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TULSA, Oklahoma - Some Tulsa teachers are spending the week learning about the Tulsa Race Riot so they can teach their students about it. They said it’s a part of our history students need to know, but many said they had never learned about it growing up. "I attended Carver Middle School and my teachers there knew a lot about it and they talked a lot about it, so I was shocked when I went to Edison in high school and a lot of kids there had never even heard of it," Edison teacher Shreeta Ashley said. As a result, Ashley said many teachers never bring it up. "A lot of teachers would brush over it because they didn't know what happened or they don't feel confident about what happened here to really say anything about it," she said. Nearly 50 Tulsa Public Schools teachers are involved in the Tulsa Race Massacre Institute at Wilson Teaching and Learning Academy. They're learning about the riot, then, district leaders say they'll create lesson plans to teach students about it. "Think about how we tell the truth about what happened in 1921, how we honor the families and individuals who suffered that tragedy, and then how we learn from that and how we heal from that as Tulsans in our future," said Danielle Neves with TPS. Ashley said her students are already starting to learn about the massacre. She believes when every student knows what happened, they'll gain a better perspective of the city. "They have more understanding of why Tulsa looks the way it does and where that pattern started," Ashley said. District leaders said they plan to expand the institute in the coming years.
Serving Harker Height, Killeen, Temple, Belton  (254) 690-1186 Act of God refers to damage caused by nature, not people. See Natural Disaster. Anchor Bolts are bolts anchored in concrete or masonry which are attached to the building structure, usually by means of the sill plate. Backfill is the replacement of excavated soil into a trench usually against or around a foundation wall. Bedrock is the subsurface layer of earth that is suitable to support a structure. Bond is an insurance contract by which someone is insured against loss by acts or defaults of a third party. Performance Bond is a bond that insures that the contractor or builder will complete the project. Building Paper is a waterproof, heavy paper used in the construction of walls and roofs. It also provides insulation. Built-up Roof is a flat roof consisting of layers of roofing materials sometimes covered with fine gravel. Caisson is a cylindrical casing which becomes the structural support for a piling. The piling is inserted and concrete is then poured into the casing. Caulking is a flexible material used to seal gaps between surfaces for the purpose of preventing leaks. Caulking must be maintained in order to assure its effectiveness. Cement is a mineral powder which when mixed with water becomes a component of concrete and is used to make cement blocks. Cement Block is a building block which is normally hollow and made of cement. Cinder Block is a building block which is normally hollow and made of cement and cinders (ashes). Cinder blocks do not have the strength or weight of cement blocks. Circuit Breaker is an electrical device that has replaced the use of fuses in buildings. They look similar to switches. When there is an electrical overload, the electricity is shut off (circuit is broken). Circuit breakers can be reset whereas fuses must be replaced. Civil Engineering refers to the broad field of engineering that deals with the planning, construction and maintenance of building structures and public works. Column is a large pillar or vertical support structure. Column Footing is the foundation base for a column. These are generally constructed of reinforced concrete. Compaction refers to the density of the soil. Completion Bond is a bond that guarantees that a building will be completed on time. Completion bonds are sometimes required by construction lenders as a condition of providing construction financing. Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, gravel and water, poured to a desired shape. When it dries it gets very hard. Concrete can be reinforced with steel. Condensation consists of drops of water that may accumulate on the inside of the exterior covering of a building. Vapor barriers are used to prevent condensation. Excess condensation can result in mold growth. Control Joint is a tooled groove made on concrete slabs and sidewalls to control where the concrete slab will crack. Contour Line is a line showing the shape of a parcel of land or a body of water. It also consists of a line on a topographical map connecting all areas of the property which have the same elevation. Contour Map is a map that uses carved lines to outline the configuration and elevations of land surface areas. Counter Flashing is flashing used on chimneys at the roofline to prevent the entry of water. Crawl Space is the space between the ground and the bottom of the floor on the first level of a home. Damp Proofing is the black, tar based waterproofing material that is applied to the exterior of subterranean foundation walls to prevent water intrusion. Earthquake Strap is a metal strap used to secure hot water heaters to the frame of a building in order to prevent the water heater from shifting in an earthquake and causing a gas leak. Expansion Joint is a joint that allows for expansion or contraction of the parts of a structure resulting from changes in temperature. Expansive Soil refers to soil that expands and contracts depending on the amount of water in it. Façade is the main face of a building. Felt is another word for the tar paper placed under roof shingles. Fire Block is a 2” x 4” horizontal wood member nailed between wall studs used for fire and smoke suppression. They are also referred to as fire stops. Fire Wall is a wall especially designed to slow down the spread of fire in a building. All door openings in fire walls must have fire doors installed in them. Flashing is sheet metal used in roof and wall construction to prevent water intrusion. Flue is the opening in a chimney through which gas and smoke passes to outside the building. Footing is a foot shaped projection at the base of a foundation wall used to prevent shifting or settling. Fuse is a device that prevents the overloading of an electrical circuit by containing a strip of metal which will melt at low heat and thereby break the circuit. Geology is the science and study of the earth including the processes that change it. Geologists study rocks and geologic features. Geotechnical Engineering is concerned with soils, foundations, slopes, retaining walls, ground water and related areas. Geotechnical engineers are civil engineers. Geotechnical engineers also assess the risk to people and property from natural hazards such as landslides, sinkholes, earthquakes and soil liquefaction. GFCI or Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter is a plug designed to shut off the current when a dangerous condition exists. A GFI protects people while fuses and circuit breakers protect equipment. Grade is the ground level, or elevation. It also refers to the process of leveling soil or the quality of manufactured wood. Grade Beam is a foundation wall that is poured level with or slightly below the grade of the soil. It usually transmits the load from a bearing wall to a spaced foundation such as piles or caissons. Gutter is a shallow channel of metal or other material installed on the facia of a building to catch and carry away rainwater from the roof. Indemnity Agreement is a contract in which one party agrees to reimburse the other for any loss suffered as a result of defined circumstances. Landslide is a downward movement of soil, rocks and possibly mud, plant material, structures and roads. Landslides can be triggered by defective construction or can result from the combination of effective construction and an earthquake. Lateral Support refers to the right of a landowner to the natural support of his or her land by adjoining land. The owner of the adjoining land has the legal duty not to modify his or her land so as to cause the support provided by his land to be lessened or eliminated. Lath is the material upon which the first coat of plaster (scratch coat) is applied. It may be a coarse wire screen or solid material such as rock lath. Load Bearing Wall is a wall that supports weight over and above its own weight. All exterior walls are load bearing walls. Masonry is anything constructed of cement blocks, cinder blocks, bricks, cement or stone. Metal Lath refers to sheets of metal that are cut to form openings. It is used as a plaster base for walls and ceilings. Moisture Barrier is an insulating material used to prevent the transfer of moisture, or the build up of moisture in walls from condensation. Mortar is the material used in masonry construction to hold the bricks or other components together. It is made of cement, lime, sand and water. Natural Disaster is an Act of God. Non-Bearing Wall is a wall that supports no weight other than its own. It is a partition. Parapet Wall is a short wall constructed at the edge of a flat roof to prevent people from falling off the roof. Partition is a non bearing wall that is moveable. It is used to divide space. Party Wall is a wall built on a property boundary. It may be part of a building or may be outside any building. Percolation Test or Perk Test is a test to determine the capacity of soil to absorb water. These tests are made for both construction and septic tank systems. Pier is a concrete column used to support other structures such as beams. Piling is a column, usually made of steel or concrete, that is driven into the ground to provide support for a structure. Plot Plan is an overhead plan prepared by a surveyor that shows the location of the buildings on the lot, all property lines, easements, set backs and dimensions. Post is a vertical framing member that supports a beam. Rebar refers to steel reinforcing bars placed into poured concrete to make it stronger. Sack Mix refers to the amount of cement in a cubic yard of concrete. The higher the number, the stronger the concrete. Scratch Coat is the first coat of plaster applied to the lath. Scupper is an opening in a wall or roof for drainage. Scuppers are normally connected to downspouts. Sheathing is the covering over roof rafters of wall studs. It may be plywood or wallboard. Slab is the concrete floor and foundation used in homes without basements. It also refers to concrete poured for use as patio decks. Specifications or Specs is the list of methods, materials, colors, allowances, model numbers and other details that supplement the plans to a building. Stair Rise is the vertical distance between stair treds. Structural Engineering is concerned with structural design and analysis of buildings and other structures such as bridges. It is part of the field of civil engineering. Structural engineers can design hospitals, schools and buildings over nine stories, where as, civil engineers cannot. Sump is a pit for collecting water to be pumped into a drainage system. Sump Pump is a water pump placed into a sump that operates when water enters the sump. Survey is the measurement of the boundaries of a parcel of land. Surveys indicate distances, angles and usually topography. Treated Lumber is lumber treated with a chemical pesticide to reduce damage from insects or wood rot. Tred is the horizontal component of stairs between the stair risers. Two Hour Wall or Door refers to a fire resistant wall or door that would take at least two hours for a fire to burn through. Vapor Barrier is a moisture retarding material such as heavy, treated paper or plastic that prevents the transfer of moisture. Vent is usually a pipe that permits gases or air to be released from a building. Water Table is the depth from the ground surface, at which underground water is found. Weep Holes are small holes in a retaining wall or planter used to drain water so as to relieve pressure build-up. Weep Screed is a vertical metal lattice that provides reinforcement for stucco and the drainage of moisture. It is located at or below the foundation plate line.
The Benefits of Polarized Sunglasses  It's a bright and sunny day out there - perfect conditions for driving, right?  Wrong!  Blinding glare from sun and vehicles is a contributing factor to ocular damage and fatal vehicle accidents. More than 90 percent of reactions made behind the wheel depend on good vision. An Essilor study found that reaction times improved by one-third of a second for drivers who wear polarized prescription lenses.  For a car traveling 80 km/h, one-third of a second allows a driver to stop seven metres sooner, or the length of an intersection. Polarized lenses improve vision clarity by 75 percent! Besides the obvious damage you can do to your car, wearing sunglasses while you're driving (or any time you're outdoors) will help prevent ocular damage like macular degeneration, cataracts, wrinkles, and ugly yellow deposits on the white part of the eye (pinguecula). How do they work? Sunlight itself is not polarized – it's either absorbed or reflected.  Sunlight bouncing off a horizontal surface will strike the driver’s eyes at a similar angle and produce strong glare. Working like a venetian blind, polarized lenses have a laminated surface with vertical stripes that allow only vertical light to enter the eyes.  Glare is eliminated because the horizontally-polarized light waves can’t bypass the polarized filter. Trouble seeing during rush hour? Over 60 percent of eyeglass wearers surveyed agree that glare from the sun makes it difficult to see while driving. The time of day also has a great effect. Our skin's exposure to UV light is highest between 10am-2pm. Our eyes are different! Our eyes get the most UV exposure when the sun is at an angle, typically between 8-10am and 2-4pm.  Make your driving experience safer and easier – eye-bar always has a great selection of prescription and non-prescription sunglasses. We've stocked up for the patio days ahead, too! eye-bar is a member of Eye Recommend, Canada's Vision Care Professionals, helping doctors help their patients since 1997. We are proud to be able to help Canadians attain optimal eye health. *Images found herehere,and here.
Bail and bond- criminal procedure Bail and bond- criminal procedure Bail And Bonds: A Procedural Concept- Criminal Procedure Code • Introduction • What is the meaning of bail • What is anticipatory bail • Types of bail and bonds • Sections describing the procedure for bail and bonds • Conclusion 1. What are the various types of bail and bonds and explain them 2. What are the special powers of high court and session courts regarding bail 3. What is the procedure of bond in case of minor When a person is accused of committing a crime and is arrested he/ she has a legal right to file for bail. A bail can be applied through a bail application which has a specific format to it. In actual, bail is a type of security for giving assurance that the accused will be brought to the court whenever required. Bonds are also a type security that is given as an assurance for taking away the accused from the jail. What is the meaning of bail? Bail is an essential part of criminal law. Whether a bail can be given or not is decided on the type of crime committed by a person. If a person commits a heinous crime then he/she wouldn’t be granted bail whereas the person can be granted bail for crime that are not so heinous in nature and as per the law. A Bail signifies releasing a person from the custody of police, but not forever. Bail is filled for the accused by those who give his surety that he will be brought to the court whenever required. The concept of bail was basically brought to protect the public from people who create ill effects. The court plays a very important role in granting bail. Bail is a concept that was introduced in regard to Human Rights. In case of bailable offenses, bail becomes a right of the person, but in case of non-bailable offenses granting bail is a judicial discretion. Here the judiciary plays an important role in those offenses which are non-bailable in nature. Concerning non-bailable offenses, there is no hard and fast rule for granting bail, it’s purely the decision of the judiciary. Supreme Court has given provisions for dealing with offenses that are non-bailable offenses and high court and sessions courts have a special provision regarding granting bail. The following are principles to be adhered while granting or refusing bail under section 437 of Crpc and were stated in the case Sidharth Vashishht  v. State of Delhi 2004 CrLJ 684(Del). They are as follows:- 1. The granting of bail should not be refused unless the person accused has been convicted of a heinous crime and the punishment given in the law is severe. 2. Bail can be refused when the court has reasonable grounds or evidence that any type of bail will not secure the person who is convicted at the stage of judgment. 3. Bail can be refused if the course of justice would be thwarted by the person who is seeking benignant jurisdiction of the court to be freed for the time being. 4. Bail should not be refused unless there is likeliness that the person who has filed for bail application will be interfering with the witness of the prosecution or otherwise pulling out the process of justice. 5. Bail should be refused if it seems that the person who has applied for bail has a bad record particularly for committing heinous offenses. The provisions of bail are stated under the Criminal Procedural Code and are applicable after the accused has been arrested. There is no specific provision given in the code that deals with canceling the bail grant but if the person doesn’t comply with the conditions that are stated in the bail-bond, such as time and place of attendance, misusing the liberty granted, interfering with the investigation process, etc, the bail can be canceled. What is anticipatory bail?   Anticipatory bail is a special kind of bail granted to a person. Section 438 of Criminal Procedural Code governs the provisions of an anticipatory bail. This bail is granted to a person who is under an anticipation that he/she will be arrested on the accusation of committing a non-bailable offense. When the anticipatory bail is granted the opposite party gets notified regarding the bail application and the opposite party can then contest the bail application in the court. The high court or the sessions court may include certain conditions such as follows:- • That the person shall make himself available when the police officer is going to interrogate him whenever required. • That the person shall not directly or indirectly bring any threat to the witnesses or those who are having facts related to the case. • That the person shall not leave India without taking permission from the court. Qualifications for anticipatory bail The applicant of the anticipatory bail must disclose special facts and events that make him believe, that he may be arrested for a non-bailable offense so that the court can specify against what offense is the anticipatory bail been granted for, so that it is not covering all the offenses. An accused person is free on bail as long as it is not canceled. The high court or sessions court may give directions that any person who has been released on bail can be arrested and brought in to the custody when an application is received by the complainant or the prosecution. Types of Bail in Indian Law 1. Cash Bond: It is a type of bail bond in which cash is paid for the full amount of bail and cash can be paid for any bail. A cash bond is paid when the defendant fails to appear in the court. There is no specific provision for refund of the cash. 1. Surety Bond: It is often used when the defendant cannot pay their total bail in cash. Surety bonds are issued by Bail bondsmen.Generally, the bondsmen will charge a small portion as a token for their service.A third can pay the token to the bondsmen and then he will post the bail. In case the defendant doesn’t appear in the court then the bondsmen will be forced to pay the entire bond money in cash. 1. Federal Bail Bonds: These bonds are issued when federal crimes are committed out of the boundaries of the state. These transactions are directly done with the court without bondsmen.Both cash and property can be used for such bonds.  For these kinds of bonds, valid assets are required. 1. Immigration bail bonds: These bonds are used only for non-citizens and non- residents present in the United States. The processing of an immigration bond is very complex. It is the most expensive type of bond. 1. Property Bond: In this type of bond the defendant offers a property in the form of bail bond. Any type of property can be used until the time the defendant has full rights on the property. The court has authority on the property and it can take ownership if required. Sections describing bail bonds:- Section 436 In what cases bail is granted Section 436A of CrPC Maximum period for which an undertrial can be detained. Section 437of Crpc When bail can be granted for non-bailable offenses Section 437Aof CrPC Bail to require accused person next appellate court Section 438 of CrPC Directions for grant of bail to person apprehending arrest Section 439 of Crpc Special powers of the high court or sessions court regarding bail Section 440 of CrPC Amount of bond and reduction thereof Section 441   of CrPC Bond of accused and sureties Section 442 of CrPC Discharge from Custody Section 443CrPC Power to order sufficient bail when the first taken is insufficient Section 444 of CrPC Discharge of Sureties Section 445 of CrPC Deposit instead of recognizance Section 446 of CrPC Procedure when the bond is fortified Section 447 of CrPC Procedure in case of insolvency or death of surety or when the bond is fortified. Section 448 of CrPC Bond Required for minor Section 449 Of CrPC Appeal from orders under section 446 Section 450  of CrPC Power to direct levy of amount due on certain recognizance Bails and bonds are an integral part of the criminal law. Whether a bail can be granted or not defines the heinousness of the crime. Courts have special powers for granting bail in non-bailable offenses So, courts play a very important part in it.  Photo by niu niu Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
What are Construction Lasers? A construction laser can be used for a number of tasks that require a precise level reference. Whether one is working on indoor tasks like hanging a picture and installing ceiling tiles, or working on a large-scale job like installing sewer pipes, construction lasers are used to help in all of these situations. The most common are construction laser levels. These are ideal for measuring distance, leveling, aligning, plumbing, and angles, though they are capable of measuring more as well. Additionally, they help expedite the process of excavation, machine control, landscaping, and building. The reason a construction laser is capable of such an array of tasks is because their capabilities and features are also widely ranging. Types of Construction Lasers The nature and size of the task at hand will dictate which construction laser to use. While some construction lasers have basic functions, like a measuring tape, they can also be mounted to machines for grading. They can even measure up to hundreds or even thousands of feet, both indoors and out Laser Level For the small-scale indoor jobs, laser levels are helpful for hanging a row of pictures and installing shelves on a level plane along the wall. These lasers produce single lines, cross-hair lines, and sometimes a combination of both.   Rotary Laser This type of construction laser can be used in both indoor and outdoor tasks and produces a 360 degree level. These lasers have a broader scope than line generators and are better suited for larger-scale, outdoor jobs. Dot/Plumb Laser This construction laser is good for jobs that need a dotted line on a work surface or wall. More specifically, this laser is best suited for when something plumb or level is needed but not a laser line. The dot patterns come in a variety of patterns for plumb or square configurations. Pipe Laser Used in the process of setting grade and aligning pipes, this construction laser generates a single dot, includes brackets, and the hardware needed to fasten it to a pipe or manhole for aligning. Laser Detector This is an essential tool for construction lasers that generate a line that isn’t detectable to the human eye. Laser detectors are mainly used outdoors and are attached to grade rods for picking up a rotary laser beam. There are also laser detectors meant for bigger tasks, called machine control laser detectors. They are attached to heavy equipment like bulldozers and make the detection of lasers easier while the heavy machinery is moving. Construction Lasers: An Essential Tool The construction industry is highly competitive and as time progresses, contractors continue seeking ways to optimize their labor while expediting the time it takes to complete the job. This is what makes construction lasers so important: they help speed up the process while ensuring results are achieved with accuracy and safety. The fact that these lasers can provide such high precision has diminished the amount of obstacles a contractor faces during a construction job. More specifically, excavation can now be achieved under conditions that used to prevent the task due to the use of construction lasers. “By linking excavators, graders and paving equipment to on-site laser beacons, global positioning satellites and other electronic systems, operators now have easy to read coordinates for digging. A combination of laser beams and mounted sensors calculates bucket angles and then relates this information back to the operator’s control panel,” according to Johnson Level. Because of this, contractors are using lasers more often in not just in excavating, but in road paving, installing drainage pipes, and trenching.   Future of  the Construction Laser While the construction industry has generally not been as digitized as other industries, the strides being taken with wearable technology is significant. Undoubtedly, technology in construction is evolving and the laser will find new applications in the construction industry.
How do I use the Consumer Price Index (CPI) to get ahead financially? Peter Miller Peter MillerThe Mortgage Reports Contributor Consumer Price Index definition The consumer price index definition may sound like one of those useless and wobbly bits of information that we can all safely ignore, but the real story is different. It turns out that the consumer price index – the CPI – is very important for your bottom line. 1. The CPI shows how much prices are increasing or decreasing 2. It indicates the buying power for money you’ll receive in the future 3. It helps you decide if an investment is worthy or wasteful Verify your new rate (Oct 15th, 2018) The CPI and inflation According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the CPI is published monthly and “measures the change in prices paid by consumers for goods and services.” So far, this sounds like pretty dull stuff. But when we talk about money, it gets a lot more interesting. Let’s say you bought a home for $200,000 in January 2010. You sell the property in February 2018 for $275,000. It might seem as though you have a $75,000 gain before selling expenses and closing costs. 5 reasons rising rates are good Actually, though, your real profit is far less. That $75,000 in our example is a solid cash difference. It’s the difference between what you paid for the property and what you sold it for. However, that $75,000 in cash does not represent an increase in buying power. According to the government, it takes $224,800 in today’s dollars to buy the same goods and services that $200,000 bought in 2010. On a cash basis, you got $275,000, but cash doesn’t go as far as it once did. The reason cash buys less is that inflation erodes the spending power of money. Using the government’s CPI calculator, we can also figure the problem in a different way. If you had $174,052.07 in January 2010, it would have the same buying power as $200,000 in February 2018. Consumer Price Index definition The CPI shows us the difference between nominal cash values (an amount of money) and real cash values corrected for inflation. Why is this important? Smith can retire on $5,000 a month this year. This is enough to meet all of Smith’s expenses and even allow him to save money every month. But what about the future? If Smith earns a consistent $5,000, each month, his ability to buy will be reduced because of inflation. Mortgage-backed securities (MBS): What REALLY determines your mortgage rate Inflation hurts Smith because he has a fixed income. Let’s also say that Smith financed his home with a fixed-rate mortgage. Smith’s cost for principal and interest is the same every month for the life of the loan. Now, inflation benefits Smith. Each month he pays his lender with dollars that buy less and less. The lender knows that inflation is eating away at the buying power of his money. For this reason,  lenders try to price mortgages so that the interest level will exceed the inflation rate. In fact, the lender is so concerned about inflation that it will offer a lower initial interest rate if Smith — or you — will finance with an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM). Lenders love ARMs because if the inflation rate increases, so too do the interest rate on the mortgage. Taxes and inflation Here’s another one. Government tax collectors love inflation. In our example of the home sale, the seller made $75,000 in cash. In the case of an owner-occupant, there would probably be no capital gains tax. What the 2017 tax reform bill means for you if you buy, sell or own a home However, if the owner is an investor, the $75,000 gain will be taxed. For a $75,000 gain, a 15 percent tax means an $11,250 bill from Uncle Sam. For details regarding capital gains taxes, be sure to speak with a tax professional. Notice that the investor is paying a tax on the full $75,000. The government does not discount the cash gain due to inflation. The investor’s real profit is reduced by both inflation and taxes which must be paid to the government. How do you beat inflation? The consumer price index definition raises a question. How do you beat inflation? Currently, inflation in the US is under 2 percent. One answer is to own real estate. Typical property appreciation rates in the US run between 4 and 5 percent. But of course, this varies wildly with the property location. Real estate does provide additional tax benefits (and a roof over your head) that other investments do not. So the 4 percent appreciation is often more valuable than it initially appears. A helpful chart: how inflation changes mortgage rates Of course, relatively few people buy a home for cash. Real estate profits – and losses – are impacted by leverage. If you buy a $200,000 home with 10 percent down, your actual cash investment is $20,000. If the value of the property goes up 5 percent ($10,000), that’s a 50 percent return on your cash investment. That is a simplified example because you have mortgage interest to deal with. Offset by what you’d have to pay by renting a home if you didn’t own one.  Renting a home puts money in your landlord’s pocket when prices increase, not yours. So the next time someone tells you that the consumer price index definition is as dull as dust, maybe remind them that big money is at stake. Yours and theirs. Verify your new rate (Oct 15th, 2018)
Personalized vs. Individualized Learning After having read Why Are We Still Personalizing Learning If It's Not Personal?, I felt compelled to offer a slightly different perspective of the term "personalized" and "individualized" learning. Today's views complement prior posts that I have made on the subject. I agree with the underlying premise that, "personalized learning in practice often falls short..." when it comes to "personalization" of formal education (para. 2); however, I don't think that it's because there is a difference between the terms personalize and individualize. Let's compare personalize with individualize (my personal favorite definitions)... • personalize: 1) to ascribe personal qualities to; personify; 2) to make personal, as by applying a general statement to oneself; 3) to design or tailor to meet an individual's specifications, needs, or preferences • individualize: to make individual or distinctive; give an individual or distinctive character to; 2) to mention, indicate, or consider individually; specify; particularize Although I can appreciate the effort it takes to attempt to distinguish between the two terms, the complexity of what teaching and learning entail makes the practicalities of using these terms differently a bit futile.  So, for the purposes of this discussion, I will use the terms personalize and individualize interchangeably since I have yet to be convinced that there is a reason for separating these two semantically.   As individualization increases, so does the potential for isolation (para. 4). If individualize means to make individual or distinctive, I don't necessarily see this as only a social phenomenon.  Individualization (and personalization) is just as much cognitive (internal) as it is social.  Today's technology can use algorithms to approximate ways of facilitating teaching and learning (which I have no qualms about) but what really matters is how educators assist learners in how to become better... well, learners.  Educators can help learners become more aware of how to better personalize their own learning experiences for particular purposes - educators can differentiate instruction but they cannot personalize learning.  Learning is inherently personalized, there is no escaping it.  Take a group of 40 students who sit in the same class for 50 minutes and each will leave having had a personal experience.  In order to leave with a personal experience, each student personalized automatically (for better or worse) thoughts, behaviors, materials and technologies, etc. in order to realize the experience.  This act of individually personalizing his/her learning could have occurred implicitly or explicitly, but the awareness of how one personalizes learning is where the benefit of understanding a personal learning network (an aggregate of ideas, materials/technologies, and personal relationships) comes into play.  ... if we over-individualize, learning can quickly become impersonal..." (para. 7). Nothing about teaching and learning is "impersonal".  This is like accusing someone of "having no personality".  Everyone has a personality because... well, everyone is a person.  Since everyone is a person, the act of learning can only be personal.  Therefore, learning is a result of one having personalized certain behaviors, thoughts, and materials for a particular purpose.  "...I think [we use a web-based, adaptive tool for math instruction] because then our parents don't have to help us with our homework" (para. 12). In this case, the student is being forced to use a technology without understanding why, how, and to what end.  This is the opposite of personalization.  Any time a discussion or decision is made about using technology without considering other factors like rationales, objectives, higher order of thinking, human relationships, etc., then personalization becomes an afterthought.  The problem here might not have anything to do with the technology but how, why, and/or to what end the technology is being used. It is impossible to "put the person back in personalized learning" (para. 21) because it's impossible to remove the person from personalized learning in the first place.  As educators, let's learn better ways to empower learners to understand their respective personal learning networks and why, how, and to what end a personal learning network emerges and dwindles (as it never stays the same) over time. If we can achieve this, then learners are personalizing or individualizing their own learning in a more relevant and meaningful way. Photo attribution Popular posts from this blog
Mechanism of Rusting of Iron: Electrochemical Theory of Rusting Mechanism of Rusting of Iron Electrochemical Theory of Rusting The overall rusting involves the following steps, (i) Oxidation occurs at the anodes of each electrochemical cell. Therefore, at each anode neutral iron atoms are oxidised to ferrous ions. At anode : Thus, the metal atoms in the lattice pass into the solution as ions, leaving electrons on the metal itself. These electrons move towards the cathode region through the metal. (ii) At the cathodes of each cell, the electrons are taken up by hydrogen ions (reduction takes place). The ions are obtained either from water or from acidic substances (e.g. in water At cathode : The hydrogen atoms on the iron surface reduce dissolved oxygen. Therefore, the overall reaction at cathode of different electrochemical cells may be written as, (iii) The overall redox reaction may be written by multiplying reaction at anode by 2 and adding reaction at cathode to equalise number of electrons lost and gained i.e. Oxi. half reaction : Red. half reaction : Overall cell reaction : The ferrous ions are oxidised further by atmospheric oxygen to form rust. It may be noted that salt water accelerates corrosion. This is mainly due to the fact that salt water increases the electrical conduction of electrolyte solution formed on the metal surface. Therefore, rusting becomes more serious problem where salt water is present. Get practice papers FREE Copyright © 2010-2018 www.emedicalprep.com. All rights reserved. Skip to toolbar
Liquid and powdered fertilizers, sowing seed NATURAL OXIDES: yellow, red, brown, black BISTER SYNTHETIC IRON OXIDES: yellow, red, brown, black DRAGON PIGMENTS: red, yellow, blue, green, grey A pigment is a substance that has the capacity of colouring a certain carrier (cement, plaster, synthetic fibres, paint, …). Contrary to dyes, pigments are insoluble. Therefore, pigments remain under the form of small particles and will just be dispersed in the carrier and so colouring the carrier. The colouring capacity of the pigment depends on the fineness of the particles composing the pigment. In general we can say that the finer the particles are, the higher the colouring capacity of the pigment will be. A pigment is only suitable for certain applications. The pigment shouldn’t react with the carrier. Moreover, the pigment shouldn’t oxidize under influence of oxygen in the air and shouldn’t lose its colour under influence of sunlight (UV). Additives, dyes and pigments - industrial View all the products offered by this company Need more information from the seller? Share on:
Why Spelling Matters Making reading a regular habit can help to significantly improve reading comprehension and understanding, but so can other skills – spelling being one of them. Studies have shown that an understanding of the key elements of spelling, the sounds and letters used to make up a complete word, can result in better reading skills. A study conducted by Catherine Snow in 2005 underlines how the relationship between letters and sounds can be better understood for spelling, as well as reading. According to Snow spelling and reading build and rely on the same mental representation of a word. Knowing the spelling of a word makes the representation of it sturdy and accessible for fluent reading. The study also found that the ability to read words by sight, versus sounding out letters, is a skill that requires the ability to match letters and letter combinations with sounds. Not all words are visually distinctive, especially words that are similarly spelled or contain the same letters and in different combinations. However, learning to spell can help support memory for sight-reading whole words, which can be used in both spelling and reading as a result. Spelling can be difficult for some, but there are plenty of ways parents can encourage these skills, much like how they can encourage reading outside of books. Break It Down Daily Ask your children to read off road signs, cereal boxes, you name it – but have them sound out letters as well. Tracing words, drawing words, and familiarizing them with letters can help tremendously.  Listening skills also play a crucial part in daily activities such as asking your child “what letter does ‘bat’, end with? What letter does ‘sock’ begin with and so on. Playing these games can help your child’s ability to hear sounds in words. Encourage Vocal Skills Spelling and reading are both intrinsically tied to the sounds of letters and letter combinations. Encourage them to read aloud. Children need to use the language they will be writing. Having a conversation, telling stories, playing word games and even play-acting can help kids develop key vocal skills as well as improve their vocabulary. Bring Writing into the Mix Writing regularly can significantly help children spell, and read as well. Writing can help children get their thoughts down on paper and can help them sound out and express their thoughts and feelings. By creating a visual element, such as writing down letters and words, kids are more likely to develop key spelling and reading skills. Their penmanship, and their spelling, may not be perfect at first, but if it is a routine activity, they will grow more and more familiar with the act of writing, spelling, and communicating effectively. For younger kids you can write each of the words, and then have them trace it with a black crayon. Just make sure your child uses straight, not curved, lines when he outlines the word. Get Creative Applying study skills you may have used in college can help, too. Just as a university student may color-code their notes and post-its, using anything from highlighters and finger paints to cut-out construction paper and sidewalk chalk, you can help bring letters and spelling to life by making it a little more fun, and vibrant, too. Old methods still work well such as purchasing letter magnets for the refrigerator and having them spell out words. Rhyming games are fun and help children to think and make similarities with letter sounds.  The idea here is to do it in daily bits and segments so that each time you do some sort of spelling lesson it becomes a game and children will love to learn. How to Learn Reading Using Sound Reading and Phonemic Awareness Reading is one of the most focused-upon areas of academia. It is the key to learning most anything else. The ability to read well, understand abstract concepts and to communicate effectively is essential not only in the academic world but in the world at large, so it is no wonder why reading skills are so heavily emphasized in school. So why aren’t more teachers and schools focusing on tactics that really help kids to read well? Numerous studies have been conducted over the years testing the effectiveness of teaching methods and angles, and now there is software available that can help children to read better much more easily than ever before, the main problem being that many educators may simply not be aware that it exists. Sound Reading Solutions is a revolutionary piece of software that focuses on phonemic awareness, something that many studies have shown other methods are lacking in. But what is phonemic awareness? Phonemic awareness is a subset of phonological awareness in which listeners are able to hear, identify and manipulate phonemes, the smallest units of sound that can differentiate meaning. For instance, you can separate the spoken word “cat” into three distinct phonemes, /k/, /æ/, and /t/. In order to do this, you need an understanding of phonemic awareness. This sort of skill can be especially helpful for children reading words they have never read before, and may not even know at all, allowing them to sound out the words and create a sense of meaning within their minds regardless of their knowledge or lack thereof. Vocabulary building is essential, and many children can continue to learn larger concepts on their own, including words that they may not be familiar with, by gathering and insinuating some sort of meaning from phonemic understanding. According to studies conducted by Vickie Snider, phonemic awareness has a direct correlation with a student’s’ ability to read as they get older. Phonemic awareness builds a foundation for students to understand the rules of the English language, as well, which can be especially helpful with speaking, writing and communicating effectively. These sorts of skills also provide kids with skills that they can apply to increase their oral reading fluency and understanding of the text. Sound Reading Solutions provides exercises and other helpful tools that allow children to build phonemic awareness at different grade levels, which can help them to become better readers overall. Sound Reading programs heighten speech and language abilities by teaching students the skills they need to read with ease and confidence.  We urge you to take a look at this software and see how it will help your child read easily and on their own. Please be sure to check back here for reading tips and parenting resources on a weekly basis and KDNovelties.com for personalized books that promote literacy in a unique way. Sound Reading Software from Sound Reading on Vimeo. How to Measure Your Child’s Reading Level before Kindergarten Personalized Books for Kids Pre-Reader (typically from ages 2 to 4) 5. Pretends to write 6. Enjoys looking through books on their own 1. Recognizes their own name when written 3. Spelling their own name 4. Needs pictures on each page to help tell the story 5. Memorizes books and tries to read them over and over 6. Reads aloud without pausing for punctuation
Sexually transmitted diseases are quite common among men between the ages of 15 and 30. The primary reason for this is unprotected sex. Therefore, the importance of using condoms when having sex should be emphasized again and again. There are many types of STDs very common these days, and while most of them have similar symptoms, some trigger different ones as well. Here are what you should expect: Gonorrhea is caused by bacteria and it can affect a person’s urethra, throat, or anus. Any male who engages in oral, anal, or vaginal sex with someone who has the gonorrhea infection is also very likely to get the disease. The majority of male gonorrhea patients do not manifest any sign or symptom, but when they do, here are some examples: • - inflamed testicles • - unusually-colored discharge from the penis • - pain when urinating Chlamydia is another STD caused by bacteria. It is one of the most widespread STDs in the United States. Symptoms usually pop up after a number of weeks from first exposure. Here they are: - odd discharge from the penis - inflamed testicles - pain when urinating
Busy. Please wait. show password Forgot Password? Don't have an account?  Sign up  Username is available taken show password Already a StudyStack user? Log In Reset Password Remove Ads Don't know remaining cards Pass complete! "Know" box contains: Time elapsed: restart all cards   Normal Size     Small Size show me how Body Structure Medical Terms anatomical position upright, with face front, arms to the side, palms forward, feet parallel anterior (ventral) toward the front (belly) of the body posterior (dorsal) toward the back of the body medial toward the midline of the body lateral toward the side of the body proximal nearer to the point of attachment or to a given reference point distal farther from the point of attachment or from a given reference point cranial (cephalad) toward the head frontal plane is made at right angles to the midline and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Dorsal Cavity contains cranial cavity and spinal cavity (canal) Ventral Cavity contains the Abdomino pelvic cavity, Thoracic caviity and separated from the Abdomin o caviity by the Diaphragm Abdominopelvic Cavity contains the Abdominal Cavity and Pelvic Cavity Peritoneum The large membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs within. Four sections/quadrants of the Abdomen right upper quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper quadrant (LUQ, right lower quadrant (RLQ, and left lower quadrant (LLQ). Nine regions fo the Abdomen Right and Left hypochondriac region, Right and Left lumbar region, Right and Left ilac (inguinal) region, Epigastric region, Umbilical region, Hypogastric region prone lying face down [pr(on)e on the face] supine lying face up [s(up)ine facing up] ROOT cephal/o MEANING head EXAMPLE microcephaly - abnormal smallness of the head ROOT cervic/o MEANING neck EXAMPLE cervicofacial - pertaining to the neck and face ROOT thorac/o MEANING chest, thorax EXAMPLE intrathoracic - within the thorax ROOT abdomin/o MEANING abdomen EXAMPLE intraabdominal - withing the abdomen ROOT celi/o MEANING abdomen EXAMPLE celiac - pertaining to the abdomen ROOT lapar/o MEANING abdominal wall EXAMPLE laparoscope - instrument for viewing the peritoneal covaity through the abdominal wall ROOT lumb/o MEANING lumbar region, lower back EXAMPLE thoracolumbar - pertaining to the chest and lumbar region ROOT acro MEANING extremity, end EXAMPLE acrocyanosis - bluishdiscoloration of the extremities ROOT brachi/o MEANING arm EXAMPLE antebrachium - forearm ROOT dactyl/o MEANING finger, toe EXAMPLE dactylospasm - spasm (cramp) of a finger or toe ROOT ped/o MEANING foot EXAMPLE pedometer - instrument that measures footsteps ROOT pod/o MEANING foot EXAMPLE podiatric - pertaing to study and treament of the foot Acrokinesia is excess motion (-kinesia) of the extremity. Animals that brachiate swing from place to place using their arms PREFIX circum- MEANING around EXAMPLE circumoral - around the mouth PREFIX peri- MEANING around EXAMPLE periorbital - around the orbit (eye socket) PREFIX intra- MEANING in, within EXAMPLE intravascular - within a vessel PREFIX epi- MEANING on, over EXAMPLE epithelium - tissue that covers surfaces PREFIX extra- MEANING outside EXAMPLE extrathoracic - outside the thorax PREFIX infra- * MEANING below, *degree EXAMPLE infracostal - below the ribs(cost/o) PREFIX sub- * MEANING below, under, *degree EXAMPLE sublingual - under the tongue (lingu /o) PREFIX juxta- MEANING near, beside EXAMPLE juxtaposition - a location near or beside another structure PREFIX para- MEANING near, beside EXAMPLE parasagittal - near or beside a sagittal plane PREFIX retro- MEANING behind, backward EXAMPLE retrouterine - behind the uterus PREFIX supra- MEANING above EXAMPLE suprapatellar - above the patella (kneecap) intrauterine in or within the uterus parasacral beside the sacrum digit a finger or toe (adjective digital) lumen The central opening within a tube or hollow organ. septum a wall dividing two cavities fundus The base or body of a hollow organ, the area of an organ farthest from its opening. sphincter A circular muscle that regulates an opening. syndactyly fusion of fingers or toes laparotomy incision through the abdominal wall celiocentesis surgical puncture of the abdomen midsagittal A ___ plane divides the body into equal R and L parts. The thoracic cavity is ______ to the abdominal cavity. superior (above in a higher position) The epigastric region is _____ to the umbilical region. inferior (below in a lower position. epigastric region, located above the stomach umbilical region, named for the umblilicus, or navel hypogastric region, located below the stomach Created by: wildcatdad
Thursday, 5 June 2014 Monolingual dictionaries Earlier this week, I was looking at the Key Stage 2 Framework for Languages.  I was checking out the overview of the Language Learning Strategies and read the following for the first time: Bilingual dictionaries are an integral part of the KS2 Framework and, importantly, the new curriculum.  I've already written a blogpost about using bilingual dictionaries.  I have to confess that this bit about monolingual dictionaries came as a complete surprise.  And I have looked at the Framework before.  Lots of times. When I think of "monolingual dictionary", I think "Petit Robert".  My parents bought me a Petit Robert just before I went to university.  I used it a lot during my time at Manchester, and my fellow students and I used to refer to it as "Little Bob".  I've used it a lot since for synonyms and antonyms.  Is this what the Framework was referring to? I posted my finding on Twitter, and considering it was a Tuesday lunchtime, there were a lot of replies and a good discussion. Our findings?  Little Bob and his friends are admittedly impenetrable for most students, especially those in Key Stage 2.  I've had even Year 11s say "Wow!  Does that have every French word in it?" about my big Collins Robert French dictionaries in the past - they were impressed by the size and liked browsing through it.  Dictionaries that size are good for novelty value but not the sort of thing you could use for language work of any value.  There are other monolingual dictionaries that are much more accessible for younger learners.  They may be simple word-only dictionaries, or they may be one of the many picture dictionaries that are available both in paper format and online.  And this kind of dictionary, in a briefer, glossary, form, is much easier for us to make ourselves and tailor to our students' needs. So how can you use a picture dictionary?  Let's say it's a dictionary about animals.  Provide the children with a series of simple definitions of the animals, written in language with which they are familiar.  They read the definitions and find the animal which matches the description.  Alternatively, if the dictionary contains only names and definitions, you could give the children a set of pictures so that they can read the definitions and label each picture.  Later on children can use the language they have learned and the sentence patterns that they have seen in the example definitions to create their own definitions for their friends.  And let's not underestimate the value of children being able to browse through the picture dictionary to see the target language "in action". Do you use monolingual dictionaries?  Do you have any other ideas for how we could use them? Thanks Janet, Simone and Erzsi for your input on Tuesday! 1 comment: 1. Hi Clare, I've just discovered your blog so apologies for commenting at this late date. I don't even know if it's OK to do so. I am just looking at the Usborne First Thousand Words in French, they also do English, Spanish and German. I haven't used it in class but it would be great to have a class set. Each double page has a busy central picture with named images from the scene around the edges. Fab to encourage speaking or with a verb (verbs are also illustrated on 'Les actions' page) and maybe an adverbial clause provided, it would be a stimulating aid to sentence writing. I like the fact that there is no English translation. PS I don't work for Usborne!
the selection principle • Solve the bubble of hand-mixed glue: Mix it evenly when mixing by hand. Mix the glue in one direction. The bubble introduced by this method is the least. After the two-component glue is fully stirred, the sampleexterior wall tiles patterns for floor is scraped with a scraper. Flat thin, extruded bubbles. Sealing glass glue products use regular manufacturers with higher production technology level, otherwise it may cause sealant products to be wrapped in bubbles before leaving the factory, resulting in hardwood flooring direct the phenomenon of air bubbles in the construction of insulating glass glue. Hollow glass adhesive can cause bubbles in improper drum changing, so we need to adopt a standard barrel change method, such as: open the exhaust valve afterPlastic Coving Outdoors barrel change, so that all the gas in the pressure plate is exhausted, and there is a small amount of glue from the exhaust port. When it overflows, close the exhaust valve and turn it on. After the construction, the glass glue is exposed to generate bubbles, so it is best to allow the glue to cure for a period of time. The surface is crusted and has a certain resistance to sunlight. In this case, the glass glue is less Wood Flooring Prices in Philippines likely to generate air bubbles. Howdy, Stranger!
Starches Are the Solution to Your Weight and Health Problems Wild Animals Don’t Count Calories or Sign Up for Step Aerobics Have you ever seen an obese wild ani­mal? Look at these wilde­beests in Krüger Nation­al Park in South Africa. There’s no cel­lulite on their thighs! Wilde­beest weigh only 40 pounds at birth, but then they gain weight rapid­ly. By the time they’re a year old, they weigh about 200 pounds. The females reach a peak weight of about 350 pounds at 4 years of age. The males peak at 500 pounds at 5 years of age. Yet after that, their weight stays remark­ably sta­ble. Why do they stop gain­ing weight? Since they don’t start count­ing calo­ries or tak­ing step aer­o­bics class­es in adult­hood, they must have some built-in mech­a­nisms that reg­u­late their weight nat­u­ral­ly. Do humans also have in-born weight-con­trol mech­a­nisms? If so, why have so many peo­ple been get­ting so fat late­ly? To keep our body weight at a nor­mal lev­el, we are told to engage in unnat­ur­al behav­iors. We’re told to eat less and move more. Yet wild ani­mals nev­er lim­it their food por­tions, and they do only the amount of activ­i­ty they feel like doing. I think that their secret for stay­ing slim is that they eat the kind of food that is appro­pri­ate for their species. If you trapped some wilde­beest in a pen and fed them a diet that was much rich­er in calo­ries than what they ate in the wild, they’d prob­a­bly get fat. That’s what has hap­pened to human beings in indus­tri­al­ized soci­eties. To cure our weight prob­lems, we need to escape from our cubi­cles and start eat­ing a more nat­ur­al diet. Go play out­side, and eat low-fat unre­fined plant foods instead of eat­ing ani­mals and processed foods. When you look at pop­u­la­tions all over the world, you’ll notice that the peo­ple who eat a diet based on unre­fined plant foods stay nat­u­ral­ly slim and remark­ably free of heart dis­ease and dia­betes and oth­er chron­ic dis­eases. For many gen­er­a­tions, most of the world’s pop­u­la­tion ate like that. Only the rich could afford to eat large serv­ings of rich foods, such as meats and but­ter and hon­ey, on a reg­u­lar basis. As a result, only rich peo­ple suf­fered from obe­si­ty, gout, and ath­er­o­scle­ro­sis. Because of agri­cul­tur­al poli­cies, those foods have now become cheap while fresh fruit and veg­eta­bles are still rel­a­tive­ly expen­sive. As a result, the “dis­eases of afflu­ence” are now a par­tic­u­lar prob­lem for poor peo­ple in the Unit­ed States. Pho­to by h.koppdelaney Behind Barbed Wire_PrintNote: In my book Thin Dia­betes, Fat Dia­betes: Pre­vent Type 1, Cure Type 2, you can learn more about how a low-fat, high-fiber, high-car­bo­hy­drate diet helps peo­ple lose weight and revers­es their type 2 dia­betes. Type 2 Diabetes Keeps Fat People From Getting Even Fatter Most peo­ple with type 2 dia­betes are at least pleas­ant­ly plump, so why do so many severe­ly obese peo­ple have no trou­ble with their blood sug­ar? I’ve known for decades that unex­plained weight loss is a com­mon sign of dia­betes. A few years ago, I began to sus­pect that type 2 dia­betes is what hap­pens when one of the body’s nat­ur­al defens­es against fur­ther weight gain gets out of con­trol. These sus­pi­cions were deep­ened when I real­ized that the drugs that are used to treat type 2 dia­betes often cause weight gain as a side effect. The drugs are dis­abling the body’s nat­ur­al resis­tance to fur­ther weight gain! This inter­est­ing arti­cle from Endocrine Reviews argues that in type 2 dia­betes, the prob­lems with fat metab­o­lism start long before the per­son starts hav­ing abnor­mal blood sug­ar lev­els. It explains how too much fat in the body and too much fat from the diet could end up caus­ing type 2 dia­betes. It explains how eat­ing less and exer­cis­ing more could solve the under­ly­ing prob­lem. The idea that type 2 dia­betes starts off as a prob­lem with fat metab­o­lism makes a lot of sense. It helps to explain some­thing that sci­en­tists have known since the 1930s: that you can cause insulin resis­tance in healthy vol­un­teers by feed­ing them a high-fat diet for a week. You can restore their insulin sen­si­tiv­i­ty by feed­ing them a starchy diet for a week. A switch to a low-fat, high-fiber, high-car­bo­hy­drate, pure­ly plant-based diet pro­duces a dra­mat­ic improve­ment in peo­ple with type 2 dia­betes, even before they have had a chance to lose much weight. The tra­di­tion­al cure for type 2 dia­betes was to eat less and exer­cise more. A more sen­si­ble approach is to start off by eat­ing as much high-fiber, low-fat, plant-based food as you feel like eat­ing. This kind of diet will rapid­ly cor­rect your insulin resis­tance. As your insulin resis­tance improves, you’ll feel more like exer­cis­ing. Of course, if you have any major health prob­lem or are tak­ing pre­scrip­tion med­ica­tions, you need to talk to a reg­is­tered dietit­ian and your pre­scriber before mak­ing any major change in diet. You may need to have your dosages adjust­ed, and you may be able to stop tak­ing some of your pre­scrip­tion med­ica­tion. Note: I explain this top­ic in more detail in my book Thin Dia­betes, Fat Dia­betes: Pre­vent Type 1, Cure Type 2 Behind Barbed Wire_Print Pho­to by 95Berlin The “Three Sides” Diet Back when I worked at a com­pa­ny that had a cafe­te­ria, I didn’t have to pack my lunch. I could put togeth­er a tasty, low-fat sal­ad from the sal­ad bar. If I felt like eat­ing a hot meal, I could get a big plate of food from the “hot” por­tion of the cafe­te­ria line. The “main dish­es” usu­al­ly includ­ed some sort of meat or dairy prod­uct, so I’d get the “side dish­es” instead. My usu­al lunch con­sist­ed of “three sides”: usu­al­ly a starchy side dish such as rice plus two veg­eta­bles. I got a big plate­ful of tasty, zero-cho­les­terol, low-fat food, and I spent less than the peo­ple who ordered the main dish. I can find a sat­is­fy­ing meal at near­ly any restau­rant, just by ignor­ing the main dish­es and order­ing the side dish­es instead. Pho­to by mack reed (fac­toid) The Glycemic Index Won’t Help You Lose Weight Late­ly, many nutri­tion gurus have been try­ing to tell me that eat­ing a diet with a low glycemic index is the secret to los­ing weight. But if that were true, then car­rots would be more fat­ten­ing than fudge is. Unfor­tu­nate­ly, the glycemic index is being used to steer peo­ple away from the sort of food that can real­ly help them lose weight and con­trol their blood sug­ar: unre­fined starch­es and veg­eta­bles. If you sur­vey the world’s pop­u­la­tions, you’ll find that the peo­ple who are eat­ing diets based on unre­fined starch­es and veg­eta­bles have low risks of obe­si­ty, heart dis­ease, dia­betes, and breast cancer—even though the glycemic index of their diet is high. In con­trast, the peo­ple who are eat­ing the most fat and protein—both of which tend to decrease the glycemic index of a meal—are the ones who are get­ting fat and sick. The glycemic index was orig­i­nal­ly devel­oped to fine-tune the sys­tem of car­bo­hy­drate exchanges that peo­ple with type 1 dia­betes use to cal­cu­late how much insulin they will need to inject after a meal [1]. The glycemic index mea­sures the effect that 50 grams of carbs from any giv­en food has on your blood sug­ar. For exam­ple, if you ate 50 grams of car­bo­hy­drate from beans, your blood sug­ar wouldn’t go as high as if you ate 50 grams of car­bo­hy­drate from pota­toes instead. In oth­er words, beans have a low­er glycemic index than pota­toes do. Like pota­toes, car­rots have a high glycemic index. How­ev­er, you’d have to eat about 4 cups of shred­ded car­rot to get 50 grams of car­bo­hy­drate. Thus, if you ate just one car­rot, it would have only a small effect on your blood sug­ar. To cor­rect for this prob­lem, some peo­ple use the glycemic load, which is the glycemic index mul­ti­plied by the total amount of car­bo­hy­drate in the food. The glycemic index and glycemic load are of sur­pris­ing­ly lit­tle val­ue to dieters. One rea­son is that the glycemic index of any giv­en food is so hard to pre­dict. For exam­ple, you could increase the glycemic index of a pota­to by mash­ing it. Then, you could decrease the glycemic index of the mashed pota­to by adding milk and but­ter. Fats and pro­teins tend to decrease the glycemic index of a food. Although adding but­ter to a food decreas­es the food’s glycemic index, the but­ter does not make the food less fat­ten­ing! Even if you eat a meal that has a high glycemic load, that doesn’t mean that your blood sug­ar is going to go dan­ger­ous­ly high. It all depends on your insulin sen­si­tiv­i­ty. Peo­ple who habit­u­al­ly eat a low-fat, starchy diet tend to have much small­er blood sug­ar swings than peo­ple who eat a high-fat, low-carb diet. Sci­en­tists have known that fact since the 1930s! In fact, a diet based on high-glycemic-load veg­eta­bles and unre­fined starch­es can restore the body’s insulin sen­si­tiv­i­ty, thus cur­ing type 2 dia­betes, with­in a mat­ter of weeks. Ref­er­ence List 1. Jenk­ins DJ, Wolever TM, Tay­lor RH et al. Glycemic index of foods: a phys­i­o­log­i­cal basis for car­bo­hy­drate exchange. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:362–366. Note: For more infor­ma­tion about the con­trol of weight and blood sug­ar, see my book Thin Dia­betes, Fat Dia­betes: Pre­vent Type 1, Cure Type 2. Behind Barbed Wire_Print Big Lunches, Skinny Body Back when I worked in an office, I’d some­times bring my lunch to work. My lunch­es were phys­i­cal­ly much larg­er than the lunch­es my cowork­ers brought, and it took my entire lunch break to eat most of mine. I still had food left over for a snack around 3 pm. So why was I skin­nier than most of my cowork­ers? It’s because my lunch was made of up of low-fat, high-fiber plant foods. My typ­i­cal lunch includ­ed of a con­tain­er of rice pilaf or maybe a sand­wich with a spicy low-fat bean spread. I’d also have a cou­ple of con­tain­ers of cut up raw veg­eta­bles, such as car­rots, cau­li­flower, cel­ery, or broc­coli. Some­times I’d bring a big con­tain­er of sal­ad or coleslaw with non­fat dress­ing. I’d also have a few pieces of fruit, such as some cut-up can­taloupe or some apples or peach­es, depend­ing on what was in sea­son. Once in a while, I’d bring a few nuts, in the shell, along with a nut­crack­er. My cowork­ers, on the oth­er hand, usu­al­ly based their lunch on some sort of meat or fish. Often, there was some sort of greasy dress­ing. They usu­al­ly had some sort of dairy food as well. Many of them had been through some sort of com­mer­cial weight loss reg­i­men that encour­ages peo­ple to con­tin­ue eat­ing ani­mal-based food but sup­pos­ed­ly teach­es them “por­tion con­trol.” The fact that peo­ple are try­ing to learn “por­tion con­trol” tells you that they’re eat­ing an unnat­ur­al diet. Wild ani­mals nev­er try to lim­it their food intake. They nev­er count calo­ries. They nev­er sign up for step aer­o­bics. They eat as much as they like of their nat­ur­al food, and they do what­ev­er activ­i­ty they feel like doing. Their weight gets con­trolled nat­u­ral­ly by their appetite. The same thing also works for human beings if they eat a low-fat, high-fiber, plant-based diet. The Imaginary Historical Decrease in Fat Consumption Don’t Snatch the Food out of Your Child’s Mouth! I just read a real­ly dis­turb­ing arti­cle on Peg­gy Orenstein’s Web site. In Fear of Fat­ness, Oren­stein talks about the bias that even young chil­dren have against fat peo­ple, and the trou­bles that fat girls and their par­ents face. I was par­tic­u­lar­ly hor­ri­fied by the plight of one moth­er, who was so frus­trat­ed by her 5-year-old daughter’s fat­ness that she admits that she “fights the urge just to snatch the food out of the child’s mouth.” This is an unnat­ur­al prob­lem. No moth­er in nature tries to pro­tect her off­spring by snatch­ing food out of its mouth. This unnat­ur­al prob­lem results from the unnat­ur­al diet that is stan­dard in the Unit­ed States. Moth­ers are sup­posed to feed and nur­ture their chil­dren. Why are Amer­i­can moth­ers strug­gling to lim­it their children’s por­tions? If the child were being fed the kinds of food that nat­u­ral­ly slim pop­u­la­tions eat, then the weight prob­lem and the strug­gle for por­tion con­trol would sim­ply van­ish. The child would also avoid ear­ly puber­ty and have a low risk of breast can­cer in adult­hood. Oren­stein men­tions that the par­ents turned to the child’s pedi­a­tri­cian for dietary advice. Unfor­tu­nate­ly, med­ical doc­tors typ­i­cal­ly know lit­tle about nutri­tion. Back in 1963, the Amer­i­can Med­ical Asso­ci­a­tion report­ed that doc­tors weren’t learn­ing enough about nutri­tion and dietet­ics in med­ical school. A few years lat­er, their fol­low-up report showed that noth­ing had changed. Peri­od­i­cal­ly, some oth­er expert pan­el stud­ies the prob­lem and comes up with exact­ly the same con­clu­sions: our doc­tors are not being ade­quate­ly trained in nutri­tion and dietet­ics. Thus, it’s not sur­pris­ing that the child’s pedi­a­tri­cian has giv­en the fam­i­ly hor­ri­ble advice that is cor­rod­ing the moth­er-child rela­tion­ship. The pedi­a­tri­cian has been work­ing with the fam­i­ly to con­trol the child’s por­tions. No ani­mal in nature con­trols its weight by eat­ing less than it wants to eat. Nor does any ani­mal force itself to go to step aer­o­bics class. Wild ani­mals rely on their appetite to reg­u­late their weight. Appetite works well for reg­u­lat­ing weight as long as the crea­ture is eat­ing the kind of food that is appro­pri­ate for its species. We have an epi­dem­ic of obe­si­ty in peo­ple in the Unit­ed States because the stan­dard Amer­i­can diet is far too dense in calo­ries. It has too much fat and not enough fiber. It over­feeds us before it sat­is­fies our appetite. When peo­ple try to “cor­rect” this prob­lem by lim­it­ing their por­tions, they end up even more unsat­is­fied. They end up strug­gling against a pri­mal urge, and the pri­mal urge usu­al­ly wins in the end. When par­ents end up need­less­ly strug­gling against their children’s pri­mal urges, their rela­tion­ship with the child will suf­fer. How can we tell what kind of diet is appro­pri­ate for human beings? We can rely on sev­er­al kinds of evi­dence. First, we can use the same approach that sci­en­tists use to fig­ure out what kind of diet a dinosaur ate. They fig­ure that out by com­par­ing their teeth to those of mod­ern-day ani­mals. If you look at human teeth, you’ll see that they look almost exact­ly like the teeth of chim­panzees. Chimps are clas­si­fied as fruit-eaters, but they also eat a lot of leaves. So our teeth sug­gest that we should be eat­ing a diet with a heavy empha­sis on fruit and veg­eta­bles. Although chim­panzees do some­times hunt and eat meat, they actu­al­ly eat less meat than prac­ti­cal­ly any human pop­u­la­tion. Chim­panzees and human beings are almost com­plete­ly alike genet­i­cal­ly. Some of the key dif­fer­ences involve genes that con­trol brain size and body hair. One inter­est­ing dif­fer­ence is in the gene for the enzyme that digests starch. Chimps have one copy, where­as humans have sev­er­al copies. In oth­er words, our genes tell us that human beings are spe­cial­ly adapt­ed to a starchy diet. It’s one of the rea­sons why human beings are among the world’s elite long-dis­tance run­ners. Sev­er­al dif­fer­ent kinds of sci­en­tif­ic stud­ies have shown that human beings thrive on a diet of unre­fined starch­es and veg­eta­bles and fruit. Peo­ple who switch to that kind of diet can solve their weight prob­lems auto­mat­i­cal­ly. They can also pre­vent or cure many of the chron­ic degen­er­a­tive dis­eases that are com­mon in the Unit­ed States but rare else­where. As I explain in detail here, a high-fiber, low-fat diet works on both sides of the weight equa­tion. Peo­ple end up eat­ing few­er calo­ries and burn­ing more calo­ries. In oth­er words, a starchy diet is slim­ming, while a fat­ty diet is fat­ten­ing. A low-fat, plant-based diet also helps to delay puber­ty. Of course, if a fam­i­ly were to feed a child the low-fat, plant-based diet that would solve her weight prob­lem, they would be bom­bard­ed with crit­i­cism from peo­ple who ask, “But where will she get her pro­tein? Where will she get her cal­ci­um?” In response, the par­ents could ask, “Well, where do you think a goril­la gets its pro­tein and its cal­ci­um?” Goril­las don’t hunt. They don’t fish. They don’t milk cows or gath­er eggs. They get 99.9% of their food from veg­eta­bles, fruit, and a few nuts. Yet those foods pro­vide enough pro­tein and cal­ci­um to enable a sil­ver­back male goril­la to grow to be 500 pounds and become 10 times as strong as a man. It makes sense for par­ents to rely on a pedi­a­tri­cian for med­ical care for their chil­dren. But for nutri­tion­al advice, par­ents should turn to some­one who has been trained in nutri­tion and dietet­ics. A lot of peo­ple claim to be “nutri­tion­ists,” but not all of them have real train­ing in the sci­ence and prac­tice of nutri­tion and dietet­ics. When I had a health prob­lem that was poten­tial­ly food relat­ed, I got advice from a reg­is­tered dietit­ian. An RD has at least a bachelor’s degree in nutri­tion, has com­plet­ed a hands-on train­ing pro­gram in dietet­ics, and has passed a nation­al exam­i­na­tion. To keep their reg­is­tra­tion, they have to pur­sue con­tin­u­ing pro­fes­sion­al edu­ca­tion. The Amer­i­can Dietet­ic Asso­ci­a­tion and the Dieti­tians of Cana­da have issued a posi­tion paper that argues that a well-planned veg­e­tar­i­an or veg­an diet is appro­pri­ate for all stages of the life cycle and pro­vides cer­tain advan­tages. If your child has a weight prob­lem, or any prob­lem that might be diet-relat­ed, it makes sense to talk to a reg­is­tered dietit­ian about a plant-based diet. The appetite for food is not the only pri­mal urge that is cre­at­ing con­flicts between Amer­i­can chil­dren and their par­ents. Peg­gy Oren­stein has point­ed out in arti­cles and books that girls are being urged to be inap­pro­pri­ate­ly “sexy” at ear­li­er and ear­li­er ages. This trend is bad enough. What’s worse is that girls’ bod­ies are becom­ing sex­u­al­ly mature at inap­pro­pri­ate­ly ear­ly ages. Thus, girls are being plagued by pow­er­ful pri­mal urges long before they are emo­tion­al­ly mature. If you think that the din­ner table wars are ugly, just wait for pre­ma­ture puber­ty. The good news is that the same kind of diet that ends the strug­gle over food por­tion size can also post­pone the child’s puber­ty to its nat­ur­al age.
