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could space solar power beam its way to Earth by 2016?
could space solar power beam its way to Earth by 2016?
It might sound like the start of a 1950s B movie, but US energy giant PG&E has this week thrown its considerable weight behind a US startup that plans to begin transmitting usable power from orbiting solar satellites within the next seven years.
The utility has requested approval from regulators in its home state of California for a power purchase deal that from 2016 would see PG&E agree to buy 200MW of renewable power over a 15-year period from space solar technology startup Solaren Corp.
Speaking to, PG&E spokesman Jonathan Marshall said that while the project presented a major challenge, decades of research suggested that the proposals are technically viable.
Under the proposals, Solaren plans to use solar panels on satellites to generate energy that will then be beamed to earth using radio waves, before being converted into usable electricity.
"This is not a new concept and the technology is largely proven," he said. " The main difference from communications satellites is that [Solaren] means to do it at a higher power level, but recent experiments on Earth have shown that this can work and the energy can be readily converted."
Marshall admitted that transmitting large amounts of energy using radio waves could spark safety fears, but he added that the contract with Solaren required it to obtain all the necessary safety permits from the authorities before undertaking the project. He also noted that recent NASA research had found that the radiation from Space Solar Power systems would be much too diffused to pose any health risks.
In an interview with PG&E's Next 100 blog, Solaren chief executive Gary Spirnak said that the underlying technology for the project was "very mature". He added that the combination of the Solaren team's experience in satellite technology - Spirnak worked as a spacecraft project engineer in the US Air Force and most of the 10-strong project team have worked for NASA or the US defense industry - combined with the fact no new launch technology will be required meant that he was confident the company could begin delivering renewable power to PG&E using the technology by 2016.
The biggest challenge for the technology will be making it commercially viable, Marshall said, and reports claim that Solaren is seeking several billion dollars in funding for the project.
PG&E has not provided any funding itself and will only pay for energy that is delivered, but Marshall said that the fact Solaren has a customer lined up for the power it generates should strengthen its pitch to investors.
He added that should the technology prove economically viable, it has the potential to revolutionise the global energy industry.
Solar satellites can generate power almost continuously, ensuring that unlike solar panels on the ground they can provide a base power load. In addition, space solar power is eight to 10 times greater than that which reaches the Earth, while a recent study from the US Department of Defense National Space Security Office estimated that "a single kilometre-wide band of geosynchronous earth orbit experiences enough solar flux in one year (approximately 212 terawatt-years) to nearly equal the amount of energy contained within all known recoverable conventional oil reserves on Earth today (approximately 250TW-yrs)".
Moreover, there is limited land cost associated with solar space projects and utilities could conceivably locate transmission sites right next to grid connections, making it easier and cheaper to feed the power straight into the grid.
"If it works, this could be scaled up enormously," observed Marshall, "and not just for California, but for the entire planet."
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FULING — For years the villagers didn't know what that high chimney on the verdant Jinzi Mountain, towering above the Wu River like a look-out post, was for. Turns out it's part of a huge and until relatively recently, super secret nuclear base that was dug under the mountain in Fuling, about a two-hour drive away from Chongqing, in southwest China.
In 2010, the Chinese government — after keeping a tight lid for decades on what was once one of its most ambitious military projects — opted to convert it into a tourist attraction. The base, codenamed "816 Nuclear Military Plant," remained closed for several more years while workers overhauled it. Finally, this past September, it reopened.
The dimensions of this base, which was intended to manufacture plutonium-239 for atomic bombs, are colossal — more than 1 million square feet. With its more than 20 kilometers of tunnels and 18 gigantic caves made for the reactor, the site is said to be the world's largest known network of man-made tunnels.
Photo: Stephen Shaver/ZUMA
After crossing tall green gates surmounted by the Red Star of the Communist Party, we find ourselves taken back to the time of the Cold War, a time when Chinese nuclear ambitions were as chilling as those of North Korea today. In making this journey back in time, it's hard not to draw a parallel between Kim Jong-un's current strategy and that of Mao Zedong — the Great Helmsman — more than a half century ago.
The project was launched in 1966, only a few years after China broke with the "revisionist" Soviet Union, which had helped it develop its nuclear program. United States, in the meantime, had launched its military intervention in Vietnam. Fearing American and Russian strikes, Mao decided to bury deep in the ground a power station capable of fueling atomic weapons. It was designed to be able to withstand thousands of tons of explosives, as well as a magnitude 8 earthquake.
Incredible undertaking
The layout of the attraction was carefully designed to glorify Chinese nuclear achievements. The first highlight comes when we enter a deep, dark cave colored by neon lights that change from blue to red and white — like something you'd find in a nightclub — while grandiloquent music reverberates. A life-sized replica of the first national atomic bomb appears under the spotlights, in front of a large orange photograph of the mushroom cloud that formed after the bomb was tested in the Xinjiang Desert, in 1964.
The dimensions of this base are colossal.
More than 60,000 people — including some 20,000 soldiers and many of the country's scientists — spent time at the 816 base during its nearly two-decade construction phase. Officially, 76 soldiers, aged 21 years on average, lost their lives here, but Huang Liu suggests to the group he's guiding — most of them elderly — that the real number is higher. In fact, "several hundred" people are believed to have died here, according to various testimonies.
Photo: Chen Cheng/Xinhua/ZUMA
"The workers showed incredible courage — at the time, we did not have modern tools — and they suffered a lot. But it was to fight against U.S. imperialism," says Huang Aiguo, a pensioner, as he points to the height of the cave, nearly 80 meters.
"The soldiers were working in extremely difficult conditions, with drills, shovels and dynamite to carve the rock, which could collapse at any moment," recalls a former security officer at the site who we meet in a nearby village. "The air was unbreathable and workers, who were divided into three teams, 24 hours a day, would sometimes sleep on the spot," he adds. The security officer, now in his 60s, spent three years underground without being able to talk about his work to anyone outside.
Major money pit
In the end, all those sacrifices proved useless since the site was actually never used. Beijing, which had come to feel less threatened than in the past, decided in 1984 to abandon the project, which was 85% ready at that point. At Deng Xiaoping's instigation, priority was given to economic growth, and much of the military equipment was turned into factories. In total, an estimated $12 billion dollars was spent in vain.
"At the time, the Chinese were very poor and didn't have enough to eat. What a waste! So much sweat and blood, too!" a former civil servant who is surprisingly critical in this "red tourism" hotspot argues. And yet, the unfinished mission may at least have served to unite the participants against the foreign enemies. "Let's be vigilant, let's protect our motherland," a period propaganda poster reads.
It's hard not to draw a parallel between Kim Jong-un's current strategy and that of Mao Zedong.
This exaltation of patriotism is the first striking resemblance between Mao's approach and that of the heir of the North Korean Communist dynasty. For China in the 1950s and 1960s, the bomb was crucial to assert the identity of the young People's Republic. Similarly, North Korea's current program "aims to legitimize Kim Jong-un's regime and anchor inside people's minds the idea of a strong and technologically advanced country," says Nicola Leveringhaus, a professor at King's College in London. Both Mao and Kim, the expert goes on to say, "placed emphasis on the importance of an atomic bomb that is supposed to be developed in a self-sufficient way" the expert says — even though Pyongyang (and Beijing also, in the past) benefited from foreign contributions.
On the geopolitical level too, "both programs have the same goal: to guarantee the survival of a regime against much more powerful countries: the USSR and the United States then, the United States and China now," explains Antoine Bondaz, a researcher at the Foundation for Strategic Research. As Mao himself explained in 1956, "Without the atomic bomb, we cannot free ourselves from oppression."
Photo: Chen Cheng/Xinhua/ZUMA
China's nuclear ambitions faced fierce opposition. In December 1960, the U.S. National Intelligence Estimate believed that China's "arrogant self-confidence, revolutionary fervor, and distorted view of the world may lead Beijing to miscalculate risks." It went further and warned that "this danger would be heightened if Communist China achieved a nuclear weapons capability." Faced with this pariah state, "the United States and the USSR have considered military strikes to delay and destroy the Chinese nuclear program, both before Beijing tested its bomb and after," says Nicola Leveringhaus. Just like Donald Trump with Pyongyang today.
History as a guide?
Exasperated by Kim's sixth nuclear test in early September, China has voted in favor of tightening UN sanctions against the "hermit kingdom" (though Beijing has so far refused an embargo on oil exports). During Trump's recent visit to China, Xi Jinping, reasserted "the firm commitment" of both countries in favor of the Korean peninsula's "denuclearization."
And yet, the Communist giant, which declared in 1964 its will to break the "nuclear monopoly," strongly opposed outside controls on its own program, seeing them as a trap set by the United States and the USSR to reinforce their domination. Applying a similar logic, Pyongyang refuses to be deprived of its "deterrence" capability. But unlike Mao, Kim Jong-un, though he claims to want only to defend himself, does not hesitate to issue threats: His regime now boasts of being a nuclear power capable of "striking the whole of continental United States."
Just like Donald Trump with Pyongyang today.
Some visitors at the 816 base make the connection between the two leaders themselves. "Kim Jong-un is imitating Mao," our rebel pensioner says, growing irritated during the 90-minute tour. He believes that the dictator in Pyongyang, like the Chinese revolutionary before him, seeks only to remain in power — "without considering the interests of the people."
Tang Haihua, an energetic octogenarian who joined the project when he was 23 after attending military school, has a different opinion. He thinks that the inventor of the "Great Leap Forward" made the right choices "to fight against China's enemies." This fervent Communist is also willing to give the benefit of the doubt to the "supreme leader" of North Korea. "The entire world is conspiring against him even though he is only the head of a small country," he laments. The man also questions why America "should have the right to have nuclear power and not the others."
After a period of high tensions, the normalization of relations between China and the United States in the late 1970s facilitated the recognition of the People's Republic as a nuclear power, and Washington's fears never materialized. The future will tell whether Pyongyang — which poses a "serious threat" to the "whole world," according to the Trump administration— will be as successful as its imposing neighbor in making its presence in this very exclusive club accepted.
See more from World Affairs here |
Sunday, November 9, 2008
A new Utah War?
In 1857, the President of the United States, James Buchanan, was persuaded by anti-Mormon sentiment and agitators to send the U.S. Army to "put down the rebellion in Utah." At the time, this was arguably the one of the largest, if not the largest military campaign undertaken by the United States in that period of our history. The War is also known as "Buchanan's Blunder" due to the fact that there was no rebellion. Nevertheless, the confrontation lasted from May, 1857 to July, 1858. Ironically, the General sent by Buchanan to put down the rebellion, Albert Sidney Johnston, became a General in Confederate Army and fought against the Union.
From current news articles, the United States apparently hasn't moved very far from that level of irrational anti-Mormon sentiment of the 1800s. With the recent passage, by three states, California, Arizona and Florida, of Marriage Amendments, mobs of Gay activists have attacked Mormon Temple sites in California and Utah and the government has stood by and allowed the attacks.
Here are several news stories of the confrontation.,5143,705261463,00.html,0,7790800.story
Significantly, the L.A. Times news article ignores the specific attacks on the Church at the Los Angeles Temple.
What is significant about these attacks is the fact that members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints comprise less than 2% of the population of California and 52% of the population voted in favor of the amendment. Further, the attacks include specific threats to kill members of the Church.
The Church has responded with clear statements:
If this type of mob activity was directed at Jews, Blacks or Muslims, or other similar minority, the outrage and outcry would have swept the country. But, because the target is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, apparently we are still in the 1800s.
1. Years ago during the civil rights movement the Church was neutral (as far as I know) on the subject of civil rights. They never spoke for it and many criticized the Church for not giving the blacks the priesthood (even members of the church). At the time it would seem like something the Church might be interested in supporting due to the fact that we emphasize the equality of man, but they did not take part in it. Neither did the Church give even nominal support for the civil rights movement by giving blacks the priesthood, until it was mostly over.
This upset people because they thought that the Church was being unfair towards blacks. Now years later the "civil rights" movement has taken up the mission of giving homosexuals their "civil rights". Looking back, if the Church had supported the civil rights movement of the 60's, even if they were not actively involved, or even passively involved by giving blacks the priesthood, then today they (the Church) would be in a more difficult position because people (including many members) would have assumed that because the Church had previously supported the civil rights movement, even if it was nominal, passive support, they (the Church) would support the new "civil rights" movement.
It was as if someone was aware of what would happen and purposely guided the Church to take a particular position (or non-position) regarding civil rights so as to avoid problems in the future, and put the Church in a position to take a stand on a critical subject.
2. This guy has an interesting essay on the topic: |
Functional Lenses: an exploration in Swift
The context
This JSON is in translated in something like
Functional Lenses
As we know, in the real world, a Lens is a tool to focus into a part of an image, used alone or in combination with other Lenses (i.e. think to a telescope).
In FP, a Lens is a first-class value that let you having a partial view (just referred as view V) on the internal part of a complex data structure (container C) and it could be combined with other Lenses to create more complex queries over the container.
Basically a Lens is a functional and composable getter/setter over a complex data structure.
Lenses have been called “jQuery for data types“: they give you a way to poke around in the guts of some large aggregate structure. Lenses compose (so you can make big lenses by gluing together little ones), and they exploit type classes to allow a remarkable degree of flexibility (get, set, fold, traverse, etc). (*)
A Lens on a data type [C, V] is made up by:
get(V): C => V
set(V, C): [V, C] => C
The meaning of these two functions is that you can query on the container C to get a view V and when you set a new value for a particular V in C, you get an updated copy of C (this is one of the FP core concepts: immutability).
Every Lens<C, V> should satisfy these three rules:
1. Lens.get(Lens.set(Va, C)) == Va
2. Lens.set(Lens.get(Va), C) == C
3. Lens.set(Vb, Lens.set(Va, C)) == Lens.set(Vb, C)
1/ set a value followed by a get always returns the value previously set;
2. getting a view from the container and setting it again returns the same container;
3. applying N consecutive set functions on C is equal to set the last value on the initial C;
In this way we have at least a baseline to develop our Lenses without side effects.
Swift implementation
What we want to implement is a data structure that implements the get/set previously defined as
get(V): C => V
That is easily translated in the following struct:
get and set are two computed properties that precisely define our functions.
Now let’s implement one Lens to expose actors name and one Lens to focus on actors included in a movie:
What should look clear from the two extensions just implemented is that the getter focus on a specific field in a really expressive way (i.e. and that the setter always return a copy of the data structure.
The Lenses are the used in the following way:
This implementation satisfies two of three rules previously described:
1. set a value followed by a get always returns the value previously set;
let actor01 = Actor(name: "Ennio", surname: "Masi"), “Pippo Foo”)) // → Pippo Foo
2. getting a value and setting it again returns the set value itself;
let actor01 = Actor(name: "Ennio", surname: "Masi"), a).name
// → “Ennio”
For this latest criteria we need another function within the Lens: compose.
The idea behind a compose function is that apply Lens(A, B) & Lens (B, C) is equal to apply Lens (A, C).
get(A, B) => get(B, C) = get(A, C)
set(A, B) => set(B, C) = set(A, C)
Compose operator
Let’s create the compose operator as an infix swift operator:
This could look weird but basically we have implemented two functions:
get<A, B, C>((A,B), (B,C)) = get(get(A,B))
1. get(A, B) → B
2. get(get(A, B)) → C
In this way we are going to create a pipe of operations using two Lenses and we can use it in the following way:
Through the Lens updatedMovie we have been able to update the actor surname (1 level deep) with a single call, nice no? 🙂
Probably what I’ve explained in this article just cover a minimal part of the theories about Lenses but I hope that I’ve been clear explaining the abstraction provided by them.
The brilliant idea is to create a toolkit to focus on a (or more than one) part of a larger data structure, providing an elegant way to query over this structure using the algebra for compose these Lenses.
The cons about Lenses in Swift is definitely the boilerplate code related to Lenses implementation.
As I told you at the beginning of the article, this is just a primer about the amazing Lenses, for sure the next steps will be to investigate Fold and Traversal.
Checkout the github repo about this post and feel free to contact me on Twitter for any reason. I’d love to hear any kind of feedback! 🤙🏼
Thanks for reading! 👽
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Publications [#269686] of David R. Smith
Papers Published
1. Pendry, JB; Smith, DR, THE QUEST for the superlens, Scientific American, vol. 295 no. 1 (2006), pp. 60-67 .
The superlens, made from metamaterials with bizarre, controversial optical properties have the capacity to produce images that include details finer than the wavelength of light that is used. When an electromagnetic wave travels through a material, the electrons within the material's atoms or molecules experience a force and move in response to it. This motion uses up some some of the wave's energy which affects the properties of the wave and the way in which it travels. Resonance, which is the tendency to oscillate at a particular frequency, is the key to achieving a negative response and is introduced artificially in a metamaterial by building small circuits designed to mimic the magnetic or electrical response of a material. The demonstration of superlensing id the latest of many predictions for negative-index materials to be realized which is an indication of the rapid progress that has occurred in the emerging field. |
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Monday, September 14, 2015
The Monarch Butterfly Migration has Begun!
The migration has begun. ,Each September Monarch butterflies begin a 3000 mile journey, of about three months, from Canada and the United States to their destination-Mexico. Sadly, the monarch butterfly numbers are diminishing. Just 15 years ago, there were an estimated one billion orange/black butterflies. Today, scientists say there are less than 30 million. One main reason for less monarch butterflies is a pesticide that is used today. It kills weeds and it also kills a plant called milkweed. Milkweed is the only plant that a monarch butterfly uses to lay their eggs. It is also the only food of the Monarch caterpillar. The lepidoptera(name for butterflies) need our help. People are being encouraged to plant more milkweed plants along the routes that Monarchs follow on their migration south. Trying to use less pesticides would help, too.
Extension Activities:
Draw/color a picture of a monarch butterfly. Write a day in the life of a monarch. What do you see? Hear? Feel? Touch? as you migrate toward Mexico for the winter.
Discuss the Japanese poem, Haiku. Three lines, syllables 5/7/5. Write a Haiku about a Monarch Butterfly.
Review prior knowledge on why butterflies are important.Review the information at this site: on the importance of butterflies. Make a poster and include 3 facts learned.
Helpful links:
Note: Photograph from
Check out my teaching resources(webquests/reader’s theater scripts:
1 comment:
1. Hi,
The link to the app is:
happy teaching! |
Essay realism vs liberalism
Mercantilism vs liberalism mercantilism - wealth and power interrelated-state allocates resources - primacy of military power - trade beneficial as long as there is. What is the difference between neoliberalism and libertarianism update cancel neoliberalism, however, is just liberalism, particularly with respect to economics. Similarities between realism and liberalism in international relations realism vs liberalism pdf, realism and liberalism debate conclusion of realism and liberalism. Understanding and applying theoretical lenses this essay applies the theories of international relations addressed in class—realism, liberalism,.
Realism vs liberalism essay - international politics gerard chretien professor: jennifer dwyer may 2, 2001 the realist perspective on international political. Introduction realism and liberalism are the two most prevalent ideologies in practicing and analyzing international relations in the last two centuries. Description: an essay discussing the theories of realism and liberalism in international relations. Compare and contrast: the similarities and differences between realism and naturalism.
Liberalism and realism the theories that this essay will look at are realism and liberalism these benjamin r barber’s ‘jihad vs mcworld’. Liberalism and realism - get the needed report here and forget about your worries experienced scholars, top-notch services, timely delivery and other benefits can be. The debate continues as to which school of international relations remains the most some will always say realism is politics as it is while liberalism is an. A summary of theories of international relations in 's international politics the two major theories of international relations are realism and liberalism. However, two positivist schools of thought are most prevalent: realism and liberalism constructivism, however, is increasingly becoming mainstream.
International relations are tricky at best and disastrous at worst innocent mistakes brought about by cultural differences can sometimes have unexpected consequences. Nagel argues for what he calls realism and against a particular version of idealism read the whole philosophy essay sample and order papers. Thinking about the number of high-stake political issues and the wide variety of aspects in which people have tried to understand these issues. The tools you need to write a quality essay liberalism and theory of his efforts to point out the distinction between realism and idealism don't go. International relation theories of realism and liberalism essay 534 words | 3 pages realism and liberalism international relations theories are the study of.
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Essay realism vs liberalism
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Sunday, July 12, 2009
The Creators of Naturebag Open Up
We love Naturebag and the two Canadian mompreneurs who developed it. Here Naturebag creators Sylvie DeSousa and Katharine Byers talk about the challenges of developing a new product, making partnerships work and why it's so important for kids to get outside.
1. How did you come up with the idea of Naturebag?
We wanted a fun and easy way to get children outside. We thought it would be easier to give families a 'kit' so they wouldn't have to change their habits too much or try to think up or research fun outdoor activities. "It's all in the bag" came to mind and we just went from there, thinking convenience and ease for parents and fun outdoor time for children.
2. Why is it so important for kids to get outside?
We are all hard wired with the need to spend time outdoors.
Viewing screens has become a child's full-time job. Kids are plugged in 24/7, watching an average of 25 hours of TV a week (Gentile & Walsh, 2002) and then logging additional screen time on the Internet, browsing the Web, playing video games, and engaging in whole new verbs, like IMing and Facebooking.
Richard Louv, author of 'Last Child in The Woods' coined the phrase nature-deficit disorder to describe the "human costs of alienation from nature" (p. 34), including diminished use of the senses, attention difficulties, and higher rates of physical and emotional illness. Just when students need contact with nature more than ever, they have abandoned it.
A Canadian study found that children whose school grounds include diverse natural settings are more physically active, more aware of nutrition, more civil to one another, and more creative (Bell & Dyment, 2006). Another study discovered that children playing in green settings have reduced symptoms of attention deficit disorder (Taylor, Kuo, & Sullivan, 2001).
The more studies are published, the more they agree: exposure to nature raises test scores; increases creativity, cooperation, and self-confidence; reduces stress; and enhances cognitive abilities.
We could go on and on, but we think you get the picture. Take your kids outside... NOW!
3. You've created a brand new product - something from nothing. What's been the most
difficult part?
The sourcing of the 10 items that make up the Naturebag. We were so determined to find the best quality for the children who would end up using the Naturebag and also wanted to respect the planet in the process. We had to research everything: fair trade working conditions, organic cotton, rubber wood, soy crayons, recycled paper, cardboard, pencils, hemp. You'd think we were there as a society, that ethical products were easy to find. Well, think again!
4. You're two busy mompreneurs. How do you make your partnership work?
Ahhh, it's a match made in heaven! Without meaning to sound overly corny, it's really one of those things that was meant to be. Katharine and I work so well together, with our priorities straight and complete respect for one another. We complement each other perfectly with different strengths for the business and both have a great sense of humour which is terribly important I might add when you start a small business!
5. What's the best part about your work?
Working with Katharine (says Sylvie), working with Sylvie (says Katharine) and getting feedback from parents that are grateful that they have found more balance in their lives since spending more time outdoors.
Thanks for the insight ladies! Sylvie and Katharine's innovative Naturebag is available at Lavish & Lime.
Do you have ideas or tips about getting kids outside? Please add them below! Everyone who leaves a comment before July 31st will be entered to win a sport size all natural sunscreen from Soleo Organics.
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FP Growth(FP-tree) Algorithm with Example
November 1, 2017 Author: rajesh
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FP-growth algorithm : Introduction
The FP-growth algorithm is currently one of the fastest approaches to frequent item set mining. The FP-Growth methods adopts a divide and conquer strategy as follows: compress the database representing frequent items into a frequent-pattern tree, but retain the itemset association information, and then divide such a compressed database into a set of condition databases, each associated with one frequent item, and mine each such database. First, a scan of database derives a list of frequent items in descending order. Then the FP – tree is constructed as follows. Create the root of the tree and scan the database second time. The items in each transaction are processed in the order of frequent items list and a branch is created for each transaction. When considering the branch to be added to a transaction, the count of each node along a common prefix is incremented by 1. After constructing the tree the mining proceeds as follows. Start from each frequent length-1 pattern, construct its conditional pattern base, then construct its conditional FP-tree and perform mining recursively on such a tree. The support of a candidate (conditional) itemset is counted traversing the tree. The sum of count values at least frequent item’s nodes gives the support value.
This approach is based on divide-and-conquer strategy. The first step is to compress the whole database into a frequent pattern tree that preserves the association information of itemsets. The next step is to divide this compressed database into a set of conditional databases, where each conditional database is associated with one frequent item and also these databases are mined separately. Because for each frequent item its associated data sets are needed to be examined only. This approach is beneficial as it reduces the size of the data sets to be searched.
Generating FP-Trees Pseudocode
The FP-Growth algorithmic program works as follow:
1. Scan the transaction database once, as among the Apriori algorithmic program, to seek out all the frequent items and their Support.
2. Sort the frequent items in descending order of their Support.
3. Initially, begin making the FP-tree with a root “null”.
4. Get the primary transaction from the transaction database. Takeaway all non-frequent items and list the remaining items in line with the order among the sorted frequent items.
5. Use the transaction to construct the primary branch of the tree with each node corresponding to a frequent item and showing that item’s frequency that’s one for the primary transaction.
6. Get the next transaction from the transaction database. Takeaway all non-frequent items and list the remaining items in line with the order among the sorted frequent items.
7. Insert the transaction within the tree using any common prefix that may appear. Increase the item counts.
8. Continue with Step 6 until all transactions among the database are processed.
How to create FP-Tree using Example
let there is a set of items such that:
L={A, B, C, D, E}
First, the algorithm creates the root node of the tree, with the tag “null.” Then it scans the database for the second time. Each item in a transaction is ordered by the sequence of L. Later it creates a branch for each transaction. For example, the first transaction \( “001:A,B,C,D,E” \) contains five items \( {C,D,E,A,B} \)according to the sequence of L, generating the first branch \( {(C:1),(D:1),(E:1),(A:1),(B:1)} \), for building FP-tree. The branch has five nodes. In it, C is the children link of root, D links to C, E links to D, A links to E, and B links to A. The second transaction \( “002:B,C,E” \) contains three items {C, E, B} according to the sequence of , generating a branch. In it, C links to the root, E links to C, and B links to E. This branch shares the prefix ⟨C⟩ with the existing path of transaction “001.” In this way, the algorithm makes the count of node C increase by 1 and creates two new nodes \( {(E:1),(B:1)} \) as a link \( (C:2) \) of. Generally, the algorithm considers increasing a branch for a transaction and when each node follows common prefix, its count increases by 1; algorithm creates node for the item following the prefix and linking.
TID Items
001 A, B, C, D, E
002 B, C, E
003 C, E, D
004 A, C, D
Table 1: Transaction Database
Generating FP-Tree
Figure 1: Generating FP-Tree
For convenience of tree traversal, the algorithm creates an item header table. Each item through a node link points to itself in FP-tree. After scanning all transactions, we get the FP-tree displayed in Figure 1.
[1] Barış Yıldız, Belgin Ergenç. “Comparison Of Two Association Rule Mining Algorithms Without Candidate Generation”, In IASTED International Conference on Artifical Intelligence and Applications (AIA 2010), Austria, Feb 15-17, 2010
[2] J. Han, J. Pei, and Y. Yin (2000) “Mining frequent patterns without candidate generation”, In Proceeding 2000 ACM-SIGMOD International Conference Management of Data, pp. 1–12
[3] Zeng, Yi, et al. “Research of improved FP-Growth algorithm in association rules mining.” Scientific Programming 2015 (2015): 6.
[4] M.S. Mythili and A.R. Mohamed Shanavas, “Performance Evaluation of Apriori and FP-Growth Algorithms”, International Journal of Computer Applications (IJCA) Volume 79 – No10, October 2013
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2. Identify various innovations by its origin.
2. Identify various innovations by its origin.
Types of innovation
Examples of service innovation:
- http://www.readwritethink.org/parent-afterschool-resources/games-tools/match-a-30091.html
- 3D classes
Examples of process innovation:
- New teaching method
- Blended learning
Examples of product innovations:
- New curriculum
- Go Animate: Go animate is the latest educational tool that allows the students to create animated videos using dialogues and characters. Now teachers can ask students to create stories, write dialogues and develop characters using this interactive tool. Moreover, students can share any video on different social media channels such as Twitter, Facebook and YouTube.
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Sunday, December 7, 2014
Do Readers Need a History Lesson?
Do Readers Need A History Lesson?
When we think of fantasy fiction, we usually think of exotically detailed worlds, filled with developed cultures and unique customs. If you’re anything like me, the idea of writing a book in the fantasy genre is overwhelming, not only because of the detail needed to create a world like Tolkien’s Middle-Earth, but also in how to present that world to the reader. In reading fantasy novels there are always the books that utilize the first fifty to one hundred pages introducing the world (like Tolkien’s The Fellowship of the Ring), but is that the norm? Is an in-depth introduction even necessary? If we look at Pullman’s The Golden Compass, it would seem that there is more than one way of introducing a world, and not all of them give the reader a flashback to their high school history class.
“Lyra and her daemon moved through the darkening hall, taking care to keep to one side, out of sight of the kitchen” is Pullman’s first sentence in The Golden Compass, and drops readers right into Lyra’s Oxford, with no clue as to what a daemon is or what this world is like (3). In fact, readers do not learn anything more about daemons until later on in the book; and even then only small bits of information. This seems strange, considering the turmoil in Lyra’s Oxford seems to center upon daemons and children, yet it’s not entirely clear what the daemons are. This could have been risky on Pullman’s part, yet from the very beginning the novel progresses at a swift pace. The reader is submerged in his world, even without it being fully explained. So, how does this work for Pullman?
First, our protagonist is a young girl who has lived in this world her entire life. Our view of the world is also Lyra’s view of the world. We are only exposed to the things in the world that involve and interact with Lyra. We also understand what she understands, which leads to a very basic knowledge of the religion, government, and customs of this strange Oxford. A great example of this is in the first chapter, where we are introduced to the mysterious Dust. Pullman writes, “ ‘It’s coming down,’ said Lord Asriel, ‘but it isn’t light. It’s Dust.’ Something in the way he said it made Lyra imagine dust with a capital letter, as if this wasn’t ordinary dust. The reaction of the Scholars confirmed her feeling,” is the first exposure to the reason for the kidnapping of poor children (19). There is no further explanation to this Dust until Lyra overhears it, or someone tells her—and by association, us. This method of introducing the world seems authentic, much like how we discovered our own worlds as children. Our eyes and our ears are Lyra and the way she perceives the world, so it fits that we only know what she knows, and only see the world as she does. As Lyra learns we also learn, keeping us on the edge of our seats exploring a fictional universe where parallel worlds exist, and armored polar bears talk.
A second reason this seems to work for Pullman is that when he drops us into his world it feels fully formed from the beginning. “[Lyra] had lived most of her life in the College, but had never seen the Retiring Room before: only Scholars and their guests were allowed in here, and never females” describes Pullman, introducing us to Jordan College (4). By giving us rules for the use of the Retiring Room, we are left with a sense of history, and an idea that this institution has been around for a long time. It also appears to give us an idea of the way people are viewed in Lyra’s Oxford, with esteemed positions being only for men. Instead of giving readers an entire history of this world, he inserts descriptions that let us know the way this world works. Because of that description from Lyra’s eyes, we can see that this world is patriarchal and bound by tradition (which makes sense, when we realize that their world is ruled by the Magisterium- the church).
After looking at only three quotes from the text (which are all from the first nineteen pages), we have learned two major aspects of Lyra’s world, daemons and that the world is patriarchal. This seems fairly impressive, considering we did not have to read fifty-plus pages setting up the world we have just stepped into. It seems as though it was not necessary for Pullman to give readers an in-depth introduction into his world, since he needed to also give Lyra the information, as well. It may be that this is only crucial for a work like Pullman’s, where the protagonist needs to learn about their own world in order to grow. If you have read Eragon by Christopher Paolini, the same type of world building is seen in that series. Eragon, the protagonist, creates the world for the reader through his journeys. Even though a map is provided in the beginning of the book, the readers knowledge of the world only expands as Eragon’s knowledge about his world expands.
Literature of all types pose questions that deal with craft; questions such as, what makes a text work, and what are techniques used to make a world? Concerning the world of fantasy fiction, the question here is if it is necessary to give an in-depth introduction to the created world. Pullman seems to have created a world that the reader does not need to be given a history lesson. And yet there might be a certain type of wisdom that other fantasy writers have internalized: sometimes, it really is necessary to learn to be able to understand a topic fully. Which method of revealing the world to the reader works better?
Happy Reading!! -Ashley Weinheimer
Work Cited
Pullman, Philip. The Golden Compass. New York: Random House Children’s Books, 1995. Print.
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Heart palpitation steroids
There are certain known risk factors which increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in an individual. If an individual is at moderate or high risk for cardiovascular disease based on these risk factors or having symptoms of chest pain, shortness of breath, excessive fatigue, palpitation, syncope early evaluation can lead to diagnosis of cardiovascular disease before it causes irreversible damage and disability. Based on your individual risk factors, to find out if you are at increased risk of having heart attack, go to: “Who is at Risk for a Heart Attack?”
Panic disorder is characterised by the repeated occurrence of unexpected panic attacks, during which the individual experiences a strong fear with anticipation of death. These attacks are often accompanied by somatic symptoms such as palpitations, dyspnoea or faintness. Those suffering from panic disorder have persistent anticipatory fear of recurrent attacks and feel anxious even while they have no occurrence of panic attacks for a certain period. Panic disorder is strongly associated with an increased risk for agoraphobia and depression. The prevalence of panic disorder is reported to be around 2 to 3 percent in the general population. Two broad categories of treatment have been shown to be effective in treating panic disorder, one being pharmacotherapy with antidepressants or benzodiazepines, the other being psychotherapy. These treatments are often combined, yet the efficacy of combining psychotherapy and benzodiazepine for panic disorder is unclear, despite its widespread use. This review included randomised controlled trials comparing the combination of psychotherapy and a benzodiazepine with either the psychotherapy or the benzodiazapine alone for people with panic disorder. We were able to include only three trials in this review. Two could be used in the comparison of the combination of psychotherapy and benzodiazepine versus psychotherapy alone and one in the comparison of the combination with benzodiazepine. These comparisons involved just 166 patients and 77 patients, respectively. These small numbers make it difficult to detect any differences between combination treatments and either treatment alone. The trials which compared the combination of treatments with psychotherapy alone (both using behaviour therapy) indicated no differences in response between the two approaches, either during the intervention, at the end of the intervention, or at the last follow-up time point. The trial which compared the combination of treatments with a benzodiazepine alone demonstrated no differences in response during the intervention. Although the combination of treatments appeared to be more effective than the benzodiazepine alone at the end of treatment, no significant differences were observed at the 7-month follow-up. Before evidence-based treatment recommendations are possible, more randomised controlled trials are required, comparing the combination of psychotherapy and benzodiazepines with either treatment alone, and involving enough people to be able to detect a true difference between the treatments if one exists.
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While enjoying your summer vacation, take the time to read up on some information on swimmer’s ear and how you can prevent it from happening to you, or your children. The cause of swimmer’s ear is when too much moisture has gathered within your ear canal, causing bacteria to grow and cause infection. The reason why it is so common during the summer months is because people will retreat to the beaches and pools to go swimming and the hot and humid temps will cause moisture to collect in your ears.
Here are some tips on how you can prevent swimmer’s ear;
• Use water plugs for your ears if you are prone to ear infections. This will decrease your chance of water getting into your ear and it will keep your ears dry.
• If you get water in your ear, do not stick a Q-Tip or your finger into your ear to try and get it out. This may cause the water to go further into your ear. Also, do not try to hold your nose and blow out the water; this can cause severe ear drum damage. Try shaking your head to the side to try and get the water out.
• Preventative ear drops can be purchased over the counter, or a combination of rubbing alcohol and white vinegar will help as well. This will help the water evaporate if it gets into your ear. |
1. Never reveal personal information. No real names, birth dates, phone numbers, addresses, or anything identifiable in profiles or blogs. Screen names should be gender neutral.
2. Never meet a stranger. Ever. No talking, no meeting, no way. Make sure your kids know that if someone contacts them, attempts to meet them, or tries turn them against you or their teachers, that these are alerts, and they should tell you right away.
3. Establish codes of conduct. If your kids wouldn't say something to someone's face, then they shouldn't put it in an IM or email. That means no cyber bullying. Emailing an embarrassing picture of someone is a form of cyber bullying!
4. Be careful with passwords. That means no password sharing. Sharing a password with a friend is like sharing a germ — it doesn't spread anything good. Ask your kids for their passwords. The older ones may not want to give them to you (citing privacy — that's up to you), but for middle schoolers and younger, it's AOK for you to be able to check for inappropriate or dangerous communications.
5. Set limits on time and use. For younger kids, have the computer in a central place. Draw clear boundaries: Whether it's no IM during homework or no email behind closed doors, make rules. Preferably before the computer turns on.
For parents:
• Create your own computer rules or print the Internet safety pledge. The pledge can be signed by adults and children and should be periodically reviewed
• Always read a website's privacy policy before giving any personal information. Also make sure that a website offers a secure connection before giving credit card information. Websites for children are not permitted to request personal information without a parent's permission.
• Talk to children about what personal information is and why you should never give it to people online. If children use chat or e-mail, talk to them about never meeting in person with anyone they first "met" online. Talk to children about not responding to offensive or dangerous e-mail, chat, or other communications.
• Get informed about computers and the Internet.
• Know who children are exchanging e-mail with, and only let them use chat areas when you can supervise. NetSmartz recommends limiting chatroom access to child-friendly chat sites. |
Psych Ch 10
undefined, object
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an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting; generally stable over time
free association
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories; according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality; operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital_ during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Oedipus complex
according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires towards his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father; female version: electra complex
defense mechanisms
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness; is not infallible (Freudian slips)
reaction formation
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites; thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings (gay-bashing/homophobia)
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others (own sense of mistrust of others -> "he doesn't trust me")
collective unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history; seperate from personal unconscious; universally inherited ("the cloud" of unconscious); includes archetypes of human ideas (the hero, the quest, the great mother)
projective test
thematic application test (TAT)
a projective tests in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Rorschach inkblot test
terror management theory
a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death; anxiety due to vulnerability or thoughts of death triggers defensive strategies, like preserving self-esteem, which may be tied to attachment bonds or religion; a less negative anxiety-management idea than Freud's
psychosexual stage; 0-18 months; pleasure centers on the mouth (sucking, biting, chewing)
psychosexual stage; 18-36 months; pleasure focuses on bowel/bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
psychosexual stage; 3-6 yrs; pleasure zone in the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings
psychosexual stage; 6-puberty; dormant sexual feelings; identify with same-sex parent
psychosexual stage; puberty on; maturation of sexual interests
erogenous zones
pleasure centers (Freud, psychosexual stages)
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential; personal potential, very individualistic (doesn't apply to collectivist societies)
according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs; meaning, purpose communion beyond the self; purpose beyond self, to help others meet their needs
unconditional positive regard
according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person; no constraints on acceptance
humanistic psychology
In contrast to Freud's study of the bases ways of "sick" people, this branch focused on the ways "healthy" people strive for self-determination and self-realization; study people through their own self-reported experiences and feelings; explores positive human growth and potential through self-report data
third-force perspective
offered by Maslow and Carl Rogers; emphasized human potential; distinct from 1) behaviorist and 2) psychoanalytic approaches
developed unconditional positive regard; said all are capable of growth if they are in a growth-promoting environment growth promoting climate needs 3 conditions: genuineness (open, honest, transparent), acceptance(offering grace for vulnerability), empathy (listening and reflecting feelings; it's important to be an active listener!)
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"; personal feelings from self-reflection, evaluations based on ideal self (self-report tests v. interviews? self-reporting (questionnaires) is somewhat limiting while interviews are costly and take a lot of time) (ideal v. actual self? impact of self-esteem or evaluation of self-worth)
Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian who coined the inferiority complex
inferiority complex
Adler; shapes childhood development; feelings of inferiority and helplessness lead to drive for power)
Neo-Freudian who coined sense of helplessness and challenged penis envy
sense of helplessness
Horney; helplessness -> anxiety -> love and security; establishment of attachment
Neo-Freudian who proposed collective unconscious; also coined electra complex
psychodynamic theory
put together by Neo-Freudians; recognize the unconscious, childhood influence on development, inner conflicts but NOT superego/ego/id or psyschosexual stages
peak experiences
in the Humanistic perspective, intensely exciting, uplifting, euphoric moments, often linked to interconnectedness or things which transcend ourselves (like spirituality); "transient moments of self-actualization"
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports; describes rather than explains
He came to define personality in terms of identifiable behavior patterns; was less concerned with explaining individual traits than describing them
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
a personality test that attempted to sort people according to Carl Jung's personality types (ex. thinking type vs. feeling type); absence of proven scientific worth, used more as a counseling/coaching tool than a research instrument; indicates personality traits
factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of correlated test items that tap basic components of intelligence (such as spatial ability or verbal skill); statistically correlated clusters of behavior reflect basic factors or traits (ex. extraversion)
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
personality test measuring variations of two or three dimensions (extroversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability); factor analysis
personality inventory
Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory (MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests; originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered it's most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes; assesses degree of disorders
empirically derived test
a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between the groups; is objective (standardized) and works on a lie scale to make sure you aren't just answering in socially acceptable ways, is also checked by reverse scoring (opposite worded Qs that receive the same rating indicate inattention to answers)
the big five
personality factors (five dimensions) -conscientiousness ( organized/disorganized, careful/careless, disciplined/impulsive) -agreeableness (soft-hearted/ruthless, trusting/suspicious, helpful/uncooperative) -neuroticism or emotional stability v. instability (calm/anxious, secure/insecure, self-satisfied/self-pitying) -openness (imaginative/practical, preference for variety/preference for routine, independent/conforming) -extroversion (sociable/retiring, fun-loving/sober, affectionate/reserved)
Rotter's I-E Scale
scale that measures whether people believe in an external locus of control or an internal locus of control
social-cognitive perspective
views behavior as influenced by the interactions between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context (environment/situation); "cognitive-behavioral approach"; behavior > environmental factors > personal factors (cognitive, affective, and biological events); situations shapes our behavior, along with personal factors
reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment; 1. different people choose different environments. 2. our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events. 3. our personalities help create situations to which we react; 'exchange, consequences inevitably from actions'; personalities are shaped by the interactions of personal factors, behaviors, and situations (like the biopsychosocial approach)
personal control
the extend to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless; can be studied observationally or experimentally; regulating our own actions/impulses/decisions; improves with practice; carries over to other tasks; also known as self-control
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate; idea that self is not in control
internal locus of control
the perception that you control you own fate Langer/Rodin research: giving some nursing home patients the ability to rearrange and decorate their rooms v. group with no control ->those with control were healthier, happier, lived longer
positive psychology
the scientific study of optimal human functioning (individuals and cultures); aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive; positive emotions and character, humanistic, human potential, productivity and healthy
in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions; kinda like Freud's regulating 'ego'
possible selves
include your visions of the self you dream of becoming, as well as the self you fear becoming; these motivate us by laying out specific goals and calling forth the energy to work toward them; ideal, feared, with friends, with family, etc.
spotlight effect
overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us); like adolescent egocentrism
one's feelings of high or low self-worth
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably; people accept more responsibility for good deeds than for fad, successes than failures; most people see themselves as better than average (statistically impossible)
defensive self-esteem
is fragile; focuses on sustaining itself, which makes failures and criticism feel threatening; such egotism exposes one to perceived threats, which feed anger and disorder; like low self-esteem, it correlates with aggro and antisocial behavior; extrinsic, protects ego (egotism), easily broken or diminished, contingent upon validation
secure self-esteem
is less fragile b/c it is contingent on external evaluations; to feel accepted for who we are relieves pressures to succeed and enable us to focus beyond ourselves; by losing ourselves in relationships and purposes larger than self, we may achieve this and a greater quality of life; intrinsic, stable
giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications; "me-focused" / self-serving
giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly; "we-focused" / group focused
person-situation controversy
argument between trait theorists and social-cognitive; is behavior genetically driven or do situations force out different personalities?
learned helplessness
uncontrollable bad events -> perceived lack of control -> generalized helpless behavior / external locus of control
tyranny of choice
not a benefit of personal control; too many options -> stress, regret
Deck Info |
Heat Waves: 10 Tips for Extreme Heat Safety
How to Prepare for Extreme Summer Heat
Heatwaves! Top 10 Tips to Stay Safe in Extreme Heat
There’s hot summer weather—and then there are heat waves. Much like other natural disasters, heat waves can be very dangerous. Get 10 tips for staying cool in extreme heat!
