the difference between (all purpose) flour and cake flour? - Cake flour is a finely milled, delicate flour with a low protein content; it's usually bleached. When used in cakes, it results in a super-tender texture with a fine crumb, and a good rise. Chiffon and angel food cake are two great examples of where cake flour really shines. The primary difference between cake flour and all-purpose (AP) flour is the protein content (which becomes gluten). The protein content of cake flour is about 8%, while the protein content of AP flour is slightly higher. 1. Interesting that they were asked to make a "transportable dessert", and came up with one that is "best served frozen, or very cold… otherwise, gooey things happen." 2. One of my favorite "food groups" which I rarely get to enjoy. I'm not sure about the apricot jelley, but thanks for the instructions!
`Discussion of monopolistic competition by Chamberlin and Joan Robinson have shown that firms under imperfect competition operate with excess capacity. Acc~ing to these economists. a finn under monopolistic competition or imperfect competition produces on output in the long-run equilibrium. which is less than socially optimum or ideal output. In other words, they do I0t Produce that level of output at which long-run average cost is minimum. This will happen when the firms operate at a point on the falling portion of the long-run average cost curve. A linn under monopolistic competition attains long-run equilibrium when the demand curve (or average revenue curve) facing it is tangential to the long-run average cost curve so that it may earn only normal profits. Since they are operating on the falling portion of the long-run average cost curve, the firms can reduce their average cost, (and hence price) by expanding their output to the minimum point of the I ng-run average cost curve. But they do not increase their output, because their profits have already been maximized at the level of output smaller than a inch their long-run average cost would be minimum. This happens at a point where equality between marginal revenue and marginal cost has been attained. It is clear that productive resources of the COMmunity arc fully utilized only when they are used to produce that level of output which brings down the long-run average cost to the lowest point. But the monopolistic firms produce less than that level of out put which is socially optimum lOr Ideal outlet UL ‘PlI’ quite different from what helping under perfect of I petition when the firms of long-run average Ul’1 curve. Thus. the actual hln run output of the Iinn under monop completion falls short of what I~produced under perfect Will petition which can be considered the socially ulcal output. This gives the measure of excess capacity luch lies unutilized under imperfect competition. The two figures the long~run pov ruou of a perfectly competitive linn. The firm is in long-run equilibrium at the level 01 00i output where the lung-run average CO\t is minuuum At this point. Ihu the double condition run aquilinum I suu-ficd. This represents the socially ideal output. The operation of the firm under monopolistic competition is shown in the figure 29.9. In this case, the long -run equilibrium is achieved at OM output at whieh the marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost and price is equal to average cost. Here imagevenue curve AR is tangential to average cost curve AC at point f corresponding to output OM. It can he seen that at output OM average cost is falling and It continues to fall upto ON and thus reduce it~ long run average cost to the minimum. lICence. the ideal output is ON where the long-run average IS minimum This means that this firm is producing ~I, quantity) less than the local output. Hence MN represents excess capacity which emerges under listie competition. It may be noted that this concept of pacity refers only to the long-run, because in the Share This
Introduction to Camera Shutters As you’ve previously learned, the primary role of the shutter is to control the length of time that light is permitted to pass through the lens to the image sensor. Beyond that, the shutter controls a critical aesthetic element, the perception of movement in photography. Shutter Priority auto-exposure mode, Bulb, and Time Shutter Priority mode is an automatic exposure mode in which the photographer selects the desired shutter speed, and the camera attempts to achieve optimal exposure by varying the aperture. Shutter Priority mode is commonly indicated as S or Tv (for time value) on most cameras’ mode dials. Shutter Priority mode is different from other automatic exposure modes because it allows photographers to control the perception of motion, either by freezing movement, showing movement, or minimizing camera shake. Your camera may offer two additional shutter-specific functions known as Bulb and Time. Pressing the shutter button in Bulb mode (often labelled B) will activate the shutter and keep it open for as long as the button remains pressed. Releasing the button will terminate the exposure. Pressing the shutter button once in Time mode (often labelled T) will open the shutter, and pressing it again will close the shutter. Both Bulb and Time modes are intended for long exposures. They are often used with wired or wireless remote shutter releases to avoid vibrations induced by touching the camera during exposure. Focal plane shutters As the name suggests, the focal plane shutter is positioned just in front of the plane of the image sensor. In modern cameras, focal plane shutters consist of two separate metal “curtains” (better described as overlapping blades) that travel vertically during exposure. When primed for exposure, the top (“second”) curtain is in a retracted position above the frame, and the bottom (“first”) curtain is fully extended upward, blocking light from the image sensor. Upon full depression of the shutter button, the image sensor activates, and the first curtain retracts down to uncover it; after a precise interval, the second curtain extends down to terminate the exposure, and the image sensor deactivates. The process is slightly different in mirrorless cameras because their electronic viewfinders and displays receive a real-time video feed from the image sensor in place of a DSLR’s optical viewfinder. When taking a picture, the camera momentarily closes, or “primes,” the shutter before engaging as per the description above. In both styles of cameras, the shutter curtains accelerate to a constant velocity regardless of the shutter speed. At slower shutter speeds, the first curtain retracts to uncover the image sensor fully, and after a precise interval, the second curtain closes. Beyond a certain threshold, faster shutter speeds are achieved by timing the second curtain to start closing before the first curtain has fully uncovered the image sensor. The horizontal slit formed between the two curtains exposes the image sensor as it travels across its surface. Increasing the shutter speed narrows the slit by reducing the interval between the first curtain starting to open and the second curtain starting to close. On modern cameras, the precise engagement and fast movement of the shutter curtains can form very narrow slits that achieve exposures of 1/8000 seconds. There are three main disadvantages to focal plane shutters. First, they typically have a hard limit for flash synchronization. The fastest shutter speed at which an image sensor is completely uncovered is known as its X-sync or flash synchronization speed. The fastest available X-sync speed on modern cameras is typically 1/250 second. Using a flash at faster shutter speeds results in uneven illumination of the image sensor as it’s being exposed by a travelling slit. Cameras with physical shutter speed dials often mark the X-sync speed with an “X.” Secondly, focal plane shutters suffer from a phenomenon known as shutter shock, which are the minute high-frequency vibrations created by the shutter curtains as they accelerate into motion and decelerate to a stop. In DSLRs, the effect is exaggerated by the mirror’s slap, which is the vibrations induced by the speedy raising and lowering of the mirror that gives SLRs their distinct sound. While mirrorless cameras don’t experience mirror slap, they suffer from extended shutter shock. As a rule of thumb, if you can feel the vibrations through your hand, they have the potential to affect your image below a specific shutter speed. Lastly, focal plane shutters may induce an image distortion known as a rolling shutter when photographing fast-moving subjects at shutter speeds faster than X-sync. Imagine shooting a fast-moving subject with a static camera. Exposure of the image sensor is accomplished through a narrow slit. As the narrow slit travels across the focal plane, it exposes minutely different instances of time in the subject’s progression within the frame. The resulting rolling shutter distortions vary depending on your subject’s direction of motion. When the subject’s movement within the frame is perpendicular to the shutter curtains, it may appear slanted; subjects moving in the direction of the shutter curtains will appear elongated or stretched; and, subjects moving in the opposite direction of the shutter curtains will appear foreshortened or compressed. These phenomena occur incredibly rarely in practical photography. Leaf shutters The leaf shutter, or central lens shutter, consists of several metal blades, or leaves, in a circular arrangement that is similar to an iris diaphragm. During exposure, the blades open and close very quickly. When opened, they retract to clear the aperture and allow proper exposure. When closed, the edges overlap to ensure that no light penetrates the assembly. In modern photography, leaf shutters are used predominantly in lenses designed for medium and large format cameras. They also appear in several fixed-lens consumer-oriented enthusiast cameras, such as the Sony DSC-RX1R II and Fujifilm X100F. There are several significant differences between leaf and focal plane shutters. First, the leaf shutter is built directly into the lens and is located near the iris diaphragm. This adds to the mechanical complexity of a lens; lenses that feature leaf shutters are typically more expensive than similar lenses without them. Furthermore, a leaf shutter does not preclude a camera from having a focal plane shutter; a camera with a focal plane shutter can be fitted with a lens using a leaf shutter. Two, leaf shutters fully expose the entire recording surface at all available shutter speeds. The practical benefit is that flash synchronization is available throughout the shutter speed range. Since modern medium format leaf shutters can attain exposure durations as fast as 1/2000 second, this gives them a tremendous advantage over camera systems with focal plane shutters with regards to flash photography. One of the primary drawbacks of the leaf shutter design is that the central portion of the image sensor is exposed for longer than the edges, which causes both vignetting and distorted bokeh. The effect is hard to notice at slower shutter speeds, or when relying exclusively on flash for illumination (because the flash fires at the precise moment the shutter is fully open). It becomes increasingly prominent with faster shutter speeds and larger apertures, which aren’t recommended. Electronic shutters An electronic shutter is a function of an image sensor that allows it to activate and deactivate its reading of light over a set period of exposure without the aid of mechanical curtains or blades. For example, if your shutter speed is set to 1/100 second, the image sensor will read the light values striking its surface for 1/100 second. It activates upon pressing the shutter button and deactivates after the set period. Electronic shutters can attain incredibly fast exposures, with some cameras reaching speeds of 1/32,000 second! In addition, they’re totally silent, and, like leaf shutters, free from the vibrations induced by shutter shock. Unfortunately, currently available electronic shutters have several disadvantages: rolling shutter, absolutely no flash synchronization, and the potential for banding when used with high-frequency lights, such as fluorescent tubes and LEDs. Electronic shutters exhibit a far more severe form of the rolling shutter effect than focal plane shutters. It’s a consequence of how CMOS image sensors (the most common type in use today) record picture information, and is most commonly experienced as the “Jell-O” effect in quick-panning digital videos. Unlike CCDs, CMOS image sensors cannot record the light values from every pixel on their surface simultaneous. Instead, the sensor activates a single horizontal line of pixels at a time until the entire sensor is recording light. After a precise interval equal to the set exposure duration, the image sensor follows the same sequential process to terminate exposure and record the data. This is a relatively slow process in comparison to the speed of mechanical shutters. The curtains of a focal plane shutter can travel across the span of the image sensor much faster than the sensor can cycle the exposure and capture of successive lines of pixels to completion, even though each individual line of pixels may be exposed for a shorter total duration. For this reason, digital cameras that use mechanical shutters (leaf or focal plane) will always activate the image sensor before the shutter curtains open and deactivate it after the shutter curtains have closed. The remaining disadvantages of electronic shutters all stem from the rolling shutter effect. Most cameras disable the flash when shot with an electronic shutter because the results would be similar to using a focal plane shutter above the X-sync speed (see above). Lastly, at faster shutter speeds, electronic shutters may capture banding in the light cast by LEDs and fluorescent bulbs and tubes. Lights operate at the utility frequency of the AC current in your country. In North America, the AC frequency is 60 hz, which means that the power to the light cycles on and off sixty times per second. Unlike mid- to high-wattage tungsten bulbs, which retain enough heat through their off cycles so as not to show a noticeable light loss, LED and fluorescent lights lose and gain brightness sixty times per second. When taking a picture under such lighting conditions, the scene’s ambient light levels would fluctuate as the electronic shutter scans sequential lines of pixels. The resulting pattern, a gradual transition between light and dark across portions of the photograph lit by the light source, is known as banding.
My Cart ATTENTION! Animal Xing Posted on As the weather heats up, so do fatality rates among animals. Road kill is only one problem occurring between humans and animals. 2 million animals are killed each year in the United States from vehicle related incidents.* Mating, migrating, or hunting can cause animals to cross roads unaware of the looming danger of cars. How can we avoid this? Europe has created wildlife crossing structures that are slowly making their way into the United States. These crossing structures started as a link for ecology over roadways. With time, animals started using them. States around the country are developing budget plans to build these "bridges" to save wildlife. Alligator passings were developed in the Florida Keys, animal passageways are underway in Washington, and wildlife crossings are reconstructing highways in Montana. Although these multi-million dollar projects push the financial limits for some municipalities, the benefits far outweigh the price tag. In Colorado, there has been an 82% to 98% success rate for these structures.* Rural areas are not the only locations picking up on this trend. Los Angeles, California is currently designing the largest animal overpass in the world. Why? To save the mountain lion population! Another major goal of these projects, besides saving the lives of millions of animals, is to reduce the environmental impact of roadways. Select highways chop right through animal territories. It is no wonder some species seem to spend more time in the road than off of it. By reconnecting this land, animals are less likely to be playing "frogger" with a mac truck. Wildlife structures are also saving the country $8 billion in animal-related traffic accidents.** By decreasing the number of animals in the road, we are also decreasing the number of insurance claims, car accidents, and human fatalities (about 30,000 to be exact).*** What are your thoughts on wildlife structures? Do you think they are worth the cost? US Department of Transportation NBC News Colorado Parks and Wildlife **Arc Solutions Hello You!