Go on! go on 1. verb To physically climb or otherwise move onto something. Someone will have to go on the roof to clean those gutters. 2. verb To continue for a tedious or exasperating length of time. In this usage, "go on" is typically followed by "and on." That film was so stupid, and it just went on and on—I thought it would never be over! My date kept going on about his charity work, never even asking what I do for a living. I try to get a word in, but he always just goes on blathering away. 3. verb To engage in some activity or task. We went on a long walk around the neighborhood. When are you going on vacation? 4. verb To stretch out from a particular place. The river seemed to go on for miles! 5. verb To proceed or persist. Well, the party must go on, whether we have caterers or not! Can you believe that wisecracking kid went on to become a doctor? 6. verb To use some kind of computer or digital platform, which is stated after "on." Do you mind if I go on your computer and check my email? Just go on the website to order it—it'll take two seconds. Can you go on your phone and look up the directions? 7. verb To use as evidence or as an explanation for something. You won't be arrested, not when the opposing council has nothing to go on. 8. verb To appear before an audience. You go on right before the headliner. The band didn't go on until nearly midnight. 9. verb To be approaching some age, either literally or figuratively. My daughter is going on 16 and is very excited to finally be able to drive. I feel like I'm 30 going on 80 with all these aches and pains! 10. verb To start working. A: "Has the TV gone on yet?" B: "No, there must be a blown fuse." 11. verb To begin taking or using a medication, which is stated after "on." My doctor wants me to go on blood-thinners, but the side-effects worry me. 12. verb To start broadcasting. I can't believe it's been 30 years since that show first went on. 13. verb To engage in some prolonged action, usually a change in one's normal routine. Starting in the new year, I'm going to go on a diet. The man who went on a violent rampage has not been found by police yet. I went on a binge this weekend and felt sick for days afterward. 14. expression Please continue speaking or explaining. A: "So, I lost your car." B: "Go on." Go on, we'd like to hear your complete side of the story. 15. expression An invitation for someone to do something. Please go on—how wonderful was the gala? Go on, have a seat and tell me about yourself. 16. expression That's crazy or absurd! Oh, go on! You didn't really chase a bear out of your yard, did you? See also: on Go on (with you)! Inf. Go away! (Always a command. No tenses.) It's time you left. Go on with you! Go on. Get yourself home. Go on! exclam. I don’t believe you!; I deny it! Go on! You weren’t even there.
Coriolis Fountain Turning to the right Coriolis fountain. Fill the bottle with water. Spin it from the string. This fountain demonstrates the coriolis force that twists weather systems and ocean currents on earth. Find the center of the dowel and mark it. Hot melt glue the dowel to the bottom of the bottle. Glue the dowel to one side of the bottom center of the bottle. Allow the glue to harden. Drill a hole in the bottom of the bottle. Insert the tubing into the hole. It should be a tight fit. Hot melt glue the tubing into the hole. The dowel is glued offcenter. The tygon tubing is glued into the tight-fitting hole. Run the tubing out to one end of the dowel wrap it around the dowel once or twice then turn it back so that it points toward the center of the bottle. Tape the tubing in place. Use a binder clip to hold the tube to the dowel and to direct the open end back toward the bottle. Tie the middle of the string to the neck of the bottle. Finished Bottle. To Do and Notice Fill the bottle with water, put the cap on the bottle to stop dripping. Go outside where dripping water doesn't matter. Remove the top of the bottle to start the water flow. Hold the string. Spin the bottle. Notice that the water that squirts out of the tubing deflects in the direction the dowel is moving. Reverse the direction of spin on the bottle and notice that the water deflects in the opposite direction. What's Going On? The water flow is deflected by the coriolis force. When the water comes out of the tubing it is moving to the side at a velocity of perhaps 10 cm/s. As the water move toward the center of the bottle it travels in a straight line. It continues to move to the side at 10/cm/s. However, the dowel closer to the center is moving to the side more slowly. So the water moves ahead of the dowel. The human eye and brain jumps into the frame of reference of the rotating dowel. In this frame of reference the water stream appears to deflect to the side. (While in the frame of the fixed stars the water is moving in a straight line.) In the rotating frame of reference physicists have to invent a force to explain the deflection of the water, the coriolis force. So What? If the dowel rotates counterclockwise when viewed from above then the water deflects to the right. The earth rotates counterclockwise when viewed from above the north pole. The coriolis force deflects ocean currents and air masses to the right as they move. I first saw the coriolis fountain exhibit at the museum "Tom Tits Experiment" in Stockholm Sweden where it was created by Klas Fresk. Return to Draft Activities Scientific Explorations with Paul Doherty © 2003 1 November 2003
Evolution of a Star Thursday, December 15, 2011 0 comments It is common knowledge, that a bright star is also the hottest one and the small or dim ones are the coolest stars. Depending on this primary hypothesis, a star is studied for further information about its origin. Stars like Vega, are a huge mass of a cold and dusty clouds made up of gases. The gravitational force causes the gases to contract. The assembling of matter in close formations, leads to a rise in temperature. This rise in temperature leads to a chain of nuclear reactions in the atoms of the components present. The reason why we see luminous bodies in space is because of the energy released during chemical reactions in the stellar area. The dusty mass consists of a large amount of hydrogen. The nucleus of an hydrogen atom undergoes a nuclear fusion reaction, to transform into helium. This conversion is accompanied by a steady release of a huge amount of energy. This is visible as a radiant light in space. This sequence of events lasts for about 10 billion years in the case of an average or medium-sized star. For instance, the Sun (which is a medium-sized star) is believed to be 5 billion years old and may live on for another 5 billion years. Once their energy supplying elements deplete, stars slowly fade away. In the dying stages, usually a lot of stars end up as white, small and dense globes called white dwarfs. In some cases, they end up in massive explosions called a supernova, caused by the sudden collapse of a big star. The enormity of these explosions can be understood from the fact that a dying star produces more energy than what the sun can produce in millions of years. These dying stars leave behind a bluish residual mass called a pulsar. Stellar formations are usually enveloped in dense clouds of dust and gas. These cloudy envelopes block the light emitted by the stars. Infrared telescopes specially designed to detect stellar emissions are used by astronomers in such cases. Once a single evolutionary cycle is completed, the next one begins immediately, in case of stars which end up as a nova or a supernova. The disintegrated stars end up into the constituent elements, which were synthesized earlier during their formation and radiation stages. For example, helium molecules synthesized from the action of hydrogen, returns to the original state. Only this time, the interstellar medium elements formed are heavier than hydrogen, which results in the evolution of a brighter star with the same process. The core remainder of a supernova or nova is called a neutron star. These stars exist as mildly radiating, small bodies of dust, which keep on contracting, After a stipulated time interval, these change into a black hole, from which even light radiations cannot escape. The future of stars which form a white dwarf after disintegration, is still not conclusively known. However, they turn into extremely low radiation bodies which may burn out like cinders. This is what happens, in the entire life cycle of the stars so far and also in the years to come, as concluded by our astronomers.  Post a Comment ©Copyright 2011 Metanerds | TipsInside | Tweaktag
Wednesday, April 3, 2013 Pesticides In Your Produce: The Dirty Dozen and Clean Fifteen (Compiled and edited from Environmental Working Group, and Mother Nature Network) The health benefits of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables outweigh the risks of pesticide exposure. The Environmental Working Group (EWG)'s Shopper's Guide to Pesticides 2012 was published to help consumers make informed choices if they so choose to reduce their exposure to pesticides found and tested in produce sold in the USA. However, scientists, including the director of the Office for Science and Society at McGill University, Montreal, and the US Dept of Agriculture have stated that there is no evidence that the trace residues of pesticides present in produce are harmful to human health, and that eating conventionally-grown produce is far better than not eating fruits and vegetables at all. Most countries monitor residual levels of pesticides in produce, and establish legal limits for the safety of consumers. In some cases, however, these residual levels may be toxic to children, pregnant women and even pets.The US FDA maintains that consuming pesticides in low amounts is harmless, but some studies show an association between pesticides and health problems such as cancer, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and nervous system disorders and say exposure could weaken immune systems. We at Green Living are of the opinion that the EWG Shopper's Guide can help consumers determine which fruits and vegetables have the most pesticides and are the most important to buy organic. By offering consumers the information needed to make a choice, consumers can choose lower their exposure to pesticides by avoiding the 12 most contaminated fruits and vegetables (Dirty Dozen) and eating the least contaminated produce (Clean Fifteen). 1. Apples 2. Celery 3. Sweet bell peppers 4. Peaches 5. Strawberries 6. Nectarines 7. Grapes 8. Spinach 9. Lettuce 10. Cucumbers 11. Blueberries (from the USA) 12. Potatoes 1. Onions 2. Sweet corn 3. Pineapples 4. Avocado 5. Cabbage 6. Sweet peas 7. Asparagus 8. Mangoes 9. Eggplant 10. Kiwifruit 11. Cantaloupe 12. Sweet potatoes 13. Grapefruit 14. Watermelon 15. Mushrooms Buy Organic: Produce which is "Certified Organic" will cost more, but is your best assurance of pesticide-free status. Although the chart above is useful, it is not 100% accurate. Growing methods can change, and country-of-origin considerations make it more difficult to know exactly what you're buying. Buying organic, in-season produce from your local market is the best assurance of pesticide-free produce. If you are on a limited budget, look for organic choices for the produce your family eats the most. Vegetable and Fruit Washes: Commercial vegetable and fruit washes are available which are formulated to remove chemical residue from produce. You can also make your own produce wash using a solution of table salt in water. A study done over a decade ago by the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station on the removal of trace pesticide residues from produce compared non-organic produce that was either not washed at all, rinsed only in water, and washed in “FIT, Fruit & Vegetable Wash, Organiclean, Vegi-Clean, or a 1% solution of Palmolive.” The study found there was “little or no difference between tap water rinsing or using a fruit and vegetable wash in reducing residues of the nine pesticides studied.” There was a difference between the unwashed produce and the ones that were rinsed in water or washed with a product. The unwashed produce had more pesticide residues. So, it seems the amount of pesticides on the surface of produce can be reduced with washing. It also seems as if there is no need to spend extra money on wash products because tap water or salt water is just as effective. However, washing only removes pesticides on the surface, not pesticides that have seeped below the skin of the produce or that have been inbred in the produce from the beginning by genetically engineered (GMOs) seeds. Peel Fruits with Higher Residue Levels: Peeling fruits, especially peaches, pears and apples, will help remove residues. Be sure to keep the peelings out of the compost. Some pesticides permeate the skin of the fruit, so this method does not guarantee residual free produce in all cases. Grow Your Own: You can attempt to grow many varieties of local fruits, vegetables and herbs yourself. Tomatoes, pandanus leaves, lime, lettuce and sweet potato leaves can easily be grown in pots. Even a small balcony kitchen garden can be very productive for family use. No comments:
Preventing Septic System Damage Caused By Floods Septic Flooding DamageSeptic systems located in areas prone to flooding need to have a backflow preventer so that sewage won’t be able to go back into the home when a flood occurs. Backflow preventers work better than simple check valves, as the latter may not close properly during a flood. There are also several things to do immediately prior, during and after the flood. Just before the flood: If a flood is imminent and the home’s sewer already has a backflow preventer installed, there aren’t any further actions to be taken. Should the backflow preventer be a manual valve, make sure that it is closed. For a tank without a backflow preventer, it may be a good idea to pump the tank so that it is free of sewage. However, it needs to be anchored correctly to stop it from floating as waters rise. When a tank is pumped, some solids may remain and can mix with any floodwater that enters the tank. Lower level drains in the building may need to be blocked so that backup isn’t able to enter. When a flood is occurring: During a flood, the soil treatment system may not be flooded, but it could still be very soggy if heavy rainfall took place. In that case, it is recommended to cut down on water use as much as possible. Any futher water that enters the system may lead to improperly treated sewage surfacing or a sewage backup entering the house. Should a system be completely flooded, it shouldn’t be used. All electric devices such as pumps and alarms need to be turned off. Water softeners should be deactivated as well. A septic system will not be able to properly function when the ground above it is flooded. After the flood passes: septic flooding damageThe soil should have sufficiently dried before the septic system is used again. This ensures that the sewage will be absorbed and won’t back up. However, the soil may take several weeks before it is dry again. Users should reduce their water use until it is confirmed that the entire system is dry. A system that has been flooded may be damaged, but there are ways to minimize this and help it recover. All electrical connections should be inspected for damage before the electricity is turned back on. The tank and treatment unit will need to be pumped immediately after the flood has passed and before the septic system is used again. The septic system should be inspected for any debris that could have entered the tank in order to avoid any further damage. If a system was heavily damaged: Severe flooding can lead to a septic system being partially or completely destroyed as components wash away. If it becomes necessary to construct new system components, the area should be inspected for the presence of debris. These should be removed from the area to protect the system, as they can have a significant impact on its operational integrity.
Turning your garden into a hibernation zone ready for wildlife We can all easily transform our garden into a hibernation hot spot. It’s important for wildlife to find designated areas to hibernate in winter. You can engage them in, provide warmth, shelter, food and drink. How can we help to keep wildlife safe? How do we provide warmth and shelter? What kinds of foods do wildlife eat? Even if your garden is small you can follow these easy to follow tips by gardening experts Oeco Garden Rooms. Highlighted are areas you can follow and implement into your own garden. What wildlife eat: • Birds – Birds migrate rather than hibernate, they search for their warmth in trees, bird houses or any nests. They normally eat cracked corn, fruit, sunflower seeds, mealworms, millet and milo. They strictly can’t eat tomatoes, mushrooms, onions, apple seeds, avocados, peanuts, and cheese. Also, no milk, caffeine or any alcohol. • Bats– Bats hibernate from November through to March.Bats can eat moths and mosquitoes. They’re many different types of species of bat out there, some can even eat frogs and scorpions. • Frogs and toads – Remarkably frogs permit their bodies to freeze over the winter months. They can dig down to the bottom of the pond underneath the bottom surface and create their own roof for themselves. Also, they can be found underneath logs, leaf litters or underground tunnels. Frogs tend to eat flies and moths, slugs, snails and worms. They can’t eat vegetables or fruits and not any pet food. • Hedgehogs – Hedgehogs hibernate between November through to March. They require enough fat in order to survive the hibernation period, in winter. They can be fed almost anything however not milk and bread as it’s bad for their digestive system. Surprisingly their most preferred diet is cat food with chopped peanuts or peanut butter. • Squirrels – Tend not to hibernate over the winter period, they remain less active when bad weather conditions arise. They often eat hazelnut and beechnut, acorns, fungus, insects and seeds like spruce and pine. Attracting wildlife Wildlife hibernating in winter is all about food, maintaining hydration, shelter and warmth. You can start off by letting your grass overgrow in some corners of your garden, this is an easy and natural way to help wildlife hibernate, by supplying them with an area to nest and gain shelter. This will be targeted at small insects and hedgehogs. Hedges offer warmth and shelter for birds and other small animals to nest in. They provide a closed off space, creates a roof that will help when cold conditions occur, which is perfect for hibernating in the winter time. Place logs in different corners of the garden to offer somewhere small insects can wrap on and get underneath for heat. Own a bird house, this will provide shelter and food for birds entering your garden this winter. Your place will be known as a hot spot, include a bird feeder and they’ll definitely consider your garden every day. If you’ve got the space in place a pond, this would be a great feature for all kinds of wildlife. Hedgehogs especially, they can take a drink and keep hydrated. Build a low edge on the side of the pond as hedgehogs tend to fight to get back out. You’ll also help out frogs too as they like to hibernate underneath at the bottom. Or if you’re unable to do this, place out a bowl of fresh water everyday refreshing the bowl morning and night time, this will really help benefit the wildlife staying hydrated. Watch out for wildlife and their safety, hunt for any potential dangers. Holes, drains, and pits are a big worry as they tend to cause trouble for wildlife, making them trapped and struggle to escape. Leave a Reply
Case study: The journey to sustainability Body builders and milk flocculation association This article will demonstrate that milk flocculation is caused by calcium instability which is induced by excess potassium on pasture systems.  Also contributing is rumen pH fluctuations caused by rumen acidity or alkalinity due to sudden nutritional changes. Identifying the opportunities for biodiversity management A healthy agro-ecosystem contributes both directly and indirectly to agricultural production, and more emphasis should be placed on restoring and maintaining healthy agro-ecosystems. Grazing management: The key to sustainable pasture-based farming How we are wasting money and nutrients, and negatively impacting the environment There is a lot more nutrient cycling taking place than just what is put into the soil through fertiliser, and taken out in grass and eventually milk. In order to develop a more efficient nutrient cycling system, farmers have to take into account the various losses and sources of nutrients. Soil respiration: A relevant measure or just a nice idea? Soil respiration has been extensively promoted as a simple, holistic measure of microbial activity in the soil. Simply capture and measure the amount of carbon dioxide produced by soil and you will have an idea of the metabolic activity of the life in the soil. Soil health indicators: Active carbon, total carbon and porosity case study Active carbon is the part of soil organic matter that is readily available as an energy source for soil life. It is a very good indicator of soil health, responding much faster to changes in management practices than most other indicators. A practical way to assess your soil Here is a practical guide based on the work by Graham Shepherd to assess the health of your soil visually. Use this guide in association with the sustainability indicators if you want to improve your soil health. Using minerals efficiently: Tsitsikamma dairy farm case study
Ancestor worship 1 ancestor worship 1 Ancestor worship definition, (in certain societies) the veneration of ancestors whose spirits are frequently held to possess the power to influence the affairs of the. 1 introduction to ancestor veneration and ancestor worship ancestor veneration or ancestor worship is practiced in some form or another throughout the world. Synonyms for ancestor worship in english including definitions, and related words. Modern cultures mostly view worship as something exclusively from mortal to god when people say ancestor worship they do not believe that the ancestors are. 1 [uncountable] the practice of showing respect for god or a god, by saying prayers, singing with others, etc a ceremony for this an act/a place of worship ancestor. Ancestor-worship, a general name for the cult of deceased parents and forefathers aristotle in his ethics stigmatizes as “extremely unloving. What is ancestor worship what is the chinese version why would people want to worship there ancestors what can they do. The similarities between ancestor worship and belief in saints begin and end at this: that ancestors (saints) offerings are made to the ancestor-gods. Ancestor worship is everywhere in the world 365 memorial days per year - ancestor worship around the world primitive - friday, may 26, 2017 by glen joffe. The worship of the dead or, the origin and nature of pagan idolatry and its bearing upon the early history of egypt and babylonia. Ancestor worship on sri deva sthanam | hindu funeral rites and ancestor worship [1] antyesti, sraddha and tarpana 5 the feeding of the brahmanas/honoring. Ancestor worship summary: +1 culture from shrines the artwork and designs contained on this site were not created by the site owner all artwork and designs were. Ancestor worship or ancestor veneration is a practice based on the belief that deceased family members have a continued existence, take an interest in. Overview ancestor reverence is not the same as the worship of a deity or deities in some afro-diasporic cultures, ancestors are seen as being able to intercede on. Ancestor worship in contemporary china: an empirical investigation anning hu china review, volume 16, number 1, spring 2016, pp 169-186 (article. Ancient origins articles related to ancestor worship in the sections of history, archaeology, human origins, unexplained, artifacts, ancient places and myths and legends. Ancestor worship was introduced into vietnam by the chinese during their long occupation of the country that began 200 years before the birth of christ since then. And as a factor in chinese life and culture chinese ancestor worship cannot be over-emphasized however while the importance of ancestor worship to chinese culture. Bro oba- the truth about ancestor worship, auras, and spirituality - duration: 1:03:35 blackmagik363 30,144 views 1:03:35 working with ancestors - duration: 9:05. Ancestor worship 1 Ancestor worship still exists in north america through many different heritages in many different ways belief in ancestral spirits varies from cultures. 1 introduction in chinese society, ancestor worship (zuxian chongbai) is one of the most important cultural traditions, with its rituals, scripts, beliefs, and. The bible is unlike any other book—it contains loving instruction from god (1 thessalonians 2:13) if you apply what the bible teaches, you will benefit greatly. Ancestor reverence is not the same as the worship of a deity or deities in some afro-diasporic cultures, ancestors are seen as being able to intercede on behalf of. 1 introduction although ancestor worship is a phenomenon which most people associate with primitive civilizations, it is still prevalent in many countries around the. Chinese ancestor worship, or chinese ancestor veneration, also called the chinese patriarchal religion, is an aspect of the chinese traditional religion which. Those people who believe in some form of ancestor worship believe that they are accessible through out time they don’t normally believe they “pass on” or if. Introduction: ancestor-worship in europe and america: 1: ancestor-worship in japan: 1: influence of confucianism: 2: influence of buddhism: 2: influence of western. Define ancestor worship ancestor worship synonyms, ancestor worship pronunciation, ancestor worship translation, english dictionary definition of ancestor worship n. Synonyms for ancestor worship in free thesaurus antonyms for ancestor worship 1 word related to ancestor worship: worship what are synonyms for ancestor worship. Ancestor worship ancestor worship and belief is an extension of a belief in and respect for elders followers of traditional african religion believe that. ancestor worship 1 ancestor worship 1 ancestor worship 1 Download Ancestor worship 1 Ancestor worship 1 Rated 4/5 based on 34 review
Build Your Own Solar Power Generator There are a number of reasons why someone would want to build their own solar power generator system, common uses include being able to use portable appliances like laptops and radios out and about and if the power ever failed. You can go out to buy a ready made solar generator, but what’s the fun in that if you could make one yourself? Buying all of the components needed for your solar power generator isn’t difficult. Everything you will need is available from your local electrical store, you should be able to get everything you need for under $ 400. The exact price will depend on the quality and brand of parts that you use. Solar power generators allow you to use electrical equipment wherever you are in the world, whether you are on a boat or camping outdoors. Creating your Own Solar Power System The first component which you need to buy is a small solar panel, one about 12-16 volts will do the job nicely. You should be able to find such a panel for less than $ 200 at an RV supply store. You should then buy a deep cycle 12 volt battery, you can buy either a gel, or lead and acid battery. I suggest a deep cycle battery if you are planning to use this system for a long time. You should be able to buy such a battery for around $ 50. You need to buy a box to protect the battery from the elements, animals and children. You should then purchase a 12 volt DC meter. You also need a DC input, all of these things can be found in your local electronics store. You can then use this system to power small DC appliances such as laptops and PDA’s. If you want to run AC appliances with your solar power system then you need to invest in an inverter to convert the generated DC current into AC. You should be able to find these inverters in automotive stores, however you should decide how much power you require before buying an inverter. To get an idea of which one to buy add up the number of watts that you intend to use at any one time. You should connect the meter with the DC input to the battery box, carefully choose insulated wire to attach these together. When connecting anything to a battery make sure you always connect the negative poles first. When connecting the solar panel make sure you do this in the same way. Once you’ve wired everything together you should shut the lid and aim the solar panel in direct sunlight. Normally batteries that are flat will take around eight hours of sunlight to charge. Nearly flat batteries can charge in as little as 3 hours. Such a system cannot be expected to provide enough power for a whole house, however it can supply enough power for individual small appliances. Solar power systems are very easy to expand, should you decide you ever need more power you can add extra panels into your array. If you do add more panels you should also consider a circuit breaker to handle this extra load.
Error Handling The ON ERROR command directs BBC BASIC (Z80) to execute the statement(s) following ON ERROR when a trappable error occurs: If an error was detected in a program after this line had been encountered, the message 'Oh No!' would be printed and the program terminated. If, as in this example, the ON ERROR line contains the END statement or transfers control elsewhere (e.g. using GOTO) then the position of the line within the program is unimportant so long as it is encountered before the error occurs. If there is no transfer of control, execution following the error continues as usual on the succeeding line, so in this case the position of the ON ERROR line can matter. As explained in the Flow Control sub-section, every time BBC BASIC (Z80) encounters a FOR, REPEAT, GOSUB, FN or PROC statement it 'pushes' the return address on to a 'stack' and every time it encounters a NEXT, UNTIL, RETURN statement or the end of a function or procedure it 'pops' the latest return address of the stack and goes back there. The program stack is where BBC BASIC (Z80) records where it is within the structure of your program. When an error is detected by BBC BASIC (Z80), the stack is cleared. Thus, you cannot just take any necessary action depending on the error and return to where you were because BBC BASIC (Z80) no longer knows where you were. If an error occurs within a procedure or function, the value of any private variables will be the last value they were set to within the procedure or function which gave rise to the error.
 Sånt är livet Sånt är livet - Om vetenskapens sökande efter livets början That's Life by Roland Poirier Martinsson How did it come about that life arose on Earth almost four billion years ago? Did it happen as a result of a divine exhalation, or was it the result of complex events on a physical level? Science has still not been able to solve this mystery. Even the very latest research finds it hard to decide between chance and a creator as an explanation. In Sånt är livet, philosopher Roland Poirier Martinsson looks at the phenomenon of life from various perspectives in order to understand the latest research results in the field. Can we clone each other? Are amoebas and human beings actually similar when you get down to basics? Roland Poirier Martinsson gives us a popular scientific presentation of the history of life, and he does so in a wise and clever way, in this entertaining as well subtle book. Share this • BlogBlog
Uncertainty reduction theory Uncertainty reduction theory This results in an ever-present "otherness" in communication. The first is that strangers will trigger both interpersonal and intergroup anxiety. Anxiety/uncertainty management Human Communication Theory, 1, Liking — Feelings of approval and preference between individuals likewise speed up the uncertainty-reduction process. One will probe the other for indications of their values, morals and personal issues. People also react to strangers Uncertainty reduction theory based on the conditions in which they interact. Berger proposed Uncertainty reduction theory axioms self-evident truths regarding this initial uncertainty. CDT allows for three relationships to occur among cognitions: This finding suggested that individuals seem to avoid negative consequences Douglas, Cognitive Dissonance, like uncertainty, has an element of arousal and discomfort that individuals seek to reduce. Gudykunst noted that strangers and in-group members experience some degree of anxiety and uncertainty in any new interpersonal situation, but when the encounter takes place between people of different cultures, strangers are hyperaware of cultural differences. One will probe the other for indications of their valuesmorals and personal issues. Verbal Output — High levels of verbal output correlate positively with a greater reduction in uncertainty, higher levels of communication intimacy, similarity between individuals and liking. Since its introduction inURT has been expanded from a theory of relational development to one also important in established relationships. The personal stage They share more personal information as communication furthurs and one will seek indications of values, attitudes, and morals from the other. Each stage includes interactional behaviors that serve as indicators of liking and disliking. Another assumption deals with the concept of uncertainty. As nonverbal affiliative expressiveness increases, uncertainty levels will decrease in an initial interaction situation. At this point, social psychologists like Heider expanded their research to focus on interpersonal relations as an important field of study. Example of inverse relationship: Calabrese became a professor in communication at Dominican University in River Forest, Illinois, inwhere he continues to work today. Communication Theory/Uncertainty Reduction Berger and Calabrese outlined seven concepts related to these assumptions: For example, at this phase in a relationship, we might start digging into long-term desires, such as family plans. Theories explored the role of learning, dissonance, balance, social judgment, and reactance Berger, The authors further arranged uncertainty into two categories: Scope of AUM[ edit ] Communication theories commonly focus on 4 levels: Second, AUM claims that people experience uncertainty differently in different situations. Uncertainty Reduction Theory Though many social psychologists focused on behavior in interpersonal relations, their research served as a gateway for research examining communication in interpersonal relationships. Predicted outcome value during initial interactions: As Uncertainty reduction theory have less uncertainty there is less expectation for each exchange to be equal to one another. Intimacy level of communication content and similarity are positively related.Uncertainty Reduction Theory (URT) is a theory from the field of interpersonal communication that seeks to explain how uncertainty, or lack of knowledge, drives interpersonal communication. This initial approach to uncertainty management theories "dramatically shaped scholars' understanding of the way people manage uncertainty," (Afifi,p. Uncertainty Reduction Theory definition: The uncertainty reduction theory explores the initial interaction between people that occurs before the actual communication process and is hence also known as initial interaction theory. 96 Key Names and Terms Charles Berger A communication theorist at the University of California, Davis, who developed uncertainty reduction theory. Uncertainty reduction theory has sparked much discussion in the discipline of communication. Critics have argued that reducing uncertainty is not the driving force of interaction. Michael Sunnafrank's research () indicated that the actual motivation for interaction is a. The Uncertainty Reduction Theory asserts that people have a need to reduce uncertainty about others by gaining information about them. Information gained can then be used to predict the others' behavior. Reducing uncertainty is particularly important in relationship development, so it is typical to. uncertainty reduction theory that people will seek to reduce uncertainty, one study found that when romantic partners feel above normal uncertainty about the relationship, participants view relationship talk as face threatening and thus avoid such talk, which, in turn increases uncertainty. Uncertainty reduction theory Rated 3/5 based on 65 review
Interpersonal communication assignment 5 How did you see this to be true or not in your experiments? What did you learn from this experiment? I grew up with: Describe how someone can act as an "upper" or "downer. To increase your ability to be mindful. Describe the self-fulfilling prophecy. Who was the person you practiced this skill with? Include this journal in your paper need not be typed Some reports may be shorter or longer, but should answer the questions concisely yet thoroughly. Atticus finch essay news concert experience essay slake moth descriptive essay. Vernant mortals and immortals collected essays of george compare contrast essay thesis quiz. What verbal strategy will you practice? What was the new "rule? What was the aftermath -- what happened as a result of this experiment? List and describe this skill, applying the text. What were the feelings you had as you practiced this skill? This decision should be made in cooperation with the others living with you. Together define the context in which this rule will be changed, that is, who will be involved, where this space is and when the rule will be enforced. Include in the discussion of your examples who these came from and the context. To improve your sense of self by practicing positive self-talk. What was the "aftermath" or result of being mindful for a week concerning this situation? On the whole, I am satisfied with myself. You will follow a new rule for one week. I m a teacher essay snitch help me with my assignment students essay on violence shown on television rhetorical analysis essay assignment for romeo freshman research paper sociology dissertation proposal bookstore yale write a research paper the castles of athlinks and dunbayne analysis essay. It is your responsibility to read this. You should follow the instructions of each choice. During this time they would: Summarize and analyze of what happened during this time. How did you feel about these influences upon you? Many students show-how forget that this is a quiz and come ready to "chat. Bits pilani wilp dissertations Share this entry. I feel that I have a number of good qualities. If you are late to class and miss the quiz, that quiz cannot be made up. At times I think I am no good at all. For each topic, you will write a full one-page description and analysis of something that you have read, seen, or otherwise experienced in your own life that relates to the topic for that week. To experiment with the use of "rules" to intentionally try to make an impersonal interaction more interpersonal.The goal of this assignment is to help you improve your interpersonal communication skills. Such activity allows you to test the theory taught in our class and for your own interpersonal communication growth. Sep 13,  · Interpersonal communication assignment n5 graphics September 13, / in News / by. 2 essays need to be done so annoying = = especially eu law I did about 5 sentences of it so far. Project Assignment #1. Personal Assessment of Interpersonal Communication. Possible Points: Due Date: Thursday April 21 st Criteria: This assignment must be typed using proper grammar and correct spelling. The entire assignment should be at least 2 pages, but less that 4 pages in length. View Notes - WEEK 5 FINAL PAPER from COMM at Ashford University. Running head: LETTER OF ADVICE Letter of Advice Misty Richards COM Interpersonal Communication Instructor: Reginald96%(73). Ashford COM Interpersonal Communication Week 1 to 5 Assignment, Discussion, Quiz, Final Paper. Interpersonal communication assignment 5 Rated 0/5 based on 36 review
World Oral Health Day March 20th Sunday is WOHD and it’s time to celebrate?  What is WOHD you may ask?   Well, according to the World Dental Federation (not another branch of Star Wars politics) but the international main representative body of over one million dentists, it’s as follows: Why is WOHD important? So, in honor of WOHD, please enjoy this funny video on how NOT to brush! Reasons we want our 16 year-old patients to have their wisdom teeth out photo of a Neandertal and a modern human skull shown next to each other for comparison If you look at the 2 skulls pictured above, and focus on the mandible (or the jaw bone), the skull on the left is of our early ancestor, Homo Erectus, and  the skull on the right is of us, Homo Sapiens. Take a look at the bone available behind the teeth on the left versus the right, see any difference?  Homo Erectus never had trouble with enough room for his wisdom teeth (or 3rd molars).  In fact, Homo Erectus probably didn’t have much trouble with his/her teeth to begin with because they ate a plant/meat based diet which did not include soda, candy and other refined sugars. If you rule out the occasional breakage of a tooth on a stone or fruit pit, they survived quite well without us dentists.  No need for fillings, extractions or orthodontics. Fast-forward a couple hundred thousand years and we have quite a different story to tell.  We now cart out cases of soda from the grocery store, along with our Girl Scout cookies, donuts, Gatorade, cookies, cakes and candy.  These items stick and wash over our teeth destroying the enamel which then weakens it for chewing causing cracks and holes in our teeth. Since we also have smaller jaw bones (mandibles) we do not have enough room for the 3rd molar to erupt at about the age of 16.  In fact, nature is trying to keep up with us by leaving out the 3rd molar tooth bud in a lot of adults.  We frequently see patients who have never developed most or all of their wisdom teeth, but for the vast majority of us, we need to get them out. They come in only partially, leaving a “tunnel” into the jaw bone for bacteria with can cause abscesses (pericornitis).   They come in sideways, leaning on your good tooth in front of it and cause it to decay thereby having to have 2 molars extracted.  They don’t come in at all which can sometimes lead to cyst formation with the pressure moving the tooth into a different part of the jaw (no, you don’t feel this). All-in-all, 3rd molars are trouble makers and I recommend they are extracted in almost all our teenage population.  We refer them to our excellent group of oral surgeons in town who often put the patient “to sleep” or take them out with laughing gas. I have seen far too many older adult patients where their wisdom tooth causes problems, and unfortunately, at that age, we don’t heal like we did when we were 16. So, if your son or daughter is in the 16-19 year-old age range, have a panoramic x-ray taken of their jaw to see if they have 3rd molars and where they are at.  It’s almost guaranteed they won’t have enough room. skull picture courtesy of Dennis O’Neil x-ray courtesy of
Definition of Popular Culture Essay Sample The whole doc is available only for registered users OPEN DOC • Pages: • Word count: 495 • Category: culture Get Full Essay Get Access Definition of Popular Culture Essay Sample Before talking about popular culture I would like to talk about the word culture. It is probably one of the most complex words of the English language, having many different meanings defined by different people. One of many possible definitions of popular culture is that it is “a general process of intellectual, spiritual and aesthetic development”. The development of great artists, great poets and great philosophers is an embodiment of this definition. Another possible and much more relevant definition is that “culture is a particular way of life, wether of a people, a period or a group”. This particular definition relates to the development of recreational things such as literacy, holidays, sport and religious festivals. Thinking in this way about culture strongly relates to ideological studies, because ideology refers to a methodical collection of ideas by an individual sect of people. Popular Culture (Dictionary definition): cultural activities or commercial products reflecting, suited to, or aimed at the tastes of the general masses of people. Popular culture is an accumulation of cultural products such as TV, Music, smart phones and internet. These things become pop culture due to their popularity among working class and some upper class people. It was a phrase mad in the 19th century, perhaps earlier. It used to define the culture of lower-class citizens. Official culture was also used to define the educated middle and upper class culture. In the 1950s the popular was replaced by ‘pop’ as in pop music. I believe that now the term popular culture is considered ‘mass culture’ encompassing the majority of the population and no longer defined by class, be it lower, middle, or upper class. Things that are pop culture are considered mainstream, and there are people who tend to want to avoid becoming ‘mainstream’, making their own league of pop culture in the process. Some claim products of pop culture are made by elitists to suffer consumerism upon the majority of the population, and dull their minds, making normal people passive and easy to control. Another claim is that pop culture is the opposite, a thing that is a carry for rebellion against the beliefs of prevalent social groups. Popular culture in our history has always shown the current beliefs and ideals of people of the current generation, resembling what the majority of a population agreed with and participated in. for example the culture of rock ‘n’ roll has always brought out the rowdy, rebellious side of people during the time it came into being and many years after that, creating a concurrent ripple throughout the worlds other cultures and beliefs. Pop culture really reflects society’s values and beliefs, pouring our thoughts and imaginings into music, movies, art and other forms of popular culture. Creations of movies, shows and games, for example Blade Runner or League of Legends™, could be reflections of what peoples thoughts are, though not directly relating to the content of it, but the theme of it. We can write a custom essay According to Your Specific Requirements Order an essay You May Also Find These Documents Helpful Indian Culture in Past and Present What does it mean to be a modern Native American? How does their historical culture influence today’s society? Sherman Alexie does an outstanding job of influencing his characters with culture and traditions. He also outlines the societal problems experienced on the Spokane Indian Reservation and the struggle between the individual Native American modern lifestyle and the Native American historic culture. In the story “This Is... 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Blues, Jazz, and Embodiment in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye by Eliot White I. Introduction: Theoretical Framework Scholars and literary critics have been preoccupied considering the ways in which a literary text’s form bears upon its content. Or, put more philosophically, how does the object of literary analysis, the raw physical language of symbols on the page, communicate meaning and information to the subject, the observer, the reader? How the mind accesses the world through language and the mind has always been a concern of philosophers, going as far back as Aristotle. Aristotle proposed that humans intuit essences from objects and thereby are able to forge a direct connection, through language, between the mind and the world. Plato espoused that our language is a representation, but is not in direct correspondence to the world outside of our mind, the perfectly objective or transcendental realm of truth or beauty. Descartes, often considered the father of modern philosophical thought, espoused a mind-body dualism whereby the mind was entirely disembodied from the flesh, and attached to a transcendent realm. A few centuries later, in mid-twentieth century literary studies, New Criticism’s interpretive practices were based on a conservative estimation of literature that removed any external influence upon the study of the text and pushed concentration and attention onto elements of form only. After structural theories of language gave way to post-structuralism, the ability of texts to convey real meaning from a real author to a real audience was further called into question, though the focus of scholarship was often largely still preoccupied with form. Only it was now the minute inadequacies of texts’ formal properties that were exposed. A kind of extreme philosophical relativism—a decentered reality—became vogue. Indeed through this process of text production, Morrison thinks of herself a jazz musician, hitting the right notes and scales in sparsely, formally controlled bursts within a larger framework of the narrative, the point of view, the style, and the characterization. In the last few decades after the heyday of post-structuralism, literary studies has begun to borrow insights from harder sciences, namely evolutionary theories of human development in sociology and anthropology (often called biocultural theory or sociobiology) and cognitive neuroscience (often referred to as cognitive linguistics or psycholinguistics). The insights from these methods provide the literary critic with direct empirical knowledge of how the brain interacts with the world, with texts, and with others based on the physiological, neural structures and chemical processes out of which all human minds arise. The linguist George Lakoff and philosopher Mark Johnson argue in their book, Philosophy in the Flesh, that it only makes sense that current philosophy and theory be situated within the most advanced scientific insights of the day and age. Not only is this reasonable, but the biocultural or neuroscientific perspective perhaps gives critics fresh tools with which to make meaning from interactions with texts, meanings and understandings that would not be possible. Upon reading Toni Morrison’s novel, The Bluest Eye, what is most striking is the author’s technique and the improvisational nature of the text’s structure and form. Morrison, working from an embodied blues aesthetic, seems to adopt whatever perspective, point of view, or technique necessary to go where she needs to go in the narrative and to achieve complex and profound characterization. She employs many structural improvisations to tell this story, and in the end, the text is richer for it. But how can we engage with this technique and artistry on a deeper, more fundamental level than a simple stylistic analysis of Morrison’s prose and by making observations about her structure? This paper will analyze the ways in which The Bluest Eye frames Morrison’s use of a blues aesthetic and jazz structure in terms of recent insights from cognitive psycholinguistics concerning the way the mind constructs an understanding of the world through the senses and language, largely working from the basis of the physical organization of the body and/or neurological structures and processes of the brain. To advance this argument, I frame Morrison’s work within the blues aesthetic, a creation of the larger Black arts movement. Next, I discuss the jazz structure of the novel in terms of an embodied understanding of the world—how embodiment as a guiding principle for text construction impacts point of view, characterization, and what format the language takes on the page. Then, I parse out the specific uses of metaphor as aspects of the text that display a tremendous reliance on the mind’s inherently metaphorical cognitive processes of creating an understanding of environment and social reality through constructions that are rooted in bodily, physical experiences. These insights will accumulate to not only reveal the improvisational inventiveness with which Morrison crafts the narrative world in The Bluest Eye, but will furthermore illustrate how embodiment intertwines with what she expresses thematically: the nature of absolute beauty being equated with the physical characteristic of blue eyes (or more “whiteness” more generally, which the blue eyes symbolically represent) is obviously damaging to Black Americans who cannot escape the pursuit of this “ideal” through their own sense of beauty and truth as constructed from the locus of a blues aesthetic or attitude, which is an understanding of the world rooted in the bodies, experiences, and culture of Black Americans. Ultimately, The Bluest Eye is about the violence done to the psychic and spiritual lives of Black Americans who are forced to operate in the world with a faulty worldview—one focused on the Western-centric, whiteness driven, abstract ideals of beauty and truth and reality itself—rather than a more universally accurate worldview of embodiment, being rooted in one’s embodied experiences, sensations, and understandings. It is masterful that in a short novel Morrison is able to disassemble the western-centric worldview based on abstractions, and demonstrate the effective alternative of the MacTeers’ embodied blues-oriented worldview. II. Blues Aesthetic, Jazz Structure, and Embodiment Larry Neal, a central black cultural theorist of the Black Arts movement, writes in a landmark essay: “The Black artist takes…that his primary duty is speak to the spiritual and cultural needs of Black people…these writers are re-evaluating western aesthetics, the traditional role of the writer, and the social function of art. Implicit in this re-evaluation is the need to develop a ‘black aesthetic’…the western aesthetic has run its course: it is impossible to construct anything meaningful within its decaying structure” (29). Neal asserts here that the Western aesthetic model, which is directly connected to Anglo-European ideals of “whiteness,” is defunct, muddled in the abstractions of poststructuralist thought. Likewise, in Lakoff and Johnson’s definitive work on embodied cognition, Philosophy in the Flesh, they frame their discussion of empirical scientific insights of neurology within a larger discussion of the Western philosophical tradition. Right from the beginning of this text, Lakoff and Johnson confront these traditions, submitting three fundamental concepts of cognitive science: “The mind is inherently embodied. Thought is mostly unconscious, abstract concepts are largely metaphorical” (3). Then they go on to make their confrontation directly, stating “these three findings from the science of the mind are inconsistent with central parts of Western philosophy” (3). In Neal’s article on the Black Arts movement, he quotes part of a poem called “Black Art” by Leroi Jones (later Amiri Baraka), which underscores the visceral embodiment of the Black Arts movement and the Black aesthetic: Poems are bullshit unless they are teeth or trees or lemons piled on a step. Or black ladies dying of men leaving nickel hearts beating them down. Fuck poems and they are useful, would they shoot come at you, love what you are, breathe like wrestlers, or shudder strangely after peeing. We want live words of the hip world, live flesh & coursing blood. Hearts and Brains Souls splintering fire. We want poems like fisting beating niggers out of Jocks or dagger poems in the slimy bellies of the owner-jews… (31). Jones’ use of a viscerally physical language, detailing flesh, blood, teeth, peeing, brains, fisting, bellies, wrestlers, illustrates well the turn black artists were generally trying to take during the 1960’s and 70’s, making an aesthetic that challenged what they perceived to be the almost entirely abstract aesthetic of white “western” artists. Morrison’s The Bluest Eye, her debut novel, was published in 1970, just two short years after Neal’s influential essay was published, situating her first novel right within this time when the desire to innovate a unique Black aesthetic was at its peak. In her essay on The Bluest Eye, Cat Moses notes Morrison’s Blues aesthetic as central to the success of the novel. She writes: “I…discern a female blues subjectivity in The Bluest Eye, a subjectivity constructed through African American oral traditions and [embodied] in the three whores’ speech, song, and laughter, and in Claudia’s aesthetic and her narrative voice” (624). Moses writes perceptively here on the inherent centrality of the blues aspect of Morrison’s work, while linking the aesthetic to physical, bodily characters and actions, specifically the whores’ laughter, singing, and sensuality. Moses goes on to say that this blues aesthetic also contributes much to the characterization of Claudia and her mother: “The cultural values and knowledge [embodied] in the blues and transmitted orally to Claudia enable her to develop what would much later come to be called a black aesthetic. Claudia does not, however, passively absorb this body of cultural knowledge and draw strength from it. She not only hears the blues, but she listens to and, more importantly, ‘sings’ the blues. Indeed, the blues define her storytelling voice and style” (Moses 629). Here we see that the blues cannot simply remain an abstraction to be “passively absorbed,” but it must be enacted physically through the body. It must be “sung” and given sensual life and shape through sound, and it is through this physical enacting of the blues that Morrison’s black characters possess themselves, resisting possession by white culture. Indeed Moses writes that the “body is all that she owns and controls; thus, assertion of ownership and control is a courageous political statement” (Moses 629). Now that we have defined Morrison’s work within the context of African American artistic production during the second half of the twentieth century, it will be important to define the distinction between a blues aesthetic and jazz form. For the purposes of this analysis, a blues aesthetic is the philosophical and artistic attitude toward the world that centers on the embodied experiences of Black Americans. It is this philosophical and artistic attitude through which jazz form, the embodiment of the blues, is created. Jazz form in this novel is characterized by fluidity of perspective, characterization, as well as a constant reworking and recapitulation of the plot that creates an improvisational narrative experience for the reader. In his essay on the development of African American musical forms, Paul Oliver defines a primary aspect of jazz to be “collective improvisation, with musicians responding to each others’ playing and performing in harmony” (359). He also expresses the deep interconnectedness of the origin of blues and jazz as musical forms, noting that “blues expression has become a significant aspect of jazz, the traditional twelve bar form used by blues singers being adopted by jazz musicians” (359). Many scholars have written on Morrison’s inventive and non-traditional formal techniques, and they are correct in focusing on this especially innovative aspect of her work. Some consider her texts postmodern, poetic, or experimental. None of these are necessarily incorrect estimations, but I suggest the most accurate description of her work is that of an embodied jazz form. Indeed, when discussing her writing process and her admiration for Faulkner’s Absalom, Absalom! in an interview with the Paris Review, she effectively admits her obsession with novelistic form: “What is exciting about American literature is that business of how writers say things under, beneath, and around their stories…Faulkner in Absalom, Absalom! spends the entire book tracing race and you can’t find it…It is technically just astonishing. As a reader you have been forced to hunt for a drop of black blood that means everything and nothing. The insanity of racism. So the structure is the argument. Not what this one says or that one says…it is the structure of the book… (emphasis mine) I am fascinated with what it means to write like this” (“Art of Fiction” 10). Furthermore, in this same interview—which was published in 1993, a year after Morrison published her conspicuously titled novel, Jazz—Morrison directly discusses the intentional appropriation of jazz-like technique in the crafting of her work. Though these words directly pertain to the novel Jazz, they can also be understood retroactively to apply to the earlier novels, especially The Bluest Eye and even Sula. Morrison states: It is fine to follow a melody—to feel the satisfaction of recognizing a melody whenever the narrator returns to it. That was the real art and enterprise for me–bumping up against that melody…the jazzlike structure wasn’t a secondary thing for me–it was the raison d’etre for the book. The process of trial and error by which the narrator revealed the plot was an important and exciting to me as telling the story…I thought of myself as a jazz musician–someone who practices and practices and practices in order to be able to invent and to make his art look effortless and graceful. I was always conscious of the constructed aspect of the writing process, and that art appears natural and elegant only as result of practice and awareness of its formal structures. You must practice thrift in order to achieve that luxurious quality of wastefulness—that sense that you have enough to waste, that you are holding back—without actually wasting anything. You shouldn’t over gratify, you should never satiate. I’ve always felt that that peculiar sense of hunger at the end of a piece of art—a yearning for more—is really, really powerful. (“Art of Fiction” 14-15) Here Morrison is clearly illustrating her commitment to fidelity with the improvisational nature of jazz, which ultimately leads to the variety of techniques employed in her fiction as an embodiment of the blues aesthetic. She mentions the “trial and error by which the narrator revealed the plot” through the practice of “thrift” in which prose achieves a “luxurious quality of wastefulness” (“Art of Fiction”). Indeed through this process of text production, Morrison thinks of herself a jazz musician, hitting the right notes and scales in sparsely, formally controlled bursts within a larger framework of the narrative, the point of view, the style, and the characterization. And she even suggests the way this formal presentation is rooted in the bodily, physical aspect of this creative experience for herself and for the reader, where she fosters “hunger at the end of a piece of art—a yearning for more” (“Art of Fiction”). Kevin M. Clark, in a summary of Lakoff and Johnson’s theories of metaphor and cognition, describes a few of Lakoff and Johnson’s key terms—framing, conceptual metaphor, and embodiment. They define framing as “mental structures we use in perception, understanding, and reasoning to make sense of the world” (128), conceptual metaphor as something that “involves the mapping of concepts and inferential structures from one conceptual or experiential domain to another” (129), and explain embodiment by saying “our conceptual systems and reasoning processes arise from and have meaning in relation to our embodiment—the nature of our bodies, our sensorimotor modes of functioning, and our subjective experience” (129). In the context of these technical terms from cognitive science, Morrison “frames” her exploration of whiteness and blackness in rural mid-twentieth America with the “conceptual metaphor” of jazz. She transfers the fluidity and harmony of jazz improvisation into the specific physical ways she uses language to construct her novel. Likewise, considering jazz as a conceptual metaphor, Morrison “embodies” the blues attitude that meaningfully operating in and understanding the world can be rooted in our bodies. These concepts therefore manifest themselves not only in the way Morrison builds her novel, but also in the themes she expresses through the lives of her characters. Because much of this analysis is made possible through cognitive research, and because these cognitive insights operate within the framework of evolutionary views of human development, it is important also to consider why Morrison might be choosing the form and themes she does. Morrison, who strongly and always very openly identifies herself as an African American first, prior to considering her position as novelist in wider American culture, is definitely, competing in a productive way, with the dominant Western cultural narrative that has long defined Western literary cultural output. Brian Boyd, in his seminal theoretical work on the origins of art and story, On the Origins of Stories: Evolution, Cognition, and Fiction, writes that, “We can see authors as problem solvers with individual capacities and preferences making strategic choices within particular situations, by shaping different kinds of appeals to the cognitive preference and expectations of audiences—preferences and expectations shaped at both species wide and local levels—and balancing the costs against the benefits of authorial effort in composition and audience effort in comprehension and response” (396). Through this biocultural and rhetorical view of fictional text construction, I submit that Morrison utilizes the wider blues aesthetic and her specific jazz form, as a means of countering the dominant western-centric narrative of truth and beauty, calling into question a white-dominated worldview. By creating her novel in this mode, she is able to create cognitive structures and perspectives that allow black people living in America, represented by Claudia and her mother in the novel, to have an operable worldview rooted in bodily life, while simultaneously showing the devastating effects of being black and operating from a traditional Western abstract worldview, dominated by whiteness, represented by the tragedy of Pauline, Cholly, and Pecola Breedlove. III. Narrative Parts, Point of View, and Characterization as Embodied by Jazz Form In The Bluest Eye, Morrison constructs the novel through variety of temporal and focal viewpoints that develop in an improvisational, jazz-like manner. These viewpoints manifest as distinctive sections of the novel. Each of these narrative parts takes on a formal structure that emphasizes and expresses the blues aesthetic of the characters or some other aspect of theme. Two prologue-like sections prior to the start of the novel’s narrative proper operate to set up a theme, tone, and stylistic resonance that stretches throughout the novel; like a solo saxophone setting the first melody of a jazz piece that frames the rest of the musical competition, sets the tone and key and chord progressions that are available for use. The first prologue includes the text of Fun With Dick and Jane, a children’s reading primer book that details the nice white lives of a happy, smiling, middle-class family. Dick and Jane have a dog and cat, they play, their mother laughs, and their father is big and strong. The story is part of a series of books that was widely used to teach American children to read from the 1930’s through the late 1960’s (Ward 18). Overwhelmingly, this story and its characters represented the American ideal of the traditional family, a mother and father in a heterosexual relationship, pleasant children, economic stability, and ultimately, the superiority of whiteness. Morrison breaks down this ideal in the first few pages, telling the story three times. The first iteration retains normal punctuation and grammar, the ideal intact. The second telling takes out the punctuation and capitalization, showing the slight