What Are Heat Waves?
A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessive heat—generally 10 degrees or more above average—that is often combined with excessive humidity.
Hat waves happen when there is trapped air that will feel like the inside of an oven! Usually, the culprit is a high-pressure system that forces air downward. This force prevents air near the ground from rising. The sinking air acts like a cap. It traps warm ground air in place. Without rising air, there was no rain, and nothing to prevent the hot air from getting hotter.
Young children, those who are sick, and the elderly are most susceptible to heat-related illnesses. However, anyone can suffer from a heat-related illness if they over-exert themselves or simply don’t take extreme heat warnings seriously.
While extreme cold is also dangerous, heat waves become life-threatening more quickly if proper precautions are not taken. In recent years, excessive heat has caused more deaths than all other weather events, including floods. Of all natural disasters, heat holds the highest 10-year average of fatalities with 113.
How to Prepare for and Prevent Heat Wave Danger
1. Properly install window air conditioners, sealing any cracks and insulating if necessary.
2. Check A/C ducts for proper insulation and clean filters.
3. Install awnings, blinds, or light-colored drapes and keep them closed to keep sunlight and heat out.
4. Upgrade your windows and weather-strip doors to keep heat out and cool air in.
5. Make sure your first aid kit is updated and get trained in first aid relief.
6. Have a plan for wherever you (and your family members/pets) spend time during a heat wave—home, work, and school—and prepare for power outages. Discuss heat safety precautions with members of your household.
7. Check the contents of your emergency disaster kit in case a power outage occurs.
8. Be aware of weather forecasts and the upcoming temperature changes.
9. It’s not just the high temperature. The heat index is the temperature the body feels when the effects of heat and humidity are combined. See our heat index chart.
10. A backhome home generator is the safest and most reliable solution! Power outages are common during heatwaves because the need for A/C puts too much pressure on the power grids. A standby generator, however, automatically keeps the A/C running, the lights on, food and medicine from spoiling, and medical devices operating.
10 Tips for Surviving a Heat Wave While It’s Happening
5. Eat small meals and eat more often.
7. During heat waves, tune to a NOAA radio station and listen for weather updates from the National Weather Service (NWS).
Too hot at the house? Go to the library or a designated public shelter if your home loses power during periods of extreme heat.Text SHELTER + your ZIP code to 43362 (4FEMA) to find the nearest shelter in your area (example: shelter 12345).
We hope these tips are helpful during the next heat wave. Print out this list and place it with your First Aid Kit so you’re better prepared when a heat wave hits.
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Answer to Question #29583 in Physical Chemistry for kyle
Question #29583
if matter is uniform throughout and can be separated into simpler substance by physical process, it is?
Expert's answer
A substance is a kind of matter that can not be separated into simpler kinds of matter by physical processes. For example, pure water (distilled water) is a substance. There is nothing you can physically do with water to separate it into 2 or more other substances. Certainly, we know that water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. Almost everyone, even those with no formal exposure to chemistry, have seen the formula H2O. We can separate water into hydrogen and oxygen, but this involves a chemical change, not just a physical one. A mixture is a kind of matter than can be separated into two or more simpler kinds of matter by physical processes. Here, we can recognize two distinct substances that are mixed together to make this kind of matter we call "salt water". It is possible to separate the salt water using only physical processes -- that is, without changing the chemical identity of anything.
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by Frederica Mathewes-Green
The Meaning of Christ's Suffering
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A hymn from the 4th-century Liturgy of St. Basil is familiar even to some Protestants: "Let all earthly flesh keep silent, and with fear and trembling stand."
Devotion didn't simply change with the times; the same awe-filled reticence continues unchanged in Eastern Orthodox worship today. Something else happened to cause a profound change in European Christianity's understanding of salvation. Western theologians usually say that the greatest event in the development of salvation theology was the publication of the treatise "Why Did God Become Man?" by Anselm, the 11th-century Archbishop of Canterbury. Before Anselm, as we've seen, the focus was on Christ's victory rather than on his sufferings as the means of salvation. "The wages of sin is Death," and due to our sins we were enslaved by death, poisoned and helpless to resist sin. Christ comes on a rescue mission, and in the process he suffers very much like that policeman rescuing the hostages. As a human, he dies and gains entrance to Hades; as God, he blasts it open and sets the captives free. It is in this sense—so Christians in the first millennium understood—that Scripture speaks of Christ's death as a ransom for many.
Some early writers elaborated on the question "Who received this ransom?," unwisely it would seem. Today their analogies seem crude—for example, that God lured the Devil by hiding Christ's divinity inside his humanity, and the Devil responded like a fish grabbing a baited hook (Gregory of Nyssa) or like a mouse going into a trap (Augustine).
But when we speak of Christ paying with his blood, we don't necessarily have to imagine a two-sided transaction. The brave policeman, above, "paid with his blood" to free the hostages, but that doesn't mean the kidnappers were left gloating over a vial of blood. When the Lord ransomed his people out of Egypt, Pharaoh did not accept a fat bag of gold in exchange. "Redeem" can just mean "doing what is necessary to set free."
Further, the young officer might have said "I offer this mission to the honor of my chief, who has always been like a dad to me. I love him and want to do his will, and I am making this sacrifice in his name." The chief didn't receive the young man's blood either—a bizarre thought—nor did he require that blood before the hostages were freed; he was not their captor but rather an ally in the rescue. So take a step back and see these terms in a looser sense. Sometimes we use images like "paid" to mean a simple act of giving, without envisioning a two-sided transaction that includes a receiving on the other end.
Anselm took aim at the exaggerated versions of the ransom theory, but he didn't agree to leave the greater portion to silence. He theorized that the payment was made to God the Father. In Anselm's formulation, our sins were like an offense against the honor of a mighty ruler. The ruler is not free to simply forgive the transgression; restitution must be made. This is perhaps the most crucial new element in the story; earlier Christians believed that God the Father did, in fact, freely forgive us, like the father of the Prodigal Son. No human would be adequate to pay this debt, so God the Son volunteered to do so. "If the Son chose to make over the claim He had on God to man, could the Father justly forbid Him doing so, or refuse to man what the Son willed to give him?" Christ satisfies our debt in this, the "satisfaction theory" of the atonement.
"And that has made all the difference," as a tousled Yankee poet liked to say. Western Christian theology marched on from that point, encountering controversies and developments and revisions, but locked on the idea that Christ's death was directed toward the Father. When Western theologians look back at the centuries before Anselm, they can't find his theory anywhere (well, there are some premonitions in Tertullian and Cyprian, but it wasn't the mainstream). But you can read St. Paul as supporting the "satisfaction" view, so Anselm is hailed as the first theologian to understand St. Paul.
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Author: Phillips Veronica
Date: October 2007
The authors of this letter, James Lovelock, father of the Gaia theory (which states that the Earth is capable of recovering from the environmental disturbances), and Chris Rapley, director of the London Science Museum, believe that this technology could act as an "emergency treatment for the pathology of global warming." In their letter they emphasize the point that using the Earth's own energy to help the planet heal itself at the risk of unwarranted side effects has no guarantee of success but is justified by the fact that the "stakes are so high."
The project would work by bringing nutrient-rich water from depth and allowing blooms of algae on the surface, which would consume CO2 through photosynthesis. Chemicals produced by the algae may contribute to cloud formation, which would reflect sunlight and reduce rising temperatures.
Scientists and policy-makers confer at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOL) in Massachusetts to discuss the scientific and legal elements of this kind of project of ocean fertilization.
A system to absorb CO2 through ocean upwelling is already in development by Atmocean, a company based in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The wave-driven ocean upwelling system is comprised of 300 meter-long floating tubes 3 meters in diameter. Phil Kithil, chief executive officer of the company said that if their technology is deployed in 80% of the Earth's oceans, the ocean's annual rate of CO2 sequestration could be doubled.
However, scientists are in disagreement as to what kind of effect this technique would actually have on the CO2 budget, if any. Scott Doney, a marine chemist at WHOI, believes that the concept is flawed, pointing out that deep waters with high nutrient content also have high levels of dissolved inorganic carbon, and that bringing these waters to the surface will result in CO2 bubbling into the air. This could instead lead to a net gain of CO2. Ken Buesseler, another marine chemist at WHOI, argues that the ratio of CO2 removed as biomass from the surface to that which would be brought up from depth would stay constant. He also points out the potential for a negative impact on marine life.
The idea of using ocean circulation to reduce CO2 levels is not a new one. Other ideas for the mitigation of global warming include placing mirrors in space to reflect sunlight.
Author: Veronica Phillips
Reviewed by: Suvash Shrestha
Published by: Konrad Sawicki |
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A patient’s right to autonomy should always be respected
ADULTS: Consent
In order for adults to have a valid consent, a decision must be: “...Given voluntarily by an appropriately informed person...who has the capacity to consent to the intervention in question." [2] Moreover informed consent requires the patient to have understood the diagnosis, risks and possible treatment options, which can be explained in broad terms. [3] However the principle that the patient must only be provided with the relevant medical information in broad terms, [4] contradicts the principle of autonomy. [5] A patient may lack the requisite intellectual ability to understand and make an informed decision, which could go unnoticed by a doctor. [6] Furthermore partial information being provided in broad terms could result in an invalid consent as the focus may be on one aspect of consent. [7] This reinforces how although adults appear to have the ability to make an autonomous decision, determined on their capacity to choose, in reality this choice has a limitation. In support of this Skegg argues “...information about alternatives will sometimes be at least as important as information about the proposed procedure." [8] His argument indicates the unjustified standard medical law imposes by reducing the individual’s freedom of choice, in favour of proceeding with treatment. [9] Moreover it provides the medical profession with a shield against possible liability, although the differing standards and infringement of personal autonomy can be justified on the grounds that the doctor wishes to fulfil the best interest’s standard, [10] as established within F v West Berkshire [11] and prevent loss of life.
If an adult with capacity refuses treatment voluntarily by making an appropriately informed decision, this decision must be respected; demonstrating how the principle of autonomy is upheld. [12] Lord Donaldson MR in Re T [13] observes that the presumption for adults is that they have the necessary capacity “ choose whether to consent to medical treatment, to refuse and...This right of choice is not limited to decisions which others might regard as sensible." [14] Alasdair Maclean criticises this argument and emphasises how the courts in fact assess “...the patient’s competence on the basis of the outcome of the choice that he or she has made..." [15] therefore undermining the principle of self determination. [16] In addition where a patient does not have the presumed capacity to make a medical decision in the view of the doctor, who carries out both the best interests and incapacity tests, he may be deemed incompetent for simply refusing medical treatment. [17] This is demonstrated within Re MB [18] , where Dame Butler-Sloss argues that “...a person lacks capacity if some impairment or some disturbance of mental functioning renders the person unable to make a decision." [19] The woman refused a caesarean on the grounds she was a needle phobic, however this was interpreted by the doctor as being a reduction in her capacity, therefore removing her autonomy to choose. This emphasises how a doctor can take advantage of their unfettered discretion, in order to manipulate a patient’s refusal to deem incompetence simply because he disagrees with a decision and does not view it in their best interest. Although it can once again be argued that the paternalistic approach taken by doctors and the court is justified even if the principle for autonomy is undermined in favour of the preservation of life. The difficulty in ensuring a balance between autonomy and the concept of best interest was captured by Dame Butler-Sloss:
“On the one hand to require women who are competent to undergo invasive surgery without consent is unacceptable. On the other hand for a woman with the capacity to make informed decisions in the last stages of pregnancy of a viable foetus to make a decision to deny that unborn child the opportunity to be born raises disturbing issues..." [20]
This demonstrates the struggle in allowing a patient to exercise autonomy even where a decision, based on “...the reasons for making that choice are rational, irrational, unknown or even non-existent," [21] as reiterated by Lord Donaldson.
A minor under the age of sixteen can in certain circumstances consent to treatment irrespective of the parent’s views, providing they are Gillick competent. [22] Moreover Lord Scarman considers that a “parental right yields to the child’s right to make his own decisions when he reaches a sufficient understanding and intelligence..." [23] This suggests that minors [24] are capable of exercising their autonomy to consent to treatment. However the Gillick principle is not reflected within all case law, as show in its application. This illustrates the different standards medical law imposes. Furthermore Lord Donaldson’s obiter statement within Re R [25] indicates that minor’s rights are limited to consent and not refusal, therefore not fully autonomous in the way expressed by Lord Scarman. He believed that:
“...If a minor was deemed Gillick competent, then the minor, as well as the parents could consent, a concurrent right to consent. Therefore, if the minor can consent the parent does not need to, but if the minor refuses to consent then the parent can consent on the minor's behalf." [26]
Re R illustrates how the purpose of the law of allowing greater self determination, as recognised within Gillick is not being followed. A minor with the necessary maturity has the right to consent, however his parents can override his refusal. [27] A parent, minor or the court can consent on behalf of the minor as illustrated by Lord Donaldson’s ‘key holder’ analogy [28] and later through the ‘flat jacket’ analogy. [29]
It is difficult to justify why a mature minor’s autonomous decision to refuse, can be overridden on the presumption that parents can more effectively asses difficult legal and ethical issues. [30] This is an example of the double standards mature minors are subject to. Kennedy agrees arguing “the right to refuse is the most critical element of the right to self determination." [31] Moreover “overcoming a refusal can be recognised as being a possible infringement of a person’s autonomy both bodily and intellectually, therefore a person’s refusal should be given greater weight than a consent." [32] This would ensure that mature minors have the ability to make their own decisions by validly refusing treatment, without this being overridden; ensuring that autonomy is respected. [33] Rachel Taylor suggests that the autonomy of a mature minor could be protected further by granting “...more limited powers of consent to parents, such that they could only overrule a child’s refusal where the child’s decision put her life and health in serious danger." [34] Gillian Douglas also recognises that if a child has a sufficient level of maturity, then surely their ability to consent is part of their right to determine. [35]
Both Lord Fraser and Lord Scarman however recognised the importance for parents to be involved in the decision-making process that is in the child’s best interests. [36] Moreover, the courts determination in wanting to protect a child’s irrational decision, can justify removing autonomy and the different standards medical law imposes, if it ultimately protects the child, [37] as shown within Re L. [38] Within this case, the fourteen year old child could potentially give up her strong religious beliefs, therefore it was for the court to intervene and preserve her ‘best interests’ by indentifying her limited experience of lie. [39]
In conclusion, the role of the doctor is of such importance that in most cases an adult patient would agree with the doctor, therefore reducing in certain circumstances the adult’s ability to make an ‘informed consent.’ Moreover an adult’s refusal can be interpreted as being a reflection of their incompetence when in fact it is an exercise of their autonomy, demonstrating the unjust standards that exist.
For minors, the Gillick competent principle empowers the doctor and only allows a minor to consent, therefore illustrating little autonomy. Section 8 of the Family Law Reform Act 1969 does not allow mature minors to refuse treatment, therefore not upholding the right to self determination. [40] If the courts want to give autonomy to minors and those under eighteen, this distinction between refusal and consent needs to be removed, in order to make medical law standards justified. However Lord Scarman was referring to contraceptives within Gillick, therefore may not have been suggesting a broader medical principle, illustrating the need to have a balance within the law. [41]
Although medical law imposes a higher standard for minors to refuse by holding that “any consent suffices for treatment, but only unanimous refusal can prevent it," [42] it can be argued that these different standards are justifiable on the grounds that the courts since Gillick are concerned with the minor’s welfare. [43] Moreover despite their maturity and understanding, society wants to protect them. [44] This paternalistic approach doctors and the court want to pursue is indentified by Lord Fraser: “...the doctor must be satisfied that giving contraceptive advice and treatment without parental knowledge or consent is in the minor's best interests." [45] However it is vital that wherever possible, an adult or minor who has the required intelligence and understanding has their autonomy protected to the highest standard
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Throwing a ball from a train at an angle
1. Sep 21, 2015 #1
Hi all, I've been trying to find an answer to this question for a while, (bear with me physics is not a strong point). I would like to know how one would go about calculating how fast you have to throw a ball out of a train to negate its forward momentum. My understanding is that if you throw the ball straight out of the back you just need to match the trains speed, but what happens if you throw the ball at a diagonal? If i considered straight out of the side of the train to be 90degrees and out the back to be zero degrees, does the ball need to be thrown harder to compensate for the shallower angle and if so by how much?
2. jcsd
3. Sep 21, 2015 #2
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Yes you're quite right.
When you throw the ball at an angle, you can think of its motion as having two components - one in the direction the train is moving and one perpendicular to it, ie sideways.
And you want the component in the direction of the train to be exactly the opposite of the train's motion.
One way to see how fast this is for any direction, is to draw a scale diagram: draw an arrow backwards equal to the trains speed, then draw a line perpendicular until it meets the line of the ball's direction. Then the length of the line along the ball's direction tells you the speed you have to throw it. (I'll post a diagram as soon as I can do one.)
You can use a calculator and do some physics mumbo jumbo - just divide the speed of the train by the cosine of the angle you throw the ball and that's how fast you must throw it.
Last edited: Sep 21, 2015
4. Sep 21, 2015 #3
Amazing, thanks. |
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Why doesn't the moon eventually drift into space?
1. Mar 3, 2013 #1
How does conservation of energy relate to Gravity? The moon seems to rotate around the earth for eternity (so it seems). But intuitively I would think that the energy of Gravity would eventually deplete and the moon would drift off into space. This apparently isn't the case. I know that Fg=Gm1m2/r2, but I can't get my pea brained head around the idea that this goes on for eternity; and the energy of gravity doesn't run out as long as their is two bodies of mass.
2. jcsd
3. Mar 3, 2013 #2
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I don't know what to tell you. You say you understand why, but are uncomfortable with the explanation. What would make you more comfortable?
4. Mar 3, 2013 #3
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Where in your equation does it show energy being depleted? Everything on the right hand side of the equation appear to be constants.
But this brings up another question. With the recent meteor event over Russia, we've learned that 10's of thousands of tons of meteors fall on the earth every year. And we would assume it's also happening to the moon as well. So m1 and m2 are both increasing, which means Fg is going up! Which means, intuitively to me, that we are going to collide! And yet, everything I've read says that the distance between the Earth and Moon is increasing.
An interesting discussion of that: why is the moon drifting into space
Oh wait. That's very similar to the title of this thread. I need to pay attention once in awhile. :blushing:
I guess the answer to your thread title question is: It is.
5. Mar 3, 2013 #4
Boy what a great question. I agree, the force of gravity would be going up with the increased mass. Something else is "impacting" the equation.
6. Mar 3, 2013 #5
7. Mar 3, 2013 #6
The equation is approximate. A few that come to mind...The earth is not a fixed point, nor is it in a circular orbit around the sun,there are other gravitational influences like the sun, and some energy is radiated away via gravitational waves.
If either mass goes up, the force to hold everything in place must also go up.
Last edited: Mar 3, 2013
8. Mar 3, 2013 #7
No, it will not float away forever.
Assuming the earth moon system is isolated, their angular momentum will be conserved. I think what will eventually happen is that you will have a synchronous rotation where the earth and the moon see only one face of each other. This is already true for the moon (moon rotation period=moon revolution period=one month) and it will happen for the earth too (as seen from the moon). That can only occur at one radius and that will be the final distance between the earth and the moon.
With the sun in the mix, it will be more complicated but I'm pretty sure we're not going to lose the moon no matter how long we wait.
9. Mar 3, 2013 #8
You need to review Kepler's equations for your answer. In short, conservation of momentum, conservation of angular momentum and conservation of energy are why orbits are stable.
10. Mar 3, 2013 #9
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Gravity is one of the four fundamental forces, and as such it does not require an expenditure of energy to work. It is quite the opposite. It is the result of these forces interacting between objects that gives rise to energy.
11. Mar 3, 2013 #10
It is because the force is central |
Friday, December 19, 2014
Remarkable new details about giant moose released as archaeologists confirm stone structure is world's oldest.
Children were involved in the construction of a geoglyph in the Urals which was only discovered thanks to images taken from space. It predates Peru's famous Nazca Lines by thousands of years, archaeologists have announced. But they are no nearer answering why ancient man made it, nor can they yet fathom which group built the geoglyph; archeological traces found so far in the area do not show a culture with sufficient refinement.
Was it to impress the gods or did it have some other purpose?
Experts have been examining the giant moose-shaped stone structure since it was discovered in 2011 and have now confirmed it is the world's oldest.
Located near Lake Zyuratkul in the Ural Mountains, it stretches for about 275 metres and depicts an animal with four legs, antlers and a long muzzle.
Two years ago researchers said they estimated the site could date back as far as 6,000BC based on the style of the stone-working, called lithic chipping.
Now new details about the geoglyph have been released as archaeologists revealed it was most likely created between 3,000 and 4,000BC.
Perhaps the most interesting development is that tools found at the site indicate it was worked on assiduously by children as well as adults in a large-scale community accomplishment. Of 155 tools found beside the geoglyph, the majority were used for digging or breaking stones.
Stanislav Grigoryev, a senior researcher from the Chelyabinsk History and Archaeology Institute, said: 'Judging by the different sizes of the tools - from 17cm-long and weighing about three kilograms to some being just two centimetres - we can assume they were used by both adults and children. We can also assume it means that everyone participated in creating the moose.
The moose was discovered by chance in 2011 by local researcher Alexander Shestakov after he spotted it trawling through satellite images from Google Earth.
He alerted archaeologists, who sent out a hydroplane and paraglider to survey the area, before the first expedition to the site was undertaken. The geoglyph was found 200km west of Chelyabink, in the Zyuratkul National Park, situated on terrace at an altitude of 860 metres.
Initial fieldwork found simple techniques were used to create the moose, with turf and earth 10-metres-wide dug out to make its shape before being filled with stones. 'The figure would initially have looked white and slightly shiny against the green grass background,' he said.
Different methods were deloyed to make the various parts of the geoglyph; for instance, a mix of clay and crushed stone was used to make the hooves. When part of the hind leg was excavated, archaeologists found the largest stones were on the edges, with the smaller ones inside. While there are similarities to the world famous Nazca Lines, in Peru, and to geoglyphs in England - such as the White Horse in Oxfordshire or the Dorset Giant - the experts believe there are no links.
Discovered in 1927, the Nazca Lines feature hundreds of lines, shapes and designs of animals, the earliest of which were created around 500BC. Instead, archaeologists say the Russian moose was drawn in a style similar to petroglyphs found in Finland. Excavations of nearby land could provide further clues as to its origins and to the people who made it. Radiocarbon dating has been carried out, narrowing down the period in which the geoglyph was created to between 3,000BC and 4,000BC, some 5,000 or 6,000 years ago.
But further testing is needed - for example optically-stimulated luminescence dating as well as pollen analysis - is planned.
Mr Grigoryev said: 'It may help if we find ceramics on the site. Ceramics could help us with the date and with understanding who these people were that created the geoglyph. It's not quite clear who the builders were. It is obvious that its creation has a big social importance. Geoglyphs are the symbols of unity'.
Yet archeologists still cannot fathom the identity of their sophisticated social group who worked in the massive operation of constructing structure visible from space.
'Facts say that on this territory in the Neolithic and Eneolithic Ages lived hunters and fishermen. We conducted archaeological works on the site of a settlement nearby, on the lake shore, on the assumption that the builders of the geoglyph might live there. People have lived here since the Neolithic era but there was no sign of large social structures, nor that they did anything other than hunting and fishing', Stanislav Grigoryev said.
'It puzzles me a lot, I keep thinking about the people that built the geoglyph, and their purpose'.
The research team found traces of two ancient fireplaces at the site of the moose, both used only once, possibly in a significant ritual. Despite many unanswered questions, Mr Grigoryev warned against future large scale excavation and said officials should consider preserving the sanctity of the site. At the moment it is the world's most ancient geoglyph, dating back to about 4,000BC.
'The geoglyphs in Nazca are younger as are those in the UK, though there might be some of comparable age in Britain. But at the moment Zyuratkul's is the most ancient, and is the world's largest figure image, but which we mean geometrical or zoomorphic figures, because there are very long lines in Nasca, and here we speak about the figure. So it's not the largest geoglyph, but the largest figure image.
'It could become a tourist attraction and with a museum, but we need to think how it might be implemented'.
An intriguing question is whether more geoglyphs will become visible as researchers analyse Google Earth in detail.
Some 50 geoglyphs with various shapes and sizes, including a massive swastika, were recently discovered across northern Kazakhstan. There is no doubting the excitement people feel from seeing the moose. Russian journalist Yevgeny Bezborodov, originally from Siberia, said: 'It's rare when you film something truly exclusive - and this is what we got in the South Urals'.
With tools to work with primitive, it may be that geoglyphs were early forms of statues to be worshipped. This could certainly be true of the Long Man of Wilmington, in England, which is thought to date as far back as 2,000BC and is the tallest in Europe. Some experts say the figure is a representation of an Anglo Saxon war god and the site is considered sacred by Pagans.
A handful of archaeologists believe geoglyphs could have been drawn to represent the important stars, planetary events like sun solstices, or constellations. However a 1968 study by the National Geographic Society found that while some of the Nazca lines did point to the positions of the Sun and Moon, it was no more than could be expected by mere chance.
There is a theory that geoglyphs were simply ways of civilisations to mark their own territories in clear and visible ways. More often than they are giant structures in areas that can be seen from a distance or from a high vantage point, leading some experts to say they were used to mark ownership of the land.
The discovery of fireplaces at the Russian moose and other geoglyphs adds to speculation they were used for rituals. There is a theory that the Nazca used to dance along the lines of their geoglyphs when they prayed for rain, with many of the same images featuring on pottery from the time.
A common yet bizarre theory put forward about strange markings on the ground is that they were used by aliens. Many speculate that the straight lines of Nazca, for instance, were created as runways for spaceships, but why extra-terrestrials would attempt to land on geoglyphs in the shape of monkeys, spiders, or giant Russian moose is another question.
Liesowska, Anna. 2014. “Children from lost civilisation 'helped build' geoglyph some 6,000 years ago”. Siberian Times. Posted: November 3, 2014. Available online:
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5.02(19) (19)“Special election" means any election, other than those described in subs. (5), (12s), (21), and (22), to fill vacancies or to conduct a referendum.
5.02(20) (20)“Special primary" means the primary held 4 weeks before the special election except when the special election is held on the same day as the general election the special primary shall be held on the same day as the general primary or if the special election is held concurrently with the spring election, the primary shall be held concurrently with the spring primary.
5.02(20g) (20g)“Special purpose district" means any local governmental unit other than a county or municipality.
5.02(20r) (20r)“Special referendum" means any referendum held at a special election which is not held concurrently with the elections described in sub. (5), (12s), (21), or (22).
5.02(21) (21)“Spring election" means the election held on the first Tuesday in April to elect judicial, educational and municipal officers, nonpartisan county officers and sewerage commissioners and to express preferences for the person to be the presidential candidate for each party in a year in which electors for president and vice president are to be elected.
5.02(22) (22)“Spring primary" means the nonpartisan primary held on the 3rd Tuesday in February to nominate nonpartisan candidates to be voted for at the spring election.
5.02(23) (23)“State office" means the offices of governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, state treasurer, attorney general, state superintendent, justice of the supreme court, court of appeals judge, circuit court judge, state senator, state representative to the assembly and district attorney.
5.02(24) (24)“State superintendent" means the state superintendent of public instruction.
5.02(24g) (24g)“Voting device" means an apparatus other than a voting machine which the elector uses to record his or her votes on a ballot.
5.02(24r) (24r)“Voting machine" means a machine which serves in lieu of a voting booth and which mechanically or electronically records the votes cast by electors, who depress levers or buttons located next to the choices listed on a ballot to cast their votes.
5.02(24w) (24w)“Voting system" means:
5.02(24w)(a) (a) The total combination of mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic equipment, including the software, hardware, and documentation required to program, control, and support the equipment, that is used to define ballots, to cast and count votes, to report or display election results, and to maintain and produce any audit trail information.
5.02(24w)(b) (b) The practices and associated documentation for any of the following purposes:
5.02(24w)(b)1. 1. To identify equipment components and versions of such components.
5.02(24w)(b)2. 2. To test the equipment during its development and maintenance.
5.02(24w)(b)3. 3. To maintain records of equipment errors and defects.
5.02(24w)(b)4. 4. To determine specific equipment changes to be made after the initial qualification of the equipment.
5.02(24w)(b)5. 5. To make available any materials to an elector.
5.02(25) (25)“Ward" means a town, village or city subdivision created for the convenience of the electors therein and to facilitate the division of such municipalities into election districts of substantially equal population numbers along common boundaries observing the community of interest of existing neighborhoods and other settlements.
5.025 5.025 Elections commission; definition. In chs. 5 to 10 and 12, “commission" means the elections commission.
5.025 History History: 2015 a. 118 s. 2; Stats. 2015 s. 5.025.
5.05 5.05 Elections commission; powers and duties.
5.05(1)(1)General authority. The elections commission shall have the responsibility for the administration of chs. 5 to 10 and 12 and other laws relating to elections and election campaigns, other than laws relating to campaign financing. Pursuant to such responsibility, the commission may:
5.05(1)(b) (b) In the discharge of its duties and after providing notice to any party who is the subject of an investigation, subpoena and bring before it any person and require the production of any papers, books, or other records relevant to an investigation. Notwithstanding s. 885.01 (4), the issuance of a subpoena requires action by the commission at a meeting of the commission. In the discharge of its duties, the commission may cause the deposition of witnesses to be taken in the manner prescribed for taking depositions in civil actions in circuit court.
5.05(1)(c) (c) Bring civil actions to require a forfeiture for any violation of chs. 5 to 10 or 12. The commission may compromise and settle any civil action or potential action brought or authorized to be brought by it which, in the opinion of the commission, constitutes a minor violation, a violation caused by excusable neglect, or which for other good cause shown, should not in the public interest be prosecuted under such chapter. Notwithstanding s. 778.06, a civil action or proposed civil action authorized under this paragraph may be settled for such sum as may be agreed between the parties. Any settlement made by the commission shall be in such amount as to deprive the alleged violator of any benefit of his or her wrongdoing and may contain a penal component to serve as a deterrent to future violations. In settling civil actions or proposed civil actions, the commission shall treat comparable situations in a comparable manner and shall assure that any settlement bears a reasonable relationship to the severity of the offense or alleged offense. Except as otherwise provided in sub. (2m) (c) 15. and 16. and ss. 5.08 and 5.081, forfeiture actions brought by the commission shall be brought in the circuit court for the county where the defendant resides, or if the defendant is a nonresident of this state, in circuit court for the county wherein the violation is alleged to occur. For purposes of this paragraph, a person other than an individual resides within a county if the person's principal place of operation is located within that county. Whenever the commission enters into a settlement agreement with an individual who is accused of a civil violation of chs. 5 to 10 or 12 or who is investigated by the commission for a possible civil violation of one of those provisions, the commission shall reduce the agreement to writing, together with a statement of the commission's findings and reasons for entering into the agreement and shall retain the agreement and statement in its office for inspection.
5.05(1)(d) (d) Sue for injunctive relief, a writ of mandamus or prohibition, or other such legal or equitable relief as may be appropriate to enforce any law regulating the conduct of elections or election campaigns, other than laws regulating campaign financing, or ensure its proper administration. No bond is required in such actions. Actions shall be brought in circuit court for the county where a violation occurs or may occur.
5.05(1)(e) (e) Issue an order under s. 5.06, exempt a polling place from accessibility requirements under s. 5.25 (4) (a), exempt a municipality from the requirement to use voting machines or an electronic voting system under s. 5.40 (5m), approve an electronic data recording system for maintaining poll lists under s. 6.79, or authorize nonappointment of an individual who is nominated to serve as an election official under s. 7.30 (4) (e).
5.05(1)(f) (f) Promulgate rules under ch. 227 applicable to all jurisdictions for the purpose of interpreting or implementing the laws regulating the conduct of elections or election campaigns, other than laws regulating campaign financing, or ensuring their proper administration.
5.05(1e) (1e)Actions by the commission. Any action by the commission, except an action relating to procedure of the commission, requires the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the members.
5.05(2m) (2m)Enforcement.
5.05(2m)(a) (a) The commission shall investigate violations of laws administered by the commission and may prosecute alleged civil violations of those laws, directly or through its agents under this subsection, pursuant to all statutes granting or assigning that authority or responsibility to the commission. Prosecution of alleged criminal violations investigated by the commission may be brought only as provided in par. (c) 11., 14., 15., and 16. and s. 978.05 (1). For purposes of this subsection, the commission may only initiate an investigation of an alleged violation of chs. 5 to 10 and 12, other than an offense described under par. (c) 12., based on a sworn complaint filed with the commission, as provided under par. (c). Neither the commission nor any member or employee of the commission, including the commission administrator, may file a sworn complaint for purposes of this subsection.
5.05(2m)(c)2.a.a. Any person may file a complaint with the commission alleging a violation of chs. 5 to 10 or 12. No later than 5 days after receiving a complaint, the commission shall notify each person who or which the complaint alleges committed such a violation. Before voting on whether to take any action regarding the complaint, other than to dismiss, the commission shall give each person receiving a notice under this subd. 2. a. an opportunity to demonstrate to the commission, in writing and within 15 days after receiving the notice, that the commission should take no action against the person on the basis of the complaint. The commission may not conduct any investigation or take any other action under this subsection solely on the basis of a complaint by an unidentified complainant.
5.05(2m)(c)2.am. am. If the commission finds, by a preponderance of the evidence, that a complaint is frivolous, the commission may order the complainant to forfeit not more than the greater of $500 or the expenses incurred by the commission in investigating the complaint.
5.05(2m)(c)4. 4. If the commission reviews a complaint and fails to find that there is a reasonable suspicion that a violation under subd. 2. has occurred or is occurring, the commission shall dismiss the complaint. If the commission believes that there is reasonable suspicion that a violation under subd. 2. has occurred or is occurring, the commission may by resolution authorize the commencement of an investigation. The resolution shall specifically set forth any matter that is authorized to be investigated. To assist in the investigation, the commission may elect to retain a special investigator. If the commission elects to retain a special investigator, the administrator of the commission shall submit to the commission the names of 3 qualified individuals to serve as a special investigator. The commission may retain one or more of the individuals. If the commission retains a special investigator to investigate a complaint against a person who is a resident of this state, the commission shall provide to the district attorney for the county in which the person resides a copy of the complaint and shall notify the district attorney that it has retained a special investigator to investigate the complaint. For purposes of this subdivision, a person other than an individual resides within a county if the person's principal place of operation is located within that county. The commission shall enter into a written contract with any individual who is retained as a special investigator setting forth the terms of the engagement. A special investigator who is retained by the commission may request the commission to issue a subpoena to a specific person or to authorize the special investigator to request the circuit court of the county in which the specific person resides to issue a search warrant. The commission may grant the request by approving a motion to that effect at a meeting of the commission if the commission finds that such action is legally appropriate.
5.05(2m)(c)5. 5. Each special investigator who is retained by the commission shall make periodic reports to the commission, as directed by the commission, but in no case may the interval for reporting exceed 30 days. If the commission authorizes the commission administrator to investigate any matter without retaining a special investigator, the administrator shall make periodic reports to the commission, as directed by the commission, but in no case may the reporting interval exceed 30 days. During the pendency of any investigation, the commission shall meet for the purpose of reviewing the progress of the investigation at least once every 90 days. The special investigator or the administrator shall report in person to the commission at that meeting concerning the progress of the investigation. If, after receiving a report, the commission does not vote to continue an investigation for an additional period not exceeding 90 days, the investigation is terminated at the end of the reporting interval. The commission shall not expend more than $25,000 to finance the cost of an investigation before receiving a report on the progress of the investigation and a recommendation to commit additional resources. The commission may vote to terminate an investigation at any time. If an investigation is terminated, any complaint from which the investigation arose is deemed to be dismissed by the commission. Unless an investigation is terminated by the commission, at the conclusion of each investigation, the administrator shall present to the commission one of the following:
5.05(2m)(c)5.a. a. A recommendation to make a finding that probable cause exists to believe that one or more violations under subd. 2. have occurred or are occurring, together with a recommended course of action. |
What is a metal detector?
A metal detector is a device which responds to metal that may not be readily apparent. The simplest form of a metal detector consists of an oscillator producing an alternating current that passes through a coil producing an alternating magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive metal is close to the coil, eddy currents will be induced in the metal, and this produces an alternating magnetic field of its own. If another coil is used to measure the magnetic field (acting as a magnetometer), the change in the magnetic field due to the metallic object can be detected. continue..
In the beginning metal detectors, couldn’t pick up any thing deeper than one inch down. As time passes and inventors learn more, the capabilities of the metal detector have greatly improved. On July 2, 1881, American President James Garfield was shot in the chest, and the bullet was left behind. Alexander Graham Bell, tried using one of the first original metal detectors, in order to help locate the bullet. Alexander Graham Bell wasn't able to locate the fatal bullet that was left behind. The following day, it was discovered that the metal detector was confused by the metal coils located in the bed he was laying on. In 1925, Gerard Fisher was the first person to apply for and receive a patent for the first portable tool known as a metal detector. This was a revamped version of the one that Alexander Graham Bell used to try to help James Garfield with. Metal detectors have many uses. They are used medically to find metal in the human body..continue..
This is the circuit diagram of a low cost metal detector using a single transistor circuit and an old pocket radio.This is nothing but a Colpitts oscillator working in the medium band frequency and a radio tuned to the same frequency.First the radio and the circuit are placed close.Then the radio is tuned so that there is no sound from radio.In this condition the radio and the circuit will be in same frequency and same frequencies beat off to produce no sound.This is the set up.When the metal detector circuit is placed near to a metal object the inductance of its coil changes , and so do the frequency of oscillations.Now the two frequency will be different , there will be no canceling and radio produces a hissing sound.The metal is detected..continue..
BFO ( beat frequency oscillator ) metal detectors use two oscillators, each of which produces a radio frequency. One of these oscillators uses a coil of wire that we call the search loop. The second oscillator uses a much smaller coil of wire, and is usually inside the control box and is called the reference oscillator. By adjusting the oscillators so their frequencies are very nearly the same, the difference between them is made audible as a beat note, this beat note changes slightly when the search loop is moved over or near to a piece of metal. It has been found in practice best to make the search oscillator fixed say at 100khz and to arrange for the reference oscillator to be adjustable 100khz plus or minus 250hz. This gives a beat note of 250hz to 0 to 250hz. The beat note disappears or nulls when the two oscillators are about equal. This type of detector is most sensitive when the beat note is close to zero, about 5hz ( motor boating ) any slight change being noticeable..continue..
The first crude metal detector was devised in 1830 by British geologist and mining engineer R.W. Fox. Numerous refinements increased the efficiency of metal detection technology over the decades, starting an amateur treasure hunting craze in the 1920s and 1930s with metal detector models such as the Metalloscope. In addition to amateur treasure hunting, metal detectors are also used for civilian and military security purposes, as well as construction work..continue..
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Wednesday, March 5, 2008
Tutorial One
Tutorial One: Information Technology and Ethical Issues
Retrieved May 23th, 2008 from
IT has become a world wide based way to communicate between people and place. Computers and hand held electronics have become away of life and is considered as a necessity when it use to be a luxury. The internet is seen as a way to gather and send useful information. Computers are found in homes, schools, workplaces. The internet can be picked up through wireless hotspots and internets cafes. Programmes have been introduced like skype that let you communicate via voice and camera operated through the internet for free. This becomes useful when you are contacting people from over the world. Telecommunications are used in workplaces for meetings and in schools to communicate with others who are long distance learners.
Memory Sticks Landlines Grabaseat Cellphones Emailing Trademe/Ebay Social networking sites IPOD
Pagers Using the internet to order equipment Client notes
Breaching patient confidentiality (a person walking past you could hear your conversation)
Whenever the Computer at work is not in use it is to be logged out or lock so only persons with access can use the computer
Provide a definition of Computer Ethics (APA reference required)
Computer ethics is a branch of practical
philosophy which deals with how computing professionals should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct. Computer ethics is a very important topic in computer applications. the growth of the Internet, privacy issues as well as concerns regarding computing technologies such as spyware and web browser cookies have called into question ethical behavior in technology.
Retrieved May 14th, 2008 from
Provide a definition of Intellectual Property (APA reference required)
Intellectual property is a bundle of exclusive rights over creations of the mind, both artistic and commercial. The former is covered by copyright laws, which protect creative works such as books, movies, music, paintings, photographs, and software and gives the copyright holder exclusive right to control reproduction or adaptation of such works for a certain period of time.
Retrieved May 14, 2008 From
Provide a definition of Social Justice (APA reference required
Social justice refers to the concept of a
Retrieved May 14, 2008 From
Provide a definition of Informed Consent (APA reference required)
Informed consent is a legal condition whereby a person can be said to have given consent based upon an appreciation and understanding of the facts and implication of an action
ITC is the way of the future therefore keeping up with the internet and computer programmers is vital especially at work as this may result in you not being able to retrieve patient’s files. The ethical issues that come along with this are that you may find yourself having to liaise with another college about a certain patient and someone else could here your conversation breaching patient confidentiality.
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jueves, 21 de junio de 2018
Electrolyte Normal Values | ELECTROLYTE TABLETS | Hbr Strong Or Weak Electrolyte
hydration tablet formula
What are Electrolytes?
How do you lose Electrolytes?
electrolyte normal values
you're losing electrolytes. The major electrolyte loses, particularly sodium electrolytes, occur when your sweat rate boosts:
All athletes will experience some level of electrolyte loss and dehydration. The extent of this loss is determined by the kind of physical activity, but more important the rate of sweat. The average football player sweats anywhere between 1 ) 3% - 4% of body weight each game, to represent a high loss of electrolytes.
