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Object Relational Mappers
Map database contents to Ruby objects
There are lots of reasons, most of them historical, why SQL reads weird, and it’s quite unlikely that SQL will become a more pleasant language, or replaced anytime soon.
For this reason programmers have written lots and lots of tools (libraries), which make talking to, and working with relations databases a little bit easier.
One class of such tools is called ORM: Object Relational Mappers.
An ORM is a library that “maps” data, stored in a database, to objects, and usually has methods such as save, in order to save an object as a database row, create to insert new data, update to change it, and so on. In other words, they usually provide a DSL for working with the database.
Your data is stored in the database as rows, because that’s what databases do. However in your Ruby application (or whatever language you use for this) you would see, and use this data as objects: because that’s what Ruby is great at. The ORM is a tool that transforms your database data to Ruby objects and vice versa.
Does that make sense?
Let’s look at an example.
If we have a database table members like this:
id name joined_on
1 Anja 2013-06-23
2 Carla 2013-06-24
3 Rebecca 2013-06-31
Then in our Ruby code, using an ORM, we could communicate with it like so:
class Member # we'd need to somehow include the ORM functionality
# Find one member
member = Member.find(id: 1)
puts "#{member.name} has joined on #{member.joined_on}."
# Change the member's joined_on date:
member.joined_on = '2013-06-24'
puts "Correction!"
member = Member.find(id: 1)
# Find several members based on their joined_on date:
puts "Who joined on 2013-06-24?"
members = Member.where(joined_on: '2013-06-24')
members.each do |member|
And this would output:
Anja has joined on 2013-06-23.
Anja has joined on 2013-06-24.
Who joined on 2013-06-24?
Anja has joined on 2013-06-24.
Carla has joined on 2013-06-24.
Of course the details of this Ruby code might vary, depending on the concrete ORM tool that we are using.
But the basic idea is that we can use Ruby classes and objects to retrieve some data from the database (as in Member.find(id: 1)), which would then appear in our application as a normal Ruby object. We can call methods to look up fields (such as in member.name, which returns the value from the name column). And we can use the same object to modify, and save the data back to the database.
Two widely used ORMs in Ruby are ActiveRecord, which is part of Rails, and Sequel, which is more modern, slick, and performant.
Since you will anyway get to know ActiveRecord later when you learn Rails, we will introduce Sequel first. This way you will get to know two libraries and can later compare them.
You can install the Sequel gem like so:
$ gem install sequel |
scarsdale diet
Researchers at the University of Texas Anderson Cancer cells Facility in Houston have confirmed that carbs could trigger lung cancer. Referred to as the biggest study of its kind, a current test examined the diet regimens of 1,095 non-Hispanic white clients just recently detected with the feared condition along with 2,413 pf their healthy and balanced counterparts from neighborhood facilities, paying certain focus to their dietary glycemic index as well as their glycemic lots (which examines the amount of carbs included in particular foods), in addition to their degrees of physical tasks and also any smoking cigarettes practices they might have, through an unique questionnaire.
What they located was that individuals that ate a large percentage of high-glycemic foods (i.e. refined and refined products, in addition to white violation and also potatoes) had a 49% greater risk of developing lung cancer. The factor, as reported in Cancer Public health, Biomarkers and Prevention, was that high-glycemic foods create blood sugar (glucose) degrees to spike, which, subsequently, causes the body to create more insulin. Increased degrees of the hormonal agent could then trigger increased levels of proteins called insulin-growth variables, which have actually been tied to a better probability of developing cancer of the lungs.
Surprisingly, the strongest web link between a high glycemic index and lung cancer cells nonetheless, was among people who never ever smoked. The researchers likewise stated that they saw individuals with much less than 12 years of education and learning at 77% greater risk for creating lung carcinoma, as contrasted to those with more compared to 12 years of schooling who experienced a 33% higher risk.
Although the investigating team admitted they did rule out diabetes, hypertension or cardiovascular disease when determining the probability of contacting the cancer cells, Dr. Xifeng Wu, a teacher of epidemiology at the College stated that regulating diet regimen to stay clear of high glycemic well as keeping healthy and balanced way of livings, such as staying clear of cigarette, limiting alcohol consumption and being literally energetic may lower threat for the illness, along with various other persistent conditions that contribute to cancer.
While carbs are a common source of energy in all living organisms, humans could actually get all their power need from protein and also fats, though the possibility for some unfavorable health results of extreme carb constraint continues to be. Nevertheless, following a diet plan consisting of extremely low amounts of day-to-day carbohydrate for a number of days will generally lead to greater levels of blood ketone bodies than an isocaloric diet regimen with comparable healthy protein material. This is typically called ketosis and also is quite frequently perplexed with the potentially deadly problem usually seen in type 1 diabetics referred to as diabetic ketoacidosis. Someone suffering ketoacidosis will certainly have a lot greater degrees of blood ketone bodies along with high blood sugar level, dehydration as well as electrolyte imbalance.
As an outcome, the Institute of Medication suggests that American as well as Canadian grownups obtain in between 45-65% of nutritional energy from carbs, while the Food as well as Farming Company along with Globe Wellness Company jointly advise that nationwide nutritional guidelines established a goal of 55-75% of total energy from carbs, but just 10% straight from sugars (their term for basic carbohydrates).
Note: Since of the minimal demographics of individuals selected for the Texas research, researchers kept in mind that there is no indicator of just how the findings may impact other segments of the population. |
Lakeland Languages, Teaching, Training & Tuition Why Languages
Lakeland Languages
Teaching, Training & Tuition of French, Spanish & English
T: 01900 268606
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Why Languages
Why is it important to learn a foreign language?
Kolik jazyků znáš, tolikrát jsi člověkem.
You live a new life for every new language you speak. (Czech proverb)
Learning languages with Lakeland Languages will be an entertaining and unforgettable experience, allowing you to realise your personal language objectives.
Language classes and courses are tailored to fit your requirements, whatever your age, language level and reason for learning.
Speaking only a few words of a language can make a huge difference in a world where 94% of the world's population do not speak English as their first language, and 75% speak no English at all.
Besides broadening knowledge, understanding and communication, speaking a language other than English provides opportunities in the workplace. 60% of British trade is conducted with non-speaking countries, and British business is considered to have the 'poorest language skills in Europe'. |
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Q5-Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow Article 16: Should any member of the League resort to war, it shall be regarded as having committed an act of war against all other members of the League, and this will end immediately all trade and financial relations with that member. From the Covenant of the League of Nations. (a) How did the League of Nations hope to prevent future wars between nations? - The League officially began operating in January 1920; their initial steps taken were small-scaled. The first step was to set up a commission to deal with specific problems hoping that it would solve minor issues and disputes between nations. ...read more.
(b) Why did the League of Nations fail to restrict the aggression of Japan in the 1930s? - When China appealed to the league at first, they were very cautious. Japan was a leading member in the league and needed careful handling. In being cautious, their actions were delayed greatly. After a full year of the League's hesitant contemplation of the issue, they had finally presented their report. The Judgment was that Japan had acted unlawfully, and that Manchuria should be returned to the Chinese. However, in 1933 instead of withdrawing from Manchuria, the Japanese announced that they intended to invade more of China. They still argued that this was necessary in self-defense. ...read more.
There was no outlook in Britain and France risking their armies or navies in a war with Japan. Only the USA and USSR had the resources to remove the Japanese from Manchuria by force and they were not even in the League. (c) How far was the League of Nations a failure? Explain your answer. - Successes of the League of Nations, were all little, but went a long way. If you think about it, the league did not really have much power in its hands due to the lack of powerful countries, etc. So they were only really capable of making minor-scaled adjustments (such as Vilna in 1920) but they had a great impact, since a war could have began from such minor troubles. In 1920, the league of Nations ...read more.
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5 Things You Need To Know About the Zika Virus Infection
The Zika virus has already affected thousands of people in Brazil, with multiple cases being reported in the U.S. as well.
Zikka Virus Mosquitoes1) How Does Zikka Virus Spread?
The Zika virus spreads when the “Aedes Aegypti” mosquito bites an infected user and then goes on to bite others. So the mosquitoes here are basically carriers of the virus. The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) says that the virus transmission has occurred during labor, blood transfusion, laboratory exposure and even sexual contact in a couple of cases.
2) What does Zikka virus do?
In Brazil, a large number of pregnant women infected by the virus have given birth to babies with microcephaly, which is a neurological disorder that stunts the growth of the brain that can sometimes even lead to death. Over 4,180 babies have been born with microcephaly in Brazil since November 2015 alone, with the number increasing with each passing day.
3) Where is Zikka virus found?
4) What can you do to prevent getting affected?
As of now, there are no vaccines available to build immunity against the virus. However, the authorities have directed that customers use extra caution when traveling to affected countries. It is suggested to wear long clothing so as to avoid any chances of getting bitten and using an extra layer of repellant cream to be on the safer side. As a general rule, it’s best to simply avoid visiting countries that are affected by the disease.
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The importans of voting essay
Should voting be compulsory 40% say yes 60% say i understand if some people don't want to vote, but voting is an important contribution to your community. In what way can we justify that the voice of a 36-year-old is more important than that of a 16-year-old eighty-five per cent of young people in britain currently. Why is voting important essay,essay writing national leadersprofessional custom writing service offers custom essays, term papers, research papers, thesis papers. Compulsory voting may infringe on freedom to express one's the important thing is that informed citizens are electing the best possible candidates to lead.
The most important issue that we young people face today is voting everyone is always talking about the president, but no one does anything to gt him out of the. Ultimately, voting is a matter for the free will of the elector, and rightly so democratic engagement is a right, and perhaps a. The thesis is a very important part of an essay because it summarizes what you have in mind for this essay and most effective thesis statements often answer these.
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The importans of voting essay
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In the early stages of the Earth’s development, it was covered in many of the same elements it has now. Water, nitrogen, oxygen, and minerals like carbon, nickle, iron and sulfur.
The Earth was without life.
Organic life requires much more complicated compounds which don’t seem to form on their own. Biologists have struggled with this for centuries. It’s difficult to study the early stages of life on earth when you don’t know where the basic building blocks came from. Recently a discovery was made that may have much to say about the formation of complex compounds on Earth.
The Science Channel was covering the Japanese Kaguya Lunar Orbiter mission and it’s impact on science and interviewed Dr Takeshi Kakegawa of Tohoku University in one of the segments.
Dr Kakegawa was studying meteor impacts and did a very interesting experiment.
(source : Meteorites could have thickened primordial soup)
His team analyzed the container after it was smashed.
Water, iron, oxygen, nitrogen, and amino acids.
Wait WHAT!?!
Amino acids?
So meteor impacts may not just be the destructive events we’ve been conditioned to fear, but may actually create the compounds necessary to life.
I wonder what we could create if we put some Abba CD’s in that thing and smashed them?
Probably nothing.
But it would be fun to smash them. You know, for science. |
The Knowledge Illusion: Why We Never Think Alone (Unabridged) 2
If you have not read the immediately preceding post, please scroll down and read it. The immediate post presents HM’s thoughts about how the need to use knowledge from fellow humans fails. A good example of this can be found in the current debates about the Affordable Care Act and its replacement. Although the Affordable Care Act is flawed, information from fellow humans who have successfully dealt with this problem is being ignored.
The United States has the most expensive healthcare costs in the world, but results characteristic of a third world country. And it is the only advanced country that does not have a single payer system in which the single payer is the government. This progression did not happen all at once. It began in England after WW II and variants of it were gradually adopted over time by advanced countries with the notable exception of the United States.
How can this be explained? It can be explained most simply in one word, “beliefs.” In this case, the belief in free markets. Free markets are good, but what is frequently forgotten is that free markets do not remain free, they are manipulated and require government intervention to disrupt the development of monopolies. Moreover, free markets are not universally applicable. Economists have effectively argued that free markets are not appropriate for medical care.
However, even if one believed in the viability of free markets for medical care, how can they ignore the success of single payer systems in the developed world? The problem is that beliefs stymy new and creative thinking and using knowledge from knowledgeable people. New beliefs require thinking and thinking requires mental effort, which many people find uncomfortable.
Then there is the faux “Fair and Balanced” news. When the Affordable Care Act was being proposed, “Fair and Balanced” news featured an English Woman who had a complaint about a surgical procedure she had undergone. This woman was livid about this presentation on “Fair and Balanced” news. Although she had complaints about this one procedure, she was highly enthusiastic about the national health system in Britain. Moreover, none of the countries who have adopted a single payer system in which the single payer is the government have abandoned these programs. It should be noted that in the United States Medicare is a single payer system that works quite well. However, Medicare covers only a certain percentage of costs, so supplemental insurance is prudent.
So beliefs can thwart change and innovation. But not all beliefs are necessarily bad. Consider religion, particularly religions for which the medical suffering of fellow human beings is important. One would think that in the United States where such religious beliefs are widespread, medical care would be among the best, not the worst. What apparently happens here is compartmentalization. These religious beliefs are thwarted by beliefs about government and the supremacy of market forces. The result of this compartmentalization is that the health and finances of fellow citizens suffer.
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Blockchain and AI
Blockchain AI
Blockchain AI –
Blockchain AI – Today, data remains in digital silos and there is no real incentive to share it. This results in the hoarding of consumer data by companies like Google, Facebook, Alibaba and Baidu. Presently, artificial intelligence (AI) platforms give power to those few organizations that process a bulk of the data. With an exponential rise in consumer data generated by sensors and other devices, a race has begun to get this data and capture it in distributed databases instead of digital silos. Blockchain is potentially the technological solution to enable this. A blockchain is a decentralized, public digital ledger that keeps track of cryptocurrency transactions in a chronological order. The most interesting part about blockchain is we can have factual data that can’t be altered. Consider AI technology that gets into blockchains of data to get information, to discover patterns, and develop insights according to patterns. Most predictions and patterns are more accurate as compared to the knowledge mining that AI performs now, which uses incomplete, missing data most of the time. Between blockchain and AI, the data is extensible and the fallible human elements are virtually eliminated. |
Physics Researchers use Big Red II to Assess Vitamin E’s Ability to Protect Vital Fatty Acids
IUPUI physics researchers evaluate ways to keep omega-3 fatty acids potent
Omega-3 polyunsaturated acids (n-3 PUFA) are fatty acids obtained from fish oils that have multiple health benefits. Various research has shown that dietary consumptions of fish oils, which contain omega-3 polyunsaturated acids, can help with cardiovascular diseases, cancer preventions, inflammatory processes, and metabolism improvements. However, it is easy for these fatty acids to be oxidized, and once oxidation happens, health benefits are likely to be lost. Therefore, it is crucial for science to find a way to prevent omega-3 polyunsaturated acids from oxidation, and one possible solution is vitamin E. Currently, this is the focus of Samuel Canner, IUPUI Department of Physics, and his collaborators. Canner explains that currently, the structure by which vitamin E protects n-3 PUFA is not properly understood. He and his collaborators have been hard at work trying to figure out how vitamin E interacts with phospholipids in n-3 PUFA and essentially how vitamin E protects the fatty acids from being oxidized.
Example of simulations obtained through the computing power of BRII
To do this, Canner and his collaborators run sophisticated simulations in Nanoscale Molecular Dynamics (NAMD). These simulations allow the team to better understand properties of the interactions between phospholipids in the fatty acids and lipid membranes that contain vitamin E. The simulations are run using Big Red II, a supercomputer at IU. Why Big Red II? Canner explains if they used normal computational machines, such complicated simulations would take months to complete. Specifically, he said, "Big Red II allows the simulations to be completed in a significantly more reasonable amount of time." Because these simulations require a large computational capacity, it would take several months using a personal computer. Therefore, Big Red II helps the researchers run the simulations in a reasonable amount of time.
Currently, Canner and his collaborators are still running more simulations and experiments in the lab. Hopefully, they will have more conclusive evidence regarding the roles of vitamin E. Canner is hoping that this research would help science find a way to prevent omega-3 polyunsaturated acids from oxidation, and so protect the health benefits contained in fish oils.
See the original article at IT News at IU |
Rainbow crafts
rainbow craft ideas
Rainbow crafts
The girl who has got rainbow hair
Anna is eight years old and she is a clever girl who goes to primary school in a big city. The city is very big so much that there are a lot of people in that city. Almost all people came from different places. One day when Anna goes to school by her school bus she sees a different girl in the street. That girl has got very colorful hair, there are yellow, red, orange and like this. Anna wonders that why this girl dyes her hair like this. Then she goes to school but that day does not finish for him in that day. When she turns back home, she goes to her mother who is in the kıtchen and asks: “ mom, I saw a girl today but her hair was so colorful. According to you why did that girl made her hair like this?” Her mother has got lots of works to do so she said that only: “ maybe, she likes rainbow.” And she contınıous to her works. But Anna does not know the mean of the rainbow. She never sees the rainbow before. So she goes to her father to ask what rainbow is. When she asks her father she takes very good explanation. Her father says that: “ rainbow is the colorful thing that occurs after rain in the sky and its shape is like the bow and it has got seven colors. Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, dark blue and purple.” In that night Anna goes to her bed hopingly see rainbow one day.
Now it is our turn. What about making the rainbow by using cotton, colorful knit yarn, glue, clippers and like this. Let’s start.
You can also check Shamrock number matching worksheet |
Limits to Growth: Water in California
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February 01, 2007, 02:12 PM
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In California, this has been a very dry winter after several years of above-average rainful, at least in the north. It has been a while since the state has had a drought, and population growth has been explosive in the last few decades because of legal and illegal immigration [Rainy season falls short so far, San Francisco Chronicle 1/30/07]. California population growth
But the lack of rainfall nevertheless evokes memories of relatively recent droughts, including a six-year one in the late 1980s and early 1990s and a two-year episode in the late 1970s that threatened to dry up state reservoirs before conditions improved with a "March Miracle" of heavy rain.
The state`s population is much larger now and would be harder-hit by a severe drought, experts said.
"We have far greater water demands than we did 30 years ago," Gudgel said. "We don`t have the leeway we had in 1977."
In 1977, California`s population was fewer than 23 million. Today, the state is home to over 36.5 million residents.
During the 70s drought, residents of northern California had to live with severe water restrictions. People put bricks in their toilet tanks (this was before conservationist units) and used recycled water to keep their gardens alive.
If the rains don`t come, Californians will have to ration water far earlier than would have been necessary before immigration became a tsunami. If residents of the Golden State have to endure Navy showers, they can thank an "immigrant." Natural resources are finite, and there`s only so much that technology can do to shield us from that basic fact. |
Personal Ethics vs Professional Ethics
Personal Ethics vs Professional Ethics
Length: 393 words (1.1 double-spaced pages)
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What is the difference between personal ethics and professional ethics?
I assume the question is using the term personal ethics to mean one’s conscience and the term professional ethics to mean adherence to a professional code. Sometimes those two roles can conflict. For instance, we have cases of doctors who have refused to prescribe the morning after pill, because they believe it will terminate a human life. In this case the doctor has decided that his personal ethics will guide him or her. Alternatively, a police officer may enforce a law that they personally believe is unjust. In this case the police officer has decided to put aside personal concerns and allow professional obligations to guide his or her behavior. Likewise a judge may follow the law and impose the death penalty even though he or she may be personally opposed to it.
Typically people have resolved this by drawing a line between their role as a professional and their role as an individual. They often decide to follow a professional code of ethics when they are acting as a professional even though they may personally disagree. However, if your professional obligations put you in such a state of conflict that you feel you can’t uphold your personal ethics, then you have the option of resigning.
This dilemma is not limited to professional vs personal. All of us are confronted with the reality of rules or laws that we personally believe are unjust or immoral. We have to determine how to resolve this tension. Being a pragmatic ethicist, I do not believe that we should always take a principled and extreme stance for every issue. For instance, I am against the death penalty, but I don’t feel like moving out of New York State just because this state allows the death penalty.
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- Introduction Throughout the world, business organizations and various professions conduct daily activities that require standards of ethical behavior. To convey a company’s ideals, principles, and goals most companies develop a document called a code of ethics that defines the behavior that others can expect from them. A business code of ethics is a valuable tool used within a profession or business to evaluate its performance in the business world. Business Codes of Ethics Each day in the workplace, people encounter ethical situations to which they must react.... [tags: Ethics]
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Can Ethics Be Taught? Essay
- What are ethics. Ethics are the set beliefs and values of an individual which they apply to circumstances relating to morality. To act in an ‘ethical’ manner, an individual must display integrity by doing what they believe to be right. When working within any professional body, an individual will be subjected to circumstances in which personal ethics will come into play. The Accounting profession is no different as ethical questions arise as part of any working day and can effect how an individual or the company conducts business.... [tags: Ethics Morals ]
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Why Organizaitonal Ethics Matter Essay
- Why Ethics Matters There are many situations in which ethical perspectives are in contrast to another person's opinion on the same subject matter. Every person has found themselves looking over his shoulder asking himself "am I doing the right thing?" Ethics is what a person does when no one is watching. Whether it is a corporation or a government entity, they all expect their employees to behave ethically. What are ethics. Webster defines ethics as "a set of moral principles" or "a theory or system of moral values".... [tags: Business Ethics]
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At the same time, I believe that we must take a principled stance at certain times even if it requires us to pay a high cost. Martin Luther King, Jr., is a good example of someone who was willing to go to jail in order to fight unjust laws that eventually were overturned in part because of his ethical leadership.
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Stretch Marks: Who Gets Them and What to Do
By HERWriter
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Do you know someone who has been pregnant, perhaps more than once, but doesn’t have any stretch marks? Approximately 75 to 90 percent of women do develop stretch marks during pregnancy but what about those who don’t? Why aren’t those women as susceptible?
What exactly are stretch marks?
Stretch marks occur when the middle layer of the skin called the dermis is stretched and the elastic fibers are damaged and tear. Inflammation occurs, capillaries become dilated and scar tissue forms as the injury heals. The scar tissue is what we see as stretch marks and can appear different in different areas of the body. Some stretch marks are thin and pink others are reddish and thicker.
Stretch marks frequently occur during times of rapid growth such as during puberty, during pregnancy or with other episodes of sudden weight gain. Some people have noticed stretch marks after starting a program of weight lifting.
Back to the question of why some women get them and others don’t. It is not because of their daily use of cocoa butter. Rather, genetics and hormone surges play an important role. The tendency towards getting stretch marks is in your genes. If your mother didn’t seem to get them, than you probably won’t either.
Additionally, hormone fluctuations play an added factor. Cortisone type hormones can affect the formation of collagen and elastic fibers, which are involved in allowing the skin to stretch. People who have taken cortisone for prolonged periods of time or those who produce too much cortisol in their body such as in Cushing’s syndrome often develop stretch marks for this reason.
Stretch marks do fade over time but most of us are less than patient to wait. Lotions and creams do not really help though massaging them in does help blood circulation.
According to the Mayo Clinic's website, retinoin cream or Retin-A has been found to improve the appearance of recent stretch marks. Trentioin helps rebuild collagen to repair the damaged skin tissue.
Pulsed dye laser therapy stimulates growth of collagen and elastin and works best on stretch marks that are new.
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In the wake of recent recalls the progress of implementation of the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) has become more significant. The Pilot Traceability Project was announced as of last week. This project is intended to provide a structure for tracing ingredients back to their source in the event of a recall. Section 204 of FSMA requires the FDA to “establish pilot projects in coordination with the food industry to explore and evaluate methods to rapidly and effectively identify recipients of food to prevent or mitigate a food borne illness outbreak and to address credible threats of serious adverse health consequences or death to humans or animals as a result of such food being adulterated …or misbranded."
The Pilot projects will be carried out by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) at the direction of FDA.
A product tracing system involves documenting the production and distribution chain so that a product can be traced back to a common source or forward through distribution channels if there’s evidence of contaminated food. The actions that follow may include removing the product from the marketplace and alerting the public if it has already been distributed.
The FDA indicated that: “What we’re looking for is a system that is practical, feasible, and rapid,” says Sherri McGarry, senior advisor in FDA’s Office of Foods. “Our No. 1 priority is protecting public health.”
McGarry explained that IFT will work with the key groups that have a stake in this endeavor—food industry, state and federal government agencies, and consumers—in developing the pilot programs. The goal is to include industries that represent the food supply chain, including farms, restaurants, and grocery stores.
The pilot programs will evaluate the types of data that are most needed for tracing, ways to connect the points in the food supply chain, and how quickly data can be made available to FDA. A key goal in the pilot projects will be to explore methods to track food and identify a common source or supplier starting at multiple points of sale. “We’re looking for a system that will allow FDA to quickly connect the dots along the food supply chain,” says McGarry.
Business should keep an on eye on this process as the resulting programs may impose similar requirements on FSMA registrants in the future. |
The mechanism of resonance
In particular, resonance has an important dynamical role. It can take place in any n-body problem, and is easily comprehensible in the case of the solar system .
What is resonance ?
Let's consider the approximated orbit of a light body (for example an asteroid) around the Sun, calculated with a 2-body approximation. This asteroid is sufficiently close to Jupiter (which has a mass of 1/1000 the mass of the Sun) to be influenced by its attraction.
A representation of the orbit of an asteroid in resonance 2:1 (on the left) and on resonance 3:1 (on the right).
Click here to know more about mean-mode resonance.
As it is well known, the Newton attraction force between two bodies is inversely proportional to their distance. So, when Jupiter and the asteroid come to their closest approach, the asteroid receives its maximum pull from the planet, which contributes to move it from its original orbit.
An interesting consequence is the depletion of objects in those zones of the main belt that correspond to a resonant orbit (this is a physical explanation for the presence of the Kirkwood gaps in the main belt of asteroids).
Secular and mean mode of resonance
The kind of resonance with the planet Jupiter described above, is called mean mode resonance (click here to know more about mean mode resonance). The main consequence of this mechanism is the fact that the characteristics of the orbits change in time (and it's for this reason that these values are normally given as mean values). This kind of resonance, has a time-scale that can range from "short" periods of thousands years, to much longer periods.
There is another kind of resonance, with a much longer time-scale, called secular resonance. This kind of resonance is mainly responsible of the precession of the perihelion. |
Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Steelhead are native to North America west of the Rockies, but this popular sport fish has been introduced in almost every other state and on every continent except Antarctica. You may be surprised to learn that steelhead and rainbow trout are the same species, but rainbow trout live only in freshwater and steelhead are anadramous, meaning they spend part of their lives in freshwater and part of their lives in the ocean. Because of their different lifestyles steelhead and rainbow trout are different in appearance, most noticeably in size and color. Rainbow trout derive their name from their beautiful, multi-hued coloration. Steelhead are generally more streamlined in shape and silvery or brassy in color as adults. Adult steelhead/rainbow trout range in size. They can reach 45 inches in length and weigh over 50 pounds, although they are usually much smaller. A typical weight is about 8 pounds. Because steelhead spend 2-3 years in freshwater followed by 2-3 years in the ocean they are typically larger than rainbow trout.
Steelhead/rainbow trout have a varied diet and will feed on just about anything, including zooplankton when they’re young and fish eggs, small fish, crustaceans, mollusks, insects, and even mice as they mature. This fish is also a food source for many different predators depending on the region and habitat. Their predators include lampreys, fish, birds, bears, river otters, raccoons, and humans. In the ocean, steelhead are eaten by many species including seals, sea lions, and orcas.
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
Anemia caused by iron and vitamin deficiency will benefit greatly from juicing. This type of anemia creates oxygen deficient in the blood cells. The goal is to put as much oxygen back into the cell. Juicing will assist in that. A simple recipe like 2 kale leaves, 4 carrots, 1 apple and 1 beet will richly provide iron, folic acid, magnesium, vitamin C and many other nutrients that will help this condition. Juicing along with the proper monitoring and supplements can quickly get a body back on track. |
11.4 — Constructors and initialization of derived classes
In the past two lessons, we’ve explored some basics around inheritance in C++ and the order that derived classes are initialized. In this lesson, we’ll take a closer look at the role of constructors in the initialization of derived classes. To do so, we will continue to use the simple Base and Derived class we developed in the previous lesson:
With non-derived classes, constructors only have to worry about their own members. For example, consider Base. We can create a Base object like this:
Here’s what actually happens when base is instantiated:
1. Memory for base is set aside
2. The appropriate Base constructor is called
3. The initialization list initializes variables
4. The body of the constructor executes
5. Control is returned to the caller
This is pretty straightforward. With derived classes, things are slightly more complex:
Here’s what actually happens when derived is instantiated:
1. Memory for derived is set aside (enough for both the Base and Derived portions)
2. The appropriate Derived constructor is called
3. The Base object is constructed first using the appropriate Base constructor. If no base constructor is specified, the default constructor will be used.
4. The initialization list initializes variables
5. The body of the constructor executes
6. Control is returned to the caller
The only real difference between this case and the non-inherited case is that before the Derived constructor can do anything substantial, the Base constructor is called first. The Base constructor sets up the Base portion of the object, control is returned to the Derived constructor, and the Derived constructor is allowed to finish up its job.
Initializing base class members
One of the current shortcomings of our Derived class as written is that there is no way to initialize m_id when we create a Derived object. What if we want to set both m_cost (from the Derived portion of the object) and m_id (from the Base portion of the object) when we create a Derived object?
New programmers often attempt to solve this problem as follows:
This is a good attempt, and is almost the right idea. We definitely need to add another parameter to our constructor, otherwise C++ will have no way of knowing what value we want to initialize m_id to.
However, C++ prevents classes from initializing inherited member variables in the initialization list of a constructor. In other words, the value of a variable can only be set in an initialization list of a constructor belonging to the same class as the variable.
Why does C++ do this? The answer has to do with const and reference variables. Consider what would happen if m_id were const. Because const variables must be initialized with a value at the time of creation, the base class constructor must set its value when the variable is created. However, when the base class constructor finishes, the derived class constructors initialization lists are then executed. Each derived class would then have the opportunity to initialize that variable, potentially changing its value! By restricting the initialization of variables to the constructor of the class those variables belong to, C++ ensures that all variables are initialized only once.
The end result is that the above example does not work because m_id was inherited from Base, and only non-inherited variables can be changed in the initialization list.
However, inherited variables can still have their values changed in the body of the constructor using an assignment. Consequently, new programmers often also try this:
While this actually works in this case, it wouldn’t work if m_id were a const or a reference (because const values and references have to be initialized in the initialization list of the constructor). It’s also inefficient because m_id gets assigned a value twice: once in the initialization list of the Base class constructor, and then again in the body of the Derived class constructor. And finally, what if the Base class needed access to this value during construction? It has no way to access it, since it’s not set until the Derived constructor is executed (which pretty much happens last).
So how do we properly initialize m_id when creating a Derived class object?
In all of the examples so far, when we instantiate a Derived class object, the Base class portion has been created using the default Base constructor. Why does it always use the default Base constructor? Because we never told it to do otherwise!
Fortunately, C++ gives us the ability to explicitly choose which Base class constructor will be called! To do this, simply add a call to the base class Constructor in the initialization list of the derived class:
Now, when we execute this code:
The base class constructor Base(int) will be used to initialize m_id to 5, and the derived class constructor will be used to initialize m_cost to 1.3!
Thus, the program will print:
Id: 5
Cost: 1.3
In more detail, here’s what happens:
1. Memory for derived is allocated.
2. The Derived(double, int) constructor is called, where cost = 1.3, and id = 5
3. The compiler looks to see if we’ve asked for a particular Base class constructor. We have! So it calls Base(int) with id = 5.
4. The base class constructor initialization list sets m_id to 5
5. The base class constructor body executes, which does nothing
6. The base class constructor returns
7. The derived class constructor initialization list sets m_cost to 1.3
8. The derived class constructor body executes, which does nothing
9. The derived class constructor returns
This may seem somewhat complex, but it’s actually very simple. All that’s happening is that the Derived constructor is calling a specific Base constructor to initialize the Base portion of the object. Because m_id lives in the Base portion of the object, the Base constructor is the only constructor that can initialize that value.
Note that it doesn’t matter where in the Derived constructor initialization list the Base constructor is called -- it will always execute first.
Now we can make our members private
Now that you know how to initialize base class members, there’s no need to keep our member variables public. We make our members variables private again, as they should be.
As a quick refresher, public members can be accessed by anybody. Private members can only be accessed by member functions of the same class. Note that this means derived classes can not access private members of the base class directly! Derived classes will need to use access functions to access private members of the base class.
In the above code, we’ve made m_id and m_cost private. This is fine, since we use the relevant constructors to initialize them, and use a public accessor to get the values.
This prints, as expected:
Id: 5
Cost: 1.3
We’ll talk more about access specifiers in the next lesson.
Another example
Let’s take a look at another pair of class we’ve previously worked with:
As we’d previously written it, BaseballPlayer only initializes its own members and does not specify a Person constructor to use. This means every BaseballPlayer we create is going to use the default Person constructor, which will initialize the name to blank and age to 0. Because it makes sense to give our BaseballPlayer a name and age when we create them, we should modify this constructor to add those parameters.
Here’s our updated classes that use private members, with the BaseballPlayer class calling the appropriate Person constructor to initialize the inherited Person member variables:
Now we can create baseball players like this:
This outputs:
Pedro Cerrano
As you can see, the name and age from the base class were properly initialized, as was the number of home runs from the derived class.
Inheritance chains
Classes in an inheritance chain work in exactly the same way.
In this example, class C is derived from class B, which is derived from class A. So what happens when we instantiate an object of class C?
First, main() calls C(int, double, char). The C constructor calls B(int, double). The B constructor calls A(int). Because A does not inherit from anybody, this is the first class we’ll construct. A is constructed, prints the value 5, and returns control to B. B is constructed, prints the value 4.3, and returns control to C. C is constructed, prints the value ‘R’, and returns control to main(). And we’re done!
Thus, this program prints:
A: 5
B: 4.3
C: R
It is worth mentioning that constructors can only call constructors from their immediate parent/base class. Consequently, the C constructor could not call or pass parameters to the A constructor directly. The C constructor can only call the B constructor (which has the responsibility of calling the A constructor).
When a derived class is destroyed, each destructor is called in the reverse order of construction. In the above example, when c is destroyed, the C destructor is called first, then the B destructor, then the A destructor.
When constructing a derived class, the derived class constructor is responsible for determining which base class constructor is called. If no base class constructor is specified, the default base class constructor will be used. In that case, if no default base class constructor can be found (or created by default), the compiler will display an error. The classes are then constructed in order from most base to most derived.
At this point, you now understand enough about C++ inheritance to create your own inherited classes!
Quiz time!
1) Let’s implement our Fruit example that we talked about in our introduction to inheritance. Create a Fruit base class that contains two private members: a name (std::string), and a color (std::string). Create an Apple class that inherits Fruit. Apple should have an additional private member: fiber (double). Create a Banana class that also inherits Fruit. Banana has no additional members.
The following program should run:
And print the following:
Apple(Red delicious, red, 4.2)
Banana(Cavendish, yellow)
Hint: Because a and b are const, you’ll need to mind your const’s. Make sure your parameters and functions are appropriately const.
Show Solution
11.5 -- Inheritance and access specifiers
11.3 -- Order of construction of derived classes
68 comments to 11.4 — Constructors and initialization of derived classes
• Endcity
I have considered the above example and I think constructor of derived class will execute lastly but member initializer lists of derived class will execute first so that int a can pass through C,B to A. Is that right ?
• Mau
thanks for the great tutorial and also a question.
I got a bit confused by all those constructors being called, but despite that, in the end there is only one object on the call stack, isn't it?
• nascardriver
Hi Mau!
There are no objects on the call stack, there are addresses on the call stack.
Assuming you're talking about regular objects, there's only one object, no matter how many constructors where called.
• Ran
My code is less efficient than Alex's solution because I re-write
getName() twice in the derived class. A better solution is to put
getName() in the base class.
I tried to do Alex's style, but I was struck with the constructor.
Putting the user-defined initial values in the derived class's
constructor is what I learned from Alex's solution.
• nascardriver
Hi Ran!
* @m_name is never initialized not used.
* @Banana doesn't have a color on it's own, it's using the default value, it works, but it's not nice.
* Uniform initialization is preferred.
* std::strings should be passed and returned by reference
• xjuggy
I initially set my classes and member functions up in a similar fashion to yours, Alex, and all was well. Then I decided to experiment with the "never reuse code" mantra:
Thus, I tried to create a Fruit overloaded "<<" operator to handle the getName/getColor portion of the output.
In the course of doing so, I realized I (a) probably overly complicated my code and (b) ended up with what I deduced was a recursive function call to infinity.
Question: Is there a way to call a specific version of the overloaded "<<" operator?
My code which prints Apple until a stack overflow:
• xjuggy
Well, I made it to lesson 11.6a, and found the answer there: "static_cast"
• Alex
There's a better answer. Remove the overloaded operator<< functions for Apple and Banana. You don't need them.
Without them, Fruit::operator<< will be called, and that function already has everything it needs to print the Fruit's name and color.
• Ada
how is this? i used a different main function from the one given in the quiz
using namespace std;
class Fruit
string m_name;
string m_color;
Fruit(string name=" ",string color=" ")
string getName()
const {return m_name;}
string getColor()
const {return m_color;}
class Apple:public Fruit
double m_fiber;
Apple(string name=" ",string color=" ",double fiber=0.0)
: Fruit(name,color), //call Fruit(string,string) to initialize these fields
double getFiber()
const {return m_fiber;}
class Banana:public Apple
int m_best;
Banana(string name=" ",string color=" ",double fiber=0.0,int best=0.0)
: Apple(name,color,fiber), //call Apple(string,string,double) to initialize these fileds
int getBest()
const {return m_best;}
int main()
const Apple a("Red delicious", "red", 4.2);
const Banana b("Cavendish", "yellow");
return 0;
Red delicious
• Alexxx
About that part:
If i do
then i get warnings
Worth noting in the same paragraph?
• Alex
This warning will occur (for compilers that support it) any time you initialize class members in a different order than in which they are defined in the class (or, in this case, with the base class constructor called first). It's not really specific to construction of derived classes, but rather to all classes.
• AMG
Could you please tell me if in my version "const" is redundant in class constructors and access functions.
Thank you very much.
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Garlic has been used to treat and prevent illness dating back well over 5000 years. Ancient Egyptians and Greeks used it for heart problems and headache; the Chinese used it for a variety of common ailments and to boost immunity. And modern scientific research confirms its curative powers. National Cancer Institute studies show that a diet rich in garlic may reduce the risk of colorectal, stomach and prostate cancer by as much as half. Research also shows that garlic has antiviral properties that protect against infection and inflammation, may destroy certain flu viruses, and help kill intestinal parasites.
How can this little “rose” do so much? It contains a powerhouse of nutrients, including vitamins A and C; the minerals potassium, selenium, phosphorus and zinc; and amino acids. It also has an unusually high concentration of the sulfur compound allicin, which is a potent antibiotic and the compound primarily responsible for its healing properties.
If a little garlic each day keeps the doctor away, what’s the best way to get it? Cooked or raw, all forms have health benefits, but raw garlic has the edge. It’s simple to add it to a variety of dishes; for example:
o Top scrambled eggs with it.
o Add it chopped to cooked tomato sauce just before serving.
o Sprinkle it minced on a baked potato.
o Spread it minced on buttered, crusty bread.
And here’s a classic with a taste that’s out of this world:
Roasted Garlic
1. Preheat the oven to 400°F.
2. Peel away the outer layers of the bulb skin, leaving the skins of the individual cloves intact. Using a knife, cut off 1/4 to a 1/2 inch of the top, exposing the individual cloves.
3. Place the garlic heads in a baking pan; muffin pans work well for this purpose. Drizzle a couple teaspoons of olive oil over each head, using your fingers to make sure the bulb is well coated. Cover with aluminum foil. Bake at 400°F for 30-35 minutes, or until the cloves feel soft when pressed.
You can eat it as is or mash with a fork and use for cooking. It also can be spread over warm French bread, mixed with sour cream for a topping for baked potatoes, or mixed in with Parmesan and pasta. Fresh garlic generally offers the best prevention against disease, but eating more than three raw cloves a day may cause gas or bloating in some people. Additionally, not everyone enjoys the pungent aroma. If you’d rather not eat it, try a nutritional supplement. Research recently has shown that supplements containing an extract often work as effectively as fresh — without the garlic breath.
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Geography of the European Union: Wikis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The European Union primarily occupies a large portion of Western and Central Europe, covering 4,422,773 square kilometres (1,707,642 sq mi).[1 ] It extends northeast to Finland, northwest to Ireland, southeast to Cyprus and southwest to Iberia, it represents the seventh largest territory in the world by area.
Member-state geography
The Union's geography is composed of its 27 member states, see the geography of its member-states;
Union geography
Azores in Portugal is EU's westernmost archipelago
Although most of the European Union is on the European continent, see Geography of Europe, the EU is not coterminous with Europe: significant parts of the continent (e.g. Switzerland, Norway, European Russia) are outside of the EU. The member states of the EU have land borders with 21 other nations.
It is estimated that the coastline of the European Union is 66,000 km long,[2] bordering the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Baltic Sea and Adriatic Sea. European mountain ranges include the Alps, Carpathian Mountains, Balkan Mountains and Scandinavian Mountains with the tallest mountain in the Union being Mont Blanc.
Several overseas territories and dependencies of various member states are also formally part of the EU (for Spain: the Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla; for Portugal: the Azores, Madeira; for UK: Gibraltar and British sovereign bases in Cyprus; for France: La Réunion, French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint-Martin and Saint-Barthélemy) while in other cases territories associated with member states are not part of the EU (e.g. Greenland, the Faroe Islands, most territories associated to the United Kingdom, Aruba, the Netherlands Antilles, Mayotte, French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna, or New Caledonia).
Largest cities
City proper Population
City limits
in millions
per km²
Urban area Population
Urban area
in millions
Metro area Population
Metro area
in millions
London, UK 7.5 4,761 Paris, France 10.1 London, UK 12-14
Madrid, Spain 3.1 1,985 Madrid, Spain 5.5 Rhine-Ruhr, Germany 10.2
2. ^ European Union CIA World Factbook
3. ^ Indicators for larger urban zones 1999 - 2003, Eurostat. Accessed January 25, 2007
See also
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7–14 June 1917 - Battle Of Messines
The Mine Battle - known as the Battle of Messines (Ridge) by the Allies and ‘der Schlacht am Wytschaete Bogen’ by the Germans - was fought as a prelude to the Third Battle of Ypres. The Allies wanted to break through the front with a major offensive. They hoped to take the German positions at Messines by surprise, using specially created tunneling companies. The idea was to approach the German trenches unseen through a series of underground tunnels, which would then be filled with high explosives.
In the early morning of 7 June 1917, at 4.10 local time (Zero Hour), 19 of the 24 mines planted by the Allies exploded almost simultaneously between Hill 60 and Ploegsteert. The surprise, the impact and the chaos amongst the Germans were complete. It was the most important Allied military victory of the war up to that point. The Messines-Wijtschate salient was eliminated. Units from Ireland, New Zealand and Australia took part in the battle.
12 July 1917 - Use Of Mustard Gas
The Germans used a new gas against the Allies for the first time: mustard gas, also known as Yperiet. This was a bad start for the Allied bombardment that commenced four days later in preparation for a new offensive around Ypres.
31 July – 10 November 1917 - Battle Of Passchendaele
After 100 days, the Allies had advanced just 8 kilometres while over 275,000 Commonwealth soldiers had been killed, wounded or were missing. The Germans also suffered heavy losses in men (200,000) and material, losses that they were unable to replace.
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You may have heard the term “DNS blacklist” thrown around, maybe even in the context of your own network. What does the term mean? And what should you do if you suspect that you or another IP address are on a blacklist?
What is a blacklist?
Blacklists (also known as blackhole lists) are lists of IP addresses, email servers, or website domains known for suspicious or malicious activity, such as being spammers or sources of malware. When an address is on a blacklist, any mail from it is automatically blocked, regardless of what the messages contain.
For security reasons, corporate firewalls and sites like Google might block people from going to websites on a DNS blacklist. This can be bad news, especially if you or your company relies on a website to do business. Ending up on a blacklist could prevent visitors from coming to your site, causing you to lose money.