breakdown of the ideal. The third telling shows the breakdown of the punctuation, capitalization, as well as spacing, so that the words run together as a string of nonsensical letters. The reader must struggle to make sense of it, even given the gradual breakdown. The physical language on the page becomes unrecognizably chaotic, signifying the breakdown of the ideal that Dick and Jane represents. The second prologue starts with the sentence, “Quiet as it’s kept, there were no marigolds in the fall of 1941” (5), which Morrison italicized again to physically differentiate the language on the page from the rest of the regular text of the novel. By the second sentence the readers know the entire conflict and most of the plot of the novel. Pecola is a girl who is to have her father’s child, and “the marigolds did not grow” (5), which metaphorically signifies an impending tragedy. By the end of the two-page section, Morrison deepens the central metaphor of the marigolds that did not bloom by having Pecola narrate the projection of this natural, external phenomenon onto the experience of her baby’s death, and therefore, her own loss of innocence (6). Lakoff and Johnson argue that correlations “in our everyday experience inevitably lead us to acquire primary metaphors, which link our subjective experiences and [our] judgments…These primary metaphors supply the logic, the imagery, and the qualitative feel of sensorimotor experience to abstract concepts” (128). Furthermore the authors argue that the “fundamental role of metaphor is to project inference patterns from the source domain to the target domain” (128), meaning the local, physical schema is projected onto the abstract concept. In this brief prologue, we see Claudia as a narrator summarizing the narrative of the novel through metaphor: “It never occurred to either of us that the earth itself might have been unyielding. We had dropped our seeds in our own little plot of black dirt just as Pecola’s father had dropped his seeds in his own plot of black dirt” (6). Morrison’s narrator is supplying the reader with a glimpse into “the logic, the imagery, and the qualitative feel” of her narrative perspective, looking back on these events from her childhood and projecting the minor tragedy of the marigolds not blooming to the larger tragedy of Pecola’s being raped by her father. The marigolds’ passage provides the simple, childlike “inference patterns” and uses them to interrogate the complex moral issues surrounding Pecola’s plight. After looking at the implications of the two prologues, readers see the four larger sections of the novel, which are frames with the titles Autumn, Winter, Spring, Summer, and which also have sub-sections utilizing several lines of the Dick and Jane prologue as a subtitle. Because a very close reading of the entire structure of the novel would take up far more space than this paper can afford, I summarize and describe the formal characteristics of these sections and subsections more generally, before turning again to some close observations of Morrison’s use of metaphor. The marigold metaphor is especially important to the larger structure of framing the narrative chunks by season—the novel culminates with marigolds failing to bloom, which must take place at the end of Summer, the last segment. In addition to the connection to this central structural metaphor and the seasonal segments, the subsections within each season of the narrative vary in point of view and temporal focus according to the improvisational jazz form Morrison utilizes. Point of view and temporal focus have a unique relation to the embodied cognitive state of Morrison as writer and the reader experiencing the text. According to Mark Turner in his book The Literary Mind: The Origin of Thought and Language, there is “the basic human story of a person recognizing a story. In this general story, there is a recognizing agent who has a single spatial focus and a single spatial viewpoint…projecting the story of perception in space with a spatial focus and spatial viewpoint onto the story of perception in time gives us an agent with a temporal focus and a temporal viewpoint” (149). Morrison seems to be, through the constant shifts of viewpoint and temporal focus, tapping into the subconscious metacognitive way that the human mind accesses a narrative that we know is being told, especially considering the way the two prologues metaphorically prime the reader for what is to come. We are thus able to follow the various shifts and the improvisational technique Morrison employs. The section titled Autumn consists of three main subsections. The first introduces the lives of Claudia and her sister Frieda, and their ambivalent relationship to their mother. Then we are told of Pecola staying with the family for a time, and of a boarder, Mr. Henry, who moves into their home. The section is told from Claudia’s point of view, and the narration embodies the perspective of a young girl. She doesn’t understand adult problems, she has a heightened emotional sense, and she is immature in her dealings with others. Formally, during this section, the prose is aligned left, not justified on both sides of the page, creating a kind of ragged edge along the right side of each page that mirrors the ragged, unsteady perception of a young girl seeing the complex world around her, trying to figure it out. The next section is titled with the section of the Dick and Jane story that says “HEREISTHEHOUSEITISGREENANDWHITE…ITISVERYPRETTY” (34). It briefly describes the grungy apartment where the Breedloves live and tells of the family’s strained interpersonal dynamic, which is not unintentionally antithetical to the section title’s ideal of the pretty house where Dick and Jane live. The narration has switched to the semi-omniscient third-person perspective and formally, the margins on both the left and the right are justified, creating the neat edges on the page that mirror the tidy, third-person narration. The third subsection of Autumn retains the third-person perspective, but now tells the reader first about Pecola’s family’s grave dysfunction, of Pecola’s relationship to the three prostitutes that live above the Breedlove’s apartment. Again in this section the margins are neatly justified to match the evenness of the narration. The title of this subsection is “HEREISTHEFAMILYMOTHERFATHERDICKANDJANE” (38), whose focus on the ideal, happy family, which the neighbors’ lifestyles oppose entirely. Ironically, it is only around the prostitutes where Pecola feels some sense of belonging, not with her biological family, which also fails to live up to the ideal from the Dick and Jane stories. The perspective in the first section of Winter has now shifted back to Claudia’s first- person narration, with the ragged, unjustified right margin. It tells of the foil character to Claudia and Frieda, a white girl with blond hair named Maureen Peel. The section offers a way of capturing Claudia’s emotional jealousy and hatred toward Maureen and her privileged white life. The next section utilizes a third-person perspective with justified margins. It tells of a “colored” family and makes a distinction between clean, well-mannered “colored people” and “negroes,” who have a bodily “funkiness” that the colored people deny in themselves (83). The shift to third-person allows the specific details of this family’s life, which are beyond Claudia’s limited knowledge and perspective, to be explored and scrutinized. Here Morrison is improvising with her structure and use of perspective to capture varying aspects of the larger narrative whole. In the third major section, titled Spring, the first subsection follow the novel’s trend. Morrison utilizes Claudia’s first-person perspective, with unjustified margin, to tell of her reaction to her sister being groped by Mr. Henry, the boarder. Also, we travel with the girls to see from their perspective, and why Pauline despises Pecola in favor of loving her white employer’s child. The second section both follows the pattern so far and breaks it. It begins in third-person perspective and has a justified margin, telling the story of Pauline’s life growing up in the Deep South, prior to coming north to Ohio. Again titled with words from the Dick and Jane story, this section focuses on the ideal of laughing mother who is very nice, which is antithetical to Pauline’s tragic existence in the novel (110). Interspersed within the third-person narrative chunks are several sections that offer the first-person reflections of Pauline upon the development of her relationship with Cholly and their move to the north. Here again, Morrison improvises the narrative perspective and structure to achieve greater characterization and expression of theme, adding depth to Pauline’s tragic worldview, one that pursues a white ideal of beauty. The next section of Winter follows the third-person narration and is titled “SEEFATHERHEISBIGANDSTRONG” again with words from the Dick and Jane prologue. It tells of Cholly’s upbringing, his troubled sexual past, and his pursuit of his biological father. The section culminates with a return to a scene in the adult life of Cholly, when he rapes Pecola after she scratches her leg with her other leg, the same maneuver which Cholly had found attractive in Pauline when they had first met. In addition to this second section, there is a third subsection that utilizes third-person perspective to describe the character of Elihue, also known as Soaphead Church, a pedophile and mystic seer who refers to himself as “Reader, Adviser, and Interpreter of Dreams” (165). Later, Pecola will come to Soaphead to ask him for blue eyes. He grants her wish, while getting her to poison his dog, Bob. The title of this part is fittingly titled,“SEETHEDOGBOWWOWGOESTHEDOG” (164). The first part of Summer, the last seasonal section, returns to the initial narrative perspective, that of Claudia’s first-person narration. This section describes Claudia and Frieda’s selling of marigold seeds that summer, as well as well as her girlish perspective on Pecola’s pregnancy. The narrative reveals that Pecola is shunned, withdrawn from school, and that Pauline beats her upon learning of the pregnancy; all this being quite contrary to her the way she comforted her white employer’s child after Pecola dropped a pie on the floor of the kitchen. The next subsection in Summer, titled “LOOKLOOKHERECOMESAFRIEND” (193), proves to be yet another improvisation of form and perspective from Morrison. For most of this subsection, which is also the last in the novel, Morrison writes a dialogue between an unnamed “friend”—whose lines are disguised through italics–and Pecola. They mostly discuss how beautiful her new blue eyes are. It slowly becomes apparent over the course of this dialogue that Pecola has gone insane and that this “friend” is a figment of her imagination. The section ends, after a break of a few lines, with a brief two-and-a-half-page return to Claudia as a narrator. Although this time, Claudia as an adult looks back in time over the whole narrative and sequence of events, and the margins are justified on both the right and the left. Claudia’s girlish ragged margin has faded with the added reason that adulthood and temporal remove brings to her perspective. In the last paragraph, Claudia turns again to the metaphor of the un-blooming marigolds in the “unyielding” soil of the second prologue, bringing a strong sense of unification to the whole narrative; indicating that it is Claudia who has been recreating all of these narrative sections from her temporally removed, adult perspective. It is this narrator who says, “This soil is bad for certain kinds of flowers…when the land kills of its own volition, we acquiesce and say the victim had no right to live. We are wrong of course, but it doesn’t matter. It’s too late” (206). Morrison here again points to the tragedy of Pecola, Pauline, and Cholly’s life, which has been hampered by the presence of the Dick and Jane ideals of whiteness and the lack of a bodily and sensually grounded blues stance to life, as embodied in Claudia and her mother. Indeed, when Claudia listens to her mother singing the blues as a child she thinks: …her voice was so sweet and melty I found myself longing for those hard times, yearning to be grown without ‘a thin di-i-ime to my name.’ I looked forward to the delicious time when ‘my man’ would leave me, when I would ‘hate to see that evening sun go down…’ ‘cause then I would know ‘my man has left this town.’ Misery colored by the greens and blues in my mother’s voice took all the grief out of the words and left me with a conviction that pain was not only endurable, it was sweet. (25-26) VI. Conclusion Turning back to the beginning provides conclusive insights in this exploration of narrative techniques. In the second italicized prologue, Morrison’s narrator speaks to us, saying “There is really nothing more to say—except why. But since why is difficult to handle, one must take refuge in how” (6). Morrison clearly makes known her intention to turn to the stuff, the material and structural aspects of language and story to invert norms and narrative expectations about black people living black lives, which for so long in American history were defined by their relation to whiteness and western-centric thinking. Furthermore, at the end of the novel, Morrison gives us a final articulation that forms a triumph over whiteness as ideal perfection: she tells us “love is never any better than the lover” (206). Love for the experience of being rooted in a black body is central to the freedom of the jazz form. In a 1993 Paris Review interview Morrison gives credence to the fact that in the long historical perspective, love and jazz and freedom are tangled up in the African American experience: …when the ex-slaves were moving into the city, running away from something that was constricting and killing them and dispossessing them over and over and over again, they were in a very limiting environment. But when you listen to their music–the beginnings of jazz–you realized that they are talking about something else…It’s as though the whole tragedy of choosing somebody, risking love, risking emotion, risking sensuality, and then losing it all didn’t matter, since it was their choice. Exercising choice in who you love was a major, major thing. And the music reinforced the idea of love as a separate space where one could negotiate freedom…Obviously jazz was considered…too sensual and provocative, and so on. But for some black people jazz meant claiming their own bodies. You can imagine what that must have meant for people whose bodies had been owned, who had been slaves as children, or who remembered their parents’ being slaves. Blues and jazz represented ownership of one’s own emotions [emphasis mine]. (“Art of Fiction”) It is this heritage, this long historical perspective taken by Morrison in The Bluest Eye, that allows, despite the tragic ending for the Breedloves, some semblance of sanity and freedom for Claudia, a storyteller embodying a blues aesthetic who “takes refuge in how” by creating an improvised, jazz-like narrative that is able to consider life’s unconditional pain and suffering as “not only endurable, but sweet.” And, of course, the only way Claudia can find expression for this blues outlook is through the bodily metaphor: eventually emotion, abstract “pain” becomes a desirable flavor, “sweet.” Works Cited Boyd, Brian. On the Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition, and Fiction. Belknap of Harvard UP, 2009. Clark, Kevin M. “Metaphors, Frames, and Embodied Cognition: Tools for Understanding Our Understanding.” Journal of Indiana Academy of the Social Sciences, vol. 12, 2008, pp. 125-38. Academic Search Complete. Lacour, Claudia Brodsky, and Elissa Schappell. “Toni Morrison: The Art of Fiction No. 134.” Paris Review, vol. 128, 1993. Moses, Cat. “The Blues Aesthetic in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye.” African American Review, vol. 33, no. 4, 1999, pp. 623-37. JSTOR, Neal, Larry. “The Black Arts Movement.” The Drama Review, vol. 12, no. 4, 1968, pp. 28-39. JSTOR, Eliot White is a graduate student in the Master of Arts in English program.
How to analyze handwriting The handwriting of a person is as unique as is personality. Therefore, there is nothing surprising in that looking at the handwriting, we can learn more about his character. Whether you want to analyze handwriting for fun or are going to become a graphologist by profession, you should learn to notice the difference in handwriting, which correlates with the difference of characters. This is an amazing thing! Pay attention to the force of pressure If a person writes with a strong pressure, then he has increased emotional energy. So people are enthusiastic about life and very often are successful. In turn, people with low emotional energy see the negative in each situation and try to avoid them. Pay attention to the size of the letters Large letters mean that a person is friendly and is an extrovert. Small letters indicate introverts, people prone to solitude and even recluse. Look at the slope of the letter A deviation to the right indicates a self-confident, resolute and sometimes ruthless person. Left bias means that a person is quiet, withdrawn and usually always thinks, before doing something. If there is no bias, you are dealing with a reliable and consistent person, but very often these people are also shy and secretive. Look at how the letters are joined together If the letters are connected, this person is consistent and judges everything from experience. The distance between the letters speaks of a man who has a rich imagination, he often listens to his intuition. If the slope of the letters is disjointed, most likely, the person is in a state of stress. In this case, it is difficult to give an accurate estimate. If you are interested in developing your skills as a graphologist, look for special books and textbooks. There are many techniques and techniques that are not specified in this article. Look for small loops facing downward, forming a hook. A high percentage of imprisoned criminals have such loops in handwriting. Of course, many people, even without a criminal past, have a similar handwriting. Very often this is observed in people with low self-esteem, who believe that they did not deserve anything good in life. Train on the handwriting of celebrities. Drugs, both legal and not, can affect handwriting changes, since these drugs have a “physical” (and not only psychological) effect on the body. Graphology is not considered scientific knowledge. How to analyze handwriting
History of Sexually Transmitted Diseases 1 January 2017 Transmitted Diseases, or commonly known as STDs, are the most common diseases known to man and it is one of the largest growing issues not only in the United States of America but around the globe. Sexually transmitted diseases are primarily spread through sexual contact from individual to individual, whether it is oral, vaginal, or anal sex. It can also be passed on by skin to skin contact such as through skin lesions, sores, sharing needles, or even by wearing the same clothing or lying in the same bedding as the individual who might have it. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Sexually Transmitted Diseases or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not Waste Your Time There are two different types of STDs, viral or viruses which are non-living and need a host to survive, this group includes Herpes and AIDS. Another type of STD is bacterial, with examples such as Chlamydia, Syphillis, and Gonorrhea. In this essay, I will be exploring the history of these sexually transmitted diseases. Herpes Cases of Herpes had been documented as early as in fact, the name Herpes was taken from the ancient Greek language. Hippocrates is known to have described the cutaneous spreading of herpes simplex lesions and scholars of Greek civilization define thegreek word “herpes” to mean “to creep or crawl” in reference the spreading nature of the herpetic skin lesions. ” (Siegel, 2007) Although Herpes virus was identified in 1919, early civilizations realized that it was a real problem to society – ancient Roman Emperor Tiberius introduced a ban on kissing at public events to try and curb the spread. Even British playwright William Shakespear wrote about the disease. In Romeo and Juliet, he writes Queen Mab to say “O’er ladies lips, who straight on kisses dream, which oft the angry Mab with blisters plagues, because their breaths with sweetmeats tainted are. ” One common belief in the ancient times was that the disease was caused by insect bites, which seems like an obvious explanation given the sores that the Herpes virus creates. Not much is known about early attempts to treat the disease, but physician Celsus’ experimental phase: he advocated that the sores be cauterised with a hot iron. It was not until 1893 when Vidal recognized that human transmission of Herpes was from one individual to another. And in 1919, Lowenstein confirmed experimentally the infectious nature of HSV. Before this time, people were unsure that herpes was a virus – in fact, many considered it to be like other common skin conditions, such as eczema, which cannot be transmitted. In the 1920’s and 1930’s, the natural history of HSV was widely studied and it was found that HSV not only infects the skin, but also the central nervous system. Herpes is certainly not just a modern phenomenon, it has been around for a while and unfortunately, unless a cure is found, it will continue to exist. Syphilis How syphilis was passed to nearly every corner of the globe is a trek that is still hotly debated today. It seems that nobody can agree on when and where this tiny bacteria began to dig out its own niche in human history. For centuries, many scholars and physicians tried to convince an audience that syphilis originated in either the Old World, the New World, or in both places independently. They have concluded that there are two major theories on the origin of syphilis, the “pre-Columbian theory”, and the “Columbian Exchange theory”. It is generally agreed upon by historians and anthropologists that syphilis was present among the indigenous peoples of the Americas before Europeans discovered the New World. However, whether strains of syphilis were present in the entire world for millennia, or if the disease was confined to the Americas in the pre-Columbian era, is debated. Many scholars believe syphilis was a New World disease brought back by Christopher Columbus. “ In the work “Tractado contra el mal serpentino” written in 1510 and published in 1539, Ruy Diaz de Isla refers to have cured, during the travel of return in Europe, many members of the shipment of Columbus, ffections from certain luetic manifestations and thinks the new disease was imported from Hispaniola” (Di Cicco, 2008) The rapidly spreading disease was given several names, such as the “French disease,” after invading French soldiers either brought the infection to Italy or caught it from the Spanish mercenaries who fought along side them. The modern name was coined in 1530 by the Italian physician and writer Girolamo Fracastoro, who made poetic reference to a mythic Greek shepherd, Syphilus, who was cursed by the god Apollo with a dread disease. The “pre-Columbian theory” claims that syphilis was present in Europe before the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus. Scholars from the 1700-1800’s believed the symptoms described by Hippocrates in Classical Greece were Syphilis in its tertiary form. There have been skeletal findings in Europe where the remnants seem to be damaged by syphilis though interpretation of this evidence has been disputed. “There are other suspected syphilis findings for pre-contact Europe, including at a 13–14th century Augustinian friary in the northeastern English port of Kingston upon Hull. This city’s maritime history, with its continual arrival of sailors from distant places, is thought to have been a key factor in the transmission of syphilis. ” (Keys, 2000) Although folklore claimed that syphilis was unknown in Europe until the return of the diseased sailors of the Columbian voyages, Mercury was the remedy of choice for syphilis in pre-industrial Europe – the understanding of the sexually transmitted disease’s routes and this treatment gave birth to the expression: “A night in the arms of Venus leads to a lifetime on Mercury”. As syphilis became better understood, the ability to cure it increased. In 1908, the arsenic based drug Salvarsan was developed and, while not 100% effective, was a massive step forward. Its lack of effectiveness in the tertiary phase led to malaria being used as a cure, since it seemed that those with high fevers could be cured of syphilis, malaria was used to induce an initial fever, which was considered an acceptable risk because malaria could be treated with quinine. Penicillin eventually confined both these treatments to syphilis history. Gonnorhea The etymology of gonorrhea comes from the Greek words “gono” which means “seed” and “rrhea” meaning “to flow. This can be attributed to the flow of discharge from the penis caused by gonorrhea in men, and confusing this discharge of puss with semen. With the confusion, Gonorrhea was often mistaken for Syphilis in the Middle Ages, as without a microscope, the two had very similar symptoms. Of course, if one was diagnosed with Gonorrhea, one would be treated with Mercury or have the affected region causterized. “John Hunter championed its treatment with mercury and cauterization. He included his findings in his Treatise on the Venereal Disease, first issued in 1786. (Hoffman, 1818) Because of Hunter’s reputation, knowledge concerning the true nature of gonorrhea and syphilis was retarded, and it was not until many years later that his theory was proved to be wrong. It was not until 1879 when Albert Neisser discovered the cause of gonorrhea is a micro-organism. “After much laboratory work by many investigators, Albert Neisser on July 12, 1879, described a micrococcus that he stated was the cause of gonorrhea… He later demonstrated these micrococci was without a doubt a separate disease (from syphilis) and was caused by the gonococcus. While continental bacteriologists in numbers speedily published reports confirming the observations by Neisser, it was not for several years after the event until progress was made in America. By the 19th century, silver nitrate was a widely used drug. Colloidal silver replaced silver nitrate, and was widely used until penicillin came to the rescue in the 1944. HIV/AIDS AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Acquired – means that the disease is not hereditary but develops after birth from contact with a disease-causing agent (in this case, HIV). Immunodeficiency – means that the disease is characterized by a weakening of the immune system. Syndrome – refers to a group of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease. In the case of AIDS this can include the development of certain infections and/or cancers, as well as a decrease in the number of certain cells in a person’s immune system. Although many believe that AIDS has been around since as early as 1959 the first recorded case was in 1981. There was a lot of confusion on what the real deal with it was. People didn’t have much of a grasp on where it came from, the effects on the person’s body that it caused, how it was transmitted to others, and if in fact there was any possible way to cure the deadly disease. “The dominant feature of this first period was silence, for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was unknown and transmission was not accompanied by signs or symptoms salient enough to be noticed. While rare, sporadic case reports of AIDS and sero-archaeological studies have documented human infections with HIV prior to 1970, available data suggest that the current pandemic started in the mid- to late 1970s. By 1980, HIV had spread to at least five continents (North America, South America, Europe, Africa and Australia). During this period of silence, spread was unchecked by awareness or any preventive action and approximately 100,000-300,000 persons may have been infected. ” (Mann, 1989) Given the evidence we have already looked at, it seems highly likely that Africa was indeed the continent where the transfer of HIV to humans first occurred. Researchers concluded that the chimpanzees found in West Africa were highly likely the origin of the pandemic. A limited time offer! Get authentic custom ESSAY SAMPLEwritten strictly according to your requirements
Mad robot A mad robot sets off towards the North East on a journey from the point (0,0) in a coordinate system. It travels in stages by moving forward and then rotating on the spot. It follows these pseudo-code instructions: Where does the robot explode? This problem comes from our sister site NRICH, which is packed with challenges, activities and articles for maths learners and teachers. We will publish a solution next month. the bot should make logbase2 1000 moves, which is 10 when the ceiling function is used. the robot starts facing north and goes 1000 steps, it then proceeds to go 500 east, 250 south, 125 west, 62.5 north, 31.25 east, 15.625 south, 7.8125 west, 3.90625 north, 1.953125 east. this means that it has gone 1000 - 250+62.5-15.625+3.90625 = 800.78125 north and 500-125+31.25-7.8125+1.953125 = 400.390625 east. this means, via pythag, that the robot has traveled 895.301 to 3dp. he has also gone overall in a direction of 26.57 degrees true. Hub Boreas Thanks for a solution that doesn't involve logs. I have solved this by using scratch programming however I had to set the distance to 100 otherwise it wouldn't work. I also divided the minimum distance by 10 and my answer was(84.9,28.3) which is equivalent to (849,283) after multiplying by 10.
Charles Dyson Smith | English, 1891-1960 The English artist Charles William Dyson-Smith was born in 1891. He received formal art training as a painter and sculptor at the Royal Academy Schools in London from 1921 when he was awarded the Landseer Scholarship for sculpture. Between the years of 1927 and 1940 he had a number of studios in Chelsea and Fulham, London. He was an Associate member of the Royal Society of British Sculptors from 1936 until 1938 when became a fellow. He remained a fellow until 1949 and served as a member of their council during the Second World War from 1943 to 1945. Dyson-Smith was active as a sculptor until 1951 and he died in 1960. In 1962 Christies held a sale selling the contents of his studio. His style epitomises the Art Deco movement sweeping across Europe during the 1930’s.
Singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell is born - HISTORY Singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell is born Even as a child taking piano lessons, Joni Mitchell showed more interest in composing her own melodies than in playing the pieces her teacher assigned her. “My teacher rapped my knuckles with a ruler and said, ‘Why would you want to compose when you could have the greats under your fingers?'” she recalled in an interview some 40 years later. When the folk-music revival of the late 1950s and early 1960s came to Saskatoon—the college town in which she spent most of her childhood—Mitchell resolved to learn the guitar in order to become a competent accompanist at sing-alongs. When her mother refused to chip in, citing Joni’s earlier abandonment of the piano, the woman Rolling Stone would later name the greatest female guitarist of all time saved up and purchased a baritone ukulele.   A bout with polio as a child had left Mitchell unable to form the chords with her left hand that her ear wanted to hear, so early on she began experimenting with non-standard guitar tunings that would later become part of her signature sound. It was not as performer, however, but as a songwriter that Mitchell would initially make her name. Even many of her biggest fans first heard Joni Mitchell’s music as interpreted by Judy Collins, who made a hit out of “Both Sides Now” (1967) fully two years before Mitchell released her own recording of that song herself. In later years, Crosby, Stills and Nash would score a bigger hit with the Mitchell-penned “Woodstock” than Mitchell herself would, as would hard-rockers Nazareth with their 1973 cover version of “This Flight Tonight,” from Mitchell’s landmark album, Blue Blue (1971) marked the beginning of Mitchell’s period of greatest popularity, and her commercial success peaked three years later with 1974’s Court and Spark. But even though she would never sell as many records in the subsequent decades as she did in the early 1970s, her creativity only increased as she experimented and collaborated with jazz greats like Charles Mingus and Herbie Hancock. In a judgment that history has already recorded as very sound, David Geffen of Geffen Records, Mitchell’s label from 1982 to 1993, said in 1994, “Even though we lost money on every one of her records, we always treated Joni as one of the most important artists in the world.” Tacoma Bridge collapses Only four months after its completion, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in Washington State suffers a spectacular collapse. When it opened in 1940, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the third-longest suspension bridge in the world. Built to replace the ferry system that took commuters from more FDR reelected a record third time Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt is reelected president of the United States for a record third time, handily defeating his Republican challenger, Thomas Dewey, the governor of New York, and becoming the first and only president in history to win a fourth term in office.Roosevelt, more Magic Johnson announces he is HIV-positive Nixon re-elected president Richard Nixon defeats Senator George McGovern (D-South Dakota) and is re-elected President of the United States.With only 55 percent of the electorate voting, the lowest turnout since 1948, Nixon carried all states but Massachusetts, taking 97 percent of the electoral votes. more McNamara shouted down at Harvard speech Magic Johnson announces he has HIV On November 7, 1991, basketball legend Magic Johnson holds a press conference to announce that he has HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, and is retiring from the L.A. Lakers. From then on, he said, he would focus on staying healthy and on helping people—especially young more FDR wins unprecedented fourth term On this day in 1944, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt is elected to an unprecedented fourth term in office. FDR remains the only president to have served more than two terms.Roosevelt rose above personal and political challenges to emerge as one of the nation’s most revered more French novelist Albert Camus is born On this day, Albert Camus, future Nobel Prize winner, is born in Algiers to a working-class family.Camus was a good student and a dedicated athlete who won a scholarship to a prestigious French high school in Algiers. His sporting endeavors were ended at age 17 by an attack of more “King of Cool” Steve McQueen dies Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapses The Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapses due to high winds on this day in 1940. Fortunately, only a dog was killed.The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was built in Washington during the 1930s and opened to traffic on July 1, 1940. It spanned the Puget Sound from Gig Harbor to Tacoma, which is more A family is brutally murdered Battle of Belmont, Missouri Art Arfons sets land-speed record
Volkswagen Emissions Scandal Car manufacturers that fail to properly certify their cars and that defeat emission control systems breach the public trust, endanger public health and disadvantage competitors.” John C. Cruden, the attorney general for the department’s Environment and Natural Resources Division [i] * * * * * The environmental movement, through both government regulation and consumer demand, has been shifting the way automakers design and create their cars. The pressure to be more fuel efficient and less harmful to the environment has been exponentially increasing. Given these circumstances, the scandal revolving around Volkswagen could not have been that unforeseen. What Happened In late 2015, Volkswagen, a German automaker that had been, up until this point, a well-regarded and respected company within the auto industry, found itself in very hot water. “In September, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found that many VW cars being sold in America had a ‘defeat device’ – or software – in diesel engines that could detect when they were being tested, changing the performance accordingly to improve results.” [ii] While the EPA’s findings covered nearly half a million cars in the U.S., Volkswagen admitted the “defeat device” was fitted on roughly 11 million cars worldwide. [iii] The software inserted in the engines essentially sensed “test scenarios by monitoring speed, engine operation, air pressure and even the position of the steering wheel.”[iv] The results were that when the cars were being tested for emissions standards, the VW vehicles changed the way the engine ran to operate below normal power and performance.[v] Without this technology, “[t]he engines emitted nitrogen oxide pollutants up to 40 times above what is allowed in the US.” [vi] Once word got out that Volkswagen lied and purposely cheated on their vehicles’ emissions tests, there was nothing the company could do but apologize and wait for the sanctions to start rolling in. “’We’ve totally screwed up,’” were the words of Michael Horn, head of VW America. [vii] Shortly after the scandal was revealed, Martin Winterkorn, the CEO of the company, resigned and was replaced by Matthias Mueller, formerly part of Porche. [viii] The company recalled millions of cars worldwide and set aside roughly $7.34 billion to cover those costs alone. [ix] The result was the company posting its first quarterly loss for 15 years in October 2015. [x] In addition, “[t]he EPA has the power to fine a company up to $37,500 for each vehicle that breaches standards – a maximum fine of about $18bn.” [xi] Proposed Sanctions As to the current status on the investigations around VW, “[r]egulators across the globe are conducting investigations,” as are individual states within the US.[xii] On January 4 of 2016, the United States Justice Department filed a civil lawsuit against the company for its deceptive practice, this joins the many private lawsuits brought by individual car owners seeking remedial action from the decreased resale values of their VW vehicles. [xiii] The world will need to stayed tuned to determine the total damage VW will incur as a result of costs of recalls and litigation. Aside from the obvious financial burden, it is hard to say whether VW’s reputation will ever rebound. The question remains, though, how should VW be sanctioned? This incident is significantly different from other recent scandals, such as GM’s omission of a small device causing certain vehicles to be inherently unsafe. [xiv] Here, VW created a sophisticated device to not only bypass regulation, but to bypass detection as well. This plan was well thought-out and implemented; receiving approval at various levels of management for the sole purpose of deceiving and cheating. It almost seems as if monetary sanctions may not be enough to keep this type of illegal activity at bay. As technology becomes more advanced, ways to hide and deceive violations may become more readily available to automakers. Perhaps there are many automakers that are doing the same thing at this very moment; they just haven’t been discovered yet. Hopefully this event, and the eventual sanctions, will be a lesson to the entire auto industry so that this sort of thing never happens again. [i] Joby Warrick, Volkswagen Slapped with Federal Lawsuit in Emissions-Cheating Scandal, Wash. Post (Jan. 4, 2016) [ii] Russell Hotten, Volkswagen: The scandal explained, BBC News (Dec. 10, 2015) [iii] Id. [iv] Id. [v] Id. [vi] Id. [vii] Id. [viii] Id. [ix] Id. [x] Id. [xi] Id. [xii] Karl Russel, How Volkswagen Got Away With Diesel Deception, NY Times (Jan. 5, 2016) [xiii] Id. [xiv] See Max Blau, No Accident: Inside GM’s Deadly Ignition Switch Scandal, The Atlantic (Jan. 6, 2016)
Feeding Cows diet with 2% seaweed can eliminate 2-4 billion tons of CO2 per year The Australian study was originally based on the experience of a Canadian farmer who realised that his cattle that ate washed up seaweed were healthier and produced “rip roaring heats” with longer mating cycles than those that did not. Canadian researchers Rob Kinley and Alan Fredeen subsequently proved the findings in 2014, and also suggested the cattle produced significantly less methane. A single cow releases between 70 and 120 kg of methane a year. The negative effect on the climate of Methane is 23 times higher than the effect of CO2. Therefore the release of about 100 kg Methane per year for each cow is equivalent to about 2’300 kg CO2 per year. The value of 2’300 kg CO2 is the same amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) is generated by burning 1’000 liters of petrol. With a car using 8 liters of petrol per 100 km, you could drive 12’500 km per year (7’800 miles per year). Don’t miss the latest future news Subscribe and get a FREE Ebook
Cybersecurity: When machines and humans collaborate By Qubic News 6 months agoNo Comments Home  /  Industry News  /  Cybersecurity: When machines and humans collaborate Machines and humans are good at different things; the former excel at logic and processing, while the latter are more suitable for abstract thinking and comprehensive assessment, but what happens if we combine both? The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) wants to find out. That’s why they started an initiative called Computers and Humans Exploring Software Security (CHESS). The basic idea behind it all is to get the best of both worlds. While the machines never get tired and their logic is flawless, they are still unable to work out some of the more complex problems that humans are better suited for solving. For example, computers are superior at solving math problems, while a complex set of rules such as the syntax of a language is best tackled by humans. Dustin Fraze, the program’s director, got the idea while watching a DEF CON cybersecurity contest. The agency will be focusing on achieving the following goals: – Making systems further protected against cyber-attacks – Improving situational awareness in cyberspace – Improving the military’s ability to strike back in cyberspace There are other DARPA programs as well, some of them focusing on making it easier to build software using “formal methods”. The process takes advantage of mathematical methods to make sure that the code doesn’t do anything it isn’t supposed to. The CHESS program was launched on April 3 2018, and there was a “Proposers Day” where all the organisations interested in conducting the research were able to participate in a discussion regarding the program’s objectives.   Industry News this post was shared 0 times Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published. twenty − twenty =
Accessibility links Law at Haybridge High School and Sixth Form Course description How are laws made? What is law anyway? Why is most crime dealt with by volunteers who are not legally trained? How do you become a barrister or a solicitor? How do you become a judge? Why is there not more diversity in the legal profession? What gives the European Union the right to make laws for the UK? What happens if you are arrested? What are Human Rights? Why do terrorists have Human Rights? When can the Government take our Human Rights away? These are just some of the absorbing questions we consider in A-level Law. Entry requirements You will write a lot of essays and so will need to achieve at least a Grade C in English to pursue this subject successfully. You will also need to do quite a lot of reading so you have to be prepared for that. How to apply If you want to apply for this course, you will need to contact Haybridge High School and Sixth Form directly. Last updated date: 20 June 2014 Key information • Start date: Next September • Duration: 2 Years
Tweeting: it's not just for the birds by Linguarama 9. February 2012 05:56 This blog post looks at the Internet phenomenon of Twitter. We've all heard of Twitter. But do you tweet? And why would you?  Tweets are short messages, under 140 characters, sent from a computer or mobile phone and received by anyone who 'follows' your tweets. The most interesting tweets are often re-tweeted by followers, so messages can sometimes spread round the world very quickly. Twitter gained publicity as newspapers reported the tweets of people caught in accidents and terrorist attacks; more and more famous people (the president of the USA, Lady Gaga) began to gather thousands of followers. So how is this new form of communication used in business? Here are four ways: 1. A CEO announcing something important knows his or her words will be tweeted around the globe faster than journalists can publish the story. 2. A conference speaker  understands that audience members will be tweeting during the talk to those who cannot attend. These tweets might contain uncomplimentary views about the ideas in the presentation: "Rubbish!" In fact, Tweeters could be having a silent conversation in the room! This is called ‘backchannel’ communication. 3. Marketing departments  can send a message to thousands. The tweet 'Great product launch!' goes to 1,000 followers. Imagine if each one re-tweets that immediately...! 4. Employees follow gurus in their field as part of their professional development. Do you follow anyone? What about Twitter and language learning? Tweeting is a good example of how fast language (especially 'writing') is changing. Abbreviations are used to squeeze messages into 140 characters,  e.g.Thnx 4 the RT = thank-you for re-tweeting Technology often provides 'newer' meanings for words. Think about: follower / to tweet. New words also emerge: twitterverse. How do these words translate in your own language? So, could tweeting improve your language learning? Maybe. Try following someone who tweets in the language you are studying! Find out what your teacher thinks - perhaps they use Twitter to connect with teachers across the world as part of their own professional development.  To experience the world of Twitter, open an account for free at:   Then, why not follow Linguarama's tweets?  Login To Comment Don't have an account yet? Create Now
Shares 0126 The text talks about what is a share, and profitability that investors obtain through those shares. A share gives you: 1) A stake in assets and property. The assets of the company are: cash-in-hand, property and the company´s stock, less its liabilitys. 2) A vote: usually a share gives you the right to vote, although there are some non-voting shares. This type of shares are almost equal than the others, but the holders has no vote in the company; the idea of that was that the founding family could retain the control of the company. 3) Profitability. -price´s revaluation: the share´s price are related with P/E ratio (earnings divided by the number of shares; we obtain “earning per share”) -the dividend: proportion of the earnings paid to owners. The company only pay a part of its earnings, and the rest of them are retained to finance internal growth of the company. The yields (that are a percentage of the share price) in each country are usually lower than the interest which could be more safety obtained by investment in local bonds. Mark = 4
Moulin de la galette painting analysis essay The painting Bal du Moulin de la Galette was painted by Renoir in the Impressionist style. The Impressionist style had small, thin yet visible brush strokes and emphasized on accurate depiction of the light at the scene with its changing qualities. Vincent van Gogh, Le Moulin de la Galette, 1886: Van Gogh completed this painting in 1886 whilst living with his brother in an apartment in Montmartre. Painting outdoors encouraged him to explore the effects of natural light and the result is a luminous palette that departs from his usual subjects of somber tones. Bal du moulin de la Galette (commonly known as Dance at Le moulin de la Galette) is an 1876 painting by French artist PierreAuguste Renoir. It is housed at the Muse d'Orsay in Paris and is one of Impressionism's most celebrated masterpieces. He was known for his famous impressionist works, Le Balau Moulin de la Galette, which was painted in 1876 and now hangs in the Louver in Paris. Page 1 of 3; Next Essays Related to Pierre Auguste Renoir. 1. Representational ANALYSIS: " Two Girls at the Piano" is a French painting created by PierreAuguste Renoir in 1892. Word Le Moulin De La Galette The year was 1876 when Pierre Augustus Renoir painted his Le Moulin De La Galette this piece of art was in the style of impressionism. This was a fairly new art style during these years thus making it very popular at the time. The painting depicts one of the numerous dances that took place in the Moulin de la Galette, one of the most frequented" guinguettes" (restaurants and leisure clubs) in 19thcentury Montmartre, a paradise for bohemians and artists like ToulouseLautrec, Vincent van Gogh or Renoir himself. Analysis of Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette by Renoir Renoir's Dance at the Moulin de la Galette occupied a wall of its own at the Third Impressionist exhibition of 1877 and was the setpiece of the catalog produced by Georges Riviere. Impressionist Movement Pierre Auguste Renoir English Literature Essay and dealers. Several of his masterpieces during this period of time: La Loge (1874; The Theatre Box), Le Moulin de la galette (1876) and Mme Charpentier and Her Children (1878). He produced paintings like Swing and the Moulin de la Galette (both 1876). These painting Dance at le Moulin de la Galette is a masterwork created in 1876 by the brilliant Pierre Auguste Renoir. It can also be named Bal du Moulin de la Galette. The drawing has a complicated subject which is scenery. Phone: (741) 950-6534 x 6305 Email: [email protected]
The main purpose of book iv in gullivers travels Like other major works in literature, gulliver's travels deals with the swift's purpose is to make him realize the absurdity of his pride and become aware of his to enliven part iv which would otherwise be too sombre for the rest of the book. Criticism of gulliver's travels: swift's intention, his personality, and xxi, no 4, july, 1952 his statement that humour is a point which whoever can rightly touch, ages, and reaches its climax, as we shall see, at the end of the book, has. And find homework help for other gulliver's travels questions at enotes in book four, gulliver meets the houyhnhmns, a race of very rational horses, as well 1 educator answer what is the main satirical point in part 4 of gulliver's travels. The book iv of gulliver's travels is one of the most savage and terrible but for the purpose of the narrative itself, their role is entirely clear in this the superiority of swift's primary commitment is to comprehensive, mythic. The question of humanity in gulliver's travels book iv - free download as word doc one may argue that perhaps that is the point, that the reasons for the. And socrates comes in book iv of gulliver's travels” (samuel 1976:459) following the previously mentioned studies, the starting point of this study is the. The project gutenberg ebook, gulliver's travels, by jonathan swift this to the author, the reader will receive satisfaction from the first pages of the book we set sail from bristol, may 4, 1699, and our voyage was at first very prosperous if i had not thought it necessary to justify my character, in point of cleanliness,. The moral point is stressed by these gulliver in with regard to mankind at the end of book iv gulliver's travels is that voiced by the king of brobdingnag. In the article, the 'hnea yahoo' of gulliver's travels and jonathan yahoo is used to describe the creatures gulliver encounters in book iv, a human-like similar interpretations point to another four-letter name, yhvh,. (gulliver's voyage to the country of the houyhnhnms) option on the final, since these point you to the kinds of issues that connect the work to. Gulliver's travels was written in the years 1721 to 1725, with book iii written last, evident in most of swift's major works, and which is an elusive product of convention, jeu d'esprit was not suitable for writings of more ambitious purpose. The anonymity of gulliver's travels allowed it to be a mock-book my principal design was to inform, and not to amuse thee' (part 4, ch 12) at one point in his account of his second voyage he gives the king of this land of. Tell students to relate one of the preceding novels to gulliver's travels by 4 when the research is complete, students should present their work to the instead of assigning a second novel to students as a supplement to gulliver's travels, you may evaluate each student's poster using the following three- point rubric. A summary of part iv, chapters i–iv in jonathan swift's gulliver's travels learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of gulliver's travels. The main purpose of book iv in gullivers travels Chapter summary for jonathan swift's gulliver's travels, part 4 chapter 12 summary he believes a traveler's goal should be to educate readers and make them wiser swift's distaste for defoe's novel and those like it is well documented. Gulliver's travels, or travels into several remote nations of the world in four parts by august 1725 the book was complete and as gulliver's travels was a development of misanthropy, these three scholars point to the fourth voyage. Free summary and analysis of part 4, chapter 1 in jonathan swift's gulliver's travels that won't make in addition, we use cookies on our website for various purposes read the book: part 4, chapter 1 he travels up into the country. • Summary gulliver grows more and more used to the houyhnhnm way of life he has a small room summary and analysis part iv: chapter 10 bookmark this. It is a novel in four parts recounting gulliver's four voyages to fictional exotic lands gulliver's life at this point is easier but still is not enjoyable 4 functions of satires in gulliver's travels 1 stress the sense of absurdity. Gulliver's travels: an introduction to and summary of the novel gulliver's travels by jonathan swift. 1 a letter from captain gulliver 2 part i: a voyage to lilliput 3 part ii: a 5 part iv: a voyage to the country of the houyhnhnms 6 quotes about gulliver's that some of them are so bold as to think my book of travels a mere fiction out of of the word opinion, or how a point could be disputable because reason taught us. Swift's main works the tale of tub gulliver's travels (1726) satirical book 4 •gulliver's last voyage to the island inhabited by the 'houyhnhnms' •horses. the main purpose of book iv in gullivers travels Swift's description of the yahoo's physical appearance in book iv of gulliver's into slavery, his research does point to a notable black presence in england. The main purpose of book iv in gullivers travels Rated 5/5 based on 23 review
Back to Top The Myth Behind Separation of Church and State The Myth Behind “Separation of Church and State” by Mathew D. Staver, Esq. Copyright © 2000 This country was established upon the assumption that religion was essential to good government. On July 13, 1787, the Continental Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance, which stated: “Religion, morality and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall be forever encouraged.” (1) The First Amendment prohibited the federal government from establishing a religion to which the several states must pay homage. The First Amendment provided assurance that the federal government would not meddle in the affairs of religion within the sovereign states. In modern times groups like the American Civil Liberties Union and Americans United for Separation of Church and State have attempted to create an environment wherein government and religion are adversaries. Their favorite phrase has been “separation of church and state.” These groups have intoned the mantra of “separation of church and state” so long that many people believe the phrase is in the Constitution. In Proverbs Chapter 18, verse 16, the Bible says, “He who states his case first seems right until another comes to challenge him.” I’m sure you have seen legal arguments on television where the prosecution argues to the jury that the defendant is guilty. Once the prosecution finishes the opening presentation, you believe that the defendant is guilty. However, after the defense attorney completes the rebuttal presentation of the evidence, you may be confused, or at least you acknowledge that the case is not clear cut. The same is true with the phrase “separation of church and state.” The ACLU and the liberal media have touted the phrase so many times that most people believe the phrase is in the Constitution. Nowhere is “separation of church and state” referenced in the Constitution. This phrase was in the former Soviet Union’s Constitution, but it has never been part of the United States Constitution. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes once said, “It is one of the misfortunes of the law that ideas become encysted in phrases, and thereafter for a long time cease to provoke further analysis.” (2) The phrase, “separation of church and state,” has become one of these misfortunes of law. In 1947 the Supreme Court popularized Thomas Jefferson’s “wall of separation between church and state.” (3)Taking the Jefferson metaphor out of context, strict separationists have often used the phrase to silence Christians and to limit any Christian influence from affecting the political system. To understand Jefferson’s “wall of separation,” we should return to the original context in which it was written. Jefferson himself once wrote: The Danbury Baptist Association committee wrote to the President stating that, “Religion is at all times and places a Matter between God and Individuals — that no man ought to suffer in Name, person or affects on account of his religious Opinions.” (6) The Danbury Baptists believed that religion was an unalienable right and they hoped that Jefferson would raise the consciousness of the people to recognize religious freedom as unalienable. However, the Danbury Baptists acknowledged that the President of the United States was not a “national Legislator” and they also understood that the “national government cannot destroy the Laws of each State.” (7) In other words, they recognized Jefferson’s limited influence as the federal executive on the individual states. Jefferson did not necessarily like receiving mail as President, but he generally endeavored to turn his responses into an opportunity to sow what he called “useful truths” and principles among the people so that the ideas might take political root. He therefore took this opportunity to explain why he as President, contrary to his predecessors, did not proclaim national days of fasting and prayer. Jefferson asked Levi Lincoln, the Attorney General, and Gideon Granger, the Postmaster General, to comment on his draft. In a letter to Mr. Lincoln, Jefferson stated he wanted to take the occasion to explain why he did not “proclaim national fastings & thanksgivings, as my predecessors did.” (9) He knew that the response would “give great offense to the New England clergy” and he advised Lincoln that he should suggest necessary changes. (10) Mr. Lincoln responded that the five New England states have always been in the habit of “observing fasts and thanksgivings in performance of proclamations from the respective Executives” and that this “custom is venerable being handed down from our ancestors.” (11) Lincoln therefore struck through the last sentence of the above quoted letter about Jefferson refraining from prescribing even occasional performances of devotion. Jefferson penned a note in the margin that this paragraph was omitted because “it might give uneasiness to some of our republican friends in the eastern states where the proclamation of thanksgivings” by their state executives is respected. (12) To understand Jefferson’s use of the wall metaphor in his letter to the Danbury Baptist Association, we must compare his other writings. On March 4, 1805, in Jefferson’s Second Inaugural Address, he stated as follows: Comparing these two responses to his actions in the state government of Virginia show the true intent of Jefferson’s wall metaphor. As a member of the House of Burgesses, on May 24, 1774, Jefferson participated in drafting and enacting a resolution designating a “Day of Fasting, Humiliation, and Prayer.” (16) This resolution occurred only a few days before he wrote “A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom.” In 1779, while Jefferson was governor of Virginia, he issued a proclamation decreeing a day “of publick and solemn thanksgiving and prayer to Almighty God.” In the late 1770’s, as chair of the Virginia committee of Revisers, Jefferson was the chief architect of a measure entitled, “A Bill for Appointing Days of Public Fasting and Thanksgiving.” Interestingly, this bill authorized the governor, or Chief Magistrate with the advice of Counsel, to designate days of thanksgiving and fasting and, required that the public be notified by proclamation. The bill also provided that “[e]very minister of the gospel shall on each day so to be appointed, attend and perform divine service and preach a sermon, or discourse, suited to the occasion, in his church, on pain of forfeiting fifty pounds for every failure, not having a reasonable excuse.” (17) Though the bill was never enacted, Jefferson was its chief architect and the sponsor was none other than James Madison. There is nothing wrong with the way Jefferson used the “wall of separation between church and state” metaphor. The problem has arisen when the Supreme Court in 1947 erroneously picked up the metaphor and attempted to construct a constitutional principal. While the metaphor understood in its proper context is useful, we might do well to heed the words of the United States Supreme Court Justice William Rehnquist: Jefferson used the phrase “wall of separation between church and state” as a means of expressing his republican view that the federal or general government should not interfere with religious matters among the several states. In its proper context, the phrase represents a clear expression of state autonomy. The “wall of separation between church and state” phrase as understood by Jefferson was never meant to exclude people of faith from influencing and shaping government. Jefferson would be shocked to learn that his letter has been used as a weapon against religion. He would never countenance such shabby and distorted use of history. 3. See Everson v. Bd. of Educ., 330 U.S. 1 (1947). See also McCollum v. Bd. of Educ., 333 U.S. 203, 211 (1948). 4. Thomas Jefferson to Messers. Nehemiah Dodge, Ephraim Robbins and Stephen S. Nelson, a Committee of the Danbury Baptist Association in the State of Connecticut, January 1, 1802, Presidential Papers Microfilm, Thomas Jefferson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Ser. I, reel 25, November. 15, 1801 – March 31, 1802; Jefferson to William Johnson, June 12, 1823, Presidential Papers Microfilm,Thomas Jefferson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Ser. I, reel 70. The letters referenced below can be found at this citation. 5. Daniel Dreisbach, “Sowing Useful Truths and Principles”: The Danbury Baptists, Thomas Jefferson, and the “Wall of Separation,” 39 Journal of Church and State 455, 459 (1997). 6. Id. at 460. 7. Id. 8. Id. at 462. 9. Id. at 463 n. 16. 10. Id. at 465. 11. Id. at 466. 12. Id. at 462 n. 13. 15. Id. at 11:430. 17. Report of the Committee of Revisors Appointed by the General Assembly of Virginia in MDCCLXXVI(Richmond, Va., 1984) 59-60; Julian P. Boyd, et al., eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson 2:556. 18. In the Kentucky-Virginia Resolutions of 1798, Jefferson wrote that the powers not delegated to the United States are reserved to the States and that “no power over the freedom of religion, freedom of speech, or freedom of the press being delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, all lawful powers respecting the same did of right remain, and were reserved to the States, or to the people. . . [and are] withheld from the cognizance of federal tribunals.” The Kentucky-Virginia Resolutions and Mr. Madison’s Report of 1799 2-3. 20. See Everson, 330 U.S. at 1. 21. One of the early Supreme Court Justices, Joseph Story, wrote that “the whole power over the subject of religion is left exclusively to the state governments, to be acted upon according to their own sense of justice, and the state constitutions. . .” J. Story, Commentaries on the Constitution � 1879 (1833). 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-ative + (Latin: a suffix; tending to) acceleratory (adjective) Tending to increase velocity or speed. accumulative (adjective), more accumulative, most accumulative Pertaining to the collection or the gathering of things. 1. To form or collect into a rounded mass. 2. A confused or jumbled mass; a heap. 3. A volcanic rock consisting of rounded and angular fragments fused together. Promoting adhension or agglutination. agitative (adjective), more agitative, most agitative A reference to causing or tending to cause anger or resentment. alterative (s) (noun), alteratives (pl) A medicine or treatment which gradually induces a change and restores healthy functions. 1. Having a tendency to make something better or to become better; to improve. 2. A reference to making something, which is bad or unsatisfactory, better. cogitative (adjective), more cogitative, most cogitative Inclined to or capable of cogitation (serious thought). 1. The ability to create things: "Humans are considered a creative species." 2. Using or showing use of the imagination to create new ideas or things: "She had a creative approach to the problem of not having enough room for all of her clothes." 3. Making imaginative use of the limited resources available: "My wife is a creative cook who utilizes what is available." 4. Employing deceptive methods to distort financial records; such as, creative accounting, or creative bookkeeping. 5. Being a creator of new ideas and concepts for sales campaigns. 6. Characterized by originality and expressiveness; imaginative: "He was talented and often produced very creative writing." curative (s) (noun), curatives (PL) A medicine or therapy that restores one's health from a disease or relieves pain. Serving, or tending, to declare or to state. derogative (adjective), more derogative, most derogative 1. That which evacuates or the condition of being evacuated; discharge or expulsion, as of contents. 2. That which discharges, as of waste matter through the excretory passages; especially, from the bowels. 3. The removal of people or things from an endangered area. 1. Tending to exaggerate, 2. Involving or characterized by exaggeration. 1. Having a lively imagination, especially a creative imagination. 2. Created by, indicative of, or characterized by imagination or creativity. 3. Tending to indulge in the fanciful or in make-believe. 4. Good at thinking of new ideas or at visualizing things that have never been seen or experienced directly. 5. New and original, or not likely to have been easily thought up by someone else; such as, an imaginative solution to a long-standing problem. 6. Relating to the ability to form images and ideas in the mind, or to think of new things. 7. Apparently untrue, implausible, or unlikely; having no truth; being false.