JUST HOW DO ELECTROLYTES TABLETS Propel Electrolyte Water Ingredients | Select The Correct Statement About Electrolyte Absorption. | Best Electrolyte Drink | Select The Strongest Electrolyte From The Following Set. | Electrolyte Stamina Power Pak | Glucose Electrolyte Or Nonelectrolyte | Sugar Free Electrolyte | Electrolyte Depletion | Naoh Electrolyte | All Of The Following Are Characteristics Of Electrolyte Metabolism In Sports Except | SUPPLY REHYDRATION?
water balance tablet formula
Salts, minerals and glucose
Improved electrolytes
Chvostek And Trousseau Signs Indicate Which Electrolyte Imbalance
Athletes And Electrolyte Tablets
Children And Electrolyte Supplements
Children can benefit from taking Which Is An Example Of An Electrolyte? electrolytes
Staying Hydrated In Hot Climates
Hot climate causes loss of electrolytes from sweat
Sickness And Hydration Drinks
Any person that's sick will lose a lot of drinking water. It's common for you heat to rise due to a fever. By taking an electrolyte tablet, you can help keep yourself hydrated during your sickness. It will help you recover from your illness, and keep dehydration at Mio Electrolyte | Electrolyte Popsicles | Low Sodium Electrolyte Drinks | What Is An Electrolyte? | Ba(no3)2 Electrolyte | Is Mgcl2 An Electrolyte | Which Electrolyte Deficiency Triggers The Secretion Of Renin? | Electrolyte Table | Which Electrolyte Stimulates Muscle Cells To Contract? | Is Lioh A Strong Electrolyte | bay. Electrolyte tablets are the best way for individuals to hydrate themselves. They may have numerous benefits over only drinking normal water or sports drinks. Typically the science behind ORS capsules will guarantee they're effective. To add to this, they avoid lead to the side outcomes. They're medically safe, and perfect for anyone to use.
For more information click our FAQs page.
ZYM electrolyte capsules
The products from all three companies come packaged in small plastic-type tubes with 10 to 12 tablets inside. Costs vary from about $6. 55 (nuun) to $10 (CamelBak). Within the last four years, I have used these items extensively, and each one is good. The distinctions Which Represents The Ionization Of A Strong Electrolyte? | Heed Electrolyte | Na2so4 Electrolyte | Best Electrolyte Water | Importance Of Electrolyte | Peg Electrolyte | Most Electrolyte Reabsorption By The Renal Tubules Is ________. | Tpn Electrolyte Calculator | How To Make Electrolyte | Is Kcl An Electrolyte | come in the flavors each company offers as well as the amount and type of vitamins, electrolytes, caffeinated drinks or other constitutes added into the fizzing blend.
ZYM sets itself apart from nuun by adding B vitamins and, for its ZYM Massively increase product, 100mg of coffee. Fluid And Electrolyte Balance | Ch3ch2oh Electrolyte | Electrolyte Powder Packets | Is H20 An Electrolyte | Trace Minerals Research Electrolyte Stamina | Importance Of Electrolyte | Electrolyte Powder Walmart | Hcl Electrolyte | Hcl Strong Or Weak Electrolyte | Ba(oh)2 Is A Strong Electrolyte | I get a larger immediate boost from ZYM than nuun. Its taste in either of you can actually two flavors (berry and lemon-lime), is stronger, too.
CamelBak's Elixir, another sugar-free pill, costs about $10 for a tube of twelve tablets. This is more income than the competition, but Elixir is more concentrated and goes a little further. Each CamleBak tablet works for up to twenty four ounces of water. I often use them in a 16-ounce bike drinking water bottle, and the preference is noticeably more powerful than nuun or ZYM.
CamelBak Pocima
Overall, I am a devotee to the category of effervescent electrolyte tablets. The small tabs make getting sodium, potassium, magnesium and other performance boosters into your system as easy as plunking a tablet in water. A new final bonus: The sugar-free tablets do not gunk up a water Naoh Strong Or Weak Electrolyte | Electrolyte Deficiency Symptoms | Is Agno3 A Strong Electrolyte | Jigsaw Electrolyte | Which Of The Following Is Considered A Strong Electrolyte? | Is Water An Electrolyte | Chloride Electrolyte | Battery Electrolyte Solution | Vega Electrolyte | Home Made Electrolyte Drink | bottle or hydration reservoir like sugary supplements can. In comparison to the traditional option of mixing sports natural powder in water, ZYM, CamelBak, and nuun all offer a superior solution.
Original "Nuun Active" Electrolyte Tablets
With regard to a decade or so, runners and cyclists have enjoyed the benefits associated with adding Nuun Active electrolyte pills to their water while exercising. Drop one into 16 oz. of water, and you get a pleasantly fizzy, lightly flavoured drink that helps replace electrolytes you sweat away. People who often experience leg cramps have also noted good results from ingesting the stuff. In any case, from the nice alternative to Gatorade, et al.
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Whenever you reach your 60's, usually the one time you often hate is the birthday. Not really a enjoyment day as when younger. Even wh... |
Vitamin Functions, Sources, and Deficiencies
cokeroho's version from 2017-03-02 14:56
Question Answer
Thiamin (B1) FunctionCoenzyme of energy metabolism
nerve membrane integrity
Thiamin (B1) Sourcespork, whole and enriched grains, legumes
Thiamin (B1) DeficiencyBeriberi, wasting of lower extremities, wet, edema
Riboflavin (B2) FunctionCoenzyme of energy metabolism
Riboflavin (B2) Sourcesmilk, meat, leafy greens, enriched grains
Riboflavin (B2) Deficiencycracks at corners of mouth, sensitive to light, skin rash
Niacine (B3) FunctionCoenzyme of energy metabolism
Niacine (B3) Sourceproteins, enriched grains, peanuts, tryptophan
Niacine (B3) DeficiencyPellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death)
Pantothenic Acid FunctionCoenzyme of energy metabolism
involved in synthesis of many compounds
Pantothenic Acid Sourceswidespread, meats, whole grains
Pantothenic Acid Deficiencyhypoglycemia
Vitamin B6 Functionamino acid metabolism
fat metabolism
makes hemoglobin for rbc
neurotransmitter synthesis
Vitamin B6 SourcesMeat, potatoes, bananas
Vitamin B6 Deficiencyanemia, depression, rashes
Folate Functioncoenzyme involved in DNA synthesis
participates with B12
Folate Sourcesenriched grains, green vegetables, legumes, liver
Folate Deficiencyimpaired cell division, megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects (infants)
B12 Functionparticipates with folate
maintains sheath around nerves
new cell synthesis
B12 Sourceanimal based foods, fortified cereals, nutritional yeast
B12 Deficiencypernicious anemia
poor nerve fxn
Biotin FunctionCoenzyme of carb, fat, and protein metabolism
Biotin Sourcewidespread in foods, egg yolk, whole grains
Biotin Deficiencyhair loss, muscle pain, fatigue
Vitamin CAntioxidant
collagen synthesis
helps in iron absorption
supports immune system
Vitamin Ccitrus, cabbage type, dark green veggies, potatoes
Vitamin CScurvy, bleeding gums, frequent infections, poor wound healing, bruising
Retinol (A) FunctionRole in vision, cell differentiation and turnover
Retinol (A) Sourcesliver, milk, eggs, yellow-orange fruits and veggies
Retinol (A) Deficiencyvision problems and reduced immune
Vitamin D FunctionMineralization of bones and calcium absorption
Vitamin D SourcesProduced in skin from sun, fortified foods
Vitamin D DeficiencyRickets (children), osteomalacia (elderly)
Vitamin E FunctionPrevents oxidization of lipids
Vitamin E SourcesVegetable oils, nuts and seeds
Vitamin E DeficiencyRare
Vitamin K FunctionRegulates biological activities in some proteins
Vitamin K SourcesGreen leafy vegetables
Vitamin K DeficiencyNone listed |
Friday, October 5, 2007
German Expressionist Film
German Expressionist film is known for generally being dark in theme and oftentimes deals with the supernatural or the occult. The use of shadow in such films is intense, with high contrasting light areas as focal points. German filmmakers relied on symbolism and mise en scene to create the moody feel of their works and to infer them with deeper meaning.
Cinematographers explored wildly with different camera angles to achieve various effects, such as a high or low angle shots, in a manner that would latter be famously applied in American cinema in Welles’ Citizen Kane. Set designs were also done in an avant garde style, and were heavily influenced by expressionism in painting. Prominent examples of German Expressionist film include Nosferatu (1922), The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), and Der Golem (1915).
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An increased frequency in extreme weather events, a cooling North Atlantic, and growing Arctic sea ice were viewed as signs of climate change. The odds of a warmer climate in the future, according to one scientist, were “at best 1 in 10,000” (see below). That’s what Der Spiegel wrote in a 3700-word article back in 1974, warning the world of a coming ice age.
Hat tip:
Back in 1974, in its introduction, Der Spiegel wrote:
North Atlantic Oscillation index compared with CET winter record, 1860-2010 (CET graph source: ). Right now we really ought to be worried about cooling!
In the time between 1890 and 1945 scientists registered a general warming of the earth’s climate. The global annual average temperature rose during this time by about 0.7°C. — in polar regions the rise was even several degrees.
So much for unprecedented. Der Spiegel also wrote about the MWP of 800 years before (which some scientists today say never really existed).
Pessimism back then, like today, was the order of the day
Der Spiegel also wrote about the causes of climate change:
Der Spiegel then wrote that the consequences of this would be catastrophic, as agricultural output would decline, crops would be wiped out, etc. US scientist Reid Bryson of the University of Wisconsin said:
If the current worsening of the climate continues, all of humanity will suffer — a billion people will starve.”
US weather researcher James McQuigg:
The chances of a rash return to the optimum climate of the 1930s are at best 1 in 10,000″.
Der Spiegel wrote:
Some climate scientists even foresee the coming of a worldwide natural catastrophe. That’s what Austrian science author Peter Kaiser (‘The Return of the Glaciers’) believes. Canadian weather scientist Kenneth Hare advises governments of impacted countries to stockpile food.”
Überpessimist Paul Ehrlich warned of the consequences of global cooling:
Only a rapid aid program can prevent the catastrophe, fears Ehrlich. But the rich countries of the west, he complains, proved themselves to be failures during the crisis management of the 1973 oil crisis.
Back in the 1970s, it was common practice to seed clouds as a way of manipulating local climate. Scientists discussed methods that could be used to stop the cooling. But scientists warned of unintended consequences and complex feedback systems. US climatologists William W. Kellogg and Stephan H. Schneider described a climate model back then. Der Spiegel:
Such a climate model, so explain the two US climatologists William W. Kellogg and Stephan H. Schneider, must contain all ‘climatic feedback mechanisms’ of the global weather system — a completely unmanageable chaos of feedback loops and interactions.”
Amazing at how an unmanageable and complex system like climate in 1974 became and elegant and simple system that could be easily regulated today simply by varying the concentrations of a single trace gas. Later Schneider just could not be bothered by complexities.
Kellogg and Schneider also warned of interfering with the climate system.
Both scientists request that an international organisation for climate monitoring be set up as quickly as possible. In the view of the 2 experts, these weather monitors would have the job of maintaining the earth’s climate status quo.
It took a few years, but today we have the IPCC as a result.
28 responses to “Der Spiegel 1974 – New Ice Age Approaching. Odds Of A Warm Future “At Best 1 in 10,000””
1. DirkH
Thanks, Pierre, interesting. But a typo: “29th century”
2. DaveH
How arrogant we small insignificant humans are to think we can actually regulate something as complex and huge as the climate of the earth.
1. Nagual2012
Hi Dave! You are absolutely right. This ice age is a cyclical event and it’s time has come. Nothing we do can change that. It’s the time of the grand purging which happens at the end of each grand cycle. Much change ahead. Let’s enjoy it as best as we can! 🙂
3. Bernd Felsche
Bound to be a hit again next “summer”.
Needs translation. The postman was right. 🙂
1. Brian G Valentine
Hübsche Mädchen!
2. DirkH
Funny enough, the text complains about wet summers, but also about winters without snow. 3 years later in 1978, there was the snow catastrophe in Northern Germany… Google translation:
We needed before any big trip.
How were brown on Borkum and Sylt.
But today, the Browns are only whites.
For here there is after all just frozen.
Yes earlier there were also heat-free.
The swimming pool was on in May.
I sat up at night outside our house.
Since we had sunburn
and giant jellyfish on the beach, and ice
and every policeman took off his jacket.
When it gets right again
Summer – a summer as he
once was?
Yes, with sunshine from June to
and not so wet and so Siberian
like last year.
And what we had there for heat waves
Sweater makers were received.
Since there were up to 40 degrees in the shade
We had to be careful with the water
The sun popped in the face
It was not necessary in the sauna.
A sheep was happy then when it is shaved
It was here, as in Africa
Those who could made nudist
But today’s buzz, today all the mosquitoes out loud in the choir
When it gets right again
Summer – a summer as he
once was?
Yes, with sunshine from June to
and not so wet and so Siberian
like last year.
The winter was the flop of the century
Only one thousand feet, there was snow
My milkman says: This climate is not surprisingly,
The culprit is because only the SPD.
I find the going a bit far
but soon is back vacation time
and who among us does not think continuously tuned
Nevertheless, I believe steadfastly
that our weather is better
only when, and this issue concerns us all!
4. Senter
Another “must read” today. Exploding the myth that Climategate was a hack.
5. Luboš Motl
1 in 10,000 had to make the people so certain! 😉 However, the believers became even more certain about the opposite proposition. Bill Nye in
said at 6:35 that Richard Lindzen’s view is a minority view on a scale that is impressive – 1 in 100,000.
Note that the ratio increased by a factor of ten.
The alarmists who will threaten others with a new ice age in 2040 will clearly be certain at the level of 1 in 1 million. 🙂 This escalation of their certainty will be exponentially growing until they will have to pronounce so long and unfamiliar numerical words that their mouths will explode. 🙂
1. Brian G Valentine
The is the same Science Guy who believes it is possible to “stop” the Northern Gulf Stream with carbon dioxide in the air (i.e., eliminate the Coriolis force of the rotating Earth) and who considers Venusian heat in the atmosphere to have “nothing” to do with the formation of sulfuric acid from sulfur trioxide and water – the “whole thing was heated by carbon dioxide.”
6. woodNfish
Der Spiegal is crap magazine. If that is a sign of what typical German’s read then I question German intelligence. I don’t base it on this one article either. Drudge has links to their nonsense all the time and they are as bad as the failed Newsweek.
1. DirkH
Reading it is a widespread habit in Hamburg (where the Spiegel sits, and where i work ATM) – and yes, i question the intelligence of the locals on a regular base too. I’m feeling a bit like a fifth column behind the Iron curtain.
2. Casper
I suppose you don’t know The Focus. The moderators don’t allow any discussion on the AWG. This is a real s..t!
7. Michael D Smith
They’re probably still right, it just depends on the time frame. We’re still in a long term downtrend since the start of this interglacial, even with our 0.6°C current little warming blip, I don’t see any reason for the long term trend to change directions anytime soon. Eventually temps will fall off a cliff and we will enter a new glacial period. It seems we’re overdue already.
8. Gator
I lived in Stuttgart for 3 years and was living there in 1974, Der Spiegel is no better or worse than Time or Newsweek. That is not a compliment.
9. Dr. Martin Hertzberg
Plucking probabilities out of thin air seems to be a way of trying to establish credibility when one’s predictions are worthless. The IPCC did the same in it’s latest report. There seems to be no low in disingenuous behavior to which the global warmers of today, or the global coolers of yesterday, will not stoop. In some cases, they are the same bunch! Nevertheless, scientifically illiterate journalist simply propagate their nonsense because they fail to exercise due diligence or to look at the totality of the data available.
1. Bernd Felsche
Probability-plucking is how they arrive at the 90% certainty that anthroprogenic CO2 emissions will lead to catastrophic climate change unless curtailed.
Of course, that certainty isn’t based on measurement errors and an analysis of the methods used to arrive at the conclusions. If they’d done that, they would have given up prognosticating by 1995.
1. Brian G Valentine
It appears very likely that the probabilities assigned in the Summaries for Policy Makers (that were not described in any quantitative sense in the IPCC Reports) were the product of the imagination of some graduate students (of sociology, and other things) who were conscripted to write the Summaries for Policy Makers.
A small collection of people from the IPCC (and Pachauri) left the Summaries alone, despite the complaints from many others such as R Lindzen.
Note that the projections of 50-100 years of GCM models used in the analysis don’t even agree with each other to within “90%” consistency.
1. Brian G Valentine
Check out the fascinating story of the apparently low potential high achiever, Ms Rutu Dave.
Just goes to show, you don’t need much academic talent to make a high impact!
(or leave a costly mess, depending on your point of view)
10. Brian G Valentine
Very little scientific ability is required to come up with this (probably) soon to be seen analysis:
“Climate science correctly predicted water vapor feedback from carbon dioxide in the air, although the onset of the effect was far more rapid than originally projected. This resulted in the formation of clouds which had the effect of rapid cooling of the Earth from reflected sunlight, consequently, plunging the Earth into a deep freeze. Additional carbon dioxide in the air will only exacerbate the effect. Polar Bears will soon be dying off rapidly because they won’t be able to eat: seals will migrate much further south to open water, and Polar Bears won’t have any open water to catch fish and they will starve to death. A bit of “respite” (if you want to call it that) might be found in periodic heat waves that will soon be the norm everywhere in the summertime, which result from a warming stratosphere that cannot support high-altitude jet streams that move high pressure zones and prevent overheating. The average, however, will be only an irreversible advance toward an ice age and death unless carbon dioxide emissions are halted immediately, although it is probably too late.”
11. Rhett
Let see…these are current headlines: “Sweden in ‘coldest December in 100 years'”, “Weather chaos continues to hit UK airports”, “Heavy snow halts Europe’s Xmas travel”, “Is this the dawn of a new ice age?”, “Europe’s economy weathers the snow”, “Snow strands Christmas travelers in Europe”, ” ‘I can’t remember the weather being this bad in December,’ Belgian official says”,” Winter hits Paris airport with double whammy”, “More snow forecast, cold snap to dent German growth”, “Avalanche Danger Could Be Worst In Colo[rado]”, “History, Bermuda Weather: New Low for Year & December”, “Atlanta weather | First Christmas snow pile since 1800s”, “Europe snow leads to gold price spike”, “Helicopters Used To Warm Florida Crops”, “Snow sweeps back to London on Thursday as temperatures plummet” , etc, etc.
Notice a common thread here? Much written about Europe being colder, there is.
So wassup? That big yellow thing…you know…up in the sky. The SUN. That huge nuclear furnace that gives this “third rock” the unique ability to sustain life as we know it. It’s rather fickle. A one percent change in it’s output can alter our weather. Higher percentage changes can alter the weather permenantly. Higher still??? That sizzeling sound you’ll hear will be the earth incinerating. Lower still and the earth becomes the frozen “third rock”.
It’s amazing how people can believe that a trace gas can alter the climate on such a vast planet yet push aside the concept that a star, a celestrial body, THOUSANDS of times larger than the Earth, has no effect [on the Earth]. Sheer Bollucks it is.
Wake up! Yer being taken for a fool…and yer money. That’s the way it is, plain and simple.
12. NTZ December Wrap-Up
[…] 17: Der Spiegel’s 1974 article on a coming ice age was examined. Read here. It’s a bit hilarious that the chances of warming back then were pegged at 1 in 10,000 […]
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Wednesday, February 21, 2007
PHA in Dexters
Hydrops fetalis associated with pulmonary hypoplasia in Dexter calves - Abstract
"The occurrence of severe fetal dystocia due to hydrops fetalis associated with pulmonary aplasia in two male and pulmonary hypoplasia in one female Australian Dexter fetuses from two herds is described. Obstetrical intervention by caesarean section was required for delivery of the fetuses, with mortalities in one dam and the 3 calves. Clinical, pathological and genetic features are tabulated to assist in distinguishing pulmonary hypoplasia-associated hydrops fetalis from the more prevalent disorder of chondrodysplasia in Dexter cattle. Anasarca and complete absence or presence of only rudimentary lung tissue in a large thoracic cavity clearly distinguishes this entity from the lesions of Dexter chondrodysplasia that include severe micromelia and abundant lung tissue in a small thoracic cavity with shortened spine and rib cage. Pedigree information suggested that Dexter hydrops may be transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner."
This is caused by an abnormal gene and has also been found in other breeds of cattle. We recently had confirmation of pulmonary hypoplasia with anasarca (PHA) with some Dexters here in the U.S. Pulmonary hypoplasia in general means underdeveloped and poorly formed lungs while anasarca translated means retained fluid. Usually this results in a calf being born dead and severe cases can result in the death of the cow. Since the aborted calf may sometimes have the appearance of a "bulldog" calf this may be why on occassion there's been reports from a breeder believing they had a "bulldog" from a tested free of chondrodysplasia Dexter.
The exciting news is that they just discovered the marker in Dexters which means this can be tested for. So while testing for chondrodysplasia, Bova Can labs will likely be able to also run a Dexter PHA test at the same time saving the expense of having to have two tests.
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Friday, July 19, 2013
How exercise can benefit your child in school
Have you seen the scores of television commercials that tout learning programs to help a child overcome a learning problem or mental block when it comes to grasping and mastering a feared subject such as Math or Science ? Well, the solution might be much easier- and cheaper - than you might suspect. What is that? Exercise.
Intelligence may be related
to how much you exercise.
Benefits of Exercise on learning
If your child is having problems in school, it might be a good idea to evaluate his level of fitness and activity. Researchers have repeatedly found that there are connections between fitness and brain health. According to the article, "Physical Fitness in Childhood Linked to Higher Reading and Math Scores," a study conducted by the University of North Texas indicates that having a healthy heart and lungs may be one of the most important factors for middle school students to excel in reading and math. And, what's more is that exercise can also impact on the learning and retention ability of seniors as well.
How does exercise benefit the brain?
Exercise helps the brain by causing nerve cells to multiply, strengthening their connections (synapses) and protecting them from damage. Animal tests have shown that during exercise, never cells release proteins called neurotrophic factors. One protein in particular, BDNF, (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, triggers numerous other chemicals that enhance brain function.(" Physical Fitness in Childhood Linked to Higher Reading and Math Scores" Dr. Mercola)
What types of exercise improve brain power?
Also, according to the article, it's a good idea to incorporate a variety of exercises since each exercise offers its own unique benefits; both aerobic and resistance training are important for maintaining brain and cognitive health. For example, aerobic exercise has been found to improve
the ability to coordinate multiple tasks. It also helps to focus attention on a task for extended periods of time. Resistance training seems to help in the ability to focus in on a tasks despite distractions.
Schedule your child's recreation
How do you get your child up and moving? Well, the first thing is to set some limits on sedentary activities like computer games and watching tv. A schedule is great. Some computer games and tv are fine, like one hour or whatever is appropriate for your child's age. Then, encourage him to go outside for exercise. Include neighborhood friends and other parents as well so as to make the idea work. (Everyone benefits from increased activity) Then include a schedule for snacks, homework and dinner. It's not easy, but obviously worth it. Good health to you and your family!
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You think of the newly anointed King David conquering unconquerable Jerusalem and crowning his triumph by bringing into it the ark of God as all the people made merry with lyres, harps, tambourines, castanets, and cymbals. You think of the pope himself proclaiming Charlemagne emperor andaugustuson Christmas Day and all Rome going mad with enthusiasm. You think of Shakespeare's Henry V comforting his troops on the eve of Agincourt and of thegrands leversof Louis XIV, which rivaled in splendor the rising of the sun. Muffled drums and vast crowds of mourners followed the deaths of kings, and the peal of bells and dancing in the streets their births. The person of the king was so sacred that affronts upon him were punished with the most horrible of torments, and his touch had the power to heal.
Passionate loyalty, adoration, terror, awe-no words are perhaps too strong to describe the feelings evoked in his subjects by the mere sight of him, and it's no wonder. He held the power of life and death over them. Their destiny was in his keeping. He defended the kingdom against all enemies both from within andfrom without. Hewasthe kingdom. If he rejoiced, it rejoiced with him. If he was angry, the earth trembled and the crops might fail.
"Who is this King of glory? The Lord of hosts, he is the King of glory!" proclaims the Psalmist (24:10). This rich metaphor is used again and again in Scripture. Yahweh alone was King over Israel, the prophets thundered: to be feared, to be loved, above all else to be obeyed. When the people decided they wanted a king of flesh and blood like all the other nations, Samuel warned them that the consequences would be tragic (1 Samuel 8:4-18), and history proved him correct in every particular. In the long run Israel as king and kingdom vanished from history altogether.
When Jesus entered Jerusalem for the last time, it was as King and Son of David that his followers hailed him. If it was a king like David the conquering hero that they were looking for, they were of course bitterly disappointed. What they got was a king like David the father, who, when he heard of his treacherous son's death, went up to his chamber and wept. "Would I had died instead of thee, O Absalom, my son, my son!" he cried out. They were the most kingly words he ever uttered and an uncanny foreshadowing of his many-times great-grandson who some thousand years later put his money where David's mouth had been.
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CHD - Coronary Heart Disease Animation. Coronary heart disease - causes, symptoms, prevention. Coronary heart disease occurs when the coronary arteries which deliver oxygen to the heart muscle become narrowed or blocked as a result of the build up of fat/cholesterol within the artery wall.
Coronary heart disease - causes, symptoms, prevention
If the build-up is only mild, symptoms may include a feeling of pressure or tightness in the chest at times of increased activity or stress. When the blood supply to the heart muscle is severely reduced, chest pain (angina), heart attack (myocardial infarction) or rhythm disturbances (arrhythmia) may occur. Causes and risk factors The heart is a muscle that pumps blood to all parts of the body. When the heart chambers contract, blood is pumped out of the heart through the aorta (the main artery from the heart) carrying oxygen and nutrients to the rest of the body. Stroke. Stroke Foundation of NZ - reducing risks, improving outcomes. What is high blood pressure. Play our blood pressure animation- press the triangle in the picture above.
What is high blood pressure
As your arteries become narrower and less stretchy, your blood pressure rises. Having high blood pressure means that your blood is moving through your blood vessels with extra force. Over time this can lead to damaged arteries and increase your risk of heart attack and stroke. It can also damages organs like the eyes, kidneys and brain. We don't always know what causes high blood pressure, but it often runs in families. High blood pressure - hypertension. High blood pressure, known medically as hypertension, affects up to 1 in 5 New Zealanders.
High blood pressure - hypertension
The World Health Organisation's World Health Day put the spotlight on raised blood pressure in 2013 because it causes more than nine million deaths every year worldwide, including about half of all deaths due to heart disease and stroke. High blood pressure is preventable and treatable, through lifestyle changes and medications. General information As blood travels around the body it exerts pressure against the artery walls. A blood pressure reading is a measurement of this force. Blood pressure varies throughout the day in response to factors such as excitement, stress and exercise, however it quickly returns to a normal level.
An ideal blood pressure for most people is less than 130/80. Signs and symptoms There are usually no signs and symptoms of hypertension until the condition has been present for a long time – sometimes for many years. Causes Known risk factors include: Obesity - information for health professionals. Obese children are more likely to be obese into adulthood and to have abnormal lipid profiles, impaired glucose tolerance and high blood pressure at a younger age.
Obesity - information for health professionals
Obesity in children is also associated with musculoskeletal problems, asthma and psychological problems including body dissatisfaction, poor self esteem, depression and other mental health problems. For adults, obesity is also associated with a long list of health conditions including Type 2 diabetes, ischaemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, several common cancers, osteoarthritis, sleep apnoea and reproductive abnormalities.
The World Health Organization describes the prevalence of obesity as an epidemic. New Zealand has the third highest adult obesity rate in the OECD, and our rates are rising. Almost one in three adult New Zealanders (over 15 years) is obese, and one in ten children. For more information about obesity, see Obesity questions and answers. About Type 2 Diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes.
About Type 2 Diabetes
For many people (but not all) it can be prevented through following a healthy lifestyle. While type 2 diabetes cannot be cured, it can be managed and people with type 2 diabetes can and do live active and healthy lives. What is type 2 diabetes? Diabetes is the result of the body not creating enough insulin to keep blood glucose (sugar) levels in the normal range. What is cancer? Symptoms of Colon Cancer. Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis - symptoms, treatment, prevention. Osteoporosis is a condition in which the density and quality of bones is reduced, making them weak, brittle and more likely to fracture.
Osteoporosis - symptoms, treatment, prevention
There are usually no symptoms of osteoporosis until a bone breaks. Treatment and prevention will normally focus on lifestyle changes and medications to boost bone density. In New Zealand, osteoporosis affects approximately 50% of women and 30% of men over the age of 60 years. It is more common in European and Asian New Zealanders but everyone will experience some loss of bone density as they age. General information Throughout life bone is constantly being broken down and renewed.
Bone density refers to the amount of bone tissue in a certain volume of bone. Risk factors There is no single cause of osteoporosis but there are many risk factors. There are usually no symptoms of osteoporosis until a bone breaks. Over time there may be a gradual loss in height due to weakened and compressed vertebrae in the spine. 3D Medical Animation - What is a Heart Attack? Causes of Constipation,How to Avoid Constipation?
Obesity is killing this young woman who admits she’s killing herself on TLC’s “My 600 lb life” Story Time - Whats it Like Being So Fat? Morbidly obese, super fat. My 600-LB Life—Junk Food Junkie Marla Is Eating Herself To Death. Celiac diease. |
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4. C. Didius, a legate of C. Julius Caesar, who sent him, in B. C. 46, to Spain against Cn. Pompeius. In the neighbourhood of Carteia he gained a naval victory over Q. Attius Varus, and in the year following he set out from Gades with a fleet in pursuit of Cn. Pompeius, who had taken to flight. Pompeius was compelled to land, and Didius took or burnt his ships. Didius himself likewise landed, and after Pompeius had been killed by Caesennius Lento, Didius was attacked by the Lusitanian soldiers of Pompeius, and fell under their strokes. (D. C. 43.14, 31, 40 ; Bell. Hisp. 37, 40.)
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Many people feel confused by the word, “spirituality,” because they are not exactly sure what it means. Some feel that spirituality is just another word for religion.
While there are similarities between spirituality and religion, they are not synonymous.
• Spirituality is the individual search for connection with the source of ultimate meaning.
• Religion, with its traditions, rites, and institutions, has a basic function to create and nurture spiritual community.
In the search for meaning and connection, all humans are spiritual beings, but not all are religious.
Both religion and spirituality are complex and paradoxical and concern a relationship with the Transcendent. Thus they are hard to explain in words. Defining spirituality and religion presents the same challenge as trying to define other significant, powerful experiences such as love, hate, joy, or sorrow in all their unique experiences and profound variety.
Readers who feel uncomfortable with the words spiritual or spirituality can substitute their own words throughout this section – perhaps words like connection or love or meaning. |
Brainwave Entrainment, is also referred to as, neural entrainment. Brainwave Entrainment is the use of isochronic tones, binaural beats, monaural beats. Brainwave entrainment allows us to benefit from frequencies lower than human hearing by perceiving them through fluctuating tones.
The brain is made up of of neurons which communicate through the use of electrical impulses. These impulses result in brainwaves which can be detected and measured. Brainwave entrainment causes the electrical activity of the neurons to synchronize to the pulse of the external stimuli. These fluctuating oscillations are measured in Hertz (Hz). By meditating to specific Hertz, the desired brainwave or state of consciousness can easily be achieved. This allows people who never meditated before to achieve deep states of meditation instantly. Brainwave entrainment is the most effective form of meditation. It can place you in deepest state of meditation possible. It would take a trained monk practicing meditation for their entire lives to reach the deep delta brainwaves that entrainment can reach within the first session.
When meditating to brainwave entrainment, one can focus on the meditation, your breathing, and the surroundings, such as with mindfulness meditation, but the great thing is, that's not required. With brainwave entrainment, you can simply sit comfortable or lay down, listen at a low, comfortable volume and just let your mind wander. It is that simple and will work almost instantly.
The benefits of brainwave entrainment include everything from stress reduction, healing, creativity, hormone balance, etc...Stimulating the different areas of the brain has amazing benefits. You will naturally start eating healthier, exercising, and start to see truth in the world like never seen before. We are spiritual beings capable of more than most will ever imagine.
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President Truman’s Cold War
Much of the crazy militarism of the modern era didn’t have to be that way. The lack of experience with the New Deal by a naïve President Harry Truman gave us many poor choices after Roosevelt died. Had the 1944 Democratic Convention been allowed to re-nominate Henry Wallace for Vice President the Cold War may well have been avoided. Henry Wallace had about 63% of the first ballot when he needed 67%. Because Harry Truman wasn’t part of the ticket when Pearl Harbor was attacked, he did not know we had cracked the code of Japanese radio transmissions. Roosevelt knew our provocation of cutting off oil sales to the Japanese in October 1941 had forced them to attack. To get oil, they needed to seize Indonesia from the Europeans and America was blocking the way in the Phillipines. Thanks to Teddy Roosevelt’s attack on Manilla Bay as acting Naval Secretary in 1898, we had gone on to take the Phillipines in 1899. The Phillipine Islands were sitting astride the trade routes between Japan and Indonesia, so Japan knew they also needed to take the Phillipines to secure their new oil supply. So they decided to attack and weaken our fleet in Hawaii to give themselves a chance in the war. Then they underplayed their hand by not taking Hawaii in the first blow of the war. But Truman was not an insider when the aircraft carriers were deployed out to sea to save them for afterwards. The obsolete battleships were left to be destroyed to anger the American public enough to get Congress to declare War. So years after the War, when the mayor of Hiroshima asked Truman why he had chosen to use the atomic bomb on them, he replied “had not Pearl Harbor happened, that would not have been necessary.” This lie hid the truth that Truman wanted to show how powerful we were to the Soviets and Stalin, in an attempt to intimidate the Russians. The generals were all opposed to using the bomb on a Japanese city, knowing the Japanese would surrender soon after the Russians entered the war against them.
Roosevelt had secured the Russian commitment to attack Japan before he died, and Truman had to live with that commitment, even if he had second thoughts about the arrangement. Woodrow Wilson had American troops attacking the Red Army in Tapananja, Russia, near Murmansk inside the Arctic Circle one year to the very day after World War I had ended. Truman wanted to reverse the course of the wartime alliance between Roosevelt and Stalin and continue our capitalist efforts to crush the communist economic experiment in the crib before it had a chance to possibly prove itself the better system. So the Cold War was a necessity for Truman while Roosevelt and Wallace may have given the United Nations a better chance to operate in cooperation with the Soviets.
Because Truman wasn’t part of the New Deal, he did not understand how much we had grown before the war, 86%. We only took the last small steps of a long journey back to prosperity with the war. We grew only 17% in the four war years and the two post war recession years. So Truman bought the myth that the War brought us out of the Great Depression. Armed with the Keynesian Militarism theory it was easier for him to break with American military tradition of a small army between wars and create the standing army our forefathers had all warned us about since the time of Washington. While the Soviets had lost 15 million in the war and Europe averaged a loss of 5% of its population, we had skated by with only a 0.3% loss of our population in the war. So everyone in Europe was thoroughly sick of war, including the Russians. But a major conference was held in Paris in 1947 and 2000 US journalists descended on the town asking everyone if they thought the Russians were coming. It succeeded in planting the thought of the unthinkable in European minds. Then we passed the 1947 National Security Act over the opposition of the War Department and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. We created the CIA and used the old nazi spy network against the Russians, since we had no agents there, giving our CIA an ugly tinge to start with.
The CIA promptly created Operation Mockingbird to influence our own press on national security issues and succeeded so well that today we are only 47th in the world in press freedom according to Reporters Without Borders, well behind Canada 10th, Germany 16th, Japan 22nd, and Britain 28th. We broke deals made at the end of the war about the Balkans and Greece, and we accused the Russians of religious persecution when they put a Nazi collaborator priest on trial. Then McCarthyism at home cemented the Cold War structure in place, as Eisenhower doubled the percent of the economy for the military in the fifties over the late forties Truman years.
Link to stories and stats by president of the last century of militarism:
Dr. Peace, Dr. Bob Reuschlein best contact
608-230-6640 to leave message more info
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Consider the following circuit. $A = a_2a_1a_0$ and $B=b_2b_1b_0$ are three bit binary numbers input to the circuit. The output is $Z=z_3z_2z_1z_0$. R0, R1 and R2 are registers with loading clock shown. The registers are loaded with their input data with the falling edge of a clock pulse (signal CLOCK shown) and appears as shown. The bits of input number A, B and the full adders are as shown in the circuit. Assume Clock period is greater than the settling time of all circuits.
a. For 8 clock pulses on the CLOCK terminal and the inputs A, B as shown, obtain the output Z (sequence of 4-bit values of Z). Assume initial contents of R0, R1 and R2 as all zeros.
A= 110 011 111 101 000 000 000 000
B= 101 101 011 110 000 000 000 000
Clock No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
b. What does the circuit implement?
asked in Digital Logic by Veteran (59.5k points)
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. output Z
Clock -1 0000
Clock -2 0000
Clock -3 1011
Clock -4 1000
Clock -5 1010
Clock -6 1011
Clock -7 0000
Clock -8 0000
B) Circuit is a 3- bit ripple binary adder.
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Energy – how much do we need and how can we get it?
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Presentation on theme: "Energy – how much do we need and how can we get it?"— Presentation transcript:
1 Energy – how much do we need and how can we get it?
Introduction. How much energy do we and will we need in the UK? How can we generate energy without the CO2? Summary.
2 How much energy do we need?
And how do we generate it? Total current UK electrical power consumption about 40 GW ( , or 40 × 109 W). UK population about 60 million ( , or 60 × 106). Electrical power use is about 670 W per person... ...or about 58 MJ per person per day. Relate to “everyday” units: 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ, costs about 10p. 1 kWh/d = 42 W. Power per person of 670 W = 16 kWh/d. Current energy supply: 40 GW
3 Why do we need to do something new?
Projection of electricity capacity using current resources: Large shortfall! There is still lots of coal, so why not burn more of it? Imja glacier, 1950s (top)/2007 (bottom): Retreating 74 m per year. 40 GW Study by energy company EdF.
4 Why do we need to do something new?
“Manmade” CO2 is causing potentially catastrophic changes in the climate. Because of global warming, we need electric cars, trains, heating... i.e. more electricity, not less... ...and we need to generate it without the CO2! Watt patented steam engine Early measurements from ice cores. More recent results, direct measurements from Hawaii.
5 How much energy will we need?
How can we get it without the CO2? In the UK, we now use roughly: 1.6 kW per person on transport. 1.6 kW per person on heating. 0.7 kW per person “electricity” – i.e. computers, fridges, TVs... Assume in future use electricity for most transport, more efficient than current systems, so require 0.8 kW/p... ...and that we insulate buildings better, use heat pumps etc. so heating requirements 0.8 kW/p. Total electricity demand then about 140 GW. (C.f. current figure of 40 GW.) Renewable* energy resources: Solar. Biomass. Wind. Waves. Tides. Hydroelectric. Non-renewable energy: Fusion. “Clean” coal. Fission. Naturally replenished in a relatively short period of time.
6 Solar power and biomass
Solar constant 1.4 kW/m2. At ground level, equator ~ 1 kW/m2. Correct for latitude, ~ 600W/m2 peak... to average ~ 200 W/m2...and for UK weather ~ 100 W/m2. Supplying 140 GW with solar cells of efficiency ~10% requires area of 14 × 109 m2. This is 6% of land area of UK... ...and more than 100 times the photovoltaic generating capacity of the entire world. Feasible for ~ 10% of UK needs? Solar power interesting globally: come back to this later. Efficiency of conversion of solar energy to biomass about 1%... ...and then still have to convert to electricity.
7 Wind Average UK wind speed ~ 6 ms-2.
½ mv2, efficiency, max. packing, give wind power density of about 2 W/m2. Need 30% of UK (70 × 109 m2, i.e. Scotland) to provide 140 GW. Off shore, wind speed higher, power density ~ 3 W/m2. Need turbines on ~ 45 × 109 m2. Shallow ( m depth) offshore sites available about km2... ...but many competing uses and technical problems. Provide perhaps 10% of UK’s future electricity?
8 Waves Tides Energy in waves hitting UK ~ 40 GW.
Difficult to use efficiently, many competing interests. Perhaps provide about 5% of UK’s future electrical energy? Lots of energy in principle (~250 GW). How can it be used efficiently? Competing interests? Perhaps 5% of UK’s future electricity? Pelamis wave energy collector
9 Hydroelectric Renewable balance
UK power density ~ 0.1 W/m2, so cannot make large contribution. Largest hydro-electric power station is Three Gorges Damn on Yangtse, projected output 20 GW. Displaced ~ 1.2 × 106 people, caused, and will cause, ecological problems. Tally for UK so far: We are still missing the lion’s share... ...and the UK is particularly well off for wind, wave and tidal power! What about “clean” coal, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion? Energy source Prop. of electricity Solar 10% Wind Wave 5% Tidal Other Total 35%
10 “Clean” coal Burn coal, capture ~ 90% of CO2, permanently store in e.g. depleted oil reservoirs. Efficiency of electrical power production decreases from ~ 40% to ~ 30%. UK coal reserves ~ 250 years at current rate of consumption. Globally very important (China building one new power station every week). Use technology for cement factories...
11 Nuclear fission and fusion
Fission currently provides ~ 20% of UK electrical energy. But many (perceived) problems: Safety: Chernobyl. Three Mile Island. Waste: Actinides with half lives of many thousands of years. Proliferation. Uranium reserves uncertain. (Extract from oceans? Use fast breeder reactors?). New approaches needed: ADSR and thorium? Fusion under investigation by ITER. Construction until 2019, first deuterium-tritium plasma 2025?
12 Nuclear fission Each fission: Caused by absorption of 1 neutron.
Produces ~ 2.5 neutrons. Some neutrons lost, k left to cause new reactions. Conventional reactor: Need k = 1. If k < 1 stops working. If k > 1 explodes.
13 Conventional fission reactor
14 Fast Breeder Reactor Generally uses 239Pu as fissile material.
Produced by fast neutrons bombarding 238U jacket surrounding reactor core. 239Pu fission sustained by fast neutrons, so cannot use water as coolant (works as moderator). Liquid metals (or heavy water) used instead. India has plans to use thorium in its Advanced Heavy Water Reactors, in these 232Th is converted to fissile 233U.
15 Energy Amplifier or ADSR
Accelerator Driven Subcritical Reactor is intrinsically safe. Principal: Run with k < 1 and use accelerator plus spallation target to supply extra neutrons. Switch off accelerator and reaction stops. Need ~ 10% of power for accelerator. Can use thorium as fuel. 232Th + n 233U. Proliferation “resistant”: No 235U equivalent. Fissile 233U contaminated by “too hot to handle” 232U. There is lots of thorium (enough for several hundred years)… …and it is not all concentrated in one country! Accelerator Spallation Target Core Protons
16 Energy Amplifier or ADSR
17 Waste from ADSR Actinides produced in fission reactions are “burnt up” in the reactor. Remaining waste has half life of a few hundred rather than many thousands of years. Can use ADSR to burn existing high activity waste so reducing problems associated with storage of waste from conventional fission reactors. So why haven’t these devices already been built?
18 Accelerator Challenge for ADSRs is accelerator.
Required proton energy ~ 1 GeV. For 1 GW thermal power need current of 5 mA, power of 5 MW. Need high reliability as spallation target runs hot. If beam stops, target cools, stresses and cracks: max. few trips per year of longer than few seconds(?). Compare with current accelerators: PSI cyclotron: 590 MeV, 2 mA, 1 MW. ISIS synchrotron: 800 MeV, 0.2 mA, 0.1 MW. Many trips per day! Cyclotron, fixed B field, radius increases: energy needed too high! Synchrotron, constant radius, B field ramped: current too high! Linac: perfect, but too costly?