Companies or individuals can set up their own blacklists, and others are shared publicly.
What is DNSBL?
The term DNS-based Blackhole List (DNSBL) is often used to refer to a DNS blacklist. Dozens of DNSBLs exist, each using different criteria for including or excluding IP addresses. For example, some lists contain the addresses of zombie computers or other devices used to send spam, and other lists flag ISPs with unscrupulous hosting practices. These lists can be queried so you can find out a site is on a blacklist using tools such as the Spiceworks Blacklist and IP Reputation checker.
What is RBL?
You may also hear the phrase Real-time Blackhole List (RBL), a term that dates back to the early days of collaborative spam fighting. Back in the day RBL was created as part of the Mail Abuse Prevention System (MAPS). It was a list of commands that could be used to program routers so that they could block TCP/IP traffic coming from spammers. The main purpose of the RBL was to educate ISPs about the problem of spam. MAPS staff and volunteers would contact people responsible for the IP address being flagged as a spammer and give them an opportunity to correct the issue. Eventually, RBL was released in a DNSBL form.
Today, the term RBL is often used interchangeably with DNSBL. That said, the term RBL is a trademark for the proprietary MAPS DNSBL, so using it as a generic term can get confusing.
How do I find out if I am blacklisted?
Now that you know what it means to be blacklisted, how can you be sure that your IP address hasn’t been flagged in one? You can use tools like the Spiceworks Blacklist and IP Reputation tool to figure out if you are blacklisted and, if so, what steps to take to be unlisted.
Have any other tips about blacklists that we've missed? Please share them below!
Difficulty Level: Intermediate
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Avatar user
Apt article for a Monday morning....
Mini magick20140801 12079 bsckjh big
One other thing to watch for - if you change ISPs and get a new set of public IP addresses you may get blacklisted because your new IP range is blacklisted. I had this happen. With the exception of AOL, who never responded, I was able to remove our new IP range from blacklists.
Mini magick20161117 14049 e0g8hs big
Another thing is if you have failover for your DNS you might be flagged as well. Like if your domain could resolve to multiple IP's (again, for failover purposes) that is sometimes leads to blacklisting. It doesn't hurt to occasionally check your domain and see if you're blacklisted anywhere. Most lists have a simple verification to get you back on the whitelist.
Mini magick20160824 9124 lofj3l big
Tony Bongiorno
Great info, thanks for sharing
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Blacklists - What happens when your not so intelligent marketing guys send out 10,000 emails from outlook one at a time over and over again after you repeatedly told them not to.
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My state agency got on a blacklist. It turns out that it is almost impossible to find out why you got on the list. There are a number of companies that will perform an audit for you if you are willing to pay $10,000 to $15,000. After six months of pure hell we found out that our ISP (COVAD) did not police it's customers and we had one of their customers spoofing our mail address. Changed ISP's and the problem was solved.
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Had same experience as Mike400, 5 years ago switched ISP's, the entire subnet was already blacklisted with Sorbs DUHL blacklist. Was hell on wheels getting Sorbs to release the IP for the then, on-premise mail server. Had to go to ISP and have them label the entire subnet with static-customer and domain name. When switching to a different ISP you can sometimes learn the subnet assigned before the circuit is dropped, go to mxtoolbox, search the subnet, if already blacklisted, try to request a different subnet. Will hopefully save you from cleaning up someone else's mess.
Mini magick20160224 6357 1h4o6sg big
"When you're burned, you've got nothing: no cash, no credit, no job history. You're stuck in whatever city they decide to dump you in. You do whatever work comes your way. You rely on anyone who's still talking to you; a trigger-happy ex-girlfriend, an old friend who used to inform on you to the FBI - family too, if you're desperate. Bottom line? Until you figure out who burned you... you're not going anywhere."
Avatar user
Usually easy to remove your IPs from blacklists. My first stop has usually been mxtoolbox and most of the services listed have a procedure to whitelist yourself if you happen to be listed
Mini magick20180326 34676 1at0swh big
Could this be a good indicator your computer has been compromised and recruited for a botnet(if you haven't been spamming people yourself)?
Mini magick20160608 35535 yyfh3u big
That's was really interesting to know about this list. I remember a long time ago we end up in one of this list and I deal with them to be white listed again, |
How Jack-o’-Lanterns Fit into Halloween
Jack-o'-lantern on Halloween
Image via Wikipedia
Ever wonder why on Halloween we carve pumpkins into Jack-o’-lanterns as Halloween Deocrations? The story of the Jack-o’-lantern goes back hundreds of years. In Europe, (especially Ireland and Scotland) a jack-o’-lantern is usually a carved Turnip, and unlike it’s American counterpart, is actually carried as a lantern, hung from a string or stick on Halloween night.
The mythology behind jack-o’-lanterns is rich and varied. Many of the stories are set on Halloween and are often associated with the evils of drink.
The Most Famous Jack-o’-lantern story
One Halloween night, Jack, a notorious drunk, has one too many drinks at the local pub and his soul begins to slip from his body. The Devil appears to claim it, but Jack suggests they have one drink together before going. The Devil tells jack he has no money, and Jack suggests that he change himself into a sixpence, then change back after paying. The Devil transforms into the coin, and Jack snatches the sixpence and puts it in his change purse, which has a silver catch in the shape of a cross, trapping the Devil.
Jack makes the Devil promise to leave for a year, then frees him. The following Halloween Jack runs into the Devil on a lonely country road. Nearby is an apple tree and Jack suggests they each have an apple, but the Devil says that the fruit is too high up on the tree for his reach. Jack suggests that the Devil stand on his shoulders and when the Devil does, Jack whips out his pocketknife and carves the sign of the cross on the trunk of the tree, and the Devil can’t come down, trapped once again. This time Jack makes the Devil promise to leave him alone for good and the desperate Devil agrees.
Before next Halloween Jack dies and is turned away from Heaven, but the Devil turns him away from the gates of Hell as well. Finally, Jack asks for a light to find his way back, and the Devil throws him a chunk of live coal from the hell furnace. Jack puts it inside the turnip he’s been gnawing, and with this jack-o’-lantern, he has been wandering the earth ever since.
So this Halloween, as you carve your pumpkin into a scary or humorous Halloween Decoration, remember poor Jack.
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Self-identity in modern times (and Zweig on Nietzsche’s mental health)
Identity is how we talk to people about ourselves and show ourselves to others. It is not done for fun but is strategic, to position ourselves for making our lives actually work—to get the resources and social relationships we need or want for ourselves and our families and communities. But identity statements can be checked so limits are usually drawn as to what can be said.
In earlier times your ‘identity’ came very much automatically from your family and your life position, but with the advent of modernity (1800s), when the majority of our relationships shifted to strangers (non-kin), the social properties or logic of identity also changed. On the one hand, you now needed to try harder to convince strangers as to your place in the world and what you can do and what you should receive, but it was also now more difficult for strangers to check what you said about yourself so you could invent more if you were persuasive. As one more example, strangers could ignore what you say about yourself or disagree and there was no network of family to back up what you say—strangers could ignore you with impunity.
Because of these new social properties of living in stranger relationships, we now need to spend more time constructing our identities and positions in this modern world, to get what we need. This often seems like time wasted on paraphernalia, talking about ourselves incessantly, accessorizing, obsessively finding out what others are doing, and constructing stories about ourselves to give other people. Even those who think they do not worry about or spend time on self-identity are spending time presenting this very image to others. But this is now the very stuff of life and we need to do this to achieve our resources and places.
So the sad thing is that with the advent of modernity and the colonization by capitalism of all the things we need in life, we all need to do a lot of image-presentation and self-identity talk in some form or another. But this form of identity is recent and a direct result of capitalism and the social relationship changes occurring in modernity.
In reading the creative literatures of the period 1800-1950 you can see the rise of these new self-identity behaviours, when our resources for life stopped coming through family and this was replaced by convincing strangers about who we are and why we should get what we need (for jobs, reputations, relationships, kudos). Even marriage became less about your family and more about presenting yourself in a way to convince strangers and their families to join your lives together in some ways. But even more telling, achieving concrete outcomes—what you have actually done in your life that is good—became less important than using rhetorical skills to convince people of who you are and what you deserve.
Finally, the shift to persuading people of your identity rather than showing it through family or through actions, meant that those who were privileged in society had even more privilege now. They could afford to present important or personally-useful identities. Those who were less privileged (women, the poor, the less educated) had to give up trying or spend a lot of time on cheap ways to make an impression on strangers.
Below is a nice example I found by Stefan Zweig (1881-1942) writing about Nietzsche. Notice that what has changed for Nietzsche in this new modernity is that the audiences for his talk have changed (to strangers) and he no longer gets the same effects as others had previously doing the same behaviours (primarily writing philosophy and linguistics). The outcomes now depended more on convincing publishers and others through rhetoric that you were writing good stuff, rather than on the truth of what you were writing (which now has less currency). Thus, argues Zweig, he became more and more exaggerated in his self-presentation.
[For understanding mental health in modernity, notice that all this so-called ‘inner’ drama of Nietzsche is really about the way that audiences for behaviour were changed in modernity. The behaviours were shaped by external audiences (or lack of in this case).]
Gradually the solitary actor grew disquieted by the fact that he was talking into the void; he raised his voice, shouted, gesticulated, hoping to find a response even if it were no better than a contradiction. He invented a special music to accompany his words, an intoxicating, Dionysian music; but no one heard his minstrelsy. He tried to be blithe and gay, but his mirth was forced, and piercing to the ear; he gave his sentences twists and turns, hoping that these antics would attract disciples to listen to his deadly earnest gospel, but not a hand was raised to applaud him. Then he invented a dance, a dance between crossed swords, and, stabbed and bleeding, he practiced his new art before a public which had no inkling of what such pleasantries were meant to convey, nor did any suspect the mortally injured passion that lay concealed beneath his strident levity. Thus the drama was played to a finish before empty seats, and no one guessed that the mightiest tragedy of the nineteenth century was unrolling itself before men’s eyes. Unwitnessed were the last gyrations of his thoughts as they spun upon a dizzy mountain peak, and, with one final and magnificent whirl, tumbled to earth exhausted, “dead before immortality.”
(from “The Struggle with the Daemon: Hölderlin, Kleist, Nietzsche” by Stefan Zweig)
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According to Wikipedia the narcocorrido (drug ballad) “is a subgenre of the Mexican norteño-corrido (northern ballad) music genre, a traditional folk music from northern Mexico, from which several other genres have evolved. This type of music is heard on both sides of the US–Mexican border. Besides from being heard in Mexico, it is widely heard and produced throughout all Latin America. It uses a danceable, accordion-based polka as a rhythmic base. The first corridos that focus on drug smugglers—the narco comes from “narcotics”—have been dated by Juan Ramírez-Pimienta to the 1930s. Early corridos (non-narco) go back as far to the Mexican Revolution of 1910, telling the stories of revolutionary fighters. Music critics have also compared narcocorrido lyrics and style to gangster rap and mafioso rap.
Alt.Latino, an NPR, programme looked at the phenomenon:
They provide the vicarious pleasure of listening to the exploits of poor men made rich in a country where social mobility is difficult, poverty is crippling and government corruption is rampant. In that way, they might not be that different from telenovelas: escapist entertainment that’s not always wholesome, and that can celebrate toxic behaviour.
Here are a couple of examples:
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ついに夏本番！さぁ、家族でキャンプに行くぞ！ ＞＞
A 回答 (2件)
1. Although the history of the separate countries goes back many hundreds of years, the state of Great Britain is just over 300 years old. It officially BEGAN in 1707, when the Kingdom of Scotland moved its parliament from Edinburgh to join the English parliament in London.
2. Ireland joined with Great Britain to make the UK in 1801, but in 1922 Ireland WAS SPLITTED between between Northern Ireland, which remained part of the UK and the south, which became a separate country.
3. England had already taken control over Wales formally in the 1500s, too soon for the Welsh dragon to be RECOGNIZED in the Union Jack, the famous UK flag.
• good
• 0
1 begun ではなく began
2 joined のあとにwithは不用。
3 recognize ではなく recognized。
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The illegalization of marijuana in the 1930s was accompanied by a campaign against Mexican immigrants. Archived Image.
When Donald Trump promised his famous wall on the border between Mexico and the United States, he argued that among the Mexicans who cross it are “rapists”, who carry “drugs” and commit “crime.”
The then candidate did not mention what the United States, in turn, sends to its southern neighbor.
Nor did he address the role that his country plays in the phenomenon of violence that has been punishing Mexico for years.
The Mexican poet and novelist Carmen Boullosa and her husband, the American historian Mike Wallace, set out to answer these questions.
And the result of his research is a book with an eloquent title: “Narcohistory: How the United States and Mexico together created the war against drugs.”
The study was born out of anguish, Boullosa explains to BBC Mundo, as part of the Hay Festival Cartagena, which takes place this week in the Colombian city.
“I was obsessed, amazed and scared by what has happened in Mexico in the last decade,” he says.
The author wondered ” how we had fallen, apparently so suddenly, into a nightmare “.
And when it began to be documented, he realized that ” every time he came across a relevant date or event, it coincided with something that had happened in the United States in relation to the illegalization of drugs.”
For many farmers in Mexico, growing marijuana and opium poppy became the way to fight against poverty.
His study ended up taking them to the conclusion that bases his book.
“The very name of the Mexican war on drugs is deeply misleading, because it diverts attention from the role played by the United States.”
The two researchers found the American footprint in the genesis of the problem of narcoviolence in Mexico. “It was appreciable in different aspects and critical moments”, stresses Boullosa.
The main market
Boullosa and Wallace denounce that the American public is well aware that most of the banned narcotic substances that are consumed in the United States. They come from their neighbour to the south, but they ignore other elements that need to be taken into account.
As documented in their study, since the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the huge demand in the US market led many growers in the states of Sinaloa, Chihuahua and Durango to plant their fields of psychoactive plants .
At a time when the border between the two countries could be crossed freely, US consumption became an irresistible incentive for the drug trade, they explain.
The first immigration restrictions would be an incentive , they reveal.
When the Congress of the United States approved in 1882 the expulsion of the Chinese from the country, many of them settled in Mexico, where they dedicated themselves to the cultivation of opium opium.
Los Angeles and other US points They became the main destination of their crops.
A lucrative business route was born. But this was only the beginning, they indicate in the book.
The weight of the prohibition
The Harrison Act of 1914 prohibited all non-medicinal use of opiates and cocaine in the United States.
It was the first step of the prohibitionist policy that, up to today, Boullosa and Wallace consider to be the cause of a large part of Mexico’s problems.
On the black market, the price of drugs skyrocketed and various criminal organisations launched fierce competition for their control.
Something similar happened, they say, with the prohibition of alcoholic beverages, known as L ey S eca .
According to Boullosa, the alcohol veto “strengthened the mafias, corrupted public officials and filled the streets with violence.”
Joaquín “El Chapo” Guzmán (center) has been the last boss who has embodied the power of drug trafficking in Mexico.
When the revolution finally triumphed in Mexico and the Constitution of 1917 was approved, following the wake of the US, the prohibition was also imposed.
Then came the charge against marijuana from the north, which had not yet been outlawed because it was considered harmless, they say.
The campaigner for the campaign against the grass was Harry Anslinger, commissioner of the US Federal Bureau of Narcotics.
For Boullosa, “he is a novel character”, who feared to lose his job with the decriminalization of alcohol consumption. For that reason, he began his crusade against Mexican immigrants who worked in the fields of southern states and consumed “the killer herb,” he says.
Boullosa believes that “the criminalization of psychoactives has always been linked to racist attitudes and policies.”
“Anslinger was at the center of all this,” he says.
If, when the Chinese were expelled, they were accused of using their opium to turn white Americans into sex slaves, the Mexicans of the 1930s were also discredited .
In those years of serious economic crisis, coinciding with the criminalization of marijuana, USA deported hundreds of thousands of Mexicans, remember the authors.
” It was said then that the marijuana consumed by the Mexicans was turning violent people in. Today we know perfectly well that marijuana does not have that effect, ” Boullosa concludes.
He attributes the prohibition of marijuana and mass deportation to “the racist narrative” that was imposed on Mexicans.
In recent years, while more and more US states have decriminalized the cultivation and use of marijuana, Mexican voices claimed steps in the same direction.
Carmen Boullosa and other experts point out that the Mexican authorities’ commitment to the police solution to the drug trafficking problem has not worked.
The flow of weapons
Boullosa assures that “the profit produced by the prohibition also goes to the US, the arms manufacturers and the banks”.
According to his calculations, between 75% and 90% of the arsenals confiscated from assassins in Mexico come from the United States.
In his opinion, it is data like this that has led many in Mexico to begin to think that the wall on the border may not be such a crazy idea.
Although for reasons different from those of Trump. “Maybe we are the ones who have to protect ourselves from them,” says Boullosa.
The researcher regrets that on the US side of the border, there are many shops where anyone can get firearms without any restriction.
Phoenix, in the northern state of Arizona, is one of the most popular outlets for members of the Sinaloa cartel of Joaquín “El Chapo” Guzmán.
The arms flow worsened in 2004, when the US Congress lifted the Clinton era ban on the manufacture and sale of semi-automatic assault weapons .
The Senate also blocked the ratification of the CIFTA Convention, signed by Clinton and approved within the Organization of American States (OAS) to limit and control the sale of arms across the continent, experts say.
Mexican criminal groups began to equip themselves with increasingly more and more deadly weapons, increasing their firepower until they rivaled that of the Mexican Federal Army.
When Felipe Calderón came to the presidency of Mexico in 2006 and declared his “war on drugs”, they were a much more fearsome enemy .
Boullosa blames that on the “arms lobby” in the United States and the National Rifle Association (NRA, for its acronym in English).
“Americans who are enriched by the sale of weapons are very aware of the huge profits that this market produces.”
That is why, he says, “they have made a great campaign to obtain the votes of the senators that allow murderous legislation .”
According to her, the US arms manufacturers “They have enormous power and are responsible for the Mexican tragedy, as they are for the massacres in schools and churches in their country.”
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Like the title says; Why would you want to make class objects (instances of a class) instead of built in types parameters of a function and in C . E.g. Why do this: class Person { public: void SetAge(Person &Age); instead of this: class Person { public: void SetAge(int iAge);. I don't really understand why don't you create parameters using only built in data types.
3 Years
Discussion Span
Last Post by Neuman
To pass information, and maybe change values in passed parameters where changes are retained outside the current function.
class Address // Assumes address is in USA
std::string street;
std::string city;
std::string state;
std::string zipcode;
const std::string& getStreet() const;
const std::string& getCity() const;
const std::string& getState() const;
const std::string& getZipCode() const;
class Map
void showLocation( const Address& addr ) const;
// Alternative implementation:
void showLocation( const std::string& street,
const std::string& city,
const std::string& state,
const std::string& zipcode ) const;
So, the class Map can use the getter methods in Address::showLocation( const Address& ) const to determine where the location is, and then display that. Note that this is a VERY rudementary example, but the point is that passing objects instead of lower-level scalar data can be useful, more terse, and less error prone.
Votes + Comments
Great answer!
This maybe can help you:
// classes example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Rectangle {
int width, height;
void set_values (int,int);
int area() {return width*height;}
void Rectangle::set_values (int x, int y) {
width = x;
height = y;
int main () {
Rectangle rect;
rect.set_values (3,4);
return 0;
Edited by Neuman
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Reminder: Eating Human Placenta Is Gross and Dangerous
Placenta pills likely transmitted a bacteria infection to a newborn
In September 2016, a baby born in Oregon narrowly escaped death not once, but twice. The first near miss was due to Group B Strep, a bacterial infection that affects 1,000 newborns in the United States each year and kills about 50 of them. After exhibiting symptoms, the baby was rushed to the neonatal intensive care unit, cured, and discharged from the hospital. Then, five days later, the infection returned. The culprit: the mother’s placenta pills, tainted by the same bacteria.
Three days after the infant’s birth, the mother had received the dehydrated, encapsulated placenta and began ingesting two capsules three times daily,” according to a recent case report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “The physician instructed the mother to stop consuming the capsules. A sample of the capsules was cultured, yielding… GBS.”
The reason that GBS wound up in a pill is that the placenta is essentially an organ that serves to filter out toxins and often collects them. Besides bacteria, human placentas are often crawling with mercury and lead. And there are no laws regulating the placenta consumption industry, so there are no safety standard or screening for potentially harmful contaminants. The mother in Oregon was surely trying to do the right thing, but she took a poorly calculated risk. As the CDC succinctly states, “placenta capsule ingestion should be avoided.”
The placenta holds a certain mystique for many new mothers—such mystique that some even refuse to detach it from their babies, even though it’s nothing more than dead, decomposing tissue. For those who do make the snip, however, there are options. A handful of mothers turn them into works of art of questionable aesthetic value. Others donate them to science. And some eat them. Many do in fact. Kim Kardashian made a whole media push around doing so.
There are several ways to prepare a placenta, whether for date night or for a snack on the go. You can eat it raw (mouse-style) or cook it. But most placenta eaters prefer to pop placenta pills, which are processed into capsules by one of several companies flourishing within the burgeoning placental encapsulation industry. Kourtney Kardashian–yup, they’re all doing it–famously describe them as “yummy”.
A post shared by Kourtney Kardashian (@kourtneykardash) on
A recent study of why anyone would want to do this found that most women who engage in placentophagy (SAT word?) immediately after birth do so in the mistaken belief that it prevents postpartum depression, a very real and serious problem. Other moms save the pills for later, because they believe (again, mistakenly) that placenta juice can make them look younger or help tamp down the hormones that’ll kick in during menopause. Nonetheless, study after study and literature review after literature review has failed to find any evidence of medical benefit. CDC puts it gently when it says that “scientific evidence to support this is lacking.”
In other words, there is no reason that mothers should be eating their afterbirth and plenty of reason they shouldn’t be. That said, a medical near miss is unlikely to put an end to a trend that has been around for hundreds of years.
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Chart: How 9/11 Changed the Law
Also read David Corn on how surprisingly little our politics have changed following 9/11.
Privacy, Profiling, and Free Speech
Law change
What it means
The FISA Amendments Act of 2008
In 2005, the New York Times reported on the Bush administration’s secret wiretapping of American citizens since 9/11. Civil liberties advocates were outraged, but it didn’t stop Congress from passing this law in 2008 essentially legalizing certain aspects of the system. Under the new law, for the first time since the inception of the modern legal framework governing surveillance, the government can intercept Americans’ international communications without a warrant as long as one party to the communication is “reasonably believed” to be outside the US.
USA PATRIOT Act of 2001
Authorized “sneak and peak” searches.
USA PATRIOT Act of 2001
NSLs can compel banks, internet service providers, and other third parties to secretly reveal your personal information. No judicial approval is required, and the FBI need only certify that the requested information is “relevant” to a terrorism investigation (a much lower standard than under previous law). The number of NSLs has doubled in the last two years, and the Justice Department’s Inspector General has found widespread abuse of this law enforcement tool.
Humanitarian Law Project v. Holder, 2010
The USA PATRIOT Act expanded 18 USC. § 2339, which criminalizes giving “material support” to terrorists, to include “expert advice or assistance” as a prohibited form of “support.” Under previous Supreme Court precedent, pure speech could be criminalized only if it had the intent and likely effect of furthering a group’s illegal aims. In 2010’s Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project, however, the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment permitted criminalization, under the “material support” law, of efforts to provide advice to members of a terrorist group on how to use international law and other non-violent conflict-resolution mechanisms.
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004
Authorized the Department of Homeland Security to develop a “strategic plan” for airport security measures.
US Customs and Border Protection and Department of Homeland Security Policy Changes
Attorney General Guidelines for Domestic FBI Operations, 2008
Domestic FBI operations have expanded dramatically since 9/11. Intrusive investigations are now permitted based on less evidence of wrongdoing than in the past. The 2008 Attorney General Guidelines for Domestic FBI Operations, in particular, allow the FBI to conduct “assessments” using techniques such as informants, “pretext interviews” in which an agent surreptitiously questions an individual, and 24-hour physical surveillance—even in the absence of any factual predicate for the investigation.
FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide, 2008
Allowed ethnic profiling.
The FBI’s 2008 domestic investigations guide institutionalized suspicion of Muslim Americans by allowing the FBI to map “locations of concentrated ethnic communities” and “ethnic-oriented businesses and other facilities” as permissible means of gathering information about potential terrorism. The FBI has reportedly conducted such mapping in cities with concentrated Muslim populations in California, Michigan and Minnesota.
Detainee Policy
Law change
What it means
Military Commissions Act of 2006
Detainee Treatment Act of 2005
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
Rasul v. Bush
Boumediene v. Bush
Established the practice and limits of indefinite military detention at Guantánamo Bay.
After 9/11, the US began an unprecedented practice of holding so-called “enemy combatants” in military detention without charge and without according them the status or rights of prisoners of war. The Supreme Court essentially upheld this practice in 2004. But in the Hamdi and Rasul decisions of 2004 and again in 2008 with Boumediene v. Bush, the Court ruled that Guantánamo detainees were entitled to bring habeas corpus petitions in US courts to challenge whether they were properly found to be “enemy combatants.”
Although President Obama pledged to close the prison at Guantánamo Bay, Congress has enacted laws prohibiting the transfer of detainees to the US and imposing obstacles (that are in some cases insurmountable) to transferring detainees to other countries. Moreover, regardless of whether the prison is closed, the Obama administration has determined that it will continue to hold several of the men currently at Guantánamo without trial because the evidence against them is either insufficient or tainted by torture.
Military Commissions Act of 2006
Authorized military tribunals for enemy combatants.
Following a Supreme Court ruling that the military commissions established unilaterally by the Bush administration were illegal, Congress passed the Military Commissions Act in 2006. The Act authorized “trial by military commission” for enemy combatants and left out basic procedural protections that are mandatory in civilian criminal court. In one of his first acts following his inauguration, President Obama effectively suspended the use of military tribunals. But he worked with Congress to devise a new Military Commissions Act that restored only some of the procedural protections that the 2006 Act omitted. In the spring of 2011, after Congress blocked the transfer of detainees to the US for civilian trial, the Obama administration officially reinstated military tribunals for prosecution of Guantánamo detainees.
The Bush administration jumped through hoops to authorize the use of torture, which it referred to as “enhanced interrogation techniques.” Its lawyers issued secret legal opinions designed to get around the prohibition on torture by redefining what torture meant and claiming that the laws against torture didn’t apply to the President acting as Commander in Chief. When the details of the “enhanced interrogation techniques,” such as waterboarding, surfaced, human rights advocates cried foul.
President Obama has taken a firm stance in banning the use of torture by US military and intelligence officials. But as the debate over whether torture led us to Osama Bin Laden’s hideout showed, America’s commitment to the laws banning torture may well be wavering. The Obama administration must share some of the blame for that: It has refused to allow any inquiry into the Bush administration’s systematic approval of torture; it has asserted an overbroad version of the state secrets privilege to prevent lawsuits that would expose torture; and it continues to employ the practice of rendition — sending detainees to other countries where they are likely to be tortured. |
Test 1 on Part 1
Test 1 on Part 1
BCIS II Test 1 questions. 80 multiple choice questions Using MIS & Project 2010
published on October 08, 201219 responses 0 5.0★ / 5
A ___ is a network of business functions that receives inputs and produces outputs.
business process
competitive strategy
Which of the following types of DBMS is designed for smaller and simpler database applications?
personal DBMS
structural DBMS
strategic DBMS
object-oriented DBMS
According to the five-component model for IS, the ___ function(s) as the instructions for the people involved is an IS.
Which of the following activities is not associated with a server?
processing emails
processing Web sites
processing Word documents
processing large, shared databases
Focused cost-leadership is observed when a product has the lower cost ____.
within an industry segment
of selling and delivering
within an industry
amongst the products of the company
___ firewalls are the simplest type of firewall.
A strong password should contain ___.
less than seven characters
your user name or real name
upper case letters, lower case letters, and special characters
a complete dictionary word in a foreign language
Which of the following is likely to be used by organizations with limited budgets?
Linus with Ubuntu
Microsoft Windows clients
Mac OS
Being ___ is one of the most important characteristics of an effective collaborator.
enthusiastic about the subject of collaboration
well organized and popular
gregarious, dynamic, and a persuasive presenter
experienced in collaborating
Word 2007 and Adobe photoshop, which provide a set of instructions for the computer, are examples of the ___ component of an information system.
The primary protocol of the Internet layer of the TCP/IP protocol architecture is called ___.
___ is the activity of two or more people working together to achieve a common goal, result, or work product.
Systems thinking
Abstract reasoning
Which of the following situations represents strong bargaining power of suppliers?
fashion outlet during recessionary times
oil-exporting countries during a low price season for gas
coffee farmers during an extended frost season
bank liquidating during fire sale
Porter defined value as the ___.
quality of after-sale service provided to customers
perceived satisfaction of the customers and sellers after a
amount of money that a customer is willing to pay for a
actual money exchanged in return of a product/service
Management information systems (MIS) is best defined as ___.
the development and use of information systems to study the
theoretical foundations of the various aspects of management
as a discipline
the development and use of information systems that help
businesses achieve their goals and objectives
the design and development of software applications and
computer hardware
the study and the science of the theoretical foundations of
information and computation and their implementation and
application in computer systems
The cost of the business process is the sum of the cost of the inputs and the ___.
cost of activities
value of the product/service
cost of the outputs
value of the outputs
A byte is a ___.
character of data
collection of numerals
collection of records
character of fields
One can use Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer to tailor the look and feel of SharePoint sites. However, some software developers use Microsoft Visual Studio to customize the sites. What is the reason behind this?
Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer is more expensive than
Visual Studio.
Visual Studio provides greater customization and control.
Collaboration sites cannot be built using Microsoft Office
SharePoint Designer.
Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer does not allow file sharing
and Web publishing.
___ is generally regarded as one of the more difficult operating systems to learn to use.
Mac OS
Windows Vista
Windows XP
Moore's Law states that the number of transistors per square inch on an integrated chip doubles every ___ months. |
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Once a rock star has already conquered Earth, what's left but to bring his artistic interests to space?
Astrophysicist Brian May, who found fame as a guitarist and songwriter for the British rock band Queen, has done just that, putting his own unique touch on some of the most detailed images ever of an asteroid called Ryugu. He paired two photographs to create a stereo image, which creates the illusion of 3D.
"It's exactly what the doctor ordered because here we have a beautiful stereo image of Ryugu, the very first in history," May said in a video released by the Japanese space agency, which is running the mission. "Your jaws will drop."
A stereo image of the asteroid Ryugu designed to be viewed with red/blue glasses.
Credit: Brian May, Yoshiro Yamada/JAXA
May paused his doctorate in astronomy for a music career, and then went back to finish his degree three decades later. Scientifically, he's interested in how to protect Earth from the occasional errant asteroid, so he reached out to the team behind the mission to Ryugu to offer them his expertise in another long-standing interest: stereo imaging.
The images he used as a starting point were taken about 13 minutes apart by the Hayabusa2 mission, a Japanese spacecraft that just arrived at the asteroid and will eventually bring samples back to Earth. Before the spacecraft's final approach began in June, scientists had only the fuzziest images of the asteroid — even early in Hayabusa2's sequence of approach photographs, the asteroid is just a dozen pixels across.
That's in stark contrast to the vivid 3D view produced by May based on photographs taken late in June. Pairing the images stereoscopically makes the flat image of the asteroid pop into 3D.
"This was easy to do," May explains in the video. "The illumination is great; the angle is perfect."
The most straightforward way to see Ryugu in all its stereoscopic glory is to use a specially made viewer, which ensures that each eye sees only its half of the image pair. But some enthusiasts have lower-tech workarounds, such as crossing your eyes or cutting eye holes in a piece of cardboard, if you can't wait to track down the gear.
Hayabusa2's scientists aren't just focused on the asteroid's surface with its bumps and dips. The spacecraft also needs to create a detailed map of Ryugu's gravity in order to help it safely deposit its landers on the asteroid.
But chances are, that map won't be quite as cool to look at as May's stereo creation.
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Saturday 21 July 2018
QED: cold fusion
Time for a cold look at our energy needs, says Robert Matthews
These are irksome times for environmentalists. Just as they seem to have convinced us of the need to move away from reliance on dirty fossil fuels like coal and oil, up pops a small, mushroom-shaped cloud on the horizon, in the form of nuclear power.
With their keenness to have us rely on wind, waves and sunshine for our energy supplies, many environmentalists are clearly incensed that some governments - including our own - are pondering a new role for the mighty atom.
Yet as the Telegraph reported last week, this role is likely to be very different from that provided by today's nuclear power stations, with their lingering associations with Windscale, Three Mile Island and Chernobyl.
New, potentially safer and cleaner forms of nuclear power are being examined, as ministers wake up to the fact that unless they start taking action soon, the lights are going to go out.
Not that this impresses environmentalists, for whom nuclear power has never been just a hi-tech way of boiling water.
For many of them, it represents everything they loathe about the military-industrial complex. As such, they are simply incapable of viewing it dispassionately.
It would be comforting to think that we can rely on scientists to do this for us, ensuring that all and every avenue is thoroughly explored in the search for new forms of clean energy.
Of course, the reality is very different. Like everyone else, scientists have their prejudices, some less well-founded than others.
Anyone who emerges from their potting shed to announce the invention of a perpetual motion machine is likely to be given pretty short shrift - along with a lecture about the laws of thermodynamics.
A similar response is usually provoked by the mere suggestion that the world's energy problems might be solved by cold fusion.
Brought to prominence in 1989 by the distinguished British chemist Professor Martin Fleischmann, cold fusion is the name given to nuclear reactions claimed to take place when electricity is pumped into electrodes immersed in a form of water.
According to Prof Fleischmann, these reactions involve the fusing-together of atomic nuclei inside the electrodes, which then emit more energy than is supplied by the electricity. Normally, fusion reactions require extremely high temperatures, comparable to those at the centre of the sun. Hence the name "cold fusion" - and the spluttering incredulity that met the claims.
Yet after 15 years in the scientific wilderness, it may be time to take another look at cold fusion. At least, that seems to be the view of the US department of energy, which has decided to review the evidence gathered by researchers over the years.
Despite the impression given by some parts of the scientific community, not all cold fusion researchers are wild-eyed eccentrics. Some of the most thorough research has been performed by scientists working for the US Navy.
In 2002 its Space and Naval Warfare Systems Centre in San Diego issued a two-volume report detailing the outcome of more than 200 experiments, which suggests that cold fusion is a genuine phenomenon which produces more energy than it consumes.
The trouble is, cold fusion has also proved to be remarkably fickle. While many of the experiments have produced small energy gains of 20 to 30 per cent, many have not - and no one knows why. Until cold fusion can be conjured up every time at the flick of a switch, it will never be taken seriously by the scientific community - let alone by governments seeking new energy sources.
Then there's the problem that even those who believe in the reality of cold fusion cannot explain how it works. At first sight, there is nothing very complex involved: the electrodes are made of fairly simple alloys, and they are immersed in heavy water - that is, water in which the hydrogen has been replaced by its heavier isotope, deuterium.
Attempts to explain how this almost laughably simple set-up can trigger nuclear fusion have so far been barely less laughable. Yet those working on cold fusion believe that the biggest problem by far is the attitude of the scientific community. They struggle to have their findings published in serious journals, and find themselves ostracised by their peers, who fear being tainted by the flaky image cold fusion has acquired.
As one cold fusion investigator put it in a recent interview for Physics Today: "There seems to be a scientific McCarthyism that puts a chilling effect on anyone who gets into this field."
If the scientific community's prejudices against energy from cold fusion prove misplaced, that chilling effect could take on a altogether more literal quality for us all.
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New Research Suggests Infections May Run in Families
New research suggests that infectious diseases may run in families. Investigators say the discovery represents a major shift in the way scientists view human disease.
Experts have always accepted that certain chronic illnesses run in families. But French researchers now say they have the first evidence that susceptibility to an infectious disease can be inherited.
The investigators focused on herpes simplex, a virus that infects eight out of 10 adults. In most people, the worst symptom is a painful cold sore.
But in a small percentage of infected people, herpes simplex causes a potentially devastating brain disease called viral encephalitis. The disease can cause epilepsy, mental retardation and death.
French researchers studying the families of children with viral encephalitis found a defect in an important protein that signals the immune system to recognize foreign invaders. Both the children and a number of their family members had normal immune systems but they also had a flawed copy of the gene that produces that signaling protein, type-1 interferon.
In a study published in the journal Science, the researchers describe the case of two French children with viral encephalitis who had inherited a defective copy of the signaling gene.
Researcher Jean-Laurent Casanova of the Necker Medical School in Paris says, until now, experts wondered why viral encephalitis appeared to run in families. Now they know why.
"We have solved this sort of enigma or mystery by showing that the rare individuals who develop encephalitis have genetic lesions, genetic defects in a molecular circuit that is required for the production of other molecules that are required for anti-viral immunity," explained Casanova.
Casanova says there may be any number of infectious diseases that run in families that can be traced to genetic defects.
"This is a paradigm shift in the field of infectious diseases which should now in my opinion not only be considered from the angle of the invading microorganism, whether a virus or a bacterium, but from the angle of the genetic make-up of the infected individuals," he said.
Casanova says it is possible that children who develop viral encephalitis may soon be treated with interferon along with the standard herpes drug, acyclovir.
He expects that in the future, defective genes will be identified and corrected in people who might otherwise become critically ill from harmless bacteria and viruses. |
Maximize Your Child's Bilingual Ability How I Lost My Ear
Highlights from Bilingual Monkeys: November 2012
June 7, 2013
Getting a Bilingual Child to Feel the Value of the Minority Language
Instilling in a bilingual child the value of his minority language, so he holds a positive attitude, is another important objective for parents.
A Powerful Way to Inspire a Positive Attitude in Your Bilingual Child
To inspire a positive attitude, help your child feel that her ability in the minority language is not only useful to herself, but helpful to others.
Fuel Your Child’s Passions and English Proficiency
One important principle for raising a bilingual child is the idea of nurturing her natural passions via English resources, like books, DVDs, and CDs.
Why Communicating in English with My Kids is So Important to Me
What’s the Best Language Strategy for Raising Bilingual Children?
Turn Your Kids into Eager Readers with This Fun, Simple Strategy
The use of “serial stories” can motivate children to read independently, and eagerly, in the minority language.
How Much Passion Do You Have For Raising a Bilingual Child?
Passion is crucial to your success in raising a bilingual child. How much passion do you have for this challenge?
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19 February 2006
Space Travel at Near-Light Speed Possible?
Incredible news, but in a way that is reminiscent of cold fusion:
The field equation of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity has never before been solved to calculate the gravitational field of a mass moving close to the speed of light. Felber's research shows that any mass moving faster than 57.7 percent of the speed of light will gravitationally repel other masses lying within a narrow 'antigravity beam' in front of it. The closer a mass gets to the speed of light, the stronger its 'antigravity beam' becomes.
"Dr. Felber's research will revolutionize space flight mechanics by offering an entirely new way to send spacecraft into flight," said Dr. Eric Davis, Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin and STAIF peer reviewer of Felber's work. "His rigorously tested and truly unique thinking has taken us a huge step forward in making near-speed-of-light space travel safe, possible, and much less costly."
Before this antigravity discovery, it was considered impossible to travel anywhere near the speed of light because, for one thing, light is muthaf*ckin fast. Also, according to relativity, mass increases with velocity. As velocity nears light speed, mass increases towards infinity. Therefore, an object would need infinite energy to propel itself while it gradually became infinitely heavy. And so that was the end of that.
But now we might have antigravity at our disposal. This could be the Holy Grail of space exploration. It would follow the wheel and sail in the story of human civilization. But I cannot imagine how an object can be propelled at 57.7% light speed. I calculate that to be 385 million mph. Could fusion move something that fast?
However it happens, Felber thinks it will happen by the end of the century. If Felber is right about this it will be big news. Not for us, because we’ll be dead. But it will be a big thrill for our parched descendants.
Mark said...
Have you heard of the ramjet model (big in Larry Niven's sf stories) where a ship would gather hydrogen atoms from deep space to use as fusion fuel so it could constantly accelerate without carrying fuel with it?
If we could build a ramjet, it could eventually get that fast but I have no idea how long it would take.
WestEnder said...
I hadn't heard of the space ramjet, but that is an amazing concept, at least in theory. Niven has a lot of amazing concepts. His ideas show up in physics classes and textbooks a lot.
A ramjet wouldn't have to be used for space travel; it could be used for space colonization. A colony could provide its energy that way and just wander around the universe...
Daniella said...
I have to do my take home exam tonight, at least start, it is due on Saturday. First year Physics and I loved it even though I had no maths to speak of I just found it stimulating. I wish I was a young girl, I would definitely pursue a more scientific path.
The thing about sciences is that it is making me see things in a very different way. So I guess an old dog can learn new tricks.
I love this anti-gravity theory, it might be the answer to space colonialization. Loved Heilein will have to look up Niven.
Thanks interesting post.
Mark said...
Nivens wrote (and I think still writes) a lot with Jerry Pournelle who is right of Hitler. I like the science but some of their social theories make State of Fear seem realistic. |
St Patricks day comes from
St Patrick's Day Shamrock
March 17, popularly known as St. Patrick’s Day, is believed to be his death date and is the date celebrated as his feast day. The day became a feast day in the universal church due to the influence of the Waterford-born Franciscan scholar Luke Wadding, as a member of the commission for the reform of the Breviary [38] in the early part of the 17th century.
For most of Christianity’s first thousand years, canonisations were done on the diocesan or regional level. Relatively soon after the death of people considered to be very holy people, the local Church affirmed that they could be liturgically celebrated as saints. As a result, St. Patrick has never been formally canonised by a Pope; nevertheless, various Christian churches declare that he is a Saint in Heaven (he is in the List of Saints). He is still widely venerated in Ireland and elsewhere today.
Saint Patrick was a Christian missionary and is the patron saint of Ireland along with Brigid of Kildare and Columba. Patrick was born in Roman Britain. When he was about sixteen he was captured by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Ireland, where he lived for six years before escaping and returning to his family. He entered the church, as his father and grandfather had before him, becoming a deacon and a bishop. He later returned to Ireland as a missionary, working in the north and west of the island, but little is known about the places where he actually worked and no link can be made with Patrick and any church. By the eighth century he had become the patron saint of Ireland.
Recent Funny Facts |
Tuskegee Airmen (99th Division) – Pilots
From what started as an experiment, the Tuskegee Airmen became the 99th Squadron of the United States Fighter Squadron. During the testing and training, certain pilots grew superior. Benjamin Davis Jr. was equipped with an education that spoke for itself. He had attended the University of Chicago and the United States Military Academy at West Point. Benjamin Davis Jr. made an impact on many of the Tuskegee Airmen during training with his leadership and education. He was promoted after his graduation from the academy and put in charge of the newly formed 99th. Long after World War Two had started, the 99th Squadron was en route to the front lines in 1943.
As the Tuskegee Airmen of the 99th arrived in North Africa with their P-40 aircrafts, they met the harsh reality that they would have little impact on the outcome of the war. The squadron nicknamed “The Lonely Eagles” was put on patrol missions to start their brief time in North Africa. Davis Jr. and his men engaged in the first combat mission by black fighter pilots in July of 1943. The airmen were primarily put on missions destroying ground targets. Military officials still believed that blacks were unable to excel in air to air combat. As Davis Jr. and his other airmen strafed trains and other German and Italian military instillations, he realized that the squadron was not reaching its full potential.
As the 99th continued to fight in the Mediterranean, Davis returned stateside. The United States began losing air superiority, sparking an increase in attendance of the Tuskegee Institute. As U.S. officials began to see the need for pilots, they began backing the Tuskegee Experiment. Black squadrons now grew with the addition of the famous 332nd fighter group. As Davis led the 332nd into Italy, he knew that this squadron would see more action. “We do not hate those that we fight, nor do we love those we fight for” said various pilots. Still receiving segregation through the ranks, this squadron had the important job of escorting bombers safely to their targets.