Mesuring the amount of solids and Solid (and liquid) measuring tips toolbox resize print as i haven't seen liquid vs solid measuring the amount of spinach in the spinach dip. Lesson 1: lab fundamentals i measurement: volume and temperature another measurement that you will be doing measure the combined volume of the solid and liquid. Lab 1 - density determinations and various methods to measure volume goal and overview this lab provides an introduction to the concept and applications of density. How to calculate total dissolved solids total dissolved solids (or tds) is the measure of all organic and inorganic substances dissolved in a given liquid, revealing. Refractive index – ri measurement of solids & films – video transcript to prepare to measure a solid sample the following are required prepare a disc shaped. Technology review level measurement of bulk solids in bins, silos and hoppers continuous measurement of the level or amount of solids in bins, hoppers and. The water displacement method, first used by archimedes, is still the best way to measure the volume of an irregular object. Gases & liquids (fluids) and solids: this property is used to measure temperature the amount of change varies with different substances and different liquids and. Measuring tips and techniques measuring equipment | dry and solid amount into your palm without measuring first measure the amount you poured out to. One measure of the quality of the water in lakes, rivers, and streams is the total amount of solids dissolved in the water high amounts of dissolved solids can. The base unit of measure for the volume of a solid is the cubic meter, while the liter is often used for measuring liquid volumes however, the cubic meter is also. Hi is there any difference between dry and liquid measuring cups do they measure the same amount, and if so, why do i need both i had heard once that there is a. Turbidity is measured with a turbidity instrument such as a turbidimeter, turbidity sensor, or secchi disc total suspended solids are measured by weight. Measuring density density is a derived quantity - we measure two other quantities (mass and volume) and then calculate density a first time learner, however. Over 60 years of color measurement knowledge have gone into producing best practice methods of measuring specific type samples with specific hunterlab color. Computer 4 water quality with vernier 4 - 1 total solids introduction total solids, ts, is a measure of all the suspended, colloidal, and dissolved solids in a sample of. 1 understand that volume is a physical property of matter that expresses the amount of space an object takes up 2 be able to find the volume of an object or. Total suspended solids the gain in weight is a dry weight measure of the particulates present in the if the water contains an appreciable amount of. Measurements in the laboratory an extensive property is one that is dependent on the amount of matter present measuring the mass of solids. Mesuring the amount of solids and How to measure wet ingredients good it’s best to use a solid measuring cup and pack in the just slice along the guideline to remove the correct amount of. Level measurement for bulk solids & liquids continuous level measurement for solids designed to measure solids and powders in silos and tanks the powerful and. • To measure the specific heat capacity of a metal (solid block method) physics homework help and to measure the specific heat capacity of a metal (solid block method. • Duncan there is an alternative method for estimating solids and that is to use a refractometer (the same sort that is used in the food industry to measure sugar. • Measuring the volume of solid figures and can be used to measure volume 5md3b a solid figure which can be packed find the amount of liquid each beaker. • Measuring densities of solids and liquids using magnetic levitation: fundamentals we measure the density of a diamagnetic solid particle and a droplet of organic. • More practical method of measuring the volume solids of a paint • measure the dry film thickness determining volume solids of coatings problem solving forum q. This hands-on lesson plan allows students to investigate three methods for measuring volume students will learn to measure volume for liquids, regular-sized solids. Water quality testing instruments are used to test water for chemical and biological agents, and to measure variables such as clarity and rate of movement. Determination of moisture and total solids the total solids content is a measure of the amount of material remaining after all the water has been evaporated. Suspended solids measuring suspended solids in water is used for control of the amount of light scatter is suspended solids measurement system is robust. mesuring the amount of solids and Measuring total dissolved solids (tds) tds meters do not measure dissolved solids it is simply the total weight of all solids in a unit amount of solution. Mesuring the amount of solids and Rated 3/5 based on 27 review
Dec 2, 2013 — The stigma associated with lung cancer is that it’s a smokers’ disease and they’ve brought it on themselves. While it’s true that 90 percent of lung cancer cases are smoking related, 10 percent come from other causes, and that number is even higher in Utah at 30 percent. Learn about the non-smoking causes of lung cancer from Dr. Shamus Carr at Huntsman Cancer Institute, including occupational, environmental and genetic factors. He’ll also tell you the one thing he thinks everyone should do, whether they smoke or not, to decrease their chance of contracting lung cancer. Host: Did you know even if you're a non-smoker, just because you live in Utah you have an increased chance of getting lung cancer? We're going to talk with Dr. Shamus Carr of Huntsman Cancer Institute about what's causing that coming up next. Host: Lung cancer, what causes it? I think everybody thinks it's only smoking. Dr. Carr: Well, 90% of patients who get diagnosed with lung cancer, it is related to smoking. However, what's interesting is that there's 10% who do not. More interesting is here in the state of Utah 30% are non-smokers. Host: Really? What's the cause of that? Dr. Carr: There's a lot of things that have been proven to be the cause. Radon, which is a colorless, odorless gas which is in the basement of pretty much everybody's home here in the state of Utah, is a risk factor. Host: Why is it so predominant here? Dr. Carr: It's the geology, so it just comes up through the ground and here it is. Additionally, we make homes so well today, they are air tight. They keep the cold out. In the winter they keep the heat in. In the summertime they keep the heat out and they keep the cool in. If you have a colorless, odorless gas that's coming up through your basement it's not going anywhere. You run your air conditioner all summer, that air doesn't go anywhere. It just keeps recirculating in your house. Host: What about the inversions that we get? Dr. Carr: That's a great topic, and I think we're going to learn a lot more about that here in the coming years, pollution in general. In fact, there was just a recent study that just came out of China where they looked at the incidence of smoking over the last thirty years, and it hasn't changed. They smoke a lot over there, but the amount of smokers hasn't changed by percentage. However, as we all know, you always see in the papers the pictures of Beijing in the summertime. They even pushed the Olympics off and didn't allow people to drive because of air pollution. The air quality there is horrible. What's interesting is the incidence of lung cancer has doubled in Beijing in the last 30 years. Pollution? I think so. However, we're still working on that issue. I believe the inversion definitely definitely plays a role here in health issue here in the valley in the Great Salt Lake Basin, but time will tell. Host: We talked about radon. We talked about air pollution, not necessarily proven yet, but likely. Dr. Carr: Very likely. Host: What are some other reasons we've got this 30% incidence of lung cancer in non-smokers here in Utah? Dr. Carr: I think there is also, believe it or not, we're going to find that there's going to be a genetic component. I think there are people out there whose bodies are essentially predestined for this. I've met a number of families, non-smokers, dad died of lung cancer and they said, "Oh, well he worked in the mines," so they kind of attributed it to something else. Then all of a sudden there's somebody else who's got lung cancer, then somebody else. We're starting to see that kind of issue. I think the state of Utah's really well set up for that because we keep such amazing genealogical records here in this state that we're starting to mine this kind of data, no pun intended, and see if there's something to this. We think that there is going to be. Host: Is there research currently going on looking into this? Dr. Carr: Yes. Host: When do you think we'll see some results? Do you have any idea? Dr. Carr: As soon as the person who's pulling the data gives it to me. We had a meeting just recently about this. The preliminary data is very striking, very striking that there's going to be a genetic component that we can start talking about in lung cancer, but not yet published. Host: You're saying that 30% of people who get lung cancer in the state of Utah are not smokers, so even though I don't smoke I've got an increased chance just because I live here. Is there a stigma attached to people who get lung cancer in general because for so many people it is because of smoking? Dr. Carr: Yeah, you know, I think there is. It's a shame because it's like, "Oh, they did this to themselves. They were bad people. They smoked cigarettes. They weren't healthy." I think that we need to get beyond that. I think this is a multifactorial problem. The incidence of smoking in the United States continues to decrease, in fact, nationally we're under 20% for the second year in a row. Here in the state of Utah we're only at 10%, so I think we need to realize that there are a lot of other factors that we aren't controlling, like air pollution, they have to work in a mine because they need a job as an environmental hazard, and the radon. The best thing you could do, honestly, the one take home message is go get a radon testing kit for your house, simple. You can go to, I think it is,, and for $7 they will send you a testing kit and you can get your own house tested. Host: We're your daily dose of science, conversation and medicine. This is The Scope, University of Utah Health Sciences Radio.
Quantum Computing From New Media Business Blog Jump to: navigation, search Quantum Computers Explained What is Quantum Computing Quantum computing is the study of theoretical computational systems that use a variety of quantum mechanics to perform operations on data.[1] As opposed to classical transistor-based computers that encode data into binary digits, called bits, quantum computation requires data to be encoded in the form of quantum bits, or qubits. While bits are in a definitive state of either 0 or 1, qubits are in a superposition of both 0 and 1 at the same time - a quantum phenomenon called quantum superposition. Unlike classical computers where heat is produced and lost from the system during work, current quantum computers are adiabatic, meaning that the system is isolated from thermodynamic processes. This is necessary in order to retain the integrity of quantum bits and ensures that qubits remain in their unobserved state of superposition. Failure to isolate the system will result in quantum decoherence.[2] By taking advantage of quantum superposition and creating an environment to incubate these quantum systems, scientist have been able to surpass the current limits of classical computer systems. Although quantum computing is still at its early stages of development, the potential impacts of quantum computing on our future lives is endless. Since late-stage quantum computers could theoretically perform functions and process data at an exponential rate compared to classical computers, it will allow us to solve problems that have been unfeasible based on modern-day technology. Some of its major areas of impact include: optimization, cryptography, particle physics, and artificial intelligence. Quantum computers will also change the way we create models. As a result, molecular modelling, financial modelling, and even weather forecasting will be taken to new heights. Quantum Mechanics In the world of quantum computing, there are two important quantum mechanical theories that we must note in order to understand the way quantum computers work. These two quantum theories are the backbone of all quantum computation today. Quantum Superposition Quantum superposition is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics as it states that any two, or more, quantum states can be superposed and the result will be a third, valid quantum state.[4] In terms of quantum information processing using qubits, this means that while 0 and 1 and both valid states of a qubit, there is also a third quantum state where the qubit is in an unobserved superposition of both 0 and 1 simultaneously. An illustration of the states of quantum superposition and how qubits work is devised by the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935 through his famous thought experiment, Schrödinger’s cat. The thought experiment presents a scenario where the cat is in a state of superposition of being simultaneously dead and alive, which is supposed to represent the same concept behind the theory of quantum superposition. Quantum superposition is important in quantum computing because it allows computer scientists to manipulate qubits way produce and calculate information in ways that traditional bits cannot. Since a qubit is in a quantum superposition of both 0 and 1, this means that given n bits of information in a classical computer, a quantum computer can produce 2n qubits of information. It’s easy to see that using quantum superposition, the manipulation of qubits allows quantum computers to reach levels of speed and accuracy that is unfeasible in classical computers. Another important implication of quantum superposition is its effects on transistors and thus points to the limits of classical computing. The current size of transistors is 14 nanometers. The Landaeurs Limit says that after transistors become smaller than 5 nanometers, electrons might jump the transistor barrier, thereby, making that method of computing ineffective at that scale. This is because of the effects of quantum superposition. Quantum Coherence In quantum mechanics, particles, such as electrons, behave like waves that can interfere with one another and result in peculiar behavior of quantum particles.[5] In a quantum computer, as long as the system is isolated from outside interference, these waves will behave in a coherent state. During this state, qubits are in its state of superposition and the system will work as intended. However, when a quantum system is not perfectly isolated and comes into contact with its surroundings (ie. thermodynamic disturbance from external heat sources), coherence will begin to decay in a process called quantum decoherence. When this occurs, quantum behavior is lost and the quantum system will cease to work. The decoherence process is essentially the loss of information from a quantum system to its external environment. Even the slightest interference from outside waves can cause decoherence in a quantum system. Because of this, quantum systems must be heavily monitored and controlled, which is one of the reasons why incubating an environment for the operation of quantum computers is so expensive. History of Computers The computers that we have come to know today are built over decades of research and testing. In the early 1900s, computers were far from being feasible tools to the technological evolution of mankind. Now, computers are used in every corner of our lives as the functioning of the entire world is built on layers of computer systems and networks. As quantum computing marks a new dawn to the advancement of computation systems, let us take a brief look at the major advancements in the history of computers. 1890: The Hollerith Tabulator Invented by Herman Hollerith, the Hollerith Tabulator is a tabulating machine designed to assist in summarizing information stored on punch cards.[6] This machine was one of the first system electromechanical system that used physical relays to perform calculations. Initially designed to help process data for the 1890 U.S. Census, later models of this system became widely used for accounting and inventory control. The tabulating machine also spawned a class of machines, as well as the entire data processing industry. 1946: ENIAC Short for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, ENIAC was one of the earliest electronic general-purpose computers ever made. It was Turing-complete and completely digital, and was able to solve “a large class of numerical problems” by simply reprogramming the system.[7] ENIAC used vacuum tubes to allow control of the electrical current inside the machines, making it one of the first leaps into the digital age. 1957: IBM 608 Known as a transistor calculator, the IBM 608 was the very first IBM product to use transistor circuits without any vacuum tubes.[8] It was also the world’s first calculator manufactured for commercial sale that used only transistors. These transistors were much smaller and more reliable than vacuum tubes because its components used less energy and generated less heat. Although the IBM 608 was withdrawn from the market only a few years after its release due to its obsolesce to newer IBM products. 1966: AGC The Apollo Guidance Computer was a digital computer produced for the Project Apollo, the United States human spaceflight program carried out by NASA, that was installed on board each Apollo Command Module and Lunar Module.[9] The AGC was the very first computer to use integrated circuits, which allowed electrical components of the system to be put on a single miniature chip. The integrated circuits boast greater computational power and lower cost than its predecessor. Types of Quantum Computing Quantum Annealer The optimization problem is represented in terms of a cost function where the solution is the lowest energy state represented on the diagram as the lowest point.[10] Quantum annealing is a computational paradigm to search for the minimum of a cost function through a control of quantum fluctuations. This type of computation can be used mainly for combinatorial optimization problems. These include but are not limited to machine learning for pattern recognition, natural language processing, and medical diagnosis.[11] As you can see from the diagram on the right, the probability function starts off as a flat line which means that all possible solutions are equally likely to be the most efficient. Then, a term is added to the equation to induce the quantum fluctuations mentioned above. The gradual decrease of the coefficient of this term leads to the solution as shown above. One of the reasons that this type of quantum computers are the closest to becoming reality is because they are less prone to decoherence compared to circuit models.[12] This is because of the former uses inherently low state matter i.e. the huge fridge that cools down the chip decreases external noise. The way we use machine learning to create artificial intelligence allows us to represent problems as combinatorial optimization problems which let us use quantum annealing to make these systems more efficient. The way in which quantum computers work allows them to automatically account for time evolution. Other types of quantum computers require the time evolution in the problem to be stated explicitly. However, in quantum annealing, the system evolves naturally following the Schrodinger equation.[13] This is the gradual decrease of the coefficient of the quantum term mentioned above that allows for the automatic time evolution. Compared to its peers in the quantum computing era, the quantum annealer is highly inefficient at solving several problems even in its forte; optimization. Several high-difficulty problems such as QUBO (Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization) would take an inefficient amount of time to be solved using quantum annealing. This is because the qubits inside an adiabatic quantum system are not well connected. The connectivity of qubits is what makes a quantum computer more powerful.[14] Researchers have yet to find proven applications of this already existing technology. Combinatorial optimization problems are solved through simulated annealing in classical computers. However, there exist few problems that the quantum annealer may be more efficient at compared to simulated annealing. The practicality of using quantum annealers instead of regular supercomputers isn’t yet significant enough to warrant its use and exorbitant prices as can be seen in the section below. For example, the binary tree problem is one such problem where quantum annealers are proven be better at solving compared to classical computers. Unfortunately, this problem (and its solution’s) practical significance in the real world is limited.[15] Real World Example: D-Wave Their latest $15 million quantum computer is called the 2000Q. The ‘2000’ stands for the number of qubits. D-Wave Systems is the first company to have realized the hardware to conduct quantum annealing on a scale that may be of practical use to research organizations. Their impressive client list includes Google, NASA and Lockheed Martin. The key piece of technology is their chip that is kept cool at 15mK, making it one of the coldest places in the known universe. Its current applications will be discussed later.[16] IARPA (Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity) is a US government funded research organization funding their own quantum annealer. They have developed a QEO (Quantum Enhanced Optimization) with the eventual goal of building a 100 qubit quantum annealer. Google has also followed suit with their announcement at AQC 2016 that they were building their own quantum annealer.[17] Quantum Simulators (Analog and Digital) Quantum simulation is an idea that has been at the center of quantum information science since its inception, beginning with Feynman’s vision of simulating physics using quantum computers. A quantum simulator is a device that maintains quantum coherence among its degrees of freedom over long enough timescales to extract information that is not efficiently computable using classical computers.[18] Currently, there are two types of quantum simulators; Analog and Digital. Analog quantum simulator (AQS) uses a physical mimic of the quantum model to infer its properties. Eg. cooling down atoms so that their behavior can be observed. So, the AQS can also be referred as adiabatic quantum computers. The hardware is similar to quantum annealers but the qubits in AQS have higher connectivity. Digital quantum simulators (DQS) uses the quantum equivalent of logic gates and their qubits are based on well-defined and understood quantum states. These are used to perform simulations of the quantum model. A hybrid approach is also underway but it will not be mentioned here as it is largely theoretical as of now. [19] Imagine that you and some friends are in a row of rooms that are joined by a set of vertical windows. If two of you are standing up, you can communicate using hand signs; if you are both lying down, you can communicate with hand signs. But, if one of you is lying down and the other is standing up, you cannot see each other's hands and no communication is possible. And, if people are in the rooms in between, they might block your view anyway. So, for you to communicate with one of your friends, you have to do two things: you have to make sure you and your friend have the same orientation. And, since the rooms are all in a row, you have to make sure that all the people in between you are in the opposite orientation. This is what decoupling sequences do.[20] The adiabatic quantum computer is simpler in terms of its build and so it is easier to scale.[21] See problems with scaling in weaknesses below. The quantum models developed by a real adiabatic system can be replicated with a fair degree of accuracy in a digitized adiabatic system, a subset of DQS. To give you an idea of the complexity: each qubit in the network is, even when you don't want it to, able to talk to the rest of the network. So, setting the coupling between any two qubits varies the coupling of adjacent qubits too. Researchers have demonstrated the ability to use decoupling sequences to fix this issue on a large scale.[22] The method in terms of an analogy is mentioned below the picture on the right. However, a general purpose quantum computer (the gold standard) is only possible in an adiabatic system if there is high qubit connectivity. This level of connectivity is impractical because of the resultant high error rate. Each qubit is driven by how strongly it is coupled to every other qubit. For a fully interconnected adiabatic quantum computer, however, the weak connections between distant qubits are very sensitive to environmental noise.[23] Digital quantum computing, which uses logic operations and quantum gates, offers the possibility of error correction. By encoding information in multiple qubits, you can detect and correct errors. Unfortunately, digital qubits are delicate things compared to those used in adiabatic quantum computers, and the ability to program and run complex problems with them is out of reach at the moment.[24] Real World Example: Harvard Quantum Computer Harvard has developed a 51 qubit analog quantum computer in conjunction with Russian scientists from Moscow. In 2016, a scientist from Harvard and Google were able to use this quantum computer to simulate a hydrogen molecule.[25] This complex simulation is already possible with classical computers but, this opens up the possibility of other larger molecules being simulated using Harvard’s analog quantum. A set of atoms are kept inside special laser cells and cooled to extremely low temperatures, making it an AQS. The computer harnesses the nanoscale atomic defects in diamonds materials as mentioned above to create a quantum model capable of simulating complex molecules.[26] This computer has a wider range of practical uses when compared to quantum annealers. Universal Quantum A quantum Turing machine (QTM), also a universal quantum computer, is an abstract machine used to model the effect of a quantum computer. It provides a very simple model which captures all of the power of quantum computation. Any quantum algorithm can be expressed formally as a particular quantum Turing machine.[27] One of the most famous potential uses for quantum computers is breaking up large integers into their prime factors. For classical computers, this task is so difficult that credit card data and other sensitive information are secured via encryption based on factoring numbers. Eventually, a large enough quantum computer could break this type of encryption, factoring numbers that would take millions of years for a classical computer to crack.[28] The universal quantum differs from the above types because of its generality. Even the 51 qubit Harvard built AQS has a very specific use to solve one particular equation. They will need to rebuild their AQS from the ground up to solve another equation. The universal computer will be able to solve many different equations. In a recent commentary in Nature, Martinis and colleagues estimated that a 100-million-qubit system would be needed to factor a 2,000-bit number—a not-uncommon public key length—in one day. Most of those qubits would be used to create the special quantum states that would be needed to perform the computation and to correct errors, creating a mere thousand or so stable “logical qubits” from thousands of less stable physical components.[29] However, the inherent computational power of a quantum processor to solve practical problems depends on far more than simply the number of qubits. Due to the fragile nature of quantum information, increasing the computational power requires advances in the quality of the qubits, how the qubits talk to each other and minimizing the quantum errors that can occur.[30] IBMQ Universal Quantum Computer[31] Real World Example: IBM Q The vision of Web-connected quantum computers has already begun to Quantum computing. In 2016, IBM unveiled the Quantum Experience, a quantum computer that anyone around the world can access online for free.[32] It only comes with 5 qubits. It has provided a way for researchers around the world to practice building quantum algorithms without access to their own quantum computer. IBM’s overall strategy is to build “a community and an ecosystem” around its technology.[33] To date, users have run more than 300,000 quantum experiments on the IBM Cloud.[34] IBM is coming out with a new class of quantum processors: A 16 qubit processor that will allow for more complex experimentation than the previously available 5 qubit processor. It is freely accessible for developers, programmers, and researchers to run quantum algorithms and experiments, work with individual quantum bits, and explore tutorials and simulations. Their first prototype commercial processor with 17 qubits leverages significant materials, device, and architecture improvements to make it the most powerful quantum processor created to date by IBM. It has been engineered to be at least twice as powerful as what is available today to the public on the IBM Cloud and it will be the basis for the first IBM Q early-access commercial systems.[35] Applications of Quantum Computers The following is a list of areas that quantum computers are expected to realize tangible benefits over traditional computers. Do keep in mind that this list is not exhaustive and quantum computing could assist in unforeseeable and revolutionary areas. New applications will be developed as the technology continues to progress. Artificial Intelligence A primary application for quantum computing is artificial intelligence (AI). AI is based on the principle of learning from experience, becoming more accurate as feedback is given, until the computer program appears to exhibit “intelligence.” This feedback is based on calculating the probabilities for many possible choices, and so AI is an ideal candidate for quantum computation. For example, Lockheed Martin plans to use its D-Wave quantum computer to test autopilot software that is currently too complex for classical computers, and Google is using a quantum computer to design software that can distinguish cars from landmarks.[36] Molecular Modelling Another example is precision modeling of molecular interactions, finding the optimum configurations for chemical reactions. Such “quantum chemistry” is so complex that only the simplest molecules can be analyzed by today’s digital computers. For example, the hydrogen molecule simulation mentioned above is at the forefront of half a century worth of classical computing developments but Google has already achieved the simulation with quantum computing. The implication of this is more efficient products, from solar cells to pharmaceutical drugs, and especially fertilizer production; since fertilizer accounts for 2 percent of global energy usage, the consequences for energy and the environment would be profound.[37] Solution to a symmetric TSP where N is 7 cities. The time complexity of the brute-force approach is O(n22n). [38] Due to the sheer computational power of quantum computers relative to classical computers, optimization problems is one of the first areas where quantum computing can be applied in order to improve current algorithms. Mathematical deals with finding the most optimal solution to a problem. As data becomes more complex in various fields such as economics or engineering, there is an increasing need for more efficient ways to solve optimization problems than what is currently available with classical computers. Quantum computing will allow problems that have been previously unfeasible to solve on classical computers or impractical to solve due to its requirement of computing resources to be solved much more efficiently. These quantum optimization algorithms will completely change the way optimization problems are solved. One example of this is the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP), which is a classic algorithm program in the field of computer science. This problem is notorious among computer and mathematical scientists because of the difficulty of brute-forcing a solution using classical computers. However, since quantum computers are able to perform large calculations very quickly, this, along with other optimization problems, can be easily solved. The issue with modern-day cryptography methods is that it relies largely on difficult mathematical problems that would take decades for a classical computer to solve. The majority of these mathematical problems are concerned with either the integer the factorization problem, the discrete logarithm problem or the elliptic-curve discrete logarithm problem.[40] Using quantum computing algortihms, these mathematical problems could be easily solved. This would undermine the security of all networks, data, and systems that currently exist today. As the future of quantum computing nears, there is an increasing need for quantum-proof cryptography methods. Thankfully, researchers have already began looking into post-quantum cryptography. As a result, they have been able to devise a few quantum-proof algorithms that are able to fend off attacks even from a quantum computer (ex. Lattice-based cryptography). Particle Simulations Traditional simulations of particle physics are highly complex. Great amounts of computational power and time are required when traditional computers attempt to model such a simulation, as the number of variables to consider are immense. Quantum computing can greatly ease the speed and accuracy of these models, and in fact, there has been significant progress in this area already. In June of 2016, a team of students at the University of Innsbruck utilized quantum computing to simulate particle pair activity during arithmetic functions similar to how they act within a computer.[41] Their simulation had excellent agreement compared to actual particle experiments, a strong indicator that more complex models are to come. Financial Modelling The field of finance often considers optimization, which quantum computers excel at. Finding the optimal combination from a selection of investments based on risk, historical, and projected return can be greatly enhanced through quantum computing. By using quantum technology to develop an optimal portfolio, one would be able to realize a more comprehensive analysis as well as a decrease in solution time. Weather Forecasting Despite cutting-edge measurement instruments, current weather forecasting is at best an educated guess as to what weather will manifest. Quantum computers could better analyze weather data more deeply, including historical data, giving a better insight in to when and where bad weather will strike. Bad weather has been estimated to directly and indirectly affect 30% of the US GDP[42]; creating an exact model of where bad weather will occur could yield significant benefit for areas such as transport, retail, and food production. Investments into researching and developing quantum computers is at an all-time high. Microsoft, Google and IBM are deeply involved in quantum computer research. Just recently, on July 25th, Google announced a multi-million dollar investment into quantum computing with the University of Sydney [43]. The exact figure has not been disclosed to the public. Our team does not predict that quantum computing will be changing consumer technology in the near future. Quantum computers are better suited to handle efficiencies, researching, and modelling tasks. Traditional computers will still be relevant for consumers, interested in more non-intensive tasks such as web-browsing, document creation, and gaming. Dhruv Bhatia Sameer Parikh Jack Jiang dbhatia@sfu.ca sparikh@sfu.ca zfjiang@sfu.ca Beedie School of Business Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada Beedie School of Business Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada Beedie School of Business Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_decoherence 3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat 4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_decoherence 6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabulating_machine 7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC 8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_608 9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer 10. http://www.stat.phys.titech.ac.jp/~nishimori/QA/q-annealing_e.html 11. http://www.stat.phys.titech.ac.jp/~nishimori/QA/q-annealing_e.html 12. http://www.stat.phys.titech.ac.jp/~nishimori/QA/q-annealing_e.html 13. http://www.stat.phys.titech.ac.jp/~nishimori/QA/q-annealing_e.html 14. http://www.stat.phys.titech.ac.jp/~nishimori/QA/q-annealing_e.html 15. http://www.stat.phys.titech.ac.jp/~nishimori/QA/q-annealing_e.html 16. http://www.stat.phys.titech.ac.jp/~nishimori/QA/q-annealing_e.html 17. http://www.stat.phys.titech.ac.jp/~nishimori/QA/q-annealing_e.html 18. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.09283.pdf 19. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.09283.pdf 20. https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/06/going-digital-may-make-analog-quantum-computer-scaleable/ 25. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/quantum-computers-are-about-get-real 26. https://www.physics.harvard.edu/node/756 27. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine 29. http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/hardware/google-plans-to-demonstrate-the-supremacy-of-quantum-computing 30. https://phys.org/news/2017-05-ibm-powerful-universal-quantum-processors.html 33. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ibm-will-unleash-commercial-universal-quantum-computers-this-year/ 36. https://singularityhub.com/2017/06/25/6-things-quantum-computers-will-be-incredibly-useful-for/ 38. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelling_salesman_problem 39. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelling_salesman_problem 40. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography 41. https://phys.org/news/2016-06-particle-zoo-quantum-experimental-simulation.html 42. http://www.nws.noaa.gov/iao/AMS/2005/Presentations/3.%20Weiher.ppt 43. https://www.cio.com.au/article/625233/microsoft-forges-multi-year-multi-million-dollar-quantum-computing-partnership-sydney-university Personal tools
Heinrich Heine 1. 1. Deutschland. Ein Wintermärchen - Vorwort, Teil 1 - Reclam Hörbücher , Heiko Ruprecht , 2. 2. Deutschland. Ein Wintermärchen - Vorwort, Teil 2 - Reclam Hörbücher , Heiko Ruprecht , 3. 3. Deutschland. Ein Wintermärchen - Vorwort, Teil 3 - Reclam Hörbücher , Heiko Ruprecht , 4. 4. Deutschland. Ein Wintermärchen - Caput I, Teil 1 - Reclam Hörbücher , Heiko Ruprecht , 5. 5. Deutschland. Ein Wintermärchen - Caput I, Teil 2 - Reclam Hörbücher , Heiko Ruprecht , Born in 1797, the same year as Franz Schubert, Heine, a poet, prose writer, critic, and journalist, is a towering figure of nineteenth-century German literature, a versatile and brilliant man of letters who significantly influenced European culture. After a failed attempt to launch a career in the family business, Heine went to Göttingen, in 1820, to study law. The following year, he was in Berlin, where he attended the lectures of Hegel and participated in the brilliant intellectual life of the Prussian capital. After receiving his law degree, in 1825, Heine, who was Jewish, converted to Christianity, hoping that this would increase his chances of finding employment. In 1827, Heine published his Buch der Lieder (Book of Songs), to great acclaim. Restless and unable to settle into a traditional career, Heine, excited by the July Revolution in France, in 1830, moved to Paris in 1831. A true cosmopolitan, this German poet and exile, chose Paris, the cultural capital of Europe in the nineteenth century, as his permanent home. In his essays on many subjects, including music, politics, literature, and the arts, for French and German periodicals. Heine wrote with authority on many subjects pertaining to culture, but he was particularly perceptive as a music critic, realizing, for example the importance of Berlioz and understanding Chopin's genius as a composer. Suffering from spinal tuberculosis, which was diagnosed in the late 1840s, Heine became incapacitated by paralysis and consequently spent the rest of his life on what he called his "mattress grave." He died in 1856, the same year as Robert Schumann. Regarded as a great lyrical poet, Heine is also an ironist, a Romantic poet who consciously distances himself from the kind of metaphysical rapture that poets such as Novalis craved. In fact, as Albert Béguin asserted, Heine's poetry reverses Romanticism's tendency to progress from purely psychological to metaphysical concerns. Perhaps due to its psychological complexity, Heine's poetry attracted many composers, including Schubert, Schumann, Mendelssohn, Brahms, Wolf, and Richard Strauss. Interestingly, one of the greatest achievements of nineteenth-century music is Schumann's cycle Dichterliebe (The Poet's Love), based on poems from the Lyrisches Intermezzo section of the Buch der Lieder. What makes Dichterliebe a fascinating work is the fact that Schumann, who understood Heine's ironic, even cynical view of love, manages to incorporate Heine's poems, which seemingly emulate but also parody the Romantic spirit, into a musical composition which encompasses, but perhaps also transcends, Heine's world view. Monthly Listeners Where people listen Discovered On Related Artists Listen to Heinrich Heine now. Listen to Heinrich Heine in full in the Spotify app
Meaning of DRIVER in English Computer program that acts as an intermediary between the operating system and a device such as a disk drive, video card, printer, or keyboard. The driver must contain a detailed knowledge of the device, including its set of specialized commands. The presence of a separate driver program frees the operating system from having to understand the details of every device; instead, the operating system issues general commands to the driver, which in turn translates them into specific instructions for the device, or vice versa. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.      Краткая энциклопедия Британика.
Shopping with the Kids December 10, 2013 “What were the lights made out of?” “What does this barrel hold?” “Are those pretzels real?” Kids can be some of the most observant visitors we have at the Tenement Museum, and beginning this winter, they can now see the Museum from a whole new perspective. The Museum serves over 40,000 kids a year with our education programs for schoolchildren at local public schools and special tours for English language learners.  We’re grateful to visitors and donors for helping us continue to tell stories of American immigration that mean so much to our city and our country. If you have enjoyed our educational programs or any other program at the Tenement Museum, please consider making a contribution to support the Museum’s work.  Click here to make a donation or here to become a Friend to Museum. Students from Central Queens Academy stand outside our historic tenement at 97 Orchard Street. Students are now experiencing our newest exhibit: Shop Life. The program debuted with a visit of sixty 5thGrade students from Central Queens Academy. They came to uncover the relationship between stores and immigrant community life. During their visit, they learned about Schneider’s 1870’s German saloon, the Lustgarten’s turn-of-the-century kosher butcher shop, and the 1970’s Sidney’s Undergarments, just three of the 30+ stores housed in 97 Orchard Street over last 150 years. Raised hands means engaged students! Students explored independently, collecting clues about the stores through our immersive space and Potion Design technology. Like historians, they investigated artifacts, photographs, drawings, and oral histories. They took notes, wrote about objects, and even took on the role of customers using role-play to help understand the perspectives of customers in the past.  They then shared with each other their findings and worked collaboratively to construct the stories of the businesses. The saloon, an ordinary 1860s establishment, became a community space where German kids might find someone to help them with their homework. The butcher shop came to light as a place where William Lustgarten, a kid nearly their age, helped his parents by making deliveries through the neighborhood. The underwear store (cue the flurry of giggles) became an oasis for Batya Helpern, the Meda’s teenage granddaughter, a place for her to get excited about her photography hobby. Museum Educator Emily leads the kids of Central Queen Academy on a walking tour of the neighborhood. By viewing these three stores through the eyes of the kids who worked and spent time there, students were able to connect the dots from the businesses at 97 Orchard Street to ones in their own neighborhoods. A student mentioned that her family used to travel from Queens to Staten Island to a particular restaurant to eat a meal from her mom’s country in Africa, just like German immigrants came to Schneider’s for a taste of home. The teacher shared that she goes to a certain Dominican bakery because of the cheap coffee and valuable comradery. Another student chimed in that his favorite restaurant, McDonald’s, seemed nothing like Schneider’s restaurant. Yet where did that Big Mac get its beginning in America? Right there on Caroline Schneider’s free lunch table. These connections and questions lead to more conversation and a deeper understanding of how stores have changed over time and have impacted their customers lives. Emily uses an 1890's photograph to show students how department stores used to look over a century ago. Exploring the historic stores featured in Shop Life helped students to understand the role of contemporary stores in their own neighborhoods.  Which is exactly where we hope they will continue their investigations. There, they can identify clues when they go for their next deli sandwich, find the history in their corner street vendor, and take an active role in their community shops. – Posted by Miriam Bader, Kathryn Lloyd, and Lib Tietjen
Suggest a change 22 views this week Eumenes I Greek ruler The basics Date of death 241 Pergamon, Bergama, Izmir Province, Turkey Children: Attalus I Father: Eumenes The details Eumenes I (Greek: Εὐμένης Αʹ) was dynast (ruler) of the city of Pergamon in Asia Minor from 263 BC until his death in 241 BC. He was the son of Eumenes, the brother of Philetaerus, the founder of the Attalid dynasty, and Satyra, daughter of Poseidonius. As he had no children, Philetaerus adopted Eumenes to become his heir. Although nominally under Seleucid control, Pergamon under Philetaerus enjoyed considerable autonomy. However, upon his succession, Eumenes, perhaps with the encouragement of Ptolemy II, who was at war with the Seleucids, revolted, defeating the Seleucid king Antiochus I near the Lydian capital of Sardis in 261 BC. He was thus able to free Pergamon, and greatly increase the territories under his control. In his new possessions, he established garrison posts in the north at the foot of Mount Ida called Philetaireia after his adoptive father, and in the east, northeast of Thyatira near the sources of the river Lycus, called Attaleia after his grandfather, and he extended his control south of the river Caïcus to the Gulf of Cyme as well. Demonstrating his independence, he began to strike coins with the portrait of Philetaerus, while his predecessor had still depicted Seleucus I Nicator. After the revolt from the Seleucids, there are no records of any further hostilities involving Pergamon during Eumenes' rule, even though there continued to be conflict between the Seleucids and the Ptolemies, and even though the Galatian Gauls were continually plundering throughout the region. If Eumenes was able to keep Pergamon free from the ravages of the Gauls, it was probably because he paid them tribute. Although never assuming the title of "king," Eumenes did exercise all of the powers of one. Imitating other Hellenistic rulers, a festival in Eumenes' honour, called Eumeneia, was instituted in Pergamon. It is not known whether he had children. A "Philetaerus son of Eumenes" is mentioned in an inscription in the town of Thespiae; some regard him as Eumenes' son, who would then have died before his father's death in 241. Eumenes adopted his first cousin once removed, Attalus I, who succeeded him as ruler of Pergamon. comment(s) so far Leave a comment Add a word What's the good word on Eumenes I?
encouraging self-disclosure Skip the Small Talk fosters interpersonal closeness using a model tested by Aron, Melinat, Aron, Vallone, and Bator (1997), in which participants who asked each other increasingly personal questions reported feeling significantly closer to one another, as compared to participants engaged in a small talk task. Similarly, in a Skip the Small Talk event, conversations are based around questions—provided by the facilitator—that encourage discussion about meaningful topics inspired by Aron et al.’s study. However, Skip the Small Talk attendees are offered agency in which questions they answer, and are allowed to stop any conversation at any time so that each individual can cater the degree of self-disclosure to their comfort level. Skip the Small Talk events open with encouragement to push one’s own comfort zone, framed in language to encourage healthy boundaries, so attendees can make more effective decisions about how much to disclose at any given time. The benefits of self-disclosure stretch beyond fostering interpersonal closeness; self-disclosure increases individual well-being. Four studies by Gable, Reis, Impett, and Asher (2004) indicated that increased sharing of positive experiences was associated with an increase of positive affect and emotional wellbeing above and beyond the positive effects of the event, itself.  This effect is evidently not relegated only to the sharing of positive experience. In a study by Pennebaker and O’Heeron, spouses of suicide and accidental death victims who discussed their experience with friends more experienced fewer health problems than those who did not discuss their spouse’s death as much.  And, importantly, these effects were independent of the number of friends that participants reported having. Skip the Small Talk takes from both of these sets of findings and encourages both positive and negative self-disclosure. For instance, Skip the Small Talk events often begin with a variation of a “How are you?” question that gets at how people are actually feeling, while minimizing the urge to answer with a positive but thoughtless nicety. This exercise of honest sharing helps attendees practice healthy self-disclosure in a setting that feels safe due to the emphasis on boundaries.
Planting and Caring for Spring Crocus Purple Crocuses sprouting in early Spring Tatjana Kaufmann/Moment Open/Getty Images In many regions, the true arrival of spring is marked by the appearance of crocus flowers, one of the earliest bloomers in spring. They can often be seen peeking up through the snow well before any other flower blooms have appeared in the landscape.  Crocuses are low-growing, clump-forming perennial plants grown from corms. Crocuses are in the Iris (Iridaceae) family. Bloom colors on the tube-shaped flowers include white, mauve, lavender, yellow, and striped. They are found growing in a range of conditions, from woodlands to coastal gardens to suburban lawns. Crocuses are most often planted for early spring color, although there are also varieties that bloom in late fall and early winter. Make sure to know what kind you are buying when choosing them for your landscape. There is a bit of variability in the size of crocus plants, but none are more than six inches tall by three or four inches wide. Crocuses are very adaptable and small enough to be tucked into flower beds, under trees or even in the lawn. There are over 80 species of crocus, but most of the bulbs (actually corms) available are mixes of different species and varieties. Roughly 30 different varieties are commonly sold and planted. The hybrids tend to bloom a little later, and mixing them with other species of crocus will give you a longer period of bloom. Botanical Information The Crocus originates in the Mediterranean regions and parts of Asia and China, but was brought to the Netherlands in the 1500s and quickly found their way across Europe. They were one of the first bulbs brought to the New World. Many of the commonly found spring-blooming crocuses are hybrids of Crocus vernus (Dutch crocus), with large, single flowers; or Crocus chrysanthus, which blooms a couple of weeks earlier and has smaller, but more profuse blooms.  Crocus bulb hardiness will vary slightly depending on which type you are growing and exposure, but most crocuses are reliable within USDA Hardiness Zones 3 to 8. They bloom and survive best where winters are cold. Crocus corms need a 12 to 15 week period of cold temperatures (35 to 45 degrees F.) to set their blooms. Landscape Uses Crocuses look best when they appear natural. Large drifts meandering throughout the garden, under trees, or naturalized throughout the lawn make a wonderful sight in early spring. The corms also do well in alpine and rock gardens and containers. They look especially beautiful in hypertufa troughs. To extend the bloom time, mix different species of crocus. Shopping through one of the catalogs that specialize in bulbs is the best way to make a good, reliable selection. Crocus planted in a protected spot can bloom weeks earlier than those in open exposure, like a lawn. This is also a good way to extend their blooming period. Planting them where other plants will fill in and hide their foliage will give the crocus a chance to store energy for the next season. The flowers fade quickly in the heat. Growing Crocus Spring-blooming crocus should be planted in the early fall. Crocuses do best in full sun, but since they bloom so early in the year, there will be few leaves on the trees when they bloom, so spots that are shady in summer are fine for spring-blooming crocus. Crocus plants prefer a neutral soil pH of six or seven. More important than soil pH is good drainage. As with most bulb-like plants, crocuses do not like to sit in wet soil, especially during the summer, when they are dormant. Plant them about four inches deep and two to four inches apart, pointed-end up. It can sometimes be hard to tell which is the pointed end of a corm but don't worry too much: the plant will grow toward the light. Adding some bulb food or bone meal will ensure they have all the nutrients they need to get started. Crocuses require very little maintenance. They like to be watered regularly in the spring and fall. If there is no snow cover, the corms will also need water throughout the winter. They go dormant during the summer and prefer a drier soil during this time. Crocuses do not require a lot of fertilizer. They store their own energy in their corms, which is why it is essential that you do not cut back the leaves until they begin to turn yellow. However, a light top dressing of bulb food or bone meal in the fall is a good idea in poor soils. It is not necessary to divide your crocus plants. In many areas, crocuses are somewhat short-lived and you may need to replant every few years. If your crocuses do very well and start to multiply, they will eventually begin to bloom less as the clumps become denser. If that happens, you can lift and divide the corms when the foliage starts to die back and replant where you wish. Pests and Diseases Crocuses are susceptible to viruses, which can cause distortions, streaking, and buds that fail to open. There is no cure for viral diseases; if they strike, dispose of the plants to prevent spreading the virus. The biggest problem is corms and flowers being eaten by chipmunks, deer, rabbits, and squirrels  An assortment of rodents feed on the corms themselves. And other animals, such as skunks, will dig them out of the ground while searching for insects. There are liquid deterrents that can be sprayed on the leaves and granular deterrents you can scatter to prevent nibbling. You can also buy wire cages to protect the corms when you plant them. If you find your plants are constantly being harmed, avoid using bone meal, which can attract animals. Instead, try interplanting your crocus with daffodils, which animals hate.
Saturday, January 13, 2018 Emergency Preparedness for Your Children Here are some ideas and tips for getting your children prepared for emergencies. Children do have to face dangers and emergencies in life, sometimes when their parents are not around. You are NOT protecting your child by trying to hide this uncomfortable truth from him or her. Children do mature, both physically and emotionally, at different rates. You will have to take their individual age, maturity, and abilities into account when helping them prepare for emergencies. 1) All children should learn their full name, address, phone number, and parents' full names as soon as possible, well before kindergarten. My mother taught primary grades (k-3) and was constantly surprised by the number of her students each year who didn't know this basic information. Seriously consider getting your children  "dog tags" to wear with their name, address, and parent's name and contact info, along with blood type, allergies, and any other important medical info. Dog tags work better than ID bracelets, in my opinion, because you can include a lot more information on a dog tag. Its also hard to find bracelets small enough to not easily slip off a small child's wrist. 3) All children should learn how to call 911 in an emergency.  4) Teach your children basic safety rules. Teach them about "stranger danger," to not open the door for people they don't know, and to not tell people over the phone that Mommy and Daddy aren't home. Teach them not to play with matches, guns, or knives, and to not run with scissors. Children, especially young children, really do need these reminders often. 5) Children should start learning first aid early on. I remember being taught basic first aid in school when we were in fourth grade. There's no reason whey we couldn't have started learning the basics even earlier. 6) Teach your children to make health and fitness a part of their lives. Teach them to eat healthy and to be physically active. Limit their screen time (TV, computer, gaming system, etc.), and make them spend some time outdoors. Better yet, teach by example. Activities such as walking, hiking, biking, camping, fishing, and gardening, can be dome as a family. 7) Scouting and 4-H clubs are great ways to help kids prepare. They will be active, learn new skills, build character, and learn self-reliance. Concerned about the Boy Scouts or Girl Scouts moving away from traditional values? It mainly depends upon the leadership of your local scout troop, so get to know the troop leaders. Or, consider Trail Life USA and American Heritage Girls as Christ-centered alternatives. 8) Teach your children gun safety. Two resources are the Eddie Eagle GunSafe Club (by the NRA) and the recently-released book Toys, Tools, Guns & Rules: A Children's Book About Gun Safety. Remember, it is your responsibility to get your children prepared for whatever the future may hold. It is not the responsibility of government, the schools, or even your local church. It is your responsibility.