19 Fixed Field Alternating Gradient Accelerator
FFAG, radius of orbit increases slightly with energy: protons move from low field to high field region. Simplicity of operation hopefully ensures the necessary reliability. nsFFAG at Daresbury (EMMA): First experiments underway! Inject at low K Extract at high K
20 FFAG and acceleration RF cavities conventionally used to accelerate charged particles. A problem with FFAG is synchronisation of RF with particle orbits over large energy range. Alternative: inductive acceleration? Use Faraday’s Law:
21 FFAG betatron Make solenoid into toroid so no problems with stray fields. Use lots of small toroids in parallel rather than one big one: Perhaps use one set of toroids for two or three FFAGs? Make toroids part of LCR circuit. Choose capacitance so resonance at required frequency. E.g. here: f B = 10 kHz. TB = 0.1 ms. toroids L C AC small R
22 FFAG Betatron Field in 50 toroids B = 2 T. Toroid radius rT = 0.25 m.
Inject protons with Ki = 5 MeV. Integrate over Look at acceleration of particle with central energy and of particles with energy Ki ± × Ki. Differences for latter amplified by factor 10 in plot: Accel. to 100 MeV in about 0.05 ms. Flux (weber) Energy (eV) Rel. energy spread EMF (V) Time (s) Time (s)
23 International solar power
More than 90% of world’s population live less than 3000 km from a desert. Could be supplied with solar power. Use solar thermal collectors to heat oil, produce steam, generate electricity, or with Stirling engines: HVDC lines to efficiently transfer to coast (electrolysis to produce H2) and to centres of population. Less than 10% of desert area needed to supply world’s energy needs. Proposal for Europe: Desertec-Eumena.
24 Summary Producing enough electricity without causing climate change is a challenge. Renewables can provide of UK future needs. Global solar power solution has potential to provide world’s energy needs. Essential for UK and world that all feasible technologies are investigated (solar, wind, wave, tide, fission, fusion, clean coal) – some may not work for technical or political reasons! New approaches to power generation through nuclear fission worth considering. Accelerator Driven Subcritical Reactor interesting: Safe. Produces waste with short half-life. Can use thorium. Major challenge is 5 MW, 5 mA, 1 GeV, extremely reliable proton accelerator. Fixed Field Alternating Gradient accelerators operate with constant magnetic fields, hence reliable and allow very rapid acceleration. Problem synchronising RF? Circumvent by using electromagnetic induction to drive acceleration?
25 Summary The challenge we face is to keep the lights on...without raising the sea level!
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Ch. 71 The software production process. Ch. 72 Questions What is the life cycle of a software product? Why do we need software process models? What are.
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Presentation on theme: "Ch. 71 The software production process. Ch. 72 Questions What is the life cycle of a software product? Why do we need software process models? What are."— Presentation transcript:
1 Ch. 71 The software production process
2 Ch. 72 Questions What is the life cycle of a software product? Why do we need software process models? What are the goals of a software process and what makes it different from other industrial processes?
3 Ch. 73 Outline Traditional answer: "waterfall" lifecycles Flexible, incremental processes Case studies –"synchronize-and-stabilize" (Microsoft) –the "open source" development model Organizing the process –software methodologies –the "Unified Process" Organizing artifacts: configuration management Standards
4 Ch. 74 Life cycle The life cycle of a software product –from inception of an idea for a product through requirements gathering and analysis architecture design and specification coding and testing delivery and deployment maintenance and evolution retirement
5 Ch. 75 Software process model Attempt to organize the software life cycle by defining activities involved in software production order of activities and their relationships Goals of a software process –standardization, predictability, productivity, high product quality, ability to plan time and budget requirements
6 Ch. 76 Code&Fix The earliest approach Write code Fix it to eliminate any errors that have been detected, to enhance existing functionality, or to add new features Source of difficulties and deficiencies –impossible to predict –impossible to manage
7 Ch. 77 Models are needed Symptoms of inadequacy: the software crisis –scheduled time and cost exceeded –user expectations not met –poor quality The size and economic value of software applications required appropriate "process models"
8 Ch. 78 Process model goals (B. Boehm 1988) "determine the order of stages involved in software development and evolution, and to establish the transition criteria for progressing from one stage to the next. These include completion criteria for the current stage plus choice criteria and entrance criteria for the next stage. Thus a process model addresses the following software project questions: What shall we do next? How long shall we continue to do it?"
9 Ch. 79 Process as a "black box"
10 Ch. 710 Problems The assumption is that requirements can be fully understood prior to development Interaction with the customer occurs only at the beginning (requirements) and end (after delivery) Unfortunately the assumption almost never holds
11 Ch. 711 Process as a "white box"
12 Ch. 712 Advantages Reduce risks by improving visibility Allow project changes as the project progresses –based on feedback from the customer
13 Ch. 713 The main activities They must be performed independently of the model The model simply affects the flow among activities
14 Ch. 714 Feasibility study Why a new project? –cost/benefits tradeoffs –buy vs make Requires to perform preliminary requirements analysis Produces a Feasibility Study Document 1.Definition of the problem 2.Alternative solutions and their expected benefits 3.Required resources, costs, and delivery dates in each proposed alternative solution
15 Ch. 715 Requirements engineering activities
16 Ch. 716 Requirements engineering Involves –eliciting –understanding –analyzing –specifying Focus on –what qualities are needed, NOT on –how to achieve them
17 Ch. 717 What is needed Understand interface between the application and the external world Understand the application domain Identify the main stakeholders and understand expectations –different stakeholders have different viewpoints –software engineer must integrate and reconcile them
18 Ch. 718 The requirements specification document (1) Provides a specification for the interface between the application and the external world –defines the qualities to be met Has its own qualities –understandable, precise, complete, consistent, unambiguous, easily modifiable
19 Ch. 719 The requirements specification document (2) Must be analyzed and confirmed by the stakeholders –may even include version 0 of user manual May be accompanied by the system test plan document
20 Ch. 720 The requirements specification document (3) As any large document, it must be modular –"vertical" modularity the usual decomposition, which may be hierarchical –"horizontal" modularity different viewpoints Defines both functional and non functional requirements
21 Ch. 721 A case study railway automation Who are the stakeholders? –management of the train company –train drivers and their unions –passengers (customers) –contractors Each has different goals
22 Ch. 722 Case study how to classify requirements Safety requirements –the probability of accidents should be less than 10 -9 per year Utility requirements –level of usefulness of the system as perceived by the various stakeholders
23 Ch. 723 Case study the produced document Introduction: the “mission” of the system Architecture: the main structure of the system Specific requirements associated with each subsystem –discussion of how the subsystems’ requirements guarantee that the overall goals are indeed achieved
24 Ch. 724 Software architecture and detailed design activity The result of this activity is a Design Specification Document Usually follows a company standard, which may include a standard notation, such as UML
25 Ch. 725 Coding and module testing activity Company wide standards often followed for coding style Module testing –based on black box/white box criteria
26 Ch. 726 Integration and system test activity These activities may be integrated with coding and module testing Integration may be done incrementally through subsystems –top down vs. bottom up The last step is system test –may be followed by alpha testing
27 Ch. 727 Delivery, deployment, and maintenance activities Delivery –real delivery may be preceded by beta testing Deployment –components allocated on physical architecture Maintenance –corrective, adaptive, perfective
28 Ch. 728 Maintenance Requirements errors are main cause of maintenance activities Late discovery of requirements errors causes increased costs
29 Ch. 729 Other software activities Documentation Verification Management They can be considered as parts of any kind of software related activity
30 Ch. 730 Overview of software process models
31 Ch. 731 Waterfall models (1) Invented in the late 1950s for large air defense systems, popularized in the 1970s They organize activities in a sequential flow Exist in many variants, all sharing sequential flow style
32 Ch. 732 A waterfall model
33 Ch. 733 Waterfall models (2) Organizations adopting them standardize the outputs of the various phases (deliverables) May also prescribe methods to follow in each phase –organization of methods in frameworks often called methodology Example: Military Standard (MIL-STD- 2167)
34 Ch. 734 Critical evaluation of the waterfall model +sw process subject to discipline, planning, and management +postpone implementation to after understanding objectives –linear, rigid, monolithic no feedback no parallelism a single delivery date
35 Ch. 735 Waterfall with feedback
36 Ch. 736 Problems with waterfall Estimates made when limited knowledge available Difficult to gather all requirements once and for all –users may not know what they want –requirements cannot be frozen
37 Ch. 737 Evolutionary models Many variants available Product development evolves through increments –"do it twice" (F. Brooks, 1995) –evolutionary prototype Evolutionary process model (B. Boehm, 1988) "model whose stages consist of expanding increments of an operational software product, with the direction of evolution being determined by operational experience"
38 Ch. 738 Incremental delivery Identify self-contained functional units that may be delivered to customers To get early feedback –According to T. Gilb, 1988: Deliver something to the real user Measure the added value to the user in all critical dimensions Adjust design and objectives
39 Ch. 739 Transformation model Guided by formal methods Specifications transformed into implementations via transformations Still a theoretical reference model
40 Ch. 740 Transformation model
41 Ch. 741 Spiral model B. Boehm, 1989
42 Ch. 742 A final model assessment(1) Waterfall –document driven Transformational –specification driven Spiral –risk driven
43 Ch. 743 A final model assessment(2) Flexibility needed to reduce risks –misunderstandings in requirements –unacceptable time to market Waterfall may be useful as a reference structure for documentation –describes the "rationale" a posteriori (Parnas and Clements, 1989)
44 Ch. 744 Legacy software
45 Ch. 745 Software evolution Existing software must evolve because requirements change Re-engineering –process through which an existing system undergoes an alteration, to be reconstituted in a new form Reverse engineering –from an existing system to its documentation, which may not exist, or may be incomplete –includes program understanding –preventive maintenance
46 Ch. 746 Case study Synchronize&Stabilize (The Microsoft Software Process)
47 Ch. 747 The process Planning phase –vision of the product, specification, schedule Development –team composed of 2 groups developers and testers (continuous testing) –process prescribes daily synchronization product stabilization
48 Ch. 748 Case study The Open Source Approach
49 Ch. 749 Open source Regulates licensed software, specifying its use, copy, modification, and distribution rights Business does not derive from selling software, but rather from other, indirect activities (services, accessories, advertisement, etc.)
50 Ch. 750 The process Highly distributed process characterized by frequent iterations –wide availability of source code –openness to contributions from a large community of developers Enabling technology –Internet (large scale and fast collaborations) –repositories with version control and configuration management
51 Ch. 751 Methodologies to organize the process
52 Ch. 752 SA/SD Structured Analysis/Structured Design 3 major conceptual tools for modeling –data flow diagrams functional specifications –data dictionaries centralized definitions –Structured English to describe transformation of terminal bubbles
53 Ch. 753 DFDs: a reminder
54 Ch. 754 Analysis of office work
55 Ch. 755 Automated portion
56 Ch. 756 From analysis to design Use of Structured Diagrams (SDs) A "method" is provided to transform DFDs into SDs; tries to –minimize coupling –maximize cohesion
57 Ch. 757 SD A DAG of functional modules (direction of arrow is implicitly downward)
58 Ch. 758 Decorated SDs M MM 12 A B C selection loop data flow X
59 Ch. 759 Decorated SDs M 1 abstract input M 2 transformation M 3 abstract output
60 Ch. 760 SD for the "order" DFD
61 Ch. 761 JSD and JSP Jackson's System Development –modeling stage analysis and modeling of the external world –entities –actions (described by process structure diagram) –network stage system modeled as a network of interconnected and communicating processes— system specification network (SSN) –implementation stage
62 Ch. 762 A DCB (a) X Y * (c) H L M o o (b) PSD (a) sequence (b) selection (c) iteration
63 Ch. 763 (a) Processes connected by data structure P Q Q' P' (b) Connection by state vector A A' Network stage (SSNs)
64 Ch. 764 Implementation stage (JSP) Input and output data structures Correspondence between nodes Program structure
65 Ch. 765 Program Generate header Generate body Generate * line by item group Process item group Output net movement line Process record * Process receipt o Process delivery o 1. open files 2. close files 3. read (item_id, movement) 4. net_item_movement := 0 5. net_movement_item := net_movement_item + movement 6. net_movement_item := net_movement_item - movement 7. write (header) 8. write (net_item_movement_line) The resulting program structure
66 Ch. 766 Annotated program structure Trivially translatable into a program
67 Ch. 767 Unified Software Development Process (UP)
68 Ch. 768 Principles Development of an OO system Uses the UML notation throughout the process Supports an iterative and incremental process Decomposes a large process into controlled iterations (mini projects)
69 Ch. 769 Cycles and phases of a cycle milestone product release Inception Elaboration Construction Transition
70 Ch. 770 Distribution of workflows over phases
71 Ch. 771 Organizing artifacts Configuration management
72 Ch. 772 CM concepts Configuration –identifies components and their versions Configuration management –discipline of coordinating software development and controlling the change and evolution of software products and components
73 Ch. 773 Key CM issues Multiple access to shared repository Handling product families –different members of the family comprise components which may have different versions
74 Ch. 774 Member 1 A B C1 Member 2 A B C2 Member 3 A D 1 2 3 A A B D E A C C 1 1 2 2 3 Component database
75 Ch. 775 Baseline and private workspaces Project baseline –central repository of reviewed and approved artifacts that represent a given stable point in system development Private workspaces –private and intermediate versions of components
76 Ch. 776 Versions Can be refined into –revisions new version supersedes the previous define a linear order –variants e.g., alternative implementations of the same specification for different machines, or access to different I/O devices
77 Ch. 777 Derived versions Further logical relations may exist among versions of components A component may be derived from another –object code component is a derived version of a source code component
78 Ch. 778 Software standards
79 Ch. 779 Why standards? They are needed to achieve quality in both software products and processes They may be imposed internally or externally –e.g., MIL-STD 2167A imposed to contractors for military applications Other examples: ISO series, IEEE
80 Ch. 780 Main benefits From the developers' viewpoint –standards enforce a uniform behavior within an organization –they facilitate communication among people, stabilizes the production process, and makes it easier to add new people to ongoing projects From the customers' viewpoint –they make it easier to assess the progress and quality of results –they reduce the strict dependency of customers on specific contractors
81 Ch. 781 Issues with standards Freezing premature standards –can inhibit acceptance of new ideas Standards proliferation De-facto standards vs. official standards
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“Social Networking” a Misnomer
Social networking is a both erroneous and misleading term. Why do I say so? The term social implies friendly, informal interpersonal interaction within a community. Now, Facebook, Hi5, Friendster, Linkedin, WordPress, Twitter, Blogspot and now Google+ are all being lumped together under the term social networks. They are really virtual networks which by definition consist of connections between people or within a community devoid of the need to be at the same physical location. These virtual networks are normally facilitated or mediated by technologies such as the internet and mobile telephony.
I will only pick two among the very wide group of virtual networks to prove my point.
First, Twitter is really a “broadcasting” medium as one sends out messages or microblogs as they are sometimes called to a mass of “followers” who can be likened to listeners tuning in to a radio transmission. There is little social here since it is the norm rather than the exception for one to have several strangers as followers. There is also little interpersonal and even less friendship here since messages result in little if any social interaction.
Linked is the other virtual network that is simply not social if we are to agree on the definition above. It connects professionals in their professional capacity. Social interaction here is implicitly frowned upon much like professional interaction including the promotion of ones organization, goods or services is frowned upon in social networks such as Facebook.
To simplify the two examples above, perhaps the easy approach is to liken these virtual networks to a cocktail or party. A social party such as a child’s birthday celebration would usually not involve professional colleagues who do not happen to be friends. Likewise, a cocktail of an official or professional nature would not feature ones social friends unless they also happened to be professional colleagues.
The short of all this is that it is the crossing of these interpersonal lines that will see the decline of virtual networking numbers and activity.
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Hong Kong, 1898
This map shows that the British had already acquired Hong Kong Island in 1842 and the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860. However it needed far more room for water, housing, supplies and most importantly of all to be able to defend it from an increasingly chaotic mainland (The Boxer Rebellion would take place the following year for instance). The, already weakened, Chinese Empress Dowager agreed to a 99 year lease (for no rent) in 1898 - meaning that the lease would lapse in 1997. At the time few could envision what status China or Britain would enjoy nearly a century later!
Hong Kong | Maps of Hong Kong
by Stephen Luscombe |
Mark Sir John A.
While it’s inappropriate to celebrate the bicentennial of Sir John A. Macdonald’s birth, the date still needs to be marked as a critical event in Canada’s history.
With the 200th anniversary of Macdonald’s birthday set for Jan. 11, how the date should be celebrated has become subject to local debate.
Kingston’s attraction as a tourist destination is partially predicated on the city’s identity as Macdonald’s hometown. As a result, Canada’s first prime minister is often idealized and celebrated, while the episodes of racism and oppression that occurred throughout his tenure are omitted — in particular, those towards Canada’s Indigenous and Chinese populations.
As a city that resides on Anishinaabe and Haudenosaunee territory, Kingston can’t continue to ignore certain parts of Macdonald’s past. Holding a nationalistic celebration of his birthday would effectively exclude members of the population who he mistreated as prime minister.
There’s often a moral dichotomy in how historical figures are viewed; they’re painted and remembered as either heroes or villains. But no political figure has ever been unanimously loved or opposed.
A more holistic, critical understanding of Macdonald as an individual and his impact on history — the good and the bad — is needed, rather than celebrations and denunciations.
Macdonald’s bicentennial is a great opportunity to have an important conversation on how Canada approaches its history — particularly, the subjugation and mistreatment of certain peoples.
For this reason, Macdonald’s birth should still be marked in Kingston, to ensure that we don’t attempt to ignore the darker parts of our history, but instead continue the dialogue.
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The Terra Cotta Army
The Terracotta Army is an ancient collection of sculptures which depict the armies of Qin Shi Huang who was the first Chinese emperor. It is believed that the statues were buried with the emperor to protect him in the afterlife. Located in the dry area of Shaanxi province,Terracotta is regarded as one of the greatest historical sites in the world. In fact, UNESCO recognizes it as one of the World Heritage Site. Read on to
understand why Terracotta was built, how it was discovered and its structural layout.
The history of the Terracotta revolves around the first emperor of China who led his people in a series of battles. Since people had strong beliefs on life after death, they thought that it was wise for the emperor to be guarded even in the afterlife.This prompted them to mold an army that will still be there to give the emperor full protection against his adversaries. The hand-molded army strikes several similarities with the real military that he had used during his lifetime.
Apart from providing protection, the army was also built to keep fine memories of the military that he had led to victories over other rival nations and also united the people of China. It is important to note that years before, rulers in China were buried alongside their workers and top officials. Terracotta army was designed to replace the real human sacrifice.
The model soldiers were built using bare hands. No other sophisticated tool was used to do the job. Since it was manual labor, more than 7000 skilled artisans were involved in executing this task. It is estimated that the job took over 40 years to be completed.This explains why the sculptures have elegant and unique features. To ensure that the job was done perfectly, each warrior had a stamp bearing the name of the artisan who worked on it. This made it easier for the authorities to track those who did a shoddy job.
How Terracotta army was discovered
Terracotta army was discovered in 1974 by a small group of peasants who were digging a well in the area. In the process, they found a clay model of a soldier who is ready for a battle. They alerted the local authority which dispatched a team of government archaeologists to the area. A deeper search unearthed thousands of clay soldiers who had similar facial expressions and body poses. Later on, swords,bronze chariots, and other ancient ammunition were also discovered at the site.
Layout of Terracotta Army
Terracotta has four underground pits which are named Pit 1 up to Pit 4 depending on the order of discovery. However, Pit 4 is yet to
be excavated meaning that it is still empty. Other pits have the same structure whereby they consist of earth and wood materials. However, each pit has a unique layout. The museum features five distinct sloping passages that have visible trails of wheels leading to the pits. The roof of the pit is made of wood and reinforced with solid rafters. Each pit in the museum is covered by layers of fiber mats and earth. |
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Monday, April 25, 2011
Character Development- Part-2- Negative Character
What Is A Negative Character?
• Negative character traits define who you are just as clearly as positive traits.
• They too, are a combination of values, environment and experiences. However, unlike positive character traits, negative traits can lead to behaviours that could cause hatred, violence and even wars.
• If you treat someone dishonestly, or show a lack of compassion, you are saying that you do not care about that person. If that person also has a negative character and responds to you in a disrespectful or aggressive way, then you have what is known as a conflict.
• A conflict that exists without a peaceful solution will result in hatred and violence. Here is an example; let’s say someone who is dishonest steals money from someone who is unforgiving. The person who was stolen from will try to retaliate against the one who stole from him. This too, can result in hatred and violence.
Don’t Accentuate The Negative
K eep in mind that nobody’s character is completely negative and devoid of all positive character traits. Yet, most people do have some negative traits that they need to eliminate from their character.
For example, someone can be a compassionate person, always looking for ways to help others, but is usually late for most functions and events. Or, he can be an honest person, but very impatient. Do these examples remind you of anyone you know? Do they remind you of yourself?
Not accentuating negative character traits means first realizing that there are some aspects of your character that need changing, then focusing on doing just the opposite of the behavior you want to change. For example, if you have difficulty being on time, you may try going to bed earlier and setting your alarm clock half an hour earlier than you normally wake up. You might even borrow a few books from the library on time management. The point is to focus on improving your character by eliminating the negative and accentuating the positive.
• We should always try to focus on the positive character traits of other people instead of focusing on the negative.
• When we focus on the negative character traits then we will automatically overlook the positive.
• Focusing on the negative only leads to more negative.
• Sometimes people who are accustomed to displaying negative character traits can change their lives around because of a simple realization that people do see good in them.
Islam teaches us to always focus on the good in others. The beautiful teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) tells us that we should make at least 72 excuses for something negative that the next person has done. The wisdom behind this is that when we make excuses for others, we are actually focusing on their positive instead of higlighting their negative.
Islam further teaches that we should not hate someone because there may be something good that comes from that person.
We cannot get rid of negativity by using negativity!
May the Almighty Allah help us all to get rid of the negative character traits in ourselves first!
Material for this post was referenced from:
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1. Zarina - check the award list at
A lovely post I will read in more details later. I really appreciate to read this blog of yours too. |
понедельник, 11 февраля 2013 г.
The Weather in Great Britain.
Britain is an island country and the surrounding sea gives England a varied climate. We never know what the weather will be like from one day to the other. It can be sunny one day and rainy the next. As we have such a variable climate changing from day to day, it is difficult to predict the weather. In general we have warm summers andcool wintersOur summers are cooler than those on the continent, but the winters are milder.
Temperate Climate
The overall climate in England is called temperate maritime. This means that it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0ºC in winter and not much higher than 32ºC in summer. It also means that it is damp and is subject to frequent changes.
Warmest and coldest months
summerJuly and August are normally the warmest month in England.
Around the coasts, February is normally the coldest month, but inland there is little to choose between January and February as the coldest month.
Temperature chart
Best months to travel to England
sunProbably the best months to travel in England are May, June, September and October. These months generally have the most pleasant temperatures and less rain. July and August are the warmest months, but they are also the wettest. The sunniest parts of the Britain are along the south coast of England.
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Kurskatalog forskarutbildning - HT18
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Titel Brain development and Neurodevelopmental disorders
Kursnummer 2605
Program Neurovetenskap
Språk Engelska
Antal högskolepoäng 1.5
Kursansvarig institution Institutionen för neurovetenskap
Särskild behörighet Background in medicine, biomedicine, neuroscience or psychology.
Kursens syfte The purpose of the course is to introduce the students to common neurodevelopmental disorders and current animal model systems used in this field. In particular, we will focus on cortical brain development, social-cognitive and motor development in typically developing children and children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cerebral palsy (CP). In addition, the role of both genetic and environmental factors in the etiology and/or pathophysiology of these disorders will be discussed. During the course, students will learn to critically evaluate and explain in presentations the content of original articles.
Kursens lärandemål
After the course students should be able to:
1) Describe fundamental neurodevelopmental processes (e.g. neurogenesis, neuronal migration, synaptogenesis).
2) Describe genetic and molecular mechanisms controlling cortical development.
3) Describe cognitive deficits among neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., ADHD and ASD).
4) Postulate potential genetic /molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits in children with neurodevelopmental disorders
Kursens innehåll Course Curriculum Part I: Fundamentals of Developmental Neurobiology 1. Early brain development, construction of neural circuits, and modification of neural circuits as a result of experience 2. Genetic control of cortical development 3. Effects of sex hormones on brain development Part II: Functional Brain development in humans 1. Age-Related Changes in executive function (e.g., working memory) 2. Working memory, and training induced plasticity 3. The molecular genetics of executive function Part III: Neurodevelopmental Aspects of Clinical Disorders 1. The neurobiology and genetics of ADHD 2. Advances in the Cognitive Neuroscience of ASD 3. Childhood psychiatric disorders as anomalies in neurodevelopmental trajectories
Arbetsformer A variety of teaching and learning strategies are presented during the course to facilitate students learning. These strategies include short lectures, small group discussions, computer-based learning, and problem based learning. At the beginning of the course, students will be assigned into different working group themes e.g., ADHD and ASD. These groups will work together throughout the course and prepare for the final oral presentation.
Obligatoriska moment All lectures and seminars are mandatory. In order to make up for absence of a particular lecture, the students will be required to read specific chapters from the recommended literature and write a short report.
Examination During the course there will be formative assessments to give students immediate feedback about their learning process during the different milestones of the course and clarify any questions relating to the final assessment. The summative examination will consist of an oral group presentation focusing on cognitive deficits found in children with neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. ADHD and ASD) and the potential genetic / molecular mechanisms underlying these deficits. To pass the course it has to be shown that all the intended learning outcomes of the course are reached.
Kurslitteratur och övriga läromedel Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience by Mark. H. Johnson (2010) Neuroscience, Fifth Edition, Dale Purves, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, William C. Hall, editors (2012) Note: The organizers of the course will e-mail various review articles related to the lectures, as PDF files to the students.
Antal studenter 15 - 30
Övrig information Location: Tellus Seminar Room, Retzius Lab Floor 5, Scheeles v. 1, Karolinska Institutet (Solna Campus) Full Time: Monday through Friday, 9am-4pm We plan to have several well-known clinicians and psychologists from the Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital and KIND.
Ytterligare kursledare
Tidigare omdöme av kursen omdöme
Kursansvarig Rochellys Diaz Heijtz
Institutionen för neurovetenskap
Retzius Väg 8
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Natural Solutions Radio header image
(NaturalNews) Have you ever heard of a product called Polar Pure Water Disinfectant? If the state of California and the Drug Enforcement Administration have their way, you may never hear of it again.
First, a little history.
According to the company's website, the product was developed in the late 1970s by Bob Wallace, the founder, as he sought "an effective form of water treatment to use during a climb of Popocatapetl Volcano in Mexico." After doing a bit of research, Wallace came upon an article by a pair of physicians - Frederick Kahn and Barbara Visscher - both of whom became infected with giardia on a climb near Los Angeles, Calif. Writing in Backpacker Magazine. the M.D.s recommended treating water with iodine to prevent similar infections.
Realizing that the risks of water-borne pathogens was very high in Mexico, Wallace decided to give the iodine a try; he made his climb and returned home without becoming sick.
The results inspired him to "create a product that would allow others to easily disinfect their water no matter where they were," said the company website. So Wallace began working on a formula after thoroughly researching the information Kahn and Visscher had published, as well as other sources. The result was Polar Pure Water Disinfectant.
What started out as a good idea...
Originally, the company said it intended its product to be used primarily by backpackers but as time passed, others began using it to treat their water when they traveled to foreign countries, during survival training in the military and, most recently, "as an important and essential addition to emergency preparedness kits."
Per the company's website:
Each bottle of Polar Pure contains a small amount of crystalline iodine. When water is added to the bottle, a saturated solution of iodine is created and used to disinfect a quart/liter bottle of water. When used as directed, the Polar Pure solution kills not only giardia but viruses and bacteria as well. An economical, effective and unique product, one small bottle of Polar Pure is capable of treating up to 2000 quarts of water.
Enter the nanny state, an inflexible leviathan whose one-size-fits-all regulatory approach is, by design, simply incapable of distinguishing good and bad behavior.
Iodine, you see, is used by producers of methamphetamine, so the DEA reclassified it as a "controlled substance," heavily regulating its use. And that decision effectively put Polar Pure out of business.
"The DEA and the State of CA implemented stricter regulations for iodine as well as many other products in an attempt to control possible diversion for illicit use," the company said in a lengthy post last year explaining why they are no longer able to manufacture and sell their product. "While individuals still find an illicit way around the regulations to continue to manufacture meth, we are unable to purchase iodine for the legitimate purpose of manufacturing Polar Pure."
On its website, the company chronicled its painful odyssey through the regulatory appeal process until the end of August, when owners of the small, family-run business hit their final roadblock.
'Most out of control federal agency'
"We met yesterday in Sacramento, CA with Richard Lopes, Assistant Director, Department of Justice, CA, to discuss our product, Polar Pure, and the current issues that we have been trying to solve in order to get back in business," said an Aug. 31, 2012 post. "We met with Mr. Lopes for about an hour in an effort to help him to understand the effectiveness and importance of Polar Pure as a choice for water disinfection. We discussed the history of our small family company, Polar Equipment, Inc., and how Polar Pure works to disinfect water. In addition, we explained how the current state and federal regulations have, negatively impacted the availability of Polar Pure and, subsequently, your inability to purchase an important and effective water treatment product."
Nothing happened. To date, the company remains unable to sell its product.
That's because, according to Stephen Downing, a former Los Angeles Police Department deputy chief and a member of Law Enforcement Against Prohibition, the DEA is one of the most out-of-control federal agencies because it receives so little oversight.
"Within the controlled substances act, the DEA is given authority over chemicals as they come up," he told Reason magazine in May. "To make it easy for federal enforcement people to so called, do their job and make their quotas and have their show-and-tells, they pass these regulations that impact innocent people."
That includes 88-year-old Bob Wallace's business.
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Retail management process pdf
Retail design is a creative and commercial discipline that combines several different areas of expertise together in the design and construction of retail space. Retail design is primarily a specialized practice of architecture and interior design, however it also incorporates retail management process pdf of interior decoration, industrial design, graphic design, ergonomics, and advertising.
Retail design is a very specialized discipline due to the heavy demands placed on retail space. Because the primary purpose of retail space is to stock and sell product to consumers, the spaces must be designed in a way that promotes an enjoyable and hassle-free shopping experience for the consumer.
For example, research shows that male and female shoppers who were accidentally touched from behind by other shoppers left a store earlier than people who had not been touched and evaluated brands more negatively. Retail spaces, especially when they form part of a retail chain, must also be designed to draw people into the space to shop.
The storefront must act as a billboard for the store, often employing large display windows that allow shoppers to see into the space and the product inside. In the case of a retail chain, the individual spaces must be unified in their design. Retail design first began to grow in the middle of the 19th century, with stores such as Bon Marche and Printemps in Paris, “followed by Marshall Fields in Chicago, Selfridges in London and Macy’s in New York. |
Thursday, February 25, 2010
Ten Tips for Science Fairs...AND...Can you volunteer to help with a Science Fair? A new Science Fair Idea!
Does your local school need people to volunteer to help with the science fair? Why not find out. Some school's don't have science fair's because there is only one teacher that is willing to do the work associated with science fair.
What can you do?
Are you a scientist? An artist? You can mentor a student.
A parent? Encourage your child to build on what he or she already knows.
What can you do?
A nurse or doctor? Could you explain aseptic technique to a class?
A detective? You might explain the process of elimination when looking at forensic clues.
What can you do?
Are you a chef? Explain how an understanding of microbiology is important to food safety in the kitchen and throughout a restaurant.
What can you do?
Important points to remember when working on science fair:
1. Children are naturally curious and make great, "scientists."
2. Follow all safety rules.
3. The student should keep a log book.
4. Does the student understand the value of a, "control," in a science experiment?
5. Scientists build on the work of others before them. Remember to fully cite all sources used. There are style manuals that help the student with citations. You might want to help if the student hasn't been exposed to the concept of citing works of others.
6. Even blogs and websites need to be cited. Where did the information come from?
7. Even grade school children can be exposed to refereed journal articles. The top winners usually use them.
8. Explore, but have fun, too.
9. Start early. Experiments typically take time.
10. The BSA website has lots of great ideas.
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Monday, 1 June 2009
Is it true that women can hear better than men?
Here are the answers from WikiAnswers:
The answer may have to do more with the psychological fact that women need to be more alert to their senses when taking care of an infant, than the actual physiological difference. They have the same hearing apparatus as men, but they focus on it more during child rearing.
The other factor that can be considered is that the corpus callosum of women are 23 percent larger than in men. So that means that the left and right hemispheres communicate more effectively, and this can be a factor in interpreting the sounds babies make, because baby sounds are processed in the right hemisphere.
So, maybe it is not so much that they can physically hear better, but that their brains are designed by nature to pay particular attention to selected sounds, and that may be considred that they can hear better than men.
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The coldest temperature on Earth has been updated - and it’s ungodly low
Blowing snow conditions at a camp site near Vostok Station in Antarctic summer. Credit Ted Scambos NSIDC University of Colorado-Boulder
Antarctica, the coldest place on the Earth broke the records of cold temperature.
American Geophysical Union's release claimed that -100 degree Celsius might be the lowest temperature that Earth can reach naturally.
Vostok, Antarctica, now holds the world record for the coldest temperature ever recorded by a land-based weather station. Weather stations can log conditions exactly as they are, but satellites can cover much greater areas around the clock.
The study took another look at temperature data that was taken between 2004 and 2016 during the Southern Hemisphere winter in the East Antarctic Plateau.
Extremely cold after that, as well as substantially listed below the previous document of minus 93 levels Celsius (minus 135 levels Fahrenheit) observed in the exact same location.
The high elevation of the East Antarctic Plateau and its proximity to the South Pole give it the coldest climate of any region on Earth, while the small dips in the Antarctic Ice Sheet is the coldest of the coldest.
The new study also found out how such cold temperatures are possible, again building on the previous 2013 research. As per the scientists, in order to reach this temperature, the sky must be clear and the light dry wind is necessary.
"In this area, we see periods of incredibly dry air, and this allows the heat from the snow surface to radiate into space more easily", Dr. Scambos said. Temperatures could drop a little lower if the conditions lasted for several weeks but that's extremely unlikely to happen, Scambos said.
Pictured, blowing snow conditions at a camp site near Vostok Station in Antarctic summer. About minus 97.7777778°C, according to recent satellite measurements of the coldest known place on the planet.
Dry air is also key to the ultracold temperatures, the study found. (1.8 to 2.7 m) deep within the ice.
That's 144 degrees below zero on the Fahrenheit scale!
In 2013 and in the new study, researchers calibrated the same satellite measurements of surface temperatures with data collected from weather stations on Antarctica's surface.
This is because once the temperature drops below a certain point, the air cools so slowly that it can't get significantly colder before an inevitable change in weather conditions.
"There's a limit to how long the conditions persist to allow it to cool to these ultra-low temperatures, and a limit to how much heat you can actually get through the atmosphere, because water vapor has to be nearly nonexistent in order to emit heat from the surface at these temperatures", Scambos said in a statement.
That got the study authors wondering: is there a limit to how cold it can get on the plateau?
JUST HOW COLD can it get on Earth's surface?
The finding came as a major surprise for the team because many of these surface valleys witnessed the same ultra-low temperature despite being hundreds of kilometers apart.
Interestingly, even though the coldest sites were spread out over hundreds of kilometers, the lowest temperatures were all almost the same.
In the next year or two, scientists are expected to pile up more data by protruding ground-based devices in colder places.
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Mirrored from Sudopedia, the Free Sudoku Reference Guide
Even-Odd, or Odd-Even, is just like regular Sudoku but with shaded or colored squares which must contain either even or odd numbers according to the puzzle. For example, in an even-sudoku all shaded squares will only contain the numbers 2, 4, 6, or 8. This greatly decreases the possibilities and makes eliminating candidates easier.
This variant can be generalized further by having multiple colors, with each colour indicating the possible set of digits that can go into the cell.
External Link
This page was last modified 18:54, 13 October 2008. |
What does the word frontal mean?
Usage examples for frontal
1. Andrew Jackson was the only soldier, with one exception, who came out of the War of 1812 with any great reputation, and it is only fair to add that his victory at New Orleans was due more to the rashness of the British in advancing to a frontal attack against a force of entrenched sharpshooters than to any remarkable generalship on the American side. – American Men of Action by Burton E. Stevenson
2. Let us pray for a straightforward frontal attack. – The First Hundred Thousand by Ian Hay
3. His skull had filled out: even his frontal arch was rounded. – A Republic Without a President and Other Stories by Herbert Ward |
Virtual Networks
A virtual network allows you to control one or more remotely-located computers or servers via the Internet. You can store, retrieve and manage the data housed in remote servers, run various software packages and operate peripherals remotely as well. Traffic between multiple virtual networks (single, multiple, local and geographically-diverse) stays within the configured network. It does not spill over into the Internet. Your data is always 100% secure within the network.
Virtual Network Benefits
You can deploy a Virtual Services Switch to consolidate diverse services and devices and control them from a centralized location. By doing this, you reduce operational complexities and costs involved in operating numerous separate devices in diverse geographical locations. Maintenance becomes relatively simple via device drivers; administrators can resolve issues on remote machines from a centralized location via virtual networking. Note that you may have to install virtual networking software on your remote assets in order to manage them centrally. An efficient and highly scalable virtual networking solution can help you seamlessly manage and control your computing assets from anywhere in the world.
VNets are completely isolated from one another. That allows you to create disjoint networks for development, testing, and production that use the same CIDR address blocks.
Access to VMs within the VNet
All IaaS PaaS role instances and IaaS VMs can be launched in the same virtual network and they can connect to each other using private IP addresses even if they are in different subnets without the need to configure a gateway or use public IP addresses.
Traffic entering and exiting the virtual machines and PaaS role instances in a VNet can be controlled using Network Security groups.
Access to the public Internet
VPN can work in the public network and are like a WiFi hotspot or a private network.
Name resolution
Azure provides internal name resolution for IaaS VMs and PaaS role instances deployed in your VNet. If you want to connect by hostname rather than IP address, then you can deploy your own DNS servers and configure the VNet to use them.
VNets can be connected to each other, and even to your on-premise datacentre, by using a site-to-site VPN connection, or ExpressRoute connection.
Consistent Automation across Data centres and The Cloud
Virtual networks increase speed and agility of business, efficiently scaling support to on-cloud and off-cloud data centre applications. Multiple virtual networks, routed through subnets can be configured to the cloud and deployed to manage widely diverse geographical assets. You can achieve a higher degree of control over your virtual networking environment by defining traffic flows via WAN optimizers, load balancers and application firewalls. Using virtual networks, you can easily extend your existing on-premises IT environment into the cloud. It’s as simple as connecting to a network in a remote office. A policy-based cloud automation system integrated with virtual networking environment helps you to achieve consistent automation across geographically-diverse data centres.
By deploying virtual networking, you can scale your operational efficiency and operational reach to an unimaginable extent. Why to search here and there when we are already ready with these beneficial solutions to help you out? |
Alternative Scriptures: Melville’s “Lost Gnostic Poem”
In 1891, Herman Melville published his final book, a collection of poems entitled Timoleon. I want to focus on one of these poems, which initially seems quite mysterious. But it can be understood, if we appreciate the prevailing historical views of the time about heresy and sectarian religion. I also want to touch on a theme that I will be exploring in more detail in coming posts, namely the wide-ranging influence of Theosophy in these years.
The Melville work in question is entitled Fragments Of A Lost Gnostic Poem Of The Twelfth Century, and that title itself is truly odd. Here is the (brief) full text:
Found a family, build a state,
The pledged event is still the same:
Matter in end will never abate
His ancient brutal claim. …
Indolence is heaven’s ally here,
And energy the child of hell:
The Good Man pouring from his pitcher clear
But brims the poisoned well.
Whatever we think of the poem as literature, there is one major stumbling block, namely: did Gnostics actually exist in the twelfth century, or anywhere near that period? Did Melville think that they did? If so, was he wildly ignorant of the actual history, or was he using the Gnostic term in a way that was very well informed, if unconventional? Was he a very bad historian, or a very acute one? I will argue the latter.
As I have often remarked, people in the later nineteenth century actually knew a good deal about Gnosticism from Patristic sources, and from more recent documentary finds from Egypt and elsewhere. Plenty of books on the subject were appearing, as well as original texts and translations. Gnosticism exercised a powerful appeal to esoteric and occult figures. Timoleon is dedicated to the great American occult/Symbolist painter, Elihu Vedder. Had he wished, Melville could have used a battery of authentically Gnostic names, buzzwords, and ideas. (For “Gnostic” approaches in Melville and his contemporaries, see Arthur Versluis, The Esoteric Origins of the American Renaissance (Oxford University Press, 2001).
Yet there really is not much in Melville’s poem that is particularly Gnostic in any historical sense. He expresses the general view that the world is under the weight of dark material forces that prevent the success of good or the forces of Light. It is a deeply pessimistic work. I am not sure, though, why he cites it as Gnostic. “Dualist” would be a much better description.
More curious is why it is allegedly “of the twelfth century.” All the Patristic sources concerning Gnosticism were focused on the first three or so centuries of the Christian era. Now, there were medieval Dualist movements in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries like the Bogomils and Albigensians, and many writers (including myself) have suggested possible continuities from ancient Gnosticism. I have even spoken of the Dualist/Gnostic continuum. In that sense, you could even imagine an Albigensian poem of the twelfth century, say, being described as Gnostic in a very broad sense.
Is that really what Melville means us to think? Is he actually using Gnostic as a synonym for Albigensian? Did nineteenth century historians that he might have read draw those Gnostic/Dualist parallels as I have been suggesting?
The Albigensians were a popular topic in nineteenth century historical and polemical writing. They had a strong appeal for Protestant and especially evangelical writers, who saw them as proto-Protestants ruthlessly suppressed by the evil Roman Catholic Inquisition. Obviously, those writers were not going to present the Albigensians as anything other than orthodox Christians. But plenty of other authors and mainstream historians held different views.
My first thought was Melville was reading popular French historians like Jules Michelet, who admired the Albigensians. Did Michelet ever draw that Gnostic connection? But I have better and more certain sources. In 1848-49, Protestant theologian and historian Charles Schmidt published his substantial Histoire et doctrine de la secte des Cathares ou Albigeois, which was discussed at length in the North American Review of April 1850, 443-473. The anonymous reviewer begins by noting that
The origin of the Cathari has been the subject of much controversy; by some, they have been regarded as the immediate descendants of the early Manicheans; others have maintained that they derived their doctrines from some Gnostic sect, or from the Priscillianists and the Paulicians or Bogomiles. Mr. Schmidt ascribes to them a Graeeo-Slavonic origin. According to him, their doctrines originated in Bulgaria at the beginning of the tenth century.
That Gnostic interpretation held by cryptic “others” was widespread and easily available. It was argued by Americo Palfrey Marras, who in 1865 published The Secret Fraternities of the Middle Ages, and who drew Gnostic/Dualist analogies and continuities on virtually every page. In The Anatomy of Negation (1889), Edgar Saltus wrote that “The Albigenses, who came from a village in Languedoc, at a time Michelet has noted, when Languedoc was a Babel, professed a mixture of Gnosticism and Manicheism.”