As the 332nd began missions protecting heavy bombers like the B-17 and B-24, they gained the name the “red-tails” due to their tails being painted. The squadron progressed as the equipment of the United States progressed. They began fighting with P-40’s, then P-47’s, and lastly the most famous aircraft of World War Two, the P-51. It was with this aircraft that the 332nd protected the heavy bombers to reach their targets.
As the Second World War began to come to its most pivotal point, the United States began invading Nazi covered territory. Air superiority was something that would eventually win the war.Bombers would be pivotal to destroy and cripple German warehouses, factories, and air bases. The Tuskegee Airmen still hold one of the most astonishing records of any air combat of the United States. The Tuskegee Airmen never lost a bomber in some 200 missions of escorting. This stat is truly unbelievable due to the massive losses that the U.S. bombers endured in the war.
Benjamin Davis Jr. led many of these missions, and later became a General in the U.S. Air Force. As the war came to a close, the United States air superiority was arguably the most influential aspect in the Allied victory.
“The courage, tenacity, and intelligence with which he conquered a problem incomparably more difficult than plebe year won for him the sincere admiration of his classmates, and his single-minded determination to continue in his chosen career cannot fail to inspire respect wherever fortune may lead him.” – Holbert, Tim G.W. (Summer 2003). “A Tradition of Sacrifice: African-American Service in World War II”. World War II Chronicles (World War II Veterans CommitteeIikiii Iiiii) (XXI). Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927201543/http://www.wwiivets.com/IssueXXI-Summer_2003/IssueXXI_Tradition.htm.
I myself am deeply impacted today by these brave airmen who defied the odds of racism in their own country to fight for it. My grandfather was drafted into the Second World War and fought in the Mediterranean. He told me stories about different experiences he had while fighting for his country. Some of which are very graphic. However, one thing that he had told me was the overall importance of airpower. He was part of the invasion squad into Italy and was pinned down by enemy forces near a pillbox. His squad was in big trouble and was greatly outnumbered. When he thought of the worst he heard the roar of a P-40 in the air. This P-40 eliminated the enemy in swift passes. I always have wondered if at the controls of this aircraft was indeed a Tuskegee Airmen. If that aircraft had not come, I very well might not be here today. Many of the men who fought in the Second World War for the Allied powers owe these men a great debt.
The Tuskegee Airmen as a whole provided the United States of America air superiority at the end of the Second World War. The heroes that became the first African American military pilots opened doors for thousands to come. They overcame the odds of segregation and racism to complete one goal, to serve their country. The Tuskegee Airmen not only provided doors to be open for African Americans in wartime, but they helped win the Second World War which shaped the world as we know it.
All rights reserved
(c) Dale Shields
Painter, Nell Irvin. Creating Black Americans: African-American History and Its Meanings, 1619 to the Present. New York: Oxford UP, 2006. Print. |
Acne Treatments
Acne is a dermatitis (skin disease) inflammatory follicles pilosébacés (oil secreting glands, the root hairs) with training comedones.
Typically, it begins at puberty and affects nearly 90% of adolescents, more or less severe. It ceases spontaneously, usually in late adolescence.
It has, in most cases, no serious biological itself, but may lead to repercussions on the self-image and social life of a young person. It is the source of over 20% of consultations with the dermatologist.
The word Acne, taken first in English, has an ancient origin and is perhaps a misunderstanding of Greek word akmê (ακμη), which means peak summit.
The teenage acne marks the 85% of people, all ethnicities. This skin disease afflicts mostly young people aged 11 to 20 years, but it can also affect adults of all ages.
The genetic factor is the sole cause recognized so far, but stress, hygiene, environment and food can also affect the appearance of acne.
A hyperseborrhee
An excessive production of sebum, origin hormonal and confers a shiny appearance to the skin.
The oil serves to protect the skin from external aggression, forming a thin film lipid at its surface. At puberty, the sharp increase in the rate of circulating hormones (testosterone in particular) causes an excess of activity glands pilosébacées (using an enzyme: the 5-alpha reductase)
The obstruction of follicles
The chaotic proliferation of cells promotes overproduction of sebum and its retention where the multiplication of white dots. The thickening of the outer part of the gland can also cause inflammation of hair follicles. The obstruction of a gland filled with an excess of oil leads to a comédon, who will, in keratinising become a black dot.
The proliferation of bacteria
Propionibacterium acnes is a bacterium that normally lives at everyone, in the follicles. It does not cause infection, but aggravates inflammation of the follicle when there is an excess sebum, the origin of red buttons.
Other factors
* A genetic factor has been advanced.
* Hormonal factors are also dominate: more common among young men, with relative exacerbation in women during menstruation
* The stress is suspected but no study allows the state.
* Exposure to the sun (bronzing thick skin, and aggravates acne, despite an improvement transitional early exposure!)
* Exposure to certain pollutants, including chlorine, the Seveso disaster has had among its consequences trigger an outbreak of acne among the population affected by dioxins. Some pesticides, perhaps because of their character endocrine disruptor seem to be able to trigger episodes of acne called "chlorine" or chloracne.
* The relationship between acne and food (meats, chocolate) is not proven, but some fatty food may contain benzene and chlorine pollutants that might induce or exacerbate acne.
Forms typical
We are looking for injuries following often associated, varying severity and extent variable. The regions most common are the face, neck, chest, shoulders, back.
* Hyperseborrhée (oily skin)
* Blackheads and black point
* Papules: papules are storeys of the skin, inflammatory (red hot, tuméfiées, sometimes painful), which follow a comédon (= microkyste), less than 5 mm in diameter. They disappear on their own, or give a pustule.
* Pustules: they contain a yellow purulent content.
* Nodules: nodules are inflammatory lesions deep, more than 5 mm in diameter. She eventually break and leave a scar on the skin.
Cystic Acne
It combines all the injuries, with pustules in large numbers, scarring, reaching the trunk, back, buttocks.
Acne Conglobata
Acne very serious, profuse, long time. Key man preferentially. There are elementary lesions associated with abscesses, fistulas, scars creusantes or relief (scar "Keloid"). It involves a major social handicap and should be handled very quickly and efficiently.
Other forms
* Acne neonatal
* Acne caused by medications (estro-progestin, corticosteroids, anti-epileptic drugs, androgens, lithium, ...)
* Acne professional (oils, cosmetics, ...)
* Acne secondary to a general sickness (hormonal disease, polycystic ovaries, hirsutism, ...)
* Acne caused by rosacea (couperose)
Acne is a condition often benign moving towards the disappearance spontaneously in a few years. Abstentions treatment is sometimes preferable if the patient does not feel gene. Otherwise, treatment is possible.
In case of treatment, it should be considered in conjunction with a physician. It is essentially local and also relies on good hygiene (cleaning of the skin). In all cases, treatment should be continued for a long time (several months).
There are products that address the bacterium (Propionibacterium acnes), acting on other mediators of inflammation, such as nicotinamide, a molecule present naturally in many foods. On the other hand, zinc reduces the secretion of sebum. Some contraceptive pills are also having a positive effect among young girls.
Acne rétentionnelle (oily skin, comedones, cysts)
* Treatment by retinoids premises.
Example: Vitamin A acid cream 1 times a day in the evening on skin dry and clean. side effects: irritation at the beginning of treatment, eczema (rarely), photosensitivity (= intolerance sun).
Read also Acne |
An overview of epistolary literature
Rated 3/5 based on 43 review
An overview of epistolary literature
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2018. Term Papers. |
shoot the messenger
stop the signal
Dr Mark DockrellFor over ten years Dr Mark Dockrell has been interested in identifying the signal pathways inside cells to better understand how the cell works and to possibly identify new targets for medicines.
TGF-beta is a growth factor involved in a number of diseases including kidney fibrosis. It signals between cells and mediates a wide range of events such as; the production of scar tissue by regulating extracellular matrix proteins, cell differentiation and anti-inflammatory responses. The regulation of such a variety of outcomes by a single growth factor implies that the effects of TGF-beta are regulated by complex signalling pathways in the cell. Much of Dr Dockrell's work involves attempting to dissect some of these signalling pathways.
The signalling pathway currently under investigation include the Smad pathway, the Ras/MAP kinase pathway, and the more recently identified Erk5 signalling pathway.
in Proteinuria we believe that Albumin Protein sticks to Megalin on the surface of the cell. Within the cell, messages are then transmitted from Megalin. Recently, Dr Dockrell has been trying to identify what signals are transmitted within the cell from Megalin and how these signals might relate to scarring of the kidney (interstitial fibrosis). Within our laboratories, we are focusing on two candidate signalling pathways; the MAP kinase pathway and the novel and less understood Dab2 signalling protein.
It is now almost a truism to say “that regardless of the initial cause of renal disease the actual loss of kidney function is nearly always due to the process of unrestrained accumulation of scar proteins in the kidney called fibrosis”. None the less it remains true and often important to restate - particularly as the process of fibrosis occurs in many organs in the body including, the lung, liver, heart, pancreas, arteries and of course the kidney - there are no medicines that are designed directly to block fibrosis.
SWTIRR has been interested in the production of the ECM that make up the scar in the fibrosing kidney, particularly fibronectin. In 2006 we published a paper on the importance of p38 MAP kinase in the production of fibronectin from human renal epithelial cells. Since that time our interest in fibronectin has focussed on the selective production of one particular isoform, or splice variant.
Different splice variants are produced by the process of alternative splicing, a process which effectively allows for the production of more than one protein from a single gene. Nearly 80% of human genes are subject to alternative splicing and this is part of the reason that on completion of the human genome project it was discovered that as a species we have considerably fewer genes than were predicted. Alternative splicing allows for the assembly or splicing together of different exons from the genomic DNA to form a range of different proteins.
In the case of fibronectin there are at least three different potential splice site and we are currently investigating the regulation of splicing that includes the Extra Domain A (EDA) into the protein. There is increasing evidence for the role of EDA fibronectin in fibrotic disease in different organs as it appears to have a particularly strong pathological role. Our current work has identified role for the SR family of proteins and PI 3 kinase in the regulation of EDA inclusion in human proximal tubule epithelial cells.
Currently Dr Sima Shirali is working to try and identify how these different signalling molecules interact to regulate the production of EDA+ fibronectin and to identify stages in the process that could be targeted by drug therapy to prevent it. |
This past Friday, Elon Musk captured public attention with another of his innovative ideas. From the back lot at universal studios, he announced SolarCity Corp.'s latest upcoming project, solar roofs along with the Powerwall 2.0. Musk plans to make roofs entirely out of solar panels instead of installing them on top of buildings afterward. This inadvertently reiterated Musk's desire to merge Tesla and SolarCity, a notion many are skeptical on.
The solar roof idea isn't completely original. Other companies have attempted such a feat before but most have been unsuccessful. Near the end of June, The Dow Chemical Company made the decision to halt production of their Powerhouse that used solar roofs. Their stock dropped over $5 per share in the weeks to follow. Musk has always set high goals for his businesses but overcoming the same obstacles where previous companies have failed could prove a challenge.
Musk highlighted the fact that these projects are necessary in today's world. During his presentation was a graph from NASA showing how CO2 levels are now climbing vertically. If there is hope for our future then changes need to be made with how we use energy. Musk hopes to make solar roofs as appealing as Tesla's cars have now become. Shareholders and supporters recognize this issue and understand something must be done. In the interest of the allied companies, hopefully, this will help adopt the merger.
A merger between Tesla and SolarCity would mean two companies that manufacture batteries and solar panels combine. As a society, individually storing solar energy in batteries wouldn't make sense when solar panels have traditionally been used to produce electricity for the use of the grid. The concept is counterproductive to the grid system we commonly use today. Alternatively, the merger makes sense because Musk hopes to power homes in the day with his solar roofs and then charge Tesla cars at night, all using the Powerwall 2.0. Musk's vision isn't to simply redesign one or two houses, he aims to transform every house and likely abandon the conventional power grid.
Tesla is teaming up with Panasonic Corp. to help create the parts to be used in the solar roofs. The deal will be accepted upon successfully merging Tesla and SolarCity, encouraging further support. By creating solar roofs, SolarCity would be entering the roofing business. SolarCity predicts they could acquire at least 5 percent of the roofing market share within a few years, potentially hurting typical roofing companies. By investing in SolarCity, investors have the opportunity to indirectly short the predominately private industry of roofing.
Shareholders are to vote on November 17th to decide if the merger is to occur. If they vote yes then owning shares in either company prior would likely be highly advantageous. On the other hand, if a merger doesn't transpire then both companies would falter. Musk hopes to begin creating these roofs by the end of next year so investors should keep an eye out for this as well. Last week, prior to the announcement, Tesla stock grew $10.75 per share and SolarCity jumped $1.33 per share, both moves over 3 percent. |
Human beings are conscious of ourselves, but we also have a complex mental representation from us, that stores data relating to our physical, psychological and social characteristics, the degree to which these are acceptable and desirable by our fellow human beings or how effective are to solve problems and demands of the environment. It is this a complex mental representation we have of ourselves, to what psychology has been called as self-concept. Under most conditions supermodel would agree. A priori we might think that this information is stored in our brain, aseptically, but what actually happens, is that people also issue a judgment of liking or displeasure, positive or negative about this information than us have. It is this emotional evaluative dimension which have been referred to as self-esteem. Is not at all clear what its genesis and development and factors contribute to it, but you know are intimately related with the early experience between parents and children, equal and relations with the environment. Self esteem is not a dimension stable and static of the person, as it is the case with certain factors of personality, but dynamic, changeable and editable, result from the interaction of the person with your environment. It is known that he saves an intimate relationship with other variables that psychology handles, such as locus of control (perception which has the subject where the control of the events that mark your life resides) and perceived self-efficacy (feeling of adequacy efficiency and competition that the person has in relation to the potential challenges and threats facing). It is clear that a self-esteem positive and a proper and fair assessment of ourselves, is a key element to our mental health as individuals, but for the moment is not clear whether changes to the self-esteem of the subject are cause or effect of their mental health status. Self-esteem may be affected primary way in completely healthy individuals and without a psychiatric pathology underlying, which Dr. |
The Ultimate Guide to Health
Do You Know What Causes Bad Breath? There is nothing worse that dating somebody who has been eating garlic the night previously. You can also make sure that you have good habits to keep down halitosis while promoting overall good health. If not the French race would have died out the day, they discovered garlic. However, halitosis, or bad breath as it is commonly called, is a different thing entirely. It is often claimed to be due to a failure to clean your teeth, or having bad teeth. You are not on your own almost everyone will suffer from this problem at some stage in their life. This, in turn, can affect your breath because of their offensive odors. The tongue and cheeks are full of fissures and valleys, in which bacteria can reside and multiply. They live off food residues and emit sulfurous fumes that are detected by the human nose as halitosis. The stink can be dreadful, and even the most beautiful woman in the world has no chance if she is a sufferer. A build up of plaque, bacterial and left over food particles destroy your gums surrounding your teeth. The cause of this problem in adults may also be due to an underlying health condition, these underlying health problems could be diabetes, lung infections or kidney failure.
The Art of Mastering Wellness
Regular cleaning of the teeth will likely, but not necessarily, removes one of these causes. Also on the run is the digestion of Food, the digestion of food may also cause foul smells to be released through the mouth. In fact, the bacteria that live in your tongue and deep within your gums and cheeks are what is known as anaerobic bacteria. Lack of Flossing and Brushing can also be a contributing factor this can cause a build up in the mouth and between the teeth of the food we eat.
Smart Ideas: Dentists Revisited
If you have ruled out all of the above and you still have bad breath, it could be a signal of a more serious condition such as infections or wounds brought on by oral surgery, extraction, or another underlying illness. So how do you kill anaerobic bacteria? Certain breath odors are also associated with problems of the glands, acid reflux, metabolic disorders and even diseases like cancer. As well as it only being temporary, brushing alone does not get rid of all the bacteria within your mouth, this is only a small problem but is not a nice thing for any adult to have ,everyone that has this problem knows it can affect your every day, your private life and your work life. |
Codebots taxonomy
by Lana Brindley, Nov 02, 2017
To create with Codebots, you need to tell the bots not only what you want your project to look like, but also how the underlying technology will fit together. You can give the bots instructions in a number of different ways: to start with you create your initial project, and then you can create epics and user stories in the Stories Backlog. To describe what you want your project to look like, and to design any database interactions, you use the Diagram Editor. This is a drag-and-drop interface.
There are a number of different segments that are used to build a Codebots application within the Diagram Editor. You can put these segments together in different ways, in order to ask the bot to do different things.
How Codebots works
Elements and components
The smallest segment of a Codebots application is an element. This is usually something like a button or box for text. If you put a couple of elements together, then you have a component. Components are combinations of elements, like an icon with a name next to it, or an input box with a save button.
Views and tiles
You can then combine components into views. A view will usually have a few different components, such as some text, an image with a caption, and maybe a space for someone to type their email address with a button to sign up for a newsletter. Views can then be grouped together into tiles, which help you organise them in your application.
The most powerful segment is a plugin, which is a group of tiles all combined to deliver a particular function. Some of the most useful plugins are already created for you to use and can do things like capture and serve documents to your users, make a timeline of events or a calendar, create a menu, or show a list of products with images. Once you know what you want your application to do, you can move plugins into place, and the codebots will write the code to be able to deliver that information to your users.
Click here for more answers on what is Codebots. |
How will new solutions to fight fake news affect your brand’s content?
Fake news has been around as long as people have been sharing stories. But recently it’s become so commonplace that #fakenews is a regular trending hashtag and the term has been added to the Cambridge Dictionary.
fake news (noun) false stories that appear to be news, are spread on the internet or other media, usually created to influence political views or as a joke.
The perfect storm of social media algorithms, advertising tactics and people simply prepared to make stuff up in order to advance an agenda or cash in on the trend has made fake news a phenomenon.
Fake news spreads fast
Fake news is a problem, not only for the general public who’s effectively led astray from the truth, but also for the brands and individuals whose reputations can be affected by the spread of misinformation. Fake news is the story that every brand wants to avoid. In fact, 92 percent of global communications executives cite fake news as the most challenging ethical threat to their profession, followed by the purposeful distortion of the truth (91 percent).
MIT recently conducted a massive study analyzing nearly 126,000 contested stories on Twitter, tweeted by 3 million users over a period of more than 10 years — and found that salacious, simply untrue stories outperformed true ones by a wide margin in every common metric; they spread much faster, reached more people and penetrated deeper into the social network than any true story could.
To learn about the latest developments in Fake News, register for the spring PRSA Counselors Academy Conference today!
Fake News is Not One-Size-Fits-All
As if trying to sort through what’s real and what’s fake isn’t enough of a chore, there are different types of fake news that circulate. One key is understanding the difference between misinformation and disinformation.
Disinformation is intentionally false or inaccurate information that is spread deliberately. Disinformation, which is an act of deception, should not be confused with misinformation which is defined as inaccurate information that is unintentionally false.
Disinformation: An example is a fake tweet which can be created via tweet generator websites.
Misinformation: An example is when a media outlet makes an error and reports wrong information which can quickly spread.
(Premature CBS Report of Tom Petty’s Death Sets Off an Outpouring)
Satire: Another type of fake news is satire or parody. A satire is an intentionally false story designed to evoke humor. The problem with these type of stories is that they are often spread by people who don’t realize they are created as a joke like this story on the website The Onion.
(Story on the onion about woman who spends entire date wondering if this is the guy she will mace)
What Your Brand Can Do
What’s the solution to fighting fake news? The most recent development is a journalistic fight against fake news called NewsGuard, which aims to give websites reliability ratings and “nutrition label” style write-ups so that consumers can make their own judgements about the credibility of the content. Journalists-turned-media entrepreneurs Steven Brilli and Gordon Crovitz say they’re hiring dozens of journalists as analysts to review the 7,500 most accessed and shared news and information websites in the United States. Their goal is to have the service launched before the midterm elections in November. Once NewsGuard is up and running, they say a separate team will be on call to find new websites (that may be launched to promote fictitious stories) and rate them in real time.
In the meantime, social platforms have promised to fight back against fake news. According to Facebook, the social giant is battling fake news by working to block millions of fake accounts daily, using machine-learning algorithms. Facebook says it’s also fact-checking photos, videos and article links.
It’s unclear how quickly these measure will have an impact on identifying and preventing the spread of fake news and how this will affect brands. For now, the burden will continue to fall on communications professionals to protect their brands from this threat.
So what exactly can brands do to fight fake news? Watch this video to see our tips: |
Effects of fatigue on safety
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Fatigue (safety))
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Why the hours of service are important: a graph outlining the relationship between number of hours driven and the percent of crashes related to driver fatigue.
Source: Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration[1]
Fatigue is a major safety concern in many fields, but especially in transportation, because fatigue can result in disastrous accidents. Fatigue is considered an internal precondition for unsafe acts because it negatively affects the human operator's internal state. Research has generally focused on pilots, truck drivers, and shift workers.
Fatigue can be a symptom of a medical problem, but more commonly it is a normal physiological reaction to exertion, lack of sleep, boredom, changes to sleep-wake schedules (including jet lag), or stress.
In some cases, driving after 18–24 hours without sleep is equivalent to a blood alcohol content of 0.05%–0.10%.[2]
Fatigue can be both physical and mental. Physical fatigue is the inability to continue functioning at the level of one's normal abilities; a person with physical fatigue cannot lift as heavy a box or walk as far as he could if not fatigued.[3][4][5]
Mental fatigue, on the other hand, rather manifests in sleepiness or slowness. A person with mental fatigue may fall asleep, may react very slowly, or may be inattentive. With microsleeps, the person may be unaware that he was asleep. Without proper amount of sleep, it will feel like certain tasks seem complicated, concentration will drop and ultimately result in fatal mistakes[6]
The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration identifies three main factors in driver fatigue: Circadian rhythm effects, sleep deprivation and cumulative fatigue effects, and industrial or "time-on-task" fatigue.
• Circadian rhythm effects describe the tendency for humans to experience a normal cycle in attentiveness and sleepiness through the 24-hour day. Those with a conventional sleep pattern (sleeping for seven or eight hours at night) experience periods of maximum fatigue in the early hours of the morning and a lesser period in the early afternoon. During the low points of this cycle, one experiences reduced attentiveness. During the high points, it is difficult to sleep soundly. The cycle is anchored in part by ambient lighting (darkness causes a person's body to release the hormone melatonin, which induces sleep),[7] and by a person's imposed pattern of regular sleeping and waking times. The influence of the day-night cycle is never fully displaced (artificial lighting is not strong enough to inhibit the release of melatonin),[8] and the performance of night shift workers usually suffers. Circadian rhythms are persistent, and can only be shifted by one to two hours forward or backward per day. Changing the starting time of a work shift by more than these amounts will reduce attentiveness, which is common after the first night shift following a "weekend" break during which conventional sleep times were followed.[1] The effects of sleep deprivation vary substantially from person to person.[9][10]
In addition to the primary factors identified by the FAA, other potential contributors to fatigue during transportation have been identified. These include endogenous factors such as mental stress and age of the vehicle operator, as well as exogenous or environmental stressors, such as the presence of non sea-level cabin pressure in-flight, vehicle noise, and vehicle vibration/acceleration (which contributes to the sopite syndrome). Many of the exogenous contributors merit further study because they are present during transportation operations but not in most lab studies of fatigue.
In aviation[edit]
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) that codifies standards and regulations for international air-navigation defines fatigue as: "A physiological state of reduced mental or physical performance capability resulting from sleep loss or extended wakefulness, circadian phase, or workload (mental and/or physical activity) that can impair a crew member’s alertness and ability to safely operate an aircraft or perform safety related duties." [11]
Human factors are the primary causal factor aviation accidents.[12] In 1999, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA, testified before the U.S. House of Representatives that pilot fatigue impacts aviation safety with "unknown magnitude". The report cited evidence of fatigue issues in areas including aviation operations, laboratory studies, high-fidelity simulations, and surveys. The report indicates that studies consistently show that fatigue is an ongoing problem in aviation safety.[13] In 2009, Aerospace Medical Association listed long duty work hours, insufficient sleep, and circadian disruptions as few of the largest contributing factors to pilot fatigue.[14] Fatigue can result in pilot error, slowed responses, missed opportunities, and incorrect responses to emergency situations.
A November 2007 report by the National Transportation Safety Board indicates that air crew fatigue is a much larger, and more widespread, problem than previously reported.[15] The report indicates that since 1993 there have been 10 major airline crashes caused by aircrew fatigue,[16][17] resulting in 260 fatalities. Additionally, a voluntary anonymous reporting system known as ASAP, Aviation Safety Action Program,[18] reveals widespread concern among aviation professionals about the safety implications of fatigue. The NTSB published that FAA's response to fatigue is unacceptable and listed the issue among its "Most Wanted" safety issues.[19]
Safety experts estimate that pilot fatigue contributes to 15-20% of fatal aviation accidents caused by human error. They also establish that probability of a human factor accident increases with the time pilots are on duty, especially for duty periods of 13 hours and above (see following statements):
"It is estimated (e.g. by the NTSB) that fatigue contributes to 20-30% of transport accidents (i.e. air, sea, road, rail). Since, in commercial aviation operations, about 70% of fatal accidents are related to human error, it can be assumed that the risk of the fatigue of the operating crew contributes about 15-20% to the overall accident rate. The same view of fatigue as a major risk factor is shared by leading scientists in the area, as documented in several consensus statements." [20]
"For 10-12 hours of duty time the proportion of accident pilots with this length of duty period is 1.7 times as large as for all pilots. For pilots with 13 or more hours of duty, the proportion of accident pilot duty periods is over five and a half times as high. [...] 20% of human factor accidents occurred to pilots who had been on duty for 10 or more hours, but only 10% of pilot duty hours occurred during that time. Similarly, 5% of human factor accidents occurred to pilots who had been on duty for 13 or more hours, where only 1% of pilot duty hours occur during that time. There is a discernible pattern of increased probability of an accident the greater the hours of duty time for pilots." See.[21] Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Aviation Policy and Plans, Washington, DC 20591, USA, March 2003.
Among drivers[edit]
Many countries regulate working hours for truck drivers to reduce accidents caused by driver fatigue. The number of hours spent driving has a strong correlation to the number of fatigue-related accidents. According to numerous studies, the risk of fatigue is greatest between the hours of midnight and six in the morning, and increases with the total length of the driver's trip.[22]
Among doctors[edit]
Fatigue among doctors is a recognized problem. It can impair performance, causing harm to patients. A study using anonymous surveys completed by junior doctors in New Zealand found that 30% of respondents scored as "excessively sleepy" on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and 42% could recall a fatigue related clinical error in the past 6 months[23]
On ships[edit]
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b c d "Regulatory Impact and Small Business Analysis for Hours of Service Options". Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. Archived from the original on 2008-01-26. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
2. ^ "CDC Features - Drowsy Driving: Asleep at the Wheel". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
3. ^ Gandevia SC (1992). "Some central and peripheral factors affecting human motoneuronal output in neuromuscular fatigue". Sports Medicine. 13 (2): 93–8. doi:10.2165/00007256-199213020-00004. PMID 1561512.
4. ^ Hagberg M (1981). "Muscular endurance and surface electromyogram in isometric and dynamic exercise". Journal of Applied Physiology. 51 (1): 1–7. PMID 7263402.
5. ^ Hawley JA, Reilly T (1997). "Fatigue revisited". Journal of sports sciences. 15 (3): 245–6. doi:10.1080/026404197367245. PMID 9232549.
6. ^ http://www.betterhealthusa.com/public/235.cfm
8. ^ Czeisler, Charles A. "Pathophysiology and Treatment of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders". Insomnia and Beyond: The Neurochemical Basis for Targeted Sleep Therapeutics. Medscape. Retrieved 2008-04-24. External link in |work= (help)
9. ^ Van Dongen HP, Caldwell JA, Caldwell JL (May 2006). "Investigating systematic individual differences in sleep-deprived performance on a high-fidelity flight simulator". Behav Res Methods. 38 (2): 333–43. doi:10.3758/BF03192785. PMID 16956110.
10. ^ Van Dongen HP (2006). "Shift work and inter-individual differences in sleep and sleepiness". Chronobiol. Int. 23 (6): 1139–47. doi:10.1080/07420520601100971. PMID 17190701.
11. ^ Millar, Michelle (2012). "Measuring Fatigue" (PDF). ICAO.int. ICAO/IATA/IFALPA. p. 8.
12. ^ Wickens, C. D.; Lee, J. D.; Gordon, S. E.; Liu, Y. (2003). An introduction to human factors engineering. New York: Longman.
13. ^ NASA report to Congress on fatigue, http://comair-5191.com/NASA%20Statement%20on%20Pilot%20Fatigue.pdf
14. ^ Caldwell, J.A., Mallis, M.M., Caldwell, J.L., Paul, M.A., Miller, J.C., & Neri,mD.F. Fatigue Countermeasures in Aviation. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 80(1), 29-59.
15. ^ USA Today coverage of NTSB report, https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-04-10-fatigue-air-safety_N.htm
16. ^ Fatigue and Aviation Safety
17. ^ Events which include fatigue as a contributory factor on SKYbrary
18. ^ FAA's ASAP Program, http://www.faa.gov/safety/programs_initiatives/aircraft_aviation/asap/
19. ^ NTSB Most Wanted List, fatigue, http://www.ntsb.gov/Recs/mostwanted/aviation_reduce_acc_inc_humanfatig.htm
20. ^ Akerstedt, T., Mollard, R., Samel, A., Simons, M., Spencer, M. : The role of EU FTL [flight-time limitations legislation in reducing cumulative fatigue in civil aviation
21. ^ Goode, J. H. Are pilots at risk of accidents due to fatigue?
23. ^ Gander, P.; Purnell, H.; Garden, A.; Woodward, A. (2007). "Work patterns and fatigue-related risk among junior doctors". Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 64 (11): 733–738. doi:10.1136/oem.2006.030916. PMC 2078416Freely accessible. PMID 17387138.
Akerstedt, T., Mollard, R., Samel, A., Simons, M., Spencer, M. (PDF)
J. H. Are pilots at risk of accidents due to fatigue? (PDF)
1. ^ Wiener, Earl L.; Nagel, David C. (1988-01-01). Human Factors in Aviation. Gulf Professional Publishing. ISBN 9780127500317. |
Mohtasham Kashan - The revival of an industry
The city of Kashan, Iran, was a large and important weaving centre for centuries until the end of the Safavid dynasty in the early 1700’s when it came to a stand still.
In the late 1800’s Mohammad Hassan Mohtasham, a textile producer, was asked by some merchants in Tabriz to revive the carpet weaving industry in Kashan. Married to an accomplished weaver from Sultanabad he decided to relocate to Kashan to set up weaving centres. The Mohtasham textiles were produced from Merino wool imported from Manchester, and Mr Mohtasham decided to use the same wool to make carpets with. This decision would prove very successful and important because the high quality of Merino wool allowed a higher knot count for creating detailed motifs with a high pile. Furthermore, Merino wool ages well and appears almost silk like over time. This gave birth to the Mohtasham Kashan carpets that are now sought after collector's items all over the world. He left such an incredible legacy that many carpets from Kashan are now called Mohtasham Kashan, even if they were not woven by his weaving centres. Because of Mr Mohtasham's efforts there were 1,500 active looms in Kashan by 1900 and 4,000 by 1949. The height of the Mohtasham Kashan carpets woven with Merino wool continued until the Great Depression when the imported wool market crashed.
Photograph courtesy of Christie's |
Good question! You are correct, in English (and other languages) the days of the week all correspond to celestial objects or mythological gods.
• Sunday: Sun day
• Monday: Moon day
• Tuesday: Tyr's day
• Wednesday: Odin's (or Woden's) day
• Thursday: Thor's day
• Friday: Frigg's day
• Saturday: Saturn's day
Tuesday is named for Tyr, the Norse god of combat and victory, as well as the god of law and justice according to other traditions. Tyr was far older than the other gods of Asgard, and some interpretations of his name translate it to mean "the sky god." Therefore, Tyr is probably the closest Norse representation to the Greek Zeus or the Roman Jupiter. |
Academic journal article International Journal of Education and Management Studies
Rejection Resilience and Well-Being of Indian Working and Non-Working Women
Academic journal article International Journal of Education and Management Studies
Article excerpt
"Life is about going for things. And when we do, rejection is always a possibility" (Anonymous)
The word "rejection" was first used in 1415. The original meaning was "to throw" or "to throw back". Social rejection occurs when an individual is deliberately excluded from a social relationship or social interaction for social rather than practical reasons. The topic includes interpersonal rejection (or peer rejection), romantic rejection and familial estrangement. A person can be rejected on an individual basis or by an entire group of people. Furthermore, rejection can be either active, by bullying, teasing, or ridiculing, or passive, by ignoring a person, or giving the "silent treatment." The experience of being rejected is subjective for the recipient, and it can be perceived when it is not actually present. Nevertheless, rejection can become a problem when it is prolonged or consistent, when the relationship is important, or when the individual is highly sensitive to rejection. Rejection by an entire group of people can have especially negative effects, particularly when it results in social isolation .The experience of rejection can lead to a number of adverse psychological consequences such as loneliness, low self-esteem, aggression, and depression. It can also lead to feelings of insecurity and a heightened sensitivity to future rejection.
Resilience does not eliminate stress or erase life's difficulties. Instead, it gives people the strength to tackle problems head on, overcome adversity and move on with their lives. In the wake of traumas such as the 9/11 attacks and the Hurricane Katrina disaster, many individuals demonstrated the behaviors that typify resilience. Even in the face of events that seem utterly unimaginable, people are able to marshal the strength to not just survive, but to prosper.
Well-being is a general term for the condition of an individual or group, their social, economic, psychological, spiritual and medical state, high well-being means that, in some sense, the individual or group's experience is positive, while low well-being is associated with negative happenings.
Review of related literature
In modem society resilience is important in day to day life. In this study we are talking about that how rejection resilience has a positive or negative impact on the well being of Indian women. Resilience does not eliminate stress or difficulties. Instead, it gives people strength to bounce back. At some point, everyone experiences varying degrees of setbacks, rejections of all types such as social rejection, rejection from loved ones, rejection in marriage etc. All these rejections can have negative effect on person's well being. Some of the related reviews arc:
In 2011 Gill Windle analyses the concept of resilience from a range of disciplinary perspectives and clarifies a definition in order to inform research, policy and practice.
The complexities of defining what appears to be the relatively simple concept of resilience are widely recognized. The work takes a life course approach to resilience, examining evidence derived from research across the lifespan. It incorporates the methods of systematic review, concept analysis and consultation through face-to-face meetings. The synthesis of methodological approaches enables a clear identification of the antecedents, defining attributes and consequences of resilience, validated with stakeholder partners. Through this process, resilience is defined as the process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma.
Similarly, In 2010 Haigh and Amaratunga, presented an integrative review of the literature to explore the nature of the built environment discipline's potential role in the development of society's resilience to disasters. The integrative literature review method is used to address this emerging topic and present a holistic conceptualization of the literature. A review of the literature reveals that the built environment "discipline", at each stage of the disaster management process, has invaluable expertise and a key role to play in the development of society's resilience to disasters. …
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Wednesday, March 28, 2012
• Homework: Present perfect simple and continuous, vocabulary about ecology.
• Writing: Book/film review. See previous post.
• Grammar: Adjectives boring/bored.. Grammar, chapter 98
• Vocabulary: Word building. e.g. hopeless, useful.St.B.p.72
• Listening: Childhood memories. St.B.p. 74. Note taking activity.
• Homework: Grammar, chapter 98,speaking about ecology and a composition about a book or a film review.
Geothermal - heat from underground
The centre of the Earth is around 6000 degrees Celsius - easily hot enough to melt rock. Even a few kilometres down, the temperature can be over 250 degrees Celsius.
In general, the temperature rises one degree Celsius for every 36 metres you go down.
In volcanic areas, molten rock can be very close to the surface. Sometimes we can use that heat.
The name "geothermal" comes from two Greek words: "geo" means "Earth" and "thermal" means "heat".
How it works
Hot rocks underground heat water to produce steam.
We drill holes down to the hot region, steam comes up, is purified and used to drive turbines, which drive electric generators.
There may be natural "groundwater" in the hot rocks anyway, or we may need to drill more holes and pump water down to them
The first geothermal power station was built at Landrello, in Italy, and the second was at Wairekei in New Zealand. Others are in Iceland, Japan, the Philippines and the United States.
In Iceland, geothermal heat is used to heat houses as well as for generating electricity.
If the rocks aren't hot enough to produce steam we can sometimes still use the energy - the Civic Centre in Southampton, England, is partly heated this way as part of a district heating scheme with thousands of customers..
Geothermal energy is an important resource in volcanically active places such as Iceland and New Zealand.
How useful it is depends on how hot the water gets. This depends on how hot the rocks were to start with, and how much water we pump down to them.
Water is pumped down an "injection well", filters through the cracks in the rocks in the hot region, and comes back up the "recovery well" under pressure. It "flashes" into steam when it reaches the surface.
The steam may be used to drive a turbogenerator, or passed through a heat exchanger to heat water to warm houses. A town in Iceland is heated this way.
The steam must be purified before it is used to drive a turbine, or the turbine blades will get "furred up" like your kettle and be ruined.
• Geothermal energy does not produce any pollution, and does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.
• The power stations do not take up much room, so there is not much impact on the environment.
• No fuel is needed.
• Once you've built a geothermal power station, the energy is almost free.
It may need a little energy to run a pump, but this can be taken from the energy being generated.
• The big problem is that there are not many places where you can build a geothermal power station.
You need hot rocks of a suitable type, at a depth where we can drill down to them.
The type of rock above is also important, it must be of a type that we can easily drill through.
• Sometimes a geothermal site may "run out of steam", perhaps for decades.
• Hazardous gases and minerals may come up from underground, and can be difficult to safely dispose of.
Is it renewable?
Geothermal energy is renewable.
The energy keeps on coming, as long as we don't pump too much cold water down and cool the rocks too much. |
Abyssinian Cats
by Tuesday, June 14, 2016
The Abyssinian Cats or affectionately called Aby is not the cat for couch potatoes. It wants action and attention. If you can not provide those two, this cat is not for you.
cover aby | Abyssinian Cats
Abyssinian Cats
What is an Abyssinian Cat?
The Abyssinian Cat breed is often nicknamed as Aby. It is a domestic cat with short hair. When compared to other cats, you will notice that it has a unique “ticked” tabby coat. Each cat hair has a multicolored band.
Where do Abyssinian Cats come from?
History of Abyssinian Cats
abyssinian cat | Abyssinian Cats
Image via allwomenstalk
Abyssinia is the old name of Ethiopia. Abyssinian Cats are believed to have come from this country.
Old stories say that when British soldiers came back after deployment in North Africa for the Abyssinia War in 1868, they brought with them Abyssinian Cats. The first documented Abyssinian Cat in England was named “Zula.”
According to the January 27,1872 issue if the Harper’s Weekly, an Abyssinian Cat took the third prize in the Crystal Palace Cat Show in 1871.
The sacred cats which were central to ancient Egyptian religion was believed to be Abyssinian Cats. Similarities can be found in ancient artifacts and hieroglyphs.
According to DNA evidence however, the breed most likely come from parts of Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean and were brought to Europe by British and Dutch traders.
What Does an Abyssinian Cat Look Like?
Physical Description
abyssinian cat | Abyssinian Cats
Image via cat-arzyna
Abyssinian Cats are medium sized felines with lithe, slender and muscular frames ending with a long tapered tail. Their legs are long and strong with small oval shaped paws. They look like they are walking on their tippy toes. Its head is shaped like a wedge and when viewed laterally, you will notice that its nose and chin forms a vertical line. There is also the distinctive M mark on their foreheads. The breed has gold, hazel, copper or green almond shaped eyes. They have alert, relatively large broad pointed ears.
What Do an Abyssinian Cat Look Like?
Characteristics of an Abyssinian Cat
The Aby’s body built gives us clues to her need for action and inherent strength to gracefully scale heights. You would often find this cat in the highest tree branch.
They are well-known to be intelligent and inquisitive. They would instinctively grab anything that catch their interests so they are often dubbed as “Aby Grabbys.”
With an extroverted personality, it is no wonder that these cats are both playful and willful. In total opposite however is their tendency to be quiet and shy around strangers. They are said to become sulky and depressed when there is little activity for them to do. They crave constant human attention.
What is the color of an Abyssinian Cat?
The Aby has a ticked coat pattern or what is also called as the agouti effect. This is a genetic variant of a cat’s tabby pattern. It is close to the coat patterns of wild cats like cougars. You will notice that each hair shaft has a lighter base with alternating three to four other bands of color that gradually darkens towards the tip. Together, its medium-length hair looks warm and glowing.
The Abyssinian kittens have darker coats which gradually lighten into either one of the four basic coat colors which are ruddy brown, red or sorrel, blue and fawn.
How much does an Abyssinian Cat cost?
abyssinian_cat | Abyssinian Cats
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An average lively Abyssinian kitten is sold from $500 to $700 USD.
What is the lifespan of an Abyssinian Cat?
abyssinian_cat | Assyrian Cats
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The Abys has a long lifespan. They can live anywhere from nine to 13 years or even longer.
What is the average weight of an Abyssinian Cat?
abyssinian cat | Abyssinian Cats
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A medium-sized Abys will weigh about 6 to 10 pounds.
What are the health concerns of an Abyssinian Cat?
abyssinian_cat | Abyssinian Cats
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This breed suffers from periodontal disease especially hyperplastic gingivitis. This is easily recognizable because you will notice an inflamed red line on the gums. Touch it and it will easily bleed.
Other Abyssinian related health concerns are familial renal amyloidosis and hereditary retinal degeneration.
What are the pet care needs of an Abyssinian Cat?
abyssinian cat | Persian Cats
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Because of the gingivitis problem of this breed, dental hygiene is advised to be done daily. If you notice a tartar build up, this also needs to be addressed. Its fine coat also needs a weekly combing. During shedding season, it would also need to be bathed to remove the excess hair. Nails needs to be clipped and if you notice any eye discharge, wipe it with a damp cloth.
Watch this video from Janson Media to learn why the Abyssinian Cat could be your next best friend.
The Abys outgoing personality can be addictive. It grows on you. With its tendency to climb high places, hide and go seek may slowly be one of your favorite games. Keep a watchful eye on this Aby or else both of you might get in trouble.
How did you find this article? What do you love about Abys? Tell us about it below! Meow!
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Lifestyle News
The Most Deadly Natural Disaster in Australia
3 minutes to read
Hint: it’s not magpie swooping.
What natural disaster kills the most people in Australia? Cyclones? Floods? Maybe bushfires?
Australia’s most deadly natural disaster is the unassuming but disastrous heatwave. And they’re set to worsen.
Just sort of resolute about the severe heat right now tbh. Source
Scientists from Macquarie University examined over 160 years’ worth of records and discovered that in Australia, heatwaves are responsible for more deaths than every other natural disaster combined.
Unsurprisingly the majority of heatwave-related deaths occur in summer, with the 27th January (the day after the Australia Day public holiday) standing out as the deadliest day.
Macquarie University risk scientist Lucinda Coates put this down to a number of factors:
“Many people, in celebrating this holiday with barbeques and picnics outdoors, are subject to a significant amount of heat exposure and dehydration, the latter exacerbated by consumption of alcohol.”
Dubbed “the silent killer”, heatwaves lack the media attention that other extreme weather events like bushfires or cyclones create. For example, during the 2009 Black Saturday bushfires 173 people died, making it Australia’s most deadly bushfire event. However, more than double that number (374 people) died from heat stress brought on by the concurrent heatwave.
This is starting to become more accurate than exaggerated. Source
The Climate Council have reported that heatwaves are set to become hotter, longer and more frequent due to climate change, and that Australia is woefully under-prepared.
Heatwaves increase pressure on our infrastructure and public facilities such as hospitals. The author of the Climate Council’s latest report on heatwaves, Dr Liz Hanna, says a “whole of society approach” is needed to address this growing threat.
“It’s a whole of society approach. People need to look after themselves and look after each other,” Dr Hanna said.