DHgate is a Global Supplier of Android Tablets Facebook Share Button Twitter Share Button Reddit Share Button Try Amazon Music Unlimited Free Trial for 30 days. Video Card Inputs and Outputs Common video inputs and outputs One simple but important feature to be considered in selecting a video card is the type of inputs and outputs it has. The types of inputs and outputs will determine what type of monitor and other video peripherals (video cameras, editing consoles, etc.) you can attach to your homebuilt computer. When I first wrote this site, SVGA was the standard for computer video. SVGA was an improvement on the VGA standard that IBM invented in 1987 and used the same DE-15 connector. All monitors had SVGA inputs, and all computer video cards had SVGA outputs. DVI was still new and only a few computers and monitors supported it. Even those that did still had VGA connectors in addition to DVI. Nowadays, the VGA-style monitor connector is becoming just a memory. Newer, faster interfaces that are capable of higher resolutions and quality (and some of which can also carry audio and other data) have taken its place. Many video cards and monitors don't have VGA connectors at all anymore. That makes the kind of connectors a video card has an important factor in choosing a video card. Let's take a quick look at some of them. Before I proceed, let me remind the reader that the complexity of a video signal is a function of the screen resolution, the frame rate or refresh rate (measured in Hertz, or Hz, which basically means cycles per second), the color depth, the complexity of the image, and the rate at which the image is changing. The more complex the signal, the more throughput it needs. That's why some of the descriptions include examples of multiple monitor configurations that can be supported. An interface may be able, for example, to drive a smaller-resolution at a refresh rate of 60 Hz, but a larger-resolution monitor at only 30 Hz. Standard Video Card and Monitor Interfaces The interfaces I'm going to talk about in this section apply to the most commonly-used output connections on video cards, and the input connections on monitors and other displays or devices that accept video inputs (such as projectors and digital video recorders). A bit further down I'll mention a few additional interfaces that are only of interest to a few people who use certain specialized kinds of equipment. Although no longer the standard, video cards with SVGA outputs and monitors with SVGA inputs are still available at the time of this revision. SVGA is an analog standard that uses a DE-15 connector. Because it's analog, the length and quality of the cable and the frequency of the video card's digital-to-analog converter affect the signal quality at the monitor end. The SVGA interface was designed to reliably drive a single monitor with a maximum resolution of 1024 x 768. That sounds like nothing until you realize that the previous VGA standard was designed around 640 x 480. The (highly) theoretical maximum of SVGA, if you want to do all the math, is 2048 x 1536 at 85 Hz refresh; but that's pretty much a pipe dream in the real world. With a short, average-quality cable, VGA can easily support 1280 x 1024 with little or no noticeable quality loss. Anything above that starts getting iffy. Realistically speaking, with a quality video card and monitor, a short, high-quality cable, and some luck, you might be able to drive a 1920 x 1080 monitor at 30 Hz over VGA. But you're probably going to get at least occasional ghosting and quality loss. VGA carries only video, not audio. DVI stands for Digital Visual Interface. It is the most confusing of the video interfaces. There are multiple types of connectors, and they are not interchangeable. Diagram of the most common types of D V I video connectors DVI connectors are divided into two main groups: single-link and dual link. Dual-link can carry twice the data of single-link. There also are three standards for DVI interfaces: DVI-A (carries analog data only), DVI-D (carries only digital data) and DVI-I (carries both digital and analog data). There's also another standard known as M1-DA, which is also known as P&D, or simply M1, just to add more confusion to the mix. M1-DA is a single-link interface that can carry digital or analog data, as well as USB or Firewire data. Some DVI interfaces are theoretically capable of carrying audio data, but I don't recall ever coming across a device that utilized that capability. They may be out there, though. Single-link DVI is capable of supporting resolutions up to 1920 x 1200 at 60 Hz. Dual link DVI can support resolutions up to 2560 x 1600 at 60 Hz. The digital signals of digital DVI interfaces are basically identical to the video portion of HDMI and can be converted using a simple adaptor. Likewise, the analog signals of DVI interfaces that support analog can be converted to VGA using an adapter. There are also adapters to convert DVI connections to different kinds of DVI connections. I did mention that DVI is confusing, didn't I? From a practical, nuts-and-bolts perspective, what all this means to computer builders is that it's not enough to know that a video card has a DVI output. Unless you want to go messing with adapters and dongles, it's important to know which kind of DVI output the video card has. HDMI stands for High-Definition Multimedia Interface. It carries both audio and video data, including surround sound. There are five different types of HDMI connectors of different sizes, but chances are you won't have to worry about four of them. Type is the most common and is used on most desktop computers, laptop computers, monitors, and home video devices. Type B is larger than Type A and has never been used in a single consumer product. Type C is smaller than Type A but has the same pin assignments. It's used on some laptops and other portable devices where space is at a premium. Type D is sometimes called "Micro HDMI" and is used on some phones and tablets. It has different pin assignments than Type A, but adapters are available if you need them. Type E is used mainly in automotive applications. In addition to the connector types, there are also multiple standards sets. The parts of the specs that matter most to PC builders are: Because of its huge throughput capabilities and near-universality in modern consumer audiovisual equipment, HDMI is an enormously popular interface for computer video cards. Nearly all current VCR's, DVR's, cable television boxes, monitors, televisions, and streaming media players support HDMI. A high-quality video card with HDMI is a good choice for pretty much any computer, but especially for one that will be doing duty as a media hub or part of a home theater system. HDMI Cables. HDMI cables are classified by both connector type and speed. Some people say that there's no difference between HDMI cables and that you can use an HDMI cable designed for slower speeds with components built for newer, faster speeds. In my experience, I've found that that's not always the case. I think it's more accurate to say that some older HDMI cables will work just fine with newer HDMI standards, and others won't. Newer cables are tested and certified to work at the higher speeds. Older cables aren't, but may still work. Probably the best way to look at it is that cables that have been certified by their manufacturers for the newer standards and higher speeds should always work at those standards, while cables made for lower speeds might work at the newer standards and speeds. If they don't, the devices will either negotiate a lower-quality connection (for example, lowering the resolution or refresh rate), they may periodically blank out or display blocks or stripes, they may render audio but not video, or they may not work at all. In a nutshell, if you have an older HDMI cable and you want to try it, go ahead. It may just work, and you can always replace it if it doesn't. But if you have to buy a new cable anyway, buy an HDMI cable rated for 4k UHD (or whatever the newer standard is if HDMI is upgraded again by the time you read this page). The price difference is trivial. DisplayPort is a video and audio interface designed specifically for computers, but which is compatible with HDMI and can provide signal to monitors and other devices with HDMI inputs through the use of simple adapters. It can carry audio, video, or both, as well as USB. The output of a video card with DisplayPort can also drive HDMI monitors and devices using a simple DisplaPort to HDMI adapter or a DisplayPort to HDMI cable with the adapter built-in. The computer I'm using right now uses an Amazon Basics DisplayPort to HDMI cable. It works just fine. As of this revision of this site, DisplayPort is in version 1.4, which is capable of throughput up to 32.4 Gbit/s when using HBR3 (DisplayPort High Bit Rate Version 3) and DSC 1.2 (Digital Stream Compression Version 1.2). What this means in practical terms is that DisplayPort 1.4 is capable of driving monitors and monitor combinations including (but not limited) to the following: DisplayPort outputs can also be "split" to run multiple monitors from the same output using a DisplayPort hub, and DisplayPort monitors can be daisy-changed if they have DisplayPort outputs and support MST (multi-stream technology). Overall, it's an excellent interface and is especially popular with gamers, especially if you don't need direct connectivity with HDMI consumer video devices (which would only require a simple adapter even if you did need that connectivity). Specialized Video Card Inputs As mentioned above, some high-end video cards also are designed to allow input from video sources. These cards are used for video production, editing, capture, and many other purposes that involve transferring images from external devices onto a computer. Most of these card can take video input through the same interfaces as those mentioned above. But some also accept inputs that are not commonly used in computing and are more in the realm of commercial video or television production, either past or present. Some of these include: Getting Started Try Amazon Prime 30-Day Free Trial Page copy protected against web site content infringement by Copyscape
London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Reference work entry London is the capital city of the United Kingdom, located on the River Thames in the southeast of the country. Although there is evidence of settlements along the Thames long before the Roman occupation of Britain under Emperor Claudius, it was during the first century AD that Londinium was established as a hub of trade and commerce. It is now one of the world’s most important commercial, financial and political centres as well as a major tourist destination. By 60 AD the city was a major trading centre and by the year 200 had a population of 45,000 making it one of the largest provincial cities in the Western Empire. After the demise of the Roman Empire London’s documented history is scarce until the Saxon settlements in the early fifth century AD when London re-emerged as an important trading centre. The first St Paul’s Cathedral was built in 604 and after a brief lapse into paganism the city was Christian from 656, helping to restore links with the continent... Copyright information © Springer Nature Limited 2019 Personalised recommendations
brain abscess Brain Abscess Brain abscess is a bacterial infection within the brain. The brain is usually well insulated from infection by bacteria, protected by the skull, the meninges (tissue layers surrounding the brain), the immune system, and the highly regulated barrier between the bloodstream and the brain. Under certain circumstances, however, bacteria can invade the brain and cause a localized infection called an abscess. Brain abscess is relatively rare, accounting for 1 in 10,000 hospital admissions. Single abscess occurs in 75% of cases, and the remainder of cases involve multiple abscesses. If not treated, brain abscess is almost always fatal. Causes and symptoms One-half of all brain abscesses are caused by the spread of bacteria from a nearby infection. Sources of bacteria include: • middle ear infections (otitis media) orinfectionsin the bony spaces in front of the middle ear (mastoiditis) • sinus infections • an abscessed tooth. Other sources of bacteria include lung infections, abdominal infection, infection of the heart's lining (endocarditis) penetrating heart wounds, and neurosurgery. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) or the presence of another immune deficiency greatly increases the risk of brain abscess. Approximately 25% of cases have no detectable cause of infection. Brain abscess can be caused by a variety of organisms, many of them related to ear and sinus infections. Many times brain abscess cases are caused by two or more bacteria. In 30-60% of cases, the bacteria combination includes streptococci, microorganisms that can live without oxygen (anaerobes), and enterobacteria. A small number of cases are caused by yeast, fungi, and single-cell organisms (protozoa). The symptoms of brain abscess often develop slowly, usually within a period of about two weeks. The most common symptoms are: • headache • neurologic symptoms related to the specific part of the brain that is infected • altered mental status • seizures Diagnosis of brain abscess is performed by using a computed tomography scan (CT) or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to determine the site of infection. Tissue removal (biopsy) is usually performed as well. A biopsy is performed to determine the type of bacterium involved. Biopsies can also be used to rule out tumor or other noninfectious localized lesions, which may look the same on the scans. Other tests are performed to determine the source of the infection. These tests include blood cultures, x rays of the chest, and a physical exam of the ears, sinuses, and teeth. A test for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is usually also performed. Treatment for brain abscess begins with intravenous antibiotics, chosen to match the infecting bacterium if known, or to cover a wide spectrum of possibilities if not. Treatment usually continues for six to eight weeks. Aspiration surgery is almost always done to drain the abscess. In this procedure, a needle is guided to the infected site by CT scan, and fluid is removed (aspirated) from the abscess. Aspiration may be repeated several times until the bacteria are completely killed or removed. Surgical removal of infected or dead tissue may be needed in some cases. For patients with many sites of infection, aspiration or surgical removal is not done because of the increased difficulty and risk of the procedure. For these patients, antibiotic therapy alone is used. Steroid treatment is controversial, but may be indicated in some cases. Even with prompt treatment, brain abscess is fatal in about 20% of cases. About half of those who survive have some residual neurological problems, including seizures in many patients. There are several reasons why patients with brain abscess can have a poor prognosis. The illness may not be diagnosed correctly or an accurate diagnosis may take additional time. The patient may receive an antibiotic that does not match the infecting organism. Sometimes the infection may not be limited to a definite area in the brain, making diagnosis and treatment difficult. The small number of cases caused by fungal infection may take additional time to diagnose. A patient may also have a poor prognosis because there is more than one abscess, the location of the abscess may be deep within the brain, or the infection may have moved into many locations within the brain. Severe complications can result from brain abscess, including comma and brain rupture. In 80-100% of cases involving brain rupture, the patient dies. Brain abscess may be preventable by prompt and aggressive treatment of the infections which give rise to it, especially sinus and ear infections. Key terms Aspiration — Removal of fluid from a closed space through a needle. Biopsy — The removal of a tissue sample for examination. Abscess, cross section. brain abscess see brain abscess. miliary abscess one composed of numerous small collections of pus. periodontal abscess a localized collection of pus in the periodontal tissue. stitch abscess one developed about a stitch or suture. thecal abscess one in the sheath of a tendon. Welch's abscess gas abscess. Projection areas of the brain. wet brain brain edema. brain abscess Etymology: AS, bragen + L, abscedere, to go away a pocket of infection in a part of the brain. It is usually a result of the spread of an infection from another source, such as the skull, sinuses, or other structures in the head. The infection also may be secondary to a disease in the bones, the nervous system outside the brain, or the heart. Also called cerebral abscess, intracranial abscess. enlarge picture Brain abscess brain abscess A focal collection of pus within the cerebral or cerebellar parenchyma, arising from direct spread of an adjacent infection (e.g., meningitis, sinusitis, mastoiditis) or from haematogenous spread from elsewhere. 1–2% of all intracranial space occupying lesions in developed countries and 8% in developing countries. Solitary abscesses are typically temporal or cerebellar, and caused by direct spread from adjacent foci (paranasal sinus); multiple abscesses typically develop at the junction of the white and grey matter of regions supplied by the middle cerebral artery. Clinical findings Classically develops in three phases (1) Invasion—headache, nausea; (2) Latent—transient paroxysmal headaches, malaise; (3) Apparent—localising signs, CSF pressure effects. History, CT scan; high index of suspicion in patients with unexpected symptoms and signs if they have received antibiotics. brain abscess Neurology A localized intracranial infection filled with pus due to a bacterial infection brain abscess The serious consequence of access of pus-forming organisms to the inner parts of the brain, by spread through the bone following middle ear infection (OTITIS MEDIA and MASTOIDITIS) or severe sinusitis, by spread by the blood, or as a result of a penetrating injury of the brain by an infected object or missile. brain abscess brain aneurysm see berry aneurysm. brain anoxia brain case the cranium. brain cestodal cyst brain coup lesion a derivation from contrecoup. brain dead brain decompression brain edema brain ependymal lining brain hematoma brain hemorrhage brain herniation brain hypoxia see brain anoxia (above). brain infarction see feline ischemic encephalopathy. brain ischemia see brain anoxia (above). brain laceration brain necrosis brain pigmentation brain sand brain scanning brain spongy degeneration brain staggers see dummy. brain trauma brain tumors brain ventricles see third, fourth, fifth ventricle. References in periodicals archive ? Watson, "Pyogenic brain abscess due to Streptococcus anginosus," The Medical Journal of Australia, vol. Citrobacter freundii brain abscess in a preterm infant: a case report and literature review. 6) On the other hand, Ludman found that the most common microorganisms in otogenic brain abscess were streptococci. The development of brain abscess during therapy was an unusual finding. It may manifest itself in various ways such as a CNS infection and a brain abscess. Taken together, we suggest that surgical resection of the brain abscess and the culture of tissue is necessary in cases where antibiotics are not effective. All consecutive cases diagnosed as brain abscess, extradural and subdural empyema, or combinations thereof were included in the study. Br Enlarging head size as the only presentation of Salmonella Typhimurium brain abscess in an infant: a short report. The bacteriology of a brain abscess is diverse and usually consists of a complex mixture of aerobes and anaerobes. proposed that medical management of brain abscess without surgical intervention may be successful in patients with illness duration of less than two weeks when four conditions are met. It turned out to be a rare and life threatening brain abscess. His distraught parents Craig and Barbara were told the chances of a child getting the fatal brain abscess was 7,000-1.
Inside a Patient Focus Group As a part of Glucose Trail’s community building efforts, we’re having focus groups with patients so that they can better understand their disease, connect with other diabetics and build a community of people around them who also have a desire to live a healthy life. What Happens at a Focus Group When patients first arrive at their focus group, they are welcomed into a circle to start their discussion with one another. In this focus group, patients were apprehensive about why they needed treatment for diabetes, a disease whose symptoms are so elusive. A focus group touches on a few important topics: 1. Understanding Diabetes 2. Tactics for Wellness 3. Start Community Building 4. Growing Self Awareness Through a breathing exercise and a candid discussion that followed, patients were able to discuss problems in depth, with a group that truly understood them. Practical Steps to Wellness Through this focus group, the ominous “healthy lifestyle” is demystified and broken down into concrete steps that patients can take in order to fight diabetes. Patients are made aware of underutilized community resources that already exist to aid them on their way to living well. They are exposed to creative ways to incorporate diet and exercise into their daily life from people who understand exactly what sort of life that they live. The environment is carefully crafted to be as relatable to the patients as possible, so that they can start building their healthy community from within. A Burst of Understanding Patients who are unaware of the impact that diabetes has as a silent killer find it hard to grip the gravity of the disease. Since diabetes doesn’t feel like it has symptoms until the later stages, patients really don’t feel the need to take medication or engage in healthy activities, because they feel well. Yet, inside, diabetes is a brewing storm that can lead to serious complications later in life. These patients were able to discuss the disease openly and hear from educators about what impact the disease would really have on their lives. After this conversation, the patients realized the seriousness of their disease and vowed to be better at dealing with it in the future. By having an open and safe space to discuss these insecurities and feelings, the patients were able to forge genuine connections with the people around them, sowing the seeds for a genuine healthy living community around them. Have questions? Comments? Interested in getting involved with Glucose Trail? Drop us a line.