Another author who was very widely read in these years was Helena Blavatsky, co-founder (in 1875) of the Theosophical movement. In her Isis Unveiled (1877), she wrote that “The votaries of the ancient worship were persecuted and put to death on charges of witchcraft. The Albigenses, descendants of the Gnostics, and the Waldenses, precursors of the Protestants, were hunted and massacred under like accusations.” Melville was an omnivorous reader. Had he read Blavatsky? Even if not, he could certainly have met Theosophical devotees: the movement was very voguish in the US in the 1880s. Like the Theosophists too, the later Melville had a strong interest in Buddhism (as indeed did Elihu Vedder). In fact, that same Timoleon volume also included Melville’s short poem, “Buddha.” Like the Theosophists (and like Vedder), Melville was also fascinated by ancient Egypt, its secret Wisdom and its Pyramids. Timoleon includes Melville’s poem “The Great Pyramid.”
The point is that at least some writers were explicitly claiming that Gnostic-Dualist continuity, which was just in the atmosphere in the mid-late nineteenth century. And that, presumably, is where Melville acquired his seemingly daring historical identification of Gnostics with Dualists/Albigensians. I don’t know if he took the idea directly from Theosophy, but I would be interested what his contacts were with that movement.
To read Melville’s poem, then, we need to realize that he meant Albigensians and Dualists, and not what we would normally call Gnostics.
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The Power of McDonalds’ Brand, How They Satisfy Customers, and Their Methods of Persuasion
Branding has many uses and advantages, helping to create a reputation for a company. A brand is defined by de Chernatony and Riley (1997) as “A name, term, sign, symbol or design or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or groups of sellers to differentiate them from those of competitors”. The power of McDonalds’ brand is displayed within their iconic logo, as they conducted research to measure customers’ preferences (Taylor, 2017).
Customers acquire needs from companies, and it is essential that companies provide their customers with sufficient satisfaction. McDonalds are experts at this, as they utilise the ‘Humans and Needs’ model put forth by Batey (2008) which involves utilitarian, experiential, identity and emotional needs. This model relates to Maslow’s (1954) ‘Hierarchy of Needs’ however it is a more complex web of intermingling needs (Frame, 1996).
The manner in which McDonalds meet the utilitarian needs of customers, which has to do with practicality, is how quick they can serve their customers. As one of the leading fast food restaurants in the world, possessing 18,710 restaurants (Tice, 2017), McDonalds have an average service time of 189.49 seconds (QSR magazine, 2017).
The experiential needs which involve stimulation of the consumers’ senses, can be discovered in the example of their ‘Egg McMuffin” tv commercial, where they display seductive, mouth watering close ups of butter melting into the muffin, followed by the complete Egg McMuffin, fresh, steamy and glistening (YouTube, 2017). This is a particularly clever method of the ‘Alpha’ approach of persuasion (Knowles and Riner, 2004) by McDonald’s, as Max Planck researchers neurologically proved that images of delicious food increase the amount of the neurosecretory protein hormone ‘ghrelin’ in the blood, which is responsible for eating behaviours (Schüssler et al, 2017).
McDonalds meets the consumers’ identity needs which is concerned with the affiliation and status that the customer holds with the company. For example someone purchasing clothes from Louis Vuitton seeks a social status representing wealth and success. McDonalds are naturally challenged with this aspect as they sell food on the ‘unhealthy’ side of the nutrition scale (Howlett, 2017). To improve this, McDonalds attempted to divert its image away from ‘fast food’, but rather ‘good food served fast’ (Mail Online, 2014). They further attempted to obtain this new image by introducing their first item containing cucumber, and put forth the option of salad instead of french fries (Mail Online, 2014). This is essential for maintaining the strength of their brand image, as society in general has fast growing fitness trends (Smithers, 2015).
The fourth and final aspect of Batey’s (2008) ‘Humans and Needs’ model, covers the emotional aspect of the relationship between customer and company. This emotive feeling lies deep within the psyche, and can either be conscious or subconscious (Seiter, 2014). One way McDonalds stimulate the emotions of their customers is through tv adverts, one which shows a young black male and an old white male, going through their extremely different daily routines, who subsequently end up at the same place, McDonalds (YouTube, 2017). This advert suggests amalgamation. It is proven that between the options of advertising emotionally or rationally, emotion performs twice as well (Seiter, 2014).
All of these aspects are pertinent for customer satisfaction, as they provide a sense of hedonic happiness (Delle Fave et al., 2010). Although our Amygdala’s and Hippocampus’s (Rational sections of the brain) (Friesen and Woolridge, 2017) acknowledge McDonald’s food isn’t healthy for us, we still experience cravings for them. This is because when we eat fast food, our brain releases a neuro-transmitting chemical called Dopamine, which is responsible for pleasure, so we desire a repeat of that feeling (Gunnars, 2017). This is seemingly the main benefit McDonalds have for satisfying and persuading their customers. Nevertheless, this could be a factor towards the rise in obesity (, 2017), which is why their methods of persuasion tend not to effect me. Their food doesn’t represent me, as I am very much into healthy eating.
• Batey, M. (2008). Brand meaning. 1st Taylor & Francis Ltd – M.U.A.
• Eric Knowles and Dan Riner 2004 , 2007- Resistance & Persuasion, & Omega Approaches to Persuasion in Social Influence 2007.
• Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. 1st ed. New York: Harper.
Journal Articles
• de Chernatony, L. and Riley, F. (1997). The chasm between managers’ and consumers’ views of brands: the experts’ perspectives. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 5(2), p.90. Available at: (Accessed: 5th March, 2017).
• Frame, D. (1996). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs revisited. Interchange, 27(1), pp.13-22. Available at: (Accessed: 5th March, 2017).
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Moisture Loss for Liquids
Q. I recently attended a Genesis training in which we were taught to account for moisture loss when cooking foods such as baked goods, meats, etc. Would this same principle apply to liquid items, such as soups and sauces?
A. Yes, the principle also applies to liquid items. Besides the destruction of heat sensitive vitamins, the main nutrient affected during cooking soups and sauces would be the water. If you weigh the recipe before and after cooking, the difference will be the moisture loss. Then you can reduce the water in the recipe totals by that much, which will reduce the gram weight of the finished recipe.
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Category: Europe
is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits.[5] Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary and amount to a historical and social construct. The primarily physiographic term “continent” as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent’s current overland boundary with Asia. |
Justin McCarthy de Courtenay
The mystery that surrounds the person who’s credited as the father of the Canadian wine industry seems to be accepted as un fait accompli. Apart from the fact that Justin McCarthy de Courtenay was born about 1820–1821, his origins have been either unknown or made-up. He has been repeatedly called a count, usually of French origin, or a French aristocrat. He may have been a recent descendant of some count and countess from somewhere, but if he had been a count himself we would know quite well of what place he was the count. He likely wasn’t a French aristocrat either, at least not until he married his wife, Blanche de Courtenay. While in France Justin McCarthy de Courtenay was referred to as M. de Courtenay and Blanche de Courtenay as Mme. de Courtenay, which is how I’ll often refer to them here.
Aside from the fact that Mme. de Courtenay was born in Périgueux, her parentage also appears to have been unknown. I have found that she was the niece of a man who would become a justice of the peace in Thiviers in 1870 and, more importantly for our story, was the director of the Society of Agriculture, Sciences, and Arts in Vallenciennes. For those unfamiliar with Justin de Courtenay, his pamphlet The Culture of Wine and Emigration, published in March of 1863, reads like an agricultural textbook when it isn’t reading like a strongly worded letter. M. de Courtenay was frustrated by his unsuccessful bid to win governmental support for his ambitions to create a wine industry in Canada. His agricultural interests included the cultivation of wine grapes, mulberry trees, walnuts, and the role of potatoes in famines. None of this is a coincidence.
At least one person, the late Professor Richard A. Jarrell, has recognized that M. de Courtenay was not a count. He suggested instead that M. de Courtenay was born and educated in England, probably due to his entry under “religion” in the 1861 Canada census. This is a much better guess, especially considering that M. de Courtenay died in Witchampton, Dorset. He was fluent in English. Due to his presumed affluence and education, it’s likely that he studied French early in life. While he may have been fluent in French, and most certainly could speak some French, he doesn’t have a written record in French, suggesting that English was his predominant language. I’m going to assume that English was his first language. But to assume that he was born in England would be to ignore the glaringly obvious. Much light can be shed on the origins of this person.
de Courtenay
The de Courtenay family essentially did not exist at the time that M. de Courtenay was born, suggesting that his surname didn’t include the prefix at birth. The French noble Courtenay family lost its issue in 1443. They repeatedly petitioned the kings of France to restore their nobility, doing so for the last time on 1 October 1715, when Louis-Charles de Courtenay and his son Charles-Roger wrote a letter of protest to Louis XV pleading their case. Charles-Roger died in 1730, and with him the de Courtenay claim to French nobility. For this reason there were hardly any people using the “de” prefix before the surname Courtenay in the 1800s. In fact, the few people using the name de Courtenay in the early 1800s were not only not de Courtenays; a good percentage of them weren’t even Courtenays. Here we’ll examine anyone with a similar surname during contemporary time periods.
• The de Bauffremont-Courtenay family: a royal French family who never seemed to omit the “Bauffremont” part.
• My third great-grandfather, Charles Francois Alexandre de Salivet de Fouchécourt, and his father, Jean Louis de Salivet de Fouchécourt, started using the de Courtenay surname sometime in the 1810s while living in England. They were not in any way germain relatives to a Courtenay or de Courtenay family. It appears that they took the name de Courtenay as an Anglicization and to fit in better with the English people they spent time with. His brother William and an otherwise unknown person named Othon de Courtenay, who might be their younger brother, both renounced their English citizenship in 1820 upon their return to France. It appears that Charles was the only member of the family to continue using the Courtenay surname after that, the rest going by de Salivet de Fouchécour.
• The d’Evrard de Courtenay family of Optevoz, France who appear to be unrelated to any of the above families. Their surname was d’Evrard and they were the barons of Courtenay, France. Sometimes they would go by the surname de Courtenay, such as Hilaire Marie d’Evrard de Courtenay, widow of a music professor Charles de Cavailhès in Meurthe-et-Moselle, France in 1876. But their true surname was d’Evrard.
• A person by the name of Ms. A. de Courtenay traveling through New York in 1824.
• Alexandre de Courtenay (n. 1829) and Achille de Courtenay (n. 1837), who arrived in Montreal from France in 1858. Alexandre de Courtenay could be from the de Bauffremont-Courtenay family. He may have died in Bouches-du-Rhône in 1888. I’m also not certain about Achille de Courtenay, but we will soon meet another person with the same name.
• Much earlier, but still worth noting, is that a man by the name of Gabriel Marie de Courtenay appears to have written a document along with Francois Angelique du Sausey in Grenoble, France on August 19, 1775. This de Courtenay is likely part of the d’Evrard de Courtenay family above, as Gabriel Marie was a common prenom for several generations of this family.
• There was, of course, the Courtenay family of Devon, England. They may have used the de Courtenay surname at times, especially while traveling in France. One example is Hugues de Courtenay in Périgueux in 1846? He is listed in the census as a professor. Hugues de Courtenay, or Hugh, was likely related to the Courtenays of Devon.
Knowing that de Courtenay was more of an acquired surname than an actual surname at the time, we can confidently say that de Courtenay was not M. de Courtenay’s given surname at birth. His most likely name was then Justin McCarthy Courtenay.
Further Investigation
M. de Courtenay was born in the United Kingdom, but not necessarily England. It’s apparent from his written works that he was well educated. All of them appear to have been written in English. He’s familiar with Lt. Edward David Ashe of the Royal Navy and has read the works of the Arthur Young and the Count de Gasperin of France. The de Courtenays had their first child, Cécile de Courtenay, about 1854 in Turin, Italy. Her name while in Italy would have been Achille. Although the person with the same name traveling to Montreal in 1858 was supposedly born about 1837, that birth year could be an error. While in Italy, M. de Courtenay managed a fishery on the Lago Maggiore and was probably called Giustino di Courtenay or some variant. His second child, Charles McCarthy de Courtenay was born in Italy or Haute-Savoie, France in 1856. Charles de Courtenay is sometimes called Carlos, which is his name in Italian. At some point M. de Courtenay is said to have been in Switzerland. He may have gone through France, possibly including his wife’s birthplace of Périgueux, on the way to Canada. He can be found in the 1861 Québec census, although listed as a female, and nobody seems to mention that his father was in the same census, just 35 miles away.
I’ve seen no attempts made to guess at an exact birthplace for M. de Courtenay, but the name Justin McCarthy Courtenay without the “de” is unmistakably Irish. You might think “Courtenay” could be English, but it isn’t in the least bit unknown to Ireland. You might think “McCarthy” is Scottish, and its origins very well may be, but it’s a famously Irish name. Justin is probably the most Irish part of the name. Add the surname McCarthy and you have the name of a famous former Irish M.P. In addition to the obvious origins of all three of those names, we have his choice of entry in the 1861 Quebec census for his birthplace. If you’re from Scotland, but you don’t want to narrow down your place of origin to exclude England, you’d say you were from Great Britain. If you were from Ireland, but didn’t want to rule out Great Britain, you’d say you were from the United Kingdom. Many people did exactly that, especially with the stigma in North America against the Irish at the time. At this point I might not need to point out that M. de Courtenay chose “United Kingdom” as his answer to that census question in 1861.
Ireland should be the first place to look for the birth of M. de Courtenay. His father should also have the initials J. M. and should have be born around 1804. In the 1861 census the elder de Courtenay listed his religion as Episcopalian, while M. de Courtenay and the rest of the family chose “Church of England.”
Additional information about his birthplace may be inferred based on his writing. For example, in one of his pamphlets he uses the phrase “un fait accompli,” which first became widely used in the English language after being used by Richard Ford in his popular guide A Handbook for Travellers in Spain, in 1845. Other phrases used by M. de Courtenay include colloquialisms such as “pooh-poohed.”
Before 1860 Irish civil status records were recorded by churches. There’s a baptismal record for 30 March 1820 that fits our constraints quite well. His name is Justin Courtenay. There is no middle name given. I’m not sure what denomination the church was, but the names were in Latin, suggesting it may have been Roman Catholic. The parish is Lislee Abbeymahon and Donoughmore, Cork and Ross. The father’s name is Jacobus Courtenay and the mother’s name is Honora Connelly. Jacobus Courtenay was likely baptized on 9 May 1805, son of Joanes Courtenay and Honora Collins. Hopefully Jacobus was at least a few years old when he was baptized, otherwise he could have been less than 15 years old when this Justin Courtenay was born. There are several McCarthys listed on the same pages as and opposing pages of these parish records.
Many people left Ireland some time during the potato famine from 1845 to 1849. Given M. de Courtenay’s interest in agriculture, he may have even left with the intention of finding a solution to the famine. But it’s also possible that M. de Courtenay was already out of Ireland by 1845, as his family wouldn’t have been unaccustomed to traveling. He may have even been educated in Englad, as Professor Jarrell has suggested. It’s also possible that he’s the same person as Justin Thadeus Courtenay McCarthy, who was a first lieutenant in the Royal Marines, commissioned on 13 January 1838. In 1839, he was placed on reserved half-pay, which continued until at least 1855. The only problem is that the surnames were reversed. It’s possible, however, that M. de Courtenay changed the order of the surnames while living in France, or afterwards, which may be more likely than you’d think considering the fact that he added the “de” to his surname.
The guess that M. de Courtenay was an Englishman might not be a stretch, especially if you fall into the trap of giving extra weight to a person’s paternal heritage. It’s likely that the Courtenay family came from England at some point.
Charles McCarthy de Courtenay’s death record in Boulogne-sur-Mer, Pas-de-Calais in 1903 has his mother’s name as something like “Fentau” and says that no further information is known about her. After finding that I checked the tables décennales for births in Périgueux in the early 1820s under surnames beginning in “F,” trying to scan for the name Blanche, which isn’t very common. It only took a few minutes before the name Marie Desirée Blanche Feytaud stood out, the daughter of Victor Feytaud, medical doctor, and Marguerite Josephine Tavel. Everybody thought that Mme. de Courtenay was born in 1825, but the birth record I found for her was in 1822. Dr. Feytaud was the brother of Urbain-Raymond Feytaud, whose only child Gabrielle-Marie was the mother of the author Rachilde. I was sure I had found Mme. de Courtenay. Just a guess, you say? Just wait.
There were already Courtenay and McCarthy ties to the Dordogne region. I would like to think that M. de Courtenay made a trip from there to Italy along the 40th parallel in the early 1850s, studying that southernmost boundary of wine growing that he later wrote about. His ancestors eventually had ties to Montpellier and other areas in southern France, so he may have, too. It’s possible, or even more probable, however, that M. de Courtenay met his wife in Paris.
The Feytaud family wasn’t living in Dordogne at the time that M. de Courtenay and Blanche Feytaud met. Blanche sang in a musical in Paris in 1845 at the behest of her mother. She was referred to at the time as mademoiselle Feytaud, revealing that she was still single. If the couple was married in Paris, the marriage record could be lost forever. Most civil status records from Paris before 1860 were destroyed in a fire in 1871. Some records have been reconstituted, but the Courtenay-Feytaud marriage doesn’t appear in that set. Marriages usually occurred in the bride’s home parish, and Mlle. Feytaud was likely living with her father up until her marriage.
In 1827, Dr. Feytaud was living in Bordeaux, just west of Périgueux. His brother Urbain-Raymond Feytaud moved to Vallenciennes by 1847, where he was the director of the agricultural society, as previously noted. Urbain Feytaud’s family moved back to the Périgord region in 1858, settling in Le Cros. It is unknown if Dr. Feytaud lived near Urbain Feytaud at any point after childhood, however it appears that the de Courtenay-Feytaud marriage did not occur in Vallenciennes, nor in Périgueux or many other Périgord communes, nor in Bordeaux. Dr. Feytaud was at rue de la Coutellerie, 10, Paris in 1847 and rue Montmartre, 18, Paris in 1862. That, combined with the fact that Mlle. Feytaud was in Paris in 1845, makes it highly likely that the de Courtenay-Feytaud marriage occurred in Paris. Other, less likely, alternatives are that Dr. Feytaud or Mlle. Feytaud had moved back to Périgord or Bordeaux at some point or even that she was living in Italy before meeting M. de Courtenay.
Untimely End
M. de Courtenay died 22 March 1871 in Witchampton, Dorset. An inquest was performed two days later. The cause of death was ruled a “Visitation of God.” Now that we know the name of Mme. de Courtenay’s father, something stands out conspicuously in the death records for Dorset. Amazingly, Dr. Victor Feytaud died in the same quarter of the same year in the same parish as M. de Courtenay. However, the timing appears to have been pure coincidence. Dr. Feytaud died a couple of months earlier, on 7 January, at Hern Down Cottage. The combined toll of both her father’s and husband’s deaths less than three months apart must have been a lot to bear for Mme. de Courtenay.
Blanche de Courtenay moved with her children back to Turin, Italy sometime before 1881. She died there sometime between 1887 and 1890. Cécile, who was eighteen years-old in the 1871 census, died just before her mother. She would have been about 34 years old in 1887.
Blanche Feytaud, born in Périgueux in 1822 and married to Justin McCarthy de Courtenay. She died between 1887 and 1889 in Turin, Italy.
Cécile de Courtenay (1853 — about 1887), painted by her mother Blanche de Courtenay probably in Turin, Italy before 1861.
The de Courtenay family didn’t stay in England long enough to be in the next census in 1881, but they may have just missed it. Charles McCarthy de Courtenay was married in Windsor, Berkshire in the first quarter of 1880. Perhaps his mother was there as a witness. The bride was Euphemia Murray Ganson of Leith, Scotland. Within a year they would be in Turin, Italy. There they had their daughter, Bianca Margherita de Courtenay in February of 1881. Bianca is Italian for Blanche — she was named after her grandmother.
Charles McCarthy de Courtenay (1856–1903), the son of Justin McCarthy de Courtenay, and Charles’ wife Euphemia Murray Ganson (1858–1925)
There are probably many descendants of Charles McCarthy de Courtenay and Euphemia Ganson alive today. In addition to Bianca de Courtenay mentioned above, they had six other children. All of the records I’ve found involving Charles McCarthy de Courtenay in France took place in Boulogne-sur-Mer, Pas-de-Calais and list him as Charles McBarthy de Courtenay. I don’t know if this variation in middle name is due to misinterpretation or if he thought that was actually his middle name. It’s possible that he had been misled about his father’s origins or at least his father’s middle name, if it was due to the person keeping the records in Boulogne-sur-Mer, or if the name was simply adapted for life in France, where McBarthy is a more common surname than McCarthy. Charles McCarthy de Courtenay was listed as an interpreter in his death record in 1903. His communication skills regarding his name should have been able to prevent errors, so it’s likely that “McBarthy” was how he wanted it. Before becoming an interpreter, Charles was an accredited “commissionnaire en douane,” likely performing import and export customs formalities from at least 1882 to 1889, while living in Boulogne-sur-Mer.
Euphémie Cécile de Courtenay (1882, Boulogne-sur-Mer — 1985, Berck-sur-Mer, Pas-de-Calais). She married Pierre Auguste Ducarme in 1908. They had at least one child from whom there are living descendants today. It amazes me that Euphémie de Courtenay, granddaughter of Justin McCarthy de Courtenay, lived to be 103 years old. Any of the people who were trying to research him could have simply asked her any questions right up until 1985.
Jeanne de Courtenay (from 1882 to 1892, Boulogne-sur-Mer — after 1920). She was a bookseller in Paris. She married Edouard Bouchez and had a daughter named Suzette around 1920. The whole family lived in the bookstore. Euphémie visited them often from Pas-de-Calais. Suzette is said to have had a son.
Rose Louise de Courtenay (1884, Boulogne-sur-Mer — after 1909, Boulogne-sur-Mer). She married Louis Joseph Maréchal in 1909. She was a milliner.
Edouard Charles de Courtenay (1887, Boulogne-sur-Mer — 1968, Montpellier). He joined the army as a telegrapher in 1908. His initial enlistment was for a three-year period, but he re-enlisted and moved through the ranks of Corporal, Sargent, Warrant Officer, and eventually was commissioned. Edouard married Aline Jeanne Cazier in Paris in 1912. It isn’t known if they had any children. Edouard appears to have stayed in the army at least until 1934. His last station was Montpellier, where he stayed until his death in 1968.
Laure Justine de Courtenay (1889, Boulogne-sur-Mer — about 1962, New Zealand). She married a Mr. Selby from England and had three children: Olive, Nancy, and Peter. Peter Selby was a pilot and visited Euphémie in France around 1953.
Justin Robert de Courtenay (1890, Boulognie-sur-Mer — 1918, Mortemer et Cuvilly, Oise). He was in the army and died in combat during WWI.
Future Research
It would be interesting to find the Italian records for Blanche de Courtenay after her husband and father died, as well as her daughter Cécile de Courtenay. I don’t believe my Courtenay ancestors were related to the family of M. de Courtenay, but there are some interesting similarities. Not only were they living in Britain or Ireland at the same time, then France at the same time, but both my family and the Feytaud family had ties to the occult. Victor Feytaud was involved in table turning and supernatural demonstrations by somnambulists as early as 1867 and his brother, Urbain, was famous for his séances in Périgord. My fourth great-grandmother, Charlotte Anne Agathe de Salivet de Fouchécourt (née Grant de Vaux), threw a large party with le comte Muraire in celebration with her Egyptian Rite of Misraim free-masons in 1819, probably less than a year before her husband was released from debtors prison in England. The only other document concerning their involvement with the masons suggests that they didn’t want their names included on future lists. It may be that the connections between these Courtenays went back further than the families discussed here. |
Creating a subset font
Zach Leatherman (@zachleat) has talked a lot about font loading strategies lately. While I understood the theory of the posts, I ran into a very simple problem when trying to figure out how to implement it: I had no idea how to create a subset font. I wanted to try his idea of a “flash of faux text,” but I had no idea how to create a subset font.
I spent a while looking into it and figured out a way to make one. This post goes through the method that I used and some background about what exactly you do when subsetting a font.
What is a font?
A font is essentially a list of glyphs specified by addresses. If you are familiar with the ASCII table, you might remember that the letter A corresponds to the number 45. That is, A is at the address 45. The font creator then encodes this list in one of the font formats:
• Embedded OpenType (EOT)
• OpenType Font (OTF)
• TrueType Font (TTF)
• Web Open Font Face (WOFF)
• Web Open Font Face 2 (WOFF2)
At its heart, each of these formats is just a table of addresses and glyphs. There are some niceties like anti-alias hinting and ligatures that are available in different formats, but the table is what I am interested in.
What is a subset font?
Fonts with a small alphabet like Noto Sans in Balinese might only have ~47 glyphs, but if you need a font with the full Chinese-Japanese-Korean (CJK) glyph set you might be looking at hundreds or thousands of glyphs.
A subset font tries to avoid this by only including the glyphs that are essential to show the most important content on a page. If you’re writing an English language website, you might only include the English alphabet and Arabic numerals: a total of 62 characters.
The resulting file size of the subset font will be substantially smaller than the full-blown font. Currently on this site, I use a subset of the Noto Sans font for my website’s initial render. The subset font in the WOFF file format is 7.4KB on disk while the full font is 190KB. That’s a savings of 96.1% for the subset font.
How can I create one?
There are many tools out there (both open- and closed-source) for working with fonts. The one that I used to create my subset font is a Python library called fonttools. It has a few command-line utilities for manipulating font files. pyftsubset is the tool for subsetting and optimizing fonts.
There are myriad options available in this tool. In the interest of brevity, I only cover the options that I use in creating the subset font.
Next, I list the command that I used, then discuss the options.
$ pyftsubset NotoSans-Regular.ttf \
--unicodes="U+0020,U+0041-005A,U+0061-007A" \
--layout-features="" \
--flavor="woff" \
First, the NotoSans-Regular.ttf file is the font file that I started from.
Next, I specify the glyphs to include in the subset font using the --unicodes option. I include only the Latin alphabet (i.e. the standard alphabet used when writing in English) and the space character. These correspond to the following Unicode addresses:
• U+0020 is the standard space
• U+0041-005A are the capital letters
• U+0061-007A are the lowercase letters
After that, I list the layout features I include in the font using the --layout-features option. These are things like ligatures that make the font more readable at the cost of file size. I commit a cardinal sin here and opt for none of them due to how I plan to use the font. Because I intend the page to only show this subset font as a “flash of faux text” I feel that leaving out the niceties is okay.
Because of its relative space efficiency and wide availability of 88.13% on Can I Use, I pick WOFF as the file format for the font using the --flavor option. The subset tool can only output WOFF or WOFF2, but you can take the resulting file into another tool to get a TrueType or OpenType font if you want.
Lastly, I save the resulting file as NotoSansSubset.woff using the --output-file option.
What tradeoffs are there?
Subset fonts give you a smaller file to download to display most of the important text on a page before the full fonts download. This means that you have to play a balancing game between font size and features.
In an ideal world, you would serve web fonts that only contain the glyphs that you use on the first page, then rely on the full web font download afterward. However, if you want to serve up a static web page, this becomes tedious because you have to create a subset font for each page on your website. This means that it might be better to include more glyphs than you need on a page to cover a broader set of pages; basically, increasing the glyph count at the cost of a larger file size.
The flip side of this is that you’re essentially forcing your visitors to download a glyph set twice: once in the subset font and once in the full web font. This is the crux of the balancing act. You don’t want to serve up more glyphs than is necessary because you want to cut the amount of repetitive data over the wire.
I think a practical solution is to create one subset font that roughly follows the Pareto principle: cover 80% of the content on a first render. Distilling this down to a glyph count, I think that when writing English a good subset font will include only the alphabet (or perhaps the alphabet and numerals).
Including only the alphabet allows the site visitor to start reading at the earliest moment. He or she might notice some missing punctuation or numbers, but your page is still understandable without it. You might disagree, so pick your own subset using a different set of rules!
Wrap up
Now you know what a subset font is and how to create one. Subset fonts are simple in concept but it’s not immediately clear how to create one. By using tools like fonttools, you can make it easy to subset your own fonts.
Subset fonts are one small optimization to make in your web performance strategy. By sending a smaller number of glyphs along the critical render path of your website, you can improve the time to first render and avoid the problems of a “flash of invisible text” or “flash of unstyled text” by using the subset font to show a “flash of faux text”.
However, subset fonts are only one piece of the puzzle for this technique. Doing this requires some client-side logic to do the font replacement. The next post in this series will discuss a strategy for doing this that I learned from the writings of Zach Leatherman.
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Is Coffee Good for Your Health?
The Good
While some people blame coffee for causing dehydration, the Mayo Clinic says that while it is a mild diuretic, it actually doesn’t cause a person to become more dehydrated. And although caffeine often has a negative connotation of being a substance to avoid, it actually does have some benefits. The Wiley Online Library has a study that shows that when taken in moderation, caffeine can improve cognitive function, mood, and physical endurance. This increase in energy occurs because caffeine can block an inhibitory neurotransmitter called Adenosine. Adenosine is a chemical depressant that can increase sleepiness.
Coffee also contains important minerals, like magnesium and potassium, and important antioxidants, like Vitamin E and Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin). Like the name implies, antioxidants prevent oxidation in other molecules. Oxidation can cause free radicals which cause chemical reactions that damage cells.
Besides improving energy levels and providing nutrients, many studies have been conducted to show how coffee affects those with serious illnesses. For instance, coffee has been shown to help those with diabetes and those at risk for cirrhosis, and Parkinson’s Disease. However, these studies should be taken with a grain of salt since they may show correlation, but not causation.
The Bad
Four cups of coffee contain about 400 mg of caffeine. For most healthy adults, this amount should not be a problem. But if you drink any more than that—about 500+ milligrams—you may start experiencing side effects, like insomnia, tremors, irregular heartbeats, nausea, irritability, anxiety, and the like. It is possible to build up a tolerance for coffee that can reduce these effects.
Some medications and certain conditions, like autoimmune diseases, sleep disorders, or anxiety disorders, do not go well with coffee and symptoms may be exacerbated. While coffee does provide some vitamins and minerals, it can hinder the absorption of some nutrients, like zinc or calcium. For instance, because coffee has tannates—or salts and acids that form bonds with other minerals—it is harder for those chemical bonds to break down and you might excrete nutrients instead of absorbing them.
The Bottom Line
Coffee has some great benefits if you consume it in moderation. If you know are concerned you are drinking too much coffee, you may want to slowly wean yourself off and start drinking fresh water at work. Because coffee withdrawals can cause insomnia or headaches, it’s best to re-hydrate with water to lessen those symptoms. As long as you don’t drink coffee in excess, and as long as you add more fresh water to your diet, you can reap the benefits. |
What are Acoustic Ceilings
Back in the middle of the 20th Century, not everyone could really afford the luxury of air-conditioning. When the mercury would rise, the people would be content with their high ceilinged rooms. After all, the high ceilings would take the hot air away from floor. But now, that there are air-conditioners, one can easily opt for a low acoustic ceiling. It so happens that in a high ceilinged room, when someone makes some sound, it would bounce off in echoes. This means that if anyone says anything, it will not sound clearly enough. This can be somewhat troublesome for people.
So, there is the option for low ceilinged rooms. These rooms are known as acoustic ceilinged rooms. This is because in these rooms, the sounds and music will not echo. Everything will sound clearly to the people in the room. This is rather good for acoustics, or the science of sound.
How are these acoustic ceilings and roofs made? It is quite simple. Even your regular carpenter or worker will do it for you. All you need is a grid or framework made of light but strong metal. This grid will be fitted so as to cover the entire ceiling of the room. Beneath this grid, you can place all your electric wires, pipes and other fitted connections. So, you will be able to pull out the wires when you are putting up a chandelier on the ceiling when you want it. You can even connect the air-conditioning vents to the pipes behind this ceiling.
The extra acoustic ceiling will carry many benefits and advantages. One is that it completely absorbs the echoes of the sounds made in the room. The ceiling is internally padded with a sound absorbent material. This material may be good felt or any cardboard as well. The echoes will not bounce off the room walls. Also, any powerful sound made will be completely confined inside the room. So, you can play any amount of music without worrying about what the neighbors may say or complain about.
The acoustic ceilings will help to absorb and tone down even the most intolerable sounds made in any room. However, they have their own share of problems. One is that often the panels of the ceilings fall off due to slight damages. The moisture will also collect and create blotches and stains in the ceilings. So, it would be advisable to remove the acoustic ceilings and roofs after sometime. If you don’t really make a lot of sound, you can get it removed. You can hire workers to remove and dislodge the panels and brackets on the ceilings. Then, you can remove the entire grid of sound absorbent material as well.
Related Posts
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Natural remedies for fighting cold and flu
The only way to prevent colds and flu is to strengthen your immune system against the viruses that are getting stronger every year. Here are the lists of top fruits and vegetables that you can add to your diet on a daily basis to avoid getting sick:
Raw organic Fruits and vegetables are filled with vitamins and micronutrients:
When you consume fruits and vegetables uncooked and in their raw form, you are consuming tremendous amount of real nutrients, enzymes, antioxidants and micronutrients. Heat often kills and destroys most of the valuable nutrition in our food so it’s important to add at least 50% to 75% raw organic fruits and vegetables to your diet. Cooked foods have minerals and not much vitamins and excessive amount of minerals (like calcium and iron) is known to cause many health problems and chronic conditions. Add more of fruits and vegetables high in vitamin C like kale, mango, broccoli, berries (blueberries, raspberries, cranberries and strawberries), limes, lemons, pine apples, papaya, apples and oranges to your diet.
Supplements including colloidal sliver and coenzyme Q10:
Coenzyme Q10 supplements are filled with powerful antioxidants that can help to boost your immune system. And colloidal silver is regarded for its support the natural defense system of the body by attacking and killing more than 500 microbial.
Herbs such as green/herbal tea, olive leaf extract, St. John’s Wort, licorice, garlic, elderberry, ginger, and Echinacea:
Herbs are known to be a great source of antioxidants and micronutrients with powerful medicinal and healing properties.
Green/Herbal tea: Powerful source of antioxidant that can fight infections and viruses.
Olive leaf: Olive leaf is a great anti-inflammatory, antifungal and antibacterial and can boost the immune system.
St. John’s Wort: It’s known to fight against depression, influenza and HIV.
Licorice: Licorice root has powerful anti-inflammatory properties and is known to fight against chronic fatigue, depression, cold, flues, coughs, viral infections, fungal infections and liver problems.
Garlic: Garlic is known for its anti-viral, anti-fungal, and antibacterial properties. Click here to find out how to unlock the benefits of garlic.
Elderberry: Elderberry or liquid extract was first used by Native Americans to treat infections. Elderberry capsules are known to prevent and shorten the duration of colds and flues.
Echinacea: Echinacea liquid extract is known to improve the immune system and treat infections.
Ginger: Ginger has strong anti-bacteria and anti-viral properties and can fight common cold and flu.
Home-made soup is also an effective remedy to fight against cold and flu:
I personally try to add turnip to my diet, especially during cold and flu season. This vegetable is a very powerful source of flavonoids, antioxidants and vitamin C that can effectively fight against ear infections, sore throat and cold. The beta carotene in turnip is converted to vitamin A by the body and the potent antioxidants help to neutralize thousands of free radicals that attack our living cells on a daily basis.
You can add turnip on its raw form to your daily green juices however I believe turnips are much more effective to fight colds and flu when they are cooked (not overly cooked/heated). In fact, heat most of the times destroys the valuable nutrients; however slight heat can release some of the hidden nutrients in vegetables like broccoli and tomato.
Have a great day flu free.
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Fidenae was an ancient town of Latium, situated about 8 km north of Rome on the Via Salaria, which ran between Rome and the Tiber. Its inhabitants were known as Fidenates, as the Tiber was the border between Etruria and Latium, the left-bank settlement of Fidenae represented an extension of Etruscan presence into Latium. The site of the arx of the ancient town was probably on the hill on which lies the contemporary Villa Spada, though no traces of early buildings or defences are to be seen; pre-Roman tombs are in the cliffs to the north. The later village lay at the foot of the hill on the eastern edge of the high-road, and its curia, with a dedicatory inscription to Marcus Aurelius by the Senatus Fidenatium, was excavated in 1889. Remains of other buildings may also be seen.
Map showing the location of Fidenae.
Conflicts with the Roman kingdom[edit]
Conflicts with the Roman republic[edit]
The total defeat of the Sabines in 505/504 BC was followed by the siege of Fidenae, the city was taken only a few days later: the Romans assembled their prisoners and executing the senior officers before them (whipped by the rods and beheaded by the axe of the fasces, a standard punishment for treason), let the rest go with a stern warning. A garrison was placed in Fidenae, and its members were given much of its land,[4] the Claudii are not mentioned in connection with the battle, but they had been given land north of the Anio river, some of which was at Fidenae. They could only collect on that offer if Fidenae was defeated, the implication being that they were being invited to participate in the campaign; they may even have been the garrison.
Fidenae appears to have fallen permanently under Roman domination after its capture in 435 BC by the Romans, and is spoken of by classical authors as a place almost deserted in their time, it seems, however, to have had some importance as a post station.
Stadium disaster[edit]
In 27 AD, an apparently cheaply built wooden amphitheater, constructed by an entrepreneur named Atilius, collapsed in Fidenae resulting in by far the worst stadium disaster in history with anywhere from 20,000 to 50,000 dead and wounded out of the total audience of 50,000.[5][6] The emperor Tiberius had banned gladiatorial games, it seems, and when the prohibition was lifted, the public had flocked to the earliest events; so a large crowd was present when the stadium collapsed. At the time of the incident, Tiberius was in Capri, where he had a secure getaway, but rushed to Fidenae to assist the victims of this incident,[7] the Roman Senate responded to the tragedy by banning people with a fortune of less than 400,000 sesterces from hosting gladiator shows, and also requiring that all amphitheaters to be built in the future be erected on a sound foundation, inspected and certified for soundness. The government also "banished" Atilius.[8]
1. ^ Livy, Ab urbe condita, 1:15
3. ^ Livy, Ab urbe condita, 1:27
7. ^ Klingaman, William K. (2007). The First Century: Emperors, Gods, and Everyman. Edison, NJ: Castle Books. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-7858-2256-1.
See also[edit]
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1001 - Midterm Flashcards Preview
stupid mgmt > 1001 - Midterm > Flashcards
Flashcards in 1001 - Midterm Deck (147):
What is the omnipotent view of management?
Managers are directly responsible for an organization's success or failure
What is the symbolic view of management?
View that much of an organization's success or failure is due to external forces outside managers' control
__ constraints come from the organization's environment and __ constraints come from the organization's culture
external; internal
What is an external environment?
Factors and forces outside the organization that affect its performance
What is environmental uncertainty?
The degree of change and complexity in an organization's environment
What is environmental complexity?
The number of components in an organization's environment and the extent of the organization's knowledge about those components
What are stakeholders?
Any constituencies in the organization's environment that are affected by an organization's decisions and actions
What is organizational culture?
The shared values, principles, traditions, and ways of doing things that influence the way organizational members act
What are strong cultures?
- have strong influence on organizational members
What are the implications of an organizational culture?
1. Culture is a PERCEPTION
2. Culture is SHARED
3. Culture is a DESCRIPTIVE TERM
What are weak cultures?
Organizations that do not make clear what is important or not, and in these organizations culture is unlikely to greatly influence managers
What is socialization?
A process that helps employees adapt to the organization's culture
i.e. Starbucks has intensive training for new employees
Subcultures are likely to be defined by:
- Department designations
- Geographical separation
What are the most common ways that employees "learn" an organization's culture?
- Stories
- Rituals
- Material symbols
- Language
What is workplace spirituality?
A culture in which organizational values promote a sense of purpose through meaningful work taking place in the context of community
Research shows that spiritual organizations tend to have 5 cultural characteristics:
1. Strong sense of purpose
2. Focus on individual development
3. Trust and openness
4. Employee empowerment
5. Toleration of employee expression
Creating an ethical culture consists of:
- Low to moderate AGGRESSIVENESS
- Focus on MEANS as well as OUTCOMES
Creating an innovative culture consists of:
- Challenge and involvement
- Freedom
- Trust and openness
- Idea time
What are the 6 characteristics of creating a customer-responsive culture?
1. Outgoing and friendly employees
2. Few rigid rules, procedures and regulations
3. Widespread use of empowerment
4. Good listening skills
5. Role clarity
6. Employees attentive to customer needs
How can managers create a culture that supports diversity?
- Showing that they value diversity through their decisions and actions
- Look for ways to reinforce employee behaviors that exemplify inclusiveness
What are the components of the external environment?
- Specific environment: external forces that have a direct and immediate impact on the organization
- General environment: broad economic, socio-cultural, political/legal, demographic, technological, and global conditions that may affect the organization
- Global environment: A major factor affecting managers from organizations of all sizes
What is the specific environment?
Includes those external forces that have a direct and immediate impact on managers' decisions and actions and are directly relevant to the achievement of the organization's goals
What are the main forces which make up the specific environment?
1. Customers
2. Suppliers
3. Competitors
4. Pressure groups
What is the general environment?
Includes the broad economic, legal-political, socio-cultural, demographic, and technological conditions that may affect the organization
What is degree of change?
How dynamic or stable the external environment is
Why is stakeholder relationship management important?
- Can lead to improved organizational performance
- It's the "right" thing to do given the interdependence of the organization and its external stakeholders
Discuss the characteristics and importance of organizational culture:
A strong culture supports the goals of the organization making it easier for managers to achieve goals. A weak culture can make things more difficult for managers
Describe what kinds of cultures managers can create:
Ethical, innovative, customer-responsive and diversity supportive cultures
What is a team structure?
What is a matrix structure?
What is a project structure?
An organizational structure in which employees continuously work on projects
What is a boundaryless organization?
An organization whose design is not defined by or limited to, the horizontal, vertical, or external boundaries imposed by a predefined structure
What is a virtual organization?
What is a network organization?
What are the two types of boundaries?
1. Internal - the horizontal ones imposed by work specialization and departmentalization and the vertical ones that separate employees into organizational levels and hierarchies
2. External - the boundaries that separate the organization from its customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders
What is a learning organization?
What is a cross-functional team?
A work team composed of individuals from various functional specialties
What is a task force (or ad hoc committee)?
A temporary committee or team formed to tackle a specific short-term problem affecting several departments
What are communities of practice?
Groups of people who share a concern, a set of problems, or a passion about a topic, and who deepen their knowledge and expertise in that area by interacting on an ongoing basis
What is open innovation?
Opening up the search for new ideas beyond the organization's boundaries ad allowing innovations to easily transfer inward and outward
What are strategic partnerships?
Collaborative relationships between two or more organizations in which they combine their resources and capabilities for some business purpose
What is telecommuting?
A work arrangement in which employees work at home and are linked to the workplace by a computer
What is a compressed workweek?
What are contingent workers?
Temporary, freelance, or contract workers whose employment is contingent upon demand for their services
The transfer and understanding of meaning is __
__ is the communication between two or more people
Interpersonal communication
__ are all the patterns, network, and systems of communications within an organization
Organizational communication
What are the functions of communication?