“It’s not only boosting capacity to respond to what we’ve had, we need to plan to boost our capacity for what’s yet to come because the worst hasn’t really happened yet.”
Greater flexibility in hospitals, increased capacity in emergency services, and changes to school, work and recreation schedules are possible ways to combat heatwave deaths.
The very young, the very old, those with pre-existing medical conditions and the poor are the most at risk during a heatwave. To stay safe during a heatwave, the SES recommends staying hydrated, minimising sun exposure, dressing appropriately, preparing your home and making use of public air conditioning facilities if you have none. |
Igneous rocks- and igneous rock are one of the tree main rock types. rock that form when moten cools and crystallizes. facts: make up 90% of the upper part of the earths crust. but their great abundance is hidden on the earth's surface by a relatively thin and widespread layer of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. classifying igneous rocks. igneous rock are based on mineral compositition, crystal size and texture. differences in magma composition can be observed in the rocks that form when the magma cools and crystallizes. texture is used to subdivided. rock type can be dtermined by estimating the relative percentages of minerals in the rocks. an intrusive igneous rock is when magma rock is underground cools and hardens. rocks that form in this way are called plutonic rcks. many kilometers below the earth surface, molten rock called magma flows into cracks or underground chambers. the magma sits cooling very slowly over thousands of years. as it cools. extrusive igneous rock forms when molten rock eaches the earth's surface and cools. air and moisture cool the lava rapidly. cesiculas is a type of texture when there is a spongy appearance in the rock.
sedimentary rocks-is formed by sedimentation of material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water.
formed by sedimentation of material at the earths surface and within bodies of water. sedimentation is a process that causes minerals and organic particles, being broken down by weather making rocks into small pieces that get carried away and deposited in shallow seas or lakes. the pressure from the wright of the sediments about turns the lower layers to become a solid rock. ex: sandstone- formed in layers. limestone- used in concrete and an excellent building stone. form by fossils. the difference between them is that they form differently. shale- formed from clay. compacted together by pressure. gypsum- made up of sulfate mineral and is formed by evaporating sea water in massive prehistoric basin. they are classified by their texture, may or may not react to acid, has layers, flat or cured layers, composed pieces of cemented of or pressed, if it had pores or not. 3 types of sedimentary rocks- Clastic- the common set of sedimentary rock consist of the granular materials that occur in sediment. sediment mostly consists of quartz and clays that are made by the physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rocks. theses are carried away by water or wind and laid down in a different place. Organic- another type of sediment actually form in the sea as microscopic organism- plankton- build shells out of dissolved calcium carbonate or silica. chemical- theses same ancient shallow seas sometimes allowed large areas to become isolated and begin drying up. they are composed of fragments of pre-existing rocks that have been concentrated, compacted and cemented without necessarily.
metamorphic rock- are formed by existing rocks. is the process of forming metamorphoc rocks within the lithosphere making the rock more dense and less porous. porous- have little spaces in the rock. recrystallization is the process of increasing the size of the mineral crystals and or changing the mineral composition without melting. metamorphic rocks have been modified by heat, pressure and chemical process usually while buried deep below earth's surface. exposure to there extreme conditions has altered the mineralogy, texture and chemical composition of the rocks. there are two basic types of metamorphic rocks. foliated and non foliated. low-grade metamorphism is associated with low temperatures and pressures and ia particular suit of minerals and textures. high-grade- is with high temperatures and pressures and a different suite of mineral textures. intermediate-grade- temperature metamorphism is in between low- and high-grade metamorphism. contact metamorphism- when molten material, such as that in Igneous intrusion, comes in contact with solid rock. REgional metamorphism- when high temperature and pressure affect large regions of earth's crust, they produce. hydrothermal metamorphism- when very hot water reacts with rock and alters its chemical and mineral composition. metallic resources occur mostly in the form f metal ores, although deposits of cure metals are occasionally discovered, many metallic are precipitated from hydrothermal solutions and are either concentrated in veins or spread throughout the rock mass. metamorphism of ultrabasic Igneous rocks produces the minerals talc and asbestos. talc is used as a lubricant, and to provide texture in plants and dusting pattern.
rock cycle- Rock divisions occur in three major families based on how they formed: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Each group contains a collection of rock types that differ from each other on the basis of the size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains.The concept of the rock cycle is attributed to James Hutton (1726—1797), the 18th-century founder of modern geology . The rock cycle is a model used to describe the changes to rocks that take place on the earth. These changes show how each type of rock is formed. Some of the processes occur at or near the earth's surface such as weathering, erosion and deposition. Other processes occur deep below the surface such as melting and increased heat and pressure. The Rock Cycle is a group of changes. Igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock or into metamorphic rock. Sedimentary rock can change into metamorphic rock or into igneous rock. Metamorphic rock can change into igneous or sedimentary rock.
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0602/es0602page02.cfm 63b59.jpg |
How Much Physical Activity Needed?
When it comes to weight management, people vary greatly in how much physical activity they need. Here are some guidelines to follow: –
Workout Routines
Work your way up to 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity, or an equivalent mix of the two each week. Strong scientific evidence shows that physical activity can help you maintain your weight over time. However, the exact amount of physical activity needed to do this is not clear since it varies greatly from person to person. It is possible that you may need to do more than the equivalent of 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity a week to maintain your weight.
To Lose Weight and Keep It Off.
You will need a high amount of physical activity unless you also adjust your diet and reduce the number of calories you are eating and drinking. Getting to and staying at a healthy weight requires both regular physical activity and a healthy eating plan.
Meaning of Moderate and Vigorous Intensity
Moderate While performing the physical activity, if your breathing and heart rate is noticeably faster but you can still carry on a conversation; it’s probably moderately intense. Examples include:-
Walking briskly (a 15-minute mile).
Biking at a casual pace.
Actively playing with children.
Vigorous: Your heart rate is increased substantially and you are breathing too hard and fast to have a conversation, it is probably vigorously intense. Examples include:-
Most competitive sports (football, basketball, or squash etc)
Jumping rope |
Robot Navigation by Stereoscopic Camera
My goal was to create a navigation algorithm for a mobile robotic platform. Information about distance and location of and direction to the nearest object is necessary. Robot can "see" objects and obstacles in its neighborhood by two cameras, which are located in a fixed distance from each other. Two shifted images of a scene are taken, and location and distance of the nearest object is computed. For better visualisation, colorful depth maps were created. In the end, robot was programmed to behave like "a fearful dog". It tries to maintain a constant distance from the nearest object. If you come closer to the robot, it starts running backwards (is scared, fearful), if you start moving away from it, it gets confidence and starts to follow you. |
The 10 Best Resources For Wellness
Great Benefits Of Molecular Hydrogen Therapy
Hydrogen is an integral element and was used to design the periodic table. Hydrogen is a reactive element and will form bonds with another hydrogen to form molecular hydrogen, abbreviated as H2 gas.
Hydrogen has been the center of interest in many fields, and the main reason why this is so is because it has unique characteristics; small size and mass as well as the fact that it has a neutral charged. And the medical scholars have jumped into the bandwagon; they too, have had to find out if there are prospects.
And the findings are remarkable; very pleasing. It is now known that a molecular hydrogen can pass through the cell membrane and even the blood-brain barrier. In addition to that, it can penetrate that nuclear membrane as well. Molecular hydrogen is thought to offer protection to the DNA as well as improve the mitochondrial health.
Molecular hydrogen has been successfully used to treat a broad range of health disorders. If you are still undecided on whether to try molecular hydrogen to treat the conditions that you have, you might want to read through the benefits that are associated with it.
To begin with, you need to know that hydrogen has an antioxidant power, and this is very critical as far as health is concerned. Selective antioxidant, to be accurate. It targets the worst free radicals, such as the hydroxyl ions, or the OH.
If a molecular hydrogen encounters a free radical, such as hydroxyl ions, the results is a water molecule. Simply put, molecular hydrogen smartly converts the most poisonous compounds into water, a compound that does not come with any negative effects in our system.
What is more, molecular hydrogen support the system’s in-house antioxidant processes. It does through selective initiation of specific cell-signaling pathways; and such is thought to play critical roles when it comes to regulation of various antioxidant processes, cell survival genes as well as detoxifications.
Molecular hydrogen also modulates cells. Duet to the fact that the molecular hydrogen has the ability to access the mitochondria and cell nucleus, it generates superb cell modulation influence.
These cell modulation can influence major processes of the cell in a positive way, for instance, the cell metabolism, healthy gene expression, and cell signaling. The consequences of these are amazing: anti-allergic, anti-aging, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory effects and many more.
If you have plans to take advantage of the molecular hydrogen products, you may find it convenient to and effective to ingest it via a hydrogen-infused water. You can also benefit from ready to drink water that is available on the market. And then there are hydrogen tablets.
If you are curious to know more about molecular hydrogen therapy, you may have to click here for more or visit this website here! |
Vladimir Fedorenko via Wikimedia Commons // CC-BY-SA 3.0
How TB Grew Stronger and Spread Wider with the Collapse of the USSR
A new study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has found that the USSR’s breakup and subsequent turmoil allowed one strain of tuberculosis to evolve in a virulent, drug-resistant form that continues to plague Central Asia. They also traced the spread of the strain from Central Asia to Afghanistan and then to Europe due to armed conflict and population displacement.
Every action we take has unpredictable consequences on the world around us, and geopolitical events are no different. With this fact in mind, an international team of anthropologists and disease experts set out to investigate if and how human history could have altered the evolution of one widespread human disease.
Alain Grillet/ Sanofi Pasteur via Flickr Creative Commons // CC BY-ND 2.0
The tuberculosis-causing bacterium (Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, or MBTC) exists in seven distinct subtypes, or lineages. The second, third, and fourth lineages have been wildly successful as diseases go, but exactly how they’ve done it remains the subject of some disagreement. For this study, the researchers focused on the second lineage (L2), the so-called "Beijing lineage," a particularly nasty strain that’s rapidly spreading and shows drug resistance.
The team collected samples of L2 tuberculosis germs from patients in Europe, South Asia, and Central Asia. They scanned all the bacterial genes in order to sort out the geographic origins of each patient’s TB, as well as to pinpoint the moments in the disease’s evolution when specific mutations—like those that make it resistant to medication—first appeared.
Their results indicated that one especially drug-resistant subtype of L2 was most common in former Soviet states. This would make plenty of sense if the mutations conferring drug resistance had evolved while the states were all part of the same Soviet Union. But the mutations are relatively new. They evolved in those places after the Soviet Union collapsed—a time of intense and violent conflict. On top of that, citizens of these states were being displaced en masse, and public health resources were nearly nonexistent.
The strain has spread as a consequence of armed conflict and population displacement, the authors write. It was introduced to Afghanistan with the 1979–1989 Soviet invasion and occupation. It spread further after the American invasion in 2001, when much of the population experienced further upheavals. L2 continued to mutate in Afghanistan, creating a new strain. More recently it's been detected in Europe in small TB breakouts mostly limited to Afghan refugees.
The authors say the combination of these factors may have created a perfect environment in which TB could grow, get tougher, and become more virulent. Drug-resistant TB continues to be a major health concern in Central Asia. “Our results highlight the detrimental effects of political instability and population displacement on global TB control,” they write, “and demonstrate the power of [these] methods for understanding bacterial evolution in time and space.”
Recall Alert: Swiss Rolls And Bread Sold at Walmart and Food Lion Linked to Salmonella
Evan-Amos, Wikimedia Commons // CC 1.0
New items have been added to the list of foods being recalled due to possible salmonella contamination. According to Fox Carolina, snack cakes and bread products produced by Flowers Foods, Inc. have been pulled from stores in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.
The baked goods company, based in Georgia, has reason to believe the whey powder it buys from a third-party supplier is tainted with salmonella. The ingredient is added to its Swiss rolls, which are sold under various brands, as well as its Captain John Derst’s Old Fashioned Bread. Popular chains that normally sell Flowers Foods products include Walmart and Food Lion.
The U.S. is in the middle of a salmonella outbreak. In June, Kellogg's recalled Honey Smacks due to contamination and the CDC is still urging consumers to avoid the brand. The cereal has sickened dozens of people since early March. So far, there have been no reported illnesses connected to the potential Flower Foods contamination.
You can find the full list of recalled items below. If you have one of these products in your kitchen, throw it out immediately or return it to the store where you bought it to be reimbursed.
• Mrs. Freshley's Swiss Rolls
• H-E-B Swiss Rolls
• Food Lion Swiss Rolls
• Baker's Treat Swiss Rolls
• Market Square Swiss Rolls
• Great Value Swiss Rolls
• Captain John Derst's Old Fashioned Bread
[h/t Fox Carolina]
It Only Takes an Hour for Bacteria to Spoil Your Picnic Foods
It turns out that Yogi Bear and ants are not the only things to fear when heading outdoors for a picnic lunch. During summer heat waves, you need to be concerned about food safety, too.
Typically, cooked food is safe to leave out at room temperature for up to two hours, Lifehacker reports. Beyond that, it should be kept out of the “danger zone” of 40°F to 140°F by being either refrigerated or kept hot using a heating source: This keeps bacteria from thriving. But food left outdoors on a warm day (above 90°F) chops that rule in half. Food only has about an hour under the Sun before bacteria like Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus begin to multiply rapidly and greatly increase your chances of falling ill. If you’ve ever felt a little green following a long afternoon cookout, this is one possible reason why.
The one-hour rule applies to most foods starting at a cooked or cold-served temperature. Still, cold items like potato salad should be kept refrigerated or in a cooler until they’re ready to serve. Processed foods like bread, crackers, and other pantry-type products are generally safe to leave out.
You should also adhere to indoor food safety practices, like washing your hands before and after touching raw food items or before you sit down with a plate. If there’s no running water, bring a jug and some soap or wet wipes. While packing up for a day out, put your food coolers in the passenger section of your car, not the trunk, where temperatures can cause ice or gel packs to warm up.
Keeping your perishable picnic food organized and stored has another benefit. If it's stowed away until you’re ready to serve, it’s less likely to attract ants that think they’ve been invited to your little gathering. It’s also a good idea to check picnic grounds or table legs for fire ant mounds—a sure sign that you’re better off relocating.
[h/t Lifehacker]
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Wednesday, June 20, 2012
Teaching with Xtranormal, Poll Everywhere, Wikis, and Skype
It appears that many librarians today believe that technology needs to be used within librarian instruction to catch the attention of the "digital natives," or the current set of college students. Nicole Eva and Heather Nicholson write: "Library instruction is viewed by many students as being less than enthralling. Students may not understand how important the library can be for their academic endeavours, or they may think that they know all they need to know. As a result, librarians often seek new and innovative ways to engage classes" (1-2). These authors do not promote technology for its own sake, rather they tout technology as a tool for engaging student in collaborative ways.
They believe students "are familiar and comfortable" with technology, so it can be utilized as a means to deliver the content. In their words: "Technology can make library instruction more engaging, more entertaining and more interactive" (2). Their article, "DO Get Technical! Using Technology in Library Instruction," highlights four types technology tools library instructors can use to engage students: Xtranormal, Poll Everywhere, wikis, and Skype
Xtranormal allows individuals to create their own little video with pre-fabricated characters, backgrounds, and voices. If you can type, you can create an Xtranormal video. Keying or typing words into dialogue boxes creates the audio component; a machine reads the words, though you can choose what kind of accent you prefer. "You can make one Xtranormal video for free; after that you must buy points. The more points you buy the less expensive they are, but generally it costs only two to three dollars for a basic movie" (2). They recommend it as a tool that can share information, or teach students, without costing lots of money, while also being amusing.
Student in their classes have enjoyed the humor and the entertainment in the process of being introduced to a topic or listening to a summary. They also suggest: "Students could also create their own videos in order to demonstrate their understanding of a topic" (3). The machine-generated voices and the gestures throughout the videos increase the humor. They have created a few publicly available Xtranaormal videos:
The next tool they explain is Poll Everywhere. It lets students answer questions in real time anonymously, and the questions can be inserted to a PowerPoint presentation. Nicholson and Eva write: "A basic account allows up to 30 responses per question and unlimited questions for free, and upgrades range from $15 to $1,400 per month" (4). To respond, students need computers or cell phones to reply to the questions. They explain: "As we have seen with classroom clickers, this is a great way to encourage class participation" (4). Cell phones can text their answer, but computers with internet access may certainly respond as well. "The polls are updated instantly, and PowerPOint slide changes dynamically as students enter their answers" (4). Results offer instructors to correct students and solifify the learning; they can also prompt further discussion.
Nicholson and Eva also promote the use of wikis in library instruction, highlighting its effectives as a collaborative learning tool. Like Poll Everywhere, wikis "exist in the 'the cloud' with no downloads requires" (5). Wikis can be purchased, however, that are not available to the public at large, so just the students in a class could access the project. They explain the essential aspects of a wiki: "The premise behind wikis is that they are collaborative; all users can edit or create new entries. Student participation in a wiki is an effective way to promote active learning" (6). Participation in this endeavor turns on the light for many students as they begin to understand how information is created, edited, and shared. Therefore, they begin to realize how important it is to evaluate the information they find.
Finally, they talk about Skype. This online videoconferencing tool can be used to teach students in distance settings, though this requires hardware such as microphones, video cameras, and speakers, not to mention high-speed internet access. Nicholson and Eva have taken advantage of the technology to instruct students at distance sites, so they speak from experience (7). I appreciated that they mentioned how they anticipated and prepared for technical difficulties. When the visual feed was lost on the distance site's end, the instructor there was able to display the presentation slides that had been emailed previously while the library instructors continued speaking and teaching. The instructor could demonstrate along with the librarians as they both walked through the presentation (8).
Nicole Eva and Heather Nicholson believe that these technologies are "unique, effective, EASY, and low or no-cost. When used correctly and where warranted, these applications can be usefu in engaging students in sessions in which they might otherwise tune out" (9). Even their own lack of technological experience did not keep them from succeeding, and they believe others can experience this same kind of fruitful experience in the library instruction room (9).
Work Cited
Eva, Nicole, and Heather Nicholson. "DO Get Technical! Using Technology in Library Instruction." Partnership: The Canadian Journal of Library and Information Practice and Research 6.2 (2011): 1-9.
University of Lethbridge logo. Fiat lux is the Latin for "Let there be light."
Nicole Eva and Heather Nicholson work in the University of Lethbridge Library.
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Curtin University of Technology
Twins and Multiples
Being independent by doing the same as your twin
Parents and teachers who emphasise the need for individuality in multiples may be concerned if all decide to do the same things, to choose the same friends or hobbies or sports etc. However, young people who (depending on zygosity) are genetically close or are identical and who have spent their lives together, may have very similar interests. Doing the same thing may actually be the best way of expressing their individuality.
Choosing subjects and careers
What happens when it comes to choosing a career or at least the subjects at school or at university that will move you in the planned direction? Helping young adult multiples make such a decision is really a complex act, as it is often so final. Once they go to higher education, they are almost locked into their choice which may have been made on the spur of the moment to emphasise similarities or differences form the other multiples.
The people who really need to know about this are the vocational guidance staff at school, as they can play such a role in helping decide that this is what the young person wants to do and ensuring this has nothing to do with what the other twin or higher multiples is or is not doing. The reality is that these staff may not even know this young person is a twin or higher multiples needs to be considered. When a young adult says "I don't want to be a teacher" is this a simple expression of fact, or rather that they know their twin has chosen this as "their career". School staff in this situation need to be so sure they have all the information about the multiples at hand as they help that young adult work through their choices. It is not easy. One is trying to focus on what this young person is saying to you, while at the same time considering what the other twin or higher multiple told you in private ten minutes ago… |
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Is Your Body Too Alkaline Or Too Acidic? Here's How To Know
My husband and I love a good documentary, and there is no shortage of nutrition-based films these days. When we first saw the film, "Food Matters," it was an eye-opening experience. Whether individuals were aiming to reduce inflammation or overcome cancer, the words "alkaline" and "acidic" kept popping up.
We all remember discussing pH in chemistry class, but what many of us do not realize is that our bodies have an ideal pH. Like water, the human body needs to remain neutral with a pH of 7.365. When we eat foods that are acid-forming, this causes our pH to drop. In comparison, our bodies can also become too alkaline as our pH rises.
It's all about finding that optimal acid-base balance and more importantly, understanding when your body is imbalanced. If your body was too acidic or too alkaline, would you be able to spot the associated warning signs?
Signs that you are too acidic
Long story short, acidic bodies are typically unhealthy bodies. When your body is in a constant state of acidity, this creates an environment that promotes illness. As your body tries to maintain equilibrium, it takes key nutrients from your bones and organs.
If your regular diet consists of a high intake of meat, dairy, grains, sugar, and processed foods in general, your body likely produces acidic waste products on a regular basis. If your body is currently in a state of acidosis, you may experience:
Inflamed gums and/or mouth ulcers
Recurring respiratory issues
Low energy
Weight gain
Joint pain due to a buildup of lactic acid
Allergies and an increased risk of infections
Increased acne and dry skin in general
A weakened immune system: You may be getting sick more often than usual.
Poor circulation: Your hands may feel cold often.
Brittle or thinning hair
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What is Electrostatic Shielding? - QS Study
QS Study
Electrostatic shielding is the process of isolating a certain region of space from external field. It is based on the fact that electric field inside a conductor is zero. Electrostatic shielding is the best way to protect some area in vacuum from the influence of external electric field.
During a thunder accompanied by lightning, it is safer to sit inside a bus than in open ground or under a tree. The metal body of the bus provides electrostatic shielding, where the electric field is zero.
During lightning the electric discharge passes through the body of the bus.
Application: Microwave ovens surround energy within itself, shielding the outside from harmful radiation. |
Diagnosis and treatment of Campbellum dysplasia
Diagnosis and treatment of Campbellum dysplasia
Campomelic dysplasia is a lethal genetic disease from the group of osteochondrodysplasia, characterized by severe skeletal anomalies and other disorders that often lead to fetal death or the death of a newborn in the first weeks of life. Symptoms of this condition are a strong curvature of the tubular bones of the extremities, the presence of 11 pairs of ribs and bell-shaped deformation of the chest. In some cases, there is an inversion of sex. Diagnosis of Campmeloplastic dysplasia is most often performed on the basis of data from prenatal ultrasound studies, karyotyping and molecular genetic studies, after the birth of the child, radiographic data can be used for confirmation. There is no treatment for this genetic disease.
Campomelic dysplasia (kamposmelic dwarfism) is a genetic disease accompanied by numerous abnormalities of the skeleton and violation of sexual differentiation. Only in recent years, methods of modern genetics have been able to identify a gene whose defects lead to the development of camposmelic dysplasia, and to determine the sequence of pathological processes in this state. The occurrence of pathology is approximately 1 per 150-200 thousand newborns, but some researchers dispute these figures, indicating an increased risk of prenatal death, not taken into account by statistics.
The main role in the definition of camposome dysplasia is played by prenatal diagnostic techniques; ultrasound karyotyping and molecular genetic analysis. By ultrasound methods, this disease can be detected already from the 2nd trimester of child bearing, the leading manifestations will be the curvature of the bones of the limbs, the presence of 11 pairs of ribs and the bell-shaped form of the thorax. Also can be determined the developmental defects of the skull, face, heart and kidneys, hypoplasia of the scapula and vertebral bodies, an increase in the size of the pelvic opening. Based on the data listed prenatal ultrasound can reasonably assume the presence of camposome dysplasia and raise the issue of abortion due to medical conditions.
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The archives
To understand Cheratte and the men who worked at the mine for a few decades, we need to look back on the history of the coalmine and the migratory flow. Enclosed are archival pictures, postcards from “back in the day”, and testimonies from former miners.
The 1907 building still inspires many photographs and enthusiasts of architectural heritage. That is undeniably because of the specific care that was brought to the design of its redbrick façades, in a neo-medieval style that bestows on it a romantic quality that, in theory, is not compatible with an industrial function.
On 30 November 1962, four people died at the Hasard coalmine.
Cheratte Manor House, now protected as a listed monument, is a Mosan-style building from the 17th century,; it was acquired in 1913 by the coalmine from the Saroléa family. One section was turned into a hospital for the coalmine’s staff, another into a grand residence for its manager.
Another important building project handled by the Charbonnage was the construction, between 1923 and 1926, of a cite jardin (garden city) for its workers. It is located between the canal and the road that links Liège to Visé. It is a great example of the evolution of the workers’ habitat since the industrial revolution. The cité has 200 homes and a 128-room hostel for single people.
Specific care was brought to the well-being and to the living environment of the inhabitants, who benefit from a tree-filled milieu, a central park, and public lighting. The houses are inspired by English cottages; each house, has connections for running water, electricity, and sewerage. There are also two outdoor areas: a garden at the front, and a vegetable garden at the back.
Life in the barracks in Cheratte
Galibot (galibo): a masculine noun.
A child or young worker employed for light labour in the coalmine.
The Hasard coalmine was shut down on 31 October 1977, leaving 589 miners (including 435 foreigners) out of work. In the 1950s, over a thousand of miners worked at the Hasard.
Almost 40 years later, the deserted Cheratte coalmine is still significantly marked by the memory of the coal industry that defined it.
Migratory Flow
“Men came to work at the mine to fill jobs that locals didn’t want. They left their families behind, their lifestyle, friends, possessions, and had one goal, to buy a land, a tractor, a house, or a business, to allow their family to live better.”
In 1946, a treaty between Belgium and Italy allowed Belgium to benefit from considerable manpower.
The play: "The Sons of Hazard, Hope and Good Fortune" In Cie du Sud, from the Theatre de la Renaissance, tells the story of the arrival of the Italians at the mine.
Over a period of more than 50 years, the village would undergo great change, welcoming a variety of cultures, languages, and religions. In 1846, there were 2,343 inhabitants; that number rose to 3,775 by 1930, and exceeded 5,000 in the early 1950s. However, in the mid-1970s, the population fell due to the decrease in coal-mining.
1956 to 1967:
The Marcinelle disaster of 8 August 1956 caused the deaths of 262 miners (of whom 136 were Italian), and led to Italy suspending its policy of legal emigration to Belgium. That decision led to miners being recruited in other Mediterranean countries like Spain, Greece, Portugal, Morocco, and Tunisia. Turks arrived in Liège in 1965.
The history of a site like Cheratte coalmine is inseparable from the history of the humans who worked there. What would have become of it without the everyday presence of hundreds of miners, whose courage and labour ensured the prosperity of a whole region?
The life of the workers at the Hasard coalmine was certainly similar to that of other miners in Belgium at the time. Here, as well as in other places, it constitutes a chapter of our shared social history. This collective story is composed of everyday events, often mundane but sometimes violent and dramatic. Rock falls, derailment of trolleys, sudden flooding, etc.
Incidents were common at the bottom of the mine: around 1,000 a year, fortunately not all deadly. The newspaper “La Meuse” gave an average of 1 person killed a year in 1950. Some years were particularly traumatising, like 1963, with the death of 6 miners.
Despite progress, coal-mining remains difficult and dangerous; the history of the Hasard coalmine lists many sick days and strikes.
As in many companies, the workers made a varied set of demands.
Those demands were often part of national politics: the struggle for better salaries in 1932, for the displacement of workers in 1953, against doctors in 1956, against the Unitary Law of the Eysksens government in 1960-1961, etc.
Giuseppe, AKA Peppone, miner in Cheratte from 1961 to 1964
Credits: Story
Archives: Musée de la vie Wallone et de Visé
Migratory Flow: Altay Manço et Christophe Partoens
With the support of Wallonie
Credits: All media
The story featured may in some cases have been created by an independent third party and may not always represent the views of the institutions (listed below) who have supplied the content.
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“Provolone Valpadana is the result of an encounter between the South Italian cheese culture of spun curd and the approach to cheese and dairy found in the Po Valley.”
Historical Background
Provolone Valpadana was created in the region between the Lambro and Adda rivers thanks to the reclamation and canalisation of the waters by the Cistercian monks.
In fact, cheeses known as “provale” were being produced in the south from the Middle Ages onwards, but they were nothing more than aged and smoked caciocavalli. They had a smaller size (weighing a maximum of 2 Kg), and indeed they couldn’t have been otherwise given the scarceness of local milk, which did not allow for the production of large cheeses.
The unification of Italy in 1861 made it possible to overcome the barriers between different areas of the peninsula, and therefore allowed entrepreneurs from the south to settle in the Po Valley who were determined to promote and spread the culture and consumption of spun curd cheeses throughout the whole of the country.
Some of the possible shapes Provolone Valpadana can take
The great abundance of raw ingredients in this area made it possible to produce larger and larger spun cheeses, and so the Provolone Valpadana was created.
Fragmentary but documented notices attest to the opening of a cheese factory belonging to the Margiotta brothers in Borgo S. Giacomo in the lower plains of Brescia in 1870, where very large provole cheeses were produced.
From then on, a succession of entrepreneurial southerners moved to the North, to Milan, Cremona, Brescia and Piacenza, to produce spun curd cheese, the consumption of which continued to become more widespread.
In the early years of the twentieth century, Gennaro Auricchio came to Padania from San Giuseppe Vesuviano and moved to Cremona, where he became the greatest producer of Provolone Valpadana.
The term “Provolone” first appeared in literature in 1871, in the “Vocabolario di agricoltura di Canevazzi-Mancini” (The Canevazzi-Mancini Vocabulary of Agriculture), and referred to large provola.
“Valpadana“ was added to the name ”Provolone" in 1993 as the crowing achievement of a centuries-old tradition that shaped the characteristics for which the cheese became known and appreciated.
Finally, on 21 June 1996, the European Union assigned Provolone Valpadana the much-coveted Designated Protection of Origin (DOP) status.
The Product
Provolone Valpadana DOP is the spun cheese that comes in the greatest variety of shapes and sizes thanks to the plasticity of the curd.
It is derived from a family of spun curd cheeses that has origins dating back to the Middle Ages. It has a smooth crust and is made from whole cow’s milk with natural acidity from fermentation.
There are two types of Provolone Valpadana DOP: “sweet” Provolone Valpadana “dolce”, which has a delicate flavour due to the use of calf rennet and a maturation period of a minimum of 10 days up to 2/3 months, and “spicy” Provolone Valpadana, which has a stronger flavour due to the use of kid and/or lamb rennet and which is matured for a period of between 3 months and 1 year.
It is a wholly original cheese that stands out against other spun curds because of its large size, which means it can be matured longer without drying out excessively, which would make it a cheese for grating.
The cheese has a smooth, thin crust with a golden yellow colour that can sometimes be yellowy brown and which is given a sheen by the paraffin used to cover it.
The curd is compact when cut, with a white or straw yellow colour. The sweet variety has small holes and is soft, whereas the spicy alternative is slightly flaky.
To guarantee the authenticity of the Provolone Valpadana DOP, the wheel of cheese must bear a rosette with a yellow cheese on a green background and the number of the dairy producer.
The milk is first heated to the correct processing temperature, then a certain amount of natural whey starter culture taken from the previous batch is added. This culture is rich in selected lactic ferments with the task of acidifying the liquid mass and consequently encouraging the action of the rennet to be added later.
The curd is made by curdling the milk with calf, kid or lamb rennet individually or in combination and is then subjected to a spinning process.
The product that comes out of the spinner is already shaped and ready to be collected in special steel moulds at a temperature of around 60 degrees.
The cheese obtained from this process is placed in cold water and refrigerated so that it can firm up.
The next stage is salting in brine, which lasts for a variable amount of time ranging from a few hours up to thirty days depending on the weight of the cheese.
The two varieties of Provolone Valpadana DOP are mainly distinguished by the type of rennet used in the production process and the duration of the maturing period.
The Local Area
Provolone Valpadana must be produced in full within the provinces of Cremona, Brescia, Verona, Vicenza, Rovigo, Padua and Piacenza and in part in the provinces of Bergamo, Mantua, Lodi and Trento using raw ingredients farmed in the same provinces.
The milk must be transformed into Provolone Valpadana within 60 hours of the first milking.
It is currently produced in 11 cheese factories and the Consortium has authorised the facilities of 38 packaging firms.
Credits: Story
Curator — Consorzio Tutela Provolone Valpadana
Credits: All media
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Immune responses to pathogenic bacteria
Project Details
Bacterial infectious diseases account for ~10 x 106 deaths annually. Our research is directed toward maximising the chances of developing more effective vaccines and antimicrobial drugs through a better understanding of how the immune system combats bacterial infections.
Immune responses in infected tissues are essential for controlling invading pathogens in the early phases of infection. Despite having a vital role, the main cells and factors that control innate immune responses in tissues are poorly defined. To gain an integrated understanding of the in vivo innate immune network in lung tissue, we are investigating the immune response to the intracellular lung bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila. This important opportunistic pathogen causes Legionnaires’ disease, a vastly under diagnosed disease that is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality.
We have revealed a cooperative circuit in the response to Legionella infection. Inflammatory dendritic cells induced production of the important cytokine IFNγ by lymphoid. IFNγ, in turn, was necessary for bacterial killing by the inflammatory dendritic cells. Surprisingly, macrophages that engulf bacteria did not respond to IFNγ.
We will continue this project by addressing a number of important questions each of which could be the basis of a research student’s project.
• Why are macrophages unable to kill bacteria even in the presence of stimulatory cytokines like IFNγ?
• We have discovered that another cytokine IL23 plays an important role in combatting Legionella.
Which cells make IL23 and how does it act to kill bacteria?
• Macrophages are the cell type inside which Legionella bacteria replicate. Why can’t Legionella replicate in other similar cells like dendritic cells?
• IFNγ can convert inflammatory dendritic cells into bacterial killers. What are the key molecular changes that are induced by IFNγ?
Techniques commonly used in this laboratory:
Flow cytometry, cell culture, use of mice and infection of mice, immunoblotting, immunolocalisation in cells, quantitative PCR, bioinformatic analysis of expression data.
Research Group
van Driel laboratory: Immune responses to pathogens
Faculty Research Themes
Infection and Immunology
School Research Themes
Infection & Immunity, Molecular Mechanisms of Disease
Key Contact
Department / Centre
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Unit / Centre
van Driel laboratory: Immune responses to pathogens
MDHS Research library
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Archives for posts with tag: offshore discoveries
While offshore production activity in Myanmar began in 1998, deepwater E&P in the country is arguably still nascent. However, recent deepwater gas discoveries off Myanmar seem to have bolstered the confidence of oil companies sufficiently for them to start planning deepwater drilling campaigns, in spite of weaker energy prices. Could these first steps be indicative of Myanmar’s deepwater E&P potential?
China’s rapid economic growth over the last two decades has seen the country’s annual primary energy demand more than triple. Coal aside, the other key fuels powering China’s developing economy have been oil and gas. And while commodity imports have risen, economic growth has also incentivised more E&P activity in China itself. So how are things looking for China’s upstream sector, particularly offshore?
Venerable Ancestry
As of start May 2017, a total of 319 fields had been discovered offshore China (with 163 of these having been brought into production at some point) and around 5% of the active offshore fleet (over 500 units) was deployed in the country. Moreover, in 2017, 15% of total projected Chinese oil and gas production (4.43m boed) is forecast to be produced offshore.
Of course, things were not always thus. While oil extraction in China is thought to date back to antiquity, the modern industry took off during the era of Mao Zedong, in the 1950s and 1960s, with the exploitation of fields in the onshore Songliao Basin, notably the Daqing Complex, by the state. Offshore E&P was minimal before the late 1980s. As was the case in many countries, Chinese offshore oil production began at shallow water fields, in China’s case located in the Bohai Bay, Pearl River Delta and Beibu Gulf areas, which still account for 43%, 32% and 12% of the fields now active off China. A total of 139 offshore fields are in production across these three areas, of which 76% are exploited via fixed platforms. Shallow water E&P heavily influenced the development of the offshore fleet in the country: for instance, 11% of the active global jack-up fleet is deployed off China.
The Deepwater Leap Forwards
In recent years though, the drive to raise production has seen Chinese E&P shift into deeper waters, in mature areas as well as frontiers in the East China Sea, the Yinggeh Basin and the South China Sea. That being said, just 13 fields in depths of at least 500m have been found to date (the first in 2006), of which only two are active: Liwan 3-1 and Liuhua 34-2, both in the Pearl River Delta. Hence demand for high-spec floaters, MOPUs and OSVs remains limited. Deepwater E&P in China was led by IOCs, but then CNOOC began concerted independent efforts. However, this process has been slowed by the oil price downturn, which prompted the NOC to put deeper water projects such as Lingshui 17-2/22-1 and Liuhua 11-1 Surround on the backburner.
Conquering The Seas?
The outlook for Chinese offshore projects seems to have improved since the OPEC deal though, and CNOOC is reportedly planning over 120 offshore exploration wells in the next five years. But there are contrary factors, not least of which is political risk in the East and South China Seas, where China and neighbours such as Japan and Vietnam are engaged in bitter border disputes, notably over the “nine dash line”. Moreover, government plans to increase onshore shale gas output at Fuling and elsewhere may divert investment from costly offshore projects.
So there are clearly risks to continuing E&P off China in more frontier areas. But even as the country’s economy matures, energy demand growth is likely to remain substantial. The fundamentals thus suggest that the onwards march of E&P off China is likely to be far from over yet.
In the years since 1959, 7,367 offshore fields have been discovered globally, with 4,173 of these having been brought onstream (3,062 are still active). The average water depth of discoveries and start-ups is now far deeper than a few decades ago. But contrary to what might be expected, this appears to be not the result of gradual trends in E&P activity. Instead, deepwater activity has surged in distinct waves…
Shallow Water Drift
Offshore E&P activity began, quite naturally, in shallow waters close to shore, as a logical progression from exploiting onshore oil and gas fields in locations such as Texas and Saudi Arabia. This also reflected technological barriers: the capability did not exist to exploit deepwater fields. So from 1960 to 1996, the annual average water depth of offshore discoveries and start-ups was 94m and 59m respectively. Depths did drift slightly deeper from 1960 to 1996 as for example North Sea E&P activity moved from the Southern to the Central North Sea. But even in 1996, the mean offshore discovery water depth was just 212m. The first ever deepwater discovery was the MC 113 field in the US GoM in 1976 but this was atypical: just 4% of 3,062 offshore fields found from 1976 to 1996 were in such depths.
Deepwater Heave
The first wave of sustained deepwater E&P ran from about 1997 to 2006. It was heralded by the 1997 Neptune start-up in the US GoM in a water depth of 568m. This was the first ever Spar development and showed that US deepwater fields could be economically exploited, contributing to a rush of deepwater E&P in the GoM against a backdrop of faltering US onshore oil production growth and gradually rising oil prices. Some 440 fields in depths of at least 500m were found from 1996 to 2007; 38% of these were in the US GoM. This period also saw the internationalisation of the offshore sector, with oil companies making deepwater finds in areas like West Africa, which accounted for 26% of the 440 discoveries. Here the key enablers were subsea trees, which helped reduce field breakevens to viable levels. All told, the average depth of offshore finds from 1997 to 2006 was 402m.
Ultra-Deepwater Upsurge
A second wave of deepwater E&P has been ongoing since about 2007. Oil companies have pushed into ultra-deepwater frontiers, notably in the Santos Basin off Brazil, helped by advances in pre-salt seismic imaging, but also in the KG Basin off India, off East Africa and off countries such as Guyana or Senegal. Since 2006, with oil prices generally high, there have been 392 finds in water depths of at least 1,500m (67% of such discoveries made to date). The average water depth of discoveries in this period so far is 628m.
Ebb And Flow?
However, offshore start-ups have lagged in terms of water depth. Since 2006, the average depth of 1,032 start-ups has been just 326m (with large variance from the mean). Several factors are at play but key are high breakeven oil prices at frontier projects (especially in the downturn) inhibiting FIDs, and political risk factors.
So given current offshore markets and long term trends in start-up water depths, a tsunami of deepwater start-ups looks unlikely at present. That being said, field discovery water depths – lifted on tides of regionalised E&P activity and new technologies – have clearly risen in waves.
The expansion of European settlement in North America – the pushing westwards of the frontier – has come to be seen as a defining part of American culture, spawning a whole genre of films and books set in the historical “Wild West”. That same pioneering spirit seems to be alive still today, at least in the US Gulf of Mexico (GoM), where 49 ultra-deepwater field discoveries have been made in the last decade.
Once Upon A Time In The Gulf
Offshore E&P in the US GoM began in the 1930s, picking up pace in the 1950s. By the end of 1975, a total of 444 shallow water fields had been discovered in the area and 256 of these had been brought into production. Gas fields predominated, accounting for 75% of discoveries and 31% of start-ups. Early E&P in the area made extensive use of jack-up drilling rigs and lift-boats. Fixed platforms were the favoured development method, with 86% of the 256 start-ups using fixed platforms. Thus were the first pioneering steps taken in exploiting the US GoM.
For A Few Dollars More
However, compelled by the need to find new reserves, oil companies active in the US GoM began pushing outwards, into deeper waters: the first deepwater discovery in the area was made in 1976. The frontier has now moved quite a way onwards since those early days. The average distance to shore of the 129 offshore discoveries in the area since start 2007 is 145km, while 72% (93) of these fields are in water depths of 500m or greater. The focus has also shifted from gas to oil: 58% of the 129 finds were oil fields, including 81% of the 93 deepwater finds. The US GoM has been dubbed one corner of the “Golden Triangle” of deepwater E&P and (supported by high oil prices until 2015) it has accounted for 16% and 19% of deepwater and ultra-deepwater finds globally since 2007. As shown by the graph, this was in spite of a slowdown in the wake of Deepwater Horizon. Floater utilisation dipped to 80% in 2011 but recovered, and a peak of 54 active floaters in the area was reached in January 2015 (26% of the active fleet).
Manifest Destiny?
So US GoM exploration was a major beneficiary of a high oil price. But how might it fare in a potential “lower for longer” price scenario? The outlook for jack-ups is bleak, with utilisation in the area standing at 24% as of December 2016. Simply put, the shallow water GoM is gas prone, and gas fields in the area are generally not competitive with onshore shale gas. At the US GoM (ultra-)deepwater frontier though, things do not look quite as bad as might be expected. On the one hand, over the last two years, floater utilisation has gradually fallen to 70%, as owners have struggled with rig oversupply, and dayrates are severely pressurised. On the other hand, there have been large finds made since 2014, such as Anchor and Power Nap, and wells are underway or planned for potentially major prospects such as Dawn Marie, Warrior, Castle Valley, Hershey, Hendrix, Sphinx and Dover. Many oil companies see the US GoM as a core area, and are prepared to invest to bolster oil reserves, even via drilling of, for example, costly HPHT reservoirs in the Lower Tertiary Wilcox formation.
As in the Wild West, at times things can be tough at offshore frontiers. Rig owners (and others) are experiencing this in the US GoM. But with some oil companies taking a long-term view, the pioneering spirit may not have been snuffed out yet.
The Indonesian government has been trying to reinvigorate investment in the country’s upstream oil and gas industry in the last few years. However, tough market conditions persist and political uncertainty remains a challenge. With oil companies seemingly losing interest in acreage offshore Indonesia, could offshore drilling demand in the country be running out of steam?
Ageing Problems
Indonesia is an OPEC member state and accounted for 16% (0.25m bpd) and 23% (3.67bn cfd) of offshore oil and gas production in SE Asia in 2015. However, oil and gas production off Indonesia declined by 4.7% from 2010 to 2015. In part this decline is because there have been few major discoveries to offset dwindling reserves at the country’s mature fields. Recently, operators have also been less willing to conduct additional development drilling on these depleting fields. As the Graph of the Month illustrates, offshore development drilling fell by 27% y-o-y between 2014 and 2015 and exploration drilling has also been subdued, with just two wells drilled in 2015, compared to 24 in 2014. Moreover, exploration has yielded only seven offshore discoveries since 2014, indicating that future development drilling demand could suffer as well.