Journal scan Patients and families need better preparation for the 'final illness’ Latest research from the nursing and medical journals. Latest research from the nursing and medical journals. Final illness Early discussion of place of care and death could help communication about better symptom control. Picture: iStock People are living longer, but by the time they die they often have co-morbidities, such as dementia. Multiple symptoms are common among people with dementia, and poor symptom control may worsen their quality of life. Failure to recognise dementia as a terminal condition may contribute to this poor management. Death in the tenth decade or later is becoming increasingly common, but dying in advanced old age is still rarely described. This study drew on databases to analyse the experience. Only 10% of those who died were described as unconscious at the time, which suggests that most very old people do not simply ‘slip away’. Pain and distress were the most commonly reported problems. Pain was usually addressed, although not always effectively, but only a fraction of those with depression were treated. The study found that good care homes can play a role akin to hospices for frail older people whose deaths were non-cancer related. However, the number of older people dying in acute hospitals, where the odds of dying comfortably were lowest, makes this a priority area for improving end of life care. Informants sometimes found it difficult to say when the ‘final illness’ began as many people had been fragile long before death. This can hinder advance care planning. Older people and their families should be prepared through discussions about anticipated deterioration. Early discussion of place of care and death using clear language and frank information could be helpful in opening communication channels for better symptom control. All too often a patient is admitted to hospital without their family having considered where they can be best cared for or would wish to die. Fleming J, Calloway R, Perrels A et al (2017) Dying comfortably in very old age with or without dementia in different care settings – a representative ‘older old’ population study. BMC Geriatrics. doi: 10.1186/s12877-017-0605-2. Compiled by Ruth Sander, independent consultant in care of the older person This article is for subscribers only
liberal artsIf we are to make any kind of case for the liberal arts, we must first have a reasonably coherent notion of what the liberal arts are, and what they are for. That means clearing away some persistent misconceptions. First of all, the term “liberal arts” shouldn’t be understood as a synonym for “the humanities,” or for those “soft” disciplines that are offered as complements to the “hard” disciplines of science and mathematics. Teaching them is not just a matter of imparting certain analytical techniques, even if they do impart those skills extremely well as a byproduct of their work, skills that are readily transferable to other areas of human endeavor. The “liberal arts” do not refer to a particular content area or a particular body of knowledge, although their exercise may well involve the acquisition of such a body of knowledge. They are not reducible to a lengthy list of books that must be read, or to languages that must be mastered, or to concepts with which one must be demonstrably conversant—although all those things will contribute in indispensable ways to the pursuit of a liberal education. Instead, the mark of a genuinely liberal education is that it aims at instilling a set of paradoxical qualities, which are often quite fiercely at odds with one another. Those qualities can be grouped under two broad rubrics: the capacity for inquiry, and the capacity for membership. Let me illuminate what I am saying by providing a specific example. Gibson_Hall__Tulane_UniversityA number of years ago, when I was still a fairly junior professor on the faculty at Tulane, I went to an academic conference in San Francisco whose subject was the purpose of the modern university. It was well-attended, and featured two outstanding plenary speakers, both of whom were received very warmly by their audiences. The first was the historian C. Vann Woodward, who was receiving a luncheon award for his long and illustrious career, and particularly for his commitment to free speech and free investigation. In his remarks, Woodward put forward a bold and uncompromising view of what the university’s appropriate work consisted in. “The university,” he declared, “is the place where the unthinkable can be thought, the unspeakable can be said, the inconceivable can be conceptualized, and the unfashionable can be entertained.” The university, and it alone, offered the world a place consecrated to the most precious and most imperiled aspect of human freedom: our freedom of thought, freedom of inquiry, and freedom of expression. Without strong institutional protections for such freedoms against the forces that always seemed to spring up against them, we would lose the benefit of them, including the benefits that come of a culture that is bent upon seeking and finding the truth, without fear or favor. Visibly stirred by these words, the audience applauded loud and long, and I joined them. Then later in the day came an address by the political scientist James Q. Wilson, also speaking on the theme of the university’s purpose. In his speech, Wilson argued that the modern university was best understood as the chief conservator of the rich but fragile civilization of the Western world, the keeper of our chief intellectual, moral, and artistic treasures and our collective historical memory. That heritage had made us what, and who, we are; but our dynamic commercial and progressive culture was all too likely to toss that heritage aside, in the pell-mell pursuit of the next big thing. If the university did not take care to look after the older things, he asked, who else would? Without a strong institutional commitment to the conservation and propagation of that cultural inheritance, we would lose the benefit of it, including the benefits that come of sustaining a vital connection to the past, and to the best that has been thought and expressed in the human experience. For these words, too, the audience applauded loud and long, and again I joined them enthusiastically, though by now experiencing a bit of puzzlement at them, and at myself. Puzzlement, because it struck me that the audience, and I myself, seemed to be applauding, with equal enthusiasm, two entirely different, and seemingly incompatible, ideals of the university. Woodward seemed to be holding up the university as a place of constant unsettlement, even creative destruction, in which everything that is taken for truth today is open at every moment to being rethought, reframed, and reconstituted, and even discarded, a place in which no dogma is safe and no complacency is tolerated—a place in which ideas and ideals can have validity only so long as they can stand up to the intense and uninhibited refining fire of today’s most impertinent questions and searing criticisms. Wilson, on the other hand, was pushing for an ideal of the university which stood precisely against the arrogant and self-absorbed tendency of the modern world to appoint itself the plenipotentiary judge of all things, to deny and disparage the authority of all that has come before it, and in so doing, to ensure that those who come after it will accord it the same treatment, in the fullness of time. Wilson’s university was instead a place where the young would be educated to take up the fullness of their cultural inheritance, to become literate and conversant in its many features, and to fully appropriate all that it has to offer them. These are two very different-sounding ideas about the nature of higher education. And yet we applauded them both with roughly equivalent fervor. Were we, the audience, being mindless fools, or emotional pushovers, or merely being polite to a fault, in doing so? Or might there be a deeper logic linking them, one that neither speaker sought to illuminate, but that we need to take to heart in our own attempt to understand what the value of a college education, and particularly one in the liberal arts, ought to be in the present day? I think there is, in fact, a deeper sense in which these two different accounts of the university are merely different aspects of the same vision: a vision of education as a preparation for freedom, in the fullest sense of the term—freedom not as mere license, nor as a life lived unfettered by constraints or coercions or traditions, nor for that matter, as a life lived in the easy-going, conflict-free adjustment of one’s wants and expectations to the world as one finds it, but freedom as rational self-government, as a regimen of risks and rewards, a freedom grounded in a fruitful combination of membership and inquiry, of reverence and criticism—a freedom that releases us from the unquestioned tutelage of the past, but in a way that enables us to draw sustenance from the past rather than aiming at making us wantonly disdainful of it. Wilson’s university would bring to its charges the blessings of a more fully conscious and informed membership in the society of which they are already a part; while Woodward’s university would give them space for inquiry, the ability to engage in the acts of radical questioning and criticism, including civilizational self-criticism, which represent one of the chief means by which that society has been induced to improve itself, and redress its deficiencies. The best university, the one that teaches the liberal arts, is the one that does both of these things at the same time. Hence we were right to applaud both speakers at that convention, for we need both messages. Membership without inquiry is stale traditionalism; inquiry without membership is captiousness or kibitzing. The end in view is that of substituting informed loyalties for blind ones, and substituting conscious reasonableness and uncoerced love for fear and dependency and superstition and reflex action. It is a freedom that comes of seeing all that one has formerly known in a larger arena, within a larger frame, as a part of a larger reality—to see it all in, as we say, a new light. 20120823-plato-caveThat image, of seeing all things freshly when they have been freshly illuminated by the emergence of greater sources of light, will make many of us think of one of the greatest and most imperishable parables of education: Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, in the seventh book of the Republic. You all know the story, a strange, even weird tale of people who have been compelled since birth to view images cast upon a wall as if they were the only real things in existence, and of the disturbing revelations that come to them when they are released from their bondage, and brought into the blinding light of day—brought to see things as they really are. The same parable has been related in various ways, in the various understandings of the veil of Maya in Hinduism and Buddhism, or of the “evil demon” in Descartes’s Meditations, who so orders the world as to deceive him, or the 1999 science-fiction movie called The Matrix, in which most of humanity has been constrained to experience only a simulation of reality created by all-controlling life-devouring computers. Or even something as familiar as the movie The Wizard of Oz. What all these narratives reinforce is a powerful, and sometimes haunting, apprehension that we may be living our lives under the spell of a complete illusion, whether imposed by others or by ourselves; that the process of freeing ourselves from that illusion is painful and unsettling, that it can involve a complete transformation of all that was familiar, and a complete redescription of reality itself, in the name of the search for truth. And the stakes are very high. Those illuminati who return to the cave, Plato tells us, are likely to be killed by those who have never left the cave, and prefer not to have their illusions disturbed. But reality is rarely so dramatic and extreme as that. Plato’s great allegory, and the other versions of this theme, are not the whole story about education, which is just as often a tale of delight and discovery as one of pain. I fear that Plato’s allegory may mislead us by emphasizing only one part of the effort of liberal education, the process of disabusing and disillusioning, of weakening the hold of the present and the past on us, for the sake of better apprehending the possibilities that beckon from beyond. An argument I find more helpful and reliable comes from a small book by the late historian Jaroslav Pelikan, called The Vindication of Tradition. Drawing upon an essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Pelikan offers up a distinction between “tradition” and “insight,” and then goes on to show how unsustainable that distinction actually is: And Pelikan concludes his examination with a charge to the reader, taken from Goethe’s Faust: What you have as heritage, Take now as task; For thus you will make it your own. In this view, the point of studying the tradition is not to absolve us of the need to think for ourselves, or relieve us of the responsibility to build things of our own. On the contrary. The tradition helps us to recognize the work we are meant to do. Our heritage is our task. It gives our world its defining contours, its horizons, and its specific possibilities. We cannot know or undertake our task without the benefit of our heritage. But it is by doing our task that we can come into the full possession of that heritage—thereby perpetuating the tradition as something living, rather than something moribund—and thereby making it possible for us to have a free and full relationship with that heritage, like that of children who have fully grown up, and can at last see and embrace their forebears for the people they actually are, and can come into fully adult possession of their inheritance. So the Platonic allegory is not fully adequate to the task of description here. But then neither is Woodward’s description of the university as a relentless and unsparing critique, or Wilson’s of the university as an agency of reverent cultural transmission. What might fit Pelikan’s description best is the idea of education as a Bildungsroman or narrative journey, but only if one adds the qualification that it is a narrative journey culminating in a homecoming, the kind of story that we call an odyssey. “We shall not cease from exploration,” wrote T. S. Eliot famously, in “Little Gidding,” “And the end of all our exploring/ Will be to arrive where we started/ And know the place for the first time.” Such the task of a liberal education, rightly understood, as a liberating exploration that results, not in our being made permanently uprooted and alienated, but in our being more fully at home in the world that we already inhabit, and more fully able to enhance it, beautify it, ennoble it, and sustain it. An inquiry that draws upon, challenges, but ultimately affirms and strengthens, our sense of membership in that world. In fact, an inquiry whose pursuit is part and parcel of our membership, and which makes tradition and insight into partners, rather than foes. The wisest cosmopolitan is the one that also understands the truth in what Dorothy famously told us: there’s no place like home. I think the contribution of liberal education to our public life ought to be clear enough from what I have said so far. Of course, I recognize, as well as everyone at this conference, that liberal education is imperiled on all sides by problems of excessive cost and uncertain results, and that there are hard questions to be asked about questions of access and economic feasibility and practicality. I don’t mean to brush those questions aside. But I think that before we make a potentially fatal decision to change what we do, and adapt our end to the means, or the perceived means, we need to think very hard about what our end really is. We live at what is arguably the most prosperous moment in the entire history of the human race. The standard of living that even the most common among us enjoys today would be the envy of kings and queens in ages past. Is it really credible then to say, at precisely this moment, that the pursuit of the highest and best kind of education is something that much poorer peoples and times were right to seek, but that we can no longer afford? Can we hear how absurd it sounds for us to be saying such things? The chief public benefit of liberal education, when it is functioning successfully, is the formation of a particular kind of person, a particular kind of citizen, who robustly embodies the virtues of both inquiry and membership, and therefore is equipped for the truth-seeking deliberation and responsible action that a republican form of government requires. Such a person has an ability to draw back from the flow of events and reflect upon them, the ability to consult the voice of reason and the wise testimony of the past. Such a person has the cognitive and moral strength to see the world as it is, and not be fooled into mistaking a succession of images projected onto the walls of caves, or conjured on screens, for reality, no matter how large the images or how pervasive their presence. And no matter how many others around them have been gulled or deceived into believing in those images. Which is a way of acknowledging that Plato’s great allegorical image of liberation remains at the core of education, even if it does not constitute the whole of it. Before we can do anything truly magnificent and lasting, we too must be drawn out of our various caves. We must be liberated from the sirens of propaganda, or the enchantments of virtual experience, before we can accomplish anything worthwhile. One doesn’t have to believe that we are inhabiting our own soft-core version of the Matrix to believe that an unhealthy proportion of our experience, and particularly the experience of the young, has come to be mediated and directed and channeled and simulated by the artificial instrumentalities we use to apprehend the world, and by what others instruct our imaginations to believe that such a world might be. Such a tendency carries with it great dangers, both for our ability to think clearly and attentively, and our ability to use our imagination with vividness, intensively, and independence, not to mention undercutting the patterns of restrained and civil public deliberation that a genuinely democratic society requires. This tendency toward immersion in mediated experience inhibits the full flourishing both of our inner life and of our common life. In the years to come, it will be a greater and greater part of a genuine liberal education to counteract these less benign effects of our ghostly electronic cave, and restore us to ourselves—restore our ability to hear and see and touch the earth for ourselves, to gaze at the night sky for ourselves, and bring us back into contact with the exhilarating, wind-swept heights of our human freedom. LP-Liberal-ArtsAnd it will give us, through intensive study of old books and the hard but delightful labor of serious conversation, an enduring and unsimulated participation in the work of human excellence, a drink from that reservoir of shared wisdom of which Herman Melville spoke when he wrote that “Genius, all over the world, stands hand in hand, and one shock of recognition runs the whole circle round.” That participation, that drink, that shock—such joys and provocations initiate us into a profoundly public world, a shared world, a highest common denominator whose altitude allows us a glimpse, and maybe more, of the world that lies beyond all caves and matrices. Books on the topic of this essay may be found in The Imaginative Conservative Bookstore. This essay was originally given as a lecture at St. John’s College, Santa Fe (October 2014). Print Friendly, PDF & Email
Chickpeas for diabetes Can people with diabetes eat chickpeas? Can diabetics eat chickpeas? Yes, chickpeas are a very suitable food for diabetes as they constitute an excellent food for heart health, to lower cholesterol and improve circulation. They have a high nutritional value as they are a source of quality vegetarian proteins and are rich in B vitamins and minerals (potassium, phosphorus, magnesium , calcium, iron and zinc). Do chickpeas have many carbohydrates? Cooked chickpeas are rich in carbohydrates. Exactly, chickpeas contain 57 g of carbohydrates per serving (250 g), an amount higher than other legumes, such as lentils or beans, but a much lower amount than pasta, rice or potato. Myth about chickpeas and diabetes chickpeas with seitan Chickpeas with seitan It is popularly said that it would not be convenient for diabetics to abuse chickpeas because their carbohydrate content is very high, but this is false. This widespread myth is easy to disprove because, according to the tables, chickpeas have a low glycemic index and a low glycemic load. That is, their carbohydrates are assimilated very slowly. What is important to know about chickpeas and diabetes? As a result of the myth that chickpeas have many carbohydrates, people with diabetes ate them just like pasta or rice. But chickpeas (and other legumes, like lentils) have a very different glycemic response to cereals and this should be taken into account by diabetics, especially if they are taking insulin. The carbohydrates provided by the chickpeas are assimilated so slowly that they do not produce a rise in blood glucose after eating them , as it occurs when consuming bread, rice, potatoes or pasta. Eating chickpeas can not produce hyperglycemia, unless combined with sugary foods such as a chocolate dessert or the like (in which case chickpeas would not be responsible for hyperglycemia either). In addition to carbohydrates, chickpeas have a lot of fiber, vegetable proteins and fat (the oil they are often cooked with), which delay the assimilation of carbohydrates. Therefore, both chickpeas, like any other legume, do not raise sugar. Hypoglycemia of chickpeas People with diabetes know that the insulin regimen has to be changed when eating chickpeas or legumes. While potato, rice or pasta develop a blood sugar spike within 30 minutes of eating, the legume peaks take place at 60-80 minutes after eating, and this is less high and occurs later. It is for this reason that, just as normally insulin is taken a little before eating, when eating chickpeas, it is recommended to prick the insulin after eating, to avoid a possible hypoglycemia, already popularly known among people with diabetes as “hypoglycemia of chickpeas, “which happens because insulin works by lowering sugar before carbohydrates from chickpeas are absorbed. It also occurs with lentils and other kinds of legumes. Are chickpeas recommended for diabetes? Yes! People with diabetes should consume chickpeas and legumes usually in their diet (if it is almost every day, better!), Since they provide them with many benefits and do not raise their blood sugar, allowing a good control of the disease. In addition, by not raising both glucose levels, they make us less dependent on insulin. The only precaution that is recommended is that, in people taking insulin, it is recommended to monitor blood sugar levels after eating. If you do not take insulin, there is no special recommendation (Check with your doctor and / or check your blood glucose after eating legumes). before and after eating chickpeas and one person's blood glucose Two photos before and after eating chickpeas and one person’s blood glucose (without diabetes) in each case. You can see how blood sugar levels do not rise rapidly after eating chickpeas. The postprandial peak of legumes occurs almost at 60 minutes and it is low, about 130-140 mg glucose / dL. Therefore, at a glycemic level, you can not compare a plate of Type of carbohydrates that chickpeas contain Chickpeas contain slowly absorbed carbohydrates (complex carbohydrates) and a large supply of fiber. These types of carbohydrates have the advantage of gradually pouring glucose into the bloodstream during their digestion. This is obtained by metabolizing the carbohydrates. When we eat legumes, glucose is gradually incorporated into the blood and does not require much insulin, so that imbalances of this nutrient in the blood are not obtained. However, if you still have mistrust towards this food, you can mix chickpeas with vegetables, such as spinach or artichokes, which would decrease their percentage in hydrates and their fiber would slow their digestion. advantages of chikpeas for diabetes Summary of the most important ideas of chickpeas for diabetes: they are very healthy but, if you take insulin, they can produce hypoglycemia → inject the insulin after eating to avoid what is already known as “hypoglycemia of chickpeas How much hydrates does a bowl of chickpeas contain? A dish of cooked chickpeas (250g) with vegetables, contains approximately: • 57 g of carbohydrates: it is a high amount, the chickpeas are the vegetables with the highest proportion of carbohydrates, after the peas. • 16 gr of fiber: it is a very high amount of fiber that will help to slow the digestion of the carbohydrates, besides providing satiety. • 18 gr of protein: as much as a serving of meat. And, as an advantage, chickpeas have many more minerals than meats, which makes them highly recommended for bones. Why is it better to eat chickpeas than to eat rice? propiedades de los garbanzos Nutritional value of cooked chickpeas, per serving of 250g To establish a comparison, the same amount of cooked rice has 37 gr of carbohydrates, only 2 gr of fiber and 3.5 gr of protein. That is, much less fiber that would affect a much faster absorption of carbohydrates. Rice also contains less minerals than chickpeas. In conclusion: • Legumes are much more nutritious than rice • Chickpeas are much more advisable for diabetics than rice or pasta. Chickpeas help lose weight and improve health This control of the sugar in the blood because of fiber and hydrates of slow absorption maintains the feeling of plenitude for a long time and, on the other hand, its contribution of fiber collaborates in its satiating effect. This is very interesting in diets to lose weight. In addition, chickpeas are one of the most beneficial foods for people with diabetes because they manage to lower cholesterol and improve circulation. Satiating properties of chickpeas for eating with anxiety Boiled chickpeas are a very satiating food that has been recommended to people with food anxiety problems to avoid pecking between hours. Eating when one should not it is unhealthy for diabetics because one generally preferes eating such unadvisable foods as bad fats, high salt , with flour or with added sugars. * More information: Chickpeas for the desire to eat Chickpeas with spinach Chickpeas with spinach Are chickpeas always good for diabetics? No, there are many traditional kitchens that cook chickpeas with plenty of animal fats, such as sausages and other processed meats. It is not convenient to eat chickpeas in this way because: • Digestion is slower • There is a risk of hypoglycemia if insulin is used. In case of eating “cooked” or stews with vegetables and sausages, caution must be taken with the insulin regimen. The healthiest thing is to consume chickpeas with vegetables, for example, with the typical recipe of chickpeas with spinach. punto rojo More information on chickpeas. Written by Editorial Botanical-online team in charge of content writing Article updated on: 22 April, 2019 Other interesting articles
“0.1 Repeating” In Binary Equals 1 In decimal, “0.9 repeating”, or 0.9, equals 1. In binary, a similar thing is true: “0.1 repeating”, or 0.1, equals 1. I’ll show you three ways to prove it, using the three bicimal to fraction conversion algorithms I described recently. Proof Using the Series Method A repeating bicimal is really an infinite geometric series, so one way to prove 0.1 = 1 is to use the series method: 0.1 = 0.111… = 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + … = 1/10 + 1/100 + 1/1000 + … = 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + … (converting to decimal numerals makes it easier) = 1/21 + 1/22 + 1/23 + … = (1/2)1 + (1/2)2 + (1/2)3 + … \mbox{\footnotesize{\displaystyle = \sum_{i=1}^\infty \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{i}}} As I showed when I described the series method, that summation resolves to the formula \mbox{\footnotesize{\displaystyle \frac{r}{1-r}}}}, where r = 1/2 in this case: What Did We Prove Exactly? This proof convinces you only inasmuch as you accept the proof of the formula for infinite geometric series. It’s a tough thing to accept at first — infinity is a strange concept. You have to think of the series as a fixed sum, not as a never-ending process of adding tinier and tinier numbers that gets you ever so close to — but never equal to — 1. Proof Using the Subtraction Method You can also prove 0.1 = 1 using the subtraction method: b = 0.1 10b = 1.1 10bb = 1 b = 1 (All numerals are in binary.) Look at that: b started out as 0.1 and ended up as 1; it’s 0.1 and 1 at the same time! What Did We Prove Exactly? This looks like mathematical sleight of hand. We shifted the bicimal left, yet the fractional part remained unchanged. And we subtracted an infinite string of 1s from an infinite string of 1s — is that legal? In the land of infinity, this is OK. Proof Using the Direct Method You can prove 0.1 = 1 using the direct method, which is really just a distillation of the series and subtraction methods. The direct method says to treat the repeating portion as an integer, and to place that integer over a denominator consisting of as many 1s as there are digits in the repeating portion. 0.1 is a pure repeating bicimal with a repeating cycle of one digit, so the fraction it converts to is 1/1; in other words, 1. In binary, 0.1 is another name for 1. Similar dual naming exists for all bicimals: just as decimal 0.29 = 0.3 and 0.1589 = 0.159, binary 0.01 = 0.1 and 0.10101 = 0.1011. The trailing repeating 1s are the same as a 1 in the next higher place. You can show this using the same three methods above. RSS feed icon RSS e-mail icon Leave a Reply
"Boil the Frog": Practicing, Slow and Fast You're working on a challenging song. You know you're not sounding your best. Stop and assess: what's the challenge? Almost always, SPEED plays a role. Either a) this passage (notes, words, maybe both) is so rapid that I'm unable to sing them with accuracy and comfort. Or b) this passage is so slow that I'm unable to keep the line going with beauty and comfort. So here comes my earth-shattering advice: Practice slow music fast; Practice fast music slow. This seems like "Captain Obvious" advice, but I'm amazed at how often people don't heed it. Particularly the first part is for some reason not intuitive. Teachers often assign slow-moving music to young singers because the very pace of the music keeps the student from being overwhelmed by fast-moving notes, rapid text, etc. BUT, slow music often lacks moto-rhythm and requires a young singer to provide all of the energy to make the piece flow. In other words, slow music is easy to SING, but hard to SING WELL. Often the accompaniments of those songs lack subdivision, syncopation and other energy-giving features. Many young singers aren't up to that task of providing all of the energy by themselves. SO, identify the eventual target tempo, and then move the metronome up significantly. For the sake of example, let's say the piece is eventually going to be Q=60. Why not start Q=100, which would feel downright fast! Then work your way down gradually: Q=92... Q=84... Q=76, etc. Never lose the vitality, the subdivision, the inner dance of the music as the metronome gets gradually slower. "Boil the frog," so to speak, and you'll sound and feel much better singing slow music. As for fast music, such as difficult coloratura, I recommend identifying the goal tempo, and then cutting it in half. As an example: suppose the eventual tempo is Q=120. Start at half of that, Q=60, then work your way up one metronome notch at a time, earning your stripes and accruing fluidity, accuracy, and ease along the way. With this kind of practice, you can sing even the thorniest coloratura with command, elegance, and ease. I hesitate to even write all of this, as it seems so obvious. But, one of the things I've noticed generally among singers is that we know what we SHOULD do to prepare a piece, and we just don't ROUTINELY do it. It is this routine that I'll be discussing in my next few posts, as I tackle the HOW of practicing. I hope this all helps--happy practicing!