- Control
- Motivation
- Emotional expression
- Information
What is known as a channel (interpersonal communication)?
The medium a message travels along i.e. face-to-face, telephone, email, fax, etc.
__ is converting a message into symbols and __ is a receiver's translation of a sender's message
Encoding; decoding
What is information overload?
When the information we have to work with exceeds our processing capacity
What is jargon?
Specialized terminology or technical language that members of a group use to communicate among themselves
What is lateral (horizontal) communication?
Communication that takes place among employees on the same organizational level
What is downward communication?
Communications that flow from managers to employees to inform, direct, coordinate, and evaluate employees
What is upward communication?
Communications that flow from employees up to managers to keep them aware of employee needs and how things can be improved to create a climate of trust and respect
What is diagonal communication?
Communication that cuts across both work areas and organizational levels
What are communication networks?
The variety of patterns of vertical and horizontal flows of organizational communication
What are chain networks?
Communication flows according to the formal chain of command, both upward and downward
What are wheel networks?
All communication flows in and out through the group leader (hub) to others in the group
What are all-channel networks?
Communication flows freely among all members of the work team
What is The Grapevine?
The informal organizational communication network
-provides channel for issues not suitable for formal communication channels
-the impact of information passed along the grapevine can be countered by open and honest communication with employees
What are open workplaces?
Workplaces with few physical barriers and enclosures
How does technology affect organizations (good and bad ways)?
Good: significantly improves a manager's ability to monitor individual and team performance, allows employees to have more complete information to make decisions, allowed more collaboration, and greater accessibility to coworkers wherever they are
Bad: privacy issues - forms of communication like email and voicemail are not necessarily private because employers have access to them, also it affects personal interaction
What is ethical communication?
Communication that includes all relevant information, is true in every sense, and is not deceptive in any way
Define the nature and function of communication:
Control, motivation, emotional expression and information. Communication provides an opportunity to express feelings and also fulfills social needs
What are the seven elements in the communication process?
Sender, receiver, the message, encoding, channel, decoding, and feedback
What are high-performance work practices?
Work and practices that lead to both high individual and high organizational performance
What is a labor union?
An organization that represents workers and seeks to protect their interests through collective bargaining
What is affirmative action?
Organizational programs that enhance the status of members of protected groups
What is human resource planning?
Ensuring that the organization has the right number and kinds of capable people in the right places and at the right times
What is a job analysis?
An assessment that defines jobs and the behaviors necessary to perform them
What is recruitment, what is decruitment?
Recruitment - locating, identifying, and attracting capable applicants
Decruitment - reducing an organization's workforce
What is a realistic job preview (RJP)?
A preview of a job that provides both positive and negative information about the job and the company
What is orientation?
Introducing a new employee to his or her job and the organization
What is performance management system?
Establishes performance standards that are used to evaluate employee performance
What is skill-based pay?
A pay system that rewards employees for the job skills they can demonstrate
What is variable pay?
A pay system in which an individual's compensation is contingent on performance
What are family-friendly benefits?
Benefits that accommodate employees' needs for work-life balance
What is the human resource management process?
Activities necessary for staffing the organization and sustaining high employee performance
What are the steps in HR planning?
- Assessing current human resources
- Assessing future needs for human resources and developing a program to meet those future needs
What is the selection process?
The process of screening job applicants to ensure that the most appropriate candidates are hired
What are the selection errors?
- Reject errors for potentially successful applicants
- Accept errors for ultimately poor performers
What is validity (of Prediction)?
The proven relationship that exists between the selection device and some relevant job criterion
What is reliability (of Prediction)?
The ability of a selection device to measure the same thing consistently
What are the types of selection devices?
- Application forms
- Written tests
- Performance simulations
- Interviews
- Background investigations
- Physical examinations
Written tests are __ predictors of semi-skilled and unskilled jobs
What is a boundaryless career?
Individuals, not organizations, define career progression, organizational loyalty, important skills, and marketplace value
What is organizational behavior?
The study of the actions of people at work
What is employee productivity?
A performance measure of both efficiency and effectiveness
What is a turnover?
The voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal of an organization
What is organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)?
Discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee's formal job requirements, but which promotes the effective functioning of the organization
What is cognitive component?
That part of an attitude that's made up of the beliefs, opinions, knowledge, or information held by a person
What is affective component?
That part of an attitude that's the emotional or feeling part
What is behavioral component?
That part of an attitude that refers to an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something
What is job involvement?
The degree to which an employee identifies with his or her job, actively participates in it, and considers his or her job performance to be important to self-worth
What is organizational commitment?
The degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in that organization
What is perceived organizational support?
Employees' general belief that their organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being
What is employee engagement?
When employees are connected to, satisfied with, and enthusiastic about their jobs
What is cognitive dissonance?
Any incompatibility or inconsistency between attitudes or between behavior and attitudes
What are attitude surveys?
Surveys that elicit responses from employees through questions about how they feel about their jobs, work groups, supervisors, or the organization
What is the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?
A personality assessment of 100 questions that asks people how they usually act or feel in different situations
What is the Big Five Model?
Personality trait model with five basic personality dimensions: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience
What is locus of control?
The degree to which people believe they are the masters of their own fate
What is Machiavellianism?
A measure of the degree to which people are pragmatic, maintain emotional distance, and believe that ends justify means
What is self-monitoring?
A personality trait that measures the ability to adjust behavior to external situational factors
What is a proactive personality?
People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs
What is resilience?
An individual's ability to overcome challenges and turn them into opportunities
What is emotional intelligence (EI)?
The ability to notice and to manage emotional cues and information
What is perception?
A process by which we give meaning to our environment by organizing and interpreting sensory impressions
What is attribution theory?
A theory used to explain how we judge people differently depending on what meaning we attribute to a given behavior
What is fundamental attribution error?
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behaviors of others
What is self-serving bias?
What is halo effect?
A general impression of an individual based on a single characteristic
What is operant conditioning?
A theory of learning that says behavior is a function of its consequences
What is social learning theory?
A theory of learning that says people can learn through observation and direct experience
What is shaping behavior?
The process of guiding learning in graduated steps using reinforcement or lack of reinforcement
__ positively influences productivity, lowers absenteeism levels, lower turnover rates, promotes positive customer satisfaction, moderately promotes OCB, and helps minimize workplace misbehavior
Job satisfaction
What is motivation?
The process by which a person's efforts are energized, directed, and sustained towards attaining a goal
What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory?
Theory that there is a hierarchy of 5 human needs: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization; as each need becomes satisfied, the next need becomes dominant
What are physiological needs?
Need for food, drink, shelter, sexual satisfaction, and other physical requirements
What are safety needs?
A person's needs for security and protection from physical and emotional harm, as well as assurance that physical needs will continue to be met
What are social needs?
Need for affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship
What are esteem needs?
A person's need for internal esteem factors such as self-respect, autonomy, and achievement, and external esteem factors such as status, recognition, and attention
What are self-actualization needs?
Need to grow and become what he/she is capable of becoming
Contrast McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y?
Theory X: Assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, avoid responsibility, and must be coerced to perform
Theory Y: Assumption that employees are creative, enjoy work, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction
What is Herzberg's Motivation-Hygience Theory (aka: two-factor theory)?
Intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction and motivation, whereas extrinsic factors are related to job dissatisfaction
What are hygiene factors, what are motivators?
Hygiene factors: factors that eliminate job dissatisfaction, but don't motivate
Motivators: factors that increase job satisfaction and motivation
What is McClelland's Three-Needs Theory?
Three acquired (not innate) needs - achievement, power, and affiliation are major motives in work
What is Goal-Setting Theory?
The proposition that specific goals increase performance and that difficult goals, when accepted, result in higher performance than do easy goals
What are some factors that influence the goal-performance relationship?
- feedback
- goal commitment
- self-efficacy
- national culture
What is self-efficacy?
What are reinforcers?
Consequences immediately following a behavior that increase the probability that the behavior will be repeated
What is Job Design Theory?
How tasks can be combined to form complete jobs; factors influencing job design:
- changing organizational environment/structure
- organization's technology
- employees' skills, abilities, and preferences
What is job scope?
Number of different tasks required in a job and the frequency with which these tasks are repeated
What is job enlargement?
The horizontal expansion of a job through increasing job scope
What is job enrichment?
The vertical expansion of a job by adding, planning, and evaluating responsibilities
What is the job characteristics model (JCM)?
A framework for designing motivating jobs
What is the Equity Theory?
What is distributive justice?
The perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals (i.e. who received what?)
What is procedural justice?
The perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards (i.e. how who received what)
What is expectancy theory?
Individuals act based on the expectation that a given outcome will follow and whether that outcome is attractive
What is instrumentality?
The perception that a particular level of performance will result in attaining a desired outcome (reward)
What is valence?
The attractiveness/importance of the performance reward (outcome) to the individual
__ cultures view rewards as "entitlements" to be distributed based on individual needs, not individual performance
What are ways to motivate minimum-wage employees?
- employee recognition programs
- provision of sincere praise
- empowering
- guidance
- training
What are ways to motivate contingent workers?
- opportunity to become a permanent employee
- opportunity for training
- equity in compensation and benefits
What are some current issues in motivation:
- motivating a diverse workforce
- designing effective rewards programs |
Communications - Chapter 11 Flashcards Preview
Finance > Communications - Chapter 11 > Flashcards
Flashcards in Communications - Chapter 11 Deck (33):
What are 3 purposes of reports?
1. Convey information
2. Solve problems
3. Answer questionsWht
What are 2 report functions and types?
1. Informational reports
2. Analytical reports
What are 2 organizational strategies?
1. Direct strategy
2. Indirect strategy
What are 2 writing styles?
1. Formal
2. Informal
What 5 report formats?
1. Letter
2. Memo (often with email cover note)
3. Manuscript
4. Preprinted forms
5. Digital
What are 3 truths you should know about reports? (Part 1)
1. Everyone writes reports
2. Most reports flow upwards
3. Most business reports are informal
What are 3 truths you should know about reports? (Part 2)
4. Memos, letter, manuscript format
5. Reports differ from memos and letters
6. Today's reports take advantage of computer technologies
What are 4 truths you should know about reports? (Part 3)
7. Many reports are joint efforts
8. Ethical report writers interpret facts fairly
9. Writers impose organization on data
10. The writer is the reader's servant
When do you use direct pattern?
1. If readers are informed
2. If readers are supportive
3. If readers are eager to have results first
When do you use indirect pattern?
1. If readers to be educated
2. If readers need to be persuaded
3. If readers may be disappointed or hostile
What are 7 tips for letter reports?
1. Use letter format for short informal reports sent to outsiders
2. Organize the facts section into logical divisions identified by consistent headings
3. Single space the body
4. Double space between paragraphs
5. Leave 2 blank lines above each heading
6. Create side margins of 1 to 1 1/4 inches
7. Add a second page heading if necessary consisting of addressee's name, the date, and the page number
What are 5 tips for analytical report - memo format?
1. Use memo format for short (10 or fewer pages) informal reports within an org
2. Create side margins of 1 to 1 1/4 inches
3. Sign your initials on the From line
4. Use an informal conversational style
5. Put recommendations first for direct analytical reports and last for indirect analytical reports
What are 5 elements of a a work plan for a formal report?
1. Statement of problem
2. Statement of the purpose, including scope, limitations, and significance
3. Research strategy, including a description of potential scores, and methods of collecting data.
4. Tentative outline that factors the problem into manageable chunks
5. Work schedule
What are 2 print secondary sources?
Print resources:
1. Books – card catalog, online catalog
2. Periodicals – print indexes, electronic indexes
What are 4 electronic database secondary sources?
Electronic databases:
1. LexisNexis Academic
3. Factiva
What are 3 primary sources?
1. Surveys (for example, low-cost Web survey software, such as SurveyMonkey and Zoomerang)
2. Interviews
3. Observation and experimentation
What are 5 tips for searching the web?
1. Use two or three search tools.
2. Know your search tool.
3. Understand case sensitivity.
4. Use nouns as search terms and up to eight words in a query.
5. Combine keywords into phrases.
When evaluating web sources for currency what do you check?
Date of Web page?
When last updated?
Anything out of date?
When evaluating web sources for authority, what do you ask?
Who publishes or sponsors the page?
What makes the presenter an authority?
Is contact address available?
When evaluating web sources for content, what do you ask?
Is the purpose of the page to entertain, inform, convince, or sell?
Who is the intended audience?
How does the content compare with content elsewhere?
When evaluating web sources for accuracy, what do you ask?
Do the facts seem reliable?
Errors in spelling, grammar, usage?
Evidence of bias?
When do you have to give credit to avoid plagiarism?
1. Another person's ideas, opinions, examples, or theory
2. Any facts, statistics, charts, and drawings that are not common knowledge
3. Another person's exact spoken or written words
4. Paraphrases of another person's spoken or written words
What are 4 steps to paraphrase?
1. Read the original material intently to comprehend its full meaning.
2. Write your own version without looking at the original.
3. Avoid repeating the grammatical structure of the original and merely replacing words with synonyms.
4. Reread the original to be sure you covered the main points but did not borrow specific language.
How do you cite with MLA?
1. Author’s name and page (Smith 100) placed in text
2. Complete references in Works Cited
How do you cite with APA?
1. Author’s name, date of publication, and page number placed near the text reference (Jones, 2011, p. 99)
2. Complete references listed at the end of the report in References
What are the 4 functions of graphics visual aids?
1. Clarify data
2. Create visual interest
3. Condense and simplify data
4. Make numerical data meaningful
When to use a table?
to show exact figures and values
When to use a bar chart?
to compare related items
When to use a line chart?
to demonstrate changes in quantitative data over time
When to use a pie chart?
to visualize a whole unit and the proportion of its components
When to use a flow chart?
to display a process or procedure
When to use an organization chart?
to define a hierarchy of elements
When to use Photograph, map, or illustration ?
to create authenticity, to spotlight a location, and to show an item in use |
Working Memory Model Flashcards Preview
AS Psy - Memory > Working Memory Model > Flashcards
Flashcards in Working Memory Model Deck (12):
who was the model created by?
Baddley & Hitch (1974)
what does the model suggest?
that the STM is a dynamic processor of different types of information using sub-units coordinated by a central-decision making system.
what is the central executive?
The central executive is essentially an attentional process that monitors incoming data, makes decisions and allocates slave systems to tasks – the slave systems are described below. The central executive, as a part of the STM, has a very limited processing capacity.
what is the visuo spatial sketchpad and what does it break down into?
The first slave system is the visuo-spatial sketchpad, this stores visual and/or spatial information when required. It has a limited capacity and it split into two: the visual cache stores visual data and the inner scribe records the arrangement of objects in the visual field.
what is the phonological loop and what does it break down into?
The phonological loop deals with auditory information (i.e coding is acoustic) and preserves the order in which information arrives. The PL is divided into the phonological store (which stores what you hear) and the articulatory control system (which allows rehearsal of up to two seconds.)
what is the episodic buffer?
This was later added to the model in 2000 by Baddeley. It is a temporary store for information, integrating the visual spatial and verbal information processed by the other slave systems. The episodic buffer links working memory to LTM by basically recording the current events.
what is a slave system?
a component of the working memory that deals with a designated task
What are the positive evaluation points for the model?
- dual task performance (Baddeley et al 1975)
- word length effect (Baddeley)
- clinical evidence (Shallice and Warrington 1970) KF - amnesia
What are the negative evaluation points for the model?
- Lack of clarity within the central executive.
- KF not relevant as he is a specific case who has brain damage from trauma
explain Baddeley's findings in the dual task performance. What case study could this be backed up by?
Participants had more difficulty doing two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the letter F) rather than a visual and verbal task as then slave systems are not competing. This can be backed up by KF
Explain KF.
Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient KF who had suffered brain damage. He had poor STM ability for verbal information but could process visual information just fine, showing that it was only his phonological loop that was damaged.
What is the issue with the central executive? What did Baddley quote about the CE?
It doesn't really explain anything - it's just an assumption. 'the central executive is the most important but the least understood component of the working memory.' Some psychologists believe it to contain several components, showing that the model may not have been fully explained. |
Memorial Day, which takes place on Monday, is an American tradition that dates back to the 1860s. It's a tradition that promotes all that is good and honorable about military service to one's country.
As Americans, we remember those who've lost their lives in battle, but also give honor to those who have served or are serving their country in the armed services.
We salute the living and the dead in a variety of ways.
For example:
Some choose to place flowers at a cemetary gravesite.
Some opt to attend a parade, such as what occurs Monday morning in downtown Midland.
Some give money to worthy causes, such as Wounded Warriors, which helps soldiers seriously wounded in battle.
Some may offer to make a meal for a neighbor whose son or daughter is serving in Iraq or Afghanistan or some other foreign country.
Some do a worthy deed to assist a military family.
Some may write a note of thanks to someone who they know has fought for our country.
Some may extend a personal "thank you" to an aging veteran who served in World War II, Korea or Vietnam.
Some may just have a neighborly chat with a military man or woman.
Some may offer to buy a meal for a local soldier.
Some may decide to visit a war hero who's in a veteran's hospital, unable to return home due to his or her injuries.
Some may use the day to pray for a military family that is going through a tough time.
There are a number of ways that we, as Americans, can show that we care and support those in the military.
We hope that you, too, decide to do something to show your respect for those serving our country. |
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Mixed state vs. pure state
1. Sep 9, 2011 #1
In quantum mechanics, regarding light (photon), how to tell that a wavefunction is in a pure state or mixed state?
I am learning these stuffs for my first time.
I have attempted to answer that question but I am not sure: a wavefunction can be wrtitten as a linear combination of linear independent vectors, i.e
Where [itex]\Psi[/itex] is the wavefunction, [itex]\Psi[/itex][itex]_{1}[/itex] and [itex]\Psi_{2}[/itex] are unit vectors that form a basis, [itex]\alpha[/itex] and [itex]\beta[/itex] are constants.
If this wavefunction is in a mixed state, the sum of [itex]\alpha[/itex] + [itex]\beta[/itex] = 1
Am I thinking right?
2. jcsd
3. Sep 9, 2011 #2
A mixed state cannot be represented by a state vector [itex]\psi[/itex].
Fundamentally, a mixed state is when you have a classical mixture of pure states. So you have maybe half the states [itex]\psi_{1}[/itex] and the other half [itex]\psi_{2}[/itex]. This is not the same as [itex]\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\psi_{1} + \psi_{2})[/itex] which is a pure state.
If you are reading it for the first time, you should encounter something called density matrices soon which will deal with mixed states.
Last edited: Sep 9, 2011
4. Sep 9, 2011 #3
Can you please suggest me any reading which gives more details. And thanks
5. Sep 9, 2011 #4
I'm not really sure about readings for mixed states. Griffiths, sadly, does not include mixed states in his book. Maybe someone else will reply in this thread with a good reference. I picked it up from here and there. I suppose Density Matrices on Wikipedia might not be a bad starting point.
6. Sep 9, 2011 #5
User Avatar
Science Advisor
McLaren is one hundred percent correct about mixed states and density matrices, and yet I think his answer may miss the original question. The density matrix is an advanced topic, used in quantum statistical mechanics for example to describe an ensemble of quantum systems in thermal equilibrium, where both quantum and classical uncertainties come into play.
The OP says he is learning about quantum mechanics for the first time, and so I think it is more likely that when he uses the term "mixed state" he is referring to something else.
Rather than "pure state," the term you're looking for is "eigenstate." An eigenstate is a state in which the value of a physical quantity is certain. You can have eigenstates of energy, eigenstates of momentum, and so on. If Ψ1 and Ψ2 are eigenstates, then like you say, they form a basis, and a more general state may be written as a linear combination of them.
But actually what you want here is |α|2 + |β|2 = 1
7. Sep 9, 2011 #6
Ken G
User Avatar
Gold Member
I think some further clarification is needed, because we really have three concepts here-- eigenstates, pure states, and mixed states. An eigenstate is a special type of pure state, it is a pure state that has a definite value with respect to some observable. Then we say it is an eigenstate of that observable (often energy). Sometimes you will want to express a pure state as a linear combination of eigenstates, where the coefficients of the linear combination are complex numbers and their norms add up the way Bill_K said. But that has little to do with mixed states, because as McLaren_Rulez said, mixed states cannot be written as a single wave function or state vector.
I agree that a "density matrix" is kind of an advanced way to think of a mixed state, so I offer a more intuitive meaning. A pure state is a (bizarre) complex linear combination of states, but a mixed state is a more everyday kind of "combination"-- not a formal algebraic combination, but more like a logical combination. A mixed state of A and B is like saying "the actual state is either A or B, I just don't know which." So it's a more common-sense combination of pure states, not a pure state itself, and we would associate probabilities with A and B instead of coefficients in a linear combination.
If you want to think in terms of a linear combination, another way to think of a mixed state is a pure state like you wrote originally, with the added idea that the coefficients you would use in the combination have a random phase with respect to each other. By that I mean, the coefficients can still have a magnitude, but they are neither real nor complex-- they simply have an undefined or unspecified phase relationship. When you use them in calculations, you simply treat the phase difference between them as randomly distributed between 0 and 2pi, and let any calculation you do include a sum over all those equally-weighted possible phase relations.
8. Sep 11, 2011 #7
Thanks for your explanation. But now, let's take a physical example: "LIGHT". I've been reading that Light Polarization would help in the understanding of pure and mixed state. Suppose I have a beam of light which can be polarized or not. As I read, a polarized light (photon) is a pure state while an unpolarized one is mixed state.
Is there any method (experimental or theoretical) that can be used to know weather that light is polarized (pure state) or unpolarized (mixed state)?
9. Sep 11, 2011 #8
Ken G
User Avatar
Gold Member
Yes there is, and yes that is a perfect example of the distinction. With light in a pure state of polarization, I can find a polarizer (perhaps circular or linear) that will pass 100% of the light that is in that state (say for a laser beam), and another polarizer that will transmit 0%. Other polarizers will produce a linear combination of those two results, depending on how the pure state expands onto the eigenstates of the polarizer. But for light in a mixed state, if it is perfectly mixed (so as far from a pure state as possible), then every polarizer, circular or linear at any angle, will transmit 50% of that light, in an ensemble average. The mixed state is a random collection of pure states, the pure state has all the photons in the same state. |
LTE, GSM and CDMA Differences Explained
LTE Network
As you probably know by now, US Mobile runs on a GSM network. But what is really differentiating GSM from CDMA and LTE and why should you care? Well for one, you should understand what your options are when it comes to your phone plan and switching carrier.
LTE is short for Long Term Evolution and is a 4G wireless broadband technology developed to achieve high-speed data. 4G is the fourth generation of technology, following 2G and 3G. In order be classified as 4G connectivity, a phone’s connection speed needs to peak at 100 MB/s, and a mobile hotspot needs to reach at least 1 GB/s. LTE is a technology developed to enable 4G to reach those speeds and be noticeably faster than 3G.
GSM means Global System for Mobile communications, which is a network that supports both cellular and data. Both T-Mobile and AT&T operate on a GSM network.
CDMA is another network meaning Code Division Multiple Access, used by for instance Verizon and Sprint. Like GSM, CDMA supports cellular and data.
LTE Phone Compatibility
Historically, the way of knowing if a phone was compatible with GSM or CDMA was to check if the phone had a SIM card slot. If it had, it meant that it was a GSM phone.
GSM networks use a SIM card to store a subscriber’s identity and info, while CDMA devices have electronic serial numbers embedded in the device and require reprogramming to change networks. Consequently, it’s easy to go from AT&T to T-Mobile just by swapping SIM card in your device. Moving between GSM and CDMA has been inherently harder.
However, as LTE entered the market things have gotten a bit easier. The reason being that in order to access LTE and fast data speed, you need a SIM card no matter if you’re using CDMA or GSM. All LTE networks in the US are using GSM technology, as CDMA Technology is too old to handle LTE speeds. Due to this, newer Verizon and Sprint phones all use a SIM card and will, therefore, work on GSM networks. As a rule of thumb, if you have an iPhone 5, or a later/equivalent model, you can BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) to different carriers with just the swap of a SIM Card.
To find out if your phone is LTE enabled, check out this list or click on the brand below.
Apple – Samsung – Huawei – LG – Alcatel – HTC – Sony
End of an Era for CDMA?
Seeing as all new phones aren’t using CDMA, it raises the question if CDMA will disappear once old CDMA phones aren’t active anymore? With an average cycle of replacing devices, pretty much all CDMA devices will be gone by 2020. Currently, just a fraction of Verizon and Sprint’s customers are utilizing the CDMA, as they’re mainly on LTE. Time will tell if and when Verizon and Sprint will get rid of CDMA altogether.
Image Source: Experiencesure |
5 Ways the COP21 Deal Dooms the Planet to Climate Change Chaos
Source: TeleSUR
14 December 2015
state of climate emergency.jpgRepresentatives of Indigenous communities protest and demand respect for Indigenous rights at COP21 in Paris on Dec. 12, 2015. | Photo: Reuters
Global leaders are celebrating the outcome of the COP21 Paris climate talks as a “historic” deal and a “monumental triumph” for the climate.
But as environmental organizations and activists slam the agreement for doing too little too late and dooming the world to climate chaos, here are five things you should know about the COP21 climate deal.
1. It puts the world on track for 3 degrees Celsius global warming.
The COP21 text states that the purpose of the climate deal is to keep global warming “well below” 2 degrees Celsius while aiming for 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, but the agreement lacks the mechanisms to make this goal a reality.
Instead, the deal puts the world on track to far overshoot these targets and hit 3 degrees Celsius warming. Global emissions reductions are achieved through voluntary, intended national pledges. These pledges mean the biggest climate culprits that carry the historical burden of climate change can voluntarily contribute emissions reductions that they think they can achieve, not what is globally necessary.
Scientists say that 2 degrees Celsius warming is the maximum limit the world can hit before facing catastrophic and irreparable planetary damage that could bring an end to human life as we know it. Many Latin American countries and front-line affected communities, already feeling the impacts of climate change, have pushed for the more ambitious 1.5 degrees Celsius limit, which climate scientists agree is the appropriate target to protect the most vulnerable.
But so far, global leader have not risen to the high-stakes challenge.
1. It has no legal commitment to climate reparations.
The deal refers to “loss and damage” related to climate change and its impacts, but explicitly states that the relevant article in the core text of the deal is not a basis for liability and compensation. This means that climate reparations though would see wealthy countries largely responsible for fueling climate change pay their carbon debts to poorer countries are still far from a reality.
OPINION: World Leaders Signed a ‘Death Warrant for the Planet’ at COP21
obama 12c.jpgAccording to a report from Democracy Now!, President Barack Obama only agreed to include loss and damage in the COP21 deal if the clause could not be used as a legal basis for paying climate compensation. The issue was a key area of dispute throughout the negotiations.
Climate reparations were never on the agenda at COP21, despite being put forward by Global South countries such as Ecuador and Bolivia as a strategy to help the most vulnerable in the face of climate change, while holding rich and polluting countries accountable.
But the loss and damage component is a big disappointment for climate justice campaigners, and likely to doom developing countries to climate-induced suffering due to the lack of legally-binding compensation for big polluters’ damage to the climate.
1. The legally binding commitments are weak, while key items are not binding at all.
While the COP21 deal has been widely celebrated as a binding agreement, what exactly countries are bound to is a telling sign of how far short the deal falls.
There is no legally binding agreement on climate finance, a critical but highly disputed part of the agreement. While the deal urges rich countries to take the lead on helping to provide developing countries with financing and technologies to help adapt and mitigate climate change, all financing is voluntary.
RELATED: 5 Things You Need to Know About COP21
Voluntary financing is a huge let down for climate activists, which have been calling for wealthy countries to help finance global transition to clean energy.
The utter lack of mention of fossil fuels in the text of the deal also points to failure of the deal to grapple with urgent climate change priorities. It calls for globally emissions to peak “as soon as possible,” but does not mandate a specific timeline for emissions reductions, leaving countries free to keep polluting.
The deal also does not come close to laying out a plan for phasing out fossil fuels. As a result, the agreement is even weaker than the preliminary draft deal set out by G-7 nations earlier at the U.N. Climate Change Conference this year, slammed by climate advocates for dooming the world to “climate chaos” by proposing to phase out fossil fuels by the end of the century.
What’s more, though 195 countries have signed onto the climate deal, which will only come into effect after being ratified by at least 55 nations, any country can withdraw from the deal after three years.
So while global leaders pat themselves on the back for overcoming the failure of COP15 in Copenhagen in 2009 by reaching a so-called legally binding agreement, the deal has still failed to force world leaders to commit to changes on core issues to tackle climate change in an urgent, effective, and holistic way.
1. There are no measure to hold corporations accountable.
The deal focuses on the responsibilities of countries to lower carbon emissions by their own voluntary pledges, and as a result leaves corporations off the hook from legally binding climate action.
The agreement “welcomes” and “invites” stakeholders other than countries, including private corporations, to participate in efforts to tackle climate change, it does not mandate corporations to change their practices in response to an increasingly warming world. This leaves the door open for fossil fuels companies to continue to pollute.
RELATED: TPP Dooms World to Climate Crisis
What’s more, many of the same global leaders who made high-profile speeches about the urgency of climate change at COP21 are at the same time cozying up to big corporate polluters with the controversial Trans-Pacific Partnership, currently pending approval. The draft text of the TPP reveals enhanced power for corporations, including fossil fuels giants, such as rules to allow corporations to challenge national and international laws in secret trade courts.
This means the TPP could undermine any action that does result from the COP21 agreement by setting new limits on governments’ abilities to introduce strong policy to tackle climate change, such as renewable energy programs.
At the core, the COP21 agreement fails to recognize the underlying roots of climate change and the systemic and economic reasons for global carbon inequality and increasingly boiling global temperatures.
1. It has no mention of human rights in the core body of the text.
The only mention of human rights in the final COP21 text appears in the preamble, not the core articles, which means there is no legally binding commitment to human rights in the deal.
While the draft text included a provisional mention of human rights in the section highlighting the purpose of the deal, world leaders ultimately opted for the weaker option of removing human rights from the purpose, leaving it only in the non-binding preamble.
OPINION: Climate Action: Why Justice in Paris is Unlikely
The deal also have no substantial attention to the rights of Indigenous peoples, among the hardest hit by climate change, and recognition of the role Indigenous communities play as stewards of the environment. There is also no mention of intergenerational equity or biodiversity in the core of the text, sidelining any commitment to protecting future generations and integrated ecosystems from the devastation of climate change.
As a result, the deal fails to take into account systemic causes and the key issues of human and environmental rights in the context of climate change and falls far short of a just climate deal.
Source: 5 Ways the COP21 Deal Dooms the Planet to Climate Change Chaos
Evo Morales at COP21: Capitalism is the Biggest Climate Threat
Source: TeleSUR
30 November 2015
evo morales at cop21.jpgBolivian President Evo Morales advocates for system change in order to effectively address climate change at the Paris Cop21 climate summit. | Photo: @jmkarg
The Bolivian president brought with him to the Paris climate talks a plan written by social movements to save “Mother Earth.”
Bolivian President Evo Morales once again blamed capitalism for environmental destruction, during his speech during the opening plenary of the COP 21 Climate Change Conference in Paris, France.
Morales called capitalism “the formula that has destroyed our species” and delivered a manifesto to save Mother Earth and life.
“On behalf of the social movements, I came here to raise the proposals agreed to at the last Climate Summit II held in Cochabamba, Bolivia, last October.”
He added that “today we have a unique and historic responsibility with Mother Earth. Let us express our concern for the dramatic effects of climate change that threaten Pachamama.”
Source: Evo Morales at COP21: Capitalism is the Biggest Climate Threat
UN conference on climate change begins in France
world leaders at cop21.jpg
Ecuador: Correa Calls for International Climate Justice Court
Source: TeleSUR
27 November 2015
The Ecuadorean president said he would also stress the concept of “climate justice” at the upcoming COP21 climate summit.
rafael correa climate justice.jpgEcuadorean President Rafael during a speech at the University of Poitiers, France, Nov. 27. 2015. | Photo: Ecuadorean Presidency
Ecological debt
Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa called Friday for the creation of an international climate justice court where developing countries would be able to hold wealthy countries accountable for what Correa described as an “ecological debt.”
Correa said lower-income countries that are rich in biodiversity and forests, such as Ecuador, should receive compensation from polluting countries for mitigating the impact of climate change by preserving the environment.
RELATED: Ecuadoreans Tackle Effects of Climate Change
“Generally, countries that pollute are the rich and strong countries,” said Correa during a speech at the University of Poitiers, in France. Before becoming president, Correa was a distinguished university professor.
This is not the first time Correa has championed the concept of an “ecological debt” from rich to poorer countries.
Shortly after first arriving to power, the government of President Rafael Correa asked the international community to contribute 50 percent of the value of a portion of the oil reserves in Ecuadorean Amazon, an estimated US$3.6 billion, to refrain from extracting the oil. Ultimately, though, just over US$100 million was pledged. Of that only US$13.3 million was actually donated, forcing the government to abandon its plan not to extract oil from the Amazon.
RELATED: Ecuadorean State Oil Company Wins Environmental Prize
Climate justice
Correa is in Paris ahead of the COP21 climate change summit, where, in addition to representing his country, he will also speak on behalf of the 33 countries of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States in his capacity as the president pro-tempore of the bloc known as CELAC.
“If we fail to achieve binding agreements, this could be the beginning of the burial of our civilization,” warned Correa.
The Ecuadorean president said that in addition to the creation of a new climate court, he will stress the concept of “climate justice.”
Historical injustices
Underpinning the idea of climate justice is that efforts to address climate change must take into consideration historical injustices.
Lower-income and developing countries find themselves in the difficult position of working to develop their economies while facing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Meanwhile, developed countries were able to freely contaminate the environment as they became industrialized economies.
In addition, the countries of the global South are seen as those more likely to be forced to confront the effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels and changing weather patterns.
ANALYSIS: COP21 – A Climate Summit Without Marches
Before departing for Paris, the Ecuadorean president said he was skeptical a deal could be brokered at COP21.
“We don’t have great expectations, because at the end of the day everything is a question of (who wields) power. The world is governed by power, not justice,” said Correa on Wednesday.
COP21 is set to begin on Nov. 29, one day earlier than previously scheduled. President Correa is scheduled to speak on Nov. 30.
Source: Ecuador’s Correa Calls for International Climate Justice Court
Climate change: a race against the clock
Source: Granma
November 5, 2015
By Alejandro Nadal | informacion@granma.cu
The UN climate change conference to be held in Paris at the end of November, COP21, will be a decisive moment in the race against the clock to control increasing global temperature.
climate change conference UN 2015The possibility of avoiding a climate change catastrophe exists. But the window of opportunity is closing fast. The climate change conference to be held in Paris at the end of November will certainly act as a decisive moment in this race against the clock.
As things stand today, achieving this goal of 450 ppm appears very difficult. To do so, the richest countries of the world should already be markedly reducing their emissions and by 2025, which is really just around the corner, the greenhouse gas emissions of all countries, rich and poor, should be falling. The possibility of achieving this goal exists, but is at risk of vanishing.
The fate of humanity
The twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) will be held in Paris in just a few weeks time. The basic draft document for the COP21 negotiations has already been released (October 5) and is marked by serious problems. It is a 20-page document from which the fate of humanity literally hangs.
As is known, in the framework of the negotiations ahead of COP21, each country is called to present their independently determined national commitments (now known as Intended Nationally Determined Contributions or INDCs).These commitments beg the following question: Who determines the emission reductions that each country should apply?
Since negotiations on reductions and emission ceilings have been stalled for years (to be exact, since shortly before COP15 six years ago in Copenhagen), it was thought that it would be better to allow each country the absolute freedom to establish its own national goals.
Today we have before us the national commitments that have been voluntarily presented to the UNFCCC secretariat. The result is truly discouraging. Several renowned economists have calculated the sum of all these national targets and found that they correspond to an equivalent of just 44 gigatons of CO2, when what is required is a cut of 55 gigatons by 2050 to keep on track for climate change of just 2 degrees Celsius.
It is to be expected that between now and the beginning of COP21 in the French capital, several countries will amend their national commitments in order to achieve that goal. But the negotiation document has a flaw: it does not contain a mechanism to ensure compliance with these Intended Nationally Determined Contributions.
In reality, there is little hope of stabilizing the concentration of greenhouse gases at 450 ppm. To achieve this goal, greenhouse gas emissions can not exceed the maximum level of between 800 and a thousand gigatons of CO2: yet since 1880, 535 gigatons have already been emitted. Meanwhile, 250 gigatons have already been allocated to investments made in infrastructure linked to the fossil fuel industry in all its forms. Companies that have made such investments will wish to recover them and thus will do everything possible to ensure their facilities continue to operate and emit gigatons of CO2. That is, we are stuck on a path toward some really nasty surprises in terms of climate change.
There are also forces within the financial world that tend to keep us trapped on this path. Today the top 200 businesses related to the fossil fuel industry have a market value of around 4 trillion dollars and a good portion of that amount is based on the value of their reserves. If a strong agreement were achieved at COP21, with a clear commitment to reduce emissions, the value of these reserves would suffer a sharp downward adjustment, perhaps of up to 60 percent.
The connections between the fossil fuel industry and the financial world are very strong and this would bring with it serious consequences. For example, it is estimated that pension funds and individual retirement accounts in the United States have 47 percent of shares in the oil and natural gas companies of the country. Clearly, in the financial sector there is also reluctance to change the energy profile of the global economy.
Only pressure from the peoples of all countries can counteract these forces. Perhaps there is still time, beyond what happens at COP21. (La Jornada)
Source: Climate change: a race against the clock Granma |
Iron Maiden called it. It really IS two minutes to midnight
Nichole VegaJan 26, 2018
The clock dates back to 1947, and has been set every year by the nonprofit Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, to reflect the security of the planet based on nuclear threats, climate change and other global factors.
The last time the clock was set at 11:58 p.m. was in 1953, after the United States and USSR successfully tested their first hydrogen bombs.
The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists unveiled the Doomsday Clock's latest time on Thursday: 2 minutes to midnight, ticking closer to world destruction by 30 seconds.
Now the academic journal has announced a new time for the clock today, warning us just how much closer we've moved to being totally screwed.
The minute hand on the Doomsday Clock is a metaphor for how vulnerable to catastrophe the world is deemed to be.
But despite the U.S. government's withdrawal from the 2015 Paris climate agreement, the Bulletin's board was pleased to see other countries reaffirm their commitment to addressing climate change.
The world could end in any number of ways - perhaps a meteor, a pandemic, a super volcano - but the Doomsday Clock only moves on human action. Since 2007, climate change has also been used as one of the factors that can influence the clock.
The group also weighed other nuclear threats, including the US-Russian entanglements, rising tensions in the South China Sea between China and Japan, and political strain between Pakistan and India.
A board of scientists and nuclear experts, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, meets regularly to determine what time it is on the Doomsday Clock.
'To call the nuclear situation dire is to underestimate the risk, ' the Bulletin said.
The clock is set by the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, a non-profit group that measures how the a year ago has affected humanity.
The clock's advancement follows North Korea's intercontinental ballistic missile test, and a slew of threats made by both Donald Trump and Kim-Jong Un, with the President most notably firing off about his nuclear buttonbeing bigger than the North Korean President's.
"In 2017, the United States backed away from its longs-standing leadership role in the world, reducing its commitment to seek common ground and undermining the overall effort toward solving pressing global governance challenges", the BAS' statement reads.
"Divorcing public policy from empirical reality endangers us all", theoretical physicist Lawrence Krauss said at a news conference in Washington DC.
According to the Bulletin, the closest mankind has been to peace since the clock's inception was 17 minutes to midnight in 1991, shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
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Clean coal technology discovered
Clean coal technology discovered
Originally submitted by Ondrej Valenta
last updated by Martin Fatun
Wild Card's progress: fully-fledged
This Wild Card came from:
Likelihood timeframe and scenario features :
Wild Card's description
Energy industry in number of countries will be still to a large extent based on conventional coal energy. Despite of the fact that coal is the most pollutive fossil fuel, it is still to be the most widely used source of energy also in the near future. For that reason, advanced technologies reducing negative aspects of burning coal for electrical power is being developed. Today the clean coal technology refers to carbon capture and storage, which pumps and stores CO2 emissions underground, and to plants using an Integrated gasification combined cycle which gasifies coal to reduce CO2 emissions. |
Hyperparathyroidism isn’t a common disease. It is most prevalent in older people aged 50 and above. Women are more likely to have it than men. It’s is characterized by a high concentration of calcium levels in the blood. It happens because of the over-secretion of parathyroid hormones. These hormones come from the parathyroid glands located in our necks. Parathyroid glands are part of the body’s endocrine system. The hormones produced by the endocrine glands get released directly into the bloodstream. The functions of each hormone are specific. The parathyroid glands are in charge of building PTH. It is a hormone that helps sustain the correct calcium balance in the body. The hormone regulates the calcium levels in the blood and the calcium release from the bones. It also affects the calcium absorption in the small intestine and the excretion in urine.
1. Types of hyperparathyroidism
There are two types of hyperparathyroidism namely, primary and secondary. In the first case, the parathyroid glands become enlarged. This causes the over-secretion of the PTH hormone. This will result in high calcium levels in the blood. This condition is hypercalcemia and can cause various health problems. The best treatment for this is removing the overactive parathyroid gland through surgery. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a consequence of another disease. It will initially cause the lowering of calcium levels in the blood. As a result, the parathyroid glands will release more of the PTH hormone. Over time, there will be a substantial increase of the hormone in the blood. 90695944 |
Node HTTP Response Splitting
HTTP response splitting vulnerabilities can be disastrous to web applications. Fortunately, there have been efforts to add protections against this threat in the core Node.js code. That being said, the protections are not deployed widely at the moment of this writing.
Overview of HTTP Response Splitting
Within a single HTTP response message header it is possible to terminate the response headers with the carriage return line feed (CRLF) character sequence and send multiple response message headers. As a result, when an attacker has control of any part of the HTTP response header they are able to trick a browser into accepting their malicious response instead of the one that the developer intends to send. What is more, since the response comes from the same origin as the web application the attacker has access to any origin dependent properties, namely cookies.
To learn more about HTTP response splitting please visit the Web Application Security Consortiums (WASC) Threat Classifications.
Splitting a Response
The following is a perfectly valid HTTP Response to a single request.
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Length: 0
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 19
Date: Sat, 02 Feb 2013 18:35:04 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
The above response was generated using only the 'ServerResponse.prototype.writeHead' function. Below is the code that generates the previous response (Node.js 0.8.18).
var http = require('http');
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Length': '0\r\n\r\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: text/html\r\nContent-Length: 19\r\n\r\n<html>HACKED</html>' });
}).listen(8000, '');
When Safari makes a request to this server it will render the message body from the second part of the response (figure 1.1).
Figure 1.1
Browser Defenses
In Chrome there is a warning that will appear for responses that have duplicate headers. The previous example will not trigger the Chrome warning, but if you remove the double CRLF after the Content-Length header you will see the warning. Below is the server code to generate a response that causes Chrome to display this warning.
var http = require('http');
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
}).listen(8000, '');
The error that is displayed by Chrome is shown below in figure 1.2.