Losing Interest
Problematic energy market fundamentals aside, political uncertainty has exacerbated the situation. The implementation of controversial Regulation 79/2010 in 2010 ended previous “assume and discharge” rules, meaning that new Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs) could be subject to varying and arbitrary levels of tax previously “dischargeable”. Operators recoiled strongly, denting interest in PSCs, as demonstrated by lacklustre participation in the 2013 Licensing Round. Corrective actions have since been taken, but it created crippling uncertainty in Indonesia’s upstream sector. Looking ahead, low oil prices and a 30% downwards revision to the level of tax oil companies can offset with costs, operators could become even less willing to commit to offshore acreage. Only 6 out of 11 offshore PSCs were awarded in the 2014 tender round. Moreover, Total and Chevron intend to relinquish the Mahakam and East Kalimantan blocks, which will expire in 2017 and 2018 respectively. Of 115 offshore PSCs held as of end 2015, 39 are undergoing termination, and operators might opt to reduce or end drilling activity if they intend not to renew these PSCs.
Under Pressure
It appears operators are losing interest in acreage off Indonesia, which could translate into weaker drilling demand, though the government has been exploring ways to stimulate investment and may eventually broker deals to keep operators committed to major offshore PSCs and capital outlay. Additionally, the country’s NOC, Pertamina, reportedly could assume operatorship of over 50% of upstream acreage. These factors might improve drilling demand in the longer term.
At present however, Indonesia’s offshore sector is clearly challenged: against the backdrop of globally reduced offshore E&P, the country has its own regulatory uncertainties. These factors have led to reduced interest in offshore acreage and subdued drilling activity. Unless the government can intervene to revive operator confidence, the near future also does not look encouraging for drilling demand.
As a result of weaker oil prices and E&P spending cuts, offshore exploration is severely challenged. This is reflected in the fact that discoveries are down 47% y-o-y on an annualised basis so far in 2016, global rig utilisation has dropped 22 percentage points to 73% in two years, and 29% of seismic units are inactive. But it is also reflected in a perhaps less prominent element of exploration, namely, block awards.
Block Basics
The basic framework for offshore exploration is provided by blocks. Blocks are areas in which specific oil companies (the licensees) have set E&P rights and obligations with respect to one another and the host country over a specified period. As at April 2016, oil companies hold 10,968 offshore blocks (with an average area of 996 km2) globally. As a general rule, each block will have an operator company, but also several more companies with equity in the block. This allows oil companies to spread the risks of E&P.
Blocks may be awarded to oil companies on a one-off basis but are usually awarded through well-publicised, semi-regular licensing rounds, for example Norway’s ongoing ‘23rd Licensing Round’. Indeed, at present eight offshore rounds are in progress, covering 55 blocks. However, oil company uptake is looking lacklustre and it is expected that, given low levels of interest, a very small percentage of these will be awarded. Just 102 offshore blocks have been awarded so far in 2016, down 38% y-o-y on an annualised basis on a poor 2015. By way of comparison, 1,162 offshore blocks were awarded in 2013.
Acreage Accumulation
In part, this situation reflects reduced E&P spending (exploration budgets are relatively easy to cut). But it also reflects something of a block ‘asset bubble’ in the 2010 to 2014 period, in which 5.99 million km2 of offshore acreage was awarded. Supported by a high and stable oil price, many oil companies stocked up on frontier acreage, engaging in bidding wars for key blocks, driving up prices. For example, in a battle for a 8.5% share in Area 1 off Mozambique in 2012, the block was implicitly valued at c.$14 billion (and East Africa was just one of several frontiers opened up in this period). Oil companies thus acquired a great deal of relatively costly offshore acreage in a short period.
Exploration Excesses
On the plus side, the exploration boom of 2010 to 2014 yielded 765 offshore discoveries, including many large finds that are likely to drive future offshore production growth. However, block oversupply, analogous to that in segments of the offshore fleet, built up. As the two graphs show, the peak of the latest block awards cycle coincided with a 2013 peak in ordering of rigs (117 units) and seismic capacity (104 streamers). Just as there is a supply-demand imbalance in the seismic and rig markets, so too is there in blocks. Oil companies are now sitting on a backlog of unexplored blocks, with fewer incentives to bid for new acreage (though strategic investment in Iran or deepwater Mexico might still happen).
So licensing reflects the broader exploration situation, with block awards and vessel contracting showing similar trends. This being the case, a future rise in block awards could perhaps presage a general recovery in exploration. In gauging exploration sentiment then, upcoming licensing rounds could well be worth monitoring. |
What’s in a political name?
Once upon a time in America, there was a political party that believed in a strong central government, high taxes and bold public works projects. This party was popular on the college campuses of New England and was the overwhelming choice of African American voters. It was the Republican Party.
The Republicans got started as a counterweight to the other party: the party of low taxes and limited government, the party suspicious of Eastern elites, the party that thought Washington should butt out of the affairs of private property owners – the Democrats. David Von Drehle writing in theWashington Post, July 2004
The premise of today’s article is how I would explain contemporary political labels to a visitor from Planet Zog. The quote above illustrates the difficulty of the enterprise. It is very easy to forget that Abraham Lincoln, the president who emancipated the slaves, was a Republican. It is hard to imagine Honest Abe on Fox News. Political labels are a minefield. If you look on Wikipedia’s list of political ideologies you are bombarded with names which aim to succinctly define the worldview of their adherents; Anarcho-capitalism, Hoxhaism, Paleoconservatism, Ordoliberalism, Minarchism, Melanesian socialism are just a few of the labels you can see. They certainly played havoc with my spell check.
In 1789 King Louis XVI of France was forced to convene a form of parliament for the first time in over a century. At this assembly, the more radical delegates took up seats to the left of the King, while their conservative counterparts sat on his right. Ever since then the labels left and right for socialists and conservatives have stuck. One common complaint that you hear is that these one-dimensional categories are inadequate to deal with our complex modern political landscape. There are more sophisticated ways of defining yourself politically; politicalcompass.org has been around for a few years now. After you have answered 61 questions, you are placed on two separate and independent axes. The Economic or Left-Right) axis measures your opinion of how the economy should be organised. “Left” is defined as the view that the economy should be run by a cooperative collective agency, typically the state, but it could also be a network of communes. “Right” is defined as the view that the economy should be left to the devices of competing individuals and organizations. The Authoritarian-Libertarian axis measures your attitudes to personal freedom. “Libertarianism” is defined as the belief that personal freedom should be maximised, while “authoritarianism” gives more weight to authority and tradition. Here is a visual representation:
I did the test and came out as … a half-baked libertarian. I wasn’t completely happy with the wording of some questions, but anyway here is what I scored:
Economic Left/Right: 0.50
Social Libertarian/Authoritarian: -3.95
This is how I compare to other leaders:
What I want to look at now is some of the contradictions and paradoxes present in these labels.
I want to argue that communism and fascism are in fact not so far apart. Mussolini was a radical socialist, before going on to become Il Duce. Nazi (I prefer to use the pejorative term and pronounce it “Naaazi” like Winston Chirchill), Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers Party) is a fascinating blend of left and right. If you look at ideologies as a circle, the extreme points of the circle do meet. Both communism and fascism share a disdain for economic freedom. Communism nationalized property explicitly. Market relations and the price mechanism were abolished. Fascism required that owners use their property in the “national interest”. The appearance of market relations may have remained, but extensive planning of all economic activities was going on. Fascism controlled the monetary system and set all prices and wages politically. In doing all this, it effectively neutered the marketplace.
To begin with, the word liberal was based on the ideal of individual liberty. Classical liberals favoured laissez-faire economics, limited government and the rule of law. But somewhere in the transition to the twentieth century the word metamorphosed into a diametrically opposed meaning. Social liberalism gives the state an important role in such questions as unemployment, health care and education. This is the use of liberal in the United States, where the right employ it as a term of abuse. A few years ago The Economist had a piece calling for the word liberal to be reclaimed. The magazine argued that there ought to be a word and a indeed a political party to stand for:
“… what liberalism used to mean. The idea, with its roots in English and Scottish political philosophy of the 18th century, speaks up for individual rights and freedoms, and challenges over-mighty government and other forms of power. In that sense, traditional English liberalism favoured small government—but, crucially, it viewed a government’s efforts to legislate religion and personal morality as sceptically as it regarded the attempt to regulate trade (the favoured economic intervention of the age). This, in our view, remains a very appealing, as well as internally consistent, kind of scepticism”
In the last three or four decades the term neo-liberal has become the favourite term for left-wingers. In the ironic words of The Economist neo-liberals are “market-worshipping, nihilistic sociopaths to a man. Many are said to believe that there is no such thing as society.” I always enjoy listening to Cayo Lara, the leader of the Spanish Communist Party (known as the United Left). He seems to be on a mission to see how many times he can use the word neo-liberal per minute. The Guardian’s resident unreconstructed Marxist, Seumus Milne, recently used this epithet to describe the EU. I really do struggle to see the EU as neo-liberal. I don’t think anyone could imagine Hayek or Friedman designing a monstrosity like the Common Agricultural Policy. If you look at one neo-liberal symbol, Margaret Thatcher, you will see that from 1979 to 1990 government spending was 40.88% of GDP on average. This is hardly a minimalist state. Under New Labour from1997 to 2010 the comparative figure was 41.29%. Thatcher may well have wanted to do more, but she was constrained by the system.
This is my mini-tour of political labels. We have seen that it is very difficult to even agree on basic terminology. And I haven’t even gone into such loaded words as democracy, freedom and progress. That will have to be in another post. But if there are any well-informed aliens out there, perhaps they can explain these labels to me.
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Skills >
Linguistics (Int, Trained only)
Common Uses
Learn a Language
Whenever you put a rank into this skill, you learn to speak and read a new language. Common languages (and their typical speakers) are listed below.
Spoken By: Aboleth and other deep sea (aquatic) aberrations.
Spoken By: Demons and other chaotic evil outsiders
The language of demons, Abyssal is often spoken by evil spirits.
Spoken By: Derro, inhuman or otherworldly monsters, evil fey.
This ancient tongue is spoken by strange eldritch entities, and certain ancient beings.
Aquan ("Tongue of the Sea")
Spoken By: Aquatic and water-based creatures
The so-called “tongue of the sea” is spoken primarily in the sunken nation of the locathahs— those who trade frequently with the ocean empires often speak this tongue as well.
Auran ("Tongue of the Heavens")
Spoken By: Flying creatures, air-based creatures
A soft-spoken, breathy language, also known as the “tongue of the heavens.”
Spoken By: Boggards.
Spoken By: Angels and other good outsiders.
The language of angels.
Spoken By: humans and the other core races
Spoken By: Cyclops and their kin.
Once the ancient language of the giants, this tongue was created before the rise of humanity by the cyclopes.
Dark Folk
Spoken By: Dark creepers, dark slayers, and dark stalkers (creatures of the Dark Folk subtype.)
Spoken By: dragons, reptilian humanoids
Drow Sign Language
Used By: Drow.
Like Druidic, drow sign language is a "secret" language.
Spoken By: Druids (only)
Druidic is a secret language known only to druids. It is a free language for a druid; that is, it doesn't take up a language slot. Druids are forbidden to teach this language to nondruids and has its own alphabet.
Spoken By: Dwarves.
Spoken By: D'ziriak.
The insectoid d'ziriak language consists of buzzes and chitters. It is an obscure one known by few outside their race.
Spoken By: Elves, half-elves
Spoken By: Cyclops, ettins, giants, ogres, trolls
This brutish tongue and its numerous minor variants are spoken in any region where the wrath of giants is known.
Spoken By: Gnolls
Spoken By: Gnomes
Spoken By: Bugbears, goblins, hobgoblins
The official language of hobgoblins, this dialect is similar to the goblin tongue.
Spoken By: Grippli.
Spoken By: Halflings
Ignan ("Tongue of Fire")
Spoken By: Fire-based creatures
Also called the “tongue of fire.”
Spoken By: Devils and other lawful evil outsiders
The language of devils is often spoken by evil spirits.
Spoken By: undead
An ancient language of the dead, this whispering tongue is shared among undead and is also often associated with necromancy.
Spoken By: Orcs, half-orcs
Spoken By: Proteans.
Like the proteans chaotic nature, the protean language itself is mutable, evolving so quickly that few outsiders can understand it without magical aid.
Spoken By: Sphinxes.
Spoken By: Centaurs, fey creatures, plant creatures, unicorns.
The language of the fey.
Spoken By: Tengu
The official language of the tengu race.
Terran ("Tongue of Earth")
Spoken By: Earth-based creatures.
Also called the “tongue of earth.”
Spoken By: Treants.
Spoken By: Drow, duergar, morlocks, svirfneblin.
This language is derived from an ancient combination of Elven and even older tongues.
Used By: Vegepygmies.
Vegepygmy is not a spoken language since vegepygmies cannot speak. They communicate via a crude language of rhythmic taps, beats, and clicks.
Create or Detect Forgeries
Table: Detecting Forgeries
Condition Linguistics Check Modifier
Type of document unknown to reader –2
Type of document somewhat known to reader +0
Type of document well known to reader +2
Handwriting not known to reader –2
Handwriting somewhat known to reader +0
Handwriting intimately known to reader +2
Reader only casually reviews the document –2
Document contradicts orders or knowledge +2
Retry? Yes.
• Special Members of the same organization (such as a city's thieves' guild) gain a +2 circumstance bonus on Bluff and Linguistics checks to pass secret messages to each other, and on Sense Motive checks to intercept messages from their allies. Source PPC:OO
• Special A sign language or gestural system can be used as a free action to silently communicate simple concepts to others who know the language or code, so long as those communicating can clearly see each other. More complicated conversations require additional time, just as with verbal speech. Some gestural systems are too simple to communicate more than basic tactical information. Onlookers unfamiliar with the gestures can interpret the secret message with a successful DC 25 Linguistics or Sense Motive check. Source PPC:OO
Linguistics Unchained
Source PFU
About This Section Optionally, a character who reaches 5, 10, 15, or 20 ranks in a skill unlocks various bonuses and abilities unique to that skill. The unchained rogue uses these rules extensively, but others can gain access to them with a new feat.
In this system, characters unlock additional abilities when they attain 5, 10, 15, and 20 ranks in a skill. The skill unlocks system interfaces with the unchained rogue to make the rogue the true master of skills.
Skill unlocks give characters new abilities and ways to use their skills upon reaching 5, 10, 15, and 20 ranks in a skill. Any character with the Signature Skill feat can earn skill unlocks for a single skill, and they are a prime feature of the revised version of the rogue who uses her rogue's edge ability to gain skill unlocks for several of her most iconic skills. Alternatively, you might make skill unlocks a universal part of the game, but you should be aware they add significant power and flexibility to skills, so giving them for free to all classes would grant power boosts to other highly skilled classes such as the investigator and bard, particularly in comparison to the rogue. Another alternative is to eliminate access to the Signature Skill feat, limiting skill unlocks to rogues and rogues alone.
With sufficient ranks in Linguistics, you earn the following.
5 Ranks: You can use Linguistics instead of Sense Motive to intercept and interpret secret messages (as the Bluff skill). You gain a +1 insight bonus on Perception and Disable Device checks to detect or disarm written magical traps. This bonus increases by 1 for every 5 ranks beyond 5 you possess in Linguistics.
10 Ranks: If you succeed at a Linguistics check by at least 10 when examining writing, you can learn the precise meaning rather than general content, and you never draw false conclusions on a failed check. A successful DC 30 Linguistics check reveals the general meaning of speech, a successful DC 35 check reveals 1d4 pieces of specific information, and a successful DC 40 check reveals exact meaning.
15 Ranks: You can decipher magical writings (as read magic) by succeeding at a Linguistics check (DC = 25 + caster level). If you identify a written magical trap in this way, you gain a +2 circumstance bonus on Disable Device checks to disarm it.
20 Ranks: You can attempt to decipher magical or non-magical text at a rate of one page per round. If you instead spend 1 minute per page, roll twice and take the better result.
Get Organized!
The following information is not official in terms of general campaign usage. It is copied from the Pathfinder Society Organized Play FAQ section because we thought it might be helpful information for a player or GM in adjudicating common problems or questions. Usage is up to the GM of your game.
What does a deaf PC (or other creature) need to do in order to read lips?
Any PC may learn to read lips with a rank in Linguistics as if they had learned a new language. When reading the lips of a speaking creature within 10 feet in normal lighting conditions, the reader need not make any skill checks. In situations of dim lighting, extreme distances, or to read the lips of someone trying to hide their words from the reader, the reader must make Perception checks (DC determined by the GM based on the situation). A lip reader may only understand spoken words in a language it knows.
FastPlay Rules
See this skill in FastPlay format. |
Get Your Brain In Shape
Brain Power_iStock-533922790_cropped
“Our brains are aging just like our bodies,” says Dr. Gary Small, director of the UCLA Longevity Center at the Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA.
Brain Boot Camp is an interactive, research-based training that optimizes brain vitality and health. This intensive course, developed by UCLA researchers, develops healthy habits and techniques for:
• Sharper problem solving skills
• Increased mental agility
• Improved memory
Memory Loss
Brain Boot Camp is a fun, interactive class! This half-day program cultivates a lifestyle that protects your brain from the wear and tear of aging. You can benefit whether you are a:
• Working parent juggling a career, household, and carpool duties.
• Retired professional concerned with aging issues and increased forgetfulness.
• College student with upcoming finals and two part-time jobs.
It’s never too early (or too late) to start taking care of your brain.
Lifestyle diseases are diseases that occur primarily as a result of your daily habits. Some of the main contributing factors include: bad food habits, physical inactivity, stress, and an aging biological clock.
Coronary Artery Disease Research shows if you get cardiovascular disease, it is likely to affect your cognitive function. Plaque builds up in your brain as well as your heart. Unhealthy patterns of cholesterol disrupt communication between nerve cells in your brain and contribute to memory and mental destruction.
Diabetes (A Model of Accelerated Aging) There is considerable evidence that diabetes is related to brain diseases. Younger diabetics suffer a variety of degenerative diseases earlier and with greater severity than non-diabetics and seem to age more rapidly than normal.
People with type 2 diabetes are 50-65% more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease than people with normal blood sugars. Some experts are now referring to Alzheimer’s as type 3 diabetes. It occurs when neurons in the brain become unable to respond to insulin which is essential for memory and learning.
fat business man use scale to measure his waistline
Risk of memory loss increases as waistline increases
Obesity As the population ages, it is expected that dementia incidences will increase 400% in the next 20 years. A 27-year study found obese people were 74% more likely to have dementia, while overweight people were 35% more likely.
Possible speculation is that substances such as leptin, a hormone released by visceral or “belly” fat may have some adverse effects on the brain. Leptin plays a role in appetite regulation but also in learning and memory.
There is a tremendous need for innovative solutions for aging. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, about 40% of people ages 55+ were working or actively looking for work in 2014. That number is expected to increase fastest for people ages 65 to 74 and 75+ through 2024.
Brain Boot Camp header_New2
• Strengthen recall of faces, names, and every day items.
• Optimize cognitive function and prevent cognitive decline.
• Gain support for a healthy brain diet and lifestyle.
• Experience greater productivity.
• Improve focus, concentration, and attention.
• Decrease anxiety around inevitable memory loss.
Cognitive Rehabilitation for Chemo Brain
Brain Boot Camp can help you learn to adapt and cope with memory changes if you are a cancer survivor. Chemo brain and chemo fog are terms widely used by patients to describe thinking and memory problems that can be more noticeable after chemotherapy.
UCLA Longevity Center_LOGO color
Brain Boot Camp incorporates the following younger-brain tactics and cognitive strategies:
A) Focused intervention to achieve optimal brain health by the Big Four staples:
1. Stress management — Chronic stress and the hormones that trigger your natural alarm system interfere with the ability to learn and recall information. Whether you’re a busy executive, a “sandwich generation” caregiver, or an overachieving retiree, your high-stress lifestyle can accelerate brain aging.
2. Memory training/mental stimulation — Scientific evidence now indicates that mental exercise may not only keep your brain cells healthy, but they may also help them grow. The brain loves variety, so cross-training (activating different parts of your brain with different types of exercises) will optimize more brain power.
3. Physical exercise — Studies show inactivity and insufficient cardiorespiratory training reduce the amount of nutrients and oxygen that reach your brain cells.
4. Brain healthy nutrition — Being overweight doubles your risk for Alzheimer’s as does diabetes. Obesity quadruples the risk. Research has shown that antioxidants* may retard damage to the brain’s DNA and the acceleration of brain aging.
*Brain Boot Camp includes antioxidant capacity testing using Raman resonance spectroscopy — a method of non-invasively determining the antioxidant status in skin tissue.
B) Baseline measurements of memory, stress, and fitness level
C) Customized healthy lifestyle program
D) Mentoring of various techniques for learning and recalling names and faces
E) Improvement tracking
F) Take-home strategies, exercises, and assignments to continue improving memory on a daily basis
“You can’t turn back the clock. But you can wind it up again.” ~Bonnie Prudden
In partnership with the UCLA Longevity Center, Brain Boot Camp is taught in an individual/small group format and is offered to:
• Corporate executives, management teams
• Cancer treatment centers
• Medical practices
• Wellness and corporate retreats
• Residential retirement communities
Karen Owoc_KRON 4 pic
Karen OwocClinical Exercise Physiologist | Certified UCLA Memory Educator and Licensee
You have the option of joining an existing group of Campers or creating your own private Boot Camp with colleagues, family, or friends.
Cost: $300 per Camper (half-day training session)
Camp Size: Brain Boot Camp is a fun, interactive class! 5-10 Campers per session.
For more information: karen.owoc@brainbootcamp.org
O: (925) 735-0700 M: (925) 413-6207 (text or voicemail)
Follow other Brain Boot Campers on Facebook: facebook-icon_32x32
HealthStyleRx_new tagline_2774 x 630 |
Cardio Drugs pt.2 Flashcards Preview
Pharmacology-Tong > Cardio Drugs pt.2 > Flashcards
Flashcards in Cardio Drugs pt.2 Deck (66):
Coronary Artery Disease is also known as atherosclerosis. What are some risk factors?
Lifestyle - sedentary, stress, obesity
____ deposits build up in blood vessel walls and narrow the passageway for movement of blood. This will eventually lead to blockage of the coronary arteries and a "heart attack."
What are the clinical manifestations of CAD (Coronary Artery Disease)?
Early stages are asymptomatic
Excessively fatigue
chest pain
palpitations (a noticeably rapid, strong, or irregular heartbeat due to agitation, exertion, or illness.)
ECG change
How do we treat CAD?
Statins (Lipitor/Zocor)
ACE inhibitors
Antiplatelet agents (aspirin)
Calcium channel blocker
Surgical - angioplasty
Which cholesterol is the "good" one? HDL or LDL?
H for helper
What do we want to see in cholesterol?
Reduction in LDL and triglycerides
Improved HDL
Improved HDL to LDL ratio
What types of medication can we use to lower lipids
Bile Acid Sequestrants such as Cholestyramine (QUestran)
*This medication is like metamucil. You stir it into water and it becomes thick and sludgy. When you drink it, it binds to bile acids (which contain cholesterol) and carries them out in feces, thereby reducing cholesterol. Reduces plasma cholesterol levels. The liver then uses the remaining serum cholesterol in the body to produce bile.
HMG - CoA reductase inhibitors (Statins) such as atorvastatin (Lipitor/Crestor).
*HMG-CoA reductase is used in synthesis of cholesterol. If we inhibit this enzyme, less cholesterol is synthesized. Serum levels will decrease because existing LDLs will be absorbed for processing into cholesterol (HDL levels will increase slightly).
Cholesterol Absorption Inhbitor such as ezetimibe (Zetia).
*This medication prevents absorption of cholesterol in the small intestine. This means less cholesterol makes it to the liver, therefore, the liver will use serum cholesterol and the overall cholesterol level will drop.
Other antihyperlipidemic Agents
*Niacin (Vitamin B3) - inhibits the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, increases the rate o triglyceride removal from plasma and reduces LDL, Trigylcerides while increasing HDL levels.
*Fenofibrates - includes fenofibrate/TriCor and gemfibrozil (Lopid). Stimulate breakdown of lipoprotein from the tissues and their removal from the plasma. Leads to decrease i lipoprotein and triglyceride synthesis and secretion
Why would a patient be given crestor over lipitor?
Lipitor can cause pain in muscles due to breakdown of muscle. Can lead to kidney damage when putting out so much creatinine. Crestor does not.
QUestran is not seen often. Why?
GI issues.
Causes loss of fat soluble vitamins (A & E especially)
Increases bleeding time
Taken with medications prevents absorption of medications MUST TAKE SEPARATELY
What is rhabdomyolysis?
the destruction of striated muscle cells
When taking atorvastatin (Lipitor ), a lipid lowering agent (HMG-CoA Inhibitor), what must the patient be taught to report? To avoid?
Report muscle pain (causes rhabdomyolysis)
Take the medication in the evening (lipids are produced at night)
Avoid grapefruit juice and alcohol
ezetimibe (Zetia prevents absorption of cholesterol in the small intestine. Just like other lipid lowering agents it can cause what adverse effects?
abdominal pain, headache, dizziness.
Niacin (Niaspan) is also known as Vitamin B3 and inhibits the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue. What is the biggest issue with this drug?
How you take it because it causes severe flushing (skin feels like it is falling off/burning). You must increase it slowly!
Steps to take it:
1. You take an aspirin or an advil and wait twenty minutes
2. eat low fat snack and wait
3. take niacin then go to bed
4. skin feels like its falling off or burning
5. Patient either calls Dr or goes to ER because they think something is wrong.
Over time it becomes more tolerable.
DO NOT TAKE WITH Niacin (Vitamin B3) because it is essentially the same thing.
What is angina?
a condition marked by severe pain in the chest, often also spreading to the shoulders, arms, and neck, caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart.
Caused by insufficient blood flow to the heart. Results from temporary myocardial ischemia
Angina Pectoris is translated as suffocation of the chest
If the heart does not have pain fibers, how does it feel pain? Why is this important?
The body's response to lack of oxygen in heart muscles is to release substance P which reacts with pain receptors elsewhere. This is why patients with angina pectoris complain of chest or left arm pain, while other have pain in the jaw or teeth. Most people react to this pain by stopping whatever one is doing. Once they rest long enough, oxygen is able to catch up to meet demands and the pain is gone.
THis is called STABLE ANGINA because no damage to muscles takes place and blood is restored. It can be a chronic problem.
What is unstable angina?
After administering med and resting no relief? Unstable Angina.
Narrowing of arteries becomes more pronounced and patient experiences ischemia** even at rest. THis is called unstable angina. Although heart muscle may not be damaged, the patient is at increased risk of complete blockage of blood supply to the heart muscles IF the heart needs to work harder or he oxygen demand increases.
an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.
What is an uncommon form of angina? What causes it?
prinzmetal angina, caused by spasm of the blood vessels. Even at rest this person may feel the pain. We would see an ECG change.
What group of meds relieve angina pectoris?
Nitrates (nitroglycerin - Nitrostat)
Beta Blockers (metoprolol - Toprol)
Calcium Channel Blockers (do;toaze, (Cardizem)
Antiplatelet agents (aspirin)
Remember that slowing the heart down can also decrease angina. That is why Beta Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers, Antiplatelet agents work.
How do we diagnose?
EKG during an attack
Coronary angiograph/angiogram
________ relieve angina by dilating veins and coronary arteries. It acts on smooth muscle to promote relaxation. Give them three time with a five minute delay between each dose.
nitroglycerin (Nitrostat)
*Make sure you rinse the mouth before administering
*Keep in dark container
Why do we give nitrates sublingually?
Faster absorption
Can also be given:
Translingual spray
Transmucosal tablet
Oral, SR tablet
Transdermal (patch) - remove old, change location, sign&date
What is the main contraindication for Nitrate? Cautions? Adverse Effects?
severe anemia.
do not take with conditions that limit cardiac output (remember we are going to slow the HR down and reduce cardiac output. Therefore, slowing further could be devastating).
Causes an instant headache. It causes vasodilation which leads to a headache.
What is the best antianginal agent to use for long term management of angina? How do they work?
beta-adrenergic blockers (metoprolol Toprol or propranolol Inderal) relieve angina by decreasing the oxygen demands on the heart. SLOWS THE HR!
ALWAYS REMEMBER: caution in diabetes - may lead to hyperglycemia; hides hypoglycemic symptoms
What is the best antianginal agent to use for Prinzmetal's angina (remember it is caused by spasm)?
Calcium Channel Blocker (diltiazem - ardizem) because it blocks contraction.
What are non drug treatments for angina?
Angioplasty - surgical repair or unblocking of a blood vessel, especially a coronary artery
Stents - a tubular support placed inside a blood vessel, canal, or duct to aid healing or relieve an obstruction.
Intraaortic balloon pump - The Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) is a mechanical device that increases myocardial oxygen perfusion while at the same time increasing cardiac output. Increasing cardiac output increases coronary blood flow and therefore myocardial oxygen delivery.
T or F: MI is major cause of death caused by CAD.
Men and women have varying symptoms.
*Symptoms include acute, crushing/squeezing chest pain that is unrelieved by rest or nitroglycerin (>15 min).
*Pain radiates to left arm or up to jaw.
*Cool/clammy and/or pallor skin
*Confusion, dizziness, fainting
How do we test if a person had a heart attack (MI)?
release of cardiac anzymes.
Troponins (rise earlier than CK-MB)
Cardiac cath/Angiography
Lipid profile
How do we treat MI?
MONA - morphine, oxygen, nitrates, antiplatelet
Morphine - relieves pain and anxiety
OXYGEN - if trouble breathing, give oxygen (ask for forgiveness not permission with this one).
Nitroglycerin - vasodilator relieves angina
Antiplatelet - aspirin
Eventally, after finding out for certain it is in fact a heart attack, administer:
Anticoagulants - heparin
Thrombolytic agents - makes thrombus break apart.
Anti-dysrhythmia (ACEi/Beta)
What is heart failure?
a syndrome that involves dysfunction of cardiac muscle.
WIthin the muscle sarcomeres are the main component. Sarcomeres contain myosin and actin which react to create muscle contraction. Troponin keeps them from causing a contraction. When calcium enters the picture, it deactivates troponin allowing the sarcomere to contract again.
HF causes dysfunction of this mechanism. The end result is that the heart cannot pump blood efficiently, leading to CHF
The body has compensatory mechanisms. The body will attempt to solve the problem FIRST by increasing HR, BP and rate and deptth of respiration as well as positive inotropic effect (increased for of contraction) and increase in blood volume (thru aldosterone). The trouble is that these mechanisms can increase the workload of the heart, leading to further development of HF.
Eventually the heart OVER stretches (hypertrophy - called cardiomegaly). The pumping becomes even more inefficient (myosin and actin won't be close enough to each other to react causing a contraction).
What causes left and/or right sided heart failure?
What is cardiogenic shock?
Cardiogenic shock is a condition in which your heart suddenly can't pump enough blood to meet your body's needs. The condition is most often caused by a severe heart attack. LEADS TO ORGAN FAILURE (kidney, renal, respiratory)
Complication of CHF!!!
Why should a person weight themselves everyday once they have CHF?
2 lbs increase or loss = fluid gain or loss.
Gain needs lasix (up to 240mg).
What does typical CHF look like (steps of blood back up)? What are common causes of CHF?
1. Left ventricle backs up (cannot push blood through aorta)
2. Blood backs up to left atrium (LEFT SIDED HEART FAILURE AT THIS POINT)
3. Blood backs up to lungs (!!!!!!leading to pulmonary congestion and edema!!!!!!)
4. Blood back up to right ventricle (causing rt side heart failure)
5. Blood backs up to right atrium
6. Blood backs up to extremities (edema) and abdomen (ascites).
Common causes are HTN and CAD
Treatments and care for CHF (non medicinal)?
Since fluid build up is the name of the game, we need to limit intake of fluids. Monitor I&O. Daily weight.
Limit activity (keep the heart calm)
Drug treatment for CHF?
ACEi (RESTRUCTURES THE HEART, decrease cardiac workload, relaxes vascular smooth muscle to DECREASES AFTERLOAD and allow pooling in veins which DECREASES PRELOAD of the heart.)
Beta blockers - carvedilol long term because it lengthens life of people with CHF due to alpha property.
Beta agonists per book... here is how it works: stimulates SNS-->increases calcium flow into heart cells-->increases contraction (positive inotropic effect.
Nitrates (decrease cardiac workload, relaxes vacular smooth muscle to DECREASES AFTERLOAD and allow pooling in veins which DECREASES PRELOAD of the heart.)
Calcium channel blockers - rarely used for CHF, use only for specific CHF cases.
Diuretics - decrease bloos volume, which decreases venous retun and BP resulting in DECREASED AFTERLOAD, PRELOAD and cardiac workload. Lasic and spironolactone.
Digitalis (Digoxin) - heart works harder and pumps better, does not extend life (0.5-2.0 ng/ml therapeutic range).
How do cardiotonic agents work?
They affect intracellular calcium levels in the heart muscle, leading to increased contractility, whihc leads to increase cardiac output/renal blood flow/urine production.
Digoxin (Lanoxin), inamrinone (Inocor)(
Digoxin ______ the force of myocardial contraction & ____ the heart rate by ______ intracellular calcium.
increases force
slow heart rate
increasing intracellular calcium
Side note:
Digoxin increases cardiac output and renal perfusion while decreasing renin (No angiotensin system going bananas, no aldosterone release saying hold onto salt and water!).
Has a diuretic effect which:
1. helps lower blood volume (DO NOT GIVE without solid kidney function for this reason)
2. Is why we need to watch potassium
What must we ALWAYS do before administering Digoxin?
Watch for toxicity! Check for Sever bradycardia (
What is the Digoxin reversing agent?
Binds to dig.
What herbs potentiate (increase the effect of) Digoxin?
What are the reversal agents for each of these?
Heparin - Protamine sulphate
Coumadin - Vitamin K
Digoxin - Digibind
Inotropic means the same thing as ...
Inamrinone (Inocor) is approved for use in CHF that has not responded to?
digoxin, diuretics, and vasodilators.
It's usually seen in ICU. Not tested on it but should know it. Allows more calcium to enter the cell.
Why do you lift the legs when someone is in shock?
shock is characterized by the inability of cardiovascular system to pump enough blood to meet metabolic needs of the tissues. Legs up, blood returns back.
T or F: Normal clotting takes about 3 minutes. Fibrin is the final product that stops blood loss.
Yes Fibrin is Final, but it takes up to 6 minutes for normal blood clotting.
Why is this important? We watch clotting times to adjust meds. We will see this shortly
The transformation of fluid blood into a solid state to seal breaks in the vascular system is known as ______
The ______ process involves vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation to form a plug, and intrinsic & extrinisc clot formation initiated by hageman factor to plug breaks in the system
What does plasminogen do?
dissolves clot
The conversion of _______ to thrombin results in insoluble fibrin threads and is the final step of clot formation.
prothrombin - It is converted by prothrombin activator (also known as tissue plasminogen activator TPA) or prothrombinase
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin (framework for clot)
_____ is the process of clot removal
fibrinolysis (starts 24-48 hours after clot formation)
read the steps but don't memorize
CVA's can be _____ or ______
ischemic (clot blocks blood flow to brain) or hemmorhagic (bleed inside skull, compresses brain leads to tissue death)
You get 3-6 hours before permanent tissue death
_______ when given quickly after the onset of a stroke, can restore some or all of the previous brain function.
The prototype is urokinase (but we usually use TPA in the hospital).
(thrombus = clot; lytic...lysis....)
Since it destroys clots, the time you would NOT want to give this ? When someone is actively bleeding.
Look at PTT - Use Amicar to reverse
We would treat _______, _____ _____ and _____ _____ ______ with clotting factors.
liver disease
bone marrow disorders
We use antihemophilic factor to treat?
hemophilia - replaces clotting factors. Trade name is BIOCLATE (bio - clate clot)
Systemic hemostatic agents stop the natural plasminogen by blocking its activation.
What does plasminogen do?
plasminogen dissolves clots. We stop the dissolution of clots with this drug (Amicar).
What is disseminated Intravascular coagulation?
a lot of bleeding and a lot of clotting
Thrombolytics also dissolve clots. Aminocaproic acid (________ ) is used to reverse thrombolytics by stopping them from dissolving clots and stops plasminogen (clot dissolver) by preventing it from being formed.
Since it keeps blood liquid, we have to watch out for edema.
Do not give with anticoagulant. works against each other.
Do not give with anticoagulant with this med because they work against each other.
Blood is made of _____ and ____ _____
plasma and formed elements (rbc, wbc. hemoglobin, etc)
What is the purpose of iron?
to form hemoglobin rings to carry the oxygen.
We also need folic acid and vitamin B12.
Anemia results from alteration in erythropoiesis (part of RBC production). The rate of RBC production is controlled by erythropoietin (which is released by the kidneys due to decreased oxygen or blood flow).
Anemia can occur if ertyhropoeitin levels are low or when we are missing pieces for the building of RBC. What two suggestion for this problem can you come up with?
1. Renal failure (kidney cannot produce eryhthropoetin)
2. Insufficient amount of iron (iron deficiency anemia), B12 and folic acid (megaloblastic anemia...remember Blast is the cell that Builds....if you are missing pieces to BUILD, it is related to BLAST)
___________ anemia is when there is insufficient folic acid or B12 to create structures for RBC.
______ ______ anemia is when a negative iron balance occurs
______ anemia is when the gastric mucosa cannot produce intrinsic factor, and B12 cannot be absorbed.
megaloblastic (causes of Folate deficiency include absorption problems, drugs, malnutrition and alcoholism. B12 deficiency caused by poor diet, increased demands and lack of intrinsic factor in stomach).
iron deficiency
If a person lacks red blood cells, what can we give them to assist with increasing their numbers?
epoetin alpha (Epogen)
treats anemia associated with renal failure; no need for blood transfusions.
acts like natarul erythropoetin to stimulate production of RBCs
darbepoetin/ Aranesp is another edition
Who is at risk for iron deficiency?
1. menstruating women
2. pregnant and nursing women
3. rapid growing adolescents
4. Persons with GI bleeding
WHat are we looking for in labs to diagnose iron deficiency?
lack of Hgb, should be 14-42
All Iron drugs have FE as first two letters in their name (Ferrous fumarate (Feostat)
What vitamin should you take with Iron?
Vitamin C; helps absorption
What is the most common side effects for Iron?
1. constipation
2. black tarry stool |
More than 70 Boy Scouts and adult leaders from six troops in the Jacksonville area took part recently in a merit badge clinic.
Classes were offered in 15 different merit badges, including citizenship in the nation, communications, chess and fingerprinting. Illinois College students from Alpha Phi Omega, a service-related fraternity, helped with the merit badge classes and scout skill competitions.
A popular merit badge was chess, taught by Allen Darr and Bob Cockrell. Darr and Cockrell told the scouts that in higher circles of chess competitions, players don’t wait to get checkmated, which would be embarrassing. Instead, if the player can see the outlook is cloudy, he or she turns the king upside down and says, “I resign.”
Another popular class was citizenship in the nation, since it is a merit badge required to become an Eagle Scout.
Instructor Tom Palliser explained the advantages and benefits of living in this nation and discussed the rights everyone enjoys because of the Constitution. Tim Sanders, teaching citizenship in the world, said we now have more than 7 billion people living on earth and discussed how nations work together.
Another popular merit badge was genealogy, taught by Marian Brim. She taught scouts how to connect with their ancestors and how interesting it can be. The computers merit badge is now called digital technology merit badge and was also a popular choice. It all starts with cybersafety and parental permissions and was taught by Noel Beard. The name of the badge was recently changed to digital technology to include the increased popularity of cellphones and other digital devices.
Another popular badge was fingerprinting, taught by Kevin Mudd and Alpha Phi Omega college students. No two individuals in the world have identical fingerprints, Mudd explained. Identical twins have the same DNA but different fingerprints. No one can steal the ridges on a person’s fingertips like they can a credit card, which is why someone can use a thumbprint to gain access to a cellphone or a building.
Boys took each other’s fingerprints and identified the patterns of their prints. Having a thumb print read by a scanner is called biometrics and is gaining in use for various types of security. The Morgan County Sheriff’s Department supplied a fingerprinting kit.
At noon, after lunch, scouts lined up to compete in a knot-tying relay race and excitement ran high. Scouts had 15 seconds to tie a named knot and judges at each station scored the knot for accuracy.
Other merit badges being taught by merit badge counselors were citizenship in the community, disability awareness, music, family life, personal management, photography and camping. The event was well-received by scouts and adult scout leaders. |
Saturday, 27 February 2016
“Born Survivors: Three Young Mothers and Their Extraordinary Story of Courage, Defiance, and Hope” by Wendy Holden
The Holocaust – the most terrible crime in the human history
The Holocaust was a process which was scheduled, institutionally organized and regularly carried out by the Nazi Germany. During the Second World War nearly six million European Jews were killed. In the years 1939-1945, i.e. between the German invasion of Poland and the end of the war in Europe, the Nazis aimed for the total extermination of Jews in Europe. On the basis of the Greek meaning of the word holocaustikós, which means burnt-offering, i.e. in the other words burnt in one piece, the extermination of the Jewish population was defined as the Holocaust.
Publisher: Little Brown
United Kingdom 2015
The persecution of the Jews began almost immediately after Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) had come to power, and it was in January 1933. Many historians claim that this date is an indicator of the beginning of the Holocaust era. In November 1938 during the so-called Crystal Night (in German: Kristallnacht), which took place in the Nazi Germany, Jewish property began to be destroyed. The Nazis started to carry out the mass arrests of Jews because of their race. The Jews were also imprisoned in the Nazi camps. But we must remember that not only they became the victims of the regime which Hitler introduced to Europe. According to the racist ideology of Nazis Germany, they considered themselves the representatives of a superior race (the Nordic-Aryan), and the Jews were regarded as a so-called anti-race. Hitler's racist and anti-Semitic ideologies were aimed at maintaining “racial purity” and then creating a group of "supermen".
In the history of humanity, the Holocaust was the most criminal period which is called Genocide. The fascists committed unimaginable crimes, not only associated with the Jewish people, but also with those who suffered from mental illnesses, were homosexuals, members of the Communist Party which was banned by the Third Reich at that time, as well as believers, for example, of the Church of Jehovah's Witnesses. However, any of those groups, the Holocaust does not apply to such an extent and on such a large scale as it was in the case of the Jewish people, whose destruction was carefully planned and prepared. Slavs – Poles, Russians, Ukrainians, Yugoslavs and the Czechoslovaks – were considered by the Nazis as the worst race. Poles were also treated as so-called "sub humans" by the Nazis. On the other hand the Polish children who were “Aryan-looking” were subjected to the Germanization, and the representatives of the Polish intelligentsia and leaders were murdered, while others were sentenced to live in captivity.
During the Second World War the Jews were forced to live in ghettos and work as slave labour. The largest of these ghettos was in Warsaw, where more than four hundred and eighty thousand Jews were incarcerated. The Warsaw ghetto was liquidated in May 1943, and after the Nazi mass deportations to Treblinka in the summer of 1942 and after the outbreak of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in April 1943. As far as the Lodz ghetto is concerned, which was the second largest, there were two hundred twenty thousand Jews in the greatest density. The quite large ghettos were also in Lvov, Minsk, Vilnius and Terezín. The last of which was created in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Some ghettos were surrounded by a wall or fence in order to isolate of the residents and separate them from people living outside. The Jews lived in the ghettos in inhuman conditions. Their property was confiscated and they were also deprived of their basic needs. The huge population density, lack of hygiene, hunger and the absence of basic medical care meant that very serious diseases were spreading in the ghettos. About twenty percent of the population died in the Warsaw ghetto because of the inhuman living conditions. It had happened even before the Nazis began their deportation to the death camps.
The railroad tracks, guardhouse and main gate of Auschwitz II-Birkenau.
This is the view from the ramp located inside the camp (1945).