Article \| Published: Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies Nature Communications volume 4, Article number: 2485 (2013) \| Download Citation The relationships of major arthropod clades have long been contentious, but refinements in molecular phylogenetics underpin an emerging consensus. Nevertheless, molecular phylogenies have recovered topologies that morphological phylogenies have not, including the placement of hexapods within a paraphyletic Crustacea, and an alliance between myriapods and chelicerates. Here we show enhanced congruence between molecular and morphological phylogenies based on 753 morphological characters for 309 fossil and Recent panarthropods. We resolve hexapods within Crustacea, with remipedes as their closest extant relatives, and show that the traditionally close relationship between myriapods and hexapods is an artefact of convergent character acquisition during terrestrialisation. The inclusion of fossil morphology mitigates long-branch artefacts as exemplified by pycnogonids: when fossils are included, they resolve with euchelicerates rather than as a sister taxon to all other euarthropods. Arthropods are diverse, disparate, abundant and ubiquitous; they outnumber all other animal phyla combined. Five major extant groups can be distinguished (Fig. 1): pycnogonids (sea spiders), euchelicerates (horseshoe crabs and arachnids), myriapods (centipedes and millipedes), hexapods (insects and their flightless relatives) and crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, barnacles and so on). Each group is characterized by a distinct set of morphological features and their monophyly is little disputed, except for the crustaceans1,2,3,4. Molecular clock estimates calibrated by new fossil discoveries indicate that these groups originated and had begun to diversify by at least the mid-Cambrian5. Hence, they have had more than 500 million years to specialize and overprint ancestral characteristics, and thus few unequivocal features are informative with regards to their interrelationships. Molecular characters provide an alternative source of data that has partly alleviated this problem, although some resultant trees have recovered groupings with little morphological support. An example is a clade comprising chelicerates (pycnogonids and euchelicerates) and myriapods as sister taxa6,7,8,9 (Fig. 1a), considered so surprising it was named Paradoxopoda8 (alternatively Myriochelata9). Although a few neuroanatomical and developmental characters were later proposed as putative novelties of Paradoxopoda10,11, subsequent exploration of molecular data sets suggested that this grouping is a long-branch artefact3,12. Figure 1: Current hypotheses of arthropod interrelationships. Figure 1 (a) Paradoxopoda (Myriochelata) hypothesis with myriapods as sister taxon to Chelicerata. (b) Chelicerata/Mandibulata hypothesis with a clade composed of euchelicerates and pycnogonids (Chelicerata) as sister taxon to Mandibulata. (c) Cormogonida hypothesis with pycnogonids as sister taxon to all other euarthropods (Cormogonida). Diverse molecular data sources support a close relationship between hexapods and crustaceans (collectively known as Tetraconata or Pancrustacea), either as sister taxa6, a result also favoured by some morphological evidence13,14, or more typically with hexapods nested within a paraphyletic Crustacea. The latter is supported by a number of independent lines of evidence, including nuclear ribosomal genes8,15, mitochondrial genomes and gene order, nuclear protein-coding genes1 and transcriptomics2,3,4, but has so far remained elusive in morphological phylogenies, apart from those based solely on neural characters16, which resolve malacostracan crustaceans closer to hexapods than to branchiopods. The position of the pycnogonids is equally controversial, being variously resolved as the closest relatives of euchelicerates1,3,15 (Fig. 1a,b) or as sister taxon to all other euarthropods17 (Fig. 1c; the ‘Cormogonida hypothesis’). The relative paucity of Recent morphological characters that unite pycnogonids with other arthropods or unite hexapods with any particular crustacean group to the exclusion of other groups has hampered attempts to remove long-branch artefacts and decide between alternative hypotheses. Inclusion of fossil taxa, however, provides a possible mechanism for sampling ancestral morphologies and extinct character combinations; fossil morphology has been shown in other phylogenies to mitigate long-branch biases18,19. For this reason, we undertook a large-scale phylogenetic analysis that incorporates data from a total of 309 panarthropods (plus two non-panarthropod ecdysozoans), including all major extinct and extant panarthropod groups. The 753 characters primarily describe morphology (703 characters), but are supplemented with additional data from development (29 characters), behaviour (6 characters) and gene order and gene expression (15 characters). The latter were included because they are analysed like morphology (amenable to absence/presence coding) rather than like sequence data. These characters were optimized using both equal character weighting and implied character weighting20 with a range of concavity constants (k=2, 3 and 10). Compared with previous morphology-based analyses24, this study more than doubles the number of fossil terminals (n=215). For the first time, the sample of fossil taxa includes most of the best-known arthropods from all major Cambrian to Devonian Konservat Lagerstätten, including Chengjiang, Sirius Passet, the Emu Bay Shale, the Burgess Shale, Swedish Orsten, Herefordshire and Hunsrück. This analysis demonstrates the importance of including fossil data in large-scale phylogenetic analyses and helps to resolve long-standing conflicts regarding the relationships of crown-group arthropods. The plesiomorphic condition of Euarthropoda Each analysis recovered a fundamental split in the arthropod crown group (Euarthropoda) between Chelicerata and Mandibulata (myriapods, hexapods and crustaceans); both of these two main clades have a diverse fossil stem group (Fig. 2). The mandibulate stem group is composed of marrellomorphs, Agnostus, and a variety of other Cambrian Orsten taxa, including phosphatocopines. Successive outgroups of Chelicerata include vicissicaudates (aglaspidids, cheloniellids, xenopods and Sanctacaris) and a paraphyletic assemblage of trilobitomorphs. Most of these taxa (including trilobites) have traditionally been regarded as stem chelicerates under the Arachnomorpha hypothesis21,22, but more recent hypotheses regarding the organization of the arthropod head prompted their assignment to total-group Mandibulata23. These and some subsequent studies considered deutocerebral antennae to be an autapomorphy of total-group Mandibulata and the raptorial first pair of appendages of pycnogonids and euchelicerates to be a symplesiomorphy of Euarthropoda19,24. Under this scheme, the raptorial appendages of stem-group euarthropods such as megacheirans (‘great-appendage’ arthropods), fuxianhuiiids and bivalved stem-group arthropods (for example, Odaraia, Canadaspis and Perspicaris) were considered homologous to the chelicerae of chelicerates, and any antenniform appendages anterior to this were considered segmentally homologous to the antennae of onychophorans, that is, protocerebral rather than deutocerebral. Recent studies of Fuxianhuia and other closely related taxa25,26, however, indicate that the antennae are in fact deutocerebral. This finding implies that their post-antennal appendages are not homologous to chelicerae, and that mandibulate antennae are homologous to the antennae of many or most members of the euarthropod stem group. Our analyses resolve deutocerebral antennae as the symplesiomorphic condition for Euarthropoda, with chelicerae being a transformation of them and an unequivocal autapomorphy of Chelicerata (Fig. 2). Figure 2: Summary of relationships amongst major arthropod taxa based on 311 taxa and 753 characters. Figure 2 A summary of all results produced using implied weighting (k=2, 3 and 10). The equally weighted tree differs mainly in the position of hexapods, which resolve as sister taxon to all other pancrustaceans (monophyletic Crustacea). A full tree showing the position of all terminals is presented in Fig. 4. Paraphyletic taxa are indicated with a double line, numbers in parentheses indicate the number of terminals analysed within each group. Colours on branches show the transformation between antennae and chelicerae. Lineages possessing an anterior (presumably deutocerebral) pair of antennae are indicated in green, chelierate-bearing lineages in red, taxa which have secondarily lost their deutocerebral appendages in blue, and taxa lacking specialized arthropodized cephalic appendages in black. Numbers associated with nodes are selected Group present/Contradicted support values. The phylogenetic position of Pycnogonida Our phylogeny accordingly resolves pycnogonids and euchelicerates as sister taxa, although few characters beyond their shared chelicerae/chelifores support this placement. When fossils are removed from the data set (DS-II and DS-V; Table 1), pycnogonids are instead recovered as sister group of all other arthropods (Cormogonida) (Fig. 3). Many characters supporting the monophyly of Cormogonida in this latter tree, such as the presence of a telson, occur in the pycnogonid stem lineage and, hence, do not support Cormogonida in the full analysis (DS-I). Our full analysis recovers a long stem lineage for the Euarthropoda (Figs 2 and 4a,b), comprising lobopodians, dinocaridids, bivalved arthropods, fuxianhuiids and megacheirans, consistent with a few previous analyses24,27. Many of the ‘typical’ euarthropod features, such as compound eyes, an arthrodized trunk, arthropodized limbs and specialised head appendages, were gradually acquired in the euarthropod stem lineage24; when these stem-group exemplars were removed from the data set (DS-III), Cormogonida was again recovered (Fig. 3). We hence interpret Cormogonida to result from an attraction between Euchelicerata and Mandibulata caused by the secondary reduction of typical euarthropod characters in pycnogonids. Table 1: Composition of data sets analysed in this study. Figure 3: Relationships amongst major arthropod taxa when fossils were removed from the data set. Figure 3 Numbers associated with nodes are Group present/Contradicted support values based on analyses using implied weighting (k=3). Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of taxa analysed within each group. Figure 4: Phylogeny of panarthropoda. Figure 4 Strict consensus of 45 MPTs (Most Parsimonious Trees) of 13,987,601 steps (adjusted homoplasy=592; consistency index (CI)=0.520, Retention index (RI)=0.873) produced using implied character weighting (k=3). Numbers associated with nodes are Group present/Contradicted support values. (a) Non-arthropod panarthropods and cycloneuralians. (b) Radiodontans and upper stem-group euarthropods. (c) Total-group Mandibulata and Bradoriida. (d) Stem-group chelicerates (Artiopoda). (e) Trilobitomorpha sensu stricto. (f) Chelicerata (including Xiphosura and stem-group Arachnida). (g) Arachnida. (h) Pancrustacea. (i) Miracrustacea. The phylogenetic position of Hexapoda A sister-group relationship between Hexapoda and Crustacea is recovered in the extant-only (Fig. 3) and equally weighted trees, but not in the full analysis with implied weights, where Crustacea is paraphyletic with respect to Hexapoda (Figs 2 and 4h). The latter result (crustacean paraphyly) arises from the use of methodologies that are more philosophically sound, that is, implied character weights rather than equal weights (see Methods for justification of implied weights), and more comprehensive taxon sampling, that is, including extinct and extant taxa rather than extant alone. When myriapods were removed from these data sets, the remipedes (plus the Silurian fossil Tanazios28 in the total data set) resolved as the closest extant sister taxon to hexapods (and euthycarcinoids), thus retrieving crustacean paraphyly and mirroring the molecular support for a remipede sister group to hexapods1,2,29 (Fig. 3). Apomorphies for a clade of remipedes and hexapods (Miracrustacea in partim) are in part influenced by character states in their fossil sister groups (Tanzazios and euthycarcinoids), such as the apparent presence of an intercalary segment in Tanazios30 versus a second antenna in extant remipedes, whereas others are sourced from internal anatomy of extant taxa31. Apomorphies of a remipede–hexapod clade are instead resolved as symplesiomorphic for Tetraconata in the extant-only data set (DS-II) because of their shared presence in myriapods. The total-evidence topology (Figs 2 and 4) indicates that characters supporting a close relationship between myriapods and hexapods were convergently acquired. Among these are the presence of a limbless intercalary segment in the head, uniramous appendages, tracheae, Malpighian tubules as ectodermal extensions of the hindgut and a tentorial endoskeleton. Some of these are variously present in a number of other arthropods, such as uniramy of the cephalic appendages in extant arachnids. Some homoplasy may stem from common adaptation to a terrestrial environment; this was tested using selective deactivation of characters (DS-IV and DS-V; details in Methods). Those characters linked to a terrestrial ecology, such as uniramy, were found to have the greatest effect on topology (DS-IV) and their deactivation recovered topologies in which hexapods grouped with remipedes rather than with myriapods. We therefore conclude that crustacean monophyly is influenced by the convergent acquisition of terrestrial adaptations in myriapods and hexapods, with the result that crustaceans attract to each other when hexapods group with myriapods. The continued attraction between myriapods and hexapods in the equally weighted analyses may be due to the paucity of stem-group representatives of these lineages—although euthycarcinoids resolved as sister taxon to hexapods in the current study, they share few characters to place them unambiguously. These results are not biased by the inclusion of characters that have little or no fossilization potential, such as embryonic development, behaviour, gene order and gene expression; higher-level relationships remained stable when only morphological characters were included (DS-VI, which deactivated those characters). Although our results show increased congruence with molecular phylogenies for the deep divergences within Euarthropoda, they are less congruent with regards to some of the internal relationships of these clades, and in many cases resolve ‘traditional’ morphological groupings, such as a basal position for scorpions and opilionids within Arachnida (Fig. 4g) and the grouping of Entomostraca as a clade within the Pancrustacea (Fig. 4h). The arachnid example may reflect a paucity of fossils near the timing of cladogenesis. For example, many arachnid orders are well established in the Carboniferous and are assignable to extant clades; terrestrialization likely occurred in the late Cambrian–Ordovician5, but the fossil record before the Devonian is poor, and hence can contribute few informative character combinations to analyses. In the morphology-only data set (DS-VI), some extant internal nodes collapsed but the general relationships amongst larger clades, for example, Euchelicerata, remain consistent. Increased congruence with molecular results in our full data set analysis when compared with our extant-only analysis provides clear evidence that the addition of fossils improves the results of morphological parsimony analysis, as intermediate morphologies allow breaking up long branches and provide a root for character polarization. We hence advocate the inclusion of fossils in any large-scale phylogenetic analysis of morphological data. Taxon and character sampling The current data set is based on ref. 24. The 173 taxa and 580 characters used therein (Supplementary Note 1) were supplemented with a further 138 taxa and 173 characters (Supplementary Note 2); the total data set consists of 311 taxa and 753 characters. Of these 311 taxa, two represent non-panarthropod ecdysozoans (Caenorhabditis and Priapulus) and were used as universal outgroups, and 25 represent non-arthropod Panarthropoda, including two extant tardigrades and two extant onychophorans. The remaining 284 arthropods included 194 fossils and 90 extant exemplars (the latter consisting of 3 pycnogonids, 21 euchelicerates, 13 myriapods, 13 hexapods and 40 crustaceans). Cladistic analysis All versions of this data set (see below) were converted into NEXUS file format32 (Supplementary Data 1) and analysed using TNT v.1.1. (Tree analysis using New Technology)33. The large size of the data set makes the probability of finding local optima very high and therefore necessitates the use of New Technology Search options34. These included 100 Random addition sequences with Parsimony Ratcheting35, Sectorial Searches, Tree Drifting and Tree Fusing34. Experimentation with these settings revealed that default options were sufficient for finding optimal trees. All characters were treated as non-additive (unordered) and weighted using both equal and implied character weighting options (see below). Nodal support was measured using Symmetric Resampling36. This measure is most appropriate to implied weights, because (unlike bootstrapping or jackknifing) it is not affected by character weighting and transformation costs36. Symmetric resampling used 1,000 replicates, each involving a New Technology search with a change probability of 33%. Nodal support values are expressed as Group present/Contradicted frequency differences (Fig. 4). To determine the impact of both character and taxon inclusion, a set of experiments was undertaken in which either particular classes of characters (for example, characters associated with terrestrialization) or taxa were selectively deactivated (see main text). These subsets of the data were then rerun using the methodology outlined above. Given the large size of the data sets, it is computationally unfeasible to undertake selective higher-order taxon jackknifing. For this reason, individual taxa or selections of taxa were selected using a random number generator. Twenty-five random replicates were undertaken (DS-V). Implied weighting Justification for differential character weighting, particularly implied weighting, has been given elsewhere20,24,37. In summary, equal character weighting is only appropriate in analyses with no potential homoplasy, although this is rarely, if ever, the case. Most methods of differential character weighting require either a priori weighting or a posteriori weighting. Both of these require either an ad hoc assumption of character importance or reference to a current topology and thus can lead to circular reasoning, that is, weighting is based on a topology, which in turn was based on weighting. Implied weighting has been proposed as a method to overcome this logical impasse37. During implied weighing, characters are weighted during tree searches and the resultant Most Parsimonious Trees are compared to determine the maximum total character fit. The character fit is determined as a function of homoplasy such that those characters with most homoplasy will have a lower character fit. The most parsimonious tree is therefore the one with the greatest character fit. Unlike other character-weighting methods, which may produce a tree longer than those implied if characters were equally weighted, implied weighting is self-consistent, that is, it will only produce trees shorter under the weights they imply. Character fit can be adjusted using a concavity constant (k), where k determines how much a character is downweighted based on its level of homoplasy. The default option for TNT is k=3, a near-linear decreasing function, and is the constant preferred here, as it resolves relationships in favour of those with less homoplasy34, whereas a concavity constant <3 would resolve relationships in favour of more homoplasy, but increase the overall character usage. All analyses were undertaken using a variety of concavity constants (2, 3, 5 and 10) to determine the effect of character weighting on hypotheses of relationship. Additional information How to cite this article: Legg, D. A. et al. Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies. Nat. Commun. 4:2485 doi: 10.1038/ncomms3485 (2013). 1. 1. 2. 2. et al. Pancrustacean phylogeny in the light of new phylogenomic data: support for Remipedia as the possible sister group of Hexapoda. Mol. Biol. Evol. 29, 1031–1045 (2012). 3. 3. et al. A congruent solution to arthropod phylogeny: phylogenomics, microRNAs and morphology support monophyletic Mandibulata. Proc. R. Soc. B 278, 298–306 (2011). 4. 4. , , & Phylotranscriptomics to bring the understudied into the fold: monophyletic Ostracoda, fossil placement and pancrustacean phylogeny. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30, 215–233 (2013). 5. 5. , & Molecular timetrees reveal a Cambrian colonisation of land and a new scenario for ecdysozoan evolution. Curr. Biol. 23, 1–7 (2013). 6. 6. & Ribosomal DNA phylogeny of the major extant arthropod classes and the evolution of myriapods. Nature 376, 165–167 (1995). 7. 7. , , , & Mitochondrial protein phylogeny joins myriapods and chelicerates. Nature 413, 154–157 (2001). 8. 8. , & Ecdysozoan phylogeny and Bayesian inference: first use of nearly complete 28S and 18S rRNA gene sequences to classify arthropods and their kin. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 31, 178–191 (2004). 9. 9. , , & The colonization of land by animals: molecular phylogeny and divergence times among arthropods. BMC Biol. 2, 1–10 (2004). 10. 10. & Velvet worm development links myriapods with chelicerates. Proc. R. Soc. B 276, 3571–3579 (2009). 11. 11. & Neurogenesis in myriapods and chelicerates and its importance for understanding arthropod relationships. Integr. Comp. Biol. 46, 195–206 (2006). 12. 12. A review of long-branch attraction. Cladistics 21, 163–193 (2005). 13. 13. , , & The position of crustaceans within Arthropoda—evidence from nine molecular loci and morphology. Crust. Issues 16, 307–352 (2004). 14. 14. & Phylogenetic relationships of basal hexapods among mandibulate arthropods: a cladistic analysis based on comparative morphological characters. Zool. Scr. 33, 511–550 (2004). 15. 15. et al. Can comprehensive background knowledge be incorporated into substitution models to improve phylogenetic analyses? BMC Evol. Biol. 9, 119 (2009). 16. 16. & A new view of insect-crustacean relationships I. Inferences from neural cladistics and comparative neuroanatomy. Arthropod Struct. Dev. 40, 276–288 (2011). 17. 17. , & Arthropod phylogeny based on eight molecular loci and morphology. Nature 413, 157–161 (2001). 18. 18. Can incomplete taxa rescue phylogenetic analyses from long-branch attraction? Syst. Biol. 54, 731–742 (2005). 19. 19. Arthropod phylogeny: an overview from the perspectives of morphology, molecular data and the fossil record. Arthropod Struct. Dev. 39, 74–87 (2010). 20. 20. , , & Weighting against homoplasy improves phylogenetic analysis of morphological datasets. Cladistics 24, 758–773 (2008). 21. 21. , , , & inArthropod Fossils and Phylogeny ed Edgecombe G. D. 33–105Columbia University Press: Columbia, (1998). 22. 22. & The phylogeny of arachnomorph arthropods and the origin of Chelicerata. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh Earth Sci. 94, 169–193 (2004). 23. 23. & The evolution of arthropod heads: reconciling morphological, developmental and palaeontological evidence. Dev. Genes Evol. 216, 395–415 (2006). 24. 24. , , & Cambrian bivalved arthropod reveals origin of arthrodization. Proc. R. Soc. B 279, 4699–4704 (2012). 25. 25. , , & Complex brain and optic lobes in an early Cambrian arthropod. Nature 490, 258–261 (2012). 26. 26. , , & Specialized appendages in fuxianhuiids and the head organization of early arthropods. Nature 494, 468–471 (2013). 27. 27. A palaeontological solution to the arthropod head problem. Nature 417, 271–275 (2002). 28. 28. , , & A new probable stem lineage crustacean with three-dimensionally preserved soft parts from the Herefordshire (Silurian) Lagerstätte, UK. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 2099–2107 (2007). 29. 29. , , , & Hemocyanin suggests a close relationship of Remipedia and Hexapoda. Mol. Biol. Evol. 26, 2711–2718 (2009). 30. 30. Crustacean classification: on-going controversies and unresolved problems. Zootaxa 1668, 313–325 (2007). 31. 31. , , , & Ovary structure and early oogenesis in the remipede Godzilliognomus frondosus (Crustacea, Remipedia): phylogenetic implications. Zoology 115, 261–269 (2012). 32. 32. , & NEXUS: an extensible file format for systematic information. Syst. Biol. 46, 590–621 (1997). 33. 33. , & TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24, 774–786 (2008). 34. 34. Analyzing large datasets in reasonable times: solutions for composite optima. Cladistics 15, 415–428 (1999). 35. 35. The parsimony ratchet, a new method for rapid parsimony analysis. Cladistics 15, 407–414 (1999). 36. 36. et al. Improvements to resampling measures of group support. Cladistics 19, 324–332 (2003). 37. 37. Estimating character weights during tree search. Cladistics 9, 83–91 (1993). Download references D.A.L. thanks APSOMA, particularly Javier Ortega-Hernández, Allison Daley, Xiaoya Ma and Jo Wolfe for discussion. D.A.L. is funded by a Janet Watson Scholarship (Imperial College London). Author information 1. Department of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK • David A. Legg • & Mark D. Sutton 2. Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK • David A. Legg • & Gregory D. Edgecombe 3. Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK • David A. Legg 1. Search for David A. Legg in: 2. Search for Mark D. Sutton in: 3. Search for Gregory D. Edgecombe in: The data set was constructed by D.A.L. and G.D.E. with input by M.D.S., and was analysed by D.A.L. All authors contributed equally to writing this work. Competing interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to David A. Legg. Supplementary information PDF files 1. 1. Supplementary Notes and References Supplementary Notes 1-2 and Supplementary References Text files 1. 1. Supplementary Data 1 Nexus file for 311 taxa and 753 characters About this article Publication history Further reading
top button Flag Notify Connect to us Facebook Login Site Registration Why to Join Facebook Login Site Registration Distinguish between water and land transport? +1 vote Distinguish between water and land transport? posted Jan 7 by V Evolution Share this question 1 Answer 0 votes Waterways has a very huge carrying capacity where as Road transport has limited speed due to bad road conditions, accidents, etc. Cost of construction and maintenance Waterways are natural high-ways and hence there is no cost involved. However, there is high cost involved for construction of ships and ports. But with road transport, we require limited capital investment in terms of construction of road, vehicles and their maintenance. Waterways are suitable for long distances especially across countries and continents whereas land transport is recommended for short distance. Transport charges Transport charges are lowest for waterways but high due to increased fuel prices for road transport. Carrying capacity Waterways has a very huge carrying capacity, whereas road has limited carrying capacity. Means of transport Waterways uses boats, big ships, liners, tankers. Etc. Whereas land transport uses animal’s carts, motor-cycles three and four wheeler. Waterways are suitable for transporting very heavy goods, machinery in large quantities to any part of the world. Whereas land transport is suitable for goods in relatively smaller and quantities for short distance. Chances are less in waterways whereas chances are high with the road as poor road conditions and negligent drivers. Door to Door Service Waterways are not for door to door service whereas road transport is. answer Jan 8 by Salil Agrawal Contact Us +91 9880187415 #280, 3rd floor, 5th Main 6th Sector, HSR Layout Karnataka INDIA.
The Proverbs Chapter 22 Various observations of moral virtues, and their contrary vices, 1-29. 1 A good name is to be chosen rather than great riches, and loving favor rather than silver and gold. 2 The rich and poor meet together. The LORD is the maker of them all. 4 By humility and the fear of the LORD are riches, honor, and life. 5 Thorns and snares are in the way of the perverse. He who keeps his soul shall be far from them. 8 He who sows iniquity shall reap vanity, and the rod of his anger shall fail. 10 Cast out the scorner and contention shall end, even strife and reproach shall cease. 11 He who loves pureness of heart for the grace of his lips, the king shall be his friend. 13 The slothful man says, "There is a lion outside. I shall be slain in the streets." 14 The mouth of strange women is a deep pit. He who is abhorred by the LORD shall fall therein. 16 He who oppresses the poor to increase his riches, and he who gives to the rich, shall surely come to poverty. 17 Bow down your ear and hear the words of the wise, and apply your heart to my knowledge, 18 For it is a pleasant thing if you keep them within you, if they are ready in your lips. 20 Have I not written to you excellent things in counsels and knowledge, 21 So that I might make you know the certainty of the words of truth, and so that you might answer the words of truth to those who send to you? 22 Do not rob the poor, because he is poor, neither oppress the afflicted in the gate, 23 For the LORD will plead their cause, and spoil the soul of those who spoiled them. 24 Make no friendship with an angry man, and with a furious man you shall not go, 28 Do not remove the ancient landmark, which your fathers have set. 29 Do you see a man diligent in his business? He shall stand before kings. He shall not stand before obscure men. Matthew Henry Commentary - Proverbs, Chapter 22
More Options: Make a Folding Card Storyboard Description This storyboard does not have a description. Storyboard Text • Have harsh cold winters, rocky soil and lumber. Also fishing and Whaling is a popular activity. • New England • Mid Atlantic • They had fertile soil and flat land. There was religious tolerance. The people there were Quakers, and they had religious freedom and diversity They were called the bread colonies because they had a lot of wheat and grains. They had market towns where they'd buy and sell things. • $outhern • In these plantations the farmer/owner grows cash crops (Tobacco), rice, Indigo and cotton. The south belonged to the church of England and their religion is Anglican. In the south they also had counties. There were savannahs since tbe houses were spread out. • New England • The church was the center of life there, and they were very strict about religion. Puritans lived there. Town meetings were established to help solve problems in the villages. If you weren't from the church of England then you'd be persecuted. • Mid Atlantic • They raised livestock and fished for fish • In the south they do a lot of farming. They have big plantations owned by rich farmers. The farmers owned slaves and most made the slaves do slave labor. The climate in the south is hot and humid. The soil was also rich for farming. • $outhern More Storyboards By 8368eb0f Explore Our Articles and Examples Try Our Other Websites!
Stock, as a term, describes the ownership certificates of any company. A share refers to the stock certificate of a particular company. Holding a particular company’s share makes you a shareholder. There are two types of stocks: common and preferred. The difference is while the holder of the first has voting rights that can be exercised in corporate decisions, the second doesn’t. Preferred shareholders are legally entitled to receive a certain level of dividend payments before any dividends can be issued to other shareholders. A single share of the stocks represents the fractional ownership of the corporation in proportion to the total number of shares. Traders and investors may buy low and sell high. There is a third, more risky way to profit from stocks: derivatives. These investments derive their value from underlying assets, such as stocks and bonds. Stock options give you the possibility to buy or sell a stock at a certain price by an agreed-upon date. Short selling is when you borrow a stock from your broker, sell it at today’s higher price, and then buy it at tomorrow’s lower price and return the stock to your broker. There is no limit to how high the stock price could rise, in theory. Most financial planners advise individual investors to stick to buying and holding stocks for the long term. And to diversify the portfolio to gain the highest return for the least risk.
Why Do Defects Occur and What Can We Do About Them? We all say that we must ‘learn from our mistakes’ but how can we do this? One way, in the realm of software development, is software defect categorization. For many dev teams, after days and weeks of working on a game-changing feature/update, just when you’re about to deploy to the product stage, you discover a huge defect in the software. As software testers, we want to find the defects, but for the organization, the most important thing is what caused the defects in the first place? To better understand root causes of defects from different perspectives, we interviewed several software engineers and product managers. With a deeper understanding of where they come from, our hope is that dev teams can take appropriate preventive and corrective actions to minimize the occurrence of these defects. From our research, the most common reason for software problems were: 1. Miscommunication Does this tree swing meme seem familiar to you? Yes, miscommunication, lack of communication, or erroneous communication are major factors contributing to defects in software development. The product managers may have an idea of what the product/feature should look like and how it should behave, but if not communicated properly to the developers and the QA, the end product might not be as expected. Therefore, a robust communications system between all involved stakeholders is essential in reducing software defects during development. For example, having tools to enhance the collaboration experience, frequent status updates, and keeping a centralized documentation with all the product specs are good practices. 2. Inadequate and incomplete requirements Many times, critical requirements are discovered late in the software development cycle, which translates into unexpected behaviors from the end users. While miscommunication can play a big part in this, more often than not, other factors contribute. For example, on some projects where there’s no single product owner to coordinate across multiple teams, important information can slip through the cracks. On top of establishing good communication practices, assigning a lead to hold him/her accountable for the entire project can be an effective way to minimize the risk of having incomplete requirements. 3. Programming errors in the implementation phase Human beings are not perfect, we are prone to make mistakes. Hence, there are always some level of defects in the source code. However, in many organizations, developers are encouraged to “hurry up” to meet tight schedules, overlooking good coding practices in the process. Additionally, it is tough to maintain and modify code that is badly written or poorly documented. In this case, having proper “tools” to catch code defects pre-production will better ensure quality product. 4. Deadlines and prioritizations Properly estimating development schedules can be a challenge. This often manifests itself in software development with tight schedules and unreasonable deadlines. Many times, developers choose to compromise software quality in order to meet delivery deadlines. In this case, even with proper “tools”, it’s not enough to catch those code defects. In this case, a QA team can help determine prioritization and communicate swiftly to the development team what major bugs need proper attention so they are resolved in a timely manner. 5. Software complexity and technology evolution As technologies evolve, software gets updated, new features are added, new APIs incorporated, or new programming languages utilized. Just take iOS as an example. As soon as Apple releases a new version, it may introduce unexpected behavior to your existing features. This also happens if you heavily rely on third-party libraries/APIs that could change unexpectedly. In many cases, defects arise out of different versions from 3rd parties not being totally compatible. Thus, integration testing with end-to-end scenarios thoroughly covered is required to maintain a quality user experience. Troubleshooting software problems and being aware of technology updates, will help you better understand the root cause and identify a solution. In this blog, we’ve described from our perspective, the top 5 reasons that software engineers and product managers encounter defects in their day to day work. Categorizing reasons for software defects provides management with important information. Knowing where and why defects are occurring allows for knowledge based decisions to address shortfalls in processes, practices, and people. Delivering a successful product and achieving great software quality is not only about the code quality, or only about the testing coverage, but also about good communication, firming up incomplete requirements, avoiding unreasonable deadlines and inadequate prioritization. Developing and delivering quality software takes a team effort, with all the stakeholders: the PM, the SD and the QA, working together in order to deliver a successful product. If you are experiencing issues with your software testing or if you are considering outsourcing your software testing services, contact XBOSoft today.