Figure 1.2
The above error only shows in Chrome, other browsers do not have similar messages for this response. Even though the protection exists, it’s not reliable to depend entirely on it. When users encounter an error message like this one, they are likely not going to understand what it means. Furthermore, the attacker only needs to add the double CRLF to terminate the first response header for Chrome to resume the assumption that there are two valid responses to the single request.
Vulnerability Examples
The previous example didn’t demonstrate how an attacker is able to compromise a response; instead it demonstrated how sloppy coding is able to split a response. In the following we will explore a couple of vulnerabilities that result from allowing untrusted data to enter the HTTP response head. It should be noted at this point that there are Node.js defenses that were added in versions 0.8.20 and 0.9.4. However, these defenses do not exist in Node.js versions prior to 0.9.4 or 0.8.20. The next section will explore these protections and how they mitigate most if not all response splitting attacks.
Location Header
While in the previous examples we looked at creating an entirely new HTTP status line and response headers, this is not always necessary to split a response. Instead, if an attacker controls a header value and the Content-Length value hasn’t been sent the attacker can prematurely send the response body. In other words, the attacker sets the Content-Length to that of their custom message body and then sends their body above the response the application intends to send. This is easily demonstrated using the Location header.
Typically in a RESTful application after a resource is created a 201 response will be sent to the client along with the URI of where the new resource can be found. If the resource name is in the URI and is not encoded before being added to the Location header value then the application is vulnerable to HTTP response splitting. Below is an example of an application that meets these criteria.
var http = require('http');
var url = require("url");
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
var item = url.parse(req.url, true).query.item;
res.writeHead(201, { 'Location': '' + item });
}).listen(8000, '');
Now when a request comes in with the following URL it will split the response.
Figure 1.3 below shows the output from the request.
Figure 1.3
The entire response is still sent to the client, only the browser is told to only render the first 5 characters of the body. If the request is changed to have a Content-Length of 11 the headers after Location will be rendered (Figure 1.4 below).
Figure 1.4
Node.js Protections
The latest versions of node have protections to strip out any CRLF sequences found within a header value. Please note that this doesn’t protect against header fields themselves, only their values. Of course, it is bad practice to even consider setting any header field itself from a client input. That being said, special care should still be taken to ensure that all header fields are encoded and properly escaped.
Below is the code in that is used to protect against response splitting in Node.js, it can be found in the http module.
if (/[\r\n]/.test(value))
value = value.replace(/[\r\n]+[ \t]*/g, '');
The above code is found in Node.js versions 0.8.20+ and 0.9.4+. It replaces a CR or a LF along with any following spaces or tabs with an empty string. This means that you cannot bypass the protection with a payload like \r\r\n\n as every unwanted character is removed. Also, double encoding CRLF into %250D%250A won’t work either, as it will not be decoded after the value is set.
Bypassing the Protections
The standard protections that exist in Node.js are sufficient for any standard deployment. However, there are still a couple of ways that the protection can be bypassed or even used to help an attacker. If the attacker double encodes the CRLF characters and your setup has an intermediary that decodes the response before it reaches the client then it’s likely the application is vulnerable to response splitting. Therefore, special care should be given to all processing that occurs after the application sends a response.
Another potential threat is the ability for an attacker to smuggle an invalid header value past a validator. This is achievable by combining the \r or \n characters with the invalid header value. For example, if an application has a blacklisted header value of ‘HACK’ an attacker could bypass the check by making the value ‘H\nA\rC\nK’ and letting the protection code strip out the \n and \r characters. Of course, this is a non-issue if the application uses a whitelist of allowed values.
In order to help safe guard an application against HTTP response splitting, ensure that no part of any header value originates externally. Whenever it is necessary for values to come from a client always remove any unsafe characters and encode the remaining value.
If the users of the application should never have a \r\n value in the request then perhaps, instead of allowing the http module to remove these characters, the application should return a bad request response to the client. |
Hampton 2010 Reflective Writing Assignment
On By In 1
Presentation on theme: "Using Reflective Writing in your Teaching"— Presentation transcript:
1 Using Reflective Writing in your Teaching
A workshop for the STEM disciplines
2 It is not sufficient simply to have an experience in order to learn
3 There is relatively little literature about the use of reflective writing in STEM disciplines
So let’s experiment!
4 What is reflective writing?
We want students to think broadly, to question and to be critical about what they learn in classes, in the library, or online. This will allow them to utilise their understanding in new, broader and more complex settings. ‘Reflective writing is evidence of reflective thinking’ Hampton (2010)
5 Reflective Learning involves
Three main elements:Looking back at an event (such as a laboratory class, a group project, work experience or a seminar), an idea or an object, and describing itAnalysing or interpreting it from various perspectives, perhaps in relation to a specific model or theoryThinking about the outcomes of it, and how you have gained from engaging with it in terms of your progress as a learner or as an aspiring professional
6 Reflective writing is personal
It is different to writing a scientific essay or report (Moon, 2004)It is individual and uses the words ‘I’ , ‘me’ and ‘we’But it can be structured and profound
7 What’s the point of reflection?
It is a prompt to think more deeply about a subject than otherwise would be the caseIt may promote the self-awareness that leads to critical analysis, behavioural change or commitment to action – learning to think criticallyThe written output may indicate the level of understanding that students have achieved: some sort of proof of their depth of learning. As such it may be susceptible to scrutiny and assessment, and may also give you some feedback on how successfully your students are learning
8 Who’s doing it?In vocational courses such as Social Work, course accreditation may require students to record and reflect upon specific experiences, especially when they engage with ‘clients’ or members of the publicSome courses require students to submit ‘learning logs’, ‘diaries’, or ‘journals’ with major elements of work such as Final Year projects. These are all examples of reflective writingBy contrast in physics, mathematics and chemistry courses, such requirements appear to be less common at undergraduate levelWhy?
9 Reflective Practitioners?
‘Writing exploratively and expressively can take practitioners up to and beyond their habitual boundaries, overcoming previously perceived barriers to perception and understanding. Practitioners can begin to leave at the border professional assumptions, such as clinical detachment or the inadvisability of sharing significant doubts and disasters with colleagues. Such critical enquiry is at the heart of professional development’. Bolton (2010) notes
10 Reflective writing for professionals
An example:Chartered Scientist is a legally-recognised qualification similar to Chartered Mathematician, Chartered Psychologist, or Chartered Engineer, requiring demonstration of Master’s level achievements, usually through a qualification, by writing about high-level knowledge and by reflecting on what has been learned through professional experience. Alongside subject-related skills, core competencies must be described including:Knowing and managing personal strengths and weaknessesIdentifying the limits of own personal knowledge and skills.
11 Activity One - Ossibulla
12 Fact, fiction and ethics?
What about a log describing a laboratory or field experiment, where health and safety guidance had been ignored and students had exposed themselves and their colleagues to danger?What about a piece of writing relating to human subjects in psychology, where the text revealed deep-seated racist attitudes?What about a group of engineering students asked to reflect individually on their experiences of working together to tackle a design problem, where one wrote blaming other individuals for deficiencies such as lack of effort, carelessness, or stupidity?Can this work be evaluated?
13 Fact, fiction and ethics?
Certain types of writing may be wholly unacceptable; this needs clarifying in advanceBUTStudents may anyway suspect that their reflection will only be acceptable if they write something that demonstrates compliance with the general guidelines, and the norms of their science or technological discipline, even if the reality for them was very differentThey may therefore suppress their true views
14 ACTIVITY TWO: SCOTT’S DIARY (About thirty minutes in total) ACTIVITY TWO: SCOTT’S DIARY (About thirty minutes in total) ACTIVITY TWO: SCOTT’S DIARY (About thirty minutes in total) Activity TWO: Scott’s Diary
15 Gibb’s model of reflection
Description - What happened?Feelings - What were you thinking and feeling?Evaluation - What was good and bad about the experience?Analysis - What sense can you make of the situation?Conclusion - What else could you have done?Action Plan - If it arose again, what would you do?
16 To what extent does Captain Scott’s scientific diary, obviously written in extremis, demonstrate the various reflective elements of description, feelings, evaluation and so on?Was Scott therefore a ‘reflective practitioner’?ACTIVITY TWO: SCOTT’S DIARY (About thirty minutes in total) ACTIVITY TWO: SCOTT’S DIARY (About thirty minutes in total) ACTIVITY TWO: SCOTT’S DIARY (About thirty minutes in total) Activity TWO: Scott’s Diary
17 A factual explanation of the event, idea or object, with some background information about the place and the people who were involved. If you are a tutor, you will need to advise students on any elements that should be rendered confidential.Description
18 An exploration of your feelings towards the event, idea or object at the time and afterwards. This is expected to be both honest, but also to avoid saying anything that could be offensive to others. If the writing is going to be public, this is particularly important.Feelings
19 How satisfactory was the event, in both your opinion and that of others (you will need evidence about the latter)? In your judgement, were there both good and bad aspects to it? Was it resolved afterwards, and if not, why not?Evaluation
20 More detail and depth about the things that influenced the event, including reference to any theory that underpinned your understanding of what was going on. You can refer to other writers, and reference them (accurately!). This will allow you to relate your experience to that of others (previous research, for example), and perhaps to construct a more theoretical understanding.Analysis
21 What did you learn from the event, and could anything else have been done to take matters in a different direction? Could things have been improved, or avoided, if you had behaved differently?Conclusion
22 What needs to be done so that you can improve next time
What needs to be done so that you can improve next time? Is there some specific matter to which you need to give attention, so that you cope better in future? How will you do this?Action Plan
23 Active Learning?Reflective learning is frequently associated with pedagogies variously described as‘active’‘experiential’‘enquiry-based’ or‘problem-based’ and‘learner-centred’Students are not seen principally as passive recipients of ‘teaching’ (through listening to lectures, for example), but as active stakeholders in a complex process of learning where they set, and repeatedly reframe, both questions and answers.
24 Kolb’s Experiential Learning Cycle
Concrete ExperienceReflective ObservationAbstract Conceptualis-ationActive Experiment-ation
25 Reflection in action: draw on tacit knowledge to reflect on behavior as it happens, so as to optimize the way you address immediate issues or problemsReflection on action: reflecting after the event, to review, analyze, and evaluate the situation, so as to gain insight for improved practice in futureLadders of reflections: action, and reflection on action make a ladder. Every action is followed by reflection and every reflection is followed by action in a recursive manner Schön, 1983
26 Where do we do it? In the classroom In the library In the lab At home
In a coffee shopIn the fieldOn the train or bus.The text can be produced using pen and paper, a computer keyboard or a smartphone.
27 Types of reflective writing
Stories or narrativeA piece of textProduced in a single sessionIlluminating an event or incident and the student’s associated perspectives upon itLike a piece of fiction, the story will usually have a beginning, a middle, and an end, and a set of charactersFrom a couple of paragraphs upwards, it can include reflection on events recently experienced, or upon something significant that took place some time beforeA structure, and an approximate word length, is normally suggested by the tutor
28 Types of reflective writing
Learning Journals or Learning ‘Logs’Often produced longhand in a notebook over a period of months at irregular intervals, but entries usually written within a day or two of the eventMaterial collected at various times and after specific experiences such as lectures, practical exercises, placements, projects or group activitiesInformal learning such as discussions with friends outside a formal academic setting, television programmes, books read, or internet browsing, might also feature. The journal or log may be relatively loosely structured, and may not be intended to be seen by othersAt longer intervals authors may reflect on the implications for future action
29 Types of reflective writing
Learning DiariesMore structured writings than learning logs, with frequent entries made over a period such as a few days or weeks, with timesMight be specific, for example addressing a new challenge such as improving laboratory technique, considering a crucial chapter in a book, or mastering a specific mathematical conceptEach day’s entry might address the six headings suggested by Gibbs, ending with a reflection concerning specific future actionsCould explore the impact of an ‘intervention’, such as a new way of approaching learning, using the diary as a record of what is essentially a personal experiment
30 Types of reflective writing
Personal Development Planning and reflective writingMany Higher Education Institutions require their students to produce or maintain a progress file or portfolioCommonly, these include reflective writings, alongside ‘evidence’ such as marked assignments, or returned examination scripts, and similarPortfolios are usually assessed, sometimes by the student’s personal tutor, often on a pass-fail basis rather than by the award of a numerical gradeStudents may maintain these portfolios throughout their course of study, and take them away afterwards to use when applying for jobs
31 Types of reflective writing
Tweets, Blogs and PodcastsHave been triedWho is the audience?Are the length and immediacy appropriate?Some research suggests that deep reflection is not a particular outcome, though better engagement with the tutor, and enjoyment of the course may be
32 Activity THREE: Thesis title selection
33 Make it easier by…. Explaining the purpose Giving the background
Choosing the settingSetting the ground rulesStructuring the writingClarifying the expectationsGiving formative feedbackAssessing if appropriate
34 Assessing reflective writing
Assessing for formative purposes – developing the studentFormative assessment is more appropriateWhere fellow students (perhaps formatively) or tutors (either formatively or summatively) are giving immediate responses, responsible and thoughtful feedback must obviously be encouragedAssessing for checking on the student’s progress, or grading themA more technical exercise?Summative assessment is appropriateCare should be taken to express feedback so that it is the text, rather than the person, that is the subject of the critique
35 Hargreaves on legitimate assessment
There are three valid types of narrative. Valedictory narratives tell stories of an obstacle overcome. Condemnatory narratives demonstrate a crisis followed by poor decisions and consequent guilt or anger, whereas redemptive ones allow for expression of inappropriate behaviour or beliefs, so long as these lead to improvements in subsequent practiceAll other types of reflection, including expression of unacceptable beliefs or values, poor socialisation into the relevant discipline and so on) are ‘illegitimate’Assessment of the academic practice itself (the laboratory experiment, the design process, the field notebook, the essay) must be separated from assessment of the reflective writing. ‘Good’ reflection can be recognised, but not directly at the expense of failure to demonstrate competence in the core science
36 Now to evaluate the workshop
37 Thank you!
Types of reflective writing assignments
Learning diary: similar to a journal, but may require group participation. The diary then becomes a place for you to communicate in writing with other group members.
Log book: often used in disciplines based on experimental work, such as science. You note down or 'log' what you have done. A log gives you an accurate record of a process and helps you reflect on past actions and make better decisions for future actions.
Reflective note: often used in law. A reflective note encourages you to think about your personal reaction to a legal issue raised in a course.
Essay diary: can take the form of an annotated bibliography (where you examine sources of evidence you might include in your essay) and a critique (where you reflect on your own writing and research processes).
Peer review: usually involves students showing their work to their peers for feedback.
Self-assessment: requires you to to comment on your own work.
Some examples of reflective writing
Social Science fieldwork report (methods section)
[3] I found the notetaking process itself helpful, as it ensured that I listened carefully and decoded information. Not all the information I recorded was relevant, but noting what I found informative contributed to my ability to form an overview on re-reading. However, the reliability of jotted notes alone can be questionable. For example, the notes were not a direct transcription of what the subjects said but consisted of pertinent or interesting information.
Rarely did I have time to transcribe a direct quotation, so relied on my own fairly rapid paraphrasing, which risks changing the meaning. Some technical information was difficult to note down accurately [3] . A tape recorder would have been a better, more accurate method. However, one student brought a tape recorder and was asked to switch it off by a participant who was uneasy about her comments being directly recorded. It seems that subjects feel differently about being recorded or photographed (as opposed to observers taking notes), so specific consent should be sought before using these technologies [4] .
1. Description/ explanation of method.
2. Includes discipline-specific language
3. Critical evaluation of method
4. Conclusion and recommendation based on the writer's experience
Engineering Design Report
Question: Discuss at least two things you learnt or discovered – for example about design, or working in groups or the physical world – through participating in the Impromptu Design activities.
Firstly, the most obvious thing that I discovered was the advantage of working as part of a group [1] . I learned that good teamwork is the key to success in design activities when time and resources are limited. As everyone had their own point of view, many different ideas could be produced and I found the energy of group participation made me feel more energetic about contributing something [2] .
Secondly I discovered that even the simplest things on earth could be turned into something amazing if we put enough creativity and effort into working on them [1] . With the Impromptu Design activities [3] we used some simple materials such as straws, string, and balloons, but were still able to create some 'cool stuff' [4] . I learned that every design has its weaknesses and strengths and working with a group can help discover what they are. We challenged each other's preconceptions about what would and would not work. We could also see the reality of the way changing a design actually affected its performance.
1. Addresses the assignment question
2. Reflects on direct experiences
3. Direct reference to the course activity
4. The style is relatively informal, yet still uses full sentences.
5. Relating what was learnt.
Learning Journal (weekly reflection)
Last week's lecture presented the idea that science is the most powerful form of evidence [1] . My position as a student studying both physics and law makes this an important issue for me [2] and one I was thinking about while watching the 'The New Inventors' television program last Tuesday [3] . The two 'inventors' (an odd name considering that, as Smith (2002) says, nobody thinks of things in a vacuum) were accompanied by their marketing people. The conversations were quite contrived, but also funny and enlightening. I realised that the marketing people used a certain form of evidence to persuade the viewers (us?) of the value of the inventions [4] . To them, this value was determined solely by whether something could be bought or sold—in other words, whether something was 'marketable'. In contrast, the inventors seemed quite shy and reluctant to use anything more than technical language, almost as if this was the only evidence required – as if no further explanation was needed.
This difference forced me to reflect on the aims of this course—how communication skills are not generic, but differ according to time and place. Like in the 'Research Methodology' textbook discussed in the first lecture, these communication skills are the result of a form of triangulation, [5] which I have made into the following diagram:
1. Description of topic encountered in the course
2. The author's voice is clear
3. Introduces 'everyday' life experience
5. Makes an explicit link between 'everyday' life and the topic
Brookfield, S 1987, Developing critical thinkers: challenging adults to explore alternative ways of thinking and acting, Open University Press, Milton Keynes.
Mezirow, J 1990, Fostering critical reflection in adulthood: a guide to transformative and emancipatory learning, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
Schön, DA 1987, Educating the reflective practitioner, Jossey-Bass. San Francisco.
The Learning Centre thanks the students who permitted us to feature examples of their writing.
Prepared by The Learning Centre, The University of New South Wales © 2008. This guide may be distributed or adapted for educational purposes. Full and proper acknowledgement is required. Email: learningcentre@unsw.edu.au
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From Our Print Archives
New Techniques in Neonatal Ventilation
Volume-targeted ventilation can be a powerful tool in preventing neonatal lung injury
Vol. 20 • Issue 3 • Page 14
Ventilation Today
Editors's Note: This is part one of a two-part article. Part two will discuss pressure-targeted ventilation strategies.
For more than a quarter of a century, neonatal respiratory failure was treated with mechanical ventilation using time-cycled, pressure-limited intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV). A series of technological developments, including the advent of microprocessor-based mechanical ventilation, has greatly expanded the realm of ventilation for even the smallest of preterm infants. Over the last decade, neonatologists have begun using volume-targeted ventilation. Strategies employing volume-targeted mechanical ventilation are increasing in popularity.
Pressure-targeted ventilation delivers a volume of gas at a fixed peak pressure set by the clinician. The volume of gas reaching the lungs is a function of pulmonary compliance, and to a lesser extent, resistance. At the same pressure, less gas will reach the lungs when compliance is poor. At the onset of inspiration, there is a rapid acceleration of gas flow resulting in peak pressure and maximum tidal volume occurring early in inspiration.
In contrast, volume-targeted breaths provide a continuous flow of gas throughout inspiration, producing the characteristic "square wave" of flow vs. time. Peak pressure and volume delivery occur at the end of inspiration, resulting in slower and more uniform inflation of the lung. (See Figure.) The pressure is varied to deliver the desired volume of gas. An example of the value of volume-targeting is seen following surfactant administration, where lung compliance changes rapidly.
Archive Image
In pressure-targeting, as compliance improves, tidal volume may increase rapidly if the clinician is not mindful to adjust the peak
inspiratory pressure. With volume-targeting, as compliance improves, the peak inspiratory pressure is automatically weaned to maintain consistent tidal volume delivery. This appears to decrease volutrauma and thoracic air leaks.1
True volume-targeted ventilation is difficult to achieve in the newborn because cuffed endotracheal tubes are not used. Some degree of leak will occur around the endotracheal tube. Most of this occurs during inspiration. When the lungs are stiff, there may also be significant compressible volume loss within the ventilator circuit. Thus, it is mandatory to measure the delivered gas volume as close to the airway as possible.
Volume-targeted modes
Similarities exist between pressure-targeted and volume-targeted ventilation. Both can be provided as IMV, synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV), alone or with pressure support ventilation (PSV) or assist control (A/C). A/C is generally recommended for acute illness, while SIMV/PSV is recommended during weaning. Targeted tidal volumes for neonates < 1000 g are between 4 and 7 mL/kg and for neonates >1000g, 5 to 8 mL/kg.2 Verification of appropriate tidal volume delivery can be done by observing pulmonary mechanics on real-time graphic monitoring, an essential component of present day mechanical ventilators.
Hybrid volume-targeted ventilation
In addition to traditional volume-targeting, there are several hybrid forms of volume-targeted ventilation, which aim to combine the benefits of both pressure and volume-targeted ventilation. These vary by manufacturer and device.
• Volume-guarantee (VG) ventilation functions like pressure-limited ventilation, but it allows the clinician to select a target tidal volume and to limit the peak inspiratory pressure. It does this by measuring the exhaled tidal volume of the previous breath and adjusting pressure on the subsequent breath to meet the set volume. It does not utilize a square flow waveform, however.3
Archive Image
Figure: Pressure and flow vs. time for volume-targeted ventilation
• Pressure-regulated volume control (PRVC) ventilation offers a variable flow rate of pressure-control ventilation with volume targeting. In this modality, like VG, the clinician sets the target tidal volume and maximum peak inspiratory pressure. The biggest difference between the two is that PRVC uses test breaths to calculate compliance then uses the lowest possible pressure to achieve the desired tidal volume.1
• Volume-assured pressure support (VAPS) differs from VG and PRVC in that it makes an intra-breath adjustment to assure that the patient receives at least a minimum tidal volume. The neonate initiates a breath, and the ventilator determines if the desired tidal volume is met.
Based upon this measurement, VAPS either terminates the breath (as a pressure support breath) or transitions it to a volume-targeted breath by prolonging inspiration, increasing inspiratory pressure, or doing both, creating a square flow waveform.1
• Volume-support (VS) ventilation is weaning modality in spontaneously breathing neonates with adequate respiratory drive. VS increases pressure delivered in a stepwise fashion until the set tidal volume is achieved.1
• Pressure augmentation (PA) is similar to VAPS, but differs in that it ensures a minimum tidal volume by augmenting the neonate's breath with increased flow and does not limit the maximum tidal volume.1
Limitations of volume-targeted ventilation
One drawback of volume-targeting is related to the use of uncuffed endotracheal tubes. Because most of the leak occurs during inspiration, differences between measured inspiratory and expiratory tidal volumes will occur and can be confusing to inexperienced clinicians. During volume-targeted ventilation, the inspiratory time is set by the flow rate. If set too low, there may be excessive hysteresis on the pressure-volume loop and a prolonged inspiratory time. If set too high, the inspiratory time may be too short to deliver the desired tidal volume, leading to air hunger. Use of an inspiratory hold can alleviate this.2
Clinical evidence
The Cochrane Collaboration published recently a systematic review comparing volume-targeted (VTV) to pressure-limited (PLV) ventilation. The investigators extensively evaluated the literature and ultimately found 12 trials that met criteria to include in their analysis. While no differences in mortality were found, there was a 27 percent reduction in the risk of death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (defined as supplemental oxygen requirement at 36 weeks gestation) with volume-targeted ventilation. Additionally, the review found that VTV decreased incidence of pneumothorax, hypocarbia, duration of ventilation, and even neurologic injury (severe intraventricular hemorrhage or periventricular leukomalacia). Lastly, no differences were apparent in long-term neurologic outcomes (although only two studies evaluated this).4
The review concluded that the use of VTV should no longer be considered investigational. Indeed, there were clearly demonstrated benefits of VTV compared to PLV with no evidence of harm. VTV offers new choices to clinicians and enhanced benefits to babies. It even appears preferable in certain clinical circumstances, especially those characterized by changing lung compliance.
1. Donn S, Boon W. Mechanical ventilation of the neonate: should we target volume or pressure? Respiratory Care. 2009. 54(9):1236-43.
2. Donn S, Sinha S. Manual of Neonatal Respiratory Care. 2006, Mosby-Elsevier: Philadelphia. 206-209.
3. Keszler M, Abubakar K. Volume guarantee ventilation. Clinics in perinatology. 2007. 34(1):107-16.
4. Wheeler K, et al. Volume-targeted versus pressure-limited ventilation in the neonate. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2010(11):1-84.
Stephen W. Patrick, MD, MPH, is a post-doctoral fellow in neonatal-perinatal medicine at C.S. Mott Children's Hospital and a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholar at the University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor. Steven M. Donn, MD, FAAP, is a professor of pediatrics at the University of Michigan Medical School and a member of the division of neonatal-perinatal medicine at C.S. Mott Children's Hospital.
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sábado, 7 de junio de 2014
Horrible bosses
I'm sharing a lesson I created for adult students to work on the difference between the present perfect and the simple past in the context of work. Throughout this class, ss will identify the structures, understand their use and recognize it, classify it and finally, put it into practice in a practical way.
Warm up: Take a look at the picture. What's probably happening? What grammar point do they use to express their ideas? Why? How are they formed?
Activity 2: Take a look at this presentation and classify the expressions in finished time (simple past) or unfinished time (present perfect).
Activity 3: Watch the movie and choose the correct alternative.
Activity 4 (optional): Choose one of the three situations and describe what the problem is.
Closure: They didn't actually kill their bosses; however, they got them to resign and as a consequence, there are three vacancies. Decide on one of the positions and send a letter following the model below. Here are some examples to apply the use of present perfect and simple past.
Present Perfect
Simple Past
I have....all my life
I have had many jobs
I have taken many courses along my life...
I graduated...
I started working...
I left my last job because...
Here's a model that can help you write your letter.
Dear (Mr./MS.) _____________,
Identify the position for which you are applying, tell how you heard about the opening (newspaper, contact person, etc.), and explain why you are writing (would you like to be considered for the position? has your academic and / or employment background prepared you for this position?).
Present your qualifications for the job. These qualilifications will probably be a combination of your education and your work experience. Show how each of these has prepared you for the field that you want to enter. You might want to mention current or previous employment, specific courses that you took, aspects of jobs or internships that you had and so on. Finally, make reference to your enclosed resume.
You may wish to reiterate your interest in the position. Indicate your willingness to come in for an interview. Include your phone number and the best time to call you. Finally, close with a positive statement.
(Sign your name)
Your typed name
Here's a worksheet you may use.
How would you implement technology in this lesson?
2 comentarios:
1. Hello guys! You have made superb efforts to make this post. This is great thanks Grammarly reviews
2. Thanks Angel!
It's hello guy though. This is one man's job ;)
Stay tuned, |
Students academic performance
Assuming students will retain only one quarter of the benefit they realize each year, brookings institute economists jacob and rockoff “conservatively” estimate an increase in academic achievement of 0175 standard deviations on average, over the course of a student’s middle and high school career, with effects for disadvantaged students. By examining the three possible paths of estimating academic performance, the strongest path is the home environment which affects the learning skills and ultimately learning skills lead to affect. Smartphones’ effects on academic performance of higher learning students smartphones on academic performance of higher has been conducted to find out why the academic performance of students are degrading (or becoming poor) day to day so the nature of this research is exploratory one because it tries to explore the reasons. The data revealed that, according to the students surveyed, playing sports, watching television, and participating in community service improves academic performance, while playing a musical instrument does not improve academic performance.
School management for enhanced students’ academic performance to be realized (253 words) keywords: management strategies , improved academic performance, secondary schools, embu north district. Stress and academic performance veena n 1 , shailaja shastri 2 abstract the study was undertaken to identify the sources of stress among students of high and low academic performance thequestionnaire was administered on 656 pure science and applied academic performance the students’ marks on final examination (based on theory. Further, dr sian beilock, psychologist, points out that her research indicates that stressful academic situations impact the performance of students if stress is not managed properly, it can prevent students from successfully achieving their academic goals.
Factors affecting academic performance of undergraduate students at uganda christian university by conceptual framework of the factors affecting academic performance 11 11 abstract this study was designed to investigate the factors affecting academic performance of undergraduate students of uganda christian university (ucu) emphasis. The students provided data about their academic performance for the academic years 2010–2013, ie eight semesters, in which they attended college two semesters make up one academic year eg semester 1 and 2 would be the 2010 academic year. The world bank group works in every major area of development we provide a wide array of financial products and technical assistance, and we help countries share and apply innovative knowledge and solutions to the challenges they face. Health and academic achievement deicits of speciic nutrients (ie, vitamins a, b6, b12, c, folate, iron, zinc, and calcium) are associated with lower grades and higher rates of absenteeism and tardiness among students.
Given the fact that the factors affecting the academic performance of students can be viewed as complex and multidimensional (jama et al 2008), it is therefore to be expected that pre-enrolment. 1 introduction students academic gain and learning performance is affected by numerous factor including gender, age, teaching faculty, students schooling, father/guardian social economic status, residential area of students, medium of instructions in schools, tuition trend, daily study hour and accommodation as hostelries or day scholar. Student status and academic performance: student status and academic performance: aaaan nn n aaaapproach of the pproach of the qqqquality uality uality determinants of udeterminants of udeterminants of university niversity niversity sssstudies in greecetudies in greecetudies in greece. Factors affecting students’ academic performance irfan mushtaq shabana nawaz khan 1 abstract - many practical studies are carried out to. Factors affecting students’ performance a case of private colleges syed tahir hijazi 1 and smm introduction measuring of academic performance of students is challenging since student performance is product of socio-economic, psychological and environmental factors for the last 20 years, education in pakistan is growing as a profitable.
This will assist education community to predict student academic performance and identifying the students before their grades begin to fall (kamauru, 2000) lumsden (1994) has investigated which passion to learn seems to shrink as children grow. Practices and student academic performance by applying multilevel modeling to the 1996 national assessment of educational progress in mathematics the study finds that the effects of. Dependent variable of the model is students ï academic performance and the independent variables (predictors) are privacy problems, time appropriateness, and duration, nature of usage, networking and addiction as indicated by the r square, the predictors explain 505% of variation in students academic performance. Academic performance all students are required to maintain a satisfactory academic record and meet the obligations of the courses in which they are enrolled failure to do so will be dealt with as the faculty and its designated boards shall determine.
• The definition of academic performance extends to achievement outside the classroom some of the brightest students don’t earn straight as but are extremely well-rounded, succeeding at everything from music to athletics.
• What is the meaning of academic performance written by scottk | translated by ehow contributor most people know that academic performance generally refers to how well a student is accomplishing his or her tasks and studies, but there are quite a number of factors that determine the level and quality of students' academic performance.
The home environment also affects the academic performance of students educated parents can provide such an environment that suits best for academic success of their children. Students’ academic performance based on the f indings recommendations were made on the need to affectionate and intensified campaigns for awareness creation on the menace of child. Academic performance focused on students in the developed world it is against this background that it has become necessary to conduct this research aimed at investigating students’ use of social media sites and their. Investigation into the factors that might influence students’ academic performance in high schools may contribute to enhancing students’ learning abilities in upper secondary education as well as helping them to pursue their higher education easily.
Students academic performance
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Terrorism refers to the illegitimate use of violence or intimidation to advance a group's interests. Examples include detonating explosives in public places, taking hostages, or assassinating politicians. Central to the concept of terrorism is that its objective is primarily ideological. Terrorists typically do not employ violence to gain wealth but rather to bring attention to political causes.
Because the term terrorism hinges on a distinction between legitimate and illegitimate use of violence, controversy often accompanies its use. For example, governments routinely use force to advance their interests, but do not characterize their actions as instances of terrorism. The bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Building in Oklahoma City is readily identified as a terrorist act because it was undertaken by a very small group of individuals and not an entire government. Yet much more violent attacks directed against large cities during World War II are not characterized as acts of terrorism. Within a single conflict use of the term "terrorist" in news reports can reveal the political sympathies of the broadcaster or the government that released information about the attack. For example, in the American press violent events undertaken by Palestinians are far more likely to be characterized as acts of terrorism than equally or more violent actions taken by the Israeli military. This political component became very clear in the United States during the Reagan administration, which aided the Contra rebels who were waging a campaign of violence against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua. Officials in the American government characterized the Contras as "freedom fighters" while supporters of the Sandinistas portrayed them as terrorists.
The use of violence by small groups to advance their interests is not a twenty-first-century development. The term terrorism first appeared during the French Revolution and the Jacobin Reign of Terror. Similarly, many other words associated with terrorism (i.e., thug, assassin, and zealot ) derive from groups alleged to have used violence and death to advance their political objectives.
Historically terrorism is thought to have passed through several distinct stages, from its origin among religious groups fighting to defend or advance their organization's beliefs, to secular groups, whose objectives were clearly political. Traced by some historians to the French Revolution, this process of the secularization of terrorism continued throughout the twentieth century. Modern technology's ability to expand the audience for violent actions is thought by some analysts to have fueled terrorism's appeal, making nations with a free press particularly susceptible to the quest for media coverage. Twentieth- and twenty-first-century accounts of terrorism argue that it may have moved into a new period, as new technology allows small groups of individuals the ability to wield tremendous destructive power, and permits even faster coverage of that destruction to a wide audience, as evidenced by the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001. Experts warn that such attacks are not limited to religiously motivated groups but can also include assaults stemming from personal grudges or psychopathological conditions.
In contrast to individual acts of violence, the use of terrorism by small political organizations is thought to serve several functions: (1) It makes the group committing the terrorist act appear large and powerful, thus intimidating outsiders and boosting morale of the terrorist group's members; (2) it reveals the vulnerability of the target, whose apparent strength is thereby placed in doubt and whose authority may become undermined; (3) it can eliminate opposition; (4) it may start a chain reaction of assaults undertaken by sympathetic political groups; and (5) it cements the terrorists to the organization because individuals who commit acts of terror cannot leave the organization very easily.
The impact of media coverage of terrorist acts is mixed. On the one hand, most Americans greatly overestimate the threat of terrorism, probably due to media coverage of the subject. In fact, the chances of being killed in an automobile accident are more than one hundred times higher than the chance of being killed by a terrorist action while overseas. On the other hand, sustained terrorist attacks can produce a backlash against the perpetrator's cause, as occurred in 1999 when bombings of Moscow apartment buildings increased the hostility of Russian citizens toward Chechens, who were thought to be responsible for the blasts.
Attempts to combat terrorism include use of metal detectors and dogs at locales thought to be likely targets for attack. While these methods are effective at reducing the frequency of terrorist acts, it appears impossible to protect targets completely against determined terrorists. Ironically, methods to offset terrorism exaggerate the public's perception of threat and thus advance one of terrorism's main objectives.
See also: Death Squads ; Terrorist Attacks on America
Crenshaw, Martha. "The Logic of Terrorism." In Walter Reich ed., Origins of Terrorism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Fleming, Dan B., and Arnold Schuetz. "Terrorism, Assassination, and Political Torture." In Daniel Leviton ed., Horrendous Death, Health, and Well-Being. New York: Hemisphere Publishing, 1991.
Laqueur, Walter. The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Laqueur, Walter. Terrorism. Boston: Little, Brown, 1977.
Shurkin, Joel. "Modern Terrorists Are 'Anemic.'" Stanford Observer, 6 February 1988, 1ff.
Stern, Jessica. The Ultimate Terrorists. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Stohl, Michael. The Politics of Terrorism. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1983.
Also read article about Terrorism from Wikipedia
User Contributions:
Terrorism forum |
How to Cut Plexiglass
When it comes to cutting plexiglass, you need to be extra careful to avoid wastage. You will find that as you cut it, it becomes easy to tear it, and the thinner it is, the more easily it tears. While care and skill play a role in minimizing wastage, the tools you use also play an important role the quality of the finished product. In this article, we are going to look at some of the factors to consider when cutting plexiglass.
Cutting Methods
There are three methods that you can follow when cutting plexiglass. The methods are determined by the thickness of the plexiglass you are cutting. The rule of thumb is to cut thick material by scoring. That will ensure that you will get a clean and straight edge cut. If you are cutting a plexiglass with intermediate thickness, it best to use a saw. The freud saw blades can cut plexiglass, that’s because they have smaller, and closer teeth. The higher number of teeth per inches always gives a smoother cut. On the other hand, if the saw material is extremely thin, then you should use tools used for cutting plastic. Moreover, you should not try to cut the material fast; instead, you should do it slowly.
These methods work because the material is thick enough to bear the mechanical forces exerted on it without cracking. The first step is to use a metal ruler to get a solid edge along the point you many to cut. You then need to get a new blade and draw a line along the edge created by the metal ruler. You then need to repeat the procedure multiple times, until you create a score that’s deep enough. Next, you need to move the plexiglass to the edge of your work-surface and align the scored line positioned over the edge. Finally, you need to firmly hold it down on the work-surface, and then bring your other hand on the overhanging section you want to cut off. The plexiglass will break evenly along that line.
When sawing, use a freud saw with fine blade, and cut the plexiglass while making small angles. Moreover, the saw’s cutting stroke should be the one where you draw it towards you. That will allow you to follow and align it cutting motion in order to get a clean cut. Once you finish cutting, you should make a point of smoothing the edges with a fine emery paper. Using a saw with fewer teeth per inch will make it hard to get a finely cut edge.
Cutting Tool
If the plexiglass is too flexible for you to cut or saw, your option is to use a handheld rotary tool that also has a cut-off wheel. To make the cut, you should clamp the work-piece on a working surface and leave some space beneath the surface you intend to cut. Next, switch on your cutting tool, and maintain its speed to between 10,000 rpm to 15,000 rpm. That will provide you with a cleaner and straight cut. Here is miter saw buying guide to find the best type of a tool for this. Once done, you should fine-grit it using a rotary tool.
We hope that you found this article to be informative, and you will have a great time working on your plexiglass.
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Borrowing From Math Class
special thanks to @bencallahan for the shot!
A review of code samples and ideas from my talk ‘Borrowing from Math Class’ given at Front End Design Conference, in St. Petersburg, FL, April 2017.
The purpose of the code exercises below are to illustrate how we move from discrete solutions that rely on the combination of code and data, and move towards a more generic solution that relies on higher level functions to remove the code/data coupling.
In order to provide context, the code exercise I propose is to implement multiplication using only addition. That is to say that you have a calculator with only an add button and you want to implement a multiplication button.
A discrete solution
If we think about the operation of multiplication, it is simply the additive combination of groups of the same number. So for example `3 x 3 = 9` because we are adding three sets of three (represented here 3 sets of 3).
||| + ||| + |||
The first step is to see if we can write a function that can take a number and repeatedly add itself. We could define a triple function like so.
triple = (x) => x + x + x;
triple(3) // 9
Parts of a function
This is a side note to the content I provided in the talk but I realize in retrospect it might be nice to define the taxonomy of a function. For the function triple above we have several parts:
• The ‘variable’ triple that will for the life of the program be available to use. In some languages this would also be called a reference, or a symbol. It is a reference that is bound to the code on the right side of the equals sign.
• The equals sign = is the assignment operation in JavaScript.
• The argument signature (in this case (x)) describes the argument list that the function depends on to work. It is often described as the parameters of the function.
• The function body x + x + x is the unit of work that will use the function parameters to return a new value from the result of the operations in the unit body.
• The semicolon, in this case, represents the end of the statement.
Type signatures
In many functional languages we would also include a type signature to describe the types of data that can be used by the function. In this case we intend to supply an integer x to the function, but it also can work for floats, and even strings, since the `+` function can be applied to string types in javascript.
“e” + “d” + “f” // ‘edf’
So while the use case we have for triple should be defined as
triple :: Number -> Number
A function takes a number and returns a number, it should be more generically described like:
// triple :: a -> a
Which can be thought of as a function that takes any generic type `a` and returns a new `a` of the same type.
We now have a solution. However, if we want to produce a function to quadruple a value then we must create a new ‘unique function’; but one that borrows most of its code from the triple function.
// quadruple :: a -> a
quadruple = (x) => x + x + x + x;
extra credit, we could define the function like this as well:
quadruple = (x) => x + triple(x);
Towards a more generic solution
Going back to the first solution, what we realize, is that the implementation of quadruple and triple are nearly identical, it is only the number of `x`s in the function body that differ. The applied function (addition) does not change. When we see that pattern emerge, it should inform us that what we have is ‘data’ encoded in our program. So we can look at the above function and realize it contains three pieces of information, the input (`x`), the function (+), and the number of iterations we apply the function to `x`. So it would be nice if we could have an API for our new function that would allow us to abstract the process of the triple function to something like:
// addMultiple : Number -> Number -> Number
/* addMultiple intentionally not defined here */
// triple :: Number -> Number
triple = addMultiple(3)
// and the use it like
triple(3) // 9
The type signature
Number -> Number -> Number
explains that we want to provide a Number (representing the number of times we are going to recursively add), and then another number to be recursively added, and finally return a number that is the result of the function execution. `triple` is the concrete solution of how we might use our abstract function to define a use case.
More Math
We can also leverage known theorems in mathematics to help in our quest. The Fundamental theorem of arithmetic explains that:
every positive integer has a single unique prime factorization.
In practice what this means is that we can take any positive divisible integer and describe it in terms of its set of unique non-divisible (prime) numbers. For example, if we want to describe the process of multiplying the number 3 by 40, eg `3 x 40`. We could define 40 in terms of its unique set of primes:
40 = 20 * 2
2 is a prime number, so we can add it to the list of primes, and then move to recursively identify the prime factors of 20.
[2] // list of primes
20 = 10 * 2
[2,2] // add 2 to the list of primes
10 = 5 * 2
[2,2,2,5] // the complete list of primes that describes 40
2 * 2 * 2 * 5 // 40 (try it out if you don’t believe me)
We can then apply the multiplicative factor of 3 to that number set to arrive at the product of `3 x 40` which is 120.
3 * 5 * 2 * 2 * 2 = 120
Another way to describe this is to say that we can take the input from one piece of the product and use it to feed into the next product, feeding the result of one evaluation to the next prime factor, for example:
5 * 3 = 15
2 * 15 = 30
2 * 30 = 60
2 * 60 = 120
Now we can see that if we had just two functions, a doubling function `d`, and a quintuple function `q`, we could solve the ‘times 40` problem.
// d :: a -> a
d = (a) => a + a ;
// q :: a -> a
q = (x) => x + x + x + x + x;
and then we can describe `times40` as:
// times40 :: a -> a
times40 = (x) => d(d(d(q(x))));
Now we are relying on the composition of functions that are based on the prime factors of the desired number. We still have a code/data coupling problem. This function body `d(d(d(q(x))))` must exist. We have no way to ‘get rid’ of that code yet and so this function is only valid for the specific use case of multiplying by 40. But again we see there is a pattern of execution there that seems like we could have some abstraction for that would work for more than one specific solution.
Function composition
It turns out, that there is an abstraction that is readily available in functional programming to help us in this goal. You might recall from high school algebra the idea of function composition. you might have seen it in the style of:
f(x) = 2 * x
g(x) = 5 * x
x’ = f(g(x))
What is the value of x’ when x is 3.
g(3) = 15
f(15) = 30
x’ = 30
In math we would describe this as functional composition and the shorthand notation for the above would be to say that
x’ = f • g
and would be read “x prime is equal to f of g”. Our function to multiply by 40 can be redefined in terms of composition of the ‘d’ and ‘q’ methods above
d • d • d • q
Read “d of d of d of q”.