Stephen Calderwood Discusses the Infectious Mechanisms of Cholera Special Topic of Cholera Interview, July 2011 Stephen Calderwood Our Special Topics analysis of cholera research over the past decade shows that the work of Dr. Stephen Calderwood ranks at #10 by total number of papers, based on 60 papers cited 888 times. Two of these papers appear on the top 20 papers lists in the Topic. In Essential Science IndicatorsSM from Thomson Reuters, Calderwood ranks in the top 1% among scientists in the field of Microbiology. His overall record in the database includes 77 papers cited a total of 2,179 times between January 1, 2001 and February 28, 2011. Calderwood is Chief of the Division of Infectious Diseases and Vice-Chair of the Department of Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. He is also the Morton N. Swartz M.D. Academy Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School. Below, he talks with correspondent Gary Taubes about his highly cited research in cholera. SW: You focus your research on humans in large part because of the absence of a good animal model for cholera. Could you tell us why no such model exists and what the problems are with existing models? There are animal models of cholera that are of use for some areas of research. An infant mouse, for instance, dies if it gets cholera, but it doesn't have diarrheal disease. Infant rabbits get a diarrheal disease and die, but they're not mature animals and so the immune responses you might expect in a human aren't going to be the same as you'll see in an infant animal model. Some years ago, we tried to study immune responses in a germ-free adult mouse model. We could colonize and see immune responses in that model, but it's a fairly artificial model compared to human infection, so we weren't sure how firm the conclusions we could draw from that model would be. These models are helpful, though, to generate hypotheses that might correlate with what we'd see in humans. SW: Your most-cited paper is a 2002 Nature article, "Host-induced epidemic spread of the cholera bacterium," (Merrell DS, et al., 417[6889]: 642-5, 6 June 2002). What questions were you trying to establish in that research and what did you find? One of the most exciting and fun parts of the NIH grant mechanism under which we work—the International Collaborations in Infectious Disease Research—is that it establishes a framework by which collaborative international research can be done. What I mean by that is that we have human studies approval at the NIH, at our own institution, and at the International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research (ICDDR), Bangladesh, our collaborator, to do a variety of studies. We also have mechanisms of enabling money for supplies and for people to move back and forth, administratively. We also have, through the Centers for Disease Control, mechanisms of shipping samples from Bangladesh to the US for analysis. This grant mechanism has allowed us to facilitate work with collaborators who aren't part of that grant mechanism themselves, but have exciting and interesting ideas that they'd like to test directly in humans. And we have done a lot of collaborative work that way—with John Mekalanos here and Shah Faruque at the ICDDR, for example. The particular collaboration in the Nature paper was with Andy Camilli and Scott Merrell at Tufts and Gary Schoolnik at Stanford. They had been modeling in animals what happens to cholera as it passes through that animal, and how those changes might effect transmission to the next host. But as I said, modeling that in an animal may not fully reproduce what happens in a human. And so they wanted to look directly in human stool at cholera that was exiting the host. They wanted to look both at how the organism from the human environment differs in gene expression from what you might see in vitro or in an animal model. Then they wanted to see if they could relate those differences in gene expression to transmission. So we found specific differences in gene expression in the organisms isolated from stool samples. And perhaps more excitingly to me, we found differences in subsequent transmission as well. It was the first time that a phenomenon called hyperinfectivity was suggested. SW: So what is hyperinfectivity and how does it manifest itself? What hyperinfectivity implies is that for a brief period after passage through a human, the organism is more infectious to the next human host. During this time, its infective dose-50, i.e., the dose needed to infect 50% of a population, is lower, by between 100- and 1000-fold. The reason that's important in cholera transmission is because it is very easy for a fecal-orally transmitted organism to pass directly from one person to the next person through contaminated surfaces, water, etc., if they live in a densely populated area. And this remains the case for from several hours to as long as 24 hours while the organism maintains that phenotype. In the developed world, transmission of that rapidity is very unlikely. The organism readapts to the environment and the infectious dose goes up to be higher, making it much less likely that cholera would be transmitted person-to-person. And so it's an important phenomenon in potentially explaining why cholera transmits so well in densely populated areas with poor sewage. Hyperinfectivity has since been documented by a mathematical model to contribute to the reason why cholera outbreaks, when they begin, spread very quickly to a large area in resource-limited areas. SW: Do you know what genetic changes confer this temporary hyperinfectivity? We have some ideas. There are specific genes that are turned on that are not expressed as well once the organism readapts to the environment. One of those genes is the pilus that is responsible for human colonization. A pilus is an attachment structure on the surface of a bacterium that attaches the bacterium onto the gastrointestinal tract when it's ingested. Whether that's the sole or most important of the gene expression changes, we're not sure. We have done a follow-up study in which we modeled hyperinfectivity in the infant mouse and showed that if you pass the organism through a mouse, it's also more infectious for the next mouse. But as I said, that may or may not be exactly what happens in a person. So the normal way you would analyze this problem—making mutants of various genes and redoing the experiment—you, of course, can't do in humans. You can't artificially infect people with different mutant strains of cholera, certainly not in a place like Bangladesh. Page: < 1 | 2 | 3 >    |   BACK TO TOP
Legislative & Political Davis-Bacon Law: Protecting Paychecks and Building Stronger Communities Journal: Issue 3 - 2017 Federal Davis-Bacon law mandates payment of locally prevailing wages on projects funded by the federal government. In addition, there are a number of states that have “Little Davis-Bacon Acts” or state prevailing wage mandates. Davis-Bacon laws help prevent contractors working on government financed projects from undermining a local area’s wages and living standards. Where unions are strong, the prevailing wage is likely to be close to what a local union construction worker makes. Where unions are not strong, the prevailing wage is likely to be less than what union workers earn. In short, the federal Davis-Bacon Act protects workers’ paychecks and helps ensure that federal contractors pay a fair wage for an honest day’s work. Here are the facts about prevailing wage laws: • Prevailing wage laws level the playing-field for contractors, preventing a race to the bottom by cutting wages. • Prevailing wages are not the union rates; rather it is the area’s prevailing wage rate determined by the Department of Labor after examining both union and nonunion pay. • Because prevailing wages are a reflection of the typical construction pay in a locality, Davis-Bacon helps maintain the existing standard-of-living for any given locality. • Wages paid to local workers stay in the community while a greater percentage of wages paid to imported workers are spent outside the local area. The taxes paid on Davis-Bacon wages support schools, public services such as those provided by police and firefighters, and a host of other essential community-based programs.   • By using the area-standard prevailing wage rate, Davis-Bacon offers lifelong careers that provide fair pay and benefits to the local workforce, including the unemployed, underemployed, veterans and minorities. Despite how much Davis-Bacon helps communities, greedy special interests are attempting to repeal state prevailing wage laws and change the way that federal Davis-Bacon rates are calculated.   620 F Street NW Washington, DC 20004 Phone: 202.783.3788 Toll free: 1.888.880.8222 Email: askbac@bacweb.org
If you ever go to France, make sure you see the Douaumont ossuary, the famous memorial to soldiers who died in World War I. I promise you’ll never forget it. L’ossuaire de Douaumont, a huge building northeast of Paris with an imposing 46-meter-high central tower, contains the skeletal remains of 130,000 French and German soldiers who died on the Verdun battlefield. When you’re there, look into the small outside windows. You’ll see pile after pile of those bones filling up the alcoves around each window. Yes, it’s a gruesome, horrible sight—but no other war memorial quite matches its stark, sobering power. Rows of graves line the cemetery outside the Douaumont Ossuary, but thousands of grave markers have nowhere near the impact those bones do. Ironically comingled in death, you can’t tell the difference between the bones of the German soldiers and the bones of the French soldiers: We live upon this earth for a few days and then rest beneath it forever. So it is our graveyard eternally. Shall man fight for the tomb which devours him, for his eternal sepulcher? What ignorance could be greater than this? To fight over his grave, to kill another for his grave! What heedlessness! What a delusion! – Abdu’l-Baha, The Promulgation of Universal Peace, p. 355. In the aftermath of that pointless bloodbath they called “The Great War” or the “War to End All Wars,” the world began to agree with Baha’u’llah’s assertion that world unity formed the main prerequisite for world peace. That postwar period witnessed the first serious attempts to establish some nascent form of world unity, starting with the League of Nations, initiated by horrified nations that wanted to find a path toward the permanent cessation of such wanton slaughter. When the world leaders who composed the Central Organisation for a Durable Peace in The Hague asked him for his advice after World War I, Abdu’l-Baha addressed that body about the Baha’i Peace Plan. His letter, dated 17 December 1919, outlines the constructive, unifying approach Baha’is encourage world leaders to take to form a universal and lasting peace: Among his teachings was the declaration of Universal Peace. People of different nations, religions and sects who followed him came together to such an extent that remarkable gatherings were instituted consisting of the various nations and religions of the East. Every soul who entered these gatherings saw but one nation, one teaching, one pathway, one order, for the teachings of His Holiness Baha’u’llah were not limited to the establishment of Universal Peace. They embraced many teachings which supplemented and supported that of Universal Peace. – Abdu’l-Baha, Tablet to the Hague, pp. 3-4. The huge, historic task of universal peace, Abdu’l-Baha seemed to say in this message, could not be achieved by any single body of well-intentioned men. First, he said, “unity of conscience is essential.” There must be some force, some deeply spiritual system of belief, that could penetrate and unite the minds of humanity. That force, he said, had already come, in the teachings of Baha’u’llah. characters remaining • Melanie Black Aug 12, 2017 Wonderful essay. I believe that the majority of world's citizens long for peace, and so do many leaders, but until most leaders have that change of conscience that Abdu'l-Baha wrote about, until suspicion and fear of the "other" have been replaced by an enduring friendship, this peace won't come about. It will come about one day; I just don't know when. Thank you. • Gabrielle McGuire Dec 17, 2017 Dear Melanie, I agree with you, a wonderful article and yes many people strive for peace. I thought comes to mind , We need leaders who are truely committed to peace, yet in most countries people are able to elect leaders. So , is it the individuals who first need to truly want peace , who will then chose to elect leaders , with this same vision. I think most leaders do what is popular, so they can get reelected.
Off the wire China's forex reserve grew 129.4 bln USD in 2017  • African Nations Championship introduces virtual referee technology  • Roundup: LatAm, China should deepen cooperation agenda to promote ties -- experts  • Japan launches Epsilon-3 rocket with private-sector payload  • Myanmar police file charges against parliament member, writer for instigative talks about Rakhine incident  • Feature: Afghan girls receive online education in former Taliban stronghold  • Chinese banks report net forex sales in 2017  • Morocco, Sudan through to quarter finals of African Nations Championship  • China pumps more money into market  • AFC U23 Championship exit urges China to focus more on youth training   You are here: 　 Features/ Longquan Swords China Today,January 18, 2018 Adjust font size: Beyond a Weapon Swords are one of the earliest cold weapons in Chinese history. In the seventh century they were gradually replaced by new weapons and arms in the battlefield, and then began to bear more cultural connotations. In ancient China two objects were regarded as the emblem of power – seals and swords. Due to strict hierarchy at that time, it was seen as a privilege to carry swords, which represented social status, rank, and taste. The rules for wearing swords were also clear and obeyed rigorously. In the Warring States Period (475-221 BC), for example, kings could start to carry swords at the age of 20, magistrates at 30, aristocrats at 40, while commoners could be armed with swords only on occasions of utmost necessity. The sword has always been seen as a symbol of masculinity. In the Chinese martial art culture, swords are the physical manifestation of many notions of chivalry – pride, freedom, justice, strength, among many others. A chivalrous hero defended justice by a sword, not by a saber or a gun – through a sword the hero was able to remove any obstacles in the path to a new world. In this context, swords were thought of having souls, like faithful friends of their masters. Therefore, many scholars and poets also wore swords, and the most famous ones are Confucius (551-479 BC) and Li Bai (701-762), the Tang Dynasty poet. <  1  2  3  4  >
The tragedy ending in the tragedy of king lear King lear reveals the tragic pattern of shakespeare an alternative ending of hamlet might creates the powerful tragic end of this play. Watch our synopsis film or read the story of shakespeare's king lear to commit suicide, it is left to edgar to speak the moving lines that end this great tragedy. King lear is high version of tragedy, and works play is an “absolute tragedy,” a play the does not signify any hope, which ends in a vision of. As a result lear did set his life'splatformas jinx through chaotic and tragic events however towards the end of this play, learhas compelledto. Free essay: the controversial ending of king lear by william shakespeare few good/evil in king lear king lear, by william shakespeare, is a tragic tale of. King lear: discovering a tragedy of dissolving self, unbearable but the far end of the table and i was surprised that no one had said king lear. Loved by spectators, loathed by many critics, lear with a happy ending grew king lear, shakespeare's epic tragedy, is playing in kettering on 1 october 1790. While lear, like “all tragedies” according to lord byron, ends “in death be accounted for by any attempt to understand king lear as a tragedy. Tragedy of king lear thou art a soulpin bliss but i am bound upon a wheel of fire, that mine own tears do scald like molten lead -lear the moment of. Macready's famous and much acclaimed restoration of shakespeare's king lear in and the tragic ending of lear to british stages and swept nahum tate's sauc. End of the play - kati bach - term paper (advanced seminar) - english however, it is not just any of his tragedies, the tragedy of king lear“stands like a . A shakespearean tragedy is a play penned by shakespeare in the style of and literature a tragedy is a work that has an unhappy ending. King lear: plot summary the story opens in ancient britain, where the elderly king lear is deciding to give up his power and divide his realm amongst his three . One reason as to why king lear could be seen as the best tragedy is because its ending is unclear in terms of its tragic implications on one hand, the ending. The play of king lear is a tragedy like many of shakespeare's plays, and many of them deal with the tragic hero that end up meeting their demise thanks to their. Lear's real, and edgar's pretended madness have so much of extravagant nature (i neither is it of so trivial an undertaking to make a tragedy end happily,. Tragedy both present monarchs who suffer a reversal of fortunes, peripeteia yet the idea of when edgar states at the end of “king lear” act 5 scene 3. Lear, two of the most important tragedies written by william shakespeare lear's tragedy, or rather, the reason why his story ends as a tragedy, is an. Tragedy of king lear, like william shakespeare's many other plays, is reality, and this concept eventually leads to the tragic ending for example, king lear. King lear is usually considered shakespeare's second greatest tragedy—just behind hamlet in shakespeare's time a relatively painless death was seen as the reward of a virtuous life in several written version of lear, the king does not go mad, his good daughter does not die, and the tale has a happy ending. In the last act, she is hanged and her death seems unjustified but it is not true shakespeare changed his source material to give his “king lear” a tragic ending. Among shakespeare's plays, hamlet has enjoyed tragic towards the end of six and a half weeks of rehearsals, in the spring of 2014 (when. The tragedy ending in the tragedy of king lear I will argue in the following paper that shakespeare intended a dialectical love for his children and edgar's for gloucester occasion the very tragedy that love is. Despite their dazzling diversity, the tragedies of shakespeare gain their mole of nature' (1424) or 'a divinity that shapes our ends' (5210). The ambiguous ending of shakespeare's king lear has been the subject shakespeare sets the tone for his tragedy in the first scene of king. English history to the tragedies of othello, macbeth, hamlet, and king lear2 cordelia left lear at the end of the opening scene57 even though the action. Characters involved in the action would not have confronted their tragic ends it childish that a king like lear, formidable as he is, sells his kingdom at the price. King lear was rewritten to have a happy ending “no man will ever write a better tragedy than lear,” george bernard shaw. King lear is a tragedy written by william shakespeare it depicts the gradual descent into during the 17th century, shakespeare's tragic ending was much criticised and alternative versions were written by nahum tate, in which the leading. Indisputably correct version of shakespeare's tragedy nowadays i am not so convinced of the inevitable rightness of my literary opinions - or perhaps i have. the tragedy ending in the tragedy of king lear Undoubtedly 'king lear' is considered to be one of the most tragic of this is reinforced as gloucester is overcome with turmoil and wishes to end his life. the tragedy ending in the tragedy of king lear Undoubtedly 'king lear' is considered to be one of the most tragic of this is reinforced as gloucester is overcome with turmoil and wishes to end his life. The tragedy ending in the tragedy of king lear Rated 5/5 based on 23 review
HealthRemedis directory Do You Know the Symptoms of Dog Poisoning Symptoms of dog poisoning can be very obvious to extremely subtle depending on the type of poison or toxin consumed. Dogs are extremely curious and hence are subject to lick every object they come across. Dogs even eat feral mushrooms that crop up after the rains. Insect bites and pollution can depart poisonous substances into dogs. Many dogs also absorb harmful materials through their skin. Dogs are inquisitive pets, so they walk around and discover lousy places. Thus, are exposed to harmful plants, fatal insects and remains of dead animals. Common Symptoms of Dog Poisoning: Following are some of the common symptoms of dog poisoning caused due to ingestion of poisonous substances in dogs: 1. Skin rashes 2. Lethargy 3. Drooling 4. Lack of appetite 5. Vomiting 6. Bleeding disorders 7. Heart failure 8. Seizures or tremors 9. Hallucination 10. Breathing Difficulty 11. Mouth Irritation 12. Diarrhea 13. Cramps 14. Kidney, Heart, or Liver problems 15. Muscle tremors 16. Rigidity in muscles 17. Convulsions 18. Swollen mouth or tongue 19. Loss of coordination and consciousness If you notice your dog experiencing any of these symptoms, then the dog might have consumed certain toxic materials. Hence, you need to take extreme care of your dog at such period. You may take your dog to a vet or may call the poison control center. If your dog has absorbed toxins through skin, then a warm bath with soap will help to stop the absorption. Symptoms of toxic substances will appear gradually. Some symptoms are visible within 2 to 3 days, whereas some signs appear after months or even years. Quick and appropriate care can prevent your dog from severe diseases. Never give chocolates to dog. These can cause certain symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and frequent urination. Cardiac arrhythmias, extreme responses to noise, muscle twitching, stiffness, excitement, internal bleeding, and weakness are few other symptoms that your dog might exhibit after consuming chocolates. In extreme cases, it can lead to coma and eventually to death within 12 to 36 hours of consumption. In addition, a few plants are not suitable for dogs. They may develop rashes on their skin, if they come across such plants. It is best to discuss with your vet regarding which plants are suitable for your dog. Next, certain chemicals may also trigger a few symptoms of dog poisoning in your dog. This might be onset of any serious illness. However, remember that some poisoning might cause everlasting or fatal injury to your dog. As you can see symptoms of dog poisoning can vary a lot not only by what toxin was consumed, but by how much of it was consumed. If you think you are seeing symptoms of dog poisoning call your veterinarian immediately.
Skip to content Skip to navigation Control of yellow starthistle by herbivory Jeff Dukes (UMass Boston) and Claire Lunch (Stanford University) This project aims to test whether and how herbivory by slugs and snails controls yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)populations. It consists of pairs of self-contained starthistle gardens in 20 locations around JRBP. Half of the locations are in existing starthistle patches (identified by the skeletons of dead starthistle), and half are in nearby, paired uninvaded areas. The gardens consist of pairs of 10 plantings of starthistle seeds, with one set of 10 protected from slug herbivory by a plastic collar around the base attached to a closed "tent" of mesh above it. For the other set of 10, the tent and collar are not attached. Claire Lunch is monitoring germination and levels of herbivory on the plants from October 2004 through early April 2005, at which time all plants will be removed. Plants do not form viable seed until June at the earliest, so removing the plants in April will prevent any propagation from occurring.  The study was inspired by Dukes' results from an experiment conducted within the Global Change Experiment, which suggested that slugs and/or other small herbivores entirely consume unprotected starthistle seedlings in the area of Jasper Ridge occupied by the JRGCE. This was a surprising finding, as starthistle forms dense stands nearby and in other parts of the preserve. This study is designed to distinguish several possible explanations for this result: 1) Starthistle forms dense patches only where populations of herbivores (and rates of herbivory) are low, 2) herbivory affects seedlings but where seed input is high enough, enough starthistle plants survive to maintain a dense population, 3) herbivory is high only where seedling populations are high, so individual starthistle plants can get established easily in new locations, 4) herbivory was unusually high in the previous study, due to weather or year effects, or to random variation.  Useful Links
Thursday, April 26, 2012 Fuel Economy Tips Simply practicing efficient driving techniques can improve fuel economy.   Observe the Speed Limit Over 50% of the energy required to move a vehicle down the road is spent overcoming aerodynamic drag (pushing air out of the way). When driving faster, the aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance increase. Consequently, the fuel economy decreases rapidly at speeds above 60 mph.   Overdrive Gears and Cruise Control When using overdrive gears, it's possible to still drive at highway speeds, but the engine speed decreases. Overdrive gears reduce both fuel consumption and engine wear. Also, using cruise control on highway trips helps maintain a constant, steady speed rather than a variable speed and as a result helps reduce fuel consumption.   Anticipate Traffic Situations Anticipating traffic conditions ahead and not tailgating can improve gas mileage by 5 to 10 percent. This driving strategy is not only safer, but also reduces wear on tyres and brakes. When driving in the city, nearly 50 percent of the energy needed to power a vehicle is for acceleration. Unnecessary braking wastes that energy. Avoid driving during rush hours. Leaving your home for the office half an hour earlier, and leaving the office only after the traffic jam has subsided, can help you make huge fuel savings.   Avoid Unnecessary Idling No matter how efficient the car is, unnecessary idling wastes fuel, costs money and pollutes the air. If waiting for more than a couple of minutes, turn off the engine. Also, do not leave the car idling while running into a store for a "quick" errand, as it is also an open invitation for auto theft.   Carpooling, Mass Transit, People Power and Telecommuting On one or more days a week consider: - Carpools and ride-share programs - Walking or biking to work - Telecommuting one or more days a week   A loaded roof rack can decrease fuel economy by as much as 5%. Therefore, to reduce the aerodynamic drag of these space savers and improve fuel economy, place items inside the trunk whenever possible.   Tyre Maintenance Be sure the tyres are properly inflated. Car manufacturers are required to place a label in the car stating the correct tyre pressure. This label may be found on the edge of the door or door jamb, in the glove box, or on the inside of the gas cap cover. If the label lists a psi range, use the higher number in order to maximize fuel efficiency. Under-inflated tyres cause fuel consumption to increase by as much as 6%, cause the tyres to wear quicker and can make it difficult to handle the vehicle. Be sure wheels are aligned and brakes are properly adjusted to minimize rolling resistance.   Change Your Motor Oil and Air Filter Regularly Changing the oil regularly will increase the life of the car's engine. Clean oil reduces wear caused by friction between moving parts and it removes harmful dirt and grit from the engine. The car's air filter keeps impurities in the air from damaging internal engine components. Not only will replacing a dirty air filter improve fuel economy, it will protect the engine. Clogged filters can cause up to a 10% increase in fuel consumption.   Keep Your Engine Tuned Studies have shown that, depending on a car's condition; a poorly tuned engine can increase fuel consumption by as much as 10-20 percent. Following the recommended maintenance schedule in the owner's manual will save fuel, help the car run better and last longer. No comments:
What Is Bacterial Vaginosis? A healthy vagina hosts several types of bacteria living in a balanced state. When the balance tips and certain anaerobic (non-oxygen dependent) bacteria predominate, you might notice irritating vaginal symptoms. Bacterial vaginosis can be sexually transmitted but it can also result from factors that upset the vaginal environment. If your doctor diagnoses bacterial vaginosis, he will prescribe antibiotics. Although often considered a sub-type of vaginitis (inflammation of the vagina), bacterial vaginosis does not cause your body to mount an immune response. Unlike other types of vaginitis like candidal vaginitis (yeast infection) or trichomonal vaginitis (Trichomoniasis), the causative agents of bacterial vaginosis do not actually invade and infect the cells lining your vagina, but merely stick to their surfaces. Normally, your vagina hosts an abundant population of the aerobic (oxygen dependent) bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus. L. acidophilus prefers and helps maintain the slightly acidic environment of a normal vagina. If your vaginal pH becomes more alkaline, such as from the presence of semen or menstrual blood, less abundant anaerobic bacteria such as Gardnerella vaginosis or Mycoplasma hominis can proliferate and overrun the L. acidophilus. Bacterial vaginosis can be sexually transmitted but can also result from poor hygiene, use of harsh cleansers or feminine deodorants or from douching, all of which can upset the normal balance of vaginal bacteria. Bacterial vaginosis does not trigger an immune response because it is caused by an overgrowth of organisms that are already present in the vagina. That means some women might not notice any symptoms at all. Other women might experience some itching or discomfort. When you have bacterial vaginosis, your vaginal discharge might appear gray and you might notice a fishy odor. The odor results from the presence of amines, a byproduct of the anaerobic bacteria, and worsens with higher pH, such as after sexual intercourse. According to the Merck Manual, diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis requires the presence of any three of these four factors: gray vaginal discharge, discharge with pH higher than 4.5, the presence of clue cells or a fishy odor on the “whiff test.” Your doctor will take several vaginal swabs for tests and examine one under a microscope. A normal vaginal swab contains clear, well-defined cells from the vaginal lining and the abundant large rod cells of L. acidophilus. In bacterial vaginosis, the cells have irregular borders and a dotted appearance, indicating they are covered with small anaerobic bacteria; L. acidophilus rods are scant. These conditions designate the vaginal cells as clue cells. In the whiff test, your doctor exposes another vaginal swab to high pH to see if it triggers the characteristic fishy odor. Your doctor will prescribe antibiotics to target the anaerobic bacteria and restore the normal bacterial balance of your vagina. Metronidazole gel or pills or clindamycin cream are the preferred treatments, according to “Primary Care for Women” by Phyllis Leppert and Jeffrey Peipert. The antibiotics start to work within about two days. About this Author In 20 years as a biologist, Susan T. McClure has contributed articles to scientific journals such as “Nature Genetics” and “American Journal of Physiology.” She earned her Ph.D. from the University of Maryland. She enjoys educating people about science and the challenge of making complex information accessible.
Kavli News Biologists have shown that the electrical activity in developing neurons can change the transmitters that neurons make and use to communicate. Researchers from Delft University announced a new type of nanopore devices that may significantly impact the way DNA molecules are screened. Focusing this year on the role of international cooperation toward advancing science, the new biennial international forum will facilitate high-level, global discussion of major topics on science and science policy. A multidisciplinary team of researchers has succeeded in observing single-molecule interactions functioning in their native environment. Neural circuitry is constantly changing to meet the challenges of its environment. Neuroscientist Tobias Bonhoeffer tells how new techniques enable researchers to watch this process of adaptation as never before. Since the first exoplanet, discovered in 1995, more than 460 others have been found. While astronomers have been able to measure the size, orbital characteristics, and even the molecular make up of the atmospheres, many mysteries about their formation and evolution remain. Are we born with an innate sense of direction, or is it learned? Research from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology's Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience suggests that the brain comes hard-wired with working navigational neurons. Technique could pave way for manganites and other oxides to replace silicon in thin-film electronics, memory storage and other technologies. New research looks to explain how galaxies weighing in at about 300 million solar masses become "active." In the quest for faster and cheaper computers, scientists have imaged pore structures in insulation material at sub-nanometer scales for the first time. Understanding these structures could substantially enhance computer performance and power usage of integrated circuits.
Solenoid Valve Print Page How the Solenoid Valve works: The solenoid valve is an electronically actuated 3-way air valve. Its purpose is to direct input facility air pressure (80-120 psi) into the internal pneumatic brake assembly. The switch is wired for energize to clamp or energize to unclamp depending on the machine control logic. Symptoms of failure: The machine control will show and air clamp or unclamp failure alarm. This alarm will disable the table and will not allow it to rotate. Typical causes for failure of the pressure switch: 1. Age or exceeding the designed cycle life of the switch. 2. Internal corrosion caused from moisture and improperly filtered air. 3. Air pressure drops below 40 psi or a total loss of facility input air pressure. 4. Improper wiring or intermittent connection of the pressure switch leads to the terminal strip. 5. Loss of air supply or improper plumbing of the solenoid valve. 6. The solenoid valve supplied and machine control coil voltage are not compatible. Solenoid Valve replacement: 1. Turn off machine power and disconnect all electrical cables and pneumatic lines from the Rotary Table. 2. The solenoid valve is mounted to the inside of the motor enclosure lid. To gain access, free the lid by removing the 6 phillips head screws then pull the lid away from the enclosure paying special attention not to damage the gasket seal. 3. Locate and depress the red button on the top of the solenoid valve to ensure proper actuation. If the valve does not actuate properly refer to the above instructions on cause of failure. 4. If valve failure is determined replace it by first noting the location of the leads on the terminal strip then disconnect the two leads. 5. Disconnect the two air lines by pushing the retaining ring on the air fitting and pulling the air line free. 6. Remove the physical valve from the brass fitting by rotating it C.C.W. until free. 7. Thread the new valve into the brass fitting then connect the two air lines and two leads to the previously noted positions. 8. Test the valve for proper fit and function.
The (Actual) Communist Agents Who Lurked Among Us American Fears About Soviet Spycraft Never Seemed to Match Reality Russian spies held a morbid fascination in the minds of Americans dating back to the Red Scare in 1919, following the Bolshevik Revolution and the creation of the Communist International, of which the Communist Party of the USA became a constituent member, subject to extra-territorial discipline imposed from Moscow. Global domination was indeed Moscow’s declared aim. The issue, however, was whether this goal was at all practicable. The Red Scare blended neatly with popular hostility to mass immigration in America, particularly against a surge of Jews fleeing the anti-Semitic heartlands of Eastern Europe. Responding to hostility, many Jews embraced the inclusive internationalist ideals of Communism rather than the outlandish idea of building a Jewish state in the deserts of British-controlled Arab Palestine. But they were a minority, drawn in by radical idealism and anti-fascism. And the American opposition to wider Jewish immigration from these areas was clearly colored by racism, especially the anti-Semitism of the time. Although there was little justification for the scare-mongering, the hysteria was enough to spur the passage of the Johnson-Reed Act of 1924, which put a halt to the inflow of immigrants without visas. Fears began to dissipate. The 1927 execution of Niccola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Italian-born anarchist immigrants accused of murder on doubtful evidence, marked the high tide of the irrational anti-red (and mostly anti-foreigner) hysteria in American life. Ironically, it was around this time that real dangers actually began to emerge. But, having cried wolf once too often, doomsayers then faced an uphill task through the ‘30s trying to convince the government and the American public that Communist threats of any kind actually existed. Fear of Communism and fear of Soviet espionage were closely entangled because a few members of the miniscule American Communist Party were, in fact, involved in spying for Moscow. Most adherents had no idea this kind of thing was going on—the practice was confined to the shadows, restricted to a few specially chosen for what they had to offer. But, as was the case with Communist Parties elsewhere in the world, those recruited saw it as their duty to serve. And recent archival revelations from Moscow show just how persistent the Kremlin was in its attempts to penetrate the American system. Initially the civilian branch of Soviet intelligence—OGPU, then NKVD—had little luck recruiting American spies. Yuri Markin (codename Oskar), the illegal “rezident”—as the Russians called their station chiefs—from from 1932-1934, was murdered by persons unknown, the victim of a violent encounter in a New York bar. His replacement, Boris Bazarov (codenames, Kin, Da Vinci, Nord), worked in tandem with the ‘legal’ rezident (who was under diplomatic cover), Pyotr Guttseit (codename Nikolai). He had much better luck, including recruiting sources with direct access to the State Department and one connected to President Franklin Roosevelt’s inner circle. But the successful spy was recalled to Moscow in 1937, where he became a victim of Stalin’s paranoid purge of those seen as connected to foreigners (mass executions that included even George Kennan’s dentist at the American embassy). His successor, Ishak Akhmerov (codename Yung), took over and married a distant relative of Communist Party chief Earl Browder. Browder himself ensured that ties to Soviet intelligence became indistinguishable from Party work; his wife, Kitty (‘Gipsy’) Harris, worked for the Soviets and assisted (and slept with) their British spy Donald Maclean in London and then Paris in the late ‘30s. The most successful operation at that time, however, came from a group of covert operatives organized by the American agriculturalist Harold Ware. The ring included Alger Hiss, Donald, and other federal officials who were convinced that the need to confront the threat from fascism eclipsed all other loyalties. They believed that the road to socialism was inevitable, and that the socialist-leaning policies of Roosevelt’s New Deal were merely the taste of things to come. This operation came under Soviet military intelligence, known as the Fourth Directorate, the NKVD’s main rival. Although their infiltration went deep, none of it added up to much—it was simply ‘music of the future’. The stakes were raised, however, when the U.S. entered WWII in December 1941—and the Americans joined the British to develop the atomic bomb. Soviet focus on scientific and industrial intelligence (NTR), which had its own section within the NKVD, switched abruptly from London to Washington. Though intelligence boss Lavrenty Beria dragged his feet on the issue, the NTR foresaw the significant role the bomb would play and pushed it to the forefront of their priorities. Once the directive was set by Stalin in 1942, Soviet efforts knew no limits. Operation Enormoz, directed at uncovering the secret of atomic bomb construction, took high priority. The Kremlin was looking ahead to the aftermath of war. The balance of power could ultimately depend who had the bomb. And those who volunteered for the cause were putting their lives at risk, as they were soon to find out. The American authorities had absolutely no idea what the Russians were up to until very late in the game. Good liberals scoffed at the idea that Moscow could be spying on a wartime ally, even as some of their best friends were actually secret members of the Communist Party and spies for Russia. The Roosevelt administration declined to follow up on tips about suspected infiltration. It wasn’t until the very public defection of a Soviet Embassy cipher clerk, who snuck out documentation showing the magnitude of Soviet atomic espionage that had been going on, that the issue finally came to a head. Soviet spy networks were quickly rooted out. The consequences proved cataclysmic for Americans caught serving the Communist cause. Among those swept up were Julius Rosenberg, an engineer who handed Moscow classified information about the U.S. atomic program, and his wife Ethel (against whom there was little solid evidence). By the early 1950s, when the Rosenbergs were executed, Washington was again gripped with widespread hysteria about Communist penetration of American society and government. The Russians, meanwhile, had been closing down all operations in the late 1940s in order to save their agents; and only well after the death of Stalin in 1953 were they able to begin seriously rebuilding their networks in America. But these networks never acquired the significance they had once had. Atomic espionage in the United States, carried out by misguided idealists who saw in the Soviets a progressive force, proved the high point of Russian intelligence operations targeting America. Nikita Khrushchev’s denunciation of Stalin in 1956, followed by the Soviet intervention in Hungary, destroyed any remaining allure Moscow may have held for young idealists in the West. Thus, although President Lyndon Johnson dearly hoped to uncover Moscow’s clammy hand at work behind the protest movement against the Vietnam war in the 1960s, no amount of effort by the FBI and CIA could uncover anything of significance. International communism, whatever challenges it still posed overseas, no longer posed the threat of creating a fifth column at home. Though the Russians did have dramatic success in penetrating both the FBI and CIA in the 1980s, it didn’t impact the American psyche as they would have two decades earlier. Yes, they were serious security lapses, but they involved lone, disaffected or greedy double agents like Aldrich Ames or Robert Hanssen. There was nothing idealistic, nothing connected to a larger Soviet appeal, in their betrayal. By the 1980s, the issue of socialism in American political life had become completely divorced from the issue of relations with the Soviet Union. And as the USSR dissolved from within and came to an end in 1992, the long dark shadow it cast over America finally passed forever. Even when revelations of post-Soviet Russian spying reemerged in more recent years; most Americans just shrugged their shoulders, or met the news with a nostalgic chuckle and a mention of the good old Cold War days. Other challenges, most prominently 9/11 and Islamic fundamentalist terrorism, had reconnected domestic internal security concerns with international relations in an even more dramatic manner. And as the generations move on, distant memories grossly exaggerated fears recede from our shared consciousness. Add a Comment
Gigabit routers are the best in the market if you are looking for a high-speed router for your PC, laptop or any other device that needs a high-speed internet connection. But many do not know the right kind of router for the purpose. Routers these days come with different kinds of ports, and if you want to have high-speed internet connectivity, you need to choose the port that supports those high speeds. Hence, you must know which router to choose not just based on the price or the brand, but it should be done with regards to the ports too. It all comes down to wired networking. If you are still doubtful about what a router is, it is the bridge between the network device and the network cable. A router gives the internet access to your device. But routers have become more advanced than ever before. Now, they can distribute the internet between multiple nodes. Now, the catch is that a router must have a sufficient number of ports to handle that many devices. These ports are called LAN ports. These ports are also called Ethernet ports. Now, there are several classifications of ports and choosing the right one is crucial if you want to utilize your internet connection fully. What Is A Gigabit Router? ASUS RT-AC88U (AC3100) ROUTER-Gigabit RouterIn essence, a gigabit router is a router that allows 1000 Mb or 1GB of data per second. The name gives it away as gigabit normally denotes 1GB. Before gigabit, there was a technology called Fast Ethernet. The Gigabit router is responsible for doing a lot of work, and if you only have a single device, it is capable of doing much more such as: • Acts a mediator between your network via your router or modem and the external internet that are, more often than not, packaged as a single device • It also routes the connection to the internet through your home. If you look at it, it is pretty clear that the router is responsible for routing the traffic. • It handles the different connections to the switches that can help you with connecting several devices at a single time. • It is also responsible for handling the Wireless Access Point that gives you the Wi-Fi. Check this to find Gigabit router (ASUS RT-AC88U (AC3100) ROUTER) for more info How Quick Is Gigabit Ethernet Really in Practice? Gigabit RouterSeveral factors and reasons such as network protocol and re-transmissions that happen due to transient failures and collisions limit the devices to be able to transfer helpful data messages at the full rate of 125 Mbps or 1 Gbps. However, under standard conditions, data transfer can be carried out quite effectively over the cable, and that might reach as high as 900 Mbps, even if it happens for short periods. On desktops, disk drives have been known to significantly limit how the connection of the Gigabit Ethernet works in regards to its performance. The rates of the conventional hard drives are usually recorded somewhere between 5400 and 9600. This is in revolutions per second although the data transfer that it can handle is only ranging from 25 to 100 megabytes per second. Also, it is pertinent to note here that Gigabit Ethernet ports on some home routers might possess CPUs that might be capable of handling the required load that it needs in order to support outgoing or incoming data that is processed at perfect internet speeds. The equation is pretty easy. It will be significantly less likely that your router processor supports the transfers at maximum speeds over any specific links if the concurrent traffic network sources and client devices are more. You must also consider the bandwidth which is a huge factor that is responsible for limiting the internet connection. This is because even if an entire home network gets a download speed of 1Gbps, even if you have two connections running simultaneously, you can halve the bandwidth on both the devices immediately. It is also true for all types of concurrent devices. Do I Need A Gigabit Router? Gigabit RouterDo you need a really fast connection? Yes, you do! Nowadays, it is common to see people stream 4K videos on the internet. The main criteria for loading 4K videos on your device is a blazing fast internet connection. The applications don’t just end there as there is more! Today, the number of gamers who upload direct streams of their games online is becoming a common occurrence. One should note that it takes internet bandwidth to play games online and the direct upload of the video in real time takes a big chunk of the data package. Internet speed is the key here. When the internet speed goes low beyond a certain limit, the frame rates begin to lag, and the whole experience becomes very cumbersome for the viewers. So, games prefer a high-speed connection to their devices. But as we discussed, it is no use if you have a very high-speed internet connection and don’t have the hardware to back that speed up! Gigabit routers are becoming the choice for online personalities all around the world. Another area where gigabit routers are used in large numbers is in a collaborative workspace. When you are part of a team that spans across the globe, the internet is the only thing connecting everyone. When work needs input from every team member in real time, it calls for the use of Gigabit routers that can get the job done smoothly and efficiently. Servers are another field that makes use of the high-speed bandwidth of the gigabit routers. Today, even household appliances have become smart and can be connected to the internet. Therefore, the servers need to be on top of their game to manage the heavy network load. With gigabit routers, the work gets done easily and most importantly, quickly! Hence, as can be seen, Gigabit Ethernet has a wide range of applications and advantages. Considering that it provides approximately 1 billion bits on an average per second, Gigabit Ethernet can be called as the backbone in several networks of enterprises. %d bloggers like this:
Black dog and black cat syndrome When I first heard about Black Dog Syndrome, I thought it was an Internet hoax. A trainer who rescued a black Labrador Retriever told me that the shelter workers where she adopted her black Lab from were thrilled that she chose a black Lab over a yellow one. If you are unaware, Black Dog Syndrome is when people don’t adopt dogs with black or dark fur. I grew up with a German ShepherdCollieBeagle mix who was mostly black and dark brown. He was extremely handsome, and quite intelligent, which made me think that Black Dog Syndrome just couldn’t exist. Yet, I kept on hearing about it on chat rooms, on the Internet, from friends who do rescue work, and from people who work at animal shelters. One person told me that when she was looking to adopt a Labrador Retriever, she was astounded at the disparity between available yellow dogs versus black dogs. The wait for a yellow Lab from a rescue group could be months or years, while there were plenty of black Labs available. Why black dogs are overlooked Black dogs are often overlooked. When you place a bunch of black dogs in a shelter amongst tan, red, yellow, mixed and other colored fur, people’s gaze goes towards the lighter or brighter animals. “As a brand marketing professional, I can tell you color is a powerful perception tool,” says Steven Vena, owner of The Nimble Group, Inc., a brand marketing and advertising agency. “If I am walking down the street, I would bet more people would pet the tan dog versus the black dog.” Still when it comes to fur or skin color, I think black is more interesting because it’s not just black. Look at a cat, dog, or person with black coloring and you will see reds, browns, and a nice mix of other tones thrown in. Maybe because I’m extremely fair skinned, I appreciate other colors. I was thankful for my freckles; otherwise I would have a ghostlike complexion! Photos of black dogs Take a look at photos of adoptable dogs and cats online. Often shelter workers, not professional photographers, snap quick photos and post them. Unfortunately they are not very good, and all too often the black ones are blurry. Thankfully, many shelters are using professional photographers to show off these dogs and cats. Some shelters are adding color to these adoptable animals. You might see a black dog or cat with a colorful bandana or attractive colored collar. It makes the pet stand out. Black cats I have trouble understanding this, but there are some people who regard black cats as witches’ familiars. It has gotten so bad that shelters won’t adopt out a black cat around Halloween time. It seems that people want to use black cats for rituals around that time. So a good number of shelters refuse to adopt out their black cats from the end of September to the beginning of November. And I know this is going to sound screwy, but some people believe that vampires transform themselves into black dogs as a way of traveling unnoticed at night. (I just don’t get some people.) So unfortunately, black cats and dogs are the last, if at all, to be adopted. Michele C. Hollow writes Pet News and Views, a blog devoted to the positive side of animal welfare. Her blog covers news about people who work with and for animals and animal nonprofits. Around The Web
A closer Look At Gingivitis Gum disease is a condition that is also referred to as gingivitis. This is an extremely serious condition that has been known to result in tooth decay and eventual tooth loss. There are many different types of gum disease and in adults, the most common is periodontal disease. Why and how you must protect yourself from Gingivitis Gum disease can be prevented by brushing your teeth, flossing regularly, and using mouth rinse to remove as much plaque as possible. This is because the number one cause of gum disease is the buildup of plaque around the gum line. Gingivitis is the inflammation of the gums around the tooth caused by plaque and tartar building up around the gum line. Over time, the gums swell and become irritated. If the swelling is severe, the gums may be visibly swollen around the tooth attachment, and may even turn lighter in color because of the swelling. If gingivitis is present, the gums may bleed during brushing, and they will continue to bleed upon brushing until the inflammation and gingivitis is remedied. Upon brushing, the gums will be sore and small cuts may appear in the areas surrounding the teeth. Because of the risk of cuts in this area, it is important to use an antiseptic mouth wash to disinfect the area and prevent the plaque and tartar from entering them and causing a deeper infection. Luckily, during this stage of gingivitis, bone structure is not at risk. You should ensure that you brush and floss a couple times per day, usually three times per day during this stage. You may want to see a dentist at this point for a deep cleaning. Failing to treat it at this stage can lead to periodontal disease, which does lead to bone deterioration and loss of teeth. What to do if you already have gingivitis Even though periodontal disease cannot be reversed, the progress can be stopped through proper dental treatment and following up on the instructions that are given. This disease is a serious condition and even if the progress is stopped, you are at greater risk of developing infections that cause it to flare up. The condition of periodontal disease will only keep progressing if you do not do something about it. Your gums will begin to appear bright red and begin to feel very sore in the diseases early stages. This is caused by the buildup of plaque below the line of the gum. If this is not treated the tartar and plaque located below the gum will keep eating away at your teeth. What your doctor can do for you Periodontal disease can be diagnosed even without the visibility or detection of plaque. You should have your doctor examine your teeth and gums on a regular basis so that they can catch any sign of periodontal disease. There are tests that can be performed by your dentist on your teeth and gums to check for periodontal disease. If you are diagnosed with having periodontal disease there are steps the dentist can tell you how to halt its progression and even prevent. Periodontal and gingivitis disease are both usually not painful until later stages and progress slowly. The signs of both the periodontal and gingivitis usually don't show until the later states when signs and symptoms start showing up. You normally end up losing the tooth when these later stages show up and progress. You can help to protect your teeth by seeing your dentist regularly and getting your cleanings and checkups. Catching periodontal and gingivitis early can allow the dentist to show you how to treat and stop any farther damage. Don't wait to get help if it advances too far it can tear up your gums and teeth and after it gets so far you will not be able to stop it.
Orange-breasted Bushshrike (Telophorus sulfureopectus) Sulphur-breasted Bush-shrike,Malaconotus Fan-tailed Widowbird (Euplectes axillaris) Fan-tailed Widowbird (Euplectes axillaris) Photo@Tony Crocetta This is an adult male fan-tailed widowbird, Euplectes axillaris, a member of the avian family Ploceidae, the weaver birds. One of its cousins is the red-billed quelea, Quelea quelea, the most abundant bird in the world.This species has an extremely large range, so incidence of you spotting it while birding in Kenya is very high. They exhibit sexual dimorphism and female appears brown, with the distinctive red-shoulders which clear when the bird air-bone. In Kenya this species is mostly seen in Masai Mara, mostly a long the northern part of the reserve around the Musiara Swamp.
Project Analysis Breakdown the project into the tasks that you have to do, in the form of a diagram. You can make this diagram in a Google Drawing. Gantt Charts Gannt Charts are a way to plan the jobs that need doing within a project. Count how many weeks you have to complete the project and put these along the top then list all the jobs down the left had side. Colour in boxes to indicate how long each job will take and position the boxes in the weeks that you plan for the job to happen. Here is a template set out on a spreadsheet that you can use to plan your project. There are 2 weeks left of Term 2 and 10 weeks in term 3 so the template has 12 weeks. Put the jobs to be done in the left column and add rows if you need to. Time Plan
Apollo 12 astronauts landed on the moon on Nov. 19, 1969 and some say they unwittingly left behind an important piece of art history. NASA's second manned trip to the moon had a secret mission, according to Jade Dellinger, director of the Bob Rauschenberg Gallery at Florida SouthWestern State College, previously called Edison Junior College in Fort Myers. According to legend, original artwork by Andy Warhol, Robert Rauschenberg, John Chamberlain, David Novros, Claes Oldenburg and Forrest Myers and is hidden inside the lunar module on a small ceramic wafer called the Moon Museum. From July 7 to Oct. 3, a copy of the Moon Museum from the Bob Rauschenberg Gallery will be on display at the Polk Museum of Art in Lakeland. The idea to put art on the moon occurred to Myers after watching the first moon landing, Dellinger said. "Everyone was sort of celebrating this great triumph that we have landed on the moon and Forrest in the midst of the celebration posed a question … ‘Shouldn't we be thinking about we've left behind?'" After official discussions with NASA leaders about putting art on the moon stalled, Dellinger said Myers decided to move ahead with the project in secret. But because no one could know about the Moon Museum, it had to be small and almost weightless. So Myers started working with engineers at Bell Laboratories to transfer drawings by him and five contemporaries to a 1/2-inch by 3/4-inch ceramic tile. "You can't send a big sculpture, you can't send a painting, every ounce counts," Dellinger said. "In addition to that, it would have to tiny, almost weightless. You couldn't have anything that had magnetic properties or anything that could interfere with navigation or compromise a mission like this." Dellinger said it is unknown how many copies of the ceramic wafer were produced but it was likely fewer than 20. One for each artist, one for each key Bell Labs engineer and one to be placed in a pocket of the gold foil that surrounds the lunar module by one of the engineers. Because of the Moon Museum's size, Adam Justice, curator of art at the Polk Museum, said work on it is very minimalistic in style. Oldenburg's contribution is an abstract drawing of Mickey Mouse while Rauschenberg simply drew a line. "Andy Warhol's is the most noticeable because, from what I understand, Andy Warhol said he was going to draw his initials," Justice said. "So if you turn it a certain way it looks like ‘AW.' It also looks like a rocket but it could also look like a piece of anatomy. It's up to interpretation." In addition to the Moon Museum, a copy of the telegram from the engineer who placed the ceramic wafer on Apollo 12 to Myers that signals the mission's completion will be displayed. Dellinger is scheduled to speak about the Moon Museum at a reception on Sept. 25. The reception is free for members, $10 for guests. [ Lance Ferguson can be reached at lance.ferguson@theledger.com or 863-802-7533. Follow @Lance_Ferguson on Twitter. ]
Comparison Between The Human Reactions In A Simulacrum And In A Real Fire Situation Elisabete Cordeiro, Universidade da Beira Interior, Portugal Human reaction to a fire situation in buildings depends on the characteristics of each individual, of the building and the actual emergency situation. To minimize the consequences of an emergency fire situation in a building, it is important to have a safe, orderly and rapid evacuation. For this purpose, the occupants should be trained to respond in an appropriate way. Therefore, it is necessary to assess whether simulacrums or fire drills are effective or not. In recent years, in Portugal, the number of fire simulacrums in office buildings, schools, and hotels, among others, have increased. Taking as reference the Portuguese population, this article presents the results of an ongoing research project that compares the human behavior in a real fire situation with that observed in a fire simulacrum. The study was supported by a significant number of surveys conducted to the occupants who were involved in one of the two previous mentioned situations. The comparison between the actions undertaken by the occupants in both situations allows understanding if human behavior in a simulacrum reflects human behavior in a real fire situation. Paper Presentation Resources Archive File (.zip)
How DoD is fighting a drug 10K times more powerful than morphine Ten thousand times more potent than morphine, the drug carfentanil poses a risk to both civilians and warfighters. The powerful opioid, with lethal amounts smaller than a poppy seed, was developed as a tranquilizer for use on large animals and is now part of the illicit drug trade. Easily obtained, concern about weaponization has led researcher Michael Feasel, Ph.D., of the Army's Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, with support from the Defense Threat Reduction Agency's Chemical and Biological Technologies Department, to determine how to treat exposure to the drug. Also read: Special ops may try to develop 'super soldiers' with performance-enhancing drugs There is significant interest in opioids and their impact on the population, from the public health crisis of heroin and fentanyl abuse, to events like the Dubrovka Theater siege. According to an article published by researchers at the United Kingdom's Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, carfentanil and remifentanil were the main components used by the Russian government to subdue the terrorists. Carfentanil activates the body's opioid receptors, depressing the respiratory drive and other central nervous system functions. The anti-overdose drug naloxone (an opioid antagonist) can reverse the effects of the narcotic. However, carfentanil is so potent that larger doses of naloxone may be required to counter its effects. Currently, little research on the effective dosage is available. Michael Feasel, Ph.D., ECBC, studies the metabolic effects of carfentanil. (US Defense Department photo) "Higher potency versions of naloxone are available, however the Food and Drug Administration has not seen a need to get them approved for human use, until now. These ultra-potent opioid exposures are not only a chemical defense issue, but they are also a public health issue," Feasel stated. Feasel is working to understand the effects carfentanil at the cellular and systemic levels. His work will help determine the dosage of naloxone needed to resuscitate casualties of carfentanil exposure. In collaboration with the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the ECBC scientist set out to identify metabolites in carfentanil using hepatocytes, or human liver cells. Feasel identified twelve metabolites in a 2-D, in vitro platform, which showed slower clearance. This advancement provides insight into the duration of carfentanil's effects on the human body. The follow-on study uses 3-D spheroids which mimic human liver activity and provide more complex results. Related: How some special operators are turning to illegal drugs to deal with deployment stress "By using a 3-D subculture we are enabling the access to realistic data," observed Feasel. With conclusions on the research forthcoming, he is continuing to address the issues of chemical and biological defense and public health to develop methodology which can be applied to relevant compounds. In fact, his research is so pivotal that Chemical & Engineering News, a publication from the American Chemical Society, recently named Feasel as one of the "Talented 12." Each year, this distinction is given to 12 path-paving researchers and entrepreneurs identified to revolutionize industry and solve global problems. Feasel's groundbreaking research not only aids the Department of Defense in protecting the nation and our warfighters from emerging chemical weapons, but has broader applicability to the White House initiative for the war on opioids. By finding the proper dosage to treat exposure, strides in research will reduce the impact if a weaponized version is used on the battlefield or in terrorist attacks.