Study Skills - learn vocabulary Malc Prentice How many words should I learn? Which words should I learn? Look in the shared materials folder for Vocab spreadsheet. After that you can use other lists (e.g. if you want to study TOEFL). However, word lists get quickly less useful after you have finished the lists above. Instead, just read more. All the lists below come from here: How should I learn? 1) Download the "START HERE" excel sheet 2) Edit the sheet 4) Learn your words. Any method is OK 4) However, print at least the first 280 words and bring that sheet to every class 5) Be ready to tell your partner which words you have learned (e.g. "test me on words 71-80") 6) Occasionally, ask your partner to test 10 random words from your whole list. How will you check my homework? Remember - one word = many words. Use any of these words in your list, examples and sentences. Useful websites for learning more ABOUT how to use words
ADS-B receivers in remote areas increase chance of pilot survival ITD's Division of Aeronautics is continually looking for new advances and innovations to help move the safety needle. So about a year ago, several employees began testing ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) receivers from their homes, simulating some issues of remote access that a backcountry pilot would face in his or her own flight. "Finding missing aircraft can be an expensive process based on unreliable facts," said Aeronautics Administrator Mike Pape."It can also take valuable time when time is at a premium and survival hangs in the balance. Our staff began investigating ways to obtain more accurate data to reduce search time." The results proved promising. The receivers are relatively inexpensive, but require an internet connection. The signals transmitted by aircraft with ADS-B transponders leave a bread-crumb trail via the internet. This is currently beyond the capability of air-traffic control in remote areas like backcountry airports, where the mountains are a barrier to standard radar reception. However, it was apparent that if the receivers were installed at remote airports around the state, it would help narrow searches. This led to installation at Smiley Creek airstrip in April 2016. They also installed a unit at the District 3 Maintenance Shed in the small town of Riddle in March 2017, and are working to put one in at District 2 in the Maintenance Shed in Craigmont Tim Henderson of Aeronautics said, "The GPS in the aircraft sends the aircraft location to the transponder, which broadcasts it to the world. The FAA receives the location, the altitude, and other data and uses it for aircraft separation and traffic control. It is the Next Generation of RADAR." Since it is a broadcast which reaches hundreds of miles, we are taking advantage and receiving the signals to track an aircraft for search purposes. ."The receiving units increase the possibility for survival to our flying public, and reduce the time needed in our Search-and-Rescue efforts to find missing aircraft," explained Pape. "The sooner we find an aircraft in distress, the higher the chances for survival of its occupants. We take that responsibility very seriously." The ADS-B receivers provide the additional data to perform the task. Pictured right: Antenna installation at the Riddle maintenance shed. Published 09-29-17
LGBTQ in Italian Theater \| Casa Italiana Zerilli / Marimò LGBTQ in Italian Theater Rainbow Jubilee Mon, 02/25/2019 - 6:30pm 50 Years from the Stonewall Uprising and of LGBTQ Liberation poli photo One of the first mentions of a gay character in Italian cinema was in 1962's Parigi o cara by Franca Valeri. Yet the first mention of homosexuality in a play was in 1960’s Arialda by Giovanni Testori. Since then, more and more actors and playwrights have dedicated their work to LGBTQ stories. This is a journey into such stories from Arialda to contemporary Italian LGBTQ theater. Curated by Laura Caparrotti and Mario Merone, KIT Historical remarks by Brian DeGrazia (NYU) and Matthew Phillip Zundel (NYU) Scenes by Italian playwrights: Giovanni Testori L’Arialda (1960) Aldo Nicolaj - A monologue Franca Valeri Una Madre (in Italian) Mino Bellei Bionda Fragola (in English) (1976) Annibale Ruccello “Le cinque rose di Jennifer” (In original Italian with supertitles) (1980) Paolo Poli “Rita da Cascia” (video)
Content Literacy 101 Previewing (from A Handbook of Content Literacy Strategies) As with any preview, a textbook chapter preview is used to see what's coming next. Many students do not know how to utilize textbook features, and may skip over them in their reading. A preview can be used to raise their awareness of the sections that have been designed to help them understand the text. Why use it? This strategy is particularly useful for science or math textbooks, which are notoriously dense and hard for students to comprehend. By intentionally pointing out text features, teachers can help demystify textbooks, and increase students' reading confidence. How do I use it? The Two-Minute Preview "provides students with an overview of the selection and helps them develop a strategic plan for reading it." It procedure is as follows: 1. "The teacher provides the class with a brief outline or checklist for previewing [see example below]. The outline or checklist will vary depending upon the purpose for reading and the type of material. 2. In pairs, students are given two minutes to preview the material and jot their responses on the preview form. 3. Then the teacher leads the class in developing a strategic plan for reading the material." Introduction: What is the author talking about? What is the focus of this material? Headings and Subheads: What are the topics of these sections? Graphs, Charts, Maps, and Tables: Do I understand how to interpret this information? Can I restate it in my own words? Margin Notes: What kind of information do they provide? Summary: Does it provide a clear overview of the chapter? Questions: Are the questions clear? (Procedure and example both from: A Handbook of Content Literacy Strategies)
Saturday, November 27, 2010 The Origin of Gene Expression Crystal structure of a reverse polymerase is a paper published by PNAS. Its authors are John J. Perona and Javin P. Oza. The first sentence reads: "The primary transcripts of transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules undergo extensive processing and chemical modification to become functional components of the protein synthesis apparatus." Transfer RNA (tRNA) plays a central role in some origin of life scenarios describing how a genetic code might have arisen in a precellular environment. Cells must translate information stored in DNA to enable protein synthesis. Codons correlating to specific amino acids need to be paired and properly sequenced so as to make possible functional sequences of polypeptides. Sets of enzymes known as tRNA synthetases ensure the attachment of a specific amino acid to a specified tRNA. The paper alludes to modification of primary tRNA transcripts. Chemical modification makes functional specificity possible. Described is an instance of guanosine attachment to tRNA making recognition by histidyl-tRNA synthetase possible. Plausible scenarios for the evolution of gene expression modification components are possible but some degree of minimal cellular functionality is a prerequisite in the view of this writer. That view is sometimes criticized as an argument based on personal incredulity. That's an odd critique in view of the fact that specified pathways are in acutely short supply. What's the opposite of personal incredulity? Unquestioning faith? Sounds close. If skepticism is grounded in the complexity of that which is observed and a process allowing that x, y and z can evolve depends on greatly complex cellular components being in place, then an absence of the foregoing should elicit skepticism in the mind of all but unquestioning believers.
dimanche 16 juin 2013 The Remarkable Properties of Mythological Social Networks A lire sur: http://www.technologyreview.com/view/516081/the-remarkable-properties-of-mythological-social-networks/ Ten years ago, few people would have heard of a social network. Today, Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn permeate our lives. They show us how we are linked to each other and how we are more broadly placed within society. What fascinates scientists is that the general properties of social networks seem to be invariant regardless of where they crop up. For example, one of the remarkable properties of social networks is their small world character. This means it is possible to go from one part of a network to any other part in a small number of steps (this is where the phrase 6 degrees of separation comes from). That was entirely unexpected and counterintuitive when it was discovered in the 1960s by the American social psychologist Stanley Milgram. But it is as true today of Facebook and Twitter as it was of the society in which Milgram carried out his experiments. Today, P J Miranda at the Federal Technological University of Paraná in Brazil and a couple of pals study the social network between characters in Homer’s ancient Greek poem, the Odyssey. Their conclusion is that this social network bears remarkable similarities to Facebook, Twitter and the like and that this may offer an important clue about the origin of this ancient story. Miranda and co think of each character in the Odyssey as a node in the network. They say a link exists between two characters when they meet in the story, when they speak directly to each other, cite one another to a third character or when it is otherwise clear that they know each other. Having constructed the social network, Miranda and co then examined its structure. “Odyssey’s social network is small world, highly clustered, slightly hierarchical and resilient to random attacks,” they say. This is not the first time that researchers have examined the social networks associated with ancient texts. Last year, researchers analysed three narratives in this way-Homer’s Iliad, the early English story Beowulf and the Irish epic poem Tain Bo Cuailnge. They discovered that while the networks associated with Beowulf and the Iliad had many of the properties of real social networks, the network associated with Tain was less realistic. That led them to conclude that the societies described in the Iliad and Beowulf are probably based on real ones, whereas the Tain appears more artificial. Miranda and co say the same is probably true for the Odyssey. Because its social network has many similarities to real social networks, it is probably based on the real world. Indeed there is much archaeological evidence to suggest that some of the events described in both the Iliad and the Odyssey actually took place. That’s a new and interesting test that gives an important insight into the history of these ancient texts. It also reminds us that no matter how different our society may appear to be from those that existed many centuries ago, they also have remarkable similarities. Indeed, if Milgram where able to repeat his small world experiments in ancient Greece, he’d probably get the same result. And Homer would undoubtedly feel right at home on Facebook. Ref: arxiv.org/abs/1306.2537: Analysis Of Communities In A Mythological Social Network Aucun commentaire: Enregistrer un commentaire
History Of The Afro Hairstyle The afro is a classic hairstyle that has been around for a long time and is always popular. Iconic people such as Jimi Hendrix, The Jackson 5, Questlove and many more have rocked the ‘fro with great success. Jimi Hendrix Jimi Hendrix Prior to the 1960’s the afro hairstyle was very uncommon due to the beauty standards set by the white society in America. These beauty standards involved straight hair rather than curly or kinky hair, resulting in African-Americans styling their hair to match these standards. During the Civil Rights movement and later the Black is Beauty movement, more natural hairstyles, such as the afro, became a symbol for black people’s rights and accepting natural beauty. Since then the afro has been a timeless beauty worn by both men and women for years and continues its popularity to this day. Share this:
In this chapter, Rothbard makes the case for the abolition of public schooling. While he somewhat surprisingly views Friedman’s voucher system as “a great improvement over the present system in permitting a wider range of parental choice and enabling the abolition of the public school system,” Rothbard will settle for nothing less than the separation of school and state. What’s wrong with vouchers, you ask? In the first place, the immorality of coerced subsidy for schooling would still continue in force. Secondly, it is inevitable that the power to subsidize brings with it the power to regulate and control… The power of the State over private schools, through its power to certify or not to certify for vouchers, will be even greater than it is now. Shouldn’t education be free for all? No way: “Free” schools, whether current public schools or future vouchered schools, are of course not really free; someone, that is, the taxpayers, must pay for the educational services involved. But with service severed from payment, there tends to be an oversupply of children into the schools (apart from the compulsory attendance laws which have the same effect), and a lack of interest by the child in the educational service for which his family does not have to pay. As a result, a large number of children unsuitable for or uninterested in school who would be better off either at home or working, are dragooned into going to school and into staying there far longer than they should. Mainstream economists will be puzzled by this chapter, because it ignores all the arguments about educational externalities, credit market imperfections, etc. Rothbard instead focuses on public education’s historical connection to brainwashing and persecution of minorities, pointing out, for example, that: [F]or Luther, the State schools were to be an indispensable part of the “war with the devil,” i.e., with Catholics, Jews, infidels, and competing Protestant sects. This chapter also tries to win over the civil libertarian by analogizing state-controlled education to state-controlled media: [W]hat then would we think of a proposal for the government, federal or state, to use the taxpayers money to set up a nationwide chain of public magazines or newspapers, and then to compel all people, or all children, to read them? Further, what would we think of the government outlawing all other newspapers and magazines, or at the very least outlawing all newspapers or magazines that do not come up to certain “standards” of what a government commission thinks children ought to read? Such a proposal would surely be regarded with horror throughout the country, yet this is precisely the sort of regime that government has established in the schools. When Rothbard gets to higher-education, he gleefully points out that it forces the poor to subsidize the rich, and argues that government artificially supports the inefficient dominance of non-profits: By exempting trustee-run organizations from income taxes and by levying heavy taxes on profit-making institutions, the federal and state governments cripple and repress what could be the most efficient and solvent form of private education… Trustee governance is, in general, a poor way to run any institution. In the first place, in contrast to profit-making firms, partnerships, or corporations, the trustee-run firm is not fully owned by anyone. The trustees cannot make profits from successful operation of the organiza tion, so there is no incentive to be efficient, or to serve the firm’s customers properly. As long as the college or other organization does not suffer excessive deficits it can peg along at a low level of performance. Since the trustees cannot make profits by bettering their service to customers, they tend to be lax in their operations. Critical Comments This chapter is packed full of good material, but ignoring the standard economic arguments for subsidies is a major sin of omission. Rothbard repeatedly cites E.G. West, but doesn’t mention West’s striking result that 19th-century England achieved high literacy with minimal state subsidies for education. For a modern audience, isn’t that more relevant that the ravings of Martin Luther? Since this chapter ignores the standard economic arguments, it also misses the opportunity to reverse them. While it contains many astute observations about useless education, these barbs are atheoretical. Rothbard never mentions the signaling model of education, which argues that education actually has negative externalities. Government subsidizing inefficiency – isn’t that the kind of argument Mr. Libertarian loved? Rothbard’s attack on educational non-profits is music to my ears. Tyler Cowen has an old paper that tries to give a functionalist explanation for why most universities are non-profit. But I think Rothbard’s barking up the right tree here. To complete the argument, though, you need to appeal to donor irrationality: despite the obvious inefficiencies of the non-profit sector, alumni just keep giving them more money to waste. P.S. Check out this impressive intellectual shrine to E.G. West.