Even before the Nazis came to power they began to plan their concentration camps with the intention of imprisoning the opponents of the Nazi ideology and regime. The first concentration camp was established in Dachau on 23 March 1933; it was two months after Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of the Third Reich. The biggest concentration camps of the Nazi Germany were in Buchenwald, Mauthausen, Neuengamme, Ravensbrück and Sachsenhausen. After the outbreak of the Second World War, the Germans established their camps also in the occupied countries’ territories. The largest mass murders in the history of mankind took place in the camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau. The camp was established in 1942 and was located in occupied Poland. More than a million Jews and hundred of thousands of Poles, Sinti and Roma as well as other nationalities were brutally killed there. The final crackdown on the Jewish problem occurred when the Nazis began the mass liquidation of the ghettos which led to the extermination of the Jews who had somehow remained alive.
The policy of Jewish extermination by the Nazi Germans was particularly brutal against children because they were most vulnerable to the consequences of hunger and diseases. First, to the concentrations camps the Nazis sent the children who they considered as “unfit” to complete the fascist plans. In many countries the Jews were saved by ordinary people who for months or even for years hid them. There were situations when Germans occupying high positions in the Nazi hierarchy helped the Jewish people. For this reason a lot of people received the official title of Righteous Among the Nations which is given to those who in some way protected the Jews from inescapable death, although they were not Jews. So far more than six thousand Poles have received this honour. It is the vast majority of the people coming from other countries. However, it is said that during the war even more Poles helped the Jewish population to save their lives. We do not know their names. However, we must remember that most of the people were only passive observers of the Holocaust.
The arrival of a new transport of prisoners to Terezín.
Before Anka Nathanová was deported to Auschwitz II-Birkenau, she had lived
in the concentration camp in Teresienstadt.
At this point let me mention a family coming from Markowa – a town located in Podkarpacie near Lancut (south-eastern Poland). It was the Ulma family whose members gave their lives for those and together with those who they had hidden in their house. On March 24, 1944 a terrible tragedy took place in the village. That day in the morning the German police brutally killed seventeen people. Joseph and Victoria Ulma and their six children died as well as the eight Jews coming from the Szall and Goldman families including the Goldmans’ little daughter. The enormity of that crime is simply unimaginable. At the moment of the execution Victoria Ulma, who was then pregnant, began to give birth to another child who was her seventh baby…
Now let's focus on the unique book by Wendy Holden who in a very moving way describes the story of three incredibly brave women. Priska, Rachel and Anka were young married Jewish women who did not hesitate to oppose the cruel policy of the Nazis to be able to prevent their unborn babies from the death. Each of them was deported to the concentration camp called Auschwitz II-Birkenau in 1944. Before the nightmare really began, each of these women had had to undergo a visual inspection of the fascist doctor called Josef Mengele (1911-1979), who asked the same question to Priska, Rachel and Anka: "Are you pregnant?" His beady eyes gave the women a piercing stare. However, they answered “No”, even though they were already aware of their pregnancies.
Josef Mengele called
the "Angel of Death".
We must add that after the war Josef Mengele was considered as a war criminal. On his victims he conducted his pseudo-medical experiments whose the primary purpose was to find ways of a genetic Aryan traits in children and increase the number of multiple pregnancies. Accordingly, the primary object of his interests became twins. It was on them he carried out his gruesome medical research. Then the twins were often killed, and the “Angel of Death” compared their internal organs. For his experiments Mengele chose victims primarily from the Jewish and Roma prisoners. He conducted his cruel tests without anesthesia. He conducted amputations, injected bacteria causing diseases, intentionally infected wounds and performed lumbar punctures. He repeatedly attempted the replacement of blood between the twins. In the camp he had two laboratories and an experimental hall at his disposal where he conducted postmortem examinations. The experimental hall was in one of the crematoriums. Apart from that Josef Mengele decided about the life or death of people from the new transport. He knew who would be destined to die, and who would be suitable to work for some time. A lot of prisoners were usually so weakened that they finally died or were sentenced to death because they ceased to be useful.
Priska Löwenbeinová (Slovak), Rachel Friedman (Polish) and Anka Nathanová (Czech) did not know what would have happened to their babies if they had told the truth. They did not know that Josef Mengele would do anything to snatch their babies from them for his bestial medical experiments. The women nevertheless denied their pregnancies almost without hesitation, and then did what they could in order to hide their pregnancies not only from the Nazis, but also from their fellow-prisoners. Of course, all that time they were working hard and starving while secretly believing that one day they would come home to their families and beloved husbands who were also deported to the concentration camps. The women hoped that one day they would be able to lead the life they had led before the war and which had been brutally discontinued. So, there were two things which kept them alive. Their profound belief and hope that tomorrow would be better and their great love for babies who they hoped would be born soon.
During their seven moths in concentration and slave labour camps, Priska, Rachel and Anka witnessed great cruelty. In Birkenau they were told that their families had been murdered in the gas chambers after the Nazis persuaded them that they were going there just to have a shower. The women could also see smoke rising from the crematorium chimney and they were terrified, because they realized that one day the Nazis could give their order to them to go to “have a shower”. After some time, all three women were transported to the labor concentration camp in Freiberg (Germany), where they were forced to do hellish work at the production of the combat aircrafts. Months later they were taken to another concentration camp at in Mauthausen (Austria). During those days the babies of Priska, Rachel and Anka were born. Hana (the daughter of Priska) was born first, then Mark (the son of Rachel), and finally Eva (the daughter of Anka). We must add that the women were not aware of one another’s existence although they were kept in the same camps. Their adult children found one another in 2010 and finally met in the place where they were born and where their mothers miraculously survived.
The streets of the Lodz ghetto where Rachel Friedman had stayed before
she was transported to Auschwitz II-Birkenau. In the background
of this picture we can see the Jewish synagogue on Wolborska street (March, 1940).
Wendy Holden’s book is extremely moving. Nothing is spared to the reader. The author describes the concentration camps’ nightmare with incredible accuracy. She also chronicles the heroines’ life before the outbreak of the Second World War and their deportation, and then after the liberation and their return to their homes to discover their apartments and factories had been stolen from them. Priska, Rachel and Anka had to start all over again. There was almost no one to help them. At some point they finally realized that their beloved husband would never come back home. Therefore they had to take care of their babies who survived only by a miracle. They had to fight for every day. First they did it in the concentration camps, and then in real life. The women were very strong not only physically, but especially psychologically. None of them fell into depression. None of them gave up. They deserved the greatest admiration.
Born Survivors is a book for the present generation and the next. It is the tribute to the victims of the Holocaust. While on the one hand there is a lot of cruelty in this publication, on the other hand there are also quite a few scenes where we can see some humanity in this whole Nazi bestiality. Undoubtedly, the symbol of this humanity is Antonín Pavliček – the chief of the railway station in Horní Bříza (a town in the Czech Republic). The man showed great courage and in spite of the danger which threatened him then, he helped the starving and terrified Jewish women who were being transported to another concentration camp by the Nazis. The US army sergeant – Albert J. Kosiek, whose ancestors came from Poland – was the next man who did a lot of good things for the liberated prisoners in Mauthausen.
Survivors of Mauthausen cheer American soldiers as they pass through the main gate of the camp.
The photo was taken a few days after the liberation of the camp (May, 1945).
The book is filled with tremendous pain and human tragedy which should never have happened in the world. However, we cannot go back in time. Now we can only remember about all those who were brutally murdered in the name of a sick idea that we cannot justify in any way. We cannot forget about those who survived and who experienced unimaginable ordeals. Therefore Born Survivors is not only a tribute to the people murdered during the Second World War, but also a monument to the Holocaust victims and their families.
If you want to read this review in Polish, please click here.
If you want to read the interviews with Wendy Holden and Hana Berger Moran, please click here and here
Sunday, 21 February 2016
I believe the Holocaust experience was a warning to my family...
Interview with Hana Berger Moran
by Agnes A. Rose
Hana Berger Moran is the daughter of Priska Löwenbeinová who was Slovak. Her mother was one of the three very brave women who were pregnant when they entered Auschwitz II-Birkenau. Priska, Rachel and Anka kept their pregnancies in great secrecy from the Nazis. Hana was born the day before her mother was transported to the Mauthausen Labor Camp in Austria. Hana and her mother are one of the protagonists of the book entitled “Born Survivors” by Wendy Holden. The book was released in Poland in 2015. Hana currently lives in California.
Agnes A. Rose: Thank you very much that you agreed to tell your story to my readers. At the beginning I would like to ask you for telling us something more about your brave mother, Priska. What was she?
Hana Berger Moran: Priska was then a 28 year-young woman who was a teacher in a primary school at the time of her deportation, although she studied to become a professor of languages. When she was forced to stop teaching in school, she gave private English, French and German language lessons. She was very lively, loved playing tennis and above all loved her husband, my late father Tibor Löwenbein and her family.
Agnes A. Rose: You were born in a concentration camp. Do you remember when you first learned the story related to your birth? What kind of emotions accompanied you then?
Hana Berger Moran: First time I heard the words ”concentration camp” and the fact that I was actually born in such a place was when I was six year old (in first grade). This is how it happened: I was outside playing after school and children started to call “židka” (Jew). I did not know what it meant so went home and asked my mother. She took me by the hand and we went to stand in front of the photographs of her late parents, my late father and her late sister – and she told me that they all were “židia” and because of that were killed in camps, called concentration camps. Moreover, she too was a židka, was also in such a camp and that is where she gave birth to me. Being six year old, my reaction was, which I actually remember to this day: ”I too want to be like you and them, and now can I go and play outside?”
Agnes A. Rose: How did your mother cope emotionally with her Holocaust experiences? What kept her going day to day in the camp? How did she maintain hope?
Hana Berger Moran: Because mine was my mother’s fourth pregnancy, she was extremely focused to have this child (which became me). Therefore her entire focus was to survive and to bring me back home and there to wait for her beloved Tibor. She was absolutely convinced that she would survive, because she was going to have this little girl, to whom she had already given a name – Hana. Yes, she did give a name to a boy, should it be so... Miško, but she was convinced in her heart that it was going to be a girl. She prayed every day – several times a day and trusted the Almighty to take care of her.
Agnes A. Rose: What kind of work did your mother do in the concentration camp? What kind of conditions did she work under? Could you describe her typical day there?
Hana Berger Moran: In the now famous factory in Freiberg, a porcelain factory converted for the war effort to be an Arado-Flugzeugwerke factory for war planes. She sat or stood by a tall work table and was responsible to put securing locking nuts on the wings with very heavy equipment. If she stopped even for a very short period, she had anything thrown at her – sometimes it was a hammer, sometimes a rag… The prisoners were walked to the factory through Freiberg streets in the morning after Appeal around 6 AM. At the end of the work day, it was the same on the way back.
Agnes A. Rose: How did the Holocaust influence your family? Could you say whether it strengthened or weakened your family?
Hana Berger Moran: I believe the Holocaust experience was a warning to my family – it showed us how people who used to be kind, could change in a very short time, it took for the hateful propaganda to sink in. It also taught me to value the precious life we are given as a gift and to strive to enjoy it. It taught me to be strong yet kind, because we never know who else went through the same experiences – whether then or now.
Hana & Wendy Holden who is the author of
Born Survivors
Agnes A. Rose: How did your mother start her life after the Holocaust?
Hana Berger Moran: In her words, my mother, when she understood that her beloved Tibor was not coming back and having me, a very weak and sickly child to raise herself alone, had immediately started to act in order, as she put it: “put a bigger piece of bread on the table”. While she was teaching in a primary school in Bratislava, she also enrolled (1946) at the University to complete her Masters in English, German and French to get her teacher’s degree to be able to teach at the then schools called Gymnasiums (today the same grades are equivalent to Middle through High School).
Agnes A. Rose: I read that you never met your father because he is thought to have died on a death march from Gliwice slave labour camp in January 1945. I am sure that your mother told you about him many times. Could you tell us a little bit about him?
Hana Berger Moran: Indeed, my father was killed or died from weakness on the death march from Gliwice in January 1945. My mother told me how thoughtful, loving, patient and also strong-willed my father was. He was a very analytical thinker and intellectual, a writer, with a very strong sense of right and wrong. He was a Slovak patriot who believed everybody should be free to practice their religion without being forced to suffer for it. He would have never left Czechoslovakia, if not for being deported as is also recorded in the small booklet he wrote in Bratislava.
Agnes A. Rose: What was your family’s life like before WWII?
Hana Berger Moran: Are you asking about the entire family? My grandparents, Paula and Emanuel Rona had a small, modest Kosher Cafe in Zlaté Moravce, in Czechoslovakia. When they were forced to close it in late 1940 they moved to Bratislava to be near their two daughters, Elizabeth (Alžbeta) or Boežka and my mother. Boežka was a very gifted seamstress and my mother was a teacher. My late father worked as a journalist for the local Jewish newspaper.
Agnes A. Rose: Did the members of your family try to emigrate in 1939 when the Nazis attacked their native country?
Hana Berger Moran: Only one member of our family did emigrate in 1938 to then Palestine (under English mandate). The rest of our family never thought of it. My father did not believe they had to leave.
Agnes A. Rose: What circumstances led to the fact that now you live in the United States rather than in Slovakia?
Hana Berger Moran: On 21st of August 1968 I was a young woman, married about a year, had my master’s degree in Chemical Engineering and was 6 months pregnant. And I was feeling happy because our country was undergoing a wonderful change – learning to practice socialism with a human face under then president, Alexander Dubček. And then I saw tanks and heard shots and learned that our “brothers” had come to “liberate” us from our freedom and that was that! Within ten days I got a passport, which I did not have till then and went our documents to Austrian embassy to get the visa to Austria. We left, me driving, a tank behind our car, on morning of 31st of August 1968. Because the only family, my mother’s brothers, lived in Israel I had decided to go there in order to be taken care of with our much anticipated baby. He was born in Ashqelon, Israel, in December 1968. After few years working and studying in the Weizmann Institute of Science, I completed my PhD in Organic Chemistry of Natural Products and moved to United States to initiate my Postdoctoral fellowship. And we decided to stay in US. My mother visited, but never wanted to leave Slovakia. After 17 years of absence I was allowed to start visiting her there in person, which I did several times a year.
This is the Polish edition of Born Survivors
Published by SONIA DRAGA
Katowice 2015
Translated by Przemysław Hejmej
& Jerzy Rosuł
Agnes A. Rose: How important to you is the book “Born Survivors” by Wendy Holden? Why did you decide to tell the author about your mother and your family?
Hana Berger Moran: It was important for my mother’s story to be heard – my mother did not speak much about her experiences in the camp – most she said was “I was there and came back together with my daughter.” Even when she was interviewed – that was the essence of what she said... and so, when I learned from Wendy what was her goal, there was no doubt in my mind, that it is the right thing to do.
Agnes A. Rose: How do you feel about Germans and Germany today?
Hana Berger Moran: I have mixed feelings – just like everywhere there are good and bad people... same thing that happened in Germany in 1930s can and is happening today... to a different degree. I visited Germany on business and also have visited Freiberg.
Agnes A. Rose: I know that you came back to the place where you were born. You also met with the surviving children of Rachel and Anka. Was it very traumatic for you?
Hana Berger Moran: It was wonderful to meet Dr. Mark Olsky and Eva Nathan Clarke: we started to call ourselves siblings right then and there as neither of us has a sister or brother and so it fits that we are that to each other. That feeling of love took over everything.
The place is shocking and I will tell you, that I never understood, and now even more – so, how did my mother survive those 7 months! How did she do it? How did they all do it? It was , is and will always be traumatic for me, even though I say proudly – “we are here!”
Agnes A. Rose: What about Auschwitz? Did you visit this place, too? If so, what are your feelings associated with your visit in Poland?
Hana Berger Moran: I have not visited Auschwitz. My grandparents maternal and paternal and my aunt perished there in the gas chambers (1942 and 1944 respectively). My feelings are not much different about Poland then they always were – it is a country north of Slovakia. What I am a little worried about is the very current development in Poland, but that is politics and I will not go into it now. I believe that the same comment applies as mentioned above – Jews were the scapegoats even the very poor Jews – it was so everywhere. And what a pity.
Agnes A. Rose: What message would you like to leave with the people here? What would you like people to remember about your mother experiences? How should people respond to genocide and human rights violations today?
Hana Berger Moran: We must never forget the evil that happened. We need to understand what needs are fulfilled by that hatred. Without that understanding the people will continue to be able to be controlled by hysteria and hatred without a thought to what brought it on.
We must learn to enjoy life, to love every sunrise and sunset, and learn to love each other by learning about our differences.
Agnes A. Rose: Thank you so much for this conversation. This is extremely important to me. I am very happy that I could talk to you. Is there anything you would like to add?
Hana Berger Moran: Thank you for contacting me, Agnes – I am honored. For many years I had a pen-pal in Warsaw – now the letters are lost, but we wrote each other every month – she in Polish and I in Slovak. It was wonderful.
If you want to read this interview in Polish, please clock here
Thursday, 18 February 2016
I like to write stories that inspire me and others...
Interview with Wendy Holden
by Agnes A. Rose
Wendy Holden, also known as Taylor Holden, was born in 1961 in Pinner (North London). She is an experienced British novelist, journalist and author of screenplays. She has published more than thirty books, including two novels. Many of her works have been adapted for radio and television. She worked as a reporter for eighteen years, including ten years for the Daily Telegraph in London. She has also worked as an editor for the literary consulting firm – The Writer’s Workshop. In 2006 Wendy Holden published her first novel The Sense of Paper which widespread critical acclaim. Her non-fiction titles have chiefly chronicled the lives of remarkable subjects. The latest is Born Survivors which was published in Poland in 2015. The book is the incredible story of three mothers who defied death at the hands of the Nazis to give life. Wendy Holden has also written several significant bestsellers as a so-called ghostwriter, inter alia, Behind Enemy Lines, about a German Jewish spy, Till the Sun Grows Cold, about a young Englishwoman caught up in the war in Sudan, and Tomorrow to be Brave, about the only woman in the French Foreign Legion. She has also written a few celebrity biographies including A Lotus Grows in the Mud, with actress Goldie Hawn and Lady Blue Eyes, a collection of memories of Barbara Sinatra, the singer’s wife. She currently lives in Suffolk (England).
Agnes A. Rose: Wendy, I am very honored that I can host you on my blog and talk to you. Let’s start our conversation with your latest book which is really special and emotional. In “Born Survivors” you tell the story of Priska, Rachel and Anka. They were all pregnant when they entered Auschwitz II-Birkenau. What inspired you to reach for such a difficult subject?
Wendy Holden: I happened upon an obituary of a woman who’d been imprisoned in Auschwitz and had a baby there that died. Although I have read many books about the Holocaust, I’ve never read anything before about babies are born in concentration camps which set me on my quest. I was staggered to discover that nothing had been written previously. Further research led me to one mother and then the other two and their remarkable miracle babies. This is the first book ever to chronicle such a story.
Agnes A. Rose: Was it difficult to find the surviving children of Priska, Rachel and Anka? What was their reaction when you informed them that you were going to describe the dramatic history of their family?
Wendy Holden: I came across Anka’s baby Eva first and by chance she lived one hour from me in England. I spent the day with her and we laughed and cried and at the end I asked if she would allow me the great honour of writing her mother’s story. She reached across and touched my arm and told me, “I’ve been waiting for you for nearly 70 years.” I told her I believed her story to be unique and she said that for the first 65 years of her life she thought so too but then discovered the other two babies whose mothers had been on exactly the same journey as hers. That is when I knew I had to contact them as well and ask them if I could include their stories in this book. Fortunately for me, babies Hana and Mark were equally delighted and are thrilled that their mothers’ courage has finally been publicly honoured.
Agnes A. Rose: Knowing the realities of a concentration camp I cannot imagine how Priska, Rachel and Anka were able to hide their pregnancies. Why didn’t the Nazis murder these brave women? What did the women do that they managed to save not only their own lives but also their babies?
Wendy Holden: They were able to hide their pregnancies because they were given baggy clothing and each mother was almost starved and worked to death for the entire duration of their pregnancy. By the time of their babies were born, each weighed less than 70 pounds and infants under 3 pounds.
Agnes A. Rose: Priska, Rachel and Anka must have been extremely strong women not only psychologically but also physically. They were living in the very harsh camp conditions so they could loose their babies. How did they manage to take care of their health? Was it possible at all?
Wendy Holden: Each mother would say simply that they survived because of luck. They were lucky that they did not succumb to various diseases that rampaged through the camp. They were fortunate that they didn’t injure themselves and were dispatched back to Auschwitz. They were lucky that they were young, fit and healthy before the war and were able to survive the dramatic weight loss and mice infestation as well as bitter cold and unendurable living and working conditions.
Agnes A. Rose: All the babies were born before, during or after their mothers were transported to the Mauthausen Labor Camp in Austria. It was a seventeen-day hellish journey by train. Could you tell us something more about the circumstances of the babies’ births?
Wendy Holden & Hana Berger Moran
Hana is the daughter of Priska
Wendy Holden: Priska gave birth to baby Hana on a plank in the German factory the night before they were to be evacuated. The Nazis watched and leered and took bets on whether it might be a boy or a girl. They didn’t murder her or her baby as they knew they were being sent away to be gassed the next day anyway. Rachel gave birth to baby Mark a week later in an open coal wagon on the train full of dead and dying women in the middle of a deluge. She was close to death herself and never expected her, or her tiny infant, to survive. Anka gave birth to Eva on the back of a cart full of lice-infested women at the gates of the camp. Thrown into a barracks with her child while the Nazis prepared to flee, she was also not expected to live.
Agnes A. Rose: While researching what was the most frightening for you? What event in your heroines’ camp lives was the most gruesome?
Wendy Holden: Their experiences at Auschwitz II-Birkenau were probably he most terrifying for them. Each came under the eagle-eyed scrutiny of Dr Joseph Mengele, the “Angel of Death”. He asked each if they were pregnant and they all denied it, before being chosen for slave labour. Had been discovered while Auschwitz was still operational and Dr Mengele still in charge, they would have been sent back and treated most cruelly, as others were.
Agnes A. Rose: What challenges you the most in your writing “Born Survivors”?
Wendy Holden: The only way I could get through the researching and writing of it was to focus on finding the humanity in the inhumanity. Thanks to the kindness of strangers during their incarceration, these women and their babies survived. The stories of the people who risked their own lives to help them restored my faith in human nature.
Agnes A. Rose: During our conversation I cannot stop thinking about the women’s husbands. Could you tell us if they managed to survive the concentration camps?
Wendy Holden: Sadly, they did not. Each of them were killed by the Nazis just a few weeks or even days before their camps were liberated.
Agnes A. Rose: What were the lives of the women and their babies after the liberation?
Wendy Holden: Harrowing and extremely challenging. They not only lost their husbands but numerous members of their immediate family. They returned to their homes to discover their apartments occupied and their belongings stolen. They faced further anti-Semitism and all but Priska in Slovakia fled to start new lives abroad.
Agnes A. Rose: What insights did you get into Jewish life as you wrote your latest book?
Wendy Holden: Too many to list in one answer. I am not Jewish and I learned so much about their rich culture including the fact that they traditionally lay stones, not flowers, on graves. As I was writing and researching the book, I collected white pebbles from my local beach and when I visited each of the mothers’ graves in America, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, I lay three white pebbles at each tomb to represent each of them. I had a handful of stones left and when we launched the book in North America, the three babies placed my last three stones on the grave of the US liberator of the concentration camp where they were expected to die, as his sons looked on. It was a deeply emotional moment.
Agnes A. Rose: Sometimes I can hear that making art about the Holocaust is not ethical. Some editors have even said: “No more Holocaust stories.” What is your take on that? Did you feel concern about that while you were writing “Born Survivors”?
This is the Polish cover of "Born Survivors"
Published by SONIA DRAGA
Katowice 2015
Translated by Przemysław Hejmej
& Jerzy Rosuł
Wendy Holden: Not once. There can never be enough reminders of what happened in Europe within living memory, especially not while these three babies still survive. Hitler and his Nazis fully intended them to die along with the rest of Europe’s Jews. To be able to sit alongside these living breathing examples of courage, defiance and hope and know that within their lifetimes we have managed to triumph over such evil, is a timely reminder of how good can prevail.
Agnes A. Rose: In your book I read that during your researching you visited Poland. I would like to ask you about your experience of staying in Poland. Is there anything what most stuck in your memory?
Wendy Holden: I loved my visit to Poland, although probably the most harrowing part of my research was to follow in the mothers’ footsteps at Auschwitz II-Birkenau. Krakow has become one of my favourite cities in the world and I also travelled to Lodz and Warsaw, so beautifully reconstructed after the war. When we launched the book in Warsaw I can honestly say that I had some of the most interesting and intelligent questions from the audience of almost anywhere I have been. Through largely an accident of geography, Poland has taken its place in history as centre stage of this terrible time and I was greatly encouraged to see a Jewish festival happening in Warsaw and young people so curious about the subject matter of my book. It is only through educating and informing the next generation that we can benefit from the lessons of the last.
Agnes A. Rose: So far you have written a lot of books. Is “Born Survivors” the most important to you?
Wendy Holden: “Born Survivors” is, without doubt, my most important book historically. It was the greatest privilege of my life to write and I consider it my legacy work.
Agnes A. Rose: Could you tell us how your meetings with your readers look like? While talking to them what do you pay your attention to? What questions do they ask?
Wendy Holden: In the last eight months I have travelled to 11 countries and spoken to hundreds of people about this book at museums, bookshops, synagogues, churches and literary festivals. I am usually accompanied by one of the babies – sometimes all three – and we speak for about an hour, detailing each of the mother’s stories before we take questions. Everywhere we go, people are visibly moved and often in tears and eager to shake the hands of these remarkable survivors. Some people want to know about forgiveness or the nature of evil. Many enquire what affects their births have had on them. The babies are all so positive and cheerful and optimistic – as were their mothers largely – that they usually say that they hope only to remind people of what happened so that it never happens again.
Agnes A. Rose: What is your next project? Could you tell us something more about it?
Wendy Holden: I like to write stories that inspire me and others. I am currently working on another inspirational memoir about somebody who has been dealt a very bad hand in life but who has turned it into a positive and decided to try to help others even less fortunate than himself. I am also working on a new novel that – although not set in the war – has echoes of it lurking in the background.
Agnes A. Rose: I am extremely grateful to you for this valuable interview. Is there anything you would like to tell your Polish readers?
Wendy Holden: (I hope my Polish is correct). Dziękuję za zainteresowanie tą ważną i inspirującą książką. Mam nadzieję, że Wam się spodoba i że odmieni Wasze życie tak samo, jak odmieniła moje. Wendy Holden x
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Phone: (501) 319-7333
Fax: (501) 379-8387
9-12 Oral Reading Fluency Scale
Adapted Version of National Assessment of Educational Progress
Ratings of 3 and 4 indicate fluent reading. Rating of 1 and 2 indicate that the student has still not achieved a minimal level of fluency for the grade level at which the passage is written.
Level 1 Reads primarily in a word-by-word fashion. Occasional two-word and three-word phrases may occur, but these are infrequent. Author’s meaningful syntax is generally not preserved. Passage is read without expression or intonation. Reading seems labored and difficult.
Level 2: Reads primarily in two-word phrases with occasional three-or four-word phrases. Some word-by-word reading may be present. Word groupings may be awkward and unrelated to the larger context of the sentence or passage. Passage is read with little or inappropriate expression or intonation.
Level 3: Reads primarily in three- or four-word phrases. Some smaller phrases may be present. Most of the phrasing is appropriate and preserves the author’s syntax. Some of the text is read with appropriate expression and intonation.
Level 4: Reads primarily in longer, meaningful phrases. Although some regressions, repetitions, and deviations from the text may be present, these do not appear to detract from the overall structure or meaning of the passage. The reading preserves the author’s syntax. Most of the text is read with appropriate expression and intonation. A sense of ease is present in the reader’s oral presentation.
(Rasinski, p.174)
Instructions: Use as a screening instrument. Have selected students read passages orally beginning with the easiest passage and progressing to the next level. Note: This is not to be used as a formal assessment.
Tier II and Tier III - Assessment Passages
Grade 4
Fire and Animals
Grade 5
The Mystery
Grade 6
Keep Your Distance
Grade 7
Guerilla Soldier
Grade 8
A Scientist’s Search
Tiers IV & V Modifications
• Check for fluency within the student’s recognition of icons, symbols, pictures, signs, or Braille (for student’s with a visual impairment) in their mode of communication.
Fire and Animals
The summer was a dry one, unusual for this area. Trees and bushes in the forest wilted and died. One afternoon a storm came to the forest. Thunder was heard and lighting was seen. Then it began to rain. A spark touched the leaves and a fire began. The fire spread quickly. The animals warned each other as they hurried to escape the flames. As the fire came closer, trees fell to the ground. Their branches were yellow, orange and red. The smoke was so thick that the animals could hardly breathe. Many couldn’t escape the danger of the flames.
The Mystery
Everyone turned to stare as a black hooded figure whizzed by on a skateboard. It was a mystery because no one knew who the talented person was. Ken saw the skateboarder slide down the library railing and disappear into the alley. Nita followed the person from school and watched as a curb was jumped and a three hundred sixty degree turn was completed with ease. One day Ken noticed a skateboard and a black hooded jacket next to Rose’s house. He also saw a library book called Skate Board Tips in her desk at school. Ken had solved the mystery.
Keep Your Distance
Elwood was considered a tough guy at Anderson School. Everybody called him Sky. They didn’t dare call him by his full name because that riled him. He was colossal in size. From far away Elwood looked like Mr. Wilson, a teacher, but the moment you saw Elwood’s shoes and faded, torn jeans, you knew it could only be Elwood. He felt inferior because of his clothing, so he tried to make up for it by shocking people with his rude behavior and toughness. Elwood didn’t have many friends, except for Bob who lived in the same old apartment building.
Guerilla Soldiers
The foreheads of the people glistened with sweat as they struggled forward under the hot sun of the tropics. These people were guerillas who sincerely felt that their leader was the salvation of their country. Their goal was to reach a distant army fort where they hoped to fire a rocket into the storeroom of the fort. This would cause the gunpowder to erupt like a tinderbox. A huge person bellowed an order from the leader as they trudged across the uninhabited land. The guerillas hoped their attack would scare army soldiers and impress more local people to join them.
A Scientist’s Search
Chris, a scientist, worked hard at the lab bench. Chris had been given a very stimulating suggestion in a letter from an unknown person. The key to success was in the radium reaction that would activate the needed medicine. From that point, it was simply a matter of reducing different compounds to find the right one. Ultimately, it would be found, and then Chris would have a monopoly on the medicine that could make people immortal. Only Chris would know the correct amount in each tablet. The disappearance of death and disease would make Chris the most powerful person alive.
Tiers II through V
Sayz Me - simple text to speech application.
Features include:
- Speaks the clipboard contents
- Speaks text from files
- Speaks user entered text
- Select speakers voice
- Adjustable pitch, speed and volume
- Highlighting of currently spoken words
- Select font, font size and color
- Double click to jump to a particular word.
Sayz Me will definitely not work on Linux, Unix, Mac, etc (yet!
Technology and Reading
Tiers II through V
Computers can be used to promote successful and more efficient reading experiences for students by offering alternative strategies. Several software programs can make the computer a ‘virtual reading machine’. Using text-to-speech technology enriches learning by having the computer highlight text and read it aloud as the student follows along. Talking word processors (TWP) are writing software programs that provide speech feedback as the student writes. Some examples of TWP are Write-Outloud (DJ.Inc), IntelliTalk II (IntelliTools), eReader (CAST), Type & Talk (textHELP!Systems), Kurzwell 1000, Kurzwell 3000 (Kurzwell Educational Systems), Wynn (Freedom Scientific), Sayz Me.
Once text is in digital format it can be accessed and manipulated in a variety of ways.
• Some teachers already create many of their instructional materials on the computer, outlines, directions, worksheets. If the material is created on a computer, it can be imported into a talking word processor.
• Tests, quizzes and other assessments can be created, opened or copied into a talking word processor. This provides the means of independent student access.
E-Readers are the applications used to view available e-books that are often enhanced with music, external links, simulations and sound effects. Many offer additional features such as the ability to highlight text, bookmark a page, search a book for a word or a name or look up an unfamiliar word in a dictionary.
There are several popular free e-Readers that can be downloaded to your computer to read any text file or e-book. Some include graphics, offer a 2-page view and provide ways to draw and take notes.
• Adobe Acrobat eBook Reader. This free eReader allows you to read with 1 or 2 page format and brings in clear graphics.
e-Book Sources
• ...and e-Books for all
• E-Book Connections
• Knowledge Rush Book Directory
• A Virtual Paradise for Readers
The Academy of Reading
(Computerized software)
Tiers II through V
The Academy of Reading is a comprehensive software program that will help both children and adults realize their full reading potential. The program contains a wide variety of assessment tools and several training programs that will help develop the skills that are necessary for successful reading. The Academy also offers sophisticated management functions to help instructors set up and access third party software (such as games and library reference materials), perform regular maintenance tasks for safeguarding and manipulating important student data, view and analyze students' work, and more.
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Wednesday, February 18, 2009
Teach me Tuesday...or is it Wednesday?
Even though I am a day behind for "Teach me Tuesday", I thought I'd post anyway. We can still learn on Wednesday right? :) Recently, Jackson has learned to identify each of the letters of the alphabet and their corresponding sounds (thank you, Fridge Phonics!). The teacher in me is jumping for joy! However, writing, coloring, and drawing have become major areas of frustration for the buddy because often things aren't perfect. This need for perfection is equally frustrating for the boy and the mom, although frustrating for different reasons. So, I've been trying to help Jackson learn to write his name. He's doing a great job!
Learning Objectives:
-Jackson will identify the letter "J" as the first letter in "Jackson" and "Jelly Beans"
-Jackson will practice writing his name (preferably without a meltdown)
-Jackson will practice counting
-Paper with large bubble letter and a silly sentence using the repetition of the desired letter. There should be one sheet for each letter of your child's name.
-Small object (in this case, jelly beans for "J") to glue onto letter
-Ask child to identify the letter on the paper. As a challenge, identify the letter's sound too.
-Identify the small object (jelly beans) by name and determine their beginning letter.
-Glue small object inside the letter.
-While gluing, identify other words that begin with "J" sound
-Count the number of objects glued
-Read the sentence at the bottom of the page and fill in the blanks. For this activity I wrote the number (and helped with the counting) and had Jackson write his own name.
-Don't forget to save some jelly beans to eat after a job well done!
Katie, Kevin and kids said...
I love it Michelle! What a fun activity for Jackson. I also love your posting format!! YEAH. I hope you won't mind if I link to this post on the new education site when it is up and running.
Mitch, Em & Kaden said...
You inspire me, Michelle!:) That is a very cute activity! Would you happen to be a teacher as well as a great mom?!:)
Anonymous said...
Counting the days until we can count jelly beans with Jackson (with buttons popping off, of course as Jack/Debbie/Lance/RoseAnn share the smartest grandchildren:-)
Nanny and Papa
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1000 Languages on the Web
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About the Image
The Gory Details
How many languages are out there?
Mash it up!
Language revitalization through free software: the case of Aragonese
Aragonese is one of the minority languages of Spain, spoken in the autonomous community of Aragon in the northeastern part of the country. With an estimated 10,000 native speakers, it is in a much more precarious position than its neighbors Catalan and Basque. Nevertheless, there is a vibrant online Aragonese community that is working hard to develop free and open source resources to support and help revitalize the language. One notable example is the tremendous volunteer effort that has gone into developing the Aragonese Wikipedia; weighing in at 25,000+ articles and 2.5 million words, it is believed to be the largest Wikipedia of any language, per number of native speakers. For this interview, I spoke with two leading figures in the Aragonese online community about their work on behalf of the language: Santiago Paricio, a high school teacher of Spanish in Navarra, and Juan Pablo Martínez, a university professor in the Engineering School at the University of Zaragoza.
Santi Paricio (L) and Juan Pablo Martínez (R)
KPS: Please tell us a little bit about the Aragonese language, how many speakers there are currently, whether it's taught in schools, etc.
SP/JPM: Although there are no official data, it is estimated that some 10,000 native speakers in the north of Aragon (less than 1% of the Aragonese population) plus an indeterminate number of second-language speakers speak Aragonese. The number of native speakers is dramatically decreasing mainly due to the fall of intergenerational transmission. In most areas, only older people use the language. In contrast, there is a certain interest among young and mid-age people to learn the language in areas where the language is not spoken anymore as a native language. Some of them are even raising their children in Aragonese.
But this has not always been like that. Aragonese was once spoken in almost all Aragon and was one of the administrative languages of the Kingdom of Aragon. However, it has suffered a constant decline and progressive substitution by Spanish since the 15th Century.
The language is only being taught as a voluntary subject at five primary schools in the north of Aragon. Since 2010, with the passage of the “Law on Languages of Aragon” the language has a minimal legal recognition from the local government. However, the Act, which established a Language Regulator Body (Academy) and voluntary classes in all educative levels in the regions where the language is still spoken, has hardly been developed, and the new local Administration elected in May 2011 has announced that they will reform the Act, which they opposed, rather than develop it. According to the UNESCO Atlas of Endangered Languages, Aragonese is categorized as “definitely endangered”.
You can hear the sound of Aragonese at the Archivo Audiovisual del Aragonés.
KPS: What opportunities are there to use the language online?
SP/JPM: In Aragon, access to technology is not itself an issue. However, native speakers of Aragonese are a mainly aging and rural-based population, so their access to the Internet, computers, and ICT in general is on average lower than the rest of the population. Speakers of Aragonese as a second language are, in contrast, much more active on the Internet and, being more conscious of the language, they tend to use the language more often.
There are not many sites or software translated into Aragonese. Some examples are Mediawiki (the software to build wiki webpages like Wikipedia), some parts of Ubuntu and Firefox, and several other small programs. There is a nonprofit association, Softaragones, in which we are also involved, promoting software localization for Aragonese.
Aragonese Wikipedia
As for resources, Wikipedia in Aragonese is probably the main one nowadays. It is a very active project (the most active Wikipedia in terms of size per number of speakers), and represents now the widest corpus in Aragonese which can be found on the Internet (with the advantage of being free content). It has also acquired the attention of Aragonese mass media, with several interviews on the public radio station and a full-page story in the main newspaper. We are currently involved in developing open-source tools for the language: spell checkers, machine translation systems, online dictionaries… We can also highlight the efforts in the field of distance language learning; for example the non-profit cultural association Nogará-Religada which launched distance courses in Aragonese in recent years, based on the Moodle platform and assisted by other technologies, such as VoIP.
However, lack of resources and translated software does not preclude the use of the language on the Internet: we can find a number of websites and blogs written in Aragonese, and even a recently-created digital newspaper. Although modest in absolute numbers, their relative prevalence is high, given the size of the Aragonese-speaking community. Social networks represent a good opportunity to use the language online, by creating online speaker communities (very important for a community that is so sparse in the “real world”), or just using the language for general communication purposes (taking advantage of the fact that intercomprehension with the majority language, Spanish, is not difficult).
KPS: Many speakers of indigenous and minority languages are reluctant to use their languages online. What is the general attitude toward using the language online? Are there any special obstacles that arise for Aragonese speakers?
SP/JPM: Most native speakers wouldn’t even think about using the language online, because the language still has a stigma of being “bad speaking”, “useless language”, “only valid to speak about the rural world”. Some don’t even feel comfortable using the language outside their family circle. This does not fully apply to the youngest generations who have received the language from their parents: they often have a better linguistic awareness, as a part of their identity, and are less reluctant to use the language online, at least when communicating with known people. However, as most of them have not received any education in Aragonese, nor have they ever written the language, they often feel insecure about it. On the contrary, speakers of Aragonese as a second language are more likely to use Aragonese online, not only as a communication tool with other Aragonese-speaking Internet users, but also as an activist decision to promote the language. We think that the main driving forces for using the language online are activism and identity.
The proposed official orthography
KPS: How is/was computing terminology developed? Is there a "language board" or are terms developed naturally by the community? If there are official terms, how are they communicated to the community?
SP/JPM: That also holds in the case of Aragonese. The community usually adapts most commonly used terms from Spanish or Catalan to Aragonese, but there is not always a unique solution. For lesser-used, more specific terms, we can mention the community working on the Aragonese Wikipedia as a source for terminology. Softaragones has also developed a “collection of computing terms” and a style guide for software localization and translation, but this is mainly useful for advanced users and translators, rather than for regular users. Due to the lack of response from the administration, the II Congress of Aragonese created in 2006 a nonofficial regulatory board, the “Academia de l’Aragonés”. Together with their proposal of an interdialectal spelling system (PDF), they published some guidelines on the adaptation of technical words, which has somewhat reduced the multiplicity of possible solutions. In brief, development of computing terminology is needed in Aragonese, but does not preclude online use of the language.
SP/JPM: We believe the adoption of a unique spelling system would be crucial to booster the generation of new resources. The 2010 proposal of the Academia de l’Aragonés linked above has not reached full consensus, but it is the spelling system most widely used in the generation of new online content (e.g., in the Aragonese Wikipedia and in the online newspaper Arredol), as well as among most active online users (as an example of this, it is used by 25 of the 26 top tweeters listed on the Indigenous Tweets Aragonese page). As a consequence of this, the open source linguistic tools now under development are using this spelling system. Another issue is that of dialectal variation. While there is no communication problem caused by dialectal differences, it is necessary to provide them with tools as spellcheckers and/or translators (or at least take them into account, as there is not a strong standard dialect). In general, dialects are not represented enough online.
Bilingual signs on a hiking trail (CC-BY)
Of course being such a small minority, software vendors and service providers do not show interest in including localizations for Aragonese, to say nothing of developing linguistic resources. We must find the way forward for our language in open source/free software projects, which allow the reuse or adaptation of technologies and resources developed for other languages. An example of this is Apertium, a free/open source machine translation project which has just released a first version of an Aragonese-Spanish bidirectional translator (the latest version can be tested here or here). These projects also promote cooperation between developers interested in different lesser-used languages or language lovers in general. Another example is the release of an Aragonese spell checker, which already has extensions for Mozilla products and LibreOffice.
SP/JPM: Yes, mostly young people use the language online. Until a couple of years ago, the use of the language online was mostly limited to some second-language speakers and activists. Recently, social networks like Facebook and Twitter have opened new chances to use the language, to connect with other speakers, and are seen as a window to show the language and the community. This has indeed encouraged the use of Aragonese by younger speakers, now including native speakers, who have shifted their oral communication habits to these new modalities. This is very good, as it puts people speaking different dialects in contact with each other, and also native speakers with second-language speakers, improving the feeling of being a community.
Aragonese-speaking village of Ansó (CC-BY-SA)
SP/JPM: It is difficult to say. The dream scenario would be that children in the speaking areas would be able to learn the language at school, and children in the rest of Aragon would have the opportunity to learn it. Aragonese society should also be more aware of the cultural value of their own language. With support from the Administration and Civil Society, the objective of preserving intergenerational transmission and increasing language vitality could be achieved. In terms of online use, the aim would be that Aragonese speakers find the tools and resources to use their language online (translators, spellcheckers, speech synthesis and recognition, localized applications…), to get and create content in their language, and to use it correctly.
In more realistic terms, we believe that the use of the language online and the availability of online/computer language resources will indeed increase in the coming years, and this will open opportunities for the language, but this by itself does not guarantee the survival of Aragonese. The language must be transmitted to the children, and they need to learn to read and write the language at school. Otherwise, the efforts we are undertaking in the “digital world” might be useless. On the positive side, while decades ago it was already thought to be very close to extinction, Aragonese is still a living language in the 21st century, and we are working to keep it alive.
"Murdered on its native territory": Jordan Kutzik on Yiddish
Yiddish is a Germanic language tradtionally spoken by Ashkenazi Jews in Central and Eastern Europe and in diaspora communities around the world. Prior to World War II, it was the mother tongue of more than 10 million people, and had a thriving written tradition, with newspapers, scholarly works, and a modern literature being produced in the language. This came to an abrupt halt with the Holocaust, which left the vast majority of Yiddish speakers dead, and saw the survivors scattered to all corners of the globe. Although the language remains relatively strong among certain Hasidic and Orthodox Jewish communities, outside of those communities it faces many of the same obstacles as other minority languages in terms of encouraging its use among the younger generation, and guaranteeing intergenerational transmission.