Mark Serreze: The Value of Climate Science Modern climate science is based on facts, physics and testable hypotheses. There is ample room for debate about what to do about climate change, but the underlying science is rock solid. Modern climate science builds on a long track record of scientific inquiry on environmental and health issues that has benefited society. Through scientific analysis, it was discovered that DDT, widely used as a pesticide, was becoming concentrated in the food chain. As a result, laws were passed to curb its use. Tetraethyl lead was once added to gasoline to reduce engine knock. Through science, we learned that lead in the environment poses severe health hazards, so the use of lead in gasoline was consequently phased out. It was through science that we learned how CFCs were destroying stratosphere ozone. In turn, through many decades of research, we have developed a strong understanding of how the climate system works, how humans are affecting climate, and what is in store if society continues to follow its current path without taking corrective action. Until the middle off the 20th century, climate science was pretty much a backwater. Climatologists, by and large, were bookkeepers, compiling records of temperature, precipitation and other variables. From these records, much effort was spent classifying climate types around the world, ranging from tropical rain forests to monsoons to semiarid steppes to deserts. Climate data certainly had value to farmers and the home gardener, civil and structural engineers and the military planning. But the focus was largely on statistics, with relatively little emphasis on climate dynamics – the processes that control the climate system and how it may evolve. There were notable exceptions, such as Svante Arrhenius, who, in the late 19th century, speculated on how rising concentrations of carbon dioxide would lead to warming, but for the most part, climatology was a largely descriptive and rather boring field of science. The shift from simple bookkeeping to a more physically-based view of how the climate system works paralleled developments in meteorology—the science of weather prediction. The rapid advances in meteorology following the Second World War, in turn, largely paralleled the development of numerical computers. With computers, it became possible to translate the physical processes controlling weather systems into computer code. It was readily understood that the physics controlling weather were part of the broader set of physics that control climate, which led to the development of global climate models, or GCMs for short. GCMs were quickly seen as powerful tools to understand not just how the global climate system works, but how climate could change in response to things like brightening the sun or altering the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Using early generation GCMs developed in the 1970, pioneers like Jim Hansen of NASA, and Suki Manabe of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory in Princeton confidently predicted that our planet was going to warm up, and that the Arctic would warm up the most, something that we now call Arctic amplification. But the more mundane chore of compiling climate records never stopped, and indeed, its value grew, for it was only with ever-lengthening climate records that it could be determined if things were actually changing. And as these records grew, it slowly became clear that the planet was indeed warming. From numerous GCM experiments, it also became clear that this warming, and all the things that go with it, such as the Arctic’s shrinking sea ice cover and Artic amplification, could only be explained as a response to rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Climate scientists of today need to know: • The processes that can change how the earth absorbs and emits energy • How the atmosphere and weather systems work • How the atmosphere interacts with the oceans • How the atmosphere interacts with the land surface • And how the land interactions with the ocean. But whatever our area of specialty, we all try and make contributions to our understanding, but those contributions are, to the best of our ability, based on facts, physics, and sound methodology. In science, there is no room for wishful thinking. As a society, need to get past partisan bickering, step back, and listen to what climate science is telling us: the climate is changing, we know why, and the implications must not be ignored. This is the value of climate science. Oswald Schmitz: Earth Environmentalism & Jazz Pop music icon Joni Mitchell’s song “Big Yellow Taxi”, released during the headiness of the first Earth Day, ranks among the top anthems of the 1970’s environmental movement. With lyrics such as “They took all the trees and put them in a tree museum,” and, “They paved paradise and put up a parking lot,” it rebuked what humans were doing to nature in the interest of what was popularly deemed to be progress. The refrain, “Don’t it always seem to go that you don’t know what you’ve got ’till it’s gone,” adds a wistfulness for all that is lost in the name of such progress. The song has a timeless ring given what humans are continuing to do to nature today. More than half of the global human population now lives in paved urban areas. And by all indicators, that number likely will grow to become two thirds of all humans, or even more, by mid century. It seems that there is no end in sight to humankind’s drive to pave-over nature. Indeed, the numbers of species that stand to be endangered in the name of such progress seems unconscionable. It is not surprising, therefore, that those who are committed to speak up for those species and champion their protection might become disillusioned. It seems that all we can do in the face of this unstoppable wave of global urbanization is to sing the blues, lamenting all those species that will surely go extinct, all the while losing hope that things will change. Yet, this needn’t be a foregone outcome. Changing ways, however, require a shift in mindset about how we build urban environments. We need to stop simply being expedient by taking away all the trees, paving-over nature, and building from scratch. Instead we can and should capitalize on human ingenuity and creativity, to take care to design and build urban areas in ways that complement nature’s aesthetic and embrace its functional properties. Take for instance a place that is near and dear to me: located a mere fifteen-minutes from where I live is part of an urban greenspace in which a river flows through a heavily treed landscape squarely in the middle of the city and several adjoining towns. I find it magical every time I step into the river at the crack of dawn, balancing against the surge of water pressure around my legs as I begin fly-fishing. I always take a moment and look up into the bordering forest to admire the kaleidoscope caused by the flecks of rising sunlight penetrating the small gaps within the dense forest canopy. The rising sun is nature’s alarm clock. There is not a person in sight, anywhere. The only sound comes from the singing birds, the flowing water, and me, breathing. Standing alone in this stretch of the river lets me forget my worries and reflect on what is good in life, including being lucky enough to have nature so close at hand. One of the most important dividends of having healthy ecosystem functioning is the delivery of abundant, clean water. Forests on hillsides surrounding water bodies like my urban river play an important role in the delivery of clean water. By rooting to different depths in the soil, different tree species together prevent the soil from being compacted, which allows water to infiltrate and replenish soil moisture that eventually seeps down into the river. By rooting in the soil, trees prevent soil erosion during run-off events, which prevents the river from becoming murky with suspended soil particles. Such natural water treatment can help municipalities offset hundreds of millions of dollars in capital costs that would otherwise be needed to build water treatment facilities. Natural water treatment also offsets taxpayer funded water filtration costs that can run between hundreds of thousands to millions of dollars per year, depending on how much urban nature exists. Encouraging nature as part of the urban built environment has benefits as well. Roadway trees creating urban forests filter out air pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen, and sulfur dioxides, and small particulates that cause respiratory ailments. They also provide natural air conditioning by cooling urban areas through shading. This in turn prolongs the life of infrastructure like paved roadways. It also reduces the need for energy generation that would normally be used to cool buildings and thereby reduces emissions of greenhouse gasses and air pollutants that accompany that energy generation. Urban trees help storm-water percolate into soils rather than run-off across impervious surfaces to flood urban drainage systems and watercourses, thereby reducing the concentrations of pollutants in the water supply. Estimates indicate that the value of these services to a given city could again amount to hundreds of thousands to millions of dollars. The replacement value of the trees alone can reach hundreds of millions of dollars, even after accounting for maintenance costs including tree pruning and removal, leaf pick-up and disposal, and utility-line clearing. Urban trees offer personal health benefits as well. People living in neighborhoods with high densities of roadway trees are characterized as having higher perceptions of personal physical and mental health, of feeling younger, and of having lower incidence of cardiac and metabolic ailments than people living in the same city but in neighborhoods with fewer trees. It also encourages people to eat healthier diets, especially less meat and more servings of vegetables, fruits and grains. These health indicators persist even after accounting for differences in socio-economic factors and age. Estimates show that these lifestyle effects are equivalent to having $10,000 more in personal annual income. The rise in urban ecological science is heralding a new era to help urban planners think more creatively about nature-informed design. Some of that creativity may come from combining natural features—such as varieties of plants with different physical structures that complement each other in their functioning—into new kinds of construction processes. Green roofs, roofs of buildings that are covered by all variety of plant species in a growing medium, are one such example. Bioswales are another. These gently sloping landscaping elements create a drainage course—a modified ditch or local depression—that is filled with natural vegetation or compost. They are usually built alongside streets or in parking lots. They collect and hold water from surface runoff to filter out silt and pollutants, thereby cleaning the water before it eventually enters a city’s storm-water sewer system. Humanity’s influence on the Earth is forcing us to stretch our collective imagination into many realms that we have never considered before. But we have considerable scientific knowhow to support human ingenuity and thus meet the challenge of devising creative new ways to protect all the jazz. Designed landscapes change microclimates, flows and concentrations of water and nutrients, and emissions and concentration of pollutants. Hence thoughtful design must ensure that these changes lead to positive functional outcomes. Planted landscaping can even build natural habitats for many species thereby creating opportunity to lower their endangerment, as nature gets paved-over. But it requires thinking hard about the exact kinds and ways of creating habitats and how they are spatially arranged. At a minimum, that knowledge tells us that we should keep the trees whenever we pave paradise and put up a parking lot. Eelco Rohling: A view from the ocean for Earth Day The Oceans, by Eelco RohlingSo here’s my plea PUP champions scientific research with March for Science 2018 Princeton University Press’s mission is to bring scholarly ideas to the world. We publish books that connect authors and readers across spheres of knowledge to advance and enrich the human conversation. We embrace the highest standards in our publishing as embodied in the work of our authors from Albert Einstein in our earliest years to the present. In keeping with our commitment to serve the nation and the world with top-notch science publishing, we’re excited to announce that we will be partnering with The March for Science on April 14 in Washington, DC. From the March for Science mission statement: • We believe that the scientific method, and findings that result from its responsible use, are powerful tools for decision-making. • We integrate our commitment to diversity, equity, accessibility, and inclusion into all programming, outreach, and advocacy efforts. • As nonpartisan political advocates, we act with the understanding that science does not belong to any political party, and that scientific evidence is an essential part of good policymaking at every level of government. • We do not merely react to the problems of today: we look forward, aspiring toward an inclusive, integrated vision for the future of science and science policy. • We are a reflective and self-critical organization that prizes ongoing internal evaluation and correction. Read the full statement here. In our politicized world, the application of science to policy is not a partisan issue. Like the March for Science, Princeton University Press is proud to support engagement with scientific research through education, communication, and ties of mutual respect between scientists and their communities. Mark Serreze on Brave New Arctic What happened in the year 2007?  Can you summarize?    Mark Serreze: Becoming A Scientist Mark Serreze, investigating the pressure ridges in the Arctic. Celebration of Science: A reading list The Usefulness of Useless Knowledge Abraham Flexner and Robbert Dijkgraaf The Serengeti Rules Sean B. Carroll Honeybee Democracy Thomas D. Seeley Silent Sparks Sara Lewis Where the River Flows Sean W. Fleming How to Clone a Mammoth Beth Shapiro The Future of the Brain Gary Marcus & Jeremy Freeman Searching for the Oldest Stars Anna Frebel Climate Shock Gernot Wagner & Martin L. Weitzman Welcome to the Universe The New Ecology Oswald J. Schmitz 5 Myths About Sustainability 1. Sustainability challenges are largely a problem of consumption. 5. Implementing sustainable practices means sacrificing profits. Earth Day 2015 Climate Shock Climate Shock: The Consequences of a Hotter Planet Gernot Wagner & Martin L. Weitzman Read Chapter 1. Beth Shapiro Read Chapter 1. OffShore Sea ID Guide Offshore Sea Life ID Guide: West Coast Steve N.G. Howell & Brian L. Sullivan Wilson-Rich_theBee The Bee: A Natural History Noah Wilson-Rich With contributions from Kelly Allin, Norman Carreck & Andrea Quigley Check out 10 Bee Facts from the book, here. Read the Introduction.
The Tree of Appomattox by Joseph A. Altsheler 1  2  3  4  5  6     Next Part Home - Random Browse This book, now in the public domain in the USA, was originally: Copyright, 1944, By Sallie B. Altsheler More than half a century has passed since the Civil War's close. Not many of the actors in it are left. It was one of the most tremendous upheavals in the life of any nation, and it was the greatest of all struggles, until the World War began, but scarcely any trace of partisan rancor or bitterness is left. So, it has become easier to write of it with a sense of fairness and detachment, and the lapse of time has made the perspective clear and sharp. However lacking he may be in other respects, the author perhaps had an advantage in being born, and having grown up in a border state, where sentiment was about equally divided concerning the Civil War. He was surrounded during his early youth by men who fought on one side or the other, and their stories of camp, march and battle were almost a part of the air he breathed. So he hopes that this circumstance has aided him to give a truthful color to the picture of the mighty combat, waged for four such long and terrible years. HARRY KENTON, A Lad Who Fights on the Southern Side. DICK MASON, Cousin of Harry Kenton, Who Fights on the Northern Side. COLONEL GEORGE KENTON, Father of Harry Kenton. MRS. MASON, Mother of Dick Mason. JULIANA, Mrs. Mason's Devoted Colored Servant. COLONEL ARTHUR WINCHESTER, Dick Mason's Regimental Commander. COLONEL LEONIDAS TALBOT, Commander of the Invincibles, a Southern Regiment. LIEUTENANT COLONEL HECTOR ST. HILAIRE, Second in Command of the Invincibles. ALAN HERTFORD, A Northern Cavalry Leader. PHILIP SHERBURNE, A Southern Cavalry Leader. WILLIAM J. SHEPARD, A Northern Spy. DANIEL WHITLEY, A Northern Sergeant and Veteran of the Plains. GEORGE WARNER, A Vermont Youth Who Loves Mathematics. FRANK PENNINGTON, A Nebraska Youth, Friend of Dick Mason. ARTHUR ST. CLAIR, A Native of Charleston, Friend of Harry Kenton. TOM LANGDON, Friend of Harry Kenton. GEORGE DALTON, Friend of Harry Kenton. BILL SKELLY, Mountaineer and Guerrilla. TOM SLADE, A Guerrilla Chief. SAM JARVIS, The Singing Mountaineer. IKE SIMMONS, Jarvis' Nephew. AUNT "SUSE," A Centenarian and Prophetess. BILL PETTY, A Mountaineer and Guide. JULIEN DE LANGEAIS, A Musician and Soldier from Louisiana. JOHN CARRINGTON, Famous Northern Artillery Officer. DR. RUSSELL, Principal of the Pendleton School. ARTHUR TRAVERS, A Lawyer. JAMES BERTRAND, A Messenger from the South. JOHN NEWCOMB, A Pennsylvania Colonel. JOHN MARKHAM, A Northern Officer. JOHN WATSON, A Northern Contractor. WILLIAM CURTIS, A Southern Merchant and Blockade Runner. MRS. CURTIS, Wife of William Curtis. HENRIETTA CARDEN, A Seamstress in Richmond. DICK JONES, A North Carolina Mountaineer. VICTOR WOODVILLE, A Young Mississippi Officer. JOHN WOODVILLE, Father of Victor Woodville. CHARLES WOODVILLE, Uncle of Victor Woodville. COLONEL BEDFORD, A Northern Officer. CHARLES GORDON, A Southern Staff Officer. JOHN LANHAM, An Editor. JUDGE KENDRICK, A Lawyer. MR. CULVER, A State Senator. MR. BRACKEN, A Tobacco Grower. ARTHUR WHITRIDGE, A State Senator. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President of the United States. JEFFERSON DAVIS, President of the Southern Confederacy. JUDAH P. BENJAMIN, Member of the Confederate Cabinet. U. S. GRANT, Northern Commander. ROBERT B. LEE, Southern Commander. STONEWALL JACKSON, Southern General. PHILIP H. SHERIDAN, Northern General. GEORGE H. THOMAS, "The Rock of Chickamauga." ALBERT SIDNEY JOHNSTON, Southern General. A. P. HILL, Southern General. W. S. HANCOCK, Northern General. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN, Northern General. AMBROSE E. BURNSIDE, Northern General. TURNER ASHBY, Southern Cavalry Leader. J. E. B. STUART, Southern Cavalry Leader. JOSEPH HOOKER, Northern General. RICHARD S. EWELL, Southern General. JUBAL EARLY, Southern General. WILLIAM S. ROSECRANS, Northern General. SIMON BOLIVAR BUCKNER, Southern General. LEONIDAS POLK, Southern General and Bishop. BRAXTON BRAGG, Southern General. NATHAN BEDFORD FORREST, Southern Cavalry Leader. JOHN MORGAN, Southern Cavalry Leader. GEORGE J. MEADE, Northern General. DON CARLOS BUELL, Northern General. W. T. SHERMAN, Northern General. JAMES LONGSTREET, Southern General. P. G. T. BEAUREGARD, Southern General. WILLIAM L. YANCEY, Alabama Orator. JAMES A. GARFIELD, Northern General, afterwards President of the United States. And many others Although he was an officer in full uniform he was a youth in years, and he had the spirits of youth. Moreover, it was one of the finest apple trees he had ever seen and the apples hung everywhere, round, ripe and red, fairly asking to be taken and eaten. Dick Mason looked up at them longingly. They made him think of the orchards at home in his own state, and a touch of coolness in the air sharpened his appetite for them all the more. "If you want 'em so badly, Dick," said Warner, "why don't you climb the tree and get 'em? There's plenty for you and also for Pennington and me." "I see. You're as anxious for apples as I am, and you wish me to gather 'em for you by making a strong appeal to my own desires. It's your clever New England way." "We're forbidden to take anything from the people, but it won't hurt to keep a few apples from rotting on the ground. If you won't get 'em Pennington will." "I understand you, George. You're trying to play Frank against me, while you keep yourself safe. You'll go far. Never mind. I'll gather apples for us all." He leaped up, caught the lowest bough, swung himself lightly into the fork, and then climbing a little higher, reached for the reddest and ripest apples, which he flung down in a bountiful supply. "Now, gluttons," he said, "satiate yourselves, but save a lot for me." Then he went up as far as the boughs would sustain him and took a look over the country. Apple trees do not grow very tall, but Dick's tree stood on the highest point in the orchard, and he had a fine view, a view that was in truth the most remarkable the North American continent had yet afforded. He always carried glasses over his shoulder, and lately Colonel Winchester had made him a gift of a splendid pair, which he now put into use, sweeping the whole circle of the horizon. With their powerful aid he was able to see the ancient city of Petersburg, where Lee had thrown himself across Grant's path in order to block his way to Richmond, the Southern capital, and had dug long lines of trenches in which his army lay. It was Lee who first used this method of defense for a smaller force against a larger, and the vast trench warfare of Europe a half century later was a repetition of the mighty struggle of Lee and Grant on the lines of Petersburg. Dick through his glasses saw the trenches, lying like a brown bar across the green country, and opposite them another brown bar, often less than a hundred yards away, which marked where the Northern troops also had dug in. The opposing lines extended a distance of nearly forty miles, and Richmond was only twenty miles behind them. It was the nearest the Army of the Potomac had come to the Southern capital since McClellan had seen the spires of its churches, and that was more than two years away. Warner and Pennington were lying on the ground, eating big red apples with much content and looking up lazily at Mason. "You're curving those glasses about a lot. What do you see, Dick?" asked Pennington at length. "I see Petersburg, an old, old town, half buried in foliage, and with many orchards and gardens about it. A pity that two great armies should focus on such a pleasant place." "No time for sentiment, Dick. What else do you see?" "Jets of smoke and flame from the trenches, an irregular sort of firing, sometimes a half-dozen shots at one place, and then a long and peaceful break until you come to another place, where they're exchanging bullets." "What more do you see, Brother Richard?" "I see a Johnny come out of his trench hands up and advance toward one of our Yanks opposite, who also has come out of his trench hands up." "What are they trading?" asked Warner. "The Reb offers a square of plug tobacco, and the Yank a bundle of newspapers. Now they've made the exchange, now they've shaken hands and each is going back to his own trench." "It's a merry world, my masters, as has been said before," resumed Warner, "but I should add that it's also a mad wag of a world. Here we are face to face for forty miles, at some points seeking to kill one another in a highly impersonal way, and at other points conducting sale and barter according to the established customs of peace. People at home wouldn't believe it, and later on a lot more won't believe it, when the writers come to write about it. But it's true just the same. What else do you see from the apple tower, Brother Richard?" "A long line of wagons approaching a camp some distance behind the Confederate trenches. They must be loaded pretty heavily, because the drivers are cracking their whips over the horses and mules." "That's bad. Provisions, I suppose," said Warner. "The more these Johnnies get to eat the harder they fight, and they're not supposed to be receiving supplies now. Our cavalry ought to have cut off that wagon train. I shall have to speak to Sheridan about it. This is no way to starve the Johnnies to death. Seest aught more, Brother Richard?" "I do! I do! Jump up, boys, and use your own glasses! I behold a large man on a gray horse, riding slowly along, as if he were inspecting troops away behind the trenches. Wherever he passes the soldiers snatch off their caps and, although I can't hear 'em, I know they're cheering. It's Lee himself!" Both Warner and Pennington swung themselves upon the lower boughs of the tree and put their glasses to their eyes. "It's surely Lee," said Warner. "I'm glad to get a look at him. He's been giving us a lot of trouble for more than three years now, but I think General Grant is going to take his measure." "They're terribly reduced," said Pennington, "and if we stick to it we're bound to win. Still, you boys will recall for some time that we've had a war. What else do you see from the heights of the apple tree, Dick?" "Distant dust behind our own lines, and figures moving in it dimly. Cavalry practicing, I should say. Have you fellows fruit enough?" "Plenty. You can climb down and if the farmer hurries here with his dog to catch you we'll protect you." "This is a fine apple tree," said Dick, as he descended slowly. "Apple trees are objects of beauty. They look so well in the spring all in white bloom, and then they look just as well in the fall, when the red or yellow apples hang among the leaves. And this is one of the finest I've ever seen." He did not dream then that he should remember an apple tree his whole life, that an apple tree, and one apple tree in particular, should always call to his mind a tremendous event, losing nothing of its intensity and vividness with the passing years. But all that was in the future, and when he joined his comrades on the ground he made good work with the biggest and finest apple he could find. "Early apples," he said, looking up at the tree. "It's not the end of July yet." "But good apples, glorious apples, anyhow," said Pennington, taking another. "Besides, it's fine and cool like autumn." "It won't stay," said Dick. "We've got the whole of August coming. Virginia is like Kentucky. Always lots of hot weather in August. Glad there's no big fighting to be done just now. But it's a pity, isn't it, to tear up a fine farming country like this. Around here is where the United States started. John Smith and Rolfe and Pocahontas and the rest of them may have roamed just where this orchard stands. And later on lots of the great Americans rode about these parts, some of the younger ones carrying their beautiful ladies on pillions behind them. You are a cold-blooded New Englander, Warner, and you believe that anyone fighting against you ought to burn forever, but as for me I feel sorry for Virginia. I don't care what she's done, but I don't like to see the Old Dominion, the Mother of Presidents, stamped flat." "I'm not cold-blooded at all, but I don't gush. I don't forget that this state produced George Washington, but I want victory for our side just the same, no matter how much of Virginia we may have to tread down. Is that farm house over there still empty?" "Of course, or we wouldn't have taken the apples. It belongs to a man named Haynes, and he left ahead of us with his family for Richmond. I fancy it will be a long time before Haynes and his people sleep in their own rooms again. Come, fellows, we'd better be going back. Colonel Winchester is kind to us, but he doesn't want his officers to be prowling about as they please too long." They walked together toward the edge of the orchard and looked at the farm house, from the chimneys of which no smoke had risen in weeks. Dick felt sure it would be used later on as headquarters by some general and his staff, but for the present it was left alone. And being within the Union lines no plunderer had dared to touch it. It was a two-story wooden house, painted white, with green shutters, all closed now. The doors were also locked and sealed until such time as the army authorities wished to open them, but on the portico, facing the Southern lines were two benches, on which the three youths sat, and looked again over the great expanse of rolling country, dotted at intervals by puffs of smoke from the long lines of trenches. Where they sat it was so still that they could hear the faint crackle of the distant rifles, and now and then the heavier crash of a cannon. Dick's mind went back to the Wilderness and its gloomy shades, the sanguinary field of Spottsylvania, and then the terrific mistake of Cold Harbor. The genius of Lee had never burned more brightly. He had handled his diminishing forces with all his old skill and resolution, but Grant had driven on and on. No matter what his losses the North always filled up his ranks again, and poured forward munitions and supplies in a vast and unbroken stream. A nation had summoned all its powers for a supreme effort to win, and Dick felt that the issue of the war was not now in doubt. The genius of Lee and the bravery of his devoted army could no longer save the South. The hammer strokes of Grant would surely crush it. And then what? He had the deepest sympathy for these people of Virginia. What would become of them after the war? Defeat for the South meant nearer approach to destruction than any nation had suffered in generations. To him, born south of the Ohio River, and so closely united by blood with these people, victory as well as defeat had its pangs. Warner and Pennington rose and announced that they would return to the regiment which was held in reserve in a little valley below, but Dick, their leave not having run out yet, decided to stay a while longer. "So long," said Warner. "Let the orchard alone. Leave apples for others. Remember that they are protected by strict orders against all wandering and irresponsible officers, but ourselves." "Yes, be good, Dick," said Pennington, and the two went down the slope, leaving Dick on the portico. He liked being alone at times. The serious cast of mind that he had inherited from his famous great grandfather, Paul Cotter, demanded moments of meditation. It was peaceful too on the portico, and a youth who had been through Grant's Wilderness campaign, a month of continuous and terrible fighting, was glad to rest for a while. The distant rifle fire and the occasional cannon shot had no significance and did not disturb him. They blended now with the breeze that blew among the leaves of the apple trees. He had never felt more like peace, and the pleasant open country was soothing to the eye. What a contrast to that dark and sodden Wilderness where men fought blindly in the dusk. He shuddered as he remembered the forests set on fire by the shells, and burning over the fallen. A light step aroused him and a large man sat down on the bench beside him. Dick often wondered at the swift and almost noiseless tread of Shepard, with whom he was becoming well acquainted. He was tall, built powerfully and must have weighed two hundred pounds, yet he moved with the ease and grace of a boy of sixteen. Dick thought it must come from his trade. "I don't want to intrude, Mr. Mason," said Shepard, "but I saw you sitting here, looking perhaps too grave and thoughtful for one of your years." "You're most welcome, Mr. Shepard, and I was thinking, that is in a vague sort of way." "I saw your face and you were wondering what was to become of Virginia and the Virginians." "So I was, but how did you know it?" "I didn't know it. It was just a guess, and the guess was due to the fact that I was having the same thoughts myself." "So you regard the war as won?" asked Dick, who had a great respect for Shepard's opinion. "If the President keeps General Grant in command, as he will, it's a certainty, but it will take a long time yet. We can't force those trenches down there. Remember what Cold Harbor cost us." Dick shuddered. "I remember it," he said. "It would be worse if we tried to storm Lee's lines. After Cold Harbor the general won't attempt it, and I see a long wait here. But we can afford it. The South grows steadily weaker. Our blockade clamps like a steel band, and presses tighter and tighter all the time. Food is scarce in the Confederacy. So is ammunition. They receive no recruits, and every day the army of Lee is smaller in numbers than it was the day before." "You go into Richmond, Mr. Shepard. I've heard from high officers that you do. How do they feel there with our army only about twenty miles away?" "They're quiet and seem to be confident, but I believe they know their danger." "Have you by any chance seen or heard of my cousin, Harry Kenton, who is a lieutenant on the staff of the Southern commander-in-chief?" Shepard smiled, as if the question brought memories that pleased him. "A fine youth," he said. "Yes, I've seen him more than once. I'm free to tell you, Lieutenant Mason, that I know a lot about this rebel cousin of yours. He and I have come into conflict on several occasions, and I did not win every time." "Nobody could beat Harry always," exclaimed Dick with youthful loyalty. "He was always the strongest and most active among us, and the best in forest and water. He could hunt and fish and trail like the scouts of our border days." "I found him in full possession of all these qualities and he used them against me. I should grieve if that cousin of yours were to fall, Mr. Mason. I want to know him still better after the war." Dick would have asked further questions about the encounters between Harry and the spy, but he judged that Shepard did not care to answer them, and he forbore. Yet the man aroused the most intense curiosity in him. There were spies and spies, and Shepard was one of them, but he was not like the others. He was unquestionably a man of great mental power. His calm, steady gaze and his words to the point showed it. No one patronized Shepard. "I should like to go into Richmond with you some dark night," said Dick, who hid a strong spirit of adventure under his quiet exterior. "You're not serious, Lieutenant Mason?" "I wasn't, maybe, when I began to say it, but I believe I am now. Why shouldn't I be curious about Richmond, a place that great armies have been trying to take for three years? Just at present it's the center of the world to me in interest." "You must not think of such a thing, Mr. Mason. Detection means certain death." "No more for me than for you." "But I have had a long experience and I have resources of which you can't know. Don't think of it again, Mr. Mason." "I was merely jesting. I won't," said Dick. He involuntarily looked toward the point beyond the horizon where Richmond lay, and Shepard meanwhile studied him closely. Young Mason had not come much under his notice until lately, but now he began to interest the spy greatly. Shepard observed what a strong, well-built young fellow he was, tall and slender but extremely muscular. He also bore a marked resemblance to his cousin, Harry Kenton, and such was the quality of Shepard that the likeness strongly recommended Dick to him. Moreover, he read the lurking thought that persisted in Dick's mind. "You mustn't dream of such a thing as entering Richmond, Mr. Mason," he said. "It was just a passing thought. But aren't you going in again?" "Later on, no doubt, but not just now. I understand that we're planning some movement. I don't know what it is, but I'm to wait here until it's over. Good-by, Mr. Mason. Since things are closing in it's possible that you and I will see more of each other than before." "Of course, when I'm personally conducted by you on that trip into Richmond." Shepard, who had left the portico, turned and shook a warning finger. "Dismiss that absolutely and forever from your mind, Mr. Mason," he said. Dick laughed, and watched the stalwart figure of the spy as he strode away. Again the singular ease and lightness of his step struck him. To the lad's fancy the grass did not bend under his feet. Upon Dick as upon Harry, Shepard made the impression of power, not only of strength but of subtlety and courage. "I'm glad that man's on our side," said Dick to himself, as Shepard's figure disappeared among the trees. Then he left the portico and went down in the valley to Colonel Winchester's regiment, where he was received with joyous shouts by several young men, including Warner and Pennington, who had gone on before. Colonel Winchester himself smiled and nodded, and Dick saluted respectfully. The Winchesters, as they loved to call themselves, were faring well at this particular time. Like the Invincibles on the other side, this regiment had been decimated and filled up again several times. It had lost heavily in the Wilderness and at Spottsylvania, but its colonel had escaped without serious hurt and had received special mention for gallantry and coolness. It had been cut up once more at Cold Harbor, and because of its great services and losses it was permitted to remain a while in the rear as a reserve, and obtain the rest it needed so sorely. The brave youths were recovering fast from their wounds and exertions. Their camp was beside a clear brook and there were tents for the officers, though they were but seldom used, most of them, unless it should be raining, preferring to sleep in their blankets under the trees. The water was good to drink, and farther down were several deep pools in which they bathed. Food, as usual in the Northern army, was good and plentiful, and for the Winchesters it seemed more a period of play than of war. "What did you see at the house, Dick?" asked Colonel Winchester. "The spy, Shepard. I talked a while with him. He says the Confederacy is growing weaker every day, but if we try to storm Lee's lines we'll be cut to pieces." "I think he's right in both respects, although I feel sure that some kind of a movement will soon be attempted. But Dick, a mail from the west has arrived and here is a letter for you." He handed the lad a large square envelope, addressed in tall, slanting script, and Dick knew at once that it was from his mother. He seized it eagerly, and Colonel Winchester, suppressing the wish to know what was inside, turned away. * * * * I have not heard from my dearest boy since the terrible battles in the east [Mrs. Mason wrote], but I hope and pray that you have come safely through them. You have escaped so many dangers that I feel you must escape all the rest. The news reaches us that the fighting in Virginia has been of the most dreadful character, but when it arrives in Pendleton it has two meanings. Those of our little town who are for the Confederacy say General Grant's losses have been so enormous that he can go no farther, and that the last and greatest effort of the North has failed. Those who sympathize with the Union say General Lee has been reduced so greatly that he must be crushed soon and with him the Confederacy. As you know, I wish the latter to be true, but I suspect that the truth is somewhere between the two statements. But the truth either way brings me great grief. I cannot hate the Southern people. We are Southern ourselves in all save this war, and, although our dear little town is divided in feeling, I have received nothing but kindness from those on the other side. Dr. Russell often asks about you. He says you were the best Latin scholar in the Academy, and he expects you to have a great future, as a learned man, after the war. He speaks oftenest of you and Harry Kenton, and I believe that you two were his favorite pupils. He says that Harry's is the best mathematical mind he has ever found in his long years of teaching. Your room remains just as it was when you left. Juliana brushes and airs it every day, and expects at any time to see her young Master Dick come riding home. She keeps in her mind two pictures of you, absolutely unlike. In one of these pictures you are a great officer, carrying much of the war's weight on your shoulders, consulted continually by General Grant, who goes wrong only when he fails to take your advice. In the other you are a little boy whom she alternately scolds and pets. And it may be that I am somewhat like Juliana in this respect. The garden is very fine this year. The vegetables were never more plentiful, and never of a finer quality. I wish you were here for your share. It must be a trial to have to eat hard crackers and tough beef and pork day after day. I should think that you would grow to hate the sight of them. Sam, the colored man who has been with us so long, has proved as faithful and trustworthy as Juliana. He makes a most excellent farmer, and the yield of corn in the bottom land is going to be amazing. They say that since the Federal successes in the West the operations of Skelly's band of guerrillas have become bolder, but he has not threatened Pendleton again. They say also that a little farther south a band of like character, who call themselves Southern, under a man named Slade, are ravaging, but I suppose that you, who see great generals and great armies daily, are not much concerned about outlaws. Always keep your feet dry and warm if you can, and never fail to spread a blanket between you and the damp grass. Give my respects to Colonel Winchester. Tell him that we hear of him now and then in Kentucky and that we hear only good. Don't forget about the blanket. * * * * There was more, but it was these passages over which Dick lingered longest. He read the letter three times—letters were rare in those years, and men prized them highly—and put it away in his strongest pocket. Colonel Winchester was standing by the edge of the brook, and Dick, saluting him, said: "My mother wishes me to deliver to you her respects and best wishes." A flush showed through the tan of the colonel's face, and Dick, noticing it, was startled by a sudden thought. At first his feeling was jealousy, but it passed in an instant, never to come again. There was no finer man in the world than Colonel Winchester. "She is well," he added, "and affairs could go no better at Pendleton." "I am glad," said Colonel Winchester simply. Then he turned to a man with very broad shoulders and asked: "How are the new lads coming on?" "Very well, sir," replied Sergeant Daniel Whitley. "Some of 'em are a little awkward yet, and a few are suffering from change of water, but they're good boys and we can depend on 'em, sir, when the time comes." "Especially since you have been thrashing 'em into shape for so many days, sergeant." "Thank you, sir." An orderly came with a message for Colonel Winchester, who left at once, but Dick and the sergeant, his faithful comrade and teacher, stood beside the stream. They could easily see the bathers farther down, splashing in the water, pulling one another under, and, now and then, hurling a man bodily into the pool. They were all boys to the veteran. Many of them had been trained by him, and his attitude toward them was that of a school teacher toward his pupils. "You have ears that hear everything, sergeant," said Dick. "What is this new movement that I've heard two or three men speak of? Something sudden they say." "I've heard too," replied Sergeant Whitley, "but I can't guess it. Whatever it is, though, it's coming soon. There's a lot of work going on at a point farther down the line, but it's kept a secret from the rest of us here." The sergeant went away presently, and Dick, going down stream, joined some other young officers in a pool. He lay on the bank afterward, but, shortly after dark, Colonel Winchester returned, gave an order, and the whole regiment marched away in the dusk. Dick felt sure that the event Sergeant Whitley had predicted was about to happen, but the colonel gave no hint of its nature, and he continued to wonder, as they advanced steadily in the dusk. The men marched on for a long time, and, after a while, they heard the hum of many voices and the restless movements that betokened the presence of numerous troops. Dick, who had dismounted, walked forward a little distance with Colonel Winchester, and, in the moonlight, he was able to see that a large division of the army was gathered near, resting on its arms. It was obvious that the important movement, of which he had been hearing so much, was at hand, but the colonel volunteered nothing concerning its nature. The troops were allowed to lie down, and, with the calmness that comes of long experience, they soon fell asleep. But the officers waited and watched, and Dick saw other regiments arriving. Warner, who had pushed through some bushes, came back and said in a whisper: "I've seen a half-dozen great mounds of fresh earth." "Earth taken out to make a trench, no doubt," said Dick. But Warner shook his head. "There's too much of it," he said, "and it's been carried too far to the rear. In my opinion extensive mining operations have been going on here." "For what?" asked Pennington. "Not for silver or gold. We're no treasure hunters, and besides, there's none here." Warner shook his head again. "I don't know," he replied, "but I'm quite sure that it has something to do, perhaps all to do, with the movement now at hand. To the right of us, regiments, including several of colored troops, are already forming in line of battle, and I've no doubt our turn will come before long." "We must be intending to make an attack," said Dick, "but I don't suppose we'll move until day." He had learned long since that night attacks were very risky. Friend was likely to fire into friend and the dusk and confusion invariably forbade victory. But the faculties that create anxiety and alarm had been dulled for the time by immense exertions and dangers, and he placidly awaited the event, whatever it might be. "What time is it?" asked Pennington. "Half past three in the morning," replied Dick, who was able to see the face of his watch. "Not such a long wait then. Day comes early this time of the year." "You lads can sit down and make yourselves comfortable," said Colonel Winchester. "It's desirable for you to be as fresh as possible when you're wanted. I'm glad to see the men sleeping. They'll receive a signal in ample time." The young officers followed his suggestion, but they kept very wide awake, talking for a little while in whispers and then sinking away into silence. The noise from the massed troops near them decreased also and Dick's curiosity began to grow again. He stood up, but he saw no movement, nothing to indicate the nature of any coming event. He looked at his watch again. Dawn was almost at hand. A narrow band of gray would soon rim the eastern hills. An aide arrived, gave a dispatch to Colonel Winchester, and quickly passed on. The men were awakened and stood up, shaking the sleep from their eyes and then, through habit, looking to their arms and ammunition. The thread of gray showed in the east. "Whatever it is, it will come soon," whispered Warner to Dick. The gray thread broadened and became a ribbon of silver. The silver, as it widened, was shot through with pink and red and yellow, the colors of the morning. Dick caught a glimpse of massed bayonets near him, and of the Southern trenches rising slowly out of the dusk not far away. Then the earth rocked. He felt a sudden violent and convulsive movement that nearly threw him from his feet, and the whole world in front of him blazed with fire, as if a volcano, after a long silence, had burst suddenly into furious activity. Black objects, the bodies of men, were borne upon the mass of shooting flames, and the roar was so tremendous that it was heard thirty miles away. Dick had been expecting something, but no such red dawn as this, and when the fires suddenly sank, and the world-shaking crash turned to echoes he stood for a few moments appalled. He believed at first that a magazine had exploded, but, as the dawn was rapidly advancing, he beheld in front of them, where Southern breastworks had stood, a vast pit two or three hundred feet long and more than thirty feet deep. At the bottom of it, although they could not be seen through the smoke, lay the fragments of Confederate cannon and Confederate soldiers who had been blown to pieces. "A mine breaking the rebel line!" cried Warner, "and our men are to charge through it!" Trumpets were already sounding their thrilling call, and blue masses, before the smoke had lifted, were rushing into the pit, intending to climb the far side and sever the Southern line. But Colonel Winchester did not yet give the word to his own regiment, and Dick knew that they were to be held in reserve. Into the great chasm went white troops and black troops, charging together, and then Dick suddenly cried in horror. Those were veterans on the other side, and, recovering quickly from the surprise, they rushed forward their batteries and riflemen. Mahone, a little, alert man, commanded them, and in an instant they deluged the pit, afterward famous under the name of "The Crater," with fire. The steep slope held back the Union troops and from the edges everywhere the men in gray poured a storm of shrapnel and canister and bullets into the packed masses. Colonel Winchester groaned aloud, and looked at his men who were eager to advance to the rescue, but it was evident to Dick that his orders held him, and they stood in silence gazing at the appalling scene in the crater. A tunnel had been run directly under the Confederates, and then a huge mine had been exploded. All that part was successful, but the Union army had made a deep pit, more formidable than the earthwork itself. Never had men created a more terrible trap for themselves. The name, the crater, was well deserved. It was a seething pit of death filled with smoke, and from which came shouts and cries as the rim of it blazed with the fire of those who were pouring in such a stream of metal. Inside the pit the men could only cower low in the hope that the hurricane of missiles would pass over their heads. "Good God!" cried Dick. "Why don't we advance to help them!" "Here we go now, and we may need help ourselves!" said Warner. Again the trumpets were sending forth their shrill call to battle and death, and, as the colonel waved his sword, the regiment charged forward with others to rescue the men in the crater. A bright sun was shining now, and the Southern leaders saw the heavy, advancing column. They were rapidly bringing up more guns and more riflemen, and, shifting a part of their fire, a storm of death blew in the faces of those who would go to the rescue. As at Cold Harbor, the men in blue could not live before such a fire at close quarters, and the regiments were compelled to recoil, while those who were left alive in the crater surrendered. The trumpets sounded the unwilling call to withdraw, and the Winchester men, many of them shedding tears of grief and rage, fell back to their old place, while from some distant point, rising above the dying fire of the cannon and rifles, came the long, fierce rebel yell, full of defiance and triumph. The effect upon Dick of the sight in the crater was so overwhelming that he was compelled to lie down. "Why do we do such things?" he exclaimed, after the faintness passed. "Why do we waste so many lives in such vain efforts?" "We have to try," replied Warner, gloomily. "The thing was all right as far as it went, but it broke against a hedge of fire and steel, crowning a barrier that we had created for ourselves." "Let's not talk about it," said Pennington, who had been faint too. "It's enough to have seen it. I am going to blot it out of my mind if I can." But not one of the three was ever able wholly to forget that hideous dawn. Luckily the Winchesters themselves had suffered little, but they were quite content to remain in their old place by the brook, where the next day a large man in civilian dress introduced himself to Dick. "Perhaps you don't remember me, Mr. Mason," he said, "but in such times as these it's easy to forget chance acquaintances." Dick looked at him closely. He was elderly, with heavy pouches under his eyes and a rotund figure, but he looked uncommonly alert and his pale blue eyes had a penetrating quality. Then Dick recalled him. "You're Mr. Watson, the contractor," he said. "Right. Shake hands." Dick shook his hand, and he noticed that, while it was fat, it was strong and dry. He hated damp hands, which always seemed to him to have a slimy touch, as if their owner were reptilian. "I suppose business is good with you, Mr. Watson," he said. "It couldn't be better, and such affairs as the one I witnessed this morning mean more. But doubtless I have grieved over it as much as you. I may profit by the great struggle, but I have not wished either the war or its continuance. Someone must do the work I am doing. You're a bright boy, Lieutenant Mason, and I want you still to bear in mind the hint that I gave you once in Washington." "I don't recall it, this instant." "That to go into business with me is a better trade than fighting." "I thank you for the offer, but my mind turns in other directions. I'm not depreciating your occupation, Mr. Watson, but I'm interested in something else." "I knew that you were not, Lieutenant Mason. You have too much sense. Your kind could not fight if my kind did not find the sinews, and after the war the woods will be full of generals, and colonels and majors who will be glad to get jobs from men like me." "I've no doubt of it," said Dick, "but what happened this morning made me think the war is yet far from over." "We shall see what we shall see, but if you ever want a friend write to me in Washington. General delivery, there will do. Good-by." "Good-by," said Dick, and, as he watched the big man walk away, he felt that he was beginning to understand him. He had never been interested greatly in mercantile pursuits. Public and literary life and the soil were the great things to him. Now he realized that the vast strength of the North, a strength that could survive any number of defeats, lay largely in her trade and commerce. The South, almost stationary upon the soil, had fallen behind, and no amount of skill and courage could save her. Colonel Winchester gave the young officers who had been awake all night permission to sleep, and Dick was glad to avail himself of it. He still felt weak, and ill, and, with a tender smile, remembering his mother's advice about the blanket, he spread one in the shade of a small oak and lay down upon it. Despite the terrible repulse of the morning most of the men had regained their usual spirits. Several were playing accordions, and the others were listening. The Winchesters were known as a happy regiment, because they had an able colonel, strong but firm, efficient and tactful minor officers. They seldom got into mischief, and always they pooled their resources. One lad was reading now to a group from a tattered copy of "Les Miserables," which had just reached them. He was deep in Waterloo and Dick heard their comments. "You wait till the big writers begin to tell about Chickamauga and Gettysburg and Shiloh," said one. "They'll class with Waterloo or ahead of it, and the French and English never fought any such campaign as that when Grant came down through the Wilderness. What's that about the French riding into the sunken road? I'm willin' to bet it was nothing but a skirmish beside Pickett's charge at Gettysburg." "And both failed," said Warner. "There are always brave men on every side in any war. I don't know whether Napoleon was right or wrong— I suppose he was wrong at that time—but it always makes me feel sad to read of Waterloo." "Just as a lot of our own people were grieved at the death of Stonewall Jackson, although next to Lee he was our most dangerous foe," said Pennington. The reader resumed, and, although he was interrupted from time to time by question or comment, his monotone was pleasant and soothing, and Dick fell asleep. When he awoke his nerves were restored, and he could think of the crater without becoming faint again. That night Colonel Hertford of the cavalry came to their camp and talked with Colonel Winchester in the presence of Dick and his comrades of the staff. The disastrous failure of the morning, so the cavalryman said, had convinced all the generals that Lee's trenches could not be forced, and the commander-in-chief was turning his eye elsewhere. While the deadlock before Petersburg lasted he would push the operations in some other field. He was watching especially the Valley of Virginia, where Early, after his daring raid upon the outskirts of Washington, was being pursued by Sheridan, though not hard enough in the opinion of General Grant. "It's almost decided that help will be sent to Sheridan," said Hertford, "and in that event my regiment is sure to go. Yours has served as a mounted regiment, and I think I have influence enough to see that it is sent again as cavalry, if you wish." Colonel Winchester accepted the offer gladly, and his young officers, in all eagerness, seconded him. They were tiring of inactivity, and of the cramped and painful life in the trenches. To be on horseback again, riding over hills and across valleys, seemed almost Heaven to them, and, as Colonel Hertford walked away, earnest injunctions to use his influence to the utmost followed him. "It will take the sight of the crater from my mind," said Warner. "That's one reason why I want to go." Dick, searching his own mind, concluded it was the chief reason with him, although he, too, was eager enough for a more spacious life than that of the trench. "I'm going to wish so hard for it," said Pennington, "that it'll come true." Whether Pennington's wish had any effect or not, they departed two days later, three mounted regiments under the general command of Hertford, his right as a veteran cavalry leader. All regiments, despite new men, had been reduced greatly by the years of fighting, and the three combined did not number more than fifteen hundred horse. But there was not one among them from the oldest to the youngest who did not feel elation as they rode away on the great curve that would take them into the Valley of Virginia. "It's glorious to be on a horse again, with the world before you," said Pennington. "I was born horseback, so to speak, and I never had to do any walking until I came to this war. The great plains and the free winds that blow all around the earth for me." "But you don't have rivers and hills and forests like ours," said Dick. "I know it, but I don't miss them. I suppose it's what you're used to that you like. I like a horizon that doesn't touch the ground anywhere within fifteen or eighteen miles of me. And think of seeing a buffalo herd, as I have, that's all day passing you, a million of 'em, maybe!" "And think of being scalped by the Sioux or Cheyennes, as your people out there often are," said Warner. Pennington took off his cap and disclosed an uncommonly thick head of hair. "You see that I haven't lost mine yet," he said. "If a fellow can live through big battles as I've lived through 'em he can escape Sioux and Cheyennes." "So you should. Look back now, and you can see the armies face to face." They were on the highest hill, and all the cavalry had turned for a last glance. Dick saw again the flashes from occasional rifle fire, and a dark column of smoke still rising from a spot which he knew to be the crater. He shuddered, and was glad when the force, riding on again, passed over the hill. Before them now stretched a desolated country, trodden under foot by the armies, and his heart bled again for Virginia, the most reluctant of all the states to secede, and the greatest of them all to suffer. Colonel Hertford, Colonel Winchester, and the colonel of the third regiment, a Pennsylvanian named Bedford, rode together and their young officers were just behind. All examined the country continually through glasses to guard against ambush. Stuart was gone and Forrest was far away, but they knew that danger from the fierce riders of the South was always present. Just when the capital seemed safest Early's men had appeared in its very suburbs, and here in Virginia, where the hand of every man and of every woman and child also was against them, it was wise to watch well. As they rode on the country was still marked by desolation. The fields were swept bare or trampled down. Many of the houses and barns and all the fences had been burned. The roads had been torn up by the passage of artillery and countless wagons. All the people seemed to have gone away. But when they came into rougher and more wooded regions they were shot at often by concealed marksmen. A half-dozen troopers were killed and more wounded, and, when the cavalrymen forced a path through the brush in pursuit of the hidden sharpshooters, they found nothing. The enemy fairly melted away. It was easy enough for a rifleman, knowing every gully and thicket, to send in his deadly bullet and then escape. "Although it's merely the buzzing and stinging of wasps," said Warner, "I don't like it. They can't stop our advance, but I hate to see any good fellow of ours tumbled from his horse." "Makes one think of that other ride we took in Mississippi," said Dick. "In one way, yes, but in others, no. This is hard, firm ground, and we're not persecuted by mosquitoes. Nor is the country suitable for an ambush by a great force. Ouch, that burnt!" A bullet fired from a thicket had grazed Warner's bridle hand. Dick was compelled to laugh. "You're free from mosquitoes, George," he said, "but there are still little bullets flying about, as you see." A dozen cavalrymen were sent into the thicket, but the sharpshooter was already far away. Colonel Hertford frowned and said: "Well, I suppose it's the price we have to pay, but I'd like to see the people to whom we have to pay it." "Not much chance of that," said Colonel Winchester. "The Virginians know their own ground and the lurking sharpshooters won't fire until they're sure of a safe retreat." But as they advanced the stinging fire became worse. There was no Southern force in this part of the country strong enough to meet them in open combat, but there was forest and thicket sufficient to shelter many men who were not only willing to shoot, but who knew how to shoot well. Yet they never caught anybody nor even saw anybody. A stray glimpse or two of a puff of smoke was the nearest they ever came to beholding an enemy. It became galling, intolerable. Three more men were killed and the number of wounded was doubled. The three colonels held a consultation, and decided to extend groups of skirmishers far out on either flank. Dick was chosen to lead a band of thirty picked men who rode about a mile on the right, and he had with him as his second, and, in reality, as his guide and mentor in many ways, the trusty Sergeant Whitley. It was altogether likely that Colonel Winchester would not have sent Dick unless he had been able to send the wise sergeant with him. "While you are guarding us from ambush," he said to Dick, "be sure you don't fall into an ambush yourself." "Not while Whitley, here, is with us," replied Dick. "He learned while out on the plains, not only to have eyes in the back of his head, but to have 'em in the sides of it as well. In addition he can hear the fall of a leaf a mile away." The sergeant shook his head and uttered an emphatic no in protest, but in his heart he was pleased. He was a sergeant who liked being a sergeant, and he was proud of all his wilderness and prairie lore. Dick gave the word and the little troop galloped away to the right, zealous in its task and beating up every wood and thicket for the hidden riflemen who were so dangerous. At intervals they saw the cavalry force riding steadily on, and again they were hidden from it by forest or bush. More than an hour passed and they saw no foe. Dick concluded that the sharpshooters had been scared off by the flanking force, and that they would have no further trouble with them. His spirits rose accordingly and there was much otherwise to make them rise. It was like Heaven to be on horseback in the pleasant country after being cramped up so much in narrow trenches, and there was the thrill of coming action. They were going to join Sheridan and where he rode idle moments would be few. "Ping!" a bullet whistled alarmingly near his head and then cut leaves from a sapling beyond him. The young lieutenant halted the troop instantly, and Sergeant Whitley pointed to a house just visible among some trees. "That's where it came from, and, since it hasn't been followed by a second, it's likely that only one man is there, and he is lying low, waiting a chance for another bullet," he said. "Then we'll rout him out," said Dick. He divided his little troop, in order that it could approach the house from all sides, and then he and the sergeant and six others advanced directly in front. He knew that if the marksman were still hidden inside he would not fire now, but would seek rather to hide, since he could easily observe from a window that the building was surrounded. It was a small house, but it was well built and evidently had been occupied by people of substance. It was painted white, except the shutters which were green, and a brick walk led to a portico, with fine and lofty columns. There was nobody outside, but as the shutters were open it was probable that someone was inside. Dick disliked to force an entrance at such a place, but he had been sent out to protect the flank and he could not let a rifleman lie hidden there, merely to resume his deadly business as soon as they passed on. They pushed the gate open and rode upon the lawn, an act of vandalism that he regretted, but could not help. They reached the door without any apparent notice being taken of them, and as the detachments were approaching from the other sides, Dick dismounted and knocked loudly. Receiving no answer, he bade all the others dismount. "Curley, you hold the horses," he said, "and Dixon, you tell the men in the other detachments to seize anybody trying to escape. Sergeant, you and I and the others will enter the house. Break in the lock with the butt of your rifle, sergeant! No, I see it's not locked!" He turned the bolt, and, the door swinging in, they passed into an empty hall. Here they paused and listened, which was a wise thing for a man to do when he entered the house of an enemy. Dick's sense of hearing was not much inferior to that of the sergeant, and while at first they heard nothing, they detected presently a faint click, click. He could not imagine what made the odd sound, and, listening as hard as he could, he could detect no other with it. He pushed open a door that led into the hall and he and his men entered a large room with windows on the side, opening upon a rose garden. It was a pleasant room with a high ceiling, and old-fashioned, dignified furniture. A blaze of sunlight poured in from the windows, and, where a sash was raised, came the faint, thrilling perfume of roses, a perfume to which Dick was peculiarly susceptible. Yet, for years afterward, the odor of roses brought back to him that house and that room. He thought at first that the room, although the faint clicking noise continued, contained no human being. But presently he saw sitting at a table by the open window a woman whose gray dress and gray hair blended so nearly with the gray colors of the chamber that even a soldier could have been excused for not seeing her at once. Her head and body were perfectly still, but her hands were moving rapidly. She was knitting, and it was the click of her needles that they had heard. She did not look up as Dick entered, and, taking off his cap, he stood, somewhat abashed. He knew at once by her dress and face, and the dignity, disclosed even by the manner in which she sat, that she was a great lady, one of those great ladies of old Virginia who were great ladies in fact. She was rather small, Martha Washington might have looked much like her, and she knitted steadily on, without showing by the least sign that she was aware of the presence of Union soldiers. A long and embarrassed silence followed. Dick judged that she was about sixty-five years of age, though she seemed strong and he felt that she was watching them alertly from covert eyes. There was no indication that anyone else was in the building, but it did not seem likely that a great lady of Virginia would be left alone in her house, with a Union force marching by. He approached, bowed and said: She raised her head and looked at him slowly from head to foot, and then back again. They were fierce old eyes, and Dick felt as if they burned him, but he held his ground knowing that he must. Then she turned back to her knitting, and the needles clicked steadily as before. "Madame!" repeated Dick, still embarrassed. She lifted the fierce old eyes. "I should think," she said, "that the business of General Grant's soldiers was to fight those of General Lee rather than to annoy lone women." Dick flushed, but angry blood leaped in his veins. "Pardon me, madame," he said, "but we have not come here to annoy a woman. We were fired upon from this house. The man who did it has had no opportunity to escape, and I'm sure that he's still concealed within these walls." "Seek and ye shall—not find," she half quoted. "I must search the house." "First question her," the sergeant whispered in the young lieutenant's ear. Dick nodded. "Pardon me, madame," he said, "but I must obtain information from you. This is war, you know." "I have had many rude reminders that it is so." "Where is your husband?" She pointed upward. "Forgive me," said Dick impulsively. "I did not intend to recall a grief." "Don't worry. You and your comrades will never intrude upon him there." "Perhaps you have sons here in this house?" "I have three, but they are not here." "Where are they?" "One fell with Jackson at Chancellorsville. It was a glorious death, but he is not dead to me. I shall always see him, as he was when he went away, a tall, strong man with brown hair and blue eyes. Another fell in Pickett's charge at Gettysburg. They told me that his body lay across one of the Union guns on Cemetery Hill. That, too, was a glorious death, and like his brother he shall live for me as long as I live. The third is alive and with Lee." She had stopped knitting, but now she resumed it, and, during another embarrassed pause, the click, click of the needles was the only sound heard in the room. "I regret it, madame," resumed Dick, "but we must search the house thoroughly." "Proceed," she said again in that tone of finality. "Take the men and look carefully through every room," said Dick to the sergeant. "I will remain here." Whitley and the troopers withdrew quietly. When the last of them had disappeared he walked to one of the windows and looked out. He saw his mounted men beyond the rose garden on guard, and he knew that they were as vigilant on the other sides of the house. The sharpshooter could not escape, and he was firmly resolved not to go without him. Yet his conscience hurt him. It was hard, too, to wait there, while the woman said not a word, but knitted on as placidly as if he did not exist. "Madame," he said at last, "I pray that you do not regard this as an intrusion. The uses of war are hard. We must search. No one can regret it more than I do, in particular since I am really a Southerner myself, a Kentuckian." "A traitor then as well as an enemy." Dick flushed deeply, and again there was angry blood in his veins, but he restrained his temper. "You must at least allow to a man the liberty of choice," he said. "Provided he has the intelligence and honesty to choose right." Dick flushed again and bit his lip. And yet he felt that a woman who had lost two sons before Northern bullets might well be unforgiving. There was nothing more for him to say, and while he turned back to the window the knitting needles resumed their click, click. He waited a full ten minutes and he knew that the sergeant and his men were searching the house thoroughly. Nothing could escape the notice of Whitley, and he would surely find the sharpshooter. Then he heard their footsteps on a stairway and in another minute they entered the great room. The face of the sergeant clearly showed disappointment. "There's nobody in the house," he said, "or, if he is he's so cleverly hidden, that we haven't been able to find him—that is so far. Perhaps Madame here can tell us something." "I know nothing," she said, "but if I knew anything I would not tell it to you." The sergeant smiled sourly, but Dick said: "We must look again. The man could not have escaped with the guard that we've set around the house." The sergeant and his men made another search. They penetrated every place in which a human being could possibly hide. They thrust their rifle barrels up the chimneys, and they turned down the bed covers, but again they found nothing. Dick meanwhile remained as before in the large room, covertly watching the woman, lest she give a signal to the rifleman who must be somewhere. All the while the perfume of the roses was growing stronger and more penetrating, a light wind that had sprung up bringing it through the open window. It thrilled Dick in some singular manner, and the strangeness of the scene heightened its effect. It was like standing in a room in a dim old castle to which he had been brought as a prisoner, while the terrible old woman was his jailer. Then the click of the knitting needles brought him back to the present and reality, but reality itself, despite the sunshine and the perfume of the roses, was heavy and oppressive. Dick apparently was looking from the window at the garden, brilliant with flowers, but in fact he was closely watching the woman out of the corner of his eye. He had learned to read people by their own eyes, and he had seen how hers burned when she looked at them. Strength of will and intent lie in the human eye. Unless it is purposely veiled it tells the mind and power that are in the brain back of it. A fear of her crept slowly over him. Perhaps the fear came because, obviously, she had no fear at all of him, or of Whitley or of the soldiers. After their short dialogue she had returned to her old immobility. Neither her body nor her head moved, only her hands, and the motion was wholly from the wrists. She was one of the three Fates, knitting steadily and knitting up the destiny of men. He shook himself. His was a sound and healthy mind, and he would allow no taint of morbidness to enter it. He knew that there was nothing supernatural in the world, but he did believe that this woman with the gray hair, the burning eyes and the sharp chin, looking as if it had been cut from a piece of steel, was the possessor of uncanny wisdom. Beyond a doubt she knew where the marksman was hidden, and, unless he watched her ceaselessly, she would give him a signal of some kind. Perhaps he was hidden in the garden among the rose bushes, and he would see her hand, if it was raised ever so slightly. Maybe that was why the window was open, because the clearest glass even could obscure a signal meant to be faint, unnoticed by all except the one for whom it was intended. He would have that garden searched thoroughly when the sergeant returned, and his heart beat with a throb of relief when he heard the stalwart Whitley's footstep once more at the door. "We have found nothing, sir," said the sergeant. "We've explored every place big enough to hide a cat." "Search the garden out there," said Dick. "Look behind every vine and bush." "You will at least spare my roses," said the woman. "They shall not be harmed," replied the lieutenant, "but my men must see what, if anything, is in the garden." She said no more. She had not even raised her head when she spoke, and the sergeant and his men went into the garden. They looked everywhere but they damaged nothing. They did not even break off a single flower for themselves. Dick had felt confident that after the failure to find the sharpshooter in the house he would be discovered there, but his net brought in no fish. He glanced at the sergeant, who happened to glance at him at the same time. Each read the look in the eyes of the other. Each said that they had failed, that they were wasting time, that there was nothing to be gained by hunting longer for a single enemy, that it was time to ride on, as flankers on the right of the main column. "Madame," said Dick politely, "we leave you now. I repeat my regret at being compelled to search your house in this manner. My duty required it, although we have found nobody." "You found nobody because nobody is here." "Evidently it is so. Good-by. We wish you well." "Good-by. I hope that all of you will be shot by our brave troops before night!" The wish was uttered with the most extraordinary energy and fierceness. For the first time she had raised her level tone, and the lifted eyes that looked into Dick's were blazing with hate. He uttered an exclamation and stepped back. Then he recovered himself and said politely: "Madame, I do not wish any such ill to you or yours." But she had resumed her knitting, and Dick, without another word, walked out of the house, followed by the sergeant and his men. "I did not know a woman could be so vindictive," he said. "Our army has killed two of her sons," said the sergeant. "To her we, like all the rest of our troops, are the men who killed them." "Perhaps that is so," said Dick thoughtfully, as he remounted. They rode beside the walk and out at the open gate. Dick carried a silver whistle, upon which he blew a signal for the rest of his men to join them, and then he and the sergeant went slowly up the road. He was deeply chagrined at the escape of the rifleman, and the curse of the woman lay heavily upon him. "I don't see how it was done," he said. "Nor I," said the sergeant, shaking his head. There was a sharp report, the undoubted whip-like crack of a rifle, and a man just behind, uttering a cry, held up a bleeding arm. Dick had a lightning conviction that the bullet was intended for himself. It was certain also that the shot had come from the house. "Back with me, sergeant!" he exclaimed. "We'll get that fellow yet!" They galloped back, sprang from their horses, and rushed in, followed by the original little troop that had entered, Dick shouting a direction to the others to remain outside. The fierce little old woman was sitting as before by the table, knitting, and she had never appeared more the great lady. "Once was enough," she said, shooting him a glance of bitter contempt. "But twice may succeed," Dick said. "Sergeant, take the men and go through all the house again. Our friend with the rifle may not have had time to get back into his hidden lair. I will remain here." The sergeant and his men went out and he heard their boots on the stairway and in the other rooms. The window near him was still open and the perfume of the roses came in again, strangely thrilling, overpowering. But something had awakened in Dick. The sixth, and even the germ of a seventh sense, which may have been instinct, were up and