Recent Saturn-Pluto Cycles The prototype of a planetary cycle, the period between one conjunction to the next of any pair of planets, is the lunar cycle, something that humanity has been intimately familiar with for millennia. The lunar cycle starts with the New Moon — a conjunction the Sun and the Moon — then precedes through the opposition of the Sun and Moon — called the Full Moon — and then goes on to the next conjunction, that is the next New Moon. Symbolically, the cycle starts at the conjunction, and whatever the cycle represents reaches a culmination at the opposition and then precedes to gather resources in preparation for the end of this cycle and the beginning of the next cycle with the next conjunction. This “Lunation Cycle” has been spelled out in detail by renowned astrologer Dane Rudhyar in a book of the same name. But this cycle from conjunction through opposition to conjunction can be looked at with any two planets. The Jupiter-Saturn cycle was explored in a series of posts about Watershed Elections a couple of years ago. Since we have recently explored two Saturn Pluto oppositions in a post called “Bookends of the American Empire“, I thought it would be interesting to explore recent Saturn-Pluto cycles, especially in light of the fact that we are ending one of these cycles and thus startling a new one in a year. After the Saturn Pluto opposition in 1898, which was discussed previously, and which saw the Spanish-American war, the war in which the United States divested Spain of its colonies in the Caribbean and Pacific, the next conjunction of Saturn and Pluto was in 1914 at 2 Cancer, that is near the Cardinal axis. This Saturn-Pluto conjunction saw the start of World War One. (Of Interest, the closing square of those two planets corresponded exactly to what is called the Panic of 1907 in the United States, where the stock market lost 50% of its value in three weeks and a wealthy individual had to bail out the US.) This is illustrated in the chart below. This is only one of many examples as to why Saturn-Pluto has such a fearsome reputation. World War When these Saturn-Pluto aspects are looked at in light of the relations between Russia and the United States, this conjunction heralded the first Cold War, after the Russian Revolution of 1917. Immediately after that revolution a civil war broke out in Russia and American President Woodrow Wilson, along with many European nations and Japan, sent troops to fight on the non-Communist side in that Civil War. After that the United States refused to recognize the Soviet Union until President Franklin Roosevelt took office in 1933, near the time of the opposition mentioned below. This Saturn-Pluto cycle lasted until the end of the Second World War, in 1947, so it covered the period of both World Wars. This particular Saturn Pluto cycle can be considered the “World War Cycle”. Some authorities consider the Second World War to be merely a continuation of the First World War, with a brief intermission — the “Roaring” Twenties — between the segments. For America, which only got involved in the First World War in the last year, the Second World War did not start until Pearl Harbor was bombed at the end of 1941. But officially the Second World War started on September 1, 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. But the war had been raging long before that, though it wasn’t called a war: Japan invaded China early in the Thirties; in Spain, Franco, with the aid of Hitler, was fighting the Spanish Civil War in the middle Thirties. “Full Moon” for Saturn-Pluto The midpoint of this “War” cycle happened in 1931. This was the equivalent of a Full Moon in the lunation cycle, the peak of the energy that started at the conjunction. The culmination of this cycle, with the opposition of Saturn and Pluto, is illustrated in the above chart. The first obvious event happening in 1931 was the worldwide Great Depression that was reaching its depths in the early Thirties. This year also saw the rise of fascism in Europe, with for example Hitler being elected Chancellor of Germany in January of 1933. In Asia, Japan took over parts of China with the invasion of Manchuria on September 19, 1931. So the clouds of war were gathering at the opposition which would result in the Second World War in a few years. Notice that Uranus is square Pluto, Uranus is sesquiquadrate Neptune, and, though the orb is very large, Pluto is semisquare to Neptune, the three aspects that highlight the Great Depression, though all three are not always in orb for the whole period. Great Compression The next conjunction followed directly the end of World War II in 1947. This corresponds to, among other things, the rise of the Cold War (or the Second Cold War, if we consider the First to be the one after the previous Saturn Pluto conjunction) between the United States and the Soviet Union. In the United States, this Cold War is seen as exclusively the result of the expansionistic tendencies of Stalin and the Soviet Union (see for example any book by John Lewis Gaddis), but a more balanced appraisal would see that a badly crushed Soviet Union, whose territory had been ravished by the Germans and had lost on the order of 27 million people, was hardly in the same league as the United States, which had recently dropped two nuclear weapons on a defeated enemy. The Soviets desperately wanted the security that could be provided by a border of friendly nations, which just happened to be those invaded by Soviet troops during World War II since the West was in no hurry to come to the aid of the Soviet Union in its fight with Germany. The next Saturn-Pluto Cycle lasted from 1947 to 1982. This was a period called by the French Les Trente Glorieuses – the thirty golden years following the Second World War (see for example Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century) when inequality in many countries of the world was reduced. So I believe that this second Saturn-Pluto Cycle of the Twentieth Century was a period of economic compression, called the Great Compression by some economists. This was a period when the views of such people as Lord Maynard Keynes of Britain were given credence, and activities like the Bretton-Woods Conference set up an economic program for the whole world. Major decolonization took place, such as India becoming an independent nation, and the State of Israel was proclaimed out of what was formerly part of the Ottoman Empire before World War I. Victory in the Chinese Civil War for the Communist side was only two years off and that victory caused repercussion among the masses of Southeast Asia who had just thrown off the yoke of European colonial powers. The culmination of this cycle, when Saturn was opposite Pluto, was in 1965, just as the Vietnam War was starting to heat up — the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was passed in the US Senate August of the previous year. This was an obvious manifestation of the Cold War which had started with the conjunction eighteen years earlier. There were many urban riots in the United States, such as Watts Riot in August 1965, Detroit Riot July 1967, Newark July 1966. Civil rights leader Medgar Evers was killed in June 1963 in Mississippi; the Birmingham, Alabama church bombing occurred September 1963; Chaney, Goodman,and Schwerner were killed in June 1964, also in Mississippi. There was a coup in Indonesia October 1965 that killed between half a million and a million and a half and set the stage for a dictatorship in Indonesia that lasted over thirty years, almost until this century. The next Saturn-Pluto cycle, which started in 1982, and which we are still in, was totally different. No longer a great compression, but rather a great expansion, as Neoliberalism started to take off under Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom and Ronald Reagan in the United States. This was a period where the wealthy 10%, 1% and most especially 0.1% increased their share of the wealth. While their share of the wealth increased from the early Eighties, this increase in inequality really took off after the Great Recession of 2008. This can be seen as the Neoliberal cycle. War on Terrorism The culmination of this cycle was discussed previously. There were three Saturn-Pluto Oppositions. Here is a chart for the second, on November 2, 2001. For any astrologer at the time, it should have been obvious that something momentous was going to happen in late 2001. Mea Culpa: I did not see this happening myself, since at the time I favored the Gemini Rising USA chart, if I even thought about a chart for the United States, and even though I had read the Dane Rudhyar book (Astrology of America’s Destiny) that promoted the Sibly chart, and at the time I thought little of Saturn and Pluto transits, and hadn’t looked at any past transits. But 9/11 seemed such a big event to the United States that it must surely show up in the natal chart for that country, and show up in an appropriate way. Jupiter transits wouldn’t cut it. The aspects to the Sibly chart, as shown in the last post (and very similar to the chart above) are the most appropriate transits possible. If one were to make up the transits for such an event, nothing would be more fitting than the actual chart. Pluto on the Ascendant describes 9/11 to a tee. We are now in the last year of this “Neoliberal” cycle of Saturn and Pluto, and the results of the reign of capital over the previous 35 plus years is becoming painfully obvious. We are seeing the dregs of our long bout of neoliberalism coming to an end with a strong hangover. People are starting to vent their anger in many countries, to the obvious displeasure of those elites who profited so handsomely over the Saturn-Pluto cycle now coming to an end. But another Saturn Pluto conjunction is happening soon, just a year away. What will the new cycle bring? My guess is that it will see the end of Neoliberalism, the hallmark of the previous cycle, but we will also see the end of other trends that have manifesting themselves recently. Whatever it will be, the upcoming period will be different than the preceding 35 years. In this case the conjunction only happens once. This is followed by a conjunction of Jupiter and Pluto three times, followed by a single conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn at 0 Aquarius on the Winter Solstice. This new cycle of Saturn and Pluto, starting in 2020, corresponds to the Zeitgeist Change that I wrote about for several months. This will be a preview of all the changes coming our way. One can see that conjunction as the “opening gun” for the big changes to happen in the third decade of the Twenty-First Century. Since two other important cycles are also stating at about this time, the Jupiter-Pluto and the Jupiter Saturn conjunctions, change will be the hallmark. The Jupiter-Saturn cycle was discussed at length in post about Watershed Presidential elections and 2020 will see another Watershed Election. In the chart for the single Saturn-Pluto conjunction on January 12, 2020, we see that both the Sun and Mercury are conjoined Saturn and Pluto. This quadruple conjunction is also configured with the United States chart, as shown below. It is trine the US Saturn, opposite the US Mercury, and sesquiquadrate the US Uranus. So this Saturn-Pluto will definitely affect the US, in ways we can’t see yet. Not shown is the inconjunct (quincunx – aspect of 150 degrees – separation or adjustment) between the multiple conjunction and natal Mars, suggesting the military and war will be involved. Also emphasizing this fact is that the antiscia (reflection over the Cancer/Capricorn axis) transiting Mars is on that super conjunction. Upcoming Saturn Pluto Conjunction So what we have is Saturn and Pluto, which can be dire, but then Jupiter comes along, changing the gravity of the situation. My feeling for the Pluto-Saturn conjunction is that it will be the culmination of a crisis already developing, something involving violence or war (viz. Mars). This crisis will be so close to fruition, only saved by the oncoming Jupiter, that the peoples of the world will be scared out of their standard thought processes and there will be an opening opportunity to explore some new options. Jupiter will save us from the developing catastrophe signaled by the first Saturn-Pluto conjunction in 38 years. After the Jupiter-Pluto conjunction comes the single Jupiter-Saturn conjunction that sets the stage for the next twenty years. The first decade — the 2020s — will be the expansion decade: think the decade of the Sixties — and the second decade — the 2030s — will be the contraction decade: think the decade of the Seventies. It will be a truly historic two decades for the world, one that will be long remembered, if possibly only by the cockroaches. All of these transits are shown in the two-year graphical ephemeris below. The single conjunction of Saturn and Pluto happens first, shown by the black arrow at the beginning of 2020. Then comes the three Jupiter-Pluto conjunctions; the first of these conjunctions is at the red arrow at the end of March. Finally there is the single Jupiter-Saturn conjunction shown by the green arrow in December of 2020. 2020 will be a packed year! 2020 Conjunctions
Grow InfoPropagation How To Properly Germinate Cannabis Seeds No ratings yet. How To Properly Germinate Cannabis Seeds Seeds must germinate before they grow into a healthy plant. How To Properly Germinate Cannabis SeedsBut many aspiring growers don’t even know exactly what germination is. Germination, as a whole, is the entire process of providing the right environment so a seed can begin to grow into a seedling or the beginning of a new plant. Some seeds require a breaking through of their outer shell in order to encourage growth. Others need water and light. In either case, if you want to grow the plant quickly and don’t want to wait for nature to take its course, you’ll need to provide the seed with everything it needs to get started, or germinate the seed. Cannabis seeds, like all seeds, require a certain amount of care and patience. Those beginning this process for the first time should be sure to double check their steps. Regardless of the outcome, learn from any and all mistakes. Cannabis seeds need to imbibe or introduced to water before they can to germinate. Imbibing is the process by which the seedling soaks up the water that surrounds it. You have two choices when it comes to imbibing the seedling. First, you can soak paper towels and wrap the seedling in the paper towel. cannabis seeds on paper towelWhile paper towels might not seem like they carry a lot of water for a tiny seedling, they absorb enough to spurn the plant to begin growing and producing cotyledons. The cotyledon is the first leafy production from a seedling which will be replaced once the plant gets a foothold in your final potting area. Once you have wrapped your seedlings in the paper towel (use room temperature water), you now have to wait. How To Properly Germinate Cannabis Seeds When the time comes, you must be careful removing the seeds. You could place the seeds on top of one sheet of wet paper towel placed on a dish, and cover that dish with another wet paper towel. Then, leave the seeds in the paper towels for at least two days. Make sure to place them someplace dark so you can cover the seeds you have in paper towels with a bowl or a dish. Some seeds will germinate faster than others, so check up on them periodically. You are looking for the growth of a root called a tap root. When you do see this root, it’s time to take the seed out of the paper towel and plant it. There is another method that many growers have found works just as well. You have probably seen someone soak beans before cooking them. Since the seeds need to imbibe water you can place the seeds in a jar or mug filled with water. Again choose room temperature water, or slightly warmer. The seeds need a warm and dark place so make sure the water is not cold, and place them away from the light during the soaking process. When you place the seeds in a jar or a mug you will see the seeds float to the surface. This floating to the surface is absolutely normal, so there’s no need to try and force them down. The advantage of soaking the seeds in a jar is that you can easily spot the ones that have grown the tap root, and remove and pot those seeds. Proper seed germination requires the correct balance of oxygen, water and temperature. A couple of degrees over room temperature will work fine. It is crucial that the water temperature is not below room temperature, or the seeds may never germinate. Many growers falsely believe that light is also important to the seed. In nature, these seeds will probably be located in an area that does not get much light, or any light for that matter. Seeds only store just enough food for the seed to produce a tap root and cotyledons. Once you see a tap root, take your seed out and pot it up. Germinating a seed is not a difficult process. With care and preparation in advance, even a novice can have a bunch of cannabis seeds with tap roots ready to be planted. Related Articles 1. Heath, I’ve developed a machine incorporating wicking and autopot tech together that I would like to get a banner ad for on this sight maybe sell a couple units! 2. Also note that the tap root ALWAYS comes out of the pointed end. Under normal conditions, the tap ALWAYS then curves/bends back in the direction of the flat end. Then as the root grows, it will lift the shell toward the surface & through the medium, in my case soil. After a bit the shell will be pushed apart & off of the two baby leaves. In short, the pointed end of a cannabis seed should always be planted pointed end up. If you disagree, fine. You are free to plant your beans any way ya want. But I have learned the hard way that, yep, pointed end always up. Planting the seed sideways is 2nd best. If the flat end is up, the root tip will grow toward the surface & if you are fortunate, will to correct itself & head back down. That costs time & seed energy. This is a searchable topic & some sites have pics/illustrations. If not sure if I am correct, look around a bit. Over the years I have had to dig up quite a few that I didn’t get the PE up. I have had root tips come up instead of the shell & had to dig them up & put them in right. Not often, but it happens. Most of the time the root & shell will move around in the soil & come out OK. But, the same as in having to dig up & replant, that costs time & seed energy. Hope every gets their scissors stuck together. 😉 Leave a Reply Back to top button
Saami, Lule • Language: Saami, Lule • Alternate names: “Lapp” , Lule, Saami, julevsámegiella • Language code: smj • Language family: Uralic, Sami, Western, Northern • Number of speakers: 2000 • Script: Lule Sami is a Sami language spoken in Lule Lappmark, i.e., around Luleå, Sweden and in the northern parts of Nordland county in Norway, especially Tysfjord municipality, where Lule Sami is an official language. It is written in the Latin alphabet, having an official orthography. The Verb Pite Sami has: Negative Verb Lule Sami, like Finnish, the other Sámi languages and Estonian, has a negative verb. In Lule Sami, the negative verb conjugates according to tense, mood (indicative and imperative), person and number.