Jordan Kutzik just finished his BA at Rutgers University in Jewish Studies and Spanish, focusing in particular on the Yiddish language and Spanish translation. He is currently working at the National Yiddish Book Center in Amherst, Massachusetts as a fellow.
KPS: For readers not familiar with your language, tell us a bit about the history of Yiddish and its current status.
Jordan Kutzik
JK: The history of Yiddish and its current status is much more complicated than any other indigenous or minority language except for perhaps Romani, because the language was murdered on its native territory and exists today in different pockets of speaker communities descended from immigrants from Eastern Europe on four different continents and the language’s “strength” or “health” varies by community, country, and of course how one decides to measure it.
Yiddish, a Germanic language written in the Hebrew alphabet, was the mother-tongue of around 11 million people, 8 million of them in Eastern Europe prior to the Holocaust (Ukraine, Poland, Belarus, parts of Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania, Moldova, etc,) with immigrant communities around the world. In its Eastern European heartland it was the language of Jews of all levels of religious affiliations and the language of various schooling systems from secular schools to traditional religious academies. Yiddish had an important literature of religious materials and original secular literature as well as translations from other languages and more than 100 daily newspapers, some of which were of a very high quality, on par with the national newspapers in other languages of the time period. The common language throughout Eastern Europe promoted a common ethnic identity among Ashkenazi Jews (those who traced their ancestry to Germany) and Yiddish was the strongest non-territorial language in the world, especially in terms of written material. Right as the language was coming into its own in a modern sense, the Holocaust left around 6 million Jews dead in Europe, including 5.5 million Yiddish speakers. The genocide not only killed its speakers, but more devastatingly for Yiddish it all but destroyed the civilization in which it had been the natural language. Although by my own estimates around 1.25 million Yiddish speakers survived the war (most fleeing deep into the USSR, some surviving concentration camps, in Partisan Units, blending in with the surrounding population, joining the Russian army, etc.), the communities and institutions in which the language lived did not, and the vast majority of survivors left Eastern Europe for the Americas or British Mandate Palestine and later Israel.
In America the language died out in immigrant Jewish communities just as most immigrant languages eventually die out and in Israel the language was strongly discouraged and in some spheres actually outlawed in favor of Hebrew so it was not passed on for more than one generation for the most part there either. After World War II, the USSR gained the Baltics and Poland and the strength of Yiddish among those few Jews who remained declined even further as the USSR enacted strong anti-Jewish national programs in Poland and the Ukraine and to a lesser extent Lithuania. Yiddish did survive, however, among Hungarian Hasidim (who despite the name came not just from Hungary but also parts of Romania and Poland) for whom it largely remains the lingua franca whether these communities are in New York, Israel, Belgium, England, Canada or Australia. In these communities Yiddish is the language of schools and religious academies, some media (newspapers, magazines, radio shows done through telephone hotlines, etc.) and the home. In New York there are around 100,000 Hasidic Yiddish speakers and the population is extremely young and growing rapidly as the average family has 7 or 8 children. There are about the same number of Yiddish speakers among Orthodox Jews in Israel as well, although the number there is tougher to gauge as language of the home is not asked as part of the census. There are perhaps 20,000 Yiddish speaking Orthodox Jews in Antwerp, and perhaps a similar figure in both Montréal and London. So a figure of 250,000 Hasidic Yiddish-speaking Jews is a fair guesstimate and the language is healthiest among these communities, being spoken by people of all ages.
Outside of the Hasidic world, Yiddish survived as the lingua-franca of many Holocaust survivors and many of their children speak it too. There are still probably around 200,000 Yiddish speaking Holocaust survivors, with the majority in the USA and Israel. But this population is very elderly and unfortunately will be gone in the coming decades. Additionally, the language never died out entirely as a language of culture in Jewish communities in America, Latin America, Australia, France and Israel, and there are still non-Hasidic Yiddish language publications around the world. There are, however, very few families who have kept the language alive as the language of the home and of raising children outside of the Hasidic world. My generation has seen a bit of a revival as I know several hundred young people (age 16-30) like myself who have learned the language to fluency and I know a few dozen families who are raising their children as Yiddish speakers even though it was the mother-tongue of neither parent. This is something I particularly hope to see more of in the coming years. There are Yiddish courses in several dozen universities around the world, and some non-Hasidic Jewish day-schools teach Yiddish, although only a few do it so that the children leave with any real fluency. Among non-Hasidic Jewish schools Yiddish is strongest today in Australia.
In Lithuania with Fania Brantsovsky
As far as official status; Yiddish has official status in the Jewish autonomous region of Russia known as Birobizhan (near Korea!), but there are very few Jews there and few of them speak Yiddish. Many non-Jews there learn Yiddish in the schools, however, some extremely well, and there are even government signs on courthouses and such in Yiddish, the only place in the world with actual Yiddish signage on public buildings. Yiddish has token recognition in Israel, along with Ladino, the language of Jews who left Spain after the expulsion of 1492, but for all intents and purposes the Israeli government doesn’t do much to support Yiddish. Yiddish is also an official minority language of Sweden, Holland, Poland, Romania, and the Ukraine under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages but not much is done on its behalf by these governments.
KPS: How have you been personally involved with language revitalization and activism on behalf of Yiddish?
JK: I have been involved with Yiddish language revitalization/activism for the past four years in various capacities. I am a board member of Yugntruf Youth for Yiddish, an organization which promotes Yiddish among young people around the world and most especially in the NYC area. Almost all of our events are run exclusively in Yiddish, most prominently our “Yiddish Week” which attracts around 150 people from around the world. I am particularly active with Yugntruf’s facebook and twitter presence, as well as finding young Yiddish speakers in unexpected places around the world through the internet. I also run a Yiddish-themed Youtube channel with lots of films of tours in Yiddish with English subtitles with Fania Brantsovsky, the librarian of the Vilnius Yiddish Institute and a Holocaust survivor and former partisan. I didn’t know how to make/edit films when I made the channel so most of the films aren’t of the highest quality but there is a lot of interesting and important stuff there about Yiddish, the Holocaust, Jewish culture, etc. Now that I’ve learned how to shoot/edit film properly I will have higher quality films in the future. I also work as both a freelance (paid) translator as well as a volunteer translator for people using Yiddish language source materials for research involving the Holocaust for creative writing projects, historical research etc. I copyedit an online web-journal connected with the Yiddish Farm project and have a blog in Yiddish that desperately needs to be updated. I also tweet in Yiddish on my personal Twitter feed and run a Twitter feed dedicated to publicizing Yiddish classes and immersion opportunities (@yiddishclasses).
KPS: What opportunities are there to use the language online? Are there websites translated into your language? What about software and other resources like web browsers, office software, spell checkers?
JK: Most Yiddish online now is computer generated as Google translate is available in Yiddish. It is quite poor, actually, because if you translate a text with a word in plural form it won’t actually translate it but rather transliterate it into the Hebrew alphabet. But when you search for a Yiddish word now most of the websites that come up are Google translations of other sites that are computer generated, which makes it more difficult to find websites that were actually written in Yiddish. Among non-Google translated websites in Yiddish there are some Yiddish language publications, some Yiddish organizations, some Hasidic message-boards, a few Yiddish bands and so forth with Yiddish websites. Almost all of these sites are also in a national language like English, Hebrew, French or Polish and usually the Yiddish site itself is far less extensive than the versions in other languages. It is particularly strange and frustrating to me that none of the websites for Holocaust survivors run in Yiddish. There is also a Yiddish Wikipedia with some 7,000 articles (largely written by two very dedicated men), a Yiddish version of Google search, and some Jewish communal organizations, especially in Eastern Europe, have summary pages in Yiddish. There is also an excellent online dictionary created by Refoyl Finkel.
KPS: Many speakers of indigenous and minority languages are reluctant to use their languages online, for various reasons. How do speakers of your language feel about using the language online?
JK: With the internet and Yiddish there are three distinct communities; Hasidic, Yiddishist and heritage. Hasidic Jews are, generally speaking, not supposed to be on the internet according to the rules of their own communities or are only supposed to use the internet for business in which case they will probably be doing so in a national language. Many are, however, and there is a lot of informal Yiddish language internet use among them on message boards, twitter, facebook etc. Most Yiddish-speaking Orthodox Jews on the internet, however, use English, Hebrew, French or Dutch as these languages are more widely understood so Yiddish usage is usually restricted to intra-community affairs, especially when they want to keep non-Hasidic Jews out.
A few Yiddishists like myself have set up Yiddish blogs, twitters, facebook pages and so forth in an effort to make the language more visible. We also have Yiddish language Google groups and so forth. Often times we use Yiddish as a matter of principle online even though we could be communicating in another language.
Trilingual sign (English/Spanish/Yiddish) in Brooklyn, NY
Some heritage Yiddish speakers, often the children of Holocaust survivors, will use Yiddish if they find that they don’t have another language in common with another person. This sometimes overlaps with the Yiddishist community as well. For instance I’ve written people at Jewish communal organizations in France and Brazil about things that had nothing to do with Yiddish just to get a response that they didn’t speak English and asking if I spoke Hebrew or Yiddish! Far more people, and probably far more French Jews for that matter, speak English than Yiddish, but in some cases my knowledge of Yiddish proved to make communication possible where it wouldn’t have been otherwise. So there is some non-ideologically based internet Yiddish use going on too. I never run into that type of thing when I email a Jew in say, England or Mexico because I speak/write English and Spanish but with Brazil and France it happens occasionally. So in that sense the internet has actually gotten people to use the language more often than they would have otherwise because people are meeting online who would not meet otherwise and would otherwise have no practical use for the language.
Actually using Yiddish, however, poses some technical challenges. Yiddish uses a modified form of the Hebrew alphabet and makes use of some vowel markings and diacritical markings that are not used in Hebrew. Many people don’t know how to use the Hebrew keyboard or the Yiddish keyboard programs that have been developed and most people who can write Hebrew can’t write the special characters used for Yiddish with their Hebrew word-processing programs. Furthermore, many online programs have problems displaying right to left languages like Yiddish and have particular difficulties displaying Yiddish so things like periods, commas, and exclamation points will end up on the wrong side of a line. On Twitter the vowel markings get counted as an extra character and to make matters worse they often do not display correctly!!! A friend of mine who is very good with computers tried to make a “twitter friendly” Yiddish program with pre-combined characters but twitter still split the characters up. This makes it much easier to leave out the vowel markings and diacritical marks on Twitter but some sticklers would rather tweet shorter messages or not tweet in Yiddish at all than tweet without using the proper Yiddish spelling. Most Hasidic Jews, as well as myself sometimes, forgo the vowel markings and diacritical markings on the internet and especially on Twitter because it really can be a headache. I use a transliteration machine to type Yiddish so I can’t write Yiddish in a chat program like Facebook message so I’ll transliterate the language into the Latin alphabet. I do the same thing with text messages in Yiddish.
A bunch of us tried to organize a massive effort to translate Facebook into Yiddish since they were using crowd-source translations but it just didn’t take off. There is a Yiddish translation for Blackberry and a few smartphones have been made for Hasidic Jews in Israel in Yiddish.
JK: As far as vocabulary, most Yiddish speakers learned to use a computer in another language but since Yiddish is sometimes the only common language among people using it online there has been a slight tendency toward the creation of neologisms. Most of these are unknown among Hasidic Yiddish speakers and are only used by Yiddishists but a dozen or so including some of the most essential like blitspost (“email” as a category) blitsbriv (an individual email), vebzaytl (website), shleptop (laptop) have caught on in both the Hasidic and Yiddishist world. Blits means lightening in Yiddish, so the words for email mean “lightening mail” or “lightening letter.” Veb means “web” and zaytl means “page” so that renders “webpage” but it also echoes the English “website” as the pronunciation is similar. Older Yiddish words like the words for screen, document, keyboard, erase, save, etc have been naturally given newer meanings but you’ll also see English or Hebrew equivalents being used and transliterated to Yiddish spellings too. For basic everyday computer usage it’s never a problem and there are basic computer classes in Yiddish for Yiddish speaking Hasidic Jews taught over the internet but I doubt anyone is doing complicated programming in Yiddish on a regular basis, with the exception of some database work cataloging literature which was done at an Israeli University.
JK: There is an academic standard written Yiddish spelling but most speakers don’t use it. This really doesn’t cause any problems in computer usage or reading the language because everyone except students just beginning to read/write is familiar with variations in spelling. This does cause problems, however, when someone wants to make searchable databases.
JK: Yiddish speakers need to organize to use resources and funding available from governments, especially in Europe, to teach Yiddish to more people, especially children. I am particularly interested in the language-nest model and want to assemble a team of people down the road who could start an international non-profit to run a steering committee to run language nests in Jewish communities where Yiddish was spoken before World War II and where it enjoys protection under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. There is also enormous potential for broadcast media in Yiddish done through the internet. We have radio shows which double as podcasts and Youtube channels but we could really use something like a weekly TV show done as a podcast. There is no local market that would justify the expense of a Yiddish TV show on TV as the Orthodox don’t use TV’s but now with the internet and archiving it could be done. And I think that any use of media; whether websites like Twitter, radio broadcasts, podcasts and more traditional media like newspapers and magazines help to promote the language.
As far as online use, I’d like to see more Jewish organizations and governments, especially those that serve Yiddish speakers such as Holocaust survivors or Hasidic communities, have websites in Yiddish. It’s absurd that the government of Sweden and the New York Health Department publish information online in Yiddish but the government of Israel does not. German, French and American websites written for Holocaust survivors and their children should also have information available in Yiddish. I’d also like to see a usable Facebook interface in Yiddish. Obviously Facebook in Yiddish wouldn’t be practically useful like say a Health Department bulletin written for Hasidic Jews but it would be a really cool thing to be able to show to young people and say “hey, you can even use Facebook in Yiddish!”
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In the shadow of Pinatubo: José Navarro on Kapampangan
Map by Christopher Sundita, CC-BY-SA
and the schools, and this now extends to the Internet.
Mt. Pinatubo in 1991
Michael Bauer
KPS: What opportunities are there to use the language online?
Gaelic-medium school in Glasgow, Scotland
Language revitalization from below!
Screenshot of Freeciv in Scottish Gaelic
|
Saturday, July 16, 2011
Grammar Exposures
How we write is often far more telling than what we write.
I am, of course, speaking mostly of rough drafts. While it is true - and in fact, Natalie Goldberg encourages us to look closely at the structure of each book, article, essay and story we read, noticing the organization of the writer's mind - that a finished product does show us something about the person who wrote it, there's nothing like a rough draft (hint: often emails are rough drafts) to show us what is really going on, if we know what to look for.
In Listening In, I note that we can listen/read for shifts such as:
-Change in tense (piece was in past tense, now is in present tense)
-Change in Point of View (you told the piece in second person, now he is telling it in third person)
-Change in tone of voice/in voice (at first it is very instructional, then suddenly I am confessing things)
-Change in form (from poetry to prose, from journal to essay, etc)
-Sudden resistance (this sucks, I don't know why I am writing this, I am bored)
The reason why we notice these moments is that they often signal some kind of resistance, or a shift in mind. Often, resistance hides something - a jewel inside a lump of coal, or, even if it is not beautiful, some vulnerable thing we don't wish to reveal to ourselves or anyone else. Subtle changes can point to that - they don't have to be full-on resistance - any of the examples above and many more can point to a place where something is about to open up, close down or otherwise show itself partially or fully.
Yesterday, I got to experience this with one of my "campers" at a gifted and talented school/camp program I teach each summer. I was shocked - normally junior high kids are not that willing to notice themselves.
But this girl was ready, perhaps waiting for someone to catch on and help her open up.
I met with students to discuss their progress (halfway through the program) and talk about goals for the next week. This student, Amy (not her real name), is quiet, shy and reserved, but not tense. She has an air about her of utter vulnerability - like she could cry at any moment. She is a very powerful writer, I'd say the best or second best in my class of 16 kids. I gave her a copy of In The Skin of a Lion by Michael Ondaatje to read the second day, since her first day's writing was very lyrical. She ate the book up, loves it. We have talked about the book and about her parents' divorce a bit, but that's it.
Her piece, the one we were looking over for trouble she couldn't figure out how to fix, had two issues: run-on sentences and shifting POV. The run-on sentences contained shifting POV, so I figured we could get them both done by fixing POV. We re-read the whole piece, about a page long. The beginning is in third person (he) and then shifts to second person (you) and then, all of a sudden, for three lines, to first person (me). She got the shift from third to second, but couldn't seem to actually see the shift to first person.
"Who IS this me here?" I asked, quite innocently.
Pause. Silence. We were elbow to elbow, pens on the page. I looked up and not a foot from me, her face was scrunching up and tears were welling in her eyes.
"I may cry," she said and I smiled - that's what I tell people when I am going to cry.
Not "I'm sorry" but just a heads up that the tears are coming, and I am going to move forward anyway.
"Cry all you need. Here, let me get some Kleenex." The torrents began.
I let her cry for a few minutes, touching her elbow, saying nothing, much like I do in my adult classes.
She began to speak, voice hitching over her ending tears. "That's..." hick "I..." hick "Once I made a mistake, or, she said I made a mistake and I think" hick "that it was actually that she had something" hick "in her past" hick "that" hick, pause
We sat for a moment.
"That sounds really painful." I said.
She nodded, still hiccup-crying.
After a little more time, I continued,
"That's a hard one, Amy. Lots of people see only their experience when they interact with others. What you are trying to explain - that this happens and it isn't right, causes a lot of pain - that's important. Only you are telling it as fiction, right?"
"Right," she replied, wiping her face and sitting up straight. I could see her computing.
"It needs to be in second person, just like the rest of it," she concluded.
"Yes. Exactly."
"I take my experience and make it that of the character."
"Yep. You got it. Only you know what? This isn't an error. It's very revealing. Look for things like this in your writing. They can help show you where you still need some healing. Do you feel better now?"
She smiled, "Yes. A lot."
"See? Not a mistake at all!" and we both laughed.
Later, she chose to make the whole story in first person plural (we) which I told her was the most powerful of options. Much stronger, and still included her own experience.
It's often not this obvious.
And just as often, it's not an emotional mistake - a student genuinely doesn't know how to use the correct grammar. However, it is true that even as adults (if not especially as adults) we carefully construct our words, even our thoughts, to hide where we feel the most exposed. But when we are given, or give ourselves the chance to notice those spots - wow. In the right situation, with a lot of trust, there can be a huge release in the most simple grammar "error."
I prefer to call them "grammar exposures."
How different our English classes and writing workshops would be if we considered each "mistake" to be a possible revelation
How different our society would be if we considered each "step back" a possible leap into honest vulnerability - a true step forward for an Enlightened Society.
1 comment:
1. Dear Miriam,
I have been reading through your blog (the whole archives) and enjoying it tremendously, and this article in particular is one that has leaped out and spoken to me.
I write a lot of reviews for writers and I love the idea of "grammar exposures". Keeping this in mind will go a long way to helping me be the compassionate and insightful reviewer I'd like to be.
Thank you very much! |
Keith Hunt - Dynamics of Discipleship Restitution of All
Home Navigation & Word Search
Dynamics of Discipleship
Learning and Teaching
by Brian Knowles
In Jesus commission to the church, we find these words:
28:19). What did Jesus mean by the term disciple? And how do we
"make" one?
In addition to being the Son of God, Jesus was both a Jew
and a rabbi. His teaching nomenclature and methodology were
Jewish to the core. When He spoke of making disciples, Jesus had
something specific in mind - something grounded in the original
Defining 'disciple'
In Greek, the word for disciple is "mathetes," meaning
literally "a learner." This contrasts with the word for teacher -
"didaskalo." A "didactic" person is inclined to teach; a disciple
is inclined to learn. In the Hebrew language, the word for
disciple is "talmid."
Jesus wanted His own disciples to go out into the world and
make more talmidim (the plural for talmid) like them.
Within the culture of second temple Judaism, talmid had a
specific range of meanings. Typically, talmidim were the
followers of great rabbis, many of whom were itinerant teachers.
In Jesus' day, rabbi, which meant "master," was a term of
honor, not an ordained office. Great rabbis gathered disciples
based on their reputation, not because of a line position in a
A disciple was not just a student of the rabbi, but an
adherent. Jesus said, "If you hold to my teaching, you are really
my disciples" (John 8:31). The result of discipleship was
spiritual fruit-bearing, which gave glory to the Father (15:8).
Anyone who is truly a disciple of Christ bears fruit for the
A disciple often sat at the feet of his master (Luke 8:35;
10:39). Of course, the physical posture wasn't so important, but
the relationship of rabbi to his disciples was. A lower position
illustrated humility before the master and showed itself in
childlike teachability and obedience (Matthew 18:1-4; 19:14).
Teachability is not gullibility, however. The pupil could
question the teacher, as Jesus did His teachers when He was only
twelve (Luke 2:46). In the Jewish school, in fact, discussions
between rabbis and their disciples could be boisterous and
assertive. This is the principle of "iron sharpens iron" at work
(Proverbs 27:17) - a process of thought refinement that reveals
truth and understanding.
Jesus felt that such learning couldn't stay within a small
group. That's why He instructed His disciples to take His
teachings into the world (Matthew 28:19, 20). This is the content
of the commission - to teach "all nations" the same things Jesus
had taught His followers.
A disciple, then, is one who sits at Jesus' feet by hearing
those who preach His gospel. He is humble, teachable, and
obedient, and shares Jesus' teachings with others.
Making disciples
So how do we make disciples? First, we expose them to the
gospel. People learn that Christ came into the world to be
offered as a sacrifice for sins. He was the foundation and
capstone of God's plan to rescue doomed humanity. Jesus died,
rose, and to intercede for us. Those who accept His sacrifice
have eternal life in Christ. Once they receive the Holy Spirit,
they are "sealed" (Ephesians 1:13,14).
Whenever people have heard the gospel, accepted it, and are
baptized, they enter into lifelong discipleship as students of
our Lord Jesus Christ. Through the Holy Spirit and through the
written Word, He teaches them.
As with the original disciples, Jesus doesn't teach only
through words but also through example and experience. This often
means suffering. Life for a disciple is boot camp for eternity.
We endure this boot camp with Paul's words in mind: "He who began
of Christ Jesus" (Philippians 1:6).
That ought to be a comforting thought. Jesus will not allow
any of His disciples to slip through the cracks unless they, like
Judas, choose to fall away. They will continue to grow in the
knowledge, character, skills, and spiritual power they need to
serve Christ now and to take their God-given places in the world
to come.
Sometimes through excruciatingly painful trials and almost
unbearable tests, disciples are readied for a higher calling.
Like Paul and the other apostles, they can bear unjust suffering
at the hands of evil or ignorant people (2 Corinthians 11:16-33).
In this life we suffer loss: children, husbands, wives, parents,
siblings, and friends. Yet all we have lost in this life will be
restored in the next (Acts 3:27). The world swaddled in a sodden
blanket of evil and sin will be renewed, refreshed, and restored
to its Edenic state. God's instruction shall go forth from Zion
(Isaiah 2:3). The disciples of Christ will shine like Him, and
all will come to resolution.
The world will finally understand why it had to go through
these terrible eons of pain and suffering to get to divine
closure. As disciples of Jesus, we have been given insight into
the whys and wherefores of the human condition and into God's
redemptive plan.
Maturity and perseverance
Until the Lord returns, it is our duty to go into the world
and make disciples. The goal of discipleship is to move those God
has called and who have been reborn ("converted" is a better word
- Keith Hunt) by the Spirit in the direction of spiritual
adulthood (Hebrews 5:11-6:3; Jude 20; Matthew 5:48). As the
writer of Hebrews asserts, we must not freeze our spiritual
development at an immature level. Rather, we must "go on to
maturity" (6:1).
As disciples of Christ, we will encounter opposition,
persecution, and ridicule. In our post Christian culture, many
people do not take God seriously. That reality didn't stop the
original disciples, and it must not stop us. We must go out into
the world in humility, realizing that we are no better than
anyone else. We simply have good news to convey and disciples to
Brian Knowles writes from Monrovia, CA. USA. Scripture quotations
were taken from the New International Version.
I'm glad Brian used words like "sometimes" and "maybe" and "often
means" in relation to suffering and hardship and trials and tests
that Christians go through in this physical life. While it is
true we can find in the writings of the New Testament passages
encouraging Christians to bear-up under persecutions and
hardships. While it is true that Jesus said a disciple of His may
have to give up friends, family, husband, wife, children, to
Some Christians, in some places, under their circumstances, do
NOT have troubles with their employer, with their wife of
husband, with their children, with their friends or relatives,
and walk the Christian road relatively in peace and safety and
with little or no problems in this physical life. Just because
that is so does not mean you are less than what you should be as
a Christian.
Some mistakingly believe that unless you have big troubles or
large persecutions with an employer, mate, children, friends,
relatives, you are not much of a productive Christian. This is
I think I've had it pretty easy and relatively smooth going in my
Christian life. Yes, I've had trials and tests and troubles here
and there along the way in different situations, but to me they
were nothing compared to what others have faced. Yet I know some
would think my Christian troubles and persecutions were LARGE, so
I guess it is a matter to some extent of your attitude towards
the thorns you encounter along the Christian pathway.
But we need to keep in mind the perspective that what is hardship
and difficult in the discipleship of a Christian for one person
is as nothing to another person. The apostle Paul most would say
did have many serious physical troubles, even near to death, but
Barnabas, Peter, and disciples like John, from what we know, had
little or none of what Paul often faced. They were no less
"Christian" than Paul.
How you live and conduct yourself, how you speak and work, how
you interact with people, how you serve with love, how you show
kindness and patience, in all situations is what makes you a
solid Christian, and a pleasing child to the Father in heaven and
to our elder brother Christ Jesus.
PLease study my study called "Trials, Tests and Troubles" on this
Website, for a balanced understanding of the Christian life.
Keith Hunt
Entered on this Website, the Feast of Trumpets, September 2007.
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Background and Origins
Shortly thereafter, Mordern English was developed, coming along with what was called the Great Vowel Shift, which happened in 15th century English, where they incorporated words from a great score of different languages and dialects. In this, it is where we started using more and more words that were rooted in Greek and Latin, especially in the use of technical words.
The Significance of English
English is considered something called the lingua franca, the world's first. This basivcally means that the language of English is something that is basically an international language of people not speaking a mother tongue. So, it's not uncommon around the world for people to speak English if they want to communicate with someone not from their country. It is also the dominant language in many fields, such as business, science, entertainment, radio, and diplomacy.
The use of the English language is something that is considered a requirement in many fields of business, especially in the higher echelons. Even in countries where English is not the country's primary language, a basic knowledge of English is generally required. This fact is definitely true in the fields of medicine and computing, where one is bound to have to communicate with someone that was not born in the same country that you were. And in these fields, having a lingua franca is something that definitely something that can come in handy.
English is something of a beautiful language, and people around the world have been studying it for a number of years for them to learn it as best as they possibly can. In learning English, there can be many things that can be achieved than if not. Chances there will more than likely be a time where a person would need to communicate with someone from another country, and if it's the global language, a person definitely could be benefit from learning it! And with this global language of communication, it will definitely not be an effort in vain.
Learn English online, the global language, used in almost every part of the world. There are online English dictionary free, that can help you achieve your goals.
Article Source: English: The Global Language of Communication
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In Japan, it is almost certain that you will need to separate your rubbish into different categories, and dispose of them separately.
Each city and district has it's own rules, schedules and bags for disposing of rubbish.
Main points:
• You will need to separate your rubbish into different categories.
• You cannot let food waste go down the drain, you can either have a net in the drain, or a netted container in your sink for draining liquid from waste food.
• You will have special bags for your area, which you should write your name and address on.
• Area dependent: rules about what items fall into which category, bags to use, where your rubbish is collected from and the schedule for collection.
• Bigger items, broken items and broken glass are collected separately from the regular rubbish schedule and much less often.
Categories of rubbish
Burnable - 燃えるゴミ 「もえるゴミ」"moerugomi"
Basically, can you make a good fire out of this stuff? Will it burn?
E.g. packaging, napkins, food waste, nappies/diapers, garden waste, plastic bags...
Non-burnable - 燃えないゴミ 「もえないゴミ」"moenaigomi"
High chances are, these are things you wouldn't really burn. Not without a mask anyways.
E.g. Hard plastics, styrofoam packaging, and including most of the categories below.
Cans - カン
If you dispose of spray cans (like, aerosols, spray paint, insect sprays) you will need to puncture the can.
E.g. drinks cans, food cans, and spray cans.
PET bottles - ペット ボトル
Caps should be removed and disposed of separately. Labels should be thrown away with burnable/non-burnable rubbish. Should also be rinsed before disposing.
Sometimes collected in bags, other times in small crates.
E.g. drinks bottles, condiment bottles.
Glass - グラス
Should be rinsed and caps removed.
E.g. drinks bottles, condiment bottles.
Collected less often, and need to be tied together to make a pack.
Broken items
Collected less often.
E.g. broken glass, light bulbs, kitchenware.
Big items
Collected less often.
E.g. futons, furniture, bicycles.
Big electronics
You will need to call someone, and pay a fee for disposal.
E.g. refrigerators, washing machines, driers, TVs, airconditioners.
Public rubbish bins/trash cans
Most supermarkets, convenience stores and train stations will have rubbish bins. They are usually seperated into bottles, cans, papers and 'other'.
Note, the bins in stations are normally on the platforms. |
Sunday, October 11, 2009
The Democratic was once a party of the common people.
While I agree that the DNC has a good argument for tracing its origins back to the Democratic-Republican Party of Jefferson & Madison, since it is the sole surviving splinter faction from the 1824 election, it is disingenuous at best to make the connections you are attempting to do. Slavery was not an issue upon which the DRP was founded, nor was it an issue that drove wedges between political parties of the late 1700s and very early 1800s. Again, I’m speaking solely of the politics of the era of Jefferson, Madison & Hamilton. To make the leap you are doing in scoring a cheap political point against the modern DNC by tarring both Jefferson & Madison over something neither had a hand in (at least not more so than ALL the Founders) makes a mockery of history. In doing this you are also, ironically, borrowing a portion of a tactic the extreme Left uses to discredit ALL the Founders as nothing more than rich, white, male, racist, sexist, blah, blah, blah. The DRP had economic and political differences with the Federalists. Slavery was not among the major issues dividing these early parties. There were Federalists who supported slavery and those who opposed it, just like there were Democratic-Republicans who supported and opposed it. Ditto for the Whigs.
Both the DNC and GOP have evolved over the years, straying in some ways from their origins, and both have elements of Jeffersonianism and Hamiltonianism in them to varying degrees. The modern DNC may have a claim of lineage to the DRP, but cannot say it holds to all of that defunct party’s original views. Don’t believe me? Okay, let’s look at the major differences between Jefferson and Hamilton and how they might apply to today’s political landscape:
1. Which modern party supports a strong central government and which one favors a smaller Federal government, at least in theory? Jefferson held the latter view while Hamilton held the former.
2. Which modern party claims to favor states rights, at least in theory? Jefferson favored states rights while Hamilton did not.
3. Which modern party favors strong government oversight of banking? Today’s issue is somewhat different than what Jefferson and Hamilton argued about regarding the establishment of a Bank of the United States, but a reasonable argument can be made from their positions on that issue. Jefferson would probably oppose strong Federal oversight of banking today while Hamilton would probably support it. One can also surmise that both Jefferson AND Hamilton would be less likely to support Federal involvement in private business that we see today, though for differing reasons.
4. Which modern party holds to a broad interpretation of the Constitution and which one favors a narrow, or “strict”, approach? Jefferson argued for a narrow interpretation which favored states rights while the Hamilton favored a broad view that favored the national government at the expense of the states.
Jefferson & Madison are as much a part of the GOP’s political heritage, in philosophy at least, as Hamilton is part of the DNC’s. Neither modern party can be said to be “pure Jeffersonian” or “pure Hamiltonian”. The issues of their time differ from those of ours even though elements of their disagreements can be found in modern political discourse.
CUBAN DOCTORS defecting to the U.S. via Venezuela.
After bribing Venezuelan and Cuban staff who work as immigration officers at Maiquetía airport (16 miles north of Caracas), seven Cuban doctors serving on aid mission Barrio Adentro arrived Wednesday in Miami.
The defectors, who were seeking to fly to Miami, were briefly detained at the airport, and paid USD 5,200 to have their passports stamped and be allowed to board a flight bound to the United States. "We collected money among the seven doctors who were detained and we finally managed to travel," Jesús Peralta, 26, one of the defectors, told El Nuevo Herald newspaper |
Editors' Choice
10 Unbelievable and Interesting Facts About Shaolin
Diana Rolland / December 15, 2017
9. Shaolin Once Became Integral in the Formation of an Imperial Dynasty
At around 581 to 618 A.D., Shaolin’s superiority had started taking root in China. This was before the end of the Sui Dynasty that had united the whole of China. Unfortunately, the dynasty was soon on its knees and facing demise after facing numerous revolts that culminated with the assassination of the dynasty’s emperor.
Immediately after the fall of the Sui Dynasty, several noble men began fighting for the control of the empire. One of these noble men was a former Sui general known as Wang Shichong who used his influence to strengthen his hold not just in the vast Zheng territory, but also on the crucial ancient capital of Luoyang.
Shichong built a signal tower and a military encampment at Mt. Huanyuan, which was donated to the Shaolin monks by Emperor Wen of Sui. Schicong’s invasion of the Shaolin holy mountain was as a result of his fear that the Shaolin monks would lay siege on his territory and topple him. He, in fact, sent his army to attack Shaolin monks and their monasteries. But in retaliation, the monks pledged their unwavering support to Schicong’s rival, Li Yuan, who would eventually become the emperor of the Tang Dynasty. The monks’ role in winning these battles ensured that they would be held in high regards by the Tang Dynasty, which they help create and rule for more than 300 hundred years. |
12 QCAHMP Tyrannical Englishmen on Both Sides of the Pond
Which English monarchs demonstrated the usurpation of individual rights resulting from despotic leadership? Which royal governors gave the Founders an up-close view of the results of oppression upon a people from a leader who cared little for their individual rights? We will answer those questions in this podcast.
Why were our Founders so wary of adding an executive into our governmental structure? I believe that you have to examine the context of a situation in order to understand why a particular event occurred. In this case, the Founders only needed only to examine the history of their mother country in order to see the effects of a tyrannical leader.
Let’s learn about some of the egregious behavior exhibited by several of the English monarchs. It will give you a glimpse into why the colonists were so wary of installing an executive or an executive branch. Of course, the colonists knew all too well about of the system of government that existed in Great Britain. That government had transformed over time from an absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy. An absolute monarchy is similar to a dictatorship. Although King George III ruled the British Empire, he did so within a set of parameters outlined in a variety of documents,
The first of those documents was the Magna Carta. Complete with 63 clauses, the Magna Carta was issued by King John in 1215. But the good king, who is often associated with the English folklore hero Robin Hood, did not issue those clauses willingly. He and his circle of advisors believed that his power was given to him by God and was known for his cruelty and bad temperament. Eventually, a group of barons forced him into agreeing to the terms of the Magna Carta. One term allowed for them to make war against him, if they believed he was not complying with the agreement. Is it any surprise that after only a few contentious years John and the barons took to their weapons? John died during the civil war that resulted from their disagreements.
Let’s move forward, to the 1600’s, when tyranny once again was in full force and effect during the rule of Charles I. He believed in the divine right of kings and thought he could use his “royal prerogative” to impose customs duties and forced loans on his subjects. He carried his “parliament be damned” attitude too far when he imprisoned people who refused to pay the imposed upon loans. Further, he began to espouse views that were a bit “too Catholic,” for his primarily Anglican subjects, after his marriage to Henrietta Maria of France. In 1628, the Parliament refused to grant any future taxes until Charles agreed to the Petition of Right. The Petition of Right was intended not only to restrict the ruler’s ability to impose taxes without the consent of Parliament, but to rule the quartering of soldiers, the imposition of martial law, and arbitrary imprisonment unlawful as well. True to his tyrannical rule, when the Parliament attempted to take action against the King’s behavior, he chose to dissolve it.
As a result of his absolutists actions, both the English and Scottish parliaments brought up armies to fight against him in the English Civil War. Led by Oliver Cromwell’s “New Model Army,” the unrepentant Charles was captured, tried, and eventually executed in 1649. Although Charles had been undone by a revolt championed by Oliver Cromwell, Cromwell behaved much like a tyrant himself by sending forces to brutally massacre several towns in Ireland under the pretense of “the righteous judgment of God.” Eventually, he had himself declared “Lord Protector” in 1653. When he died of malaria in 1658, he was immensely popular and given a funeral fit for a king. However, within three years, his reputation had descended to that of a villain, and his exhumed body was hung from a tree. The British restored the monarchy, and Charles II assumed the throne.
Yet again, in 1685 the British experienced rule by a tyrant. Apparently, undeterred by what befell his grandfather, James II professed faith in the Divine Right of Kings. He also expressed sympathy toward the Catholic faith. In what is referred to as “The Glorious Revolution,” James fled England in 1688. The Parliament snatched the crown from him, offered to his eldest daughter (who happened to be Protestant),
The Parliament quickly passed a Bill of Rights the next year. It limited the power of the monarchy, detailed the rights of Parliament, and guaranteed things such as free elections. It allowed Protestants to arm themselves to defend the rule of law, and prohibited cruel and unusual punishment. It also dealt with issues pertaining to the succession of the Crown.
Unfortunately, both James’ sister, Mary, and his younger sister, Anne, were childless, and the other living members of the House of Stuart were Catholic. In response to that situation, and quite fed up with the Divine Right of Kings tyrannical mindset, the Parliament passed the Act of Settlement in 1701. It disqualified Catholics, as well as those married to a Catholic, from the throne. It also required that the Monarch make decisions in consultation with a council of constitutional advisors, rather than one his own or in conjunction with personal advisors.
Given the copious examples of monarchs who thought it was their divine right to abuse their subjects, you might think that those whom the British placed in power over the colonies would take care to assure the people’s rights as Englishmen. However, there are numerous examples of men behaving in ways that are eerily similar to the good kings John, Charles, and James. Let’s learn just a smattering about some of the provincial governors whom were most despised by the colonists.
Let’s begin with Edward Hyde. Hyde was sent to represent the crown in the same year that the Act of Settlement had passed. He was the first Royal Governor of New Jersey and one year later assumed that position in New York as well. Surely, a man who was placed in charge of not one but two colonies would be benevolent…or at least stable. However, Hyde, pilfered the pockets of the colonists he ruled over and behaved very badly as well. Hyde was described by one historian as an atrocious combination of arrogance and “intellectual Imbecility” He insisted on being referred to as “His High Mightiness.” He took large sums from the public treasury and accepted bribes from individuals as well. Much like King Charles, Hyde dissolved the New York Assembly not once, not twice, but three times.
However, perhaps what was the final straw in the queen calling him back to England was his flamboyant and erratic nature. He occasionally hid in the bushes, and then pounced upon unsuspecting passers-by. He even delivered a speech at the opening of the New York Assembly in 1702 while wearing an hooped gown ensemble complete with a fan and headdress. When those present questioned his garb, he replied: “You are all very stupid people not to see the propriety of it all. In this place and occasion, I represent a woman (the Queen), and in all respects I ought to represent her as faithfully as I can.” Edward Hyde was recalled to England after having been jailed. He was later tried for corruption.
Another transplanted Englishman who sought to rule with an iron fist over the people was John Murray. Murray is best known by his title of Lord Dunmore. He was appointed as New York’s governor in 1770, but it was in his role as the Royal Governor of Virginia in which he best exemplified the behavior of a tyrant.
Dunmore, haplessly, issued A Proclamation forbidding the colonists to form or send a committee to the Second Continental Congress. Like Charles I, he dissolved the House of Burgesses as well. But it was in April, 1775, when he displayed his true colors. Dunmore ordered that the powder from the colonists’ stockpile in Williamsburg be seized in the middle of the night. Luckily, the soldiers were discovered and chased back to their ship with only 15 barrels of powder. Lord Dunmore was then unmoved by arguments that the powder should be returned. He responded that the powder had been moved due to “an insurrection in a neighbouring county.” and added that because the residents of Williamsburg had been prepared to take up arms in response to the powder’s relocation, it might not be a good idea for them to have access to the powder at all.
The situation again escalated when troops again landed on shore, it was assumed they intended to completely empty the powder house. The townspeople were once again prepared to take up arms. However, they were calmed by notables amongst them. Unfortunately, there was no one to calm Lord Dunmore. He issued another message that further colonial threats would be responded to by burning the town and freeing all of the slaves who were willing to join British forces against the locals in Virginia.
Ultimately, he, and his family, fled from Williamsburg on June 8th. He began living on a ship in Chesapeake Bay but left Virginia once and for all in August, 1776. He eventually fled first to New York and then to Britain.
Let’s learn about one more tyrannical figure who was reviled even more than Lord Dunmore. His name was Thomas Hutchinson. Hutchinson was actually born in Boston which, perhaps, made him even more of a villain with fellow colonists. He served in a number of roles with the provincial legislature and even took part in the Albany Congress with Benjamin Franklin. But in 1752, things began to go wrong. Although not trained as an attorney, Hutchinson was appointed as a judge of a probate court. Simultaneously, he also served on the Inferior Court of Common Pleas. Later, he was appointed as the controllers of the highest court in the colony. He then became the lieutenant governor of the colony, as well as becoming a part of the Governor’s Council. Eventually, he was appointed the governor of the colony.
Although Hutchinson opposed the Stamp Act, he became the focal point of angry Bostonians. His home was destroyed by a mob in 1765. Although he tried in vain to satisfy demands made by fellow colonists as well as carrying out edits from Britain, in June of 1773, his credibility was damaged irreparably. Letters written between Hutchinson and Andrew Oliver, who was the lieutenant governor of the colony, were published. The letters from Hutchinson ruminated about difficulties in leading the colony. However, Oliver openly stated his belief that members of the Governor’s Council should be appointed by the crown rather than by being elected by the colonial assembly. Many had suspected that Hutchinson’s loyalty was firmly set in the crown’s corner. While the statements made by Oliver were much more damning, it was Hutchinson who felt the blunt force rage of many colonists.
The cover image for this episode is demonstrative of that rage. It is the 1774 image drawn by Paul Revere entitled: “The wicked Statesman, or the Traitor to his Country, at the Hour of Deat”. The person depicted in the image was Thomas Hutchinson. Effigies of Hutchinson were hung and burned on the Boston Common. The Massachusetts Assembly petitioned for his removal. Hutchinson eventually fled to England, and died there purportedly homesick for his own country.
Given what we have learned today, you can see that there were copious examples for the Founders to draw upon in which a single individual, whether monarch or former rebel, who is left unrestrained, might very well assume the cloak of a tyrant.
In the next edition, we will learn about one philosophers who influenced the Founders
Until next time, this is Dr. Susan Rempel encouraging you to remain motivated, informed, and engaged in the political process. |
Core Issues Trust
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Core Issues Trust (Challenging gender confusion; upholding science & conscience) is a non-profit Christian ministry supporting men and women with homosexual issues who voluntarily seek change in sexual preference and expression. Organisation's declared mission is about recovering an understanding people as created beings; mission that recognises the dangers of tampering with the foundations of human existence and its created order. Its members reject the idea of 'orientation' as it is used to sanction feelings or practices that blur the gendering of maleness or femaleness.[1]
Official position on gay "marriage"
Core Issues Trust (CIT) respects the rights of individuals who identify as 'gay' who do not seek change, and supports dignity for LGBT persons. It does not support gay "marriage" - usually considered an "equality" issue, premised on the belief that being gay is "biological" and is therefore unchangeable. Core Issues Trust offers one-to-one support for individuals voluntarily seeking to leave homosexual behaviors and feelings adn issued their "Statement on Prejudice". Core Issues Trust promotes the idea that individuals are not "victims" of their sexual desires.