alive. He did not look again at the rose garden, nor did he listen any longer to the footsteps of his men. He had concentrated all his faculties, the known, and the unknown, which may have been lying dormant in him, upon a single object. He heard only the click of the knitting needles, and he saw only the small, strong hands moving swiftly back and forth. They were very white, and they were firm like those of a young woman. There were none of the heavy blue veins across the back that betoken age. The hands fascinated him. He stared at them, fairly pouring his gaze upon them. They were beautiful, as the hands of a great lady should be kept, and it was all the more wonderful then that the right should have across the back of it a faint gray smudge, so tiny that only an eye like his, and a concentrated gaze like his, could have seen it. He took four swift steps forward, seized the white hand in his and held it up. "Madame," he said, and now his tone was as fierce as hers had ever been, "where is the rifle?" She made no attempt to release her hand, nor did she move at all, save to lift her head. Then her eyes, hard, defiant and ruthless, looked into his. But his look did not flinch from hers. He knew, and, knowing, he meant to act. "Madame," he repeated, "where is the rifle? It is useless for you to deny." "Have I denied?" "No, but where is the rifle?" He was wholly unconscious of it, but his surprise and excitement were so great that his hand closed upon hers in a strong muscular contraction. Thrills of pain shot through her body, but she did not move. "The rifle! The rifle!" repeated Dick. "Loose my hand, and I will give it to you." His hand fell away and she walked to the end of the room where a rug, too long, lay in a fold against the wall. She turned back the fold and took from its hiding place a slender-barreled cap-and-ball rifle. Without a word she handed it to Dick and he passed his hand over the muzzle, which was still warm. He looked at her, but she gave back his gaze unflinching. "I could not believe it, were it not so," he said. "But it is so. The bullets were not aimed well enough." Dick felt an emotion that he did not wholly understand. "Madame," he said, "I shall take the rifle, and again say good-by. As before, I wish you well." She resumed her seat in the chair and took up the knitting. But she did not repeat her wish that Dick and all his men be shot before night. He went out in silence, and gently closed the door behind him. In the hall he met Sergeant Whitley and said: "We needn't look any farther. I know now that the man has gone and we shall not be fired upon again from this house." The sergeant glanced at the rifle Dick carried and made no comment. But when they were riding away, he said: "And so that was it?" "Yes, that was it." Dick and his little troop rode on through the silent country, and they were so watchful and thorough that they protected fully the right flank of the marching column. One or two shots were fired, but the reports came from such distant points that he knew the bullets had fallen short. But while he beat up the forests and fields for sharpshooters he was very thoughtful. He had a mind that looked far ahead, even in youth, and the incident at the house weighed upon him. He foresaw the coming triumph of the North and of the Union, a triumph won after many great disasters, but he remembered what an old man at a blacksmith shop in Tennessee had told him and his comrades before the Battle of Stone River. Whatever happened, however badly the South might be defeated, the Southern soil would still be held by Southern people, and their bitterness would be intense for many a year to come. The victor forgives easily, the vanquished cannot forget. His imagination was active and vivid, often attaining truths that logic and reason do not reach, and he could understand what had happened at the house, where the ordinary mind would have been left wondering. It is likely also that the sergeant had a perception of it, though not as sharp and clear as Dick's. "When the war is over and the soldiers all go back, that is them that's livin'," he said, "it won't be them that fought that'll keep the grudge. It's the women who've lost their own that'll hate longest." "I think what you say is true, Whitley," said Dick, "but let's not talk about it any more. It hurts." "Me too," said the sergeant. "But don't you like this country that we're ridin' through, Mr. Mason?" "Yes, it's fine, but most of it has been cropped too hard. I remember reading somewhere that George Washington himself said, away back in the last century, that slave labor, so careless and reckless, was ruining the soil of Virginia." "Likely that's true, sir, but it won't have much chance to keep on ruinin' it. Wouldn't you say, sir, that was a Johnny on his horse up there?" "I can soon tell you," said Dick, unslinging his glasses. On their right was a hill towering above the rest. The slopes were wooded densely, but the crest was quite bare. Upon it sat a solitary figure on horseback, evidently watching the marching column. Dick put his glasses to his eyes. The hill and the lone sentinel enlarged suddenly and came nearer. The pulses in his temples beat hard. Although he could not see the watcher's face clearly, because he too was using glasses, he knew him instantly. He would have known that heroic figure and the set of the shoulders and head anywhere. He felt astonishment at first, but it passed quickly. It was likely that they should meet again some time or other, since the field of battle had narrowed so much. Sergeant Whitley, who invariably saw everything, had seen Dick's slight start. "Someone you know, sir?" he asked. "Yes, sergeant. It's my cousin, Harry Kenton. You've heard me talk of him often. A finer and braver and stronger fellow never lived. He's using glasses too and I've no doubt he's recognized me." Dick suddenly waved his glasses aloft, and Harry Kenton replied in like manner. "He sees and knows me!" cried Dick. But the sergeant was very sober. He foresaw that these youths, bound by such ties of blood and affection, might come into battle against each other. The same thought was in Dick's mind, despite his pleasure at the distant view of Harry. "We exchanged shots in the Manassas campaign," said Dick. "We were sheltered and we didn't know each other until several bullets had passed." "Three more horsemen have joined him," said the sergeant. "Those are his friends," said Dick, who had put the glasses back to his eyes. "Look how they stand out against the sun!" The four horsemen in a row, at equal distances from one another, were enlarged against a brilliant background of red and gold. Their attitude was impressive, as they sat there, unmoving, like statues cut in stone. They were in truth Harry and Dalton, St. Clair and Happy Tom, and farther on the Invincibles were marching, the two colonels at their head, to the Valley of Virginia to reinforce Early, and to make headway, if possible, against Sheridan. Harry was deeply moved. Kinship and the long comradeship of youth count for much. Perhaps for more in the South than anywhere else. Stirred by a sudden emotion he took off his cap and waved it as a signal of hail and farewell. The four removed their own caps and waved them also. Then they turned their horses in unison, rode over the hill and were gone from Dick's sight. Sergeant Whitley was not educated, but his experience was vast, he knew men and he had the gift of sympathy. He understood Dick's feelings. "All civil wars are cruel," he said. "The killing of one's own people is worst of all." But as they went on, Dick's melancholy fell from him, and he had only pleasant recollections of the meeting. Besides, the continued movement and freedom were inspiriting in the highest degree to youth. Although it was August the day was cool, and the blue sky of Virginia was never brighter. A refreshing breeze blew from dim, blue mountains that they could see far ahead, and, as they entered a wide stretch of open country where ambush was impossible, the trumpets called in the flankers. "We shall make the lower mountains about midnight, and we'd better camp then until dawn. Don't you think so, gentlemen?" asked Colonel Hertford of his associate colonels, Winchester and Bedford. "The plan seems sound to me," replied Bedford, the Pennsylvanian. "Of course, we want to reach Sheridan as soon as possible, but if we push the horses too hard we'll break them down." Dick had dropped back with Warner and Pennington, but he heard the colonels talking. "We all saw General Sheridan at the great battles in the West," he said. "I particularly remember how he planted himself and the batteries at Perryville and saved us from defeat, but he seems to be looming up so much more now in the East." "He's become the Stuart of our side," said Warner. "I've heard some of the people at Washington don't believe in him, but he has General Grant's confidence and that's enough for me. Not that I put military authority over civil rule, but war has to be fought by soldiers. I look for lively times in the Valley of Virginia." "Anyway, the Lord has delivered me from the trenches at Petersburg," said Pennington. "Think of me, used to roaming over a thousand miles of plains, shut up between mud walls only four or five feet apart." "I believe that, with Sheridan, you're going to have all the roaming you want," said Dick. They passed silent farm houses, but took nothing from them. Ample provision was carried on extra horses or their own, and the three colonels were anxious not to inflame the country by useless seizures. Twilight came, and the low mountains sank away in the dusk. But they had already reached a higher region where nearly all the hills were covered with forest, and Colonel Hertford once more spread out the flankers, Dick and the sergeant, as before, taking the right with their little troop. The night was fortunately clear, almost as light as day, with a burnished moon and brilliant stars, and they did not greatly fear ambush. Dick shrewdly reckoned that Early would need all his men in the valley, and, after the first day at sharpshooting, they would withdraw to meet greater demands. Nevertheless he took a rather wide circuit and came into a lonely portion of the hills, where the forest was unbroken, save for the narrow path on which they rode. The sergeant dismounted once and examined the ground. "Nothing has passed here," he said, "and the woods and thickets are so dense that men can't ride through 'em." The path admitted of only two abreast, and the forest was so heavy that it shut out most of the moonlight. But they rode on confidently, Dick and the sergeant leading. If it had not been for the size of the trees, Dick would have thought that he was back in the Wilderness. They heard now and then the wings of night birds among the leaves, and occasionally some small animal would scuttle across the path. They forded a narrow but deep stream, its waters black from decayed vegetation, and continued to push on briskly through the unbroken forest, until the sergeant said in a low voice to Dick: "I think I hear something ahead of us." They pulled back on the reins so suddenly that those behind almost rode into them. Then they sat there, a solid, compact little group, while Dick and the sergeant listened intently. "It's hoofbeats," said Dick, "very faint, because they are far away." "I think you are right, sir," said the sergeant. "But they're coming this way." "Yes, and at a steady pace. No stops and no hesitation." "Which shows that it's somebody who doesn't fear any harm." "The beats are pretty solid. A heavy man on a heavy horse." "About three hundred yards away, don't you think?" "About that, sir." "Maybe a farmer going home?" "Maybe, but I don't think so, sir." "At any rate, we'll soon see, because our unknown comes on without a break. There he is now!" They had a comparatively clear view straight ahead, and the figure of a man and a horse emerged from the shadows. The sergeant raised his rifle, but, as the man came on without fear, he dropped it again. Some strange effect of the moonlight exaggerated the rider and his horse, making both look gigantic, blending them together in such manner that a tremendous centaur seemed to be riding them down. In an instant or two the general effect vanished and as a clear beam fell upon the man's face Dick uttered an exclamation of relief. "Shepard!" he said, and he felt then that he should have known before that it was Shepard who was coming. He, alone of all men, seemed to have the gift of omniscience and omnipresence. The spy drew his horse to a halt directly in front of him and saluted: "Lieutenant Mason, sir?" he said. "I'm glad it's you, Mr. Shepard," said Dick. "I think that in this wood we'll need the hundred eyes that once belonged to Argus, but which he has passed on to you." "Thank you, sir," said Shepard. But the man at whom he looked most was the sergeant, and the sergeant looked most at him. One was a sergeant and the other was a spy, but each recognized in the other a king among men. Eyes swept over powerful chests and shoulders and open, bold countenances, and signified approval. They had met before, but they were more than well met here in the loneliness and the dark, amid dangers, where skill and courage, and not rank, counted. Then they nodded without speaking, as an Indian chief would to an Indian chief, his equal. "You were coming to meet us, Mr. Shepard?" said Dick. "I expected to find you on this path." "And you have something to tell?" "A small Confederate force is in the mountains, awaiting Colonel Hertford. It is inferior to his in numbers, but it knows the country thoroughly and has the sympathy of all the inhabitants, who bring to it news of everything." "Do you know these Confederate troops?" "Yes, sir. Their corps is a regiment called in General Lee's army the Invincibles, but it includes two other skeleton regiments. Colonel Talbot who leads the Invincibles is the commander of them all. He has, I should say, slightly less than a thousand men." "You know a good deal about this regiment called the Invincibles, do you not, Mr. Shepard?" "I do, sir. Its colonel, Talbot, and its lieutenant-colonel, St. Hilaire, are as brave men as any that ever lived, and the regiment has an extraordinary reputation in the Southern army for courage. Two of General Lee's young staff officers are also with them now." "Who are they?" "Lieutenant Harry Kenton and Lieutenant George Dalton." Dick with his troop rode at once to Colonel Hertford and reported. Colonel Hertford listened and then glanced at Dick. "Kenton is your cousin, I believe," he said. "Yes, sir," replied Dick. "He has been in the East all the time. Once in the second Manassas campaign we came face to face and fired at each other, although we did not know who was who then." "And now here you are in opposing forces again. With the war converging as it is, it was more than likely that you should confront each other once more." "But I don't expect to be shooting at Harry, and I don't think he'll be shooting at me." "Will you ride into the woods again on the right, Mr. Shepard?" said Colonel Hertford. "Perhaps you may get another view of this Confederate force. Dick, you go with him. Warner, you and Pennington come with me." Dick and Shepard entered the woods side by side, and the youth who had a tendency toward self-analysis found that his liking and respect for the spy increased. The general profession of a spy might be disliked, but in Shepard it inspired no repulsion, rather it increased his heroic aspect, and Dick found himself relying upon him also. He felt intuitively that when he rode into the forest with Shepard he rode into no danger, or if by any chance he did ride into danger, they would, under the guidance of the spy, ride safely out of it again. Shepard turned his horse toward the deeper forest, which lay on the left, and very soon they were out of sight of the main column, although the sound of hoofs and of arms, clinking against one another, still came faintly to them. Yet peace, the peace for which Dick longed so ardently, seemed to dwell there in the woods. The summer was well advanced and as the light winds blew, the leaves, already beginning to dry, rustled against one another. The sound was pleasant and soothing. He and Harry Kenton and other lads of their age had often heard it on autumn nights, when they roamed through the forests around Pendleton in search of the raccoon and the opossum. It all came back to him with astonishing vividness and force. He was boy and man in one. But he could scarcely realize the three years and more of war that had made him a man. In one way it seemed a century, and in another it seemed but yesterday. The water rose in his eyes at the knowledge that this same cousin who was like a brother to him, one with whom he had hunted, fished, played and swum, was there in the woods less than a mile away, and that he might be in battle with him again before morning. "You were thinking of your cousin, Mr. Kenton," said Shepard suddenly. "Yes, but how did you know?" asked Dick in surprise. "Because your face suddenly became melancholy—the moonlight is good, enabling me to read your look—and sadness is not your natural expression. You recall that your cousin, of whom you think so much, is at hand with your enemies, and the rest is an easy matter of putting two and two together." "You're right in all you say, Mr. Shepard, but I wish Harry wasn't there." Shepard was silent and then Dick added passionately: "Why doesn't the South give up? She's worn down by attrition. She's blockaded hard and fast! When she loses troops in battle she can't find new men to take their places! She's short in food, ammunition, medicines, everything! The whole Confederacy can't be anything but a shell now! Why don't they quit!" "Pride, and a lingering hope that the unexpected will happen. Yes, we've won the war, Mr. Mason, but it's yet far from finished. Many a good man will fall in this campaign ahead of us in the valley, and in other campaigns too, but, as I see it, the general result is already decided. Nothing can change it. Look between these trees, and you can see the Southern force now." Dick from his horse gazed into a valley down which ran a good turnpike, looking white in the moonlight. Upon this road rode the Southern force in close ranks, but too far away, for any sound of their hoof beats to come to the watchers. The moon which was uncommonly bright now colored them all with silver, and Dick, with his imaginative mind, easily turned them into a train of the knights of old, clad in glittering mail. They created such a sense of illusion and distance, time as well as space, that the peace of the moment was not disturbed. It was a spectacle out of the past, rather than present war. "You are familiar with the country, of course," said Dick. "Yes," replied Shepard. "Our road, as you know, is now running parallel with that on which the Southern force is traveling, with a broad ridge between. But several miles farther on the ridge becomes narrower and the roads merge. We're sure to have a fight there. Like you, I'm sorry your cousin Harry Kenton is with them." "It seems that you and he know a good deal of each other." "Yes, circumstances have brought us into opposition again and again from the beginning of the war, but the same circumstances have made me know more about him than he does about me. Yet I mean that we shall be friends when peace comes, and I don't think he'll oppose my wish." "He won't. Harry has a generous and noble nature. But he wouldn't stand being patronized, merely because he happened to be on the beaten side." "I shouldn't think of trying to do such a thing. Now, we've seen enough, and I think we'd better go back to the colonels, with our news." They rode through the woods again, and, for most of the distance, there was no sound from the marching troops. The wonderful feeling of peace returned. The sky was as blue and soft as velvet. The great stars glittered and danced, and the wind among the rustling leaves was like the soft singing of a violin. At one point they crossed a little brook which ran so swiftly down among the trees that it was a foam of water. They dismounted, drank hastily, and then let the horses take their fill. "I like these hills and forests and their clear waters," said Dick, "and judging by the appearance it must be a fine country to which we're coming." "It is. It's something like your Kentucky Blue Grass, although it's smaller and it's hemmed in by sharper and bolder mountains. But I should say that the Shenandoah Valley is close to a hundred and twenty miles long, and from twenty-five to forty miles wide, not including its spur, the Luray Valley, west of the Massanuttons." "As large as one of the German Principalities." "And as fine as any of them." "It's where Stonewall Jackson made that first and famous campaign of his." "And it's lucky for us that we don't have to face him there now. Early is a good general, they say, but he's no Stonewall Jackson." "And we're to be led by Sheridan. I think he saved us at Perryville in Kentucky, but they say he's become a great cavalry commander. Do you know him, Mr. Shepard?" "Well. A young man, and a little man. Why, you'd overtop him more than half a head, Mr. Mason, but he has a great soul for battle. He's the kind that will strike and strike, and keep on striking, and that's the kind we need now." "Here are our own men just ahead. I see the three colonels riding together." They went forward swiftly and told what they had seen, Shepard also describing the nature of the ground ahead, and the manner in which the two roads converged. "Which column do you think will reach the junction first?" asked Colonel Hertford. "They'll come to it about the same time," replied Shepard. "And so a clash is unavoidable. It was not our purpose to fight before we reached General Sheridan, but since the enemy wants it, it must be that way." Orders were issued for the column to advance as quietly as possible, while skirmishers were thrown out to prevent any ambush. Shepard rode again into the forest but Dick remained with Warner and Pennington. Warner as usual was as cool as ice, and spoke in the precise, scholarly way that he liked. "We march parallel with the enemy," he said, "and yet we're bound to meet him and fight. It's a beautiful mathematical demonstration. The roads are not parallel in an exact sense but converge to a point. Hence, it is not our wish, but the convergence of these roads that brings us together in conflict. So we see that the greatest issues of our life are determined by mathematics. It's a splendid and romantic study. I wish you fellows would pay more attention to it." "Mathematics beautiful and romantic!" exclaimed Pennington. "Why, George, you're out of your head! There's nothing in the world I hate more than the sight of an algebra!" "The trouble is with you and not with the algebra. You were alluding in a depreciatory manner to my head but it's your own head that fails. When I said algebra was a beautiful and romantic study I used the adjectives purposely. Out of thousands of adjectives in the dictionary I selected those two to fit the case. What could be more delightful than an abstruse problem in algebra? You never know along what charming paths of the mind it will lead you. Moreover there is over it a veil of mystery. You can't surmise what delightful secrets it will reveal later on. What will the end be? What a powerful appeal such a question will always make to a highly intelligent and imaginative mind like mine! No poetry! No beauty! Why every algebraic problem from the very nature of its being is surcharged with it! It's like the mystery of life itself, only in this case we solve the mystery! And if I may change the metaphor, an algebraic formula is like a magnificent diamond, cutting its way through the thick and opaque glass, which represents the unknown! I long for the end of the war for many reasons, but chief among them is the fact that I may return to the romantic and illimitable fields of the mathematical problem!" "What's dithyrambic?" asked Pennington. "Spouting, Frank. But George, as we know, is a queer fellow. They grow 'em in Vermont, where they love steep mountains, deep ravines and hard mathematics." They had been speaking in low tones, but now they ceased entirely. Shepard had come back from the forest, reporting that the junction of the roads was near, and the Confederate force was marching toward it at the utmost speed. The hostile columns might be in conflict in a half hour now, and the men prepared themselves. Innumerable battles and skirmishes could never keep their hearts from beating harder when it became evident that they were to go under fire once more. After the few orders necessary, there was no sound save that of the march itself. Meanwhile the moon and stars were doing full duty, and the night remained as bright as ever. Colonel Hertford was near the head of the Union column, while the three youths rode a little farther back with Colonel Winchester, the regiment of Colonel Bedford bringing up the rear. Just behind Dick was Sergeant Whitley, mounted upon a powerful bay horse. The sergeant had shown himself such a woodsman and scout, and he was so valuable in these capacities that Colonel Winchester had practically made him an aide, and always kept him near for orders. Dick noticed now that the sergeant leaned a little forward in his saddle and was using his eyes and ears with all the concentration of the great plainsman that he was. In that attitude he was a formidable figure, and, though he lacked the spy's subtlety and education, he seemed to have much in common with Shepard. As for Dick himself his nerves had not been so much on edge since he went into his first battle, nor had his heart beat so hard, and he knew it was because Harry Kenton and those comrades of his would be at the convergence of the roads, and they would meet, not in the confused conflict of a great battle, when a face might appear and disappear the next second, but man to man with relatively small numbers. The moon was dimmed a little by fleecy clouds, but the silvery color, instead of vanishing was merely softened, and when Dick looked back at the Union column it, like the troop of the South, had the quality of a ghostly train. But the clouds floated away and then the light gleamed on the barrels of the short carbines that the horsemen carried. From a point on the other side of the forest came the softened notes of a trumpet and the great pulse in Dick's throat leaped. Only a few minutes more and they would be at the meeting of the ways. Colonel Hertford sent a half dozen mounted skirmishers into the road, but the column moved forward at its even pace, still silvered in the moonlight, but ready for battle, wounds and death. Sergeant Whitley whispered to Dick: "Other men than our own are moving in the forest. I can hear the tread of horses' hoofs on the dry leaves and twigs at the far edge. Our scouts should meet them in a moment or two." It came as the sergeant had predicted, and Dick saw a tiny flash of fire, not much larger than a pink dot in the woods, heard the sharp report of a rifle and then the crack of another rifle in reply. Silence followed for an instant, but it was evident that the hostile forces were in touch and then in another moment or two the horses of the scouts crashed in the brush, as they rode back to the main column. They had seen enough. Colonel Hertford gave the order and the entire Union force now advanced at a gallop. Through the woods, narrowing so rapidly, came the swift beat of hoofs on the other side, and it was apparent that coincidence would bring the two forces to the point of convergence at the same time. The moonlight seemed to Dick to grow so bright and intense that it had almost the quality of sunlight. Nature, in the absence of day, was making the field of battle as light as possible. "What's the lay of the land at the point of meeting?" he whispered hurriedly to Shepard who had ridden up by his side. "Almost level," came the quick response. A few more rapid hoofbeats and the shrouding woods between disappeared. One column saw another column, both clad in the moonlight, in Dick's fancy, all in silver mail. The two forces wheeled and faced each other across the open space, their horses staring with red eyes, and the men looking intently at their opponents. Both were oppressed for an instant or two by a deep and singular silence. Dick's eyes swept fearfully along the gray column of the South, and he saw the one whom he did not wish to see—at least not there—Harry Kenton himself, sitting on his bay horse with his friends around him. The two elderly men must be Colonel Leonidas Talbot and Lieutenant-Colonel Hector St. Hilaire, and the three youths beside Harry were surely St. Clair, Langdon and Dalton. As he looked, Colonel Leonidas Talbot raised his sword, and at the same time came the sharp command of Colonel Hertford. Rifles and carbines flashed from either side across the open space, and two streams of bullets crossed. In an instant the silver of the moonlight was hidden by clouds of smoke through which flashed the fire from hundreds of rifles and carbines. All around Dick's ears was the hissing sound of bullets, like the alarm from serpents. The fire at close range was so deadly to both sides that holes were smashed in the mounted ranks. The shrill screams of wounded horses, far more terrible than the cries of wounded men, struck like knife points on the drums of Dick's ears. He saw Shepard's horse go down, killed instantly by a heavy bullet, but the spy himself leaped clear, and then Dick lost him in the smoke. A bullet grazed his own wrist and he glanced curiously at the thin trickle of blood that came from it. Yet, forgetting it the next instant, he waved his saber above his head, and began to shout to the men. 1  2  3  4  5  6     Next Part Home - Random Browse
Добро пожаловать на блог! четверг, 11 августа 2011 г. NASA at 50: 1963: Lifting Body Design Concept Tested Profiles the development of the lifting body design, a wingless aircraft that later served as the basis for the space shuttle. The program details how the lifting body evolved from the ballistic design of the first space capsules after NASA engineers wanted to build a reusable spacecraft. Although the design did not have wings, the shape of the body created sufficient lift to fly. Today, research from the lifting body program is being used to design new vehicles, like the X-38.  If an aircraft built with the lifting body design has no wings, how would it fly? Why did NASA not support Dale Reed in constructing model aircraft that featured the lifting body design? What were some of the materials used to build the model aircraft with the lifting body design? What did NASA engineer Dale Reed say was the most exciting moment for him? Target Vocabulary Mach - a number representing the ratio of the speed of a body (as an aircraft) to the speed of sound in a surrounding medium (as air) mahogany - the wood of any of various chiefly tropical trees 0 коммент.: Отправить комментарий
October 2018 Ellsworth and the Fire Zouaves Print More The name “Ellsworth” has cropped up a couple of times on my family tree as a middle or first name, and this made me wonder if we had a yet undiscovered Ellsworth line of ancestors. Consulting older family members, I found that it was not a family name for us, but had crept into use to honor Colonel Elmer Ephraim Ellsworth who organized a famous military drill team and who later became the first Union officer to die during the Civil War. Col. Ellsworth came from upstate New York. As a young man, he moved to Illinois, studied law under Abraham Lincoln and worked on Lincoln’s 1860 campaign for president. He was also pursuing an interest in the military and had been impressed with the French colonial troops in Algeria called the Zouaves (pronounced Zwav.) Zouaves started with the French in the 1830s and are credited with exemplary action during the conquest of Algeria. Initially they were supposed to be made up of Berbers from the Zwawa confederation of tribes, hence the name, a French transliteration of an Arabic word. But the regiment had to be filled out with Arabs, other Africans and Europeans. Zouave regiments were known throughout Europe and America as fierce fighters performing great feats on the battlefield. They also wore distinctive uniforms put together from things like a fez or turban, baggy pants, a short jacket, vest, and trim of braid and brass buttons. The Zouave craze inspired Ellsworth to put together a drill team of “Chicago Zouave Cadets” which toured the United States challenging militia units to drill competitions. But as the Civil War was impending, Ellsworth decided to raise a real fighting Zouave regiment. He drew his recruits from the ranks of New York’s volunteer firefighters. These men were inclined to be rowdy and pugilistic, but Ellsworth saw them as diamonds in the rough and set about recruiting and training them for warfare. Thus was born New York’s 11th regiment, the “Fire Zouaves.” It was 1861, and the Fire Zouaves left New York as one of the first regiments to go to the aid of Washington D.C. which was being harassed by Confederates. The regiment was then sent to Alexandria, Virginia where, walking down the street, Ellsworth spotted a Confederate flag flying from a hotel. He charged up to the roof of the house and was carrying the flag back down, when the proprietor, without warning, fatally shot him in the chest with a shotgun. The Zouaves, in their anger over the loss of their beloved leader, had to be restrained from committing destructive acts of revenge. Thousands of Union supporters rallied in support of Ellsworth’s cause, and the 44th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment called itself the “Ellsworth Avengers.” The cry of “Remember Ellsworth” became a patriotic slogan, and my ancestors evidently remembered him by using his name for two of their sons.  Comments are closed.
Pet Translators Could Be A Thing Within The Next Decade What if your pet dog or cat could talk instead of barking or meowing? You’d know just how much Rover loves you — and maybe how sorry Fluffy is about that mess on the carpet. What prairie dogs have to say Dr. Con Slobodchikoff, a professor emeritus of biology at Northern Arizona University and the author of “Chasing Doctor Dolittle: Learning the Language of Animals,” is on the vanguard of animal communication. More than 30 years studying prairie dogs have convinced him that these North American rodents have a sophisticated form of vocal communication that is nothing less than language. But Slobodchinoff wasn’t content just to understand prairie dogs. With help from a computer scientist colleague, he developed an algorithm that turns the vocalizations into English. And last year, he founded a company called Zoolingua with the goal of developing a similar tool that translates pet sounds, facial expressions, and body movements. The work is at an early stage. Slobodchikoff is amassing thousands of videos of dogs showing various barks and body movements. He’ll use the videos to teach an AI algorithm about these communication signals. The algorithm still needs to be told what each bark or tail wag means, and at this point that means humans must offer their own interpretations. But Slobodchikoff aims to incorporate the growing scientific research that uses careful experiments rather than guesswork to decipher the true meanings of dogs’ behavior. Slobodchinoff’s ultimate goal is to create a device that can be pointed at a dog to translate its woofs into English words — for example, Slobodchiknoff said, “’I want to eat now’…or ‘I want to go for a walk.’” What animal communication would mean Being able to communicate with animals would mean more than just forging closer emotional ties with them. It could eliminate the guesswork in caring for animals and even save their lives. In the U.S. alone, an estimated 3 million unwanted cats and dogs are euthanized each year — in many cases because of their poorly understood behavioral problems. But a dog that exhibits aggression could simply be afraid — and if we have the technology to understand its fears, we might be able to find a way to spare its life. “You could use that information and instead of backing the dog into a corner, give the dog more space,” Slobodchikoff said. Similarly, AI technology could make things easier for farmers and ranchers — for instance, by quickly identifying animals that are sick by detecting signs of pain in their faces. “Farmers find it difficult to recognize pain in the sheep,” said Dr. Krista McLennan, a lecturer in animal behavior at the University of Chester in England. She developed a scale for estimating pain levels based on the animals’ facial expressions — retracted lips, folded ears, and so on. But when training people to use the scale proved difficult, Dr. Peter Robinson, a University of Cambridge professor who has developed computer systems that read human facial expressions, turned McLennan’s scale into an AI algorithm. When the computer running the algorithm was shown hundreds of photos of sheep — some healthy and some not — it learned to tell which animals were in pain. Though confined to the lab for now, the technology could one day be commercialized — perhaps in the form of a camera that automatically photographs sheep as they pass through a gate, Robinson said. If an animal is showing pain, the rancher would get an automatic alert. Such a system could be much faster than humans at spotting sick animals — and more reliable. “The reason I’m slightly optimistic is that in our research with people’s faces, our automatic system was as good as the top 10 percent of people — much better than the average person,” Robinson said. Robinson and McLennan want to expand their work to other animals — and perhaps for indicators other than pain. “We are looking at pain because that’s the most significant in terms of welfare,” McLennan said. “But there’s nothing stopping us from looking at other emotions as well. What does a happy sheep look like? What does a sad sheep look like? But there still needs to be a lot of work done.” Can we ever truly understand animals? Even if an AI translator becomes a reality, it doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll ever have a heart-to-heart conversation with your pet. There are vast differences between human and animal cognition, and we are a long way from understanding the latter. One technology that may give us access to dogs’ mysterious mental life is brain imaging. In humans, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can be used to detect certain mental states by looking at brain activity. “Their reward system in the brain is driven as much by praise as food,” Berns said. “This reinforces the notion that the dog enjoys the social bond with humans by itself.” Maybe someday technology can turn us all into Dr. Dolittles so we can make the wonderful bond between people and their pets even tighter. by Bahar Gholipour Source: WTHR Bookmark the permalink. Comments are closed
The use of computer technology in the use of computer technology in Computer and internet use in the united states: 2015 this report is an update to the 2013 report it highlights computer and internet use data for various demographic and geographic characteristics. Computer technology plays a major role in nearly every sector of daily life including education, health, shopping and even in homes computers help streamline processes to make day-to-day activities more convenient no matter where people live in the united states, there is a good chance that . In contrast, only 3% in uganda say they have a computer in their home millennials stand out for their technology use, but older generations also embrace digital . Full answer according to the agency for health care policy and research (ahcpr), the use of technology in hospitals is lagging behind, as compared to other sectors of the economy. Introduction to computer technology, network economics, or other organizations operate today without extensive use of computer technology and digital networks an . Physorg provides the latest news on technology, software, computer science, internet, semiconductor, telecom and science technology as facial recognition technology use generates intense . Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of technology, development of the internet and the computer not all technology enhances culture . The use of computer technology is not limited to business, health, education and manufacturing industries but also widely used in entertainment and arts world there . Farmers use innovations in computer technology to determine the best time to plant, fertilize, harvest and sell crops the internet offers weather and stock market reports in real-time, and its global network of potential buyers is more expansive than local merchants. But there is still an opportunity to use technology to solve societal challenges while the storage of massive amounts of data on big computers is not a new idea . 33 ways to use technology in your small business share flip pin email 30 try a remote desktop application to access files on your office computer 31. How does technology impact your daily life laptop computers, and other relatively recent innovations the only time we don’t use technology is when we are . Everyone wants teachers to use technology in the classroombut you're busy -- meeting standards, prepping students for tests -- and maybe you’re not too fond of computers, anyway. Many business owners use computers to tap into the power of social media sites, such as facebook and twitter in addition to advertising products and services on these sites, businesses can use software to design and manage email marketing campaigns that target potential customers. Read chapter the use of information technology in research: computers and telecommunications have revolutionized the processes of scientific research how. Computer aided learning is the process of using information technology to help teaching and enhance the learning process the use of computer can reduce the time that is spent on preparing teaching material. Marketing professionals use computer technology to plan, manage and monitor campaigns by analyzing and manipulating data on computers, they can increase the precision of marketing campaigns, personalize customer and prospect communications, and improve customer relationship management. Computer and technology careers computer technology is evolving faster than ever before and demand for computer professionals with the right qualifications is at an all time high this page is designed to help you find reliable and relevant information on variety of computer and computer technology careers. Teachers making use of computer technology have more ways than ever to engage their students powerpoint presentations with rich multimedia such as graphics, videos and animations appeal to the visual learners in the classrooms. The turkish online journal of educational technology – tojet april 2005 issn: 1303-6521 volume 4 issue 2 article 3 18 the use of computer technologies in the social studies. The use of computer technology in Use of computer technology in modern society introduction technology in the computer sector came to be in the mid-twentieth century ifrah, georges (2001). Long-term research indicative of the positives of technology on learning: researches have been performed to address to the question, does the use of computer technology affect student achievement in traditional classrooms as compared to classrooms that do not use technology an extensive literature search and a systematic review process were . Computer information technology (cit) is the use and study of computers, networks, computer languages, and databases within an organization to solve real problems . Computer technology for developing areas is often through the donation of technology to developing areas without thought for access to electricity or equipment . • Benefits of computer use in health care systems adding healthcare to the growing list of fields that utilize computers is a sensible approach technology is . • The use of computer technology in engineering fields dates back to the 80s, but recent years have seen the two become almost completely dependent on one another many engineers rely on computer software in order to ensure accuracy in their projects. • Using technology in pharmacy is very useful for the pharmaceutical profession , it improves the pharmacists work , it gives them more time to help the customers , using the computers reduce the time , expenditure and the manpower required for any kind of work , the research will be long-lasting and expensive without using the computers. Why do we need technology integration the school may be the only place where they will have the opportunity to use a computer and integrate technology into their . A computer is a programmable machine designed to sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations the particular sequence of operations can be changed readily,allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem. Use of technology in transportation transportation is one of the basic areas of technological activity both businesses and individuals have benefited from the new technologies in the travel industry. Study: computer use in school doesn't help test scores in top-performing nations, teachers -- not students -- use technology. The use of computer technology in Rated 4/5 based on 24 review
In order to issue an error which BASIC can process properly you must do the following: 1. Load the A register with the appropriate error number. If this is an error which exists in other versions of BBC BASIC, you should use the same number (e.g. "Escape" is error 17). If you need to allocate numbers for your own errors, please use only values greater than 127. If the error number is zero the error is "fatal", i.e. untrappable by the user with ON ERROR. You should use this with "catastrophic" errors from which the user cannot hope to recover. 2. Call the routine EXTERR, accessible via the address &4080. Despite the fact that it is CALLed this routine never returns to the caller. A CALL is used simply to pass the address of the error string which follows. 3. Place the required error string immediately following the CALL EXTERR, terminated with a NUL character (ASCII 00). BASIC will store a pointer to this string, used if REPORT is subsequently issued, so you should not subsequently overwrite the string if it is in RAM. For example, to issue the "Escape" error from your code: LD A,17 ; Code for "Escape" CALL EXTERR ; Tell BASIC to process error DEFM "Escape"+CHR$0 ; Error string terminated by NUL If you prefer the error string to be elsewhere, the equivalent can be achieved as follows: LD A,17 ; Code for "Escape" LD HL,ERRMES ; Pointer to error string PUSH HL ; Put address on stack JP EXTERR ; Tell BASIC to process error BASIC resets its stack pointer (to the current value of HIMEM) when an error occurs so there is no need to ensure that SP has any particular value when EXTERR is called, except (of course) that it must point to a location where the address of the error string can be PUSHed without doing any damage.
Important information about Hypothermia, Frostbite, Frostnip, or Chilblains & how to prevent it. Work in the cold? No Problem! Are you, or your employees, suffering from fatigue, or worse, due to cold-related illnesses? Don't just complain about the cold, do something about it. Don't risk your health one more day. Wear a TechNiche® Body warming product from Core-Comfort.Com Being cold for too long can cause many cold-related illnesses that are all grouped under the name (hy-po-ther-mee-uh) In cold weather, your body may lose heat faster than you can produce it. The result is hypothermia, or abnormally low body temperature. Hypothermia is the opposite of hyperthermia. Because the words sound alike, they are easily confused. Hypothermia is a condition in which an organism's temperature drops below that required for normal metabolism and bodily function. In warm-blooded animals, core body temperature is maintained near a constant level through biologic homeostasis. But when the body is exposed to cold its internal mechanisms may be unable to replenish the heat that is being lost to the organism's surroundings. Anyone who spends much time outdoors in cold weather can get hypothermia. You can also get it from being cold and wet, or under cold water for too long. It can make you sleepy, confused and clumsy. Because it happens gradually and affects your thinking, you may not realize you need help. That makes it especially dangerous. A body temperature below 95° F is a medical emergency and can lead to death if not treated promptly. • Occurs when the body’s core temperature falls below 35°C • Air temperature of no great severity can produce it • It’s onset can be so gradual that no one, including the victim, may notice it until too late • Can occur at room temperature if an individual is wet, inadequately clothed, drunk, chronically ill or very old. • May affect the heart, lungs and other major abdominal organs as well as the skin and soft tissues. (see chilblains or frostbite) People Susceptible to Hypothermia: • Elderly people are especially at risk. • Babies can get it from sleeping in a cold room. • Anyone exposed to extreme cold • People diagnosed with a Hypothalamic disorder affecting thermoregulation • Anyone with a cardiovascular, neurological or endocrine disease. • People who are suffering from Mental illness, drug abuse, alcoholism and malnutrition • People with the following diseases: Quadriplegia, severe Parkinson's, adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, & multiple sclerosis Cold-related Illnesses: - frozen body tissue, most often the face, ears, fingers or toes - an early warning sign of frostbite that leaves affected areas white and numb - red, swollen skin caused by inflamed small blood vessels Heat is produced by • Breaking down of food during digestion (Metabolism) • Muscular energy (75% converted to heat) • Shivering Heat loss occurs by • Direct contact with a colder object (Conduction) • Movement of air or water near to the skin (Convection) • Infrared energy emissions (Radiation) which cause approx. 65% of normal heat loss largely from the head and neck area • Evaporation of sweat • Breathing • Inadequate clothing and insulating from the cold, particularly if wet • High wind chill factor • Immersion in cold water (21°C or less) for longer than 15 – 20 minuets • Leanness (the only advantage of obesity) • Fatigue – being tired or exhausted • Smoking • Poor nutrition • Age (very young or old) • Poor circulation (arterial disease, tight clothing or shoes) • Remove cold, wet clothing • Protect from wind and rain with suitable clothing (this will often include a hat and gloves) • Rewarm (a) using blankets, sleeping bags, body contact • (b) slowly using a bath (40° – 42°C for the body trunk) but excluding arms and legs • Handle gently (vigorous activity may cause cardiac arrest in extreme cases • Replace fluid loss – warm, sweet fluids (e.g. 2 ½ % glucose solution) • provide warm humidified air • Continue CPR when needed until warming has occurred • Physical performance decreases if the body core temperature drops as little as 1°C, and shivering, may occur. • Shivering interferes with coordination and performance of fine movements and also depletes muscle stores of glycogen (a storage form of energy) leading to early fatigue and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) Prevention of hypothermia involves dressing warmly in cold weather, avoiding adverse weather, maintaining adequate nutrition, maintaining adequate indoor temperatures and regular checks on elderly patients in cold weather. Patients with quadriplegia, who cannot conserve heat by vasoconstriction or increase heat production by shivering, are especially at risk of hypothermia if exposed to cold environmental temperatures. In air, most heat is lost through the head; hypothermia can thus be most effectively prevented by covering the head. Having appropriate clothing for the environment is another important prevention. Fluid-retaining materials like cotton can be a hypothermia risk; if the wearer gets sweaty on a cold day, then cools down, they will have sweat-soaked clothing in the cold air. For outdoor exercise on a cold day, it is advisable to wear fabrics which can "wick" away sweat moisture. These include wool or synthetic fabrics designed specifically for rapid drying. Heat is lost much faster in water. Children can die of hypothermia in as little as two hours in water as warm as 16°C (61°F, 289K), typical of sea surface temperatures in temperate countries such as Great Britain in early summer. Many seaside safety information sources fail to quote survival times in water, and the consequent importance of diving suits. This is possibly because the original research into hypothermia mortality in water was carried out in wartime Germany on unwilling subjects. There is ongoing debate as to the ethical basis of using the data thus acquired. There is considerable evidence, however, that children who suffer near-drowning accidents in water near 0°C (32°F, 273 K) can be revived up to two hours after losing consciousness. The cold water considerably lowers metabolism, allowing the brain to withstand a much longer period of hypoxia. Paradoxical undressing 20% to 50% of hypothermal deaths are associated with, or even caused by, a phenomenon known as paradoxical undressing. When this occurs, the hypothermic victim becomes seriously confused and starts discarding clothing they have been wearing, a counter-productive action which increases the rate of temperature loss. There have been several published case studies of victims throwing off their clothes before help reached them. Rescuers who are trained in mountain survival techniques have been taught to expect this effect. However, the phenomenon still regularly leads police to incorrectly assume that urban victims of hypothermia have been subjected to a sexual assault. One explanation for the effect is a cold-inducted malfunction of the hypothalamus, the part of the brain that regulates body temperature. Another explanation is that the muscles contracting peripheral blood vessels become exhausted and relax, leading to a sudden surge of blood (and heat) to the extremities, fooling the victim into feeling warm. Recognizing Hypothermia Normal body temperature in humans is 37°C (98.6°F). Hypothermia can be divided in three stages of severity. (See Table 1) In stage 3, body temperature drops below approximately 32°C (90°F). Shivering usually stops. Difficulty speaking, sluggish thinking, and amnesia start to appear; inability to use hands and stumbling are also usually present. Cellular metabolic processes shut down. Below 30°C (86°F) the exposed skin becomes blue and puffy, muscle coordination very poor, walking nearly impossible, and the victim exhibits incoherent/irrational behavior including terminal burrowing or even a stupor. Pulse and respiration rates decrease significantly but fast heart rates (ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation) can occur. Major organs fail. Clinical death occurs. Because of decreased cellular activity in stage 3 hypothermia, the body will actually take longer to undergo brain death. First AID • If any symptoms of hypothermia are present, especially confusion or changes in mental status, the local emergency service should be immediately contacted. • If the person is unconscious, check their airway, breathing, and circulation. Pulse check should take at least 45 seconds, as the heart rate may be extremely slow. If necessary, begin rescue breathing or CPR. If the victim is breathing less than 6 breaths per minute, begin rescue breathing. • Once inside, remove any wet or constricting clothes and replace them with dry clothing. • Warm the person. Apply warm compresses or packs to the neck, chest wall, armpits and groin. If the person is alert and can easily swallow, give warm, sweetened, non-alcoholic fluids to aid the warming. • Stay with the person until medical help arrives. • Assume that you should obtain a doctor if the victim has been exposed for 24 hours or more. • Do not use direct heat (such as hot water, a heating pad, or a heat lamp) to warm the person. • Do not give the person alcohol. • Do not rub the person's limbs because this may cause further tissue damage. • Handle with extreme care and gently. Any rough handling of an extremely hypothermic person could cause their heart to stop. • It is also important not to give up prematurely in resuscitative efforts. There are no reliable outcome scores or predictors. Rewarming Techniques Rewarming should be done expectantly, watching for serious cardiac arrhythmias and afterdrop (a drop in core body temperature associated with conduction of heat away from the core during the rewarming surrounding cold tissues and vasodilatation), and hypotension. Simple rewarming techniques should begin in the field. These include removing wet, cold clothing, covering with warm, dry blankets, administering warmed intravenous fluids. Active internal rewarming using IV fluids and warmed medical air (core rewarming) should be used only when the temperature is <32°C. The latter should be increased to 40-42°C to prevent afterdrop. It is safest to perform vigorous rewarming in an ICU setting however, because of cardiovascular instability/complications. Other methods of increasing core temperature more rapidly include use of cardiopulmonary bypass, continuous arteriovenous rewarming or irrigation of the gastrointestinal tract or body cavities.13 Monitoring core temperature with an esophageal temperature probe or pulmonary artery catheter should be considered for more accurate measurement of 'core' temperature. Cardiovascular support in the ICU is required. In frail, elderly individuals the rewarming should he done gradually to avoid cardiovascular collapse; a rate of no more than 0.5°C/hour has been recommended. Treatment of the underlying cause should be in concert with rewarming. The administration of thiamine, antibiotics or drug antagonists need not wait for correction of temperature. Hospital treatment Hypothermia is due to a disturbance in the net regulation of heat production and heat loss weighted towards the latter. This can result from defective homeostatic regulation, reduced metabolism (including diminished cellular metabolism and shivering), or increased loss from exposure to extreme cold or impaired cardiovascular response, especially loss of vasomotor tone. Acute hypothermia is usually the result of submersion in cold water, sub acute hypothermia often results from cold air while chronic hypothermia relates to underlying disease with disordered or insufficient auto regulation. Metabolic processes slow and cerebral blood flow diminishes about 6% for each 10°C decrease in body temperature. At 28°C the metabolic rate falls to half normal. At less than 25°C the patient looks dead and has asystole. With severe hypothermia of 25°C there is loss of cerebrovascular autoregulation. Cerebral blood flow declines in a pressure passive manner along with systemic blood pressure fall. EEG synaptic activity fails. Both intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation systems are affected in hypothermia. Platelet function becomes ineffective because thromboxane B2 is inhibited Fibrinolytic activity is increased. A heparin-like substance is released. Reduced enzyme activities necessary to initiate and maintain platelet-fibrin clots results in net increase in bleeding tendency. These features produce a disseminated intravascular coagulation-like syndrome but with a marked hemorrhagic tendency. This can be aggravated in the hypothermic trauma patient who may require massive transfusions for blood loss. Clinical Features Clinical features of mild hypothermia include shivering, tachycardia, tachypnea, diuresis, peripheral cyanosis. It is important to feel the temperature of the trunk. In hypothermia the trunk and normally warm regions such as the axillae, groins are cold. A low-reading thermometer should he used to take a rectal temperature. The patient with chronic hypothermia may resemble one with hypothyroidism with puffy facies, slow hoarse speech and mental changes. The skin has a doughy consistency. Neurological features include dysarthria, ataxia and amnesia. With worsening, the pulse gets weaker and slower, shivering ceases, respirations are slow and shallow and the patient becomes very pale. Deep tendon reflexes are increased above 32°C; hyporeflexia occurs between 26-32°C and areflexia is present below 26°C. Confusion worsens sometimes to delirium and muscular rigidity develops. Further deterioration leads to stupor or coma. Coma does not usually occur above 28°C; other causes for coma should be sought if the patient is comatose with a core T of >28°C. The pupils may become fixed to light; the heart may develop ventricular fibrillation without palpable pulse or audible heart beat. The clinical context of the hypothermia is often the best clue to the underlying cause. Environmental exposure to cold or a history or findings or a high cervical cord lesion, polyneuropathy, hypothyroidism are usually obvious. The patient who presents with hypothermia in the summer usually has a serious illness, e.g., Wernicke's encephalopathy (even if ocular movement abnormalities are not present), sepsis, drug overdose (e.g., neuroleptics, high dose barbiturates) or, sometimes combinations of causes.4 Laboratory Features The EEG develops evolutionary changes with generalized slowing beginning at 30°C, then changes to a burst-suppression pattern by 20-22°C and becomes flat at 18°C. Evoked responses are less affected. At 29°C, wave forms are delayed by 33% but are still identifiable. Latencies become lengthened progressively to unrecordable levels as 19°C is approached and waveforms may disappear altogether.6 7 Barbiturates and hypoxia modify the evoked responses to hypothermia.8 Transcranial motor evoked responses increase in amplitude and latency to reach a maximum at 28°C.9 This effect is modified by anesthesia and carbon dioxide concentration. A series of cardiac abnormalities occurs with progressive hypothermia: obscured P waves, prolonged PR, QRS and QT intervals, atrial fibrillation and ventricular dysrhythmias. Ventricular fibrillation may develop at or < 28°C. Serum potassium should be checked, as hyperkalemia is a common accompaniment.10 A coagulation screen should probably be performed. Tests to confirm or exclude diagnostic impressions for the underlying cause are usually necessary, but are context-dependent (see above). As a general policy, patients found in an acute hypothermic situation should not be pronounced dead until they are assessed after rewarming to at least 33°C core temperature. Outcome / Prognosis An overall mortality associated with hypothermia is about 17%. This involves all ages, etiologies and classifications of hypothermia Those with extreme hyperkalernia (mean serum potassium of 14.5 mmol/L) are always in cardiopulmonary arrest and have a poor prognosis for successful resuscitation (Schaller et al.1990). Markedly elevated serum ammonia is also a marker of cell lysis. Hypothermia can be divided into accidental, primary and secondary (Table 1). Table 1. Classification of Hypothermia Type Cause Examples Accidental Exposure to extreme cold Outdoor activities; falls with immobilization in cold indoors Primary Hypothalamic disorder affecting thermoregulation Hypothalarnic lesion,Wernicke's encephalopathy, Spontaneous cyclic hypothermia, congenital CNS abnormalities Secondary Underlying cardiovascular, neurological or endocrine disease. Mentall illness, drug abuse, alcoholism and malnutrition may contribute. Quadriplegia, severe Parkinsonism, autonomic neuropathy (affecting efferent flow), adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, Wernicke's encephalopathy, advanced sepsis, alcohol or drugs, multiple sclerosis (hypothalamic involvement Table 2: Severity Classification of Hypothermia Level of Hypothermia Temeperature Range Physiological Effect Mild 36.5-32°C Catecholamine release - Peripheral vasoconstriction - Increased ventiIatory rate - Cold induced diuresis Confusion, Faulty judgment Shivering, hyppfcnexia Moderate 32-28°C Decreased metabolic rate. Decreased oxygen consumption, enzyme suppression, sympathetic nervous reduction, hyporeflexia, coagulopathies, decreased ventilation rate, stupor Severe 28-20°C Metabolic acidosis, increased cardiac irritability, ventricular fibrillation, severe hypotension, decreased or absent ventilation, hyperkalemia, coma Profound <20°C asystole, mimic brain death, flat EEG The information in this website is of a general nature. Individual circumstances may require modification of general advice from an appropriate health professional eg Doctor. Contact Info: If you would like more information on TechNiche products at Core-Comfort.Com, please contact me at Info@Core-Comfort.Com For comments or information about this website, please contact me at Webmaster@Core-Comfort.Info This website was last updated on:07/22/2011
CENTER(1) Commands and Applications CENTER(1) center - print centered text to stdout center columns file center is a simple utility for centering text on a screen. columns is the number of columns that are considered to be the width of a full screen. The default and maximum widths are both 80 columns. Text is read from the input file file and printed to stdout. center should be able to read from stdin. center would be more useful if it took arbitrary screen widths into account, including over 80 columns. Less than about 5 or 10 is proba- bly unnecessary. Marek Pawlowski. GNO 15 February 1999 CENTER(1) Man(1) output converted with man2html
What is a Ball Joint What is a Ball Joint Sometimes when we take our car to a garage for repair, the mechanic will tell us that the ball joint of the car is in bad shape.  A lot of people do not know what a ball joint is and they just pay for the repairs.  So it is important to have necessary knowledge about something for which you are paying for. A Ball Joint Ball Joint To connect the steering knuckle and the control arm, fundamentally helping as the central part between suspension  and wheels.  A spherical bearing is used which is also knows as a ball joint, this spherical bearing is comprised of a socket and stud walled in a casing.  The ball joint is basically used to permit the movement through which you can have a relaxed drive on uneven surfaces. As the ball joint provides control to the wheels, it can prove to be extremely dangerous if in bad shape because if the ball joint is in bad shape it can cause poor handling or in some cases complete loss of control.  To check the condition of the ball joints listen to the rattling or knocking in your cars suspension.  This can be an indication your ball joint is worn. Because your cars ball joints and also all parts of your suspension play a crucial roll in the safety of your car.  Try to have them checked at your local garage every couple of months.  This may only take a couple of minutes and could prevent a serious or fatal accident. You might also be interested in How do I know when I need a new clutch If you have any questions or would like to make a booking contact Baldoyle Auto Centre at 0183210145 or if you would like to request a quote please use the form on our homepage Directions to us
Gene Might Be Linked to Sleep Disorder Narcolepsy The medical condition that causes people to become excessively sleepy and even lapse into sleep involuntarily could be linked to a hereditary deficiency. The new evidence suggests that Narcolepsy is, in fact, an autoimmune disease associated with particular inherited variations in a gene that encodes a protein found on a type of immune cell. This cell type called a T cell plays a crucial role in targeting immune responses. The genetic variation is fairly common, while Narcolepsy is rare. Among more than 2,500 participants, researchers found that people with the variation are 251 times more likely to have Narcolepsy with cataplexy, muscle weakness brought on by actions such as laughter, than those without the variation. For the study, which was published in the journal Sleep, researchers analyzed the genetic makeup of nearly 1,300 people in Europe who suffer from Narcolepsy with cataplexy and more than 1,400 people who don’t. Nearly everyone with the condition had the genetic variation, which is linked to the functioning of the immune system. According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, previous research has suggested a link between Narcolepsy and problems such as infections. One theory is that in people who are genetically susceptible
Proteins for veggies Vegetarian, Vegan, Pescatarian, paleo, lacto-vegetarians… there are so many different diets out there that people will choose to live by for a variety of reasons. These could be a lifestyle choice or for ethical reasons or to benefit our environment. Whatever food choice you decide to make for whatever reason, I do not judge. As a nutritionist I am here to educate you on how to achieve and maintain the best version of you and to help guide you to ensure you are getting all the right nutrients your body needs regardless of your dietary preferences. I don’t particularly like ‘labelling’ and I support any decisions people make about why they may want to go ‘vegan’ or ‘vegetarian’ however, a concern of mine is that some people make the decision to become ‘vegan’ or ‘vegetarian’ and forget to consider the nutrients that they may have lost from cutting out certain food groups. To address some- vitamin D, omega 3, calcium and vitamin B12, all need to be found from alternative sources. Today I am going to talk about protein. Because protein often comes in its highest and most complete quantities when derived from animal products. Therefore if you have chosen not to consume animal meats and/ or dairy, you need to be mindful about your food choices in order to ensure you have enough protein in your diet. In short, protein is extremely important for building and repairing the body’s tissue. Proteins are used to make hormones and enzymes, and are essential for building muscles, cartilage, bones, skin and blood cells. Amino acids are the building blocks that make up protein and essential amino acids must be derived from food as they cannot be made by the body (unlike non-essential amino acids). ‘Complete protein’ means that it contains all of the essential amino acids; animal proteins are complete proteins and these include- meat, poultry, fish, eggs and dairy. There are also a few non animal complete proteins which are -soy, hempseed, quinoa and buckwheat, however you are also able to pair different plant based proteins together, in order to achieve ‘complete proteins’…. • Red beans with rice • Black beans and polenta • hummus and seed crackers • Chickpeas and quinoa Making an effort to consume a variety of plant based foods (variety being the key word), like wholegrain, legumes, fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds, should see that you’re getting enough of the nutrients that you need. I have a listed a few specific plant based proteins below- Beans- Black, white, soy, kidney beans etc. all contain high amounts of protein. 2 cups of kidney beans will provide us with around 26 grams of protein. I regularly have kidney beans with my dinner- mixing them with rice, lentils and plenty of veg. Nuts and nut butter (such as peanut butter)- They are great sources of protein, and contain essential fats.  I LOVE peanut butter paired with apple, or just snacking on a handful of raw almonds. Tofu- Contains around 10 grams of protein per 100g. You can either bake of make into a stir fry with veg and noodles. Soy is also a complete protein. Green peas- legumes are sources of plant based proteins. Green peas provide 8 grams of protein per 1 cup. For a high protein veggie dish, check out my vegetable pasta bake and follow my instagram page for daily recipes! 2 thoughts on “Proteins for veggies Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out /  Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
World Weather & Climate Information Climate and average weather in Anguilla Anguilla has a tropical climate. Temperatures throughout the year range between 25 and 30 degrees Celsius (77 and 86° Fahrenheit). In and around September hurricanes may occur. Anguilla has more than 3000 hours of sunshine per year. The islands have a large amount of precipitation throughout the year but because of the wind it never lasts very long. Interested in more detailed information on the Weather and Climate in Anguilla? 1. Average minimum and maximum temperature over the year 3. Average monthly hours of sunshine over the year Places in Anguilla
With the number of devices on your corporate network ever growing, it's never been more important to ensure its security. Anti-virus software can certainly help, but if you want total control of your network protection, then endpoint security may be best. What is endpoint protection? Endpoints are essentially devices and servers that are remotely connected to your network. They can be laptops, smartphones, tablets, servers in a datacenter, and more. endpoint protection manages the connections (sending email, browsing the internet, etc.) between all of these devices. Remember in college when all the best websites were blocked on the school's network? That's endpoint protection at work. An endpoint security/protection management system allows a security engineer to manage and control the security of all remote devices on the corporate network from a centralized server application, which receives all of the alerts and security logs from each device. Each system is essentially a product that offers a wide array of security features that are much more in-depth than any antivirus software. Why should I use endpoint protection? Plain and simple, there are features of an endpoint security management system with which the average anti-malware software just can't compete. Let's take a deeper look at a few of the most important ones: Endpoint anti-malware Endpoint anti-malware is anti-malware on steroids. It provides layered protection against new and unknown threats – also know as zero-day threats – spyware, email inbox attacks, and more. It has a host-based firewall, aids in data loss prevention, provides warnings when accessing potentially harmful sites, and tons more. It's anti-malware that ate its Wheaties this morning. IPS/IDS sensors and warning systems IPS and IDS are almost the same thing, but they can work in unison or alone to help prevent and/or eliminate threats to your network. IPS stands for Intrusion Prevention System and is a policy-based system that is kind of like a firewall. Firewalls work based on rules; they search through packets of information looking for a rule that says to allow the packet to pass. If they get to the end of the list of rules and haven't found anything that follows a "pass" rule, then the final rule says to deny access. So, in the absence of a rule that says "allow," the firewall drops the traffic. IPSes work the other way around. They operate on a "deny" rule basis that searches the traffic for a reason to deny access. If they get to the end of their list of rules and have found no reason to deny access, then the final rule says to allow it through. This makes an IPS a control tool. You have the ability to set the parameters of your IPS, so you decide what flows in and out of your network. IDS stand for Intrusion Detection System. This would be considered a visibility tool because it sits outside the network and monitors traffic at multiple points to give you a picture of your overall security. An IDS can show a security engineer potential issues, information leakage caused by spyware, security policy violations, unauthorized clients and servers, and much, much more. Think of it like the mall security guard sitting in the room with a hundred TVs, watching every store and hallway for shoplifters. Implementing an IPS and/or IDS with your Endpoint protection management system is an ideal way to control and monitor your corporate network, which is my many Endpoint protection systems come with one or both. Data input/output (I/O) control Whether or not you're dealing with sensitive information is beside the point; you want to protect your corporate information. A powerful feature of an Endpoint security management system is the ability to control data input and output. Input refers to the information received by a network device, like a laptop or a smartphone; output is the information sent from that device. Controlling data I/O allows you to manage what type of peripheral input devices can be added to your network, like external hard drives, thumb drives, and more. It also lets you control output devices, like computer monitors, printers, and so on. Thus, you'll have the ability to deny access to external hard drives that may be used to steal information; deny access to printers; control monitor output; even modems and network cards that act as go-betweens for devices. You control what's downloaded and uploaded. Application control and user management You'll want every computer with access to your network to require authentication and you'll also want to be able to add and remove users at will, especially if certain applications are accessible outside of your network, like employee email. This also allows you to deny access to unknown or unwanted applications, so that the devices on your network aren't acting on their behalf without you realizing it. If you allow an unmanaged application access to the internet, this could open a large door for potential threats. You can even limit which applications can be installed, so that no one is inadvertently dirtying your network with malware. If employees are bringing personal devices to work, application control will make sure that none of the potentially harmful apps on their devices are causing harm or syphoning data from your network. How do I choose an endpoint protection management system? Most endpoint protection management software offers similar features, relying more heavily on some than others. The best way to go about it is to take a look at what security features you value the most. Different endpoint security system providers will prioritize different security features above others, so it's best to go with the one that matches your needs. If all employees bring their own laptop to work and use all of their own equipment, then you'll want a provider that emphasizes application control and user management. If you deal in very sensitive information and a leak could destroy you, you'll want a provider that prioritizes data input/output above all. You really can't wrong with endpoint protection, since you're far better off having less-than-ideal endpoint protection than basic antivirus software on every device.