Object input list. How many strings? Length of strings. Prefix string with. Suffix string with. Delimit objects with. Delimit strings with. Tool: Random string generator. Purpose: Generate random strings with many construction options. Instructions: Enter a line break delimited list of string objects into "Object input list" text box. Click "Load a to z" button to load letters a to z into object input list. Click "Load common words" button to load 2845 common words into object input list. Enter number of generated string results into "How many strings" field. Enter length of string (combined objects) into "Length of strings" field. To separate words within generate strings, enter a space into the "Delimit objects with" text box. To seperate generated strings with something other than a line break, enter alternative delimiter into "Delimit strings with" field. Click the "Generate random strings" button. Generate 5 random strings 3 letters long from letters a to z within double quotes and comma delimited. Enter letters a to z separated by line breaks into "Object input list" field. Enter 3 into "How many strings" field, 3 into "Length of strings" field, " into "Prefix string with" and "Suffix string with" fields and , into "Delimit strings with" field. Click "Generate random strings" button to produce:
Difference between Learning and Education We all are familiar with both the terms. In fact, these are used by almost all of us in our daily lives. Though we use the word almost daily, but, did we ever try to find out the true meaning of each of these and the difference between the two. Many people believe that the two words carry the same meaning. This is so not true my friend. Both the words showcase different meanings. Here, we are going to discuss the major difference between these two terms. Since the inception of time, education holds a great place in our lives. It has evolved from the time of evolution of human being. Each one of us wants to attain education and grow up looking forward to better future. EDUCATION basically is the process through which the society pass on the knowledge, skills and abilities from generation to generation. Whereas, LEARNING is a process that involves acquiring knowledge, values and skills to perform any course of action. Both the terms are totally different. Through education, one chooses to impart knowledge to other individual whereas in learning, people acquire knowledge and skills on their own. In the process of education, it is not necessary that the other person is attaining what is being told because it can sometimes be involuntary, but, it does not apply in the case of learning. Learning is always voluntarily acted. The person who wants to polish any skills or wants to have a hold over knowledge mainly practice learning. Moreover, learning is considered as an on-going process as human being have the tendency of learning from the very time of their birth whereas education is attained at some point in life. “Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing that is worth learning can be taught.” Rightly said by — Oscar Wilde Thus, it is very important to not only educate the society but it is equally important to make them learn. Education simply imparts them the relevant information and knowledge, but, it is only learning that makes them capable enough to perform what they have been told or learnt. In the traditional education system, no emphasis was laid on learning. In fact, memorizing things was considered as learning which is not correct. When a person memorizes something, he/she holds the tendency to forget that at any point of time in future but when the person is made to learn, he/ she never forgets that throughout his/ her life. Thus, learning has stronger and long-lasting impact than education. So, emphasis should be laid upon making the students learn and no attempt should be taken to simply pass on the knowledge and information to them to just make them pass their academic session. Efforts should be made to make them learn for a life time. The only better action taken today will lead to a bright tomorrow because the development of today’s generation is the development of entire world. Sharing is caring! Add a Comment
1984 by George Orwell Points to Ponder There is a great deal of symbolism in the names Orwell chooses. For example, Winston Smith is a combination of Winston (likely from Winston Churchill, who led England through World War II) and Smith (the most common English last name). What is Orwell’s intention with this symbolism? Is he trying to make Winston Smith a character people can relate to? What kind of people specifically (rich, poor, educated, uneducated)? Similarly, think about ulterior meanings behind the name choices of Big Brother (paternalism?), O’Brien (Irish roots?), Emmanuel Goldstein (Emmanuel literally means “God” and Goldstein is a very common Jewish last name), Room 101 (101 is the usual code for “basic information”). There is also a great deal of foreshadowing in the novel. Can you think of some objects/instances which turned out later to have been possible signs of events to come? For example, what is the significance of Winston being stumped by the nursery rhyme that Mr. Charrington tells him with the fact that both Julia and O’Brien knew some of the verses of the same rhyme? What is the last line of the rhyme? (“here comes a chopper to chop off your head”) – is this also foreshadowing Winston and Julia’s ultimate downfall? What about the glass paperweight? Why does Winston take it as a symbol of (his beautiful relationship with Julia)? What happens to the paperweight later on (it is smashed by the Thought Police agents)? What about the incident in the Chestnut Tree Café that Winston remembers early on? How is this significant to the last chapter of the novel? (There are many others: rats, 2+2=4, etc.) One of the most famous lines from the novel is “Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four.” What does this mean? Think carefully and analytically about this statement. Why does Winston feel this particular freedom is important, as opposed to the freedom of speech, etc.? (Consider how Winston feels about the Party’s alterations of history. For Winston, what is important to be preserved for future generations?) Do you think that Winston is really de-humanized when he believes that “2+2=5”? What led him to that state? Would you also feel this way, if you were in Winston’s position? What do you think about Winston’s attempts to reform himself in Part Three, like when he practices “crimestop” in his cell before he is brought to Room 101? At what point in Winston’s rehabilitation does he begin to noticeably “crack”? Leave a reply
What is Considered a Normal Blood Pressure Reading? Blood pressure is an important measure of your overall health. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, around 75 million–or roughly one in every three–American adults have high blood pressure. High blood pressure is a very common health issue and should not be underestimated. Fortunately, there are many ways to assist in controlling the condition. The very first thing you need to do is understand how your habits affect your blood pressure numbers and the significance of those numbers. Blood pressure is a measure of the force of blood against the artery walls as it circulates through the body. It can rise and fall throughout the day, but prolonged periods of high blood pressure can lead to health problems. There are two numbers in your blood pressure reading, and they are broken down as follows: • Systolic blood pressure. This is the first number in the reading. It indicates how much pressure the blood is exerting against the artery walls when the heart beats. • Diastolic blood pressure. This is the second number in the reading. It indicates how much pressure the blood is exerting against the artery walls when the heart is resting between beats. What do the blood pressure numbers mean? According to the American Heart Association, the blood pressure reading categories are as follows: • Normal. Blood pressure numbers that are less than 120/80 mm Hg are considered to be within the normal range. • Elevated. Blood pressure numbers that consistently fall between 120 and 129 systolic and less than 80 mm Hg diastolic are considered elevated. • Hypertension Stage 1. Blood pressure numbers that consistently range from 130 to 139 systolic and 80 to 89 mm Hg diastolic are indicative of hypertension stage 1. • Hypertension Stage 2. Blood pressure numbers that consistently range from 140/90 mm Hg or higher are indicative of hypertension stage 2. • Hypertensive Crisis. Blood pressure readings that exceed 180/120 mm Hg constitutes a medical emergency and requires immediate medical attention. What is hypertension? Hypertension is the formal medical name for high blood pressure. Early stages of hypertension does not come with noticeable symptoms, so people can have hypertension for years without experiencing any symptoms. Having untreated hypertension for prolonged periods of time can increase the risk for serious health issues down the road. How can blood pressure numbers be controlled? People with elevated blood pressure levels are at risk for developing hypertension if steps are not taken to control the condition. If you are asking yourself how to be healthy, you should know there are certain lifestyle habits you can adopt to help keep your blood pressure in check or to lower it if it is high. These habits include: • Get your blood pressure checked regularly. Blood pressure checks are convenient. You don’t even have to make a doctor’s appointment. Most local pharmacies will perform the test without an appointment. • Stick to a healthy diet. Eating plenty of fruits and vegetables, while avoiding sodium, can help you reach and maintain good blood pressure numbers. • Stay hydrated. Making certain that you drink enough water throughout the day helps to ensure all of your bodily functions are operating in an optimal fashion. If you begin an exercise regimen to help control your blood pressure, you should definitely make an effort to stay hydrated. • Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight or obese makes it harder for the heart to pump blood effectively throughout the body. Losing weight can help relieve that strain and lower your blood pressure. • Exercise regularly. Staying physically active strengthens the heart, which helps it to pump blood effectively and decreases the pressure on the arteries. • Don’t smoke and limit alcohol intake. Smoking is linked to higher risks for nearly every type of cardiovascular disease, while drinking alcohol in excess has been linked to increased fatty plaques in the arteries, which inhibits effective blood flow. • If you have diabetes, manage the condition properly. About one-fourth of people with diabetes also have high blood pressure. Managing diabetes, including eating a nutritionally-balanced diet and exercising, can help alleviate blood pressure issues. What are the treatment options for high blood pressure? Besides lifestyle modifications, medications can help to bring blood pressure back to normal levels. There are several classes of medications you should speak with your doctor about if you feel your blood pressure is an issue. These classes of medication include: • Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors • Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) • Diuretics • Beta-blockers • Calcium channel blockers • Alpha-blockers • Alpha-agonists • Renin inhibitors • Combination medications Reader Interactions
Nature and Definitions of Motivation Man is an active creature by his nature. He is always engaged in some work, and continues to do some kind of behavior. He does not do any work or behavior without any purpose. And the purpose of his work is to make the fulfillment of some especial goal. For example a student studies with a great zeal and intensity while other is detached from the study. What is the cause of it? This type of question arises— Why do we take food? Why do we earn money? Why do we take education? It can be found in the answer of these questions that there are some motives for the action and behavior of any person, which motivates him, for doing action and behavior in different situations. Krech and Krachﬁ eld has said clearly—The question of motivation is the question of why. In fact Needs, Driver, Incentive, Motive are the main sources of motivation. Hilguard has written—“the need gives birth to driver, the driver is the condition of developed intensity, which progresses toward the action and starting behavior. Stimulus is some thing related to external environment, which satisfies the needs and in this way diminish the driver by action.’’ The motivator can be understood in the same words of needs, desires, intensity, natural situation, decisive qualities, habits, interests, stable incentive. In short motivation is the creation of above four facts: need, driver, stimulus and complex organization. Nature and Definitions of Motivation The English word Motivation is originated from the Motum word of Latin language. According to the general and verbal meaning of motivation, move, motor and motion we can call any stimulus a motivation, which helps a person for reacting and behavior. This type of stimulus can be both internal and external. But from the scientific point of view, motivation is an internal power, which internally motivates a person for doing any action. This type of motivation can be called the driving power of physical instrument. The following definitions have been presented for explaining the psychological meaning of the word motivation: 1. Wood worth—Achievement = Ability + Motivation. Means Achievement is obtained by ability + motivation. The ability of a person is developed by getting motivation. This type of ability is possible by the achievement of motivation. 2. According to Lowell—“motivation may be defined more formally as a psychological or internal process, initiated by some need, which leads to an activity which will satisfy that need.’’ 3. According to Good—“Motivation is the process of arousing sustaining and regulation activities.’’ 4. According to Blare, Johns and Simpson—“Motivation is a process, in which a learner’s internal energies or needs are directed towards various goals and objects in his environment.’’ 5. According to P.T Young—“Motivation is the process of arousing action, sustaining the activities in the progress and regulating the pattern of activity.’’ After analyzing the above definitions, related to motivation the following things are clarified: 1. Motivation is psychophysical or internal process or stage. 2. Motivated process is originated due to any need. 3. Motivated process leads towards the direction of doing any important activity. 4. This process goes on till the attainment of any purpose. In the psychological context, the meaning of motivation is by the internal stimulus, as a consequence of which we do any action and behavior. Psychologists have not concluded external stimulus under motivation. For example hunger is such an internal stimulus, according to which we can be inspired for having the food, so hunger can be called motivation. A person can be inspired for having the food after seeing the plate of food. Here the plate is an external stimulus, but eating process did not get inspired. A man will not take the food, until he gets internal motivation, so we can say internal stimulus, which motivates a man for doing any activity, is called motivation. Motivator is more important in the motivation. So it is essential to throw light on the meaning and definition of motivator. Motivator- Meaning and Definition The meaning of motivator—In the action and behavior of a human being, inborn, natural and acquired instincts are hidden. These instincts inspire for behavior, so psychologists have called it motive. So we can say that the motivation instinct lies in the root of human behavior, which inspire a man for doing some activities. The word motive should be understood by the definition given by the psychologists. Motivation is a mental set and motivator is a factor which motivates a man for doing some especial action. So we can say that motivation tells about the situation and motivators are due to its reason. The definitions of motivator- For explaining the concept of motivator, the psychologists have given many definitions of motivator: (1) Shaffer and others—“A motive may now be defined as a tendency to activity initiated by a drive and concluded by an adjustment.’’ This definition is evident by an example- In the state of hunger there is a contraction in the layers of stomach, and a man feels intensity on his internal side. And getting ride of this confusing stage he searches for eating material. His searching goes on until after getting the food he quenches his hunger. In this example the state of hunger is motivation. And the cause of state of hunger is called hunger motive. From this point of view the function of motivator tendency are: • Arousing the activity, • And continue it, • And continue to lead it towards the definite dimension until he gets the goal. According to the above definition hunger drives and inspires for having the food. And hunger drive comes to an end after having the food. And there is difference between the motivator tendency and motivation of food. Motivator is an extended word under which need, motive, driver and incentive all come. (2) Gates and others—“Motives take a variety of forms and are designated by many different terms, such needs, desires, tensions, sets determining tendencies, attitudes, interests, persisting stimuli and soon.’’ (3) Wood worth—“A motive is a state or set of the individual which disposes him for certain behavior and seeking certain goals.’’ (4) MacDougal—“Motives are conditions physiological and psychological within the organism that dispose it to an act in certain ways.’’ (5) Gilford—‘’A motive is any particular internal factor or condition that tends to initiate and to sustain activity.’’ (6) J. Drever—"Motive is an effective - conative factor which operates in determining the direction of an individual’s behavior towards an end or goal, consciously apprehended or unconscious.’’ (7) Thomson—"Motive is an effective and conative factor which operates in determining the direction of an individual’s behavior towards an end or goal, consciously apprehended or unconscious.’’ The sides of Motivation We can say on the basis of above definitions that the initiation of motivation is by some need and end after the attainment of any goal. Motivation is an extended word. There are the three sides of motivation, which are following: 1. Need 2. Drive 3. Incentive 1. Need—There are some fundamental needs for sustaining the life of every creature, And it is necessary to fulfill them. As it is necessary to fulfill the needs of water, air, food, sleeping. If these physical needs are not met, tension and imbalance arouse in the body, as a consequence of which he becomes activated. For example being hungry, activeness is sustained in a man until he gets his food. After getting the food his need is completed. And his tension and his activeness come to an end. Giving the definition of need Boring and Langefield have said-“A need is tension within an organism which tends to organize the field or organism with respect to certain incentives of goals and incite activity directed toward their attainment.’’ Therefore, the psychologists have also said need, such as a condition, which is felt in the reduction and absence of any thing. Man is always active to complete this reduction. As for the fulfillment of consumption of eating material he tries to get the food, he searches for water for the fulfillment of water; here the reduction of water and eating material is the needs of water and food. 2. Drive—The stage of tension that arises due to the needs of creature is called drive. Thus need is generated by the drive—As-thirst-drive, by the need of water and hunger-drive originated, by the need of food. The feeling of hunger and thirst is an internal stimulus. This generates tension in the man. A man does action for having food and quenching the thirst. Thus to inspire for doing action is the chief characteristics of drive. Psychologists have given the definitions of drive in this way: • Deshiyal—“Drive is original source of energy that activates the human organism.’’ • Sheffar and others—“A drive is a strong, persistent, stimulus that demands an adjusting response.’’ 3. Incentive—Incentive is a thing of external environment, which satisfies the drives after fulfilling the need. For example—hunger is a drive, which is satisfied by the food. Therefore food is an incentive for ‘hunger- drive’. According to Hillgard-“In general, an appropriate incentive is one that can reduce the intensity of a drive.’’The internal stage of a man is indicated by the need and drive, while incentive is presented in the external environment. In the words of Boring and Lang field, “an incentive may be defined as an object, a situation or an activity which excites, maintains and directs behavior.’’ Relation among Need, Drive and Incentive There is a close relationship in these parts of motivation. Hillgard has cleared the need drive incentive formula. How does this formula work, has been clarified very well after the understanding of the meaning of these thrice. Hillgard has written about the close relationship of these three. “Need gives rise to drive state which is a drive of heightened tension leading to activity and preparatory behavior and the incentive in the external environment that satisfies the need and thus reduce the drive through consummators activity.’’ 0 komentar: Posting Komentar Scroll To Top
Let’s Talk About Stress Whenever I ask people how they’re doing these days, the answer I get the most is “Stressed out...I’m so busy”. Stress has become a permanent feature of modern life. In fact, nearly three quarters of people have felt so stressed they have been overwhelmed or unable to cope. Long-term stress causes changes in the body which can be bad for our health. We tend to make more unhealthy choices when we’re stressed – eating too much or unhealthily, increasing our alcohol consumption or smoking more. Stress is also a key factor in poor mental health. People who feel stressed are also likely to feel depressed or anxious. Self-harm and suicidal thoughts are also associated with high-levels of stress. So is loneliness. Lots of things can make us feel stressed. For most of us, it’s not just one thing - one thing we can cope with...it’s all the things at once that makes us feel overwhelmed and out of control. Long-term health conditions, debt, social media and email, and housing can all contribute to stress. The pressure to succeed and comparing ourselves to others are both particularly pernicious for us millennials. The Stress Response Our bodies have developed a sophisticated response mechanism for coping with sudden stress and threats. It’s often called the fight-or-flight response. In short, your body diverts blood away from non-critical functions e.g. digestion, your heart rate and breathing both go up, all so your body can get more oxygen to the muscles in your limbs. Once the threat has passed, your body returns to normal. It’s actually pretty ingenious. Stress can have a positive effect in our lives. The right type of stress can help you perform better in situations where you are under some pressure to do well, such as at work or school. In cases where the threat is life-threatening, the fight-or-flight response can actually play a critical role in your survival. By gearing you up to fight or flee, the fight-or-flight response makes it more likely that you will survive the danger. The problem is, this system took millions of years to evolve and the way we now live has changed far quicker than our bodies. The stress response can’t distinguish between a sabre-tooth tiger or a looming deadline. We now go from stressful situation to stressful situation without ever giving our bodies a chance to rest and recover. Our bodies are designed to cope with acute, short-term stress. But the short-term effects of the stress response quickly became harmful to us if experienced over a long period of time without a break. Our stress response is primed to face life-threatening situations. That’s why it gives us two options: fight or flight. It’s not designed for the psychological stressors we have in modern life. But the response can be triggered by both real and imaginary threats; debt, housing, relationships, email, social media, work deadlines…it’s exhausting just thinking about all these things. All that adrenaline and cortisol — the activating hormones of the body — keep us up at night. They disrupt our digestion and our immune system. And over time, contribute to a myriad of physical and mental health problems. Ultimately, our modern stressors come down to a mismatch between expectations and reality, when the perceived demands on us outstrip our perceived ability to cope. When we think about managing stress, both in our personal lives and in work settings, we need to think about both reducing the perceived demands and boosting our perceived ability to cope. Managing Stress Observing your habits and behaviours is the first step to understanding them and changing them. And stress is no different. These simple questions can help improve awareness around stress. You can do this on your own with a piece of paper, but our awareness seems to be one of the first things to go when we’re stressed. So, we recommend doing it with a friend, family member or colleague. Knowing ourselves is one thing but it can be really helpful to share this with people who are close to us and can help us spot the signs things are getting too much for us and suggest practices we know that work. Step One: What makes you stressed? We’re actually incredibly attuned to the things that make us stressed. Drawing our attention to those things helps us put coping mechanisms in place before it all gets overwhelming. Step Two: How do you know you’re stressed? We all have tell-tale signs we’re getting stressed, but we so often ignore them. Listing them helps us become more aware of them — put a list by your laptop! Step Three: What are my unhelpful coping strategies? We all have reactions to stress that we know aren’t helpful. Some of these — like withdrawing from friends and family — can be signals that we are stressed and haven’t noticed. Others are just downright counterproductive. Think binge-eating, binge-drinking, smoking more, going to be later…. You want to be doing less of these when you’re stressed… Step Four: What helps me cope with stress? …and more of these. For some reason, we are less likely to do the things that we know help when we’re in the middle of a crisis. Reminding yourself that you feel much better when you go for a run/see your friends/go to yoga/read a book makes it more likely you’ll do these when you are feeling stressed. The Building Blocks of a Healthy, Resilient Life Talk — it’s ok to say you’re not ok Talking about our problems constructively helps us get perspective and hopefully support. I say constructively deliberately — just rehashing stressful situations actually activates the stress response. So, find someone you trust who can listen to you compassionately and without judgement and who can help you start to take action — like a coach, a good friend, or a therapist. Eat healthy There is growing evidence that food affects our mood and eating healthily can have a positive effect. Fuelling your body well will help it cope with the effects of the stress response. Exercise regularly Exercise releases all sorts of feel-good chemicals in the body and helps counteract the effects of stress. Even just going out and getting some fresh air and a short walk can really help. Find a way to move your body that feels good to you: yoga, dancing around your bedroom, walking — it really doesn’t matter what you do, just that you do it. Take time out to relax We can’t work well if we don't rest well. It might feel counterproductive to take a break or time out to relax when you’re really busy and overwhelmed. But I promise, you will be so much more focused and effective when you come back to work after a break. Be mindful Mindfulness is everywhere these days. And that’s because it works. Research has suggested that it can reduce the effects of stress, anxiety and related problems such as insomnia, poor concentration and low moods, in some people. Being mindful really just means being present and paying attention to our thoughts and feelings in a way that increases our ability to manage difficult situations and make wise choices. You might choose to do that through a meditation practice, or it could be as simple as really paying attention to your cup of tea: how does the mug feel in your hands, how does the tea smell and taste? Get some restful sleep Needless to say, sleep is critical to feeling good, but it’s often disrupted when we’re stressed. Don’t worry if you’re not sleeping well — worrying about sleeping makes sleep more elusive. There are lots of simple things you can do to start sleeping better. Avoiding screens an hour before bed, taking time to wind down in the evening, Be kind — don’t be too hard on yourself We all have bad days. Having a bad day doesn’t make you a bad person. Being kind and compassionate to ourselves is so important — try and treat yourself like you would behave towards a close friend or a child. You would never criticize a toddler for falling over when they’re learning to walk — it’s all part of the learning experience. So, if you stumble or feel you have failed, don’t beat yourself up. Ask yourself what you can learn from the experience and move on. Stress isn’t going away anytime soon but we can take steps to make sure it doesn’t trip us up.

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