Challenging the self-perpetuating idea of 'orientation'
People who link with Core Issues Trust (CIT) typically are uncomfortable with the notion of 'orientation'. Often they have experienced sexual feelings that are unwanted, or have found themselves addicted to sexual behaviors or fantasies that have become damaging. They are likely to be people who see the self-perpetuating idea of 'orientation' as entrenching a view about sexual identity that is unhelpful and inconsistent with their sense of spirituality. And yet they know that they have experienced and acted on patterns of thought that seem indivisible from their sense of self. They may be disappointed that their life of faith hasn't altered this patterning and are weary in their struggle to resist powerful drives and the increasingly common view that such feelings are normal for them.
CIT points out that this notion of 'orientation' is being used to usher in acceptance - particularly of homosexuality - as a normal and natural variant of human experience and sexual expression. CIT's adherents sense that this seemingly unstoppable trend is at variance with an even more primary sense of right and wrong[note 1] that they have grown up with and hold dear. They may also sense that this new movement that has begun to find acceptance in churches or sacred spaces, has a deep resonance with very ancient ideas about sexuality that are of dubious origin. Their spiritual radar warns them that our culture is under threat.
Both of these groups of people associating with CIT instinctively recognise that they risk much if they follow a different path and resist the now commonly held opinion that sexual orientation is fixed. Their views are also unpopular because, despite all the teaching about 'same-sex attraction' they sense that a new identity - a variant of the two genders - is becoming entrenched in the 'anthropology' of faith groups. In other words, they worry that homosexual 'orientation' has been reified in contemporary teachings so that same-sex orientated men and women are gendered differently from those who do not experience such feelings. They may also be suspicious of a spirituality that grows around this nuance of gendering that seems to conflate the 'gift of singleness' or celibacy with a same-sex attraction (SSA) identity.
The root of their discomfort with the new gendering is that this conflicts with what both groups understand about the origin of humankind. They believe that humans are distinct from the animals. This partly explains why 'gay' penguins and the like don't impress them. For these groups, the fact of creation means that 'same-sex attraction' has its origins in human experience rather than being part of the created order. For them, the journey of life is about experiencing the freedom to enjoy masculinity and femininity as it was intended to be, distinctly and in union with one another.
Western civilization in deep trouble
According to CIT the Western civilization appears to be in deep trouble. Faith groups in the west are being drawn into the re-gendering of society. One of the most insidious means of achieving this re-gendering is to uncritically accept and therefore sanctify the notion of 'orientation' or, worse still, to import it into the sense of being in the places of worship.[note 2] Christians in particular are being deceived by ideas that the ancients were familiar with and that belong to phenomena termed by Biblical scholars as gnosticism.
1. cf. Moral relativism
2. cf. LGBTI Gleichschaltung
See also
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• synonyms
See more synonyms on Thesaurus.com
noun, plural stud·ies.
2. the cultivation of a particular branch of learning, science, or art: the study of law.
3. Often studies. a personal effort to gain knowledge: to pursue one's studies.
4. something studied or to be studied: Balzac's study was human nature.
5. research or a detailed examination and analysis of a subject, phenomenon, etc.: She made a study of the transistor market for her firm.
6. a written account of such research, examination, or analysis: He published a study of Milton's poetry.
8. zealous endeavor or assiduous effort.
9. the object of such endeavor or effort.
10. deep thought, reverie, or a state of abstraction: He was lost in study and did not hear us come in.
11. a room, in a house or other building, set apart for private study, reading, writing, or the like.
12. Also called étude. Music. a composition that combines exercise in technique with a greater or lesser amount of artistic value.
13. Literature.
1. a literary composition executed for exercise or as an experiment in a particular method of treatment.
2. such a composition dealing in detail with a particular subject, as a single main character.
14. Art. something produced as an educational exercise, as a memorandum or record of observations or effects, or as a guide for a finished production: She made a quick pencil sketch of his hands as a study for the full portrait in oils.
15. a person, as an actor, considered in terms of his or her quickness or slowness in memorizing lines: a quick study.
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verb (used without object), stud·ied, stud·y·ing.
1. to apply oneself to the acquisition of knowledge, as by reading, investigation, or practice.
2. to apply oneself; endeavor.
3. to think deeply, reflect, or consider.
4. to take a course of study, as at a college.
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verb (used with object), stud·ied, stud·y·ing.
1. to apply oneself to acquiring a knowledge of (a subject).
2. to examine or investigate carefully and in detail: to study the political situation.
3. to observe attentively; scrutinize: to study a person's face.
4. to read carefully or intently: to study a book.
5. to endeavor to learn or memorize, as a part in a play.
6. to consider, as something to be achieved or devised.
7. to think out, as the result of careful consideration or devising.
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Origin of study
1250–1300; (noun) Middle English studie < Old French estudie < Latin studium, equivalent to stud(ēre) to be busy with, devote oneself to, concentrate on + -ium -ium; (v.) Middle English studien < Old French estudier < Medieval Latin studiāre, derivative of studium
Related formsstud·i·a·ble, adjectivestud·i·er, nounnon·stud·y, noun, plural non·stud·ies.out·stud·y, verb (used with object), out·stud·ied, out·stud·y·ing.pre·stud·y, verb (used with object), pre·stud·ied, pre·stud·y·ing, noun, plural pre·stud·ies.re·stud·y, noun, plural re·stud·ies, verb, re·stud·ied, re·stud·y·ing.
See more synonyms on Thesaurus.com
1. inquiry, research, reading, thought, consideration. 7. subject, field, area. 11. library, den. 21. Study, consider, reflect, weigh imply fixing the mind upon something, generally doing so with a view to some decision or action. Study implies an attempt to obtain a grasp of something by methodical or exhaustive thought: to study a problem. To consider is to fix the thought upon something and give it close attention before making a decision concerning it, or beginning an action connected with it: to consider ways and means. Reflect implies looking back quietly over past experience and giving it consideration: to reflect on similar cases in the past. Weigh implies a deliberate and judicial estimate, as by a balance: to weigh a decision.
British Dictionary definitions for prestudy
verb studies, studying or studied
1. to apply the mind to the learning or understanding of (a subject), esp by readingto study languages; to study all night
2. (tr) to investigate or examine, as by observation, research, etcto study the effects of heat on metal
3. (tr) to look at minutely; scrutinize
4. (tr) to give much careful or critical thought to
5. to take a course in (a subject), as at a college
6. (tr) to try to memorizeto study a part for a play
7. (intr) to meditate or contemplate; reflect
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noun plural studies
1. the act or process of studying
2. (as modifier)study group
1. a room used for studying, reading, writing, etc
2. (often plural) work relating to a particular disciplineenvironmental studies
3. an investigation and analysis of a subject, situation, etca study of transport provision in rural districts
4. a product of studying, such as a written paper or book
5. a drawing, sculpture, etc, executed for practice or in preparation for another work
6. a musical composition intended to develop one aspect of performing techniquea study in spiccato bowing
7. theatre a person who memorizes a part in the manner specifieda quick study
8. in a brown study in a reverie or daydream
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Word Origin
C13: from Old French estudie, from Latin studium zeal, inclination, from studēre to be diligent
Word Origin and History for prestudy
early 12c., from Old French estudier "to study" (French étude), from Medieval Latin studiare, from Latin studium "study, application," originally "eagerness," from studere "to be diligent" ("to be pressing forward"), from PIE *(s)teu- "to push, stick, knock, beat" (see steep (adj.)). The noun meaning "application of the mind to the acquisition of knowledge" is recorded from c.1300. Sense of "room furnished with books" is from c.1300. Study hall is attested from 1891, originally a large common room in a college. Studious is attested from late 14c.
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Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
prestudy in Medicine
1. Research, detailed examination, or analysis of an organism, object, or phenomenon.
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1. To research, examine, or analyze something.
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Idioms and Phrases with prestudy
see brown study.
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Special Issue
O Come, All Ye Faithful
Christmas is the holy moment when the Formless Cosmic Consciousness decided to assume form and dwell among us. This time He chose a Name "Jesus" and pitched His tent in Nazareth, a humble hamlet in Galilee. Christians all over the world celebrate this Divine Drama at Christmas, a word coined from "Christ" and "Mass". "Christ" means "Messiah" or "Anointed One", the title given to Jesus, and "mass" is a religious festival.
Jesus is not only for Christians, Jesus is for humanity. Nay, Jesus is for the whole of Creation. As such the birth of Jesus is a cosmic event. It is therefore necessary to ponder, during this sacred season, the very meaning and significance of Jesus' birth. Who is Jesus? What was the purpose of His birth? What was the message He left for Humanity? How should we celebrate Christmas? How can we make the purpose of Jesus' birth the very purpose of our own birth? In other words, how can we live and die for the same purpose for which Jesus lived and died? These questions have become very urgent in our world today where people have lost the inner significance of the advent of Divinity.
Christmas is the day Divinity is born in our hearts. The symbol of Christmas is the star; a light in the darkness. That light is not outside oneself but shining in the Heaven within. The celebration of Christmas must take the form of awakening to the Light of Eternal Reality. This is the very purpose of the Descent of Divinity: to make us realize our formless Divine state. How we realize this purpose depends greatly on our understanding and application of the inner significance of the Divine birth. Understanding gives clarity to our intentions; clarity of intentions lends righteousness to our actions and right actions leads man's steps back to his source, God.
Long time ago, the Jewish Prophets foretold the coming of the Messiah. Seven hundred and thirty years before the birth of Jesus, the prophet Micah had said,
"But you Bethlehem, though you are small,
Out of you will come for me one who will be shepherd over Israel,
One whose origins are from of Old, from ancient times" (Micah 5 .2)
The Prophet Isaiah had written extensively about the coming of the Messiah and His Nature. One of these says,
And the government will rest on his shoulders.
These will be His royal titles: "Wonderful Counselor",
His ever expanding peaceful government will never end.
He will rule forever with fairness and justice
From the throne of his ancestor David." (Isaiah 9:6)
Over the years, Israel had lived under many political subjugation. As time passed by, the idea of the Messiah was narrowed to a political figure who was to come to free the Jews from political bondage. This belief became very strong at the time of Jesus when the Jews were under Roman rule. (63 B.C) The Messianic prophecies made the Jews live in hope, waiting and watching for the time when the promised messiah will come. But when finally the messiah came, he came not as a political king with royal birth and prestige, but as a humble poor person born to a peasant family. Jesus came not as a warring and conquering king but as a humble Lamb. His Kingdom was not of this world. The Kingdom over which he rules is of the spiritual order. He came not to overthrow a political regime but to enthrone a spiritual revolution. It was a revolution which has turned around the history of humanity ever since He died on the cross.
What is the inner significance of Jesus' birth in a manger? Why did the Maker and Lord of the Universe make do with the cattle's barn? Is this another Divine accident, or is there a hidden lesson for humanity? Jesus knew His Divinity but He never bragged about it. Instead He emptied Himself and took the position of a servant. He did not just take a low place; He took the lowest place. This is an example for all.
The manger is a symbol of service. To serve is to stoop down. It is to take the lowest place. It is to empty oneself of every trace of ego. There can be no genuine service without this touch of humility. Our beloved Swami tells us, "The essence of service is selflessness and abnegation of the fruit thereof." But we always cling to our high estates and statuses. We hope and hold to exalted positions and powers. Even when we "condescend" to serve, we serve not as servants but as masters and lords! Again, Swami has emphasized: "If service is done for name and honor and fame and if there is a craving in the mind for the fruits of one's actions, then the statement 'Service to man is service to God' has no meaning, nor will one get the results expected." The manger story teaches us that genuine service comes from a heart that has been emptied of all name and fame, power and position, pomp and show. The manger service is a service without ego.
Jesus Came to Save the Animals
There is another important message why Jesus was born amidst the animals. Jesus also came to save the animals! He came to put an end to animal sacrifice (including slaughtering the animals for the gods of our stomachs). Jesus showed this in unmistakable terms.
First, He was born among the animals! The animals welcomed Him in their shed. They were fortunate to hear His very first infant cry - a cry that wiped away all the tears they have shed in the hands of humanity. They saw His Divine smile which told them that God was also with them! They were given the privilege to be the first to behold His Divine face filled with the radiance of Truth.
Jesus always used this expression: "Your faith has healed you" or "Your faith has saved you". Never did He say, "I healed you". What does this mean? It means that the high and the low, the partial and the full does not depend on the name and form of God we adopt, but on the strength of faith of the believer. The fullness of Divinity opens unto us according to the measure of our faith. We must understand that God is beyond religion and that although it is good to be born into a religion, it is a sin to die in it. All religious denominations are like different schools of spirituality. It is a good thing to be born in one. But we must graduate at one time or the other. To graduate from the school of religion is to realize the oneness behind the many. Only then can we receive our graduation certificate: "All are one, be alike to everyone". This is the primary message of Jesus' birth.
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A weed is a plant that is growing where it is desired that something else shall grow. It follows that a plant may be a weed in some places and not in others. Cockle in the wheat fields is most undesirable; New England Asters and Black-eyed Susans are detrimental when growing in the meadow; but all are graceful and beautiful plants, and, growing in a protected flower garden, would be a feast to color-loving eyes. It is well that most pernicious plants have little beauty to make them desired in the posy beds of the farm home, for, though it is necessary to label some bad weeds as "escapes from cultivation," they are not numerous nor among the most evil of their kind.
Each weed has its own way of winning in its struggle with the farmer's crops and its habits must be learned in order to know how to get the better of it. This can be done only by a study of the life history of the species. According to their nature, different means of extermination must be practiced, always remembering that all living things are tender and die most easily when they are young; and also that in every case the chief end is to prevent reproduction of kind.
Weeds, like all other plants, may be classified according to the length of time they live: as annual, surviving the winter only in the seed; as biennial, storing in fleshy root or broad green leafy rosette the food drawn from the soil and air during the first season, to perfect the fruitage in the second year; and as perennial, surviving through many seasons and springing up to spread abroad their kind and pester the land year after year, unless destroyed "root and branch." Purslane and the common Ragweed are good examples of the first class, Burdock and Wild Carrot of the second, and Field Sorrel and Canada Thistle of the third. Some plants that round their life-cycle in a year are known as "winter annuals"; the seeds that have matured during the summer germinating in the fall, making a certain growth before the closing in of winter, and completing their development in the next summer. To this class belong the hated Penny Cress, or Frenchweed, the Corn Cockle, and the Field Gromwell or Wheat-thief. Obviously, the best time to compass their destruction is in the spring, before they can develop fruiting stems. Spring plowing or harrowing is of course in order, but it is with such plants as these that the newer method of killing with a chemical spray, or herbicide, is most successful, particularly when they appear in grain fields. The grains are resistant to injury from the spray, for, being "center growers," they make a swift recovery from the slight harm received on outside sheath-leaves, while the tender, outspread foliage of the weed seedlings is often totally destroyed.
Tools For Destroying Weeds
Tools For Destroying Weeds
1. Broad-bladed Hoe. 2. Warren Pattern Garden Hoe. 3. Grubbing Hoe. 4. Rake. 5. Weeding Hoe. 6. 7.11.Hand Weeders. 8 SpadingFork. 9. Root-digger. 10. Spud. 12. Spade. 13. Weeding Harrow with shafts and teeth adjustable. 14. Cultivating Hoe. 15. Plow. 16. Cultivator, with adjustable blades of different size. 17. Wheel Hoe.
For biennials, also, the one sure means of destruction is prevention of seeding. Where plowing out is impracticable, frequent cutting must be practiced, in the first season spudding out or cutting off the rosettes, or crown leaves, and in the second season mowing off the flowering stems before the formation of seed.
Perennial weeds are by far the hardest to fight, sometimes requiring the cultivation of special hoed crops in order to insure their complete eradication. The plowing and harrowing given to ordinary field crops often only stimulate the growth of these pernicious plants by breaking or cutting the long-lived underground stems and inducing them to send up new shoots. It should be remembered that their food reserves are in fleshy or woody roots, underground stems, bulbs, or tubers, and that the growth above ground never seems to exhaust these hidden stores of nourishment. However, there is a time when they are most vulnerable to attack, and it is just at that stage of growth when flowering stems are nearing full size, but before the formation of seed. They should then be plowed down, or, if too tall for that, first mowed and then plowed under. Any and every plant, even the sturdiest tree, must die if kept deprived of leaves during the growing season; for it is in these green laboratories that the food gathered from soil and air is so changed and assimilated as to become available for the making of new plant substance. Without leaf-growth the roots must die. |
Rabbits Are Crepuscular Creatures
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Rabbits Are Crepuscular Creatures
Rabbits at NightRabbits live on a different body clock to humans, they are crepuscular creatures, meaning they are most active at dawn and dusk. Rabbits have developed to live in this way, as in the wild these are the best times to go out to find food, because the low levels of light help them to spot and hide from predators. [78] That’s why it’s so important for rabbits to have 24 hour access to an area they can run around in whenever they want, and be free to behave in a natural way.
Rabbits need both a sheltered bolthole to relax and an area they can safely run about in. [4] It’s great if you have the space to let them run around your bunny proofed garden, but just like young children, rabbits shouldn’t really be left out unattended. It’s not worth the risk, it only takes ONE attack to find out it was a mistake. However, you might not have as much time as you’d like to stay out with them keeping guard for any foxes, birds of prey, or local cats that might be lurking nearby. And you certainly wouldn’t leave them out overnight, you’d tuck them away safely in their hutch. That’s why they need adequate accommodation that not only offers them a secure sheltered area, but also the freedom to exercise or rest as they please. (See our Rabbit Housing page for suitable accommodation ideas).
Rabbits are creatures of habit, and like to stick to a routine. Typically, rabbits wake very early in the morning, another reason why it’s important they have a good supply of hay or grass, to ensure they have enough food if you aren’t up yet to feed them. They are generally then active until about mid morning, when they’ll usually retire to their sleeping area to rest or get a couple of hours sleep. They may emerge sporadically to eat or go toilet, but you should try not to disrupt your rabbits during their sleeping times. They tend to come back out in the early evening, which is usually when they are at their most sociable. Activity may continue late into the night, often after you go to bed, but rabbits will get a few hours sleep during the night, ready for their early start the next day. [78 |
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Updated on March 14, 2014
Nikola Tesla, is the scientist your teacher never told you about. Nikola Tesla was born at midnight on July 9,1856. In the village of Smiljan in the province of Lika, Croatia. His father was a Serbian Orthodox priest. His mother descended from eight generations.Tesla completed his elementary education in Croatia. He continued his schooling in the Polytechnic School in Graz and finished at The University of Prague. He worked as an electrical engineer in Germany, Hungary, and France before emigrating to the United States in 1884.Tesla found employment with Thomas Edison in New Jersey.When Tesla arrived to the United States, Tesla had little more than the clothes on his back, and a letter of recommendation written by his previous employer addressed to Thomas Edison,The letter read,"I know two great men and you are one of them, the other is this young man".Thomas Edison did give Tesla a job,and the young Tesla excelled greatly, and was soon trusted to work on some of the company's most vexing problems.Their personalities collided due to differences in style between them, which led to their separation.Among the problems that Edison's company faced, was a need to redesign his DC generators. Tesla reported that Edison promised $50,000 for redesign and improvement of the generator, which Tesla did, however, when he inquired after the promised bounty, he claimed that Edison scoffed and said,"Tesla, you don't understand our American humor.After their disagreements Tesla left and started his own company, in 1886. Tesla and Edison found themselves at odds on the future of electrical power, Edison believed in using DC electricity, while Tesla was a proponent of Alternating Current. Despite the propaganda, DC proved less effective, and Tesla's AC became the current used through out the worlds electrical grids today.Tesla became the man that shaped the 20th century. He is widely known for many of his revolutionary developments in the field of electromagnetism in the late 19th and early 20Th centuries,and is cited as one of the great contributors to the birth of commercial electricity.His patents and theoretical work formed the basis of modern alternating current (AC) electric power system,including the polyphase system of electrical distribution and the (AC) motor, with which he helped usher in the Second Industrial Revolution.After his demonstration of the wireless communication through radio in 1894 and after being victor in the "War of Currents"he was widely respected as one of the greatest electrical engineers who worked in America. In the Teslanian period, in the United States,Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in history. Because of his eccentric personality and his bizarre claims about scientific and technological developments, Tesla was ostracized and regarded as a mad scientist.Tesla was the first to harness the power of Niagara Falls into a hydroelectric power plant, constructed a bath designed to cleanse the human body of germs using nothing but electricity, and created a 130 foot long bolt of lightning from one of his massive coils(which still remains the worlds record for man made lightning).Plus, he once caused an earth quake in New York City that was so powerful that it almost destroyed 5Th Ave, where his lab was.
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• andrebreynolds profile image
6 years ago
Great hub about this great scientist.Great to know about his contributions.
• profile image
6 years ago
i have to say it really does blow my mined
• pan1974 profile imageAUTHOR
8 years ago from Columbus,Ga
yes he is amazing,I find it amazing also that he was born at midnight.
• Unique Kids Stuff profile image
Unique Kids Stuff
8 years ago
I have read about him before and he is pretty amazing.
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There are two main types of steam engines. For both, a boiler heats water until the water becomes steam.
In one type of engine, the steam is released into a chamber at high pressure. The steam expands and pushes against a piston that moves. When the steam is released from the chamber, the piston moves back to its original position. Then more steam flows into the chamber and starts the process over. The piston is attached to another part of the machine. The back-and-forth movement of the piston causes the other part to turn a wheel or do some other work.…
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Bodies and biology
Explosions to dissections, studying the stars to studying your body, MC offers a range of science classes that aren’t just basic biology.
“Everyone should take some science, even if you are not going to be a science major,” MC Chemistry professor John Anderson said. “They help you think logically and sharpen critical thinking skills.”
Chemistry is sometimes known as the central science, because chemistry touches on a lot of different areas, according to Anderson. His favorite lab is when students make crystals. One of the main classes available is the classic chemistry which can go two different ways: organic or physical. MC offers inorganic chemistry and introduction to chemistry.
“Chemistry is a fascinating and very interesting subject; you are talking about how and why things react,” Anderson said. “You get to create new compounds, and you are the only person in the world that’s ever seen that particular compound, which is kind of cool.”
MC also offers a non-science major microbiology, in which students study things that are maybe a cell big and learn through cases often written by Hinds.
“We did one case on a kid who was pledging a fraternity, and one of the things he had to do while pledging was drink a gallon of lemonade,” said Claudia Hinds, professor of anatomy and physiology and microbiology. ” Drinking a gallon of lemonade screwed up his pH and there are consequences for that.”
“In regular biology courses, you are talking about things that you can touch and feel so the language of biology is totally different than the language of microbiology,” Hinds said.
For studies of the body, anatomy and physiology is offered as well. Dissections are a prerequisite of the course though so squeamish students may want to avoid this course.
“If you’re interested in understanding your body and the problems we are having with antibiotics, then you want to take both anatomy and physiology and microbiology,” Hinds said.
Classes under the physics category go for the stars, literally. MC offers the courses called stars and galaxies another that studies the solar system. College physics, university physics, and physical science are also in this category as well.
MC offers an array of geology classes that don’t just study rocks. Earth science, environmental science, and meteorology are offered in addition to physical and historical geology.
“Earth science gives a broad base of the Earth and its natural materials and also goes over the weather,” said Joan Gawloski, teacher of physical geology, earth science, environmental science and upper level mineralogy. “My favorite lab is probably in Earth science where we study the purification properties of different mediums such as soil, gravel, or sand.”
“Start at physical geology then go to historical geology which talks from when the Earth cooled to where we are today,” Gawloski said.
MC also does an event called Science Extravaganza that exhibits science in action. Chemistry encompasses 13 demonstrations, dealing with dry ice soap bubbles, one explosion per room, fire starters, color changes, a disappearing stirring rod and others.
Anatomy and physiology displays tissue samples from dissections, hearts and eyeballs.
Microbiology has a whodunit game where all participants are given a card with a scenario telling them their symptoms. The students have to go to different stations that give them information. Some of them survive, some of them don’t. It’s a game of survival and participants really like it, according to Hinds.
Geology will be doing diet Coke and Mentos volcano eruptions.
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Is Technology a Distraction?
It is natural to be distracted! We need to stop judging ‘young people’ and their being distracted, having short attention spans, or whatever other denigrating phraseology we can come up with about them being less engaged in classrooms across North America.
Collectively, we have an obligation to engage those that we are teaching or working with. To simply blame technology for students being ‘more distracted’ is both limp and counterproductive. And by adpoting this mindset, we will never succeed in getting the ‘full attention’ of anyone.
Interesting post – I encourage the reader to read the entire post (link above). What are your thoughts? Does digital technology distract? What else can distract? Should the educator expect full attention or earn it?
Digital Technology & Motivation
This passage is in a post by Bill Ferriter on Larry Cuban’s blog. In the post it is from, the contention is made that technology itself does not motivate students, rather it is the opportunities it can help facilitate to engage students socially in things they are interested in. So start with the kids and the ideas, then look at which digital technologies can help support the learning.
(Original post: Are Kids Really Motivated by Technology? (Bill Ferriter) | Larry Cuban on School Reform and Classroom Practice) |
From Rubble to Restavek
Amnesty International and UNICEF estimate that 300,000 Haitian children (10% of the total child population) were working as restaveks before the earthquake hit on January 12, 2010. The term “restavek” or “restavec” is derived from the French words – “rester” and “avec” or “to stay with” (“timoun ki rete key moun” in Créole) and is used to describe a long-standing practice, whereby an impoverished family sends their child or children to stay with an affluent “host” family. Guerda Lexima, a child’s right activist who has worked on behalf of restaveks for nearly twenty years, says restaveks are children from “extremely poor rural areas in particular; it’s a child whose parents don’t have the means to feed or send him to school.”
The host family may be a distant relative that lives in Port-au-Prince or some other urban area who agrees to provide the child with food, shelter, and an education in exchange for housework. But most restaveks live as indentured servants in abject poverty. Though it is not uncommon to find young boys working, the majority of restaveks are usually young, black females ages 9 or under who have suffered some type of physical, mental or sexual abuse. The child begins work immediately upon arrival and generally works from dawn to dust, leaving little time for rest and no time for school.
Leading indicators of restavek treatment include work expectations equivalent to adult servants and long hours that surpass the cultural norm for children’s work at home, inferior food and clothing compared to other children in the home, sleeping on the floor rather than in a bed, no time out for play, and a common expectation that the restavek child must use formal terms of address when speaking to social superiors including virtually all other household members. This expectation applies to restavek relations to other children in the household, even children younger than the restavek child, e.g., Msye Jak (“Mister Jacques” rather than simply “Jacques”).
Education is also an important indicator in detecting child domesticity. Children in domesticity may or may not attend school, but when they do attend, it is generally an inferior school compared to other children. Restavek children are also more likely to be over age for their grade level, and their rates of non-enrollment are higher than non-restavek children in the home.[1]
To make matters worse, many restaveks are completely isolated from their immediate family. They have no political voice and are terminated when they reached fifteen years old, the age Haiti’s laws mandates all workers must be paid. As a result, urban cities are flooded with homeless children who either succumb to a life of crime or are the victim of serious crimes such as assault, rape and murder.
In 2008, UNICEF and CARE estimated that more than a 100,000 girls had been sexually assaulted and/or gang raped in Port-au-Prince. The Haitian Women’s Solidarity Movement, one of the few Haitian organizations that report sexual battery to authorities, documented 238 cases of rape during an 18 month period ending in June 2008. Of the 238 cases of rape, 140 (58%) of these cases involved girls that were between the ages of 19-months to 18 years old.
Restaveks are modern-day child slaves and there is a growing concern that this number may double in the aftermath of the earthquake. Children who have lost their parent(s) in the earthquake, children who were in orphanages that now lay in ruins, and adults who had little and now have nothing are all at risk of succumbing to the notorious child brokers who prey on large, poor families and convince them that their child or children will be better off living with an affluent host family. It is a tried and true con that has worked since Haiti’s independence from France in 1804.
Then the rich, light-skinned Haitians controlled the government and convinced the darker-skinned Haitians that they were too poor to care for their children and thus should send them to work for the elite families. The practice is so ingrained in the Haitian culture that, despite a 2003 law banning it, poor families continue to send their children away. A 2009 study by the Pan American Development Foundation revealed that 11% of household with restaveks send their own children to work as restaveks for other families. And the problem spans beyond the Haitian borders.[2]
Human rights organizations have documented restaveks being trafficked in the Dominican Republic as domestic servants and sex slaves. Authorities in the U.S. have been aware of the problem since the late 1990s. As one reporter noted, the phenomenon could not be ignored after October 2, 1999.
Florida officials working on a tip from neighbors removed a 12-year-old Haitian girl—filthy, unkempt and in acute abdominal pain from repeated rape—from the affluent suburban home of middle class Haitian-American merchants. Willy and Marie Pompee in Pembroke Pines. The girl, restavek, said she had been forced to have sex with the Pompee’s 20-year-old son Willy, Jr. since she was nine.[3]
The problem is further compounded by the silence that surrounds the issue and Haitians’ unwillingness to either see the practice as criminal or report to the police. Restaveks who want to escape their hellish environment have nowhere to turn. They “know cops in Haiti to be brutal and corrupt [and] are generally loath to approach police in the U.S. Plus, they fear that turning in their captors to authorities may elicit reprisals.” [4]
Child slavery and human trafficking are illegal under Haitian law, U.S. law, and international law. It is important that the United Nations, United States and other nations involved in the Haiti relief earthquake effort identify and protect Haitian children at risk.
[1] Pan American Development Foundation, Lost Childhoods (2009),
[2] Id.
[3] Tim Padgett, Of Haitian Bondage, TIME Magazine (May 4, 2001),
[4] Id.
*Other sources include: Amnesty International, CARE, Haitian Women’s Solidarity Movement, Human Rights Watch, and UNICEF
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DEFINITION of 'Cooperation Clause'
An insurance contract clause that requires the policyholder to assist the insurance company in the event that a claim is filed against the policy. A cooperation clause allows the insurance company to obtain more information about the nature of the circumstances behind the claim, since the insured party is more likely to have detailed information about what happened.
BREAKING DOWN 'Cooperation Clause'
Insurance companies may underwrite policies for thousands of policyholders across a wide geographic area. The insurers are unlikely to know the day-to-day activities of the insured, and are even less likely to know the events that transpired before another party made a claim against the insured. This is the primary reason why insurance policies contain provisions compelling the insured to provide information about what happened if an accident or other event occurs.
Assisting an insurance company in the case of a claim does not mean that the insured has to appear in court. Depending on the policy and the amount of claim, the insured may wind up only speaking with the insurer over the phone in order to present his or her side of the events. The insurance policy language may specify the level of cooperation that the insured must provide, such as assistance in an investigation. The insured is expected to provide accurate information and to desist from lying.
Cooperation clauses are often considered essential or material components of an insurance policy contract. The ultimate reasoning for its importance is that the insurer wants to know as much information as possible in order to avoid paying for a claim that it should not have to pay for. If the insured decides not to cooperate, or if the courts determine that the insured is withholding information and is not acting in good faith, the insurance company may determine that the insured is in breach of contract and therefore, forfeit his/her coverage.
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Essay about Business Communication
Submitted By keicia
Words: 2046
Pages: 9
Communication is an effective tool to use in all aspects of life. Communication in the workplace can be very challenging to individuals from various ethnic backgrounds. The challenges can be various in communications that can affect the way a business operates, the mission, and goals. It is imperative to identify the various barriers through communication.
Some barriers that affect an organization are poor structure in communication, weak delivery of the message. Using the incorrect medium can deliver the communication in giving mixed messages. One way to overcome these barriers is by training.
BARRIERS OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION Communication is defined as the exchanging of thoughts, views or information by verbal and nonverbal, such as body and sign language. Communication is something transferred or transmitted. Communication is something we need and have in everyday life. It is something we learn as starting young and gets better as we get older. Of course communication does have its effects especially in business. Some effectiveness of communication takes part in business. Business communication is important and can be very critical. Business communication contains persistent movement of information. In most organizations it is always difficult to manage communication because of the number of employees in that organization. Communication should be equal between both supervisors and subordinates. Every organization should have great business communication goals. Great communication is a foundation of an organization. Communication is done both orally and written. Oral communication can be verbal and nonverbal. While written is agendas, memos, reports and etc. The most effective way of communication is orally. Now that technology is changing, most written communication is done faster via cell phones, emails, tablets, etc. These can lead barriers within an organization. To obtain goals, an organization must overcome any barriers and find ways to improve these barriers.
The communication topic I will be discussing is how barriers to effective business communication and ways to overcome these barriers. The reason I am interested in this topic is because the agency I am employed at have barriers that effect our communication on a daily basis. Our agency needs ways on how to improve this matter. Some barriers that affect our agency are poor structure to the communication, weak delivery of the message, using the
BARRIERS OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION incorrect medium to deliver the communication and giving mixed messages. The most important way to overcome barriers in communication is training.
Barriers of communication are the elements that obstruct the free flow from the sender to the receiver (Shukla 2010). Barriers of communication occur if the message that is to be conveyed to the recipient is not received properly, or misunderstood. This line of communication can affect a company negatively. Barriers in communication can be many factors. One barrier of communication that affects the agency I am employed with is poor communication. As more people from different ethnic backgrounds are working together, companies are becoming diverse. This is the reason communication in the workplace is very important. An organization needs to have good leadership. A manager with good leadership will keep the line of communication open on a daily basis, with other employees, customers and vendors. But in this line of communication this can also lead to poor communication. This can have a company struggling to meet their goal and mission. Poor communication can lead to unclear goals and duties. If an employee is uncertain or confused about the responsibilities to perform his or her job, they should seek advice from the supervisor of the department or company. For the employer I work for communication is clear in reference to job duties… |
Feline Heat Cycle
Cats may be broadly grouped into seasonal cyclers and non-seasonal cyclers. Those who have heat cycles seasonally will tend to begin experiencing estrus in the late Fall and early Winter, with some individual cats extending their seasons into early Spring.
Non-seasonal cyclers may demonstrate estrus at any time during the year.
The heat cycle in cats is much less observable than that of dogs. There is typically little or no swelling of the external genitalia. There is no bleeding. Mammary tissue does not engorge unless the cat becomes pregnant.
That said, certain individual cats may become quite theatrical during estrus. They may exhibit lordosis, a position of bowing down in the front end and sticking the perineum into the air, with or without wagging of the tail. Some cats become extremely affectionate at this time and may rub on the owners to the point of annoyance. Vocality can be a part of the drama, as well.
Cats are induced ovulators, meaning that they will not move a mature egg from the ovary to the uterus until they mate. Clearly, this is a way for them to save as many ova as possible to maximize productivity. Copulation between cats can be vigorous in order to ensure sufficient physical activity to stimulate the female to pass her eggs.
Thus, when neighborhood cats are mating, you often hear a lot of noise. Some of that noise is tomcats fighting each other in order to establish dominance and win the affections of one or more females. However, some of the noise is the rowdiness that occurs when the male and female cat get together.
On the other hand, some theriogenologists, veterinarians who study the reproduction of animals, believe that simple rubbing and grooming by the owner may stimulate some cats to ovulate.
Cats who come into heat, but do not mate, will end their heat cycles for a time, usually a matter of weeks. Thereafter, the process starts again.
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In 1895, the Supreme Court ruled that jurors had no right, during trials, to be told about nullification. The court did not say that jurors didn’t have the power, or that they couldn’t be told about it, but only that judges were not required to instruct them on it during a trial. Since then, it’s been up to scholars like me, and activists like Mr. Heicklen, to get the word out.
Nullification has been credited with helping to end alcohol prohibition and laws that criminalized gay sex. Last year, Montana prosecutors were forced to offer a defendant in a marijuana case a favorable plea bargain after so many potential jurors said they would nullify that the judge didn’t think he could find enough jurors to hear the case. (Prosecutors now say they will remember the actions of those jurors when they consider whether to charge other people with marijuana crimes.)
There have been unfortunate instances of nullification. Racist juries in the South, for example, refused to convict people who committed violent acts against civil-rights activists, and nullification has been used in cases involving the use of excessive force by the police. But nullification is like any other democratic power; some people may try to misuse it, but that does not mean it should be taken away from everyone else.
How one feels about jury nullification ultimately depends on how much confidence one has in the jury system. Based on my experience, I trust jurors a lot. I first became interested in nullification when I prosecuted low-level drug crimes in Washington in 1990. Jurors here, who were predominantly African-American, nullified regularly because they were concerned about racially selective enforcement of the law.
Across the country, crime has fallen, but incarceration rates remain at near record levels. Last year, the New York City police made 50,000 arrests just for marijuana possession. Because prosecutors have discretion over whether to charge a suspect, and for what offense, they have more power than judges over the outcome of a case. They tend to throw the book at defendants, to compel them to plead guilty in return for less harsh sentences. In some jurisdictions, like Washington, prosecutors have responded to jurors who are fed up with their draconian tactics by lobbying lawmakers to take away the right to a jury trial in drug cases. That is precisely the kind of power grab that the Constitution’s framers were so concerned about.
In October, the Supreme Court justice Antonin Scalia, asked at a Senate hearing about the role of juries in checking governmental power, seemed open to the notion that jurors “can ignore the law” if the law “is producing a terrible result.” He added: “I’m a big fan of the jury.” I’m a big fan, too. I would respectfully suggest that if the prosecutors in New York bring fair cases, they won’t have to worry about jury nullification. Dropping the case against Mr. Heicklen would let citizens know that they are as committed to justice, and to free speech, as they are to locking people up.
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The city of Georgetown decided to kick off the new year by organizing a ball for January 30 at the Williamson County Courthouse. The theme and name of the ball? “Old South Ball: A Civil War Soiree.” The “soiree,” listed as the Civil War Ball on the Williamson Museum’s event calendar, invites people to attend in period attire and “enjoy the music of the 1860s” for just $25 per person and $40 per couple. According to a report by the Austin American-Statesman, Georgetown City Council helped promote the ball with a grant of $1,500.
There are several things wrong with this, and I’m not the only one who thinks so. A group called Positive Change for Georgetown has gathered more than a hundred signatures on an online petition asking the Williamson Museum to reconsider the ball’s theme. According to the petition, honoring the Civil War, “one of the darkest times in American history,” with a ball is chock full of white privilege.
Although the phrase “privilege” is often confused to mean that something extra or beneficial is given to a certain group of people (and, yes, that can sometimes be the case), it usually means that certain people enjoy the benefits of not dealing with difficulties or obstacles that other groups encounter. In this case, white privilege comes into play because white residents aren’t living in a city in which their local government celebrates an era when people who looked like you were enslaved with a ball. Maybe the organizers had good intentions, but these intentions didn’t give enough thought to the variety of residents in the city and county. Why would black residents want to attend a party with a Civil War theme? Why would anybody?
As Lou Snead, a retired minister, told the Statesman, the ball “ feels like it’s a party for white folks, although they probably didn’t intend it to be that.”
I’m assuming Mickie Ross, an executive director of the Williamson Museum, most likely doesn’t agree with that statement, since she’s somehow surprised that there’s opposition to the event. Ross told the Statesman that the ball is a “very simple dance” in conjunction with the Civil War exhibit currently in the Williamson Museum. “We are not promoting slavery. We’re not even promoting war,” she said.
Even if it isn’t directly promoting slavery or war, a ball certainly doesn’t accurately convey the seriousness and gravity of either. The Civil War was a grim period in history, and you don’t need live music and cocktails to “tell the story of the people who lived during the Civil War.” You can do that with something like, oh I don’t know, a museum exhibit. But you step away from the informative and into the celebratory when you organize something with alcohol and costumes and decide to call it a soirée. To plan such an event around a real war is a remarkably flippant thing to do. To have a Civil War ball sponsored in a city in Texas—which already has a problem with denying the role of slavery in the U.S.—shows a real disregard for its black residents.
This isn’t much of a surprise from a museum that describes the motives of the Civil War only as “still debated” in the online description for their exhibit. Tommy Gonzalez, a City Council member who supported the ball and also donated artifacts to the museum’s exhibit, told the Statesman that the Civil War Ball is “an old Southern custom” and inaccurately compared it to quinceañeras and debutante balls. Last I checked, those dances weren’t about wars caused by states fighting to own slaves.
Southerners, including Texans, still have a problem with acknowledging how rooted “Southern” customs, legacy, and pride are in the enslavement of black people. Let’s not forget that Northern and Southern states were also divided into “non-slave-holding states” and “slave-holding states.” Those who want to argue that the Civil War was caused by Southern states fighting for states rights mustn’t fail to mention that the right in question was the right to own slaves. To try to reduce the significance of slavery in the Civil War is nothing short of ahistorical. Especially in Texas, a state that “mentioned slavery 21 times” in its declaration of secession in 1861, as the Houston Chronicle points out.
Even without downplaying the role of slavery in the war, a Civil War ball in Williamson County makes even less sense given its unique role during the era. As the petition explains:
We are a County and City that did not actually support the inclusion of Texas into the Confederate Union. To quote the Texas State Historical Society: Unionist sentiment was strong in the county, and a resolution denouncing secession was adopted by a Texas Constitutional Union party meeting in Round Rock in 1860. One of the county’s delegates to the secession convention, Thomas Proctor Hughes, was among the eight who voted against the ordinance of secession. When the ordinance was referred to a statewide election, Williamson County was one of nineteen counties to oppose it, rejecting secession by 480 votes to 349.
The museum’s Civil War exhibit is titled “Courage & Contradiction,” and the description—though slightly flawed as I mentioned earlier—notes that the county was “a place with Union sympathies in the midst of the Confederacy.” How does this narrative of a county trapped on the wrong side of the Civil War call for what the petition describes as a “slaver’s plantation ball”? It doesn’t.
There are many considerate, informative ways to learn more about the lives of people in Williamson County during the Civil War without marginalizing a portion of the county’s residents and misconstruing history. The Old South Ball isn’t one of them. |
How Dixie’s History Got Whitewashed
Courtesy Of Christopher Dickey
Perhaps the best example of the oversight exercised by the UDC was through the efforts of Mildred L. Rutherford of Georgia, who served as the organization’s “Historian General.” In 1919 Rutherford published A Measuring Rod to Test Text Books and Reference Books in Schools, Colleges, and Libraries. The book was recommended for “all authorities charged with the selection of text-books for colleges, schools, and all scholastic institutions” and recommended that “all library authorities in the southern States mark all books in their collections which do not come up to the same measure, on the title page thereof, ‘Unjust to the South.’”
Rutherford’s recommendations included rejecting books that spoke of the Constitution as anything other than as a compact between sovereign states. Textbooks were also rejected that did not clearly outline the interferences with the rights guaranteed to the South by the Constitution, which it was believed led directly to secession. Any book that suggested that the Confederacy fought to protect slavery was rejected. This also held for any book that characterized slaveholders of the South as cruel and unjust to their chattel. Finally, Abraham Lincoln was not to be glorified nor Jefferson Davis vilified.
In response to some of the most egregious violations having to do with the history of slavery, Rutherford offered a number of corrections. She suggested that “Southern men were anxious for the slaves to be free. They were studying earnestly the problem of freedom, when Northern fanatical Abolitionists took matters into their own hands.” And in a claim that is still today widely repeated, Rutherford argued that, “Gen. Lee freed his slaves before the war began and Gen. Ulysses S. Grant did not free his until the war ended.”
It is unclear what the UDC will do with the $1.2 million payment, but one thing is certain and that is they will not be able to use it to push the agenda of their forebears. Their preferred historical narrative has been largely discredited over the past few decades and the organization itself is now largely ceremonial.
In the wake of Vanderbilt’s decision, some have expressed concern that in changing the name of the building the university is “erasing history.” Such claims are ironic given the UDC’s efforts to control and distort (for their own self-serving purposes) the teaching of history that takes place on high school and college campuses every day across the country.
Kevin M. Levin is a historian and educator based in Boston. He is the author of Remembering the Battle of the Crater: War as Murder (2012) and is currently at work on Searching For Black Confederate Soldiers: The Civil War’s Most Persistent Myth. You can find him online at Civil War Memory and Twitter @kevinlevin. |
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