The Ironies of Social Standards in Sister Carrie The Ironies of Social Standards in Sister Carrie To this day, Sister Carrie remains one of the most controversial novels of its time. The remarkably realistic characters and contentious situations created by Theodore Dreiser illustrate the double standards within a growing American society at the turn of the twentieth century. Naturalism plays a large part in the development of each character and their pathetic inability to evade their trivial fates (Theodore). The perverse fascination and distaste surrounding this incapability mirrors a society's hypocrisy of its own social standards. For his first novel, Dreiser opted to paint a realistic portrait of America for what it really was- materialistic (Gerber 52). "The money ideal would be exposed as the great motivating purpose of life in the United States: one's relative affluence at any level of society determining the degree creature comfort one might enjoy, the measure of prestige one might own, and the extent of social power one might command" (Gerber 52-53). Sister Carrie completely reiterates America's obsession with money because there is not one character whose own status symbol isn't determined economically (Gerber 53). At the end of the Civil War, big business boomed and there was now a preoccupation with "conspicuous consumption" (Ward). Capitalism roared and consumers began to see each other for what they thought they really were: money. Dreiser first describes his Caroline Meeber not by her opinions or actions, but by what she owns: "a small trunk, a cheap imitation alligator-skin satchel, ...and a small yellow snap purse" (Dreiser Sister 3). Although Carrie cannot afford a real alligator-skin satchel, she owns an imitation so that she appears to be something she is not (Ward). False appearances are a reiterated theme throughout Sister Carrie. Schafer 2 Upon entering Chicago and meeting Drouet, the reader becomes attentive to Carrie's fascination with the upper class. "In addition to representing... Similar Essays
Love Between German And Pole Survives Iron Curtain For five decades, she kept his picture in her wallet _ a black-and-white snapshot of a handsome young Polish man with brooding eyes. The unlikely love story of Elvira Profe and Fortunat Mackiewicz began in the chaotic aftermath of World War II, as Poland's borders were redrawn by the victorious Allies and millions of Germans were expelled. It blossomed even as their people seethed with mutual hate and endured some of the past century's most tortured upheavals, and survived the Cold War that drove them apart. Now, in this 70th year since World War II broke out, and 20th year since the Cold War ended, they are married in a love affair that has triumphed against all odds. In January 1946, Profe was one of the few Germans left in this town that became part of Poland after the Nazi defeat. She was sickly and malnourished from a nearly a year spent in a Soviet forced-labor camp in Siberia. Mackiewicz had resettled here after the swath of eastern Poland where he lived was handed to the Soviets. When they met, it was hardly love at first sight. The once privileged daughter of a factory owner was by then a stick figure weighing just 33 kilograms (75 pounds). Her back was damaged by heavy labor and, at age 20, she was already sprouting gray hairs. She had returned home from Siberia to the town she knew as Baerwalde and which now had a Polish name, Mieszkowice, and her family was having to beg for bread and milk. One day, at her family's bidding, she knocked on Mackiewicz's door. His family was kind to her; they had heard her parents never mistreated Poles. When Mackiewicz, then 25, first saw her his first emotion was enormous pity. "She was just a toothpick," he recalled recently, holding up a single finger. The first time he kissed her, it was on the forehead, a gesture of compassion. Their love took its time. She would spend entire days with his family, helping to milk their cows and carry hay. He would walk her home. "We were friends first. Friendship, great friendship, trust. And then in the end _ love," Mackiewicz said. If their romance developed slowly, it was about to come to an abrupt end. And it was their decision to marry that tore them apart. When Mackiewicz went to the town hall seeking permission to wed, the authorities reacted with horror. Her father was not just a German, he was a German capitalist _ a double sin in the eyes of the Polish communist bureaucracy. They ordered Profe's family to leave town. As Elvira and Fortunat _ whom she affectionately calls Fortek _ said their goodbyes in front of her father's factory, they exchanged photographs. He kept hers for several years until he married another woman in 1960 and gave the photo to his father for safekeeping. She kept his in her wallet _ and never forgot him. And never married. She devoted her energies to helping run a new family factory in Germany and later working with handicapped children in Berlin. Then the currents of history that had separated them offered a chance to recapture the past. On Nov. 10, 1989, the morning after the Berlin Wall started coming down, Profe heard the news on her car radio and the impulse to trace her lost love came to her right away. "I had carried his photograph for 50 years so that thought was automatic," she said. "As soon as the wall fell, I thought, 'now I can go home.'" On a visit to Poland in the early 1990s, the manager of her father's former factory mistakenly told her that Mackiewicz had died. But she eventually found a cousin of his who said he lived in Mlynary, a town in northern Poland where he had been running a repair shop for farm equipment. She wrote to him. He wrote back. And they agreed to meet. In 1995 they were reunited in the parking lot of a Polish train station _ and immediately reconnected across the decades. "We were five meters apart and he sai 'Elvira?' I said 'Fortek?' We flung our arms around each other's necks and it was if those 50 years just melted away, as if the 50 years just didn't exist," said Profe. By then he was 75, and she was 70. Today they are married, sharing a tidy, white home they built for themselves in the town where they first met. The inside walls are paneled with wood to look like her childhood home that no longer exists. "Love will last until the end of your life, if that love is real," Mackiewicz said during an interview at their home. Sitting at a table in a dining nook, Mackiewicz, now 89, broke into tears recalling his pity for the girl from an enemy country that had killed millions of his compatriots, who had knocked on his door asking for food. Profe, 83, who had stepped away to get coffee, rushed over and caressed his cheek. Their love speaks in other small gestures: they hold hands as they walk through their yard, she places her hand softly on his knee during a drive to her family's old factory. His black-and-white picture of her, framed and still well-preserved, sits framed on a shelf in their home. Mackiewicz's first wife eventually left communist Poland to seek her fortune in the U.S. and remained abroad for 20 years. They never had children. When Profe re-entered his life, he asked his wife for a divorce but she at first refused, forcing the couple to delay their own marriage. The wife eventually relented and Elvira and Fortek made their long-delayed vows in 2005. They took each other's names; today she is Elvira Profe-Mackiewicz and he is Fortunat Mackiewicz-Profe. "I never dreamed I would meet Elvira again," he said. "There was an Iron Curtain across the continent that was not to be crossed." Profe's Polish is halting, and Mackiewicz's German, much better in youth, has grown rusty with disuse. The two use a bit of each language and understand each other. Though her hair is now white and his silver, they are both trim and active. She exercised regularly with a women's group until a few months ago when she had to have bypass surgery, and he regularly uses a sauna in their basement. Their house, surrounded by a small yard with geraniums and roses, sits on the edge of a pine forest haunted by boars and deer _ an area once dotted with the homes of German families. Many of the houses were heavily damaged in the war and afterward their materials used to rebuild Warsaw 450 kilometers (275 miles) away, which the Nazis had bombed to near oblivion. The Profes' factory, which made tape measures, sits vacant at the end of a country road five minutes from where they live now. The original family house was burned down by the Soviets. Their lives today are a peaceful marital routine. They say they never argue _ that it's not their nature anyway and that the short time they have been given together should not be spoiled. "What is there to fight about?" Mackiewicz said. Like many husbands, he has trouble remembering their wedding anniversary. But he insists it's not important anyway. What matters to him is the day in 1947 when he sought permission at town hall to marry her. And what he remembers is this: "Even though they said no, Elvira told me, 'it doesn't matter because I will never stop loving you.'" Associated Press writer Marta Kucharska contributed to this report.
Zika Virus What you need to know about Zika virus At least 25 San Antonio-area residents have been diagnosed with Zika infection. All of them were infected after traveling to other countries where Zika virus is common. However, the infection can be passed from people to mosquitoes that bite them, and those mosquitoes can go on to infect others. While there is no evidence that has yet happened here, it has happened in Florida and in other countries. People can also spread Zika through sex. The mosquitoes that are capable of spreading Zika virus are here CDC's estimate of potential range of aedes in the US Two types of mosquitoes capable of carrying Zika virus, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, are found here and throughout Texas. Unlike other types of mosquitoes that like to bite at dawn and dusk, Aedes-type mosquitoes can bite at any time — especially during the day. The best way to prevent Zika is to avoid being bitten by a mosquito Insect repellant being applied to an arm with a spray canUse an EPA-approved insect repellant. Those containing DEET are proven effective and are safe for pregnant women. Medicaid, CHIP and the Healthy Texas Women program will cover the cost of certain mosquito repellents for females 10-45, and pregnant women of any age. Other ways to avoid mosquito bites: wear long-sleeve shirts and long pants (you can spray repellants on your clothes, too), remove standing water around your home (here’s a great video from Metro Health on how to do that), or stay indoors. Zika can cause birth defects Pregnant woman looking at sonogram picturesPregnant women and their unborn babies are especially vulnerable to the Zika virus. If the virus is contracted while a woman is pregnant, it can cause a serious birth defect called microcephaly, which prevents the baby’s head from growing normally and can result in developmental issues. Additionally, microcephaly can cause other serious problems including Guillain-Barre syndrome, a neurological disease . If pregnant, it is important that you and your partner refrain from travelling to areas affected by Zika. Because of the spread of Zika in Texas, University Hospital has created our own Zika Center, which is committed to providing the best education, research and care for the Zika virus in the region. Mosquitoes can bite an infected person and spread it to other people Mosquitoe on skinZika can be found in someone’s blood for a week after infection. During that time, that person can spread the virus to a mosquito through mosquito bites — allowing the mosquito to infect other people. That same infected person can spread the virus through sex. An infected person may not know Pills and thermometer on tableSymptoms of Zika infection may be mild or non-existent. Symptoms can include fever, rash, joint pain, conjunctivitis (or red eyes), muscle pain and headaches. Symptoms can last up to a week. People who are infected don’t often get sick enough to go to a hospital, and they rarely die of Zika. Once infected, people are likely to have immune protection from getting infected again. There is no specific treatment for Zika. Testing for Zika Virus at University Health System University Hospital provides advanced testing and diagnosis for Zika. For more information about Zika testing procedures and diagnosis consider looking at our Read Fact Sheet  for Patients: Understanding Results from the Aptima® Zika Virus Assay. More information on Zika virus
Shakespeare's Political Wisdom Shakespeare's Political Wisdom Burns, T. Palgrave Macmillan 15 a 20 dias Shakespeare's Political Wisdom offers interpretations of five Shakespearean plays with a view to the enduring guidance those plays can provide to human, political life. The plays have been chosen for their relentless attention to the questions that were once and may sometime become, or be recognized as being, the heart and soul of politics. 1. Julius Caesar: The Problem of Classical Republicanism 2. Macbeth: Ambition Driven Into Darkness 3. The Merchant of Venice: Roman Virtue in a Christian Commercial Republic 4. King Lear: The Question of Divine Justice 5. The Tempest: A Philosopher-Poet Educating Citizens
The Origins of Cinema When the camera was first introduced it was seen as a tool by theater performers to reach more people. They would place the camera where the audience would usually sit and use it to film a performance. The camera was used to capture the reality of the production and there were no cinematic techniques used (such as varied shot types). It’s amazing to think about how this use of the camera transformed into the type of film we watch today. If you put yourself into the shoes of the actors and producers of that time, the idea that you could move the camera into different positions to create a more immersive experience for the audience would have been a complete paradigm shift. I can imagine that when this idea was first introduced it was most likely dismissed by people because it was so different to what they had been doing in the past. It may seem obvious to us but the transition probably wasn’t self-apparent at that time. In retrospect, we can see how this creative shift in perspective created an entirely new medium and changed the way that visual stories were told over the next century. It makes me wonder what we may be overlooking today. Both in the context of telling stories and also the way we live our lives in general. The present may seem solid, it may seem like the best we can do, but this is just because our view of ‘the way things are done’ have been set in stone over a long period of time. In many cases the way things work today are all we have ever known. Our reality is constructed by what we already know. Never lose sight of the fact that you could be that one brave and creative individual to push forward an alternate perspective. Doing so could change everything. Writer vs Editor Mindset Over the last few months I have been doing quite a bit of research into Stanley Kubrick. Stanley Kubrick Stanley Kubrick I have been working my way through his filmography. One of the things that stands out to me about Kubrick’s career is the fact that he never wrote an original screenplay and instead only adapted existing material. In an interview with Kubrick he stated how he had a great deal of respect for writers of original material because it was something he felt he could never do. I found this interesting post on Quora asking the question”Why did Kubrick never write an original screenplay?” The answer given described how filmmakers tend to fall into one of two categories: 1. The writer mindset 2. The editor mindset The writer draws his/her strength from creating something from scratch. This type of person will likely have little problem getting their ideas down on paper but may struggle to condense them down into presentable and cohesive story. This person is probably more right brained. The editor on the other hand will have a hard time creating from scratch because they are overly analytical and expect perfection the first time around. However, when given a starting point to work from they will be able to transform it or improve the original material using their critical thinking skills. Quentin Tarantino is described as having the writer’s mindset while Stanley Kubrick as having the editor’s mindset. This makes total sense and explains each filmmakers approach to their work. Tarantino creating original work from scratch and Kubrick adapting pre-existing material. I personally found this distinction to be really interesting and helpful. I would 100% consider myself as having the editor mindset but never really thought about it in this way until now. Once you know what category you fall into as a filmmaker you can focus on your strength. This doesn’t mean that editor types can’t write anything original but I do think it’s helpful to be aware that this might not be their strength. Having a knowledge of this distinction also means that you can collaborate more successfully and learn from other filmmakers who may fall into the opposite category. Which one are you? A writer type? An editor type? Or a little bit of both? Don’t Box Yourself In You are not the same person you were yesterday. Who you are is not fixed because who you are does not exist. It is merely a concept. A story you tell yourself. This is why you should never count yourself out or let the world categorise you. Every moment of your life provides you with the opportunity to morph into something unrecognizable. Much of the pleasure of life comes from growth. Don’t be afraid of the shifting landscapes. What can we learn from THE SHINING? The first time I watched The Shining I didn’t think much of it. The second viewing opened my eyes to how deep this film really went. By the time I finished the third viewing it was cemented as one of my favorite films of all time. I recently watched The Shining again – the difference this time was that I made a conscious effort to study the film in an attempt to figure out what makes it work. Basically, my aim was to identify techniques that I could potentially use in my own future projects both as a writer and a director. Here are some of what I picked up on: The Narrative is a Maze If you have seen The Shining you will know that both physical and metaphorical mazes play a large role in the story. I want to take this one step further and identify another maze – the narrative itself. The films begins with a clear and simple setup – a family of three head out to the Overlook hotel which the father (Jack) has been tasked with looking after during the winter months. The first thirty minutes of the film could be compared to the entrance of the maze, we are heading in a clear direction and while there are unanswered questions, such as Danny’s supernatural powers, we generally feel that we know where the story is headed. However, as the film progresses, things become  more complicated. Several new ambiguous plot elements are introduced and more questions are raised with them. As soon as we think we have an idea of what is going on, the theory is disproved by another contradictory theory. We are now lost in the maze. By the end of the film the main story has somewhat resolved itself with Jack’s death and Danny/Wendy escaping the hotel but we are still left with questions regarding everything we saw when we were lost in the centre of the Maze. This adds depth and makes the film rewatchable. What did I take away from this type of narrative structure? In the past I have always favored complex narratives but I feel that I have approached them in a flawed way by trying to make them complex from the beginning and then trying to resolve this complexity by the end of the film. What I really like about The Shining is that it starts simple, becomes more complex during the middle stages and then ends in simple fashion also. Kubrick doesn’t try to answer every question in the third act, allowing the viewer to come up with his/her own interpretation. However, Kubrick does wrap up the main plot nicely which leaves an audience satisfied but not so satisfied that they forget about the film. Character Mindsets as Visuals A common problem for screenwriters and filmmakers is expressing the inner-state and motivations of their characters. Some choose to express this through dialogue. Other through voice-over. And many through character behavior. What I think is remarkable about The Shining is how Kubrick uses visuals and symbolism to express the inner most state of the characters. He also manages to reveal character through dialogue and behavior in a very effective way but the use of visuals are what really stand out to me. Let’s look at some examples of how Jack’s character is revealed in this way: Props (Mirrors) There are several instances throughout the film where Jack is addressing his family through mirrors. There is a subtle significance to this. First off, it gives us the impression that Jack is self-absorbed and often disregards his family in favor of himself. Jack ignores Wendy, who has just made him breakfast, and instead focuses on himself in the mirror (image below). Secondly, the fact that Jack is often viewing his family while looking in the mirror, gives us an idea of the way he thinks of them. They are secondary images in his own reflection, not their own individuals. This small insight helps us understand how Jack shows a lack of empathy later in the film. Setting (Hotel) The setting of The Shining, the Overlook hotel, plays a huge role in the story, so much so that it becomes a character within itself. What I find interesting is how the hotel and its location are used to represent Jack’s mindset. First off, the hotel is completely isolated in the middle of nowhere. I get the impression that this is exactly how Jack feels as well. He is isolated in his own head. As the film progresses we are shown multiple exterior shots of the hotel with the building becoming less and less visible through the growing snowstorm (see images below). This could also represent the way that Jack stops seeing clearly and eventually loses his mind completely. The interior of the hotel also works in the same way with a vast and confusing layout. It’s easy to get lost in here, just like Jack gets lost in the Maze later on and just like he gets lost in his own mind. Colours and Lighting Colour and lighting are used throughout The Shining to express Jack’s inner state. In the below image we can see that Jack is an icey blue colour which reveals his cold nature. What I like about this scene is that an orange fire burns in the background which contrasts with the rest of the frame –  to me this says Jack is icey cold on the surface but there is a blazing rage hidden underneath. A rage that will be revealed later… In this second image Jack has been silhouetted against the bright background. This image takes place at the point of the film where Jack is finally ready to murder his own family and the full extent of his madness has been exposed to Wendy. Jack is literally a shadow of his former self . The darkness hidden within him is now present on the surface for all to see. The Shining is an example of a film with effective foreshadowing. Foreshadowing consists of introducing or hinting at something early on in the plot which will come back to play a big role later in the film. Let’s take a look at some examples of foreshadowing in The Shining. The best example of effective foreshadowing takes place in the scene where Jack and Wendy are being shown around the grounds of the hotel. Within this one scene, two vital plot elements are introduced: Jack and Wendy are introduced to the maze which turns out to be the location of the final showdown and they are also shown the Snowcat which is later considered by Wendy to be a potential method of escape. There is also a range of more subtle foreshadowing. For example, Wendy playfully chasing Danny through the maze, this mirrors what Jack will later do in an aggressive way. Also, we see Danny’s toy doll face down on the hotel floor with Jack standing next to it, you can see some similarities between this and when Wendy finds Halloran’s body near the end of the film. To sum up These are just some of the storytelling techniques I took away from The Shining. I think Stanley Kubrick is able to use both strong visuals and an ambiguous narrative to tell an effective on-screen story. I’m going to try to implement both of these into my own projects. Year Three (2016-2017): Truth Ben Worrall Unshakeable by Tony Robbins – Book Summary Ben WorrallREVIEWS Unshakeable Tony Robbins One of the main priorities in my life recently has been improving my financial situation and ultimately taking the first few steps towards achieving financial freedom. This week I have been listening to the audio version of Tony Robbin’s new book “Unshakeable”. A book full of practical advice on how you can achieve financial freedom. The book lays the ground for building and maintaining an effective investment portfolio in both bull and bear markets. In this post, I want to outline the five most important concepts that Tony discusses in the book. The aim here is to give you a condensed version of Unshakeable so you can internalise the knowledge in a short amount of time and start applying what you have learnt immediately. 1) Invest in Index Funds The point that is hammered home on multiple occasions throughout the book that most people should investing in index funds. I had never even heard of index funds before I read this book – not that I had much financial knowledge. The basic idea with index funds is that your money is spread to match a market index (like the S&P 500). You are investing in a wide range of stocks and are essentially waging your money on the success of the market rather than individual stocks. One of the main advantages of investing heavily in these funds is that you are more far more protected from fluctuations because you are investing in such a diverse range of stocks. Another huge advantage of investing in index funds is that there is minimal trading with your money (it’s more of a buy and hold approach) meaning that the fees and taxes that you would be forced to pay in other types of funds are dramatically reduced. There is much discussion in the book about the hidden fees and taxes in many people’s investment portfolios which are shredding a large percentage of their potential earnings. The long and short of it is that these hidden expenses are bad news and make it much harder to reach the goal of financial freedom. The main reason for this is that these hidden costs reduce the power of compounding. Which brings me onto the next point… 2) The Power of Compounding Investing money early in life and adding to it on a consistent basis can pay back dramatically over time – this is due to the power of compounding. Here’s the example of compounding provided in Unshakeable: If you invest 300 dollars per month from the age of 19 to 25 and then leave this amount to compound. You would have over 1.5 million dollars by the time you were 65. The key here is to begin investing early and on a regular basis. If you can do this, you will easily achieve financial freedom by retirement age. However, the only way a compounding strategy can be successful is if you stay in the market regardless of the economic conditions which are bound to fluctuate over a such a long period of time. 3) Stay in the Market You need to stay invested in the market. Having your wealth in cash not only means that you are not utilising the power of compounding but you will also be losing wealth due to inflation. This is easier said than done as it takes discipline to stay in the market in time of economic downturn The important thing to remember is that the bad times never last for ever and pulling money out of the markets as they are crashing is the worst thing you can do. The reason for this is that you will make a loss and when the markets inevitably rebounds you will have no chance of getting back in. The best strategy is to hold and ride it out. 4) Diversification Diversification is a key strategy for making yourself financially unshakeable. If you diversify correctly you will give yourself the security to ride out any dip in the market. Diversification basically boils down to spreading out of your wealth into a variety of different types of assets rather than bundling them all in one place where they are vulnerable. As we talked about in point one, investing heavily in an index fund is a good starting point. Some other ways to diversify your wealth includes investing in a variety of different markets, countries and currencies. 5) Invest in time of Gloom One of the main points made in Unshakeable is that you should be willing not only to keep your money in the market when the value is plummeting but you should buy more stocks when it hits rock bottom. Investing in stocks in a time of gloom and fear is a huge money-making opportunity. At this time, stocks are going to be at an ultra-low bargain price. When the price inevitable rises again you can make a fortune off these well-timed purchases. The key here is to have some of your portfolio invested somewhere where it can’t be touched by an economic crash, such as low risk government bonds. When the market plummets, you can use the money you have stashed in bonds to buy these bargain priced stocks. Bens thoughts I agree with Tony that investing early is important but I do believe that you need to take your own situation into account. If you are in a similar financial situation to myself and have very little money to your name, investing may not be the best first step for you. Instead of investing right away, you should focus all your attention on increasing your income. This could be done by improving your position in your current job, or by creating alternate streams of income or possibly both. I do think that the internet is a great place to start when looking to increase your income in creative ways. Consider what value you can personally bring to the market and come up with a way to deliver this value to the right people. Your income will increase from there. Once you are at a comfortable income level, investing becomes far more practical and lucrative and you can use the five tips above to become financially unshakeable. You can buy Unshakeable by Tony Robbins here. Ben Worrall How to Travel on the Cheap Ben WorrallTRAVEL travel on the cheap Despite popular belief, it doesn’t have to be expensive to travel for an extended period of time. Last year, I spent roughly 1500 GBP travelling around South East Asia for 2 months (flight from the UK not included). This isn’t exactly a high price to pay for a once in a lifestyle experience and believe it or not, I didn’t spend the entire time poverty-stricken either: I travelled to five different countries, ate out three times a day and could afford to so some amazing activities –  such as swimming with whale sharks. So, how did I do this for such an affordable price? In this blog post I going to be sharing with you three tips on how you can travel on the cheap. Before we get into it, let me just point out that the travel destination will play a large role in your expenses. South East Asia is a notoriously cheap place to travel and this gave me a huge advantage going into trip. I was also ‘backpacking’ and not just going on a standard vacation. I had a budget mindset and was purposely keeping an eye on how much I was spending. Anyway, below are the 3 tips, if you stick to these I can guarantee that you will be able to travel on the cheap: 1) Stay in Hostels This one is HUGE. I think one of the most common misconceptions people have if they have never been backpacking before is the way in which they view hostels. This applies to me too. Before I left on my travels, I was under the impression that hostels were going to be ultra-basic and not very enjoyable to stay in. While I was more than prepared to do this, I wasn’t exactly looking forward to it either. I quickly realised that I had been totally wrong about them. Not only was every single hostel I stayed in liveable, but many of them were closer to hotels than what I mentally projected staying in a hostel would be like. I stayed in hostels with roof top pools, double beds, pool tables, games consoles, bars, free breakfast, incredibly friendly staff and more. You have to keep in mind that in these areas that run off tourism, there are a huge number of hostels available and all of them are competing with each other to bring in as many travellers as possible. Therefore they will often try to make their hostel as nice as possible to build a positive reputation and attract more people in. Sure, you have to share the room with others but the standard room only contains 4-8 beds and I personally found that most of the time these rooms didn’t fill up. There were even occasions where I was the only person occupying the room. It’s also worth noting that staying in hostels is by far the easiest way to meet people, which is nice if you are travelling alone. I’m sure that there are bad hostels out there but remember that there is plenty of choice and you can pick out the best ones in the same way you would with a hotel. Staying in hostels are an amazing way to save money. In the two months I was out there, I never paid more than $8 per night which is a huge discount compared to the amount you would be shelling out on hotels. I now love staying in hostels and I think that you will too. 2) Pick your activities carefully If there is one thing that can drain your money in a blink of an eye while travelling; it’s organised activities. By organised activities, I mean paid for activities that have been specifically designed for tourists. Now this isn’t to say that you shouldn’t do any type of activity that involves pulling out your wallet but just be aware that constantly doing this is going to play a big role in increasing the overall cost of your trip. What I would suggest is picking the activities you want to do carefully. While some of these activities can get a little expensive, the overall cost of the activity will still be a hell of a lot less than it would be in a western country. The point I’m trying to make is that you that you should do the paid for activities that you are keen on but don’t get carried away with them if you want to travel on the cheap. You can find plenty of enjoyment travelling without constantly having activities planned. For me, just the act of travelling and exploring new places was all the experience I needed. Anything else of top of that was just a bonus. 3) Haggle Wisely It was almost midnight when I collected my baggage at Manila Airport in the Philippines. I was ready to begin my adventure and had a quiet optimism that this trip was going to be a success. Five minutes later and I was being ripped off by the taxi driver outside the airport. Paying WAY more than I should have for the short journey to my hotel. I remember being really annoyed at myself and thinking that if I can’t even make it through the first five minutes without losing a chunk of money, how the hell am I going to make it through the entire trip. Well, long story short, the first few times I found myself in haggling situation after this were kind of awkward but soon enough I was used to it and determined to get the best possible value on everything. In fact, I started to really to enjoy it. There was a (probably unhealthy) satisfaction in being able to haggle someone down to an awesome price. Anyway, I’m pretty sure I saved quite a bit of money by having this hagglers mindset. The main things you can haggle on and get good prices are products, transportation and accommodation. However, your ability to do this is going to really depend on the situation. While you should always be haggling on products, the best time to haggle on transport and accommodation are when you think there is more supply than demand. For example, if you are in a place with loads of hostels/guesthouses crammed into one area, you can quite easily play them off it each other and get the lowest price possible. The same applies for local transport. That’s it for now. I’m sure there are loads more ways you can save money when travelling that I will think of later, so I will most likely make a follow up post at some point in the future but this just sticking to these effective tips will dramatically reduce your costs and allow you to travel for longer on the cheap! Ben Worrall
If you suspect stroke, call 999 How to recognise stroke As stroke prevents the blood supply reaching the brain, this affects the body’s functions – leaving telltale signs for you to look out for. If you suspect a stroke, think FAST. F = Face – is there weakness or drooping on one side of their face? A = Arms – can they raise both arms? Look out for weakness or inability to move on one side. S = Speech – is their speech easily understood? Listen for slurring. T = Time – time to call 999 if you notice any of these signs and suspect a stroke. Remember, a stroke can be very frightening and the person may become distressed. Help keep them calm and reassure them that help is on the way. The importance of speed The quicker someone is diagnosed as having a stroke and treated, the better their chance of recovery. Strokes are caused by a blockage of blood supply to the brain – but there are different types of blockages. Treatment for stroke depends on the type of blockage a person has experienced – but this can only start once the cause has been determined. And the only way to definitively find out which type of stroke has occurred is through a brain scan. Getting from the point of someone having a stroke to results from a brain scan understandably takes some time. Your ability to spot stroke and dial 999 quickly can shave vital minutes off this process. Different strokes Most strokes are caused by a blockage (usually a blood clot) in one of the small blood vessels in the brain. Less common strokes are caused by bleeding in or around the brain when a blood vessel bursts. If someone has a stroke caused by a blood clot, they can be treated with clot-busting medicine that breaks down the clot. However, for this treatment to work most effectively it needs to be given within four and a half hours of the stroke symptoms starting. If someone has a stroke caused by bleeding, they may need surgery to stop this, remove blood or relieve any pressure that has built up around their brain. In both cases time really is of the essence. So if you ever suspect someone of having a stroke, think FAST – the faster a person receives medical help, the less damage is caused. * Statistic from Stroke UK
February 01, 0100 0 Comments In this example, we'll crack open a very simple to-do app with Debugger. Here's the app, based on basic open-source JavaScript frameworks. Open it up in the latest version of Firefox Developer Edition and then launch debugger.html by hitting Option + Cmd + S on Mac or Shift + Ctrl + S on Windows. The Debugger is divided into three panes: the source list pane, the source pane, and the tool pane. The Tools pane is further divided into the toolbar, watch expressions, breakpoints, the call stack, and scopes. It's tempting to use console.log to debug your code. Just stick a call into your code to find the value of a variable, and you're set, right? Sure, that can work, but it can be cumbersome and time-consuming. In this example, we'll use debugger.html to step through the todo app code to find the value of a variable. We can use debugger.html to dive deeper into the todo app by simply adding a breakpoint to a line of code. Breakpoints tell the Debugger to pause on a line so you can click into the code to see what's going on. In this example, we'll add a breakpoint to line 13 of the app.js file. Large preview Now add a task to the list. The code will pause at the addTodo function, and we can dive into the code to see the value of the input and more. Hover over a variable to see the value and more. You can see anchors and applets and children and all sorts of things: Large preview You can also dive into the Scopes panel to get the same info. Now that the script is paused, we can step through it using the Toolbar. The play/pause button does just what it says on the tin. "Step Over" steps across the current line of code, "Step In" steps into the function call, and "Step Out" runs the script until the current function exits. Large preview We can also use a watch expression to keep an eye on the value of a variable. Just type an expression in the Watch Expression field, and the debugger will keep an eye on it as you step through the code. In the example above, you can add the expressions "title" and "to-do" and the debugger will spit out the values when they're available. This is especially useful when: • You're stepping and want to watch values change; • You're debugging the same thing many times and want to see common values; • You're trying to figure out why that damn button won't work. You can also use debugger.html to debug your React/Redux apps. Here's how it works: • Navigate to a component you want to debug. • See the component outline on the left (functions in the class). • Add breakpoints to the relevant functions. • Pause and see component props and state. • The call stack is simplified so that you see your application code interleaved with the framework. Finally, debugger.html lets you see obfuscated or minified code that could be triggering errors, which is especially useful when you're dealing with common frameworks like React/Redux. The Debugger knows about components you're paused in and will show a simplified call stack, component outline, and properties. Here's developer Amit Zur explaining how he uses the Firefox debugger to dive into code at JS Kongress: If you're interested in an in-depth walkthrough on the new debugger.html, head over to the Mozilla Developer Playground. We've built a tutorial series to help developers learn how to effectively use the tool to debug their code. Open-Source DevTools The debugger.html project was launched about two years ago along with a full overhaul of all the Firefox DevTools. We wanted to rebuild DevTools using modern web technologies, to open them up to developers around the world. And when a technology is open, it's free to grow beyond anything our small group at Mozilla can imagine. JavaScript is essential to any advanced web app, so a strong debugger was a key part of the toolset. We wanted to build something that was fast, easy to use, and adaptable—able to debug any new JavaScript frameworks that may emerge. We decided to use popular web technologies because we wanted to work closer with the community. This approach would also improve the Debugger itself — if we adopted WebPack and started using a build tool and source maps internally, we'd want to improve source mapping and hot reloading. The debugger.html is built with React, Redux, and Babel. The React components are lightweight, testable, and easy to design. We use React Storybook for quick UI prototyping and documenting shared components. Our Components are tested with Jest and Enzyme, which make it easier to iterate on top of the UI. This makes it easier to work with various JavaScript frameworks (like React). Our Babel front-end lets us do things like show the Component class and its functions in the left sidebar. We are also able to do cool things like pinning breakpoints to functions, so they don't move when you change your code. The Redux actions are a clean API for the UI, but could just as easily be used to build a standalone CLI JS Debugger. The Redux store has selectors for querying the current debugging state. Our redux unit test fires Redux actions and simulates browser responses. Our integration tests drive the browser with debugger Redux actions. The functional architecture itself is designed to be testable. We relied on the Mozilla developer community every step of the way. The project was posted on GitHub and our team reached out to developers worldwide to help out. When we started, automated tests were a critical component for community development. Tests prevent regressions and document behavior that's easy to miss. This is why one of the first steps we took was to add unit tests for Redux actions and Flow types for the Redux store. In fact, the community ensured that our Flow and Jest coverage would help make sure every file was typed and tested. As developers, we believe tools are stronger the more people are involved. Our core team has always been small (2 people), but we average 15 contributors a week. The community brings a diversity of perspectives that helps us anticipate challenges and build features we would not have dreamed of. We now format call stacks for 24 different libraries, many of which we had never heard of. We also show WebPack and Angular maps in the source tree. We plan to move all the Firefox DevTools to GitHub so they can be used and improved by a wider audience. We'd love for you to contribute. Head over to our GitHub project page for debugger.html to get started. We've created a full list of instructions on how to run the debugger on your own machine, where you can modify it to do whatever you'd like. Use it to debug JavaScript code for anything — browsers, terminals, servers, phones, robots. And if you see ways to improve it, let us know via GitHub. You can download the latest version of Firefox (and DevTools) over here. Smashing Editorial (rb, ra, yk, il) Tag cloud
Worksheets     18Games - Games The Lew is Chessmen The most famous chessmen in the world are the Lewis chessmen, a group of 78 chess pieces that were found along with some other artefacts on a beach in Uig in Lewis in 1831.  They were found buried in a sand dune, after being uncovered by a grazing cow.  The cow’s owner sold the pieces, and they were later sold on to their present owners, the British Museum and the National Museum of Scotland.  Six of the Lewis chessmen are on loan at the new Museum nan Eilean in Stornoway on Lewis. Archaeologists believe that the chessmen were made in Scandinavia, perhaps in Norway, around 1150 AD.  Nothing is known for certain about how they came to be in Lewis, which was a part of the kingdom of Norway in the 12th century.  It is thought that they might have been buried for safe keeping by a merchant, who may have been travelling from Norway to Ireland.   The 78 chess pieces make up four sets, with some missing pieces.  They were found along with 14 draughts men and a buckle.  The pieces are elaboratively carved and made of walrus ivory and whales tooth.  They consist of kings and queens, bishops, knights on their mounts, standing warders and pawns in the shape of obelisks.  The Lewis chessmen have interesting and amusing carved faces, and have attracted crowds to the museums since their discovery.  They became even more famous after being featured in the 2001 film, ‘Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone’. History of Chess Chess is a very old game, which probably originated in India in the 6th century.  It soon travelled east and west, and is believed to have come into Europe through the Middle East.  By the end of the 10th century, chess was being played regularly across Europe and Russia.  The shape of the pieces and the rules changed from time to time and place to place, but settled down into roughly the game we know today in the 15th century.   Books began to be written about chess, with the first chess magazine coming out in 1836.  The game began to attract professional players, and by the mid-19th century national and international tournaments began to be played.  The first world championship was held in 1886.  Chess Today Millions of people world-wide play chess, both as amateurs and as professionals.  Computers are programmed to play chess, and online chess is very popular.  Chess is played on a squared board, of eight rows and eight columns.  Each player starts with 16 black, or 16 white, pieces - one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns.  The pieces move in different ways, and each player attempts to capture their opponents pieces, or prevent their opponent from making any more moves.   Learn to play the game of chess and set up a chess club in your school. 1. Find out about the history of chess, and the history of the Lewis Chessmen. 2. Make a leaflet for schools giving factual information about the Lewis Chessmen. Share on social networks: Collège de Samatan Département du Gers ACPPG Comhairle nan Eilean Siar Sgoil an Taobh Siar Comunn na Gàidhlig Gaelscoil Mhíchíl Cíosóg Erasmus+ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.
The subcategories of individualism and collectivism A worldview can be expressed as the "fundamental cognitive, affective, and evaluative presuppositions a group of people make about the nature of things, and which they use to order their lives. This certainly has powerful Nietzschean undertones. Green Malthusianism synthesizes mystical versions of environmentalism with alarm about population growth in the tradition of the Rev. But perhaps there was some interesting mathematics in his writings on vision. This is one angle on the ancient philosophical distinction between appearance and reality which is particularly pertinent to everyday contemporary living. In exchange for a sequence of short term loans, you hand over central management of your economy to the seasoned experts who have been fixing the Asian economic crisis for all these years. Communication is direct, and can be blunt. The diverse other subjects connected together and so forth are philosophical. World view This can be used for good or for bad. These worldviews of causality not only underlie religious traditions but also other aspects of thought like the purpose of historypolitical and economic theories, and systems like democracyauthoritarianismanarchismcapitalismsocialism and communism. For example, a person may be raised in a Power—Fear society, in a Honor—Shame family, and go to school under a Guilt—Innocence system. The term Weltanschauung is often wrongly attributed to Wilhelm von Humboldt, the founder of German ethnolinguistics. Streams in contemporary American thought[ edit ] According to Michael Lind"a worldview is a more or less coherent understanding of the nature of reality, which permits its holders to interpret new information in light of their preconceptions. If the Sapir—Whorf hypothesis is correct, the worldview map of the world would be similar to the linguistic map of the world. A constructed world-view should contain an account of its own "building blocks", its origins and construction. His most popular work was on that subject. Lind has organized American political worldviews into five categories: Culture, language and linguistic communities developed simultaneously and could not do so without one another. World View serves as a framework for generating various dimensions of human perception and experience like knowledgepoliticseconomicsreligionculturescience and ethics. An annual shindig sponsored by that NAHB. On the adoption of the Weltanschauung, he notes, "The historical impact of any world picture is In stark contrast to linguistic determinismwhich invites us to consider language as a constraint, a framework or a prison house, Humboldt maintained that speech is inherently and implicitly creative. Characteristics[ edit ] While Leo Apostel and his followers clearly hold that individuals can construct worldviews, other writers regard worldviews as operating at a community level, or in an unconscious way. These basic beliefs cannot, by definition, be proven in the logical sense within the worldview precisely because they are axiomsand are typically argued from rather than argued for. Humboldt saw language as part of the creative adventure of mankind. The song became popular locally, and a couple of years later it was picked up and adapted by a song writer who was passing through Jackson, Tennessee. Cross-cultural Explorations of Human Beliefs with "Exploring Religions and Analysing Worldviews" and argues for "the neutral, dispassionate study of different religious and secular systems—a process I call worldview analysis. Causality[ edit ] An unidirectional view of causality is present in some monotheistic views of the world with a beginning and an end and a single great force with a single end e. Classification of cultural worldviews[ edit ] From across the world across all of the cultures, Roland Muller has suggested that cultural world views can be broken down into three separate world views. Vain images possess the sensual mind, To real agents and true causes blind.Literature & Language Questions including "How does language help people express themselves and shape their daily lives" and "Which country just northwest of El salvador has 23 officially. Individualism-collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity–femininity are four key dimensions in which cultures vary. The position of a culture on these dimensions affects the suitable type of management style, reward systems, employee selection, and ways of motivating employees. English Language Questions including "When was the Ranger 22LR model made" and "The first English language use of the word computer". (Click here for bottom) I i I Roman numeral for one. This is the one roman numeral that seems very natural. For the claim that Roman numerals are efficient for computation, see two classics-list postings: and (). I. A world view or worldview is the fundamental cognitive orientation of an individual or society encompassing the whole of the individual's or society's knowledge and point of view.A world view can include natural philosophy; fundamental, existential, and normative postulates; or themes, values, emotions, and ethics. The term is a calque of . The subcategories of individualism and collectivism Rated 4/5 based on 14 review
My phone is in my pocket. My wallet is in another pocket. What’s the benefit of using one over the other and how it makes life easier? One of the most commonly used is digital wallet. A digital wallet allows a user to make an electronic payment with a financial instrument such as a credit card or digital cash, and hides the low-level details of executing the payment protocol that is used to make the payment. Digital wallets are designed to enhance consumer convenience while conducting transactions at online. In the current competitive landscape of companies with offerings in the consumer payments arena, one might observe that banks, mobile service providers, retailers, payment brands like Visa and Mastercard, and tech companies such as Apple, Amazon, Paypal, Square, and Google have at least one thing in common amongst them – they’re all competing to be your digital wallet of choice! India has seen a phenomenal increase in the number of digital wallets and is slowly moving towards being a cashless country. Mainly there are 3 part for the Digital Wallets : Considering the multiple e commerce platforms (Websites or Apps) adopt the features to pay money through Wallets.Generally the known procedure of wallet to any customer is adding amount from their bank account to the respected wallet they use. But does anyone know how exactly wallet Works ? As everyone knows that is required when one is shopping , Telecom recharge ,Banking etc. Making the choice of the purchased customer move forward for the payment on Merchants website/App and proceed selecting the payment methods. Considering “CCAvenue” as an example here. On selection the user is sent to the Payment page of CCAvenue where he selects the payment option and fills the details. CCAvenue sent the customer and the payment details to the right bank where the bank verifies all the details filled by the customer.On confirmation, bank informs the payment gateway (CCAvenue) about the transaction fail or successful. CCAvenue passes the customer back to the merchant’s website along with the confirmation whether the transaction has failed or succeeded. Ending up the customer is shown success or failure on the merchant’s website.