In most functional languages, compose is a core concept, and most languages will have some notion of compose as a core function available. For the purposes of this article, I am relying on a functional utility library that provides some of these concepts directly for the JavaScript language. We could redefine our times40 method in terms of R.compose.
R = require(‘ramda’);
// times40 :: a -> a
times40 = R.compose(d, d, d, q);
It should be no surprise that compose in functional programming land ‘borrows’ directly from the mathematical definition. That is to say that the arguments to the compose function adhere to the same positional ordinance as the mathematical definition. The function `q` is the right most argument and is the first applied, rather than how we might anticipate based on other positional arrangements we are used to dealing with in other parts of computing. Eg, with arrays, the first position is the left most value. Operations like ‘pipe’, or ‘chain’ are usually applied left to right, and since many people are exposed first functional programming though data structure manipulation, the notion of chaining is also done left to right:
[1,2,3].map(x => x + 1).reduce((acc, i) => acc + i, 0) // 9
Add Multiple
Returning to our idea of addMultiple, we can use another type of functional composition. Let us review what we’d want our final API to look like:
// triple :: Number -> Number
triple = addMultiple(3);
// and the use it like
triple(3) // 9
And to review the type signature.
addMultiple :: Number -> Number -> Number
Given our desired API, what returns from addMultiple is a function, so, lets start by doing that.
addMultiple = (a)=> (b)=> 9;
This would now work for `triple` because I’m hard coding 9 as a result, but the pattern now fits the use case. I am returning a function that will accept one more argument `b`, and then return the result. In order to make the internal method a little nicer I am going to write a method up front that I can use as a helper:
The function composition I am going to use in this case builds on what we learned with composition above, but we will do it in a more subtle way using recursion. Recession relies on two or more primary cases. They are often referred to as boundary conditions. The boundary conditions typically determine when to recur, and when to stop and return a value. In the domain of addMultiple what might make sense is to ‘count down’ the number of times we’ve added multiple and end when we are at zero. For instance:
addMultiple(3, 3)
addMultiple(2, 3)
addMultiple(1, 3)
addMultiple(0, 3) // return 9
The other typical strategy in recursion is to pass the value you are building along with the signature. A possible function might look like this then:
// _addMultiple (Number -> Number -> Number -> Number
_addMultiple = (a,b,res=0)=> 9
By default the result value starts as 0, but we can supply that value in our recursive calls as necessary to a pass a value along. The next step is to define the edge conditions that will stop the recursive call, in this case, it is when `a` is 0.
_addMultiple = (a,b,res=0)=> if (a === 0) { return res } ;
And then we can safely add the recursion.
_addMultiple = (a,b,res=0)=> {
if( a === 0 ) {
return res;
} else {
return _addMultiple( — a, b, b + res );
We are sorta cheating here by using subtraction to decrement, so lets redefine the recursive call using our `add` helper function.
if(a === 0 ) {
return res;
} else {
return _addMultiple( add(-1, a), b, add(b, res) );
finally we can wrap this up in another function such that the internals of our function are closed over:
// addMultiple :: Number -> Number -> Number
addMultiple = function(a) {
var _addMultiple = (a,b,res=0)=> {
if( a === 0 ) {
return res;
} else {
// return a function waiting to apply b
return (b)=> _addMultiple( a, b );
And now we have an implementation of our addMultiple function that could be used to implement triple. The astute reader will realize this is not a complete arithmetic solution. The astute comp. sci. major will also notify me that this could blow the stack since javascript does not support TCO yet. You may also realize at this point that you could actually rename addMultiple to multiply and in fact, the ramda library I introduced earlier has an API compliant multiply function.
R = require(ramda);
triple = R.multiply(3);
triple(3) // 9
R.multiply(3,3) // 9
Concluding remarks
Given that Ramda provides us a multiply function with the desired API I describe is no coincidence. That library provides us the functions we want without the hard coded function bodies; and now we can define our time40 function like so.
times40 = R.multiply(40);
or to follow up on other ideas:
d = R.multiply(2);
q = R.multiply(5);
What I hope you walk away with is a deeper understanding of why we desire to remove the code/data coupling. This coupling binds our use case in the realm of discrete solutions. By understanding the underlying patterns in our code, and then abstracting these to data provided to the function, we start to move towards more unifying solutions. This is just one important idea exposed by ‘thinking functionally’ but I hope it has been useful.
I’d like to extend a special thanks to Fuelixir and access.mobile. Two organizations that make it possible to think about the things I like to think about. And also Front End Design Conference, for the opportunity to speak! |
Italy Opens the World's First Museum of Poop
Sometimes, the title really does say it all. The casual museum goer who finds themself in the small town of Castelbosco, Italy, just south of Milan, may see nothing amiss when happening upon the historic villa housing the Museo della Merda. Unless they speak Italian, in which case they would quickly notice that its translation of ‘The Museum of Shit.’
Literal shit, that is. The Museo della Merda is a living testament to the numerous ways in which poop has affected humanity. In their own words, they aim to provide “information on excrement in culture, technology, and history. Few phenomena are so rich in material and conceptual complexity as the culture history of excrement.”
Aside from a working history of defecation, the museum will pinpoint the variety of ways that excrement is a sustainable substance, benefitting ecological circumstances through both human and animal waste in the use of fertilizers, recycling, and even construction.
The museum will include a variety of documents and artifacts pertaining to defecation through centuries of human history. Whether or not visitors will walk away learning “what a useful and living substance shit really is,” is beside the point. In how many other places will you be able to look at a centuries old turd?
Visit Museo della Merda’s website here
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Overpopulation In China
Contributing Factors, Consequences and Solutions of Overpopulation
erin mcmanus
on 9 January 2013
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Transcript of Overpopulation In China
photo credit Nasa / Goddard Space Flight Center / Reto Stöckli Contributing Factors, Consequences and Solutions Overpopulation In China The Causes of Overpopulation There are various contributing factors to
overpopulation. These factors vary and range
depending on demographic location, climate,
economy ect... Consequences of Overpopulation Urbanization Solutions to Overpopulation China's One Child Policy
Development The World Is Stepping Up! China's One Child Policy Implemented in 1979
National level of attempt to combat overpopulation
Had been revised since 1979 to prohibit sex-selective abortion and sex discrimination of infants
There are several penalties for not following the One Child Policy Increased Birth Rate Fertility treatments available today create a better chance of conceiving. They are able to help eliminate infertility problems and promote the expansion of population In developed countries such as America pregnancies are safer resulting in healthy born children. However, in developing countries where the medical system is not as advanced as ours due to the economy safe births are not as common. The higher the chance of losing children, the more children a family will attempt to have. This can lead to larger family sizes. However, what might not be prevalent knowledge to these nations is that 63% of pregnancies result in live births and 1/3 of the population growth is from unwanted pregnancies. Decreased Death Rate Medical advances have resulted in the treatment of many once "incurable" diseases. There are more effective ways to decrease the spread of epidemics and treat critical health ailments. Lack of Education Developing nations such as India and Africa lack the funds to attend educational institutions. It is this lack of education that leads to a lesser understanding for the need to curb the population growth. The less educated societies (developing nations) lack the awareness that developed nations such as America have on methods such as birth control and family planning Lack of awareness assists in the resistance of such methods However, with that being said some in 200 million women wanting birth control cannot receive it due to factors such as culture, religion or economy. Cultural Influences Cultural factors play a key role in determining population growth depending on location In cultures such as India and Africa where contraceptives are considered either taboo or unheard of large families and considered the norm. Chinese cultures prefer male children which causes families to continuously birth children until the desired sex is obtained Immigration/Emigration When individuals and families relocate to other places of the world it results in various consequences If the immigration to emigration rates do not match that country will experience an increased population density People inhabiting this area will note a scarcity of natural resources. This leads to a large strain on the Earth, negatively effecting not only the said country but other regions of the world A population increase data manager concluded that in 1996 in China the population rose by the following : 10,566,667 a month 24,384,006 a week 34, 835 a day 1,451 an hour 24 a minute As of 2012 China withheld the largest population in the world at roughly 1,343,239,923 Cultures much like the Indian one give women very little say in the matter. Young women are being forced into marriage at a young age, therefore they begin to birth children for a longer period of time. -dramatic increase in global migration, travel, investment and information flows-between cities. -new and advanced technology -cities are places of so much opportunity -they offer advantage in the world: chances to secure greater income, organize political rights, benefit from education and social services, to meet other entrepreneurs or gain competitive position in a market -cities, offer urban advantage Bangalore -old city where textile production, commerce, and residential activities were clustered efficiently together -19th century: military cantonment, which joined barracks, housing for officers, military grounds, and later military research/production -20th, century: city developed specialized industrial townships -By 2000, Bangalore had 760 firms offering IT training alone China -lured to the cities in search of a better living -Special Economic Zones (SEZ) -resemble the westernized commercial cities -SEZs have acquired an influence that extends far beyond their own boundaries Modern Changes In China 1949 served as a new era of environmental change for citizens of China. Economic growth became a priority. The government was convincing citizens to view natural resources as free goods that are to be exploited without limits. This put the land under immense pressure. With the natural resources being used explicitly the average family land plot has begun to decrease. It is 0.078 (under one fifth of an acre) and even smaller in densely populated areas of eastern China. Certain cultures and religions support pro-life and anti abortion. These decisions result in a larger amount on unwanted pregnancies becoming live births History of China Environment -decreasing the capacity of natural ecosystems to regenerate or maintain renewable resources/the function of these ecosystems Think about this... -fossil fuel combustion produces the acidity to which we owe acid rain -many urge that we switch to clean renewable energy sources -technology temporarily changes as solar and wind sources replace some of the fossil fuel combustion -simultaneous increase in population size quickly reaches the limits of new available technology, forcing a change back to fossil fuels Resources -nearly 60% of the world population is malnourished -increasing density and movement of human populations facilitate the spread of diseases -as human populations continue to increase, more fresh water will be required for consumption by people, crops and livestock Political Stress -countries that are environmentally stressed, overpopulated, or both are at risk of becoming politically stressed, and of seeing their government collapse -when people are desperate and undernourished, they blame their government, which they see as responsible for failing to solve their problems -they try to emigrate, they start civil wars, they kill one another Leslieville, Toronto -city started rebuilding itself: small film, recording, and art studios rented old brick warehouses -young professionals and artisans purchased and renovated neighborhood homes -film and media companies could articulate unique economic advantages gained from clustering -as society evolves, so do communities and the businesses that define them (Brugmann, 2009.) (Brugmann, 2009) (Brugmann, 2009) (Cavendish, 2002) (Brugmann, 2009) (Balkin, 2005) Birth Control for women.
Working Women Education If it effectively curbs population growth:
Decrease the population of China to 1/8th of current population in the next 4 generations.
Has decreased fertility rate from 5.8 children/woman in the 1970s to 1.8 children/woman in 2007. The Good In the 1960's China had a population of 667 million. Between the late 1950's and early 1960's death rates rapidly increased and birth rates decreased.
For a short period of time, the population declined. Unwanted children/Infanticide -usually female due to the cultural tradition of males being favoured.
Violations of human rights (ie. forced abortions, mistreatment of female infants, etc.)
The gender gap is increasing; possibly leading to future problems with there not being enough women. The Bad In 1962 , birth rates and death rates returned to normal as food production developed again.
Between 1966 and 1976 the communist party took over china.
China still follows the One-Child Policy today, since it was introduced in 1979. International Aid
Improved Healthcare Development It is estimated that by 2020, there will be 40 million Chinese men that are unable to marry. This may lead to kidnapping and trafficking of women in China. The government may plan to draft these single men into the army to avoid social unrest (Clark, Wallace 92) (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/2827473/Chinas-military-ambition-fuels-Asian-arms-race.html (Clark, Wilson 92) Women Interestingly enough, due to the massive gender gap, female children have become more valued by parents.
There is much intention to improve the education of women and encourage them to join the workforce.
Women's equality policies (Clark, Wilson 92) (Clark, Wilson 90) (Clark, Wilson 91) (Clark, Wilson 92) (Clark, Wilson 92) Since 2002, wealthy couples within cities are beginning to have more children. They are willing to pay the resulting fine. (Clark, Wilson 91) "Overpopulation is a global challenge... yet there is no guarantee that addressing these quality-of-living issues will solve the population
problem" North America: It is expected that in 2100 population of developed countries will drop by more than 50% to barely 600 million. (Espejo 10-11) Residents of southern cities are better off than in any other area of china. The food source is more plentiful and varied due to a favorable climate and vibrant market. Residents of the south are more likely than others to continue procreating because of their bountiful resources and location. The addition of more members to this community will only begin to create a larger strain on the environment and result in diminishing resources (Oak, Manali. 2012) (Oak, Manali. 2012) (Oak, Manali. 2012) (Oak, Manali. 2012) (Oak, Manali. 2012) In 2004 the United Nations conducted a survey of 169 counties, 151 of which were developing to assess the progress they were making in attempts to solve the overpopulation problem. This review provided the countries that were not doing their part a wake up call so they could accelerate actions. 96% have taken measures to improve education 99% have adopted measures to protect women's rights and empower women economically and politically 88% have taken measures to integrate reproductive health service components into the health care system 88% have taken action to provide access to birth control for adolescents Where is the Population Core Headed? Japan, Australia and New Zealand: Will begin to stabilize at around 150 million before declining to 70 million. Most of drop will occur in Japan due to lower fertility rate Europe/Russia: Europe’s population has already started to decline slightly. Predicted population to be 290 million by 2100 -growing population means less space for plants and animals, and more for human infrastructure (Clark, Wallace. 09) (China Statistical Yearbook; National Bureau of Statistics) (Economy Watch. 2010) (Clark, Wallace. 09) The world's population increases by 2.5 people per second. In 2050 the worlds population will be 9.1 billion and china and india will account for half of that (Clark, Wilson 91) http://onechildpolicymemorializationeffort.blogspot.ca/ -decomposition of soil organic matter will accelerate the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere -people may rely more on air conditioning, thereby burning more fossil fuels and emitting more carbon dioxide (Brugmann, 2009) (Brugmann, 2009) -forest species, weakened by a degradation of a suitable environment, become more vulnerable to other threats. (i.e. fish weakened by radiation are more easily damaged by thermal pollution than healthy fish -buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is a direct cause of increased surface temperature Today China has a population of
1.3 Billion People (Muriel,Juan Pablo) (International Futures ) (http://static.technorati.com/11/03/27/30183/portrait.chinese.girl.jpg) (https://www.chinabusinessreview.com/public/1110/images/short-takes-4.jpg) (http://www.officialpsds.com/images/thumbs/World-Support-psd52642.png) (http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_o2H52OH-Kdg/TRj4LVAFvzI/AAAAAAAAAno/reBP5ytB5l8/s1600/Screen+shot+2010-12-26+at+4.16.02+PM.png) "Buddhist teachings such as The Middle Way support appropriate family planning when people feel that it would be too much of a burden on themselves or their environment to have more children." Cultural "Family planning was never a private matter; it was a ... social obligation to have more or fewer children as demanded by the common good. Too many children can upset the balance and harmony in society, so sensible planning has been valued part of human sexuality" (Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice) (http://climatecommercial.wordpress.com/2010/08/11/chinas-projected-coal-consumption-growth-implications-for-greenhouse-gas-emissions/) (Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice) (http://www.google.ca/imgres?q=premature+deaths+in+china+from+air+pollution+chart&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=626&tbm=isch&tbnid=Jg69yePPzlq3UM:&imgrefurl=http://www.esds.ac.uk/international/news/pastagenda.asp&docid=JFTWOuaieXNsvM&imgurl=http://www.esds.ac.uk/international/images/china3.gif&w=300&h=208&ei=126QUImBBamqyAHxzoGQCw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=134&vpy=160&dur=44&hovh=166&hovw=240&tx=150&ty=59&sig=105529718172345867914&page=1&tbnh=131&tbnw=191&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,i:66) Taoism & Confucianism (http://www.google.ca/imgres?q=urbanization+in+china&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=626&tbm=isch&tbnid=ZYgWWsGhw5Bw4M:&imgrefurl=http://www.starmass.com/china_review/demographic_data/industrialization_urbanization.htm&docid=qT9ngwiyE3bUeM&imgurl=http://www.starmass.com/china_review/demographic_data/images/small/industrialization_urbanization.jpg&w=550&h=284&ei=HHCQUOeCM8mEyAH49oG4CA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=483&vpy=216&dur=3655&hovh=161&hovw=313&tx=163&ty=93&sig=105529718172345867914&page=1&tbnh=126&tbnw=230&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,i:87) (Clark, Bruce, and John Wallace, 2009) Activity Summary (The State of China Atlas) What Do You Think? Women life expectancy rates are going higher than men, do you think that in the future it is possible for china's sex ratios begin to correct the gender imbalance? Urban & Rural Births per 100 population
between years 1990-1996
Full transcript |
thallium thăl´ēəm [key], metallic chemical element symbol Tl at. no. 81 interval in which at. wt. ranges 204.382–204.385 m.p. 303.5°C b.p. about 1,457°C sp. gr. 11.85 at 20°C valence +1 or +3. Thallium is a soft, malleable, lustrous silver-gray metal with a hexagonal close-packed crystalline structure. A member of Group 13 of the periodic table , it resembles aluminum in its chemical properties. In its physical properties it resembles lead. It forms univalent compounds similar to those of the alkali metals. It tarnishes rapidly in dry air, forming a heavy oxide coating in moist air or water the hydroxide is formed. It dissolves in nitric or sulfuric acid. Thallium is widely distributed in nature, but the only minerals rich in the element are crooksite and lorandite. It is also found in copper pyrites and lead and zinc ores it is recovered during the processing of these ores, the method of recovery depending on the source. Thallium is used in low-melting alloys with other metals and in compounds. Both the metal and its compounds are very poisonous. The sulfide is used as a rat poison and the sulfate as an insecticide. The oxide is used in special highly refractive optical glass. Several compounds are used in photoelectric cells and infrared detectors. Discovered spectroscopically in 1861 by Sir William Crookes, it was isolated independently by Crookes and C. A. Lamy in 1862.
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Dr Michael Schacter
In the case of some people who suffer from eating disorders, they may be suffering from a zinc deficiency. A few years ago, Alex Schauss presented a paper about a number of patients who were suffering from anorexia nervosa. He found that they were zinc-deficient by using a simple test called a zinc taste test. The person takes some zinc sulfate solution in their mouth, and if they describe it as having a bad taste, they usually have sufficient levels of zinc. On the other hand, if they can't taste the solution or if it tastes just like water, then they may have a zinc deficiency, even if their blood levels look fine. Their tissue levels may still be low. Schauss found he had trouble correcting those zinc abnormalities using zinc tablets or capsules, and needed to use liquid zinc because that seemed to be absorbed.
When a person has a zinc deficiency, it's a vicious cycle because the zinc deficiency actually prevents you from being able to absorb it from the capsule and tablet form. If you can overload the system with the zinc liquid for a short period of time, frequently the condition will improve. While I haven't seen many patients in the last couple of years with anorexia nervosa, I have had people with milder loss of appetite, and sometimes excessive appetite, who have had zinc deficiencies. I have been able to rely on this test and administering zinc liquid to vastly improve the condition of these patients.
Breaking Bulimia
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By Gene Blevins
By Gene Blevins
VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, Calif. (Reuters) - A powerful Atlas 5 rocket was poised for liftoff early on Saturday from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, carrying to Mars the first robotic NASA lander designed entirely for exploring the deep interior of the red planet.
The Mars InSight probe was due to blast off from the central California coast at 4:05 a.m. PDT (1105 GMT), creating a luminous predawn spectacle of the first U.S. interplanetary spacecraft to be launched over the Pacific.
The payload will be released about 90 minutes after launch on a 301 million-mile (484 million km) flight to Mars. It is due to reach its destination in six months, landing on a broad, smooth plain close to the planet's equator called the Elysium Planitia.
Once settled, the solar-powered InSight will spend two years - about one Martian year - plumbing the depths of the planet's interior for clues to how Mars took form and, by extension, the origins of the Earth and other rocky planets.
InSight's primary instrument is a French-built seismometer, designed to detect the slightest vibrations from "marsquakes" around the planet. The device, to be placed on the surface by the lander's robot arm, is so sensitive it can measure a seismic wave just one-half the radius of a hydrogen atom.
Scientists expect to see a dozen to 100 marsquakes over the course of the mission, producing data to help them deduce the depth, density and composition of the planet's core, the rocky mantle surrounding it and the outermost layer, the crust.
Meanwhile, a special transmitter on the lander will send radio signals back to Earth, tracking Mars' subtle rotational wobble to reveal the size of the planet's core and possibly whether it remains molten.
(Reporting and writing by Steve Gorman in Los Angeles; Editing by Cynthia Osterman) |
T. Kuhn - The structure of scientific revolutions - Filosofia - 37
T. Kuhn - The structure of scientific revolutions
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T. Kuhn - The structure of scientific revolutions
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direct testimony about that shift. Rather we must look for
indirect and behavioral evidence that the scientist with a new paradigm
sees differently from the way he had seen before.
Let us then return to the data and ask what sorts of transformations
in the scientist’s world the historian who believes in such changes can
discover. Sir William Herschel’s discovery of Uranus provides a first
example and one that closely parallels the anomalous card experiment.
On at least seventeen different occasions between 1690 and 1781, a
number of astronomers, including several of Europe’s most eminent
observers, had seen a star in positions that we now suppose must have
been occupied at the time by Uranus. One of the best observers in this
group had actually seen the star on four successive nights in 1769
without noting the motion that could have suggested another
identification. Herschel, when he first observed the same object twelve
years later, did so with a much improved telescope of his own
manufacture. As a result, he was able to notice an apparent disk-size
that was at least unusual for stars. Something was awry, and he therefore
postponed identification pending further scrutiny. That scrutiny
disclosed Uranus’ motion among the stars, and Herschel therefore
announced that he had seen a new comet! Only several months later,
after fruitless attempts to fit the observed motion to a cometary orbit,
did Lexell suggest that the orbit was probably planetary.4 When that
suggestion was accepted, there were several fewer stars and one more
planet in the world of the professional astronomer. A celestial body that
4 Peter Doig, A Concise History of Astronomy (London, 1950), pp. 115-16.
Vol. II, No. 2
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
had been observed off and on for almost a century was seen differently
after 1781 because, like an anomalous playing card, it could no longer be
fitted to the perceptual categories (star or comet) provided by the
paradigm that had previously prevailed.
The shift of vision that enabled astronomers to see Uranus, the
planet, does not, however, seem to have affected only the perception of
that previously observed object. Its consequences were more far-
reaching. Probably, though the evidence is equivocal, the minor
paradigm change forced by Herschel helped to prepare astronomers for
the rapid discovery, after 1801, of the numerous minor planets or
asteroids. Because of their small size, these did not display the
anomalous magnification that had alerted Herschel. Nevertheless,
astronomers prepared to find additional planets were able, with
standard instruments, to identify twenty of them in the first fifty years
of the nineteenth century.5 The history of astronomy provides many
other examples of paradigm-induced changes in scientific perception,
some of them even less equivocal. Can it conceivably be an accident, for
example, that Western astronomers first saw change in the previously
immutable heavens during the half-century after Copernicus’ new
paradigm was first proposed? The Chinese, whose cosmological beliefs
did not preclude celestial change, had recorded the appearance of many
new stars in the heavens at a much earlier date. Also, even without the
aid of a telescope, the Chinese had systematically recorded the
appearance of sunspots centuries before these were seen by Galileo and
his contemporaries.6 Nor were sunspots and a new star the only
examples of celestial change to emerge in the heavens of Western
astronomy immediately after Copernicus. Using traditional instruments,
some as simple as a piece of thread, late sixteenth-century astronomers
repeatedly discovered that comets wandered at will through the space
previously reserved for the
5 Rudolph Wolf, Geschichte der Astronomie (Munich, 1877), pp. 513-15, 683-93.
Notice particularly how difficult Wolf’s account makes it to explain these
discoveries as a consequence of Bode’s Law.
6 Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China, III (Cambridge, 1959), 423-
29, 434-36.
Vol. II, No. 2
Revolutions as Changes of World View
immutable planets and stars.7 The very ease and rapidity with which
astronomers saw new things when looking at old objects with old
instruments may make us wish to say that, after Copernicus,
responded as though that were the case.
The preceding examples are selected from astronomy because reports
of celestial observation are frequently delivered in a vocabulary
consisting of relatively pure observation terms. Only in such reports can
we hope to find anything like a full parallelism between the observations
of scientists and those of the psychologist’s experimental subjects. But
we need not insist on so full a parallelism, and we have much to gain by
relaxing our standard. If we can be content with the everyday use of the
verb ‘to see,’ we may quickly recognize that we have already
encountered many other examples of the shifts in scientific perception
that accompany paradigm change. The extended use of ‘perception’ and
of ‘seeing’ will shortly require explicit defense, but let me first illustrate
its application in practice.
Look again for a moment at two of our previous examples from the
history of electricity. During the seventeenth century, when their
research was guided by one or another effluvium theory, electricians
repeatedly saw chaff particles rebound from, or fall off, the electrified
bodies that had attracted them. At least that is what seventeenth-
century observers said they saw, and we have no more reason to doubt
their reports of perception than our own. Placed before the same
apparatus, a modern observer would see electrostatic repulsion (rather
than mechanical or gravitational rebounding), but historically, with one
universally ignored exception, electrostatic repulsion was not seen as
such until Hauksbee’s large-scale apparatus had greatly magnified its
effects. Repulsion after contact electrification was, however, only one of
many new repulsive effects that Hauksbee saw. Through his researches,
rather as in a gestalt switch, repulsion suddenly became the
fundamental manifestation of electrification, and it was then attraction
that needed to be ex-
7 T. S. Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1957), pp. 206-9.
Vol. II, No. 2
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
plained.8 The electrical phenomena visible in the early eighteenth
century were both subtler and more varied than those seen by observers
in the seventeenth century. Or again, after the assimilation of Franklin’s
paradigm, the electrician looking at a Leyden jar saw something
different from what he had seen before. The device had become a
condenser, for which neither the jar shape nor glass was required.
Instead, the two conducting coatings—one of which had been no part of
the original device-emerged to prominence. As both written discussions
and pictorial representations gradually attest, two metal plates with a
non-conductor between them had become the prototype for the class.9
Simultaneously, other inductive effects received new descriptions, and
still others were noted for the first time.
Shifts of this sort are not restricted to astronomy and electricity. We
have already remarked some of the similar transformations of vision
that can be drawn from the history of chemistry. Lavoisier, we said, saw
oxygen where Priestley had seen de-phlogisticated air and where others
had seen nothing at all. In learning to see oxygen, however, Lavoisier
also had to change his view of many other more familiar substances. He
had, for example, to see a compound ore where Priestley and his
contemporaries had seen an elementary earth, and there were |
Classroom Decor, Stickers & Awards
Improve your vocabulary with the use of dictionaries from Collins and Merriam-Webster. You will find a wide range of dictionaries in languages from American, British, and Canadian English to French, German, and Spanish. Select dictionaries specifically for children that include pictures that go along with each word to help them with bilingual classwork or just learn a new language.
Improve Your Vocabulary
Dictionaries allow you to discover the meanings of unknown words you read in books or newspapers and also help you improve your vocabulary by providing alternate meanings to commonly used words. Choose Oxford editions that include the most common meaning first and alternate definitions after to improve your word usage. Select volumes that also include a thesaurus to discover frequently used synonyms and antonyms of each word.
Learn a New Language
Whether you're learning a new language or you're already bilingual, dictionaries help you improve your word usage in languages that are less familiar or unfamiliar to your native tongue. Select foreign language dictionaries specifically for beginners that are designed to support learning. Choose electronic dictionaries that not only give you access to the meanings behind words but also pronounce words for you so that you can learn to speak more naturally in that language.
Simple Referencing
In addition to dictionaries that provide meanings and usage, you can also find reference volumes that help you conjugate verbs in other languages as well as discover synonyms and antonyms. Children's dictionaries allow for pictorial learning of both English words and foreign words, making it easy for kids to pick up a new language. Find dictionaries that denote the difference in words when used in American, British, and Canadian English to help you when preparing academic papers or business proposals. |
How can I form my child into a responsible human being?
I hear many parent complaints of their children acting entitled, “running the roost,” and being disrespectful. Some parents blame their children, while others blame themselves. Studies show that there is blame on both sides, combined with a cultural movement in today’s society. We live in a world of instant gratification that pacifies negative emotions. We avoid consequences and struggle to accept responsibility. These unfortunate circumstances have led to many children adopting an attitude of entitlement.
Given that bleak reality, what can we do? From Innocence to Entitlement: A Love and Logic Cure for the Tragedy of Entitlement by Jim Fay and Dawn Billings is a book devoted to this question. From this book, I will highlight three concrete and practical techniques parents can implement.
To help prevent attitudes of entitlement, we must focus on supporting our children, being present when they struggle, and guiding them in the right direction when confronted with difficult situations.
1. If necessary, adjust the outlook on our role as a parent. Do you serve your children in a way that teaches them you owe them your subservience? Do you steer away from disciplining? Set boundaries and then take them back? Do you placate your children’s negative emotions? If the answer to any of these is “yes” then we may need to change the definition of “parent.” A parent is first and foremost a model of behavior to our children. If we serve our children, we teach reliance on others as opposed to independence. If we don’t discipline our children they won’t learn right from wrong, or that their actions have consequences. If we don’t allow our children to experience, and work through, emotions such as sadness and anger, they won’t be able to handle those emotions later in life. Because, real life can be challenging, right? To help prevent attitudes of entitlement, we must focus on supporting our children, being present when they struggle, and guiding them in the right direction when confronted with difficult situations. It may feel impossible at the time of a tantrum, not to just give in, or even embarrassing. However, a little suffering now for the best right reasons are better now than when they are teenagers, running wild.
1. Increase our children’s emotional intelligence. Being emotionally intelligent is having the ability to gain insight into and understanding our emotions, process and accept them, and ultimately control them. We have to understand that we are not helping our children when we dismiss or pacify their emotions. If a child has never experienced and properly processed disappointment, anger, fear, and the like, what will happen when they are in college and get a “C” on a paper, or are criticized at work? How will they handle the disappointment and irritation if they didn’t learn how to deal with it when they were younger? When we avoid reprimanding bad behaviors for fear of a child’s reaction, we are delaying an inevitable reality: negative emotions are a part of life. If we can help our children learn more about their emotions, then we are setting them up to be resilient toward them. For guidance for how to do this see John Gottman’s Raising an Emotionally Intelligent Child.
1. Implement Love and Logic Techniques. The basic premise of Love and Logic is allowing for natural consequences to occur after a child has made a behavioral choice. The book encourages parents to enforce consequences to correct ill behavior in a loving way. Implementing these techniques provides a platform to move away from entitlement. Children can begin to understand that you are not their servant. With your guidance they learn about self-esteem, respect, and hard work. They are set up for success in handling their emotions and being kind to others.
Ultimately, we must realize that entitlement does not disappear on its own. As parents, we have to be proactive in dissipating it in our children. By taking the above steps, and looking further into research such as recommended books here, we can feel more empowered to tackle this difficult task and that empowerment to tackle such a task is important! |
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Byzantine Influences on Islamic Architecture
Published: Thu, 14 Jun 2018
The current definition of globalization incorporates the significant idealism that one’s culture supersedes that of another, regardless of any potential beneficial amalgamation. Throughout history, the idea of conquer, and more directly, the annihilation of governmental bodies and social stratification has led to the exponential growth of social resources. It is therefore, through the inclusion these alternate, yet significant diversities that growth has been most efficiently affected. One significant assimilation was that of the Byzantine architecture into the future construction of Islamic magnates. While the disintegration of Byzantine society cannot be entirely accredited to the work of the Islamic forces, it is through constant attempts at occupation and tireless warfare, coupled with the foresight of Islamic leadership to reintegrate many of the highly effective design maxims into their architecture, that the structures that remain today occupy such religious indemnification among followers. Truly, the Byzantine influence in not only early, but modern Islamic architecture has shaped not only the ceiling of religious piety, but the ideology of a charismatic and well-preserved religious force.
Byzantine Architecture
The Byzantine Empire itself may easily be defined as a cultural melting pot, or more definitively, the globalized integration of religious and cultural views, centralized around one spectacular city: Constantinople. It is through the re-integration of revitalized world views that throughout the rein of this Empire, substantial cultural and societal gains were enacted. These gains include the remarkable architectural advances which greatly influenced the future surrounding areas and reverent incorporation of byzantine architectural masterpieces into their framework. Not to be excluded, the Roman and Greek influences within Byzantine architecture engineered significant structures, so inspiring and well defined that they would become structural affecters even to this day. Most notably, the advances towards structural engineering as well as iconography would influence religious societies for many future generations.
The definitive Byzantine structure may be characterized by a uniquely architectured high dome, including theological depictions ornately carved which often represented the religious icons of the era. The re-definition of the church foundation which occurred during this timeframe eliminated the reliance on a boxed structure with four walls and incorporated structurally definitive six to eight cornered buildings which would also serve to support the dome itself. Additionally, and especially integral to future Islamic interpretation, the use of Corinthinan capitals, or remaining Roman text carved into stone and placed within the structure of the building for aesthetic purposes, would determine future scriptural formations and lettering on the outside of mosques and buildings.
While the Byzantine’s themselves were primarily Christian, and especially during the first ruler’s reign, persecuted non-christian residents, often to the death, the influence that their architecture, as well as their cultural devotion would have on future Islamic nations is highly visible in many of their structures. Timely in it’s historical prescedence, the life of Mohammed would drastically influence this empire, as Muslim forces gained strength and began to attack southern Byzantine territories. “Byzantine energies focused almost entirely to the east and to the south. The western countries, the Europe that Byzantium at one time looked to for their identity and history, began to steadily fade from their horizon.”[1] In spite of the Islamic forces, Byzantine architecture represents the preservation of Roman influence which continues to affect building design to this day.
Islamic Interpretation
The integration of Byzantine architecture into Islamic religious structures continues to affect modern building design in this region of the world. One of the similarities between the Byzantine (Christian Majority) and Islamic societies was the lack of iconographic interpretations. Both religions severely preached the elimination of religions depictions through idolatry or stone iconography. In this format, the singular representation of religious devotion would come form the incorporation of religious words and text that would line the walls or pillars in this mosque. Additionally, the minimization of exterior flourish would encourage entrance into the spiritual dwelling. The influence of this technique of exterior minimalization, while re-defined interior actualization would greatly affect modern construction. “The multitude of decorative treatments of surfaces in Islamic architecture, the use of almost every conceivable technique and the development of a rich repertory of designs — from geometric to abstract shapes to full-scale floral patterns, from minutely executed inscriptions in a full variety of calligraphic styles to the monumental single words that serve as both religious images and decoration — is without parallel in the architecture of the non-Muslim world.”[2] Reverence beneath ornately decorated structures would encourage religious piety, and incorporate the devotion of the follower through his affectation from the surrounding architecture.
Further notable incorporations of Byzantine architecture include the utilization of mosaic forms, the amalgamation of colorful tile or stone to represent an image with religious significance, the high dome structure supported by multiple pillars or bases, and an extensive palate pastel and complementary colors which would flood the interior of the structure itself. In spite of the mediated exterior flair, the re-introduction of color and style into the interior of the structures themselves can be much attributed to Byzantium influence.
Utilizing marble and mosaic, coupled with centuries of preservation, the Mosque of Damascus was effectively created as a second Mecca, or identified within the Islamic religion as a powerful venue of absolute worship. The unique history of this structure incorporates the identification with the Byzantine ruling religion, as “after the Islamic conquest of Damascus in 661, during the reign of the first Umayyad caliph Mu’awiya Ibn Abi Sufyan, the Muslims shared the church with the Christians. The Muslims prayed in the eastern section of the ancient temple structure and the Christians in the western side.”[3] The Byzantines, a predominately Christian society, were willing to share this area of significance with the Islamic followers due to the highly divine identification which was incumbent within the location to both cultures. This diversification of venue, paired with the influence of Byzantine architects, led the caliph to construct a building which has endured calamity while edifying the necessity of piety through the ornate calligraphical representations and integration of inspiring color and mosaic.
Additionally, the multiple pillared structure, as well as many arches and octagonal foundation clearly represents significant influence from the Byzantine era to the Islamic interpretation. Articles from the Koran have been requisitioned to the support structures of the domed ceiling as devotees may kneel and raise their eyes to remember the sacred text above them. There is a distinct lack of man or animalistic influence, as the iconography is specifically relegated to the religious features non-idolatrated. Finally, the amazing mosaic which surrounds the entire building, coupled with the engraved marble offers direct insight into the influence of Byzantine predecessors.
Example 2: Dome of the Rock
Currently, one of the most important structures in Islamic religion, the Dome of the Rock, represents a venue of extreme importance and, venerated by the Muslims, it is where the prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven.”[4] This simple belief has served as an instrumental catapult for many different wars and battles which evolved around the structure and location of the site. Essentially, this is a monumental domed structure created by Abdul Malik ibn Marwan in approximately 685 AD. The Byzantine influence may be immediately recognized through the multiple arches, the pillars inscribed with Koranic text, and the mosaic colorization which highlights both the exterior and interior of this remarkable structure. Additionally, the layout featuring extensive foundation and lack of religious iconography represents the direct Roman influence on the Byzantine architects. In fact, this structure continues to be represented, not as an Islamic specific creation, but as a mimic to a most remarkable work in Syria known as the Cathedral of Bosra, created during a time of Roman rule.[5] And, as previously identified, it was through Roman integration and inspiration that the transcendence of architecture framed the Byzantine empire.
Easily identified through didactic calligraphy, spectacular mosaic, and highly inspirational domed structures, the Islamic identification with Byzantine influence has offered society a unique example of cultural assimilation without full scale disintegration. Representatively, the Roman influence throughout the globe has offered some of the most remarkable architectural features, including dam and aqueduct construction, in addition to modern buildings and bridges. Through tri-cultural amalgamation, the Islamic Caliphs were able to integrate the most effective traits of this Byzantine interpretation and redirect those features into their own religious facilities. The bright colored, highly regimented structures remain today as a reminder of necessitated devotion for followers; they are the essential proponents of spiritual migration, and the constant belligerent behavior surrounding their maintenance offers unique perspective into a cultural clash regarding the choice of architectural foundation. The beauty and multi-cultural integration of these structures and architecture, however, is ultimately essential to preserve, as the historical implications of pre-capitalist globalization offers direct insight into the highly devout nature of mankind’s spiritual and cultural plight, the effect of which has far reaching determinations into the future.
Kuban, Dogan. Moslem Religious Architecture: Development of Religious Architecture in Later Periods. New York, NY: Brill Academic Publishers, 1997.
[2] http://islamicart.com/main/architecture/intro.html
[3] http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=7161
[4] http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/israel/jerusalem.html
[5] Dogan Kuban, Moslem Religious Architecture, Brill Academic Publishers, 1997, p. 17
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More from UK Essays |
Moral Culture
Thirdly there is a "legalistic society in which the ruler because he lacks the moral authority resorts to various laws to govern his people, who in turn obey because they fear the retribution that the violation of these laws will bring. Under these circumstances, the ruler loses touch with his people.
Even a ruthless robber, coming upon an innocent child about to fall into a well, will try to save the child, forgetting for moment, his intention to rob the house. This good nature becomes obscured or completely lost by greed for money and power.
Confucius said,
Therefore, people who surround the virtuous person, naturally will act for the betterment of society.
Confucius defined humanity in the following ways:
A. To love people, especially one's parents.
D. To have unbending desire to accomplish what is right regardless of how insignificant, the result may initially seem when compared to the amount of effort put forth.
E. To value others' honor before your own.
F. To put others' freedom, before your own.
G. To implement humanity he said one should:
3) Demonstrate sincerity with whole heartedness to others at all times.
Tae Kong Mang (12th century BC) said;
The ability to feel ashamed of unjust acts and to do one's duty to others. Mencius said; "for the ordinary person life and death are the most important in the life. However, for virtuous person to live and die for righteousness is far more important than life and death themselves."
Righteousness is well defined in the act of a certain army general depicted in the book of "War Manuel" written about 2,400 years ago.
Unlike animals fighting over food, a courteous man would offer another man a piece of bread even though both we re starving, out of respect and good manners.
Confucius said, "propriety must be practiced for the proper development of personality, and whoever lacks sincerity in his words, cannot be considered a gentleman."
He also said:
"Frankness without courtesy can be rather ruthless."
"Respectfulness without courtesy can make the recipient rather uncomfortable."
"Courageousness without courtesy can be rather Violent."
ii How, then, can man discover his own human nature?
A. Man may occupy two positions in a life time
In this manner a man will gain respect and set good examples for others to follow. Without proper guidance, a person can easily fall victim, to the temptations of personal power and wealth, employing unethical means to further his ambitions. Ultimately such a person will become a tyrant, or a dictator and an enemy of the people.
Generous person has no enemy
B. Greed is Insatiable
C. Be humble
D. Self-criticism
No one is wise from the moment of birth. As human beings we have many faults and are prone to make mistakes. However, once having acquired knowledge we learn to correct these shortcomings.
1) Have I neglected others' requests because of selfishness
2) Have I behaved with a sincere attitude towards friends
3) Have I inspired others with certainty, while being uncertain myself
4) Have I neglected to practice virtue
5) Have I erred in my studies
6) Have I avoided acting with righteousness
7) Have I corrected myself immediately upon realizing my fault
Lofty virtue is like a deep valley.
E. Be Soft
Because light is formless and soft, it can illuminate and give warmth to even hidden corners. As water can assume any shape or form, it can better serve the living things that need to survive. Once water becomes a part of the ocean, even the largest ship is like a mere leaf, and its awesome fury when aroused can conquer the tallest mountain.
F. Respect of elders
G. Respect the rights of others
To criticize someone who is better, to covet other's possessions and to steal the merits of others are the marks of an unscrupulous man. Mother Nature does make claims to her domain, yet all creatures within it acknowledge her eternal accomplishments. To help others develop and succeed in life is a reward in itself and has a true value only if nothing is expected in return.
H. Be just
I. Be frugal
Since ancient times, excessive luxury and pleasure caused the downfall of many kings and nations without exception and history is full of such examples. Persons in leadership in particular must learn to be frugal and live moderately. As the old adage goes "if the water is muddy upstream so it will be downstream."
The sweet wine you drink from the glittering cups
Flows from the tears of people who toil
The tender meat which fills the dishes of jades is torn from
their aching flesh
Merrier you laugh, sadder they will weep
Louder you sing, more plaintive
their lament.
J. Be discreet
In every thing he does, a person must not be impulsive or reckless but be patient and thoughtful. "He who acts without thinking at least three times, will later regret his action," warns an old proverb.
K. Know true happiness
Lao-Tzu pointed out that nature was based upon harmony contrasts. For example, the universe was made up of two forces, Yin (female) and Yang (male). Other contrasts were hard and soft, long and short, night and day, solid and empty, cold and warm, big small, beautiful and ugly.
1. Healthy parents and harmony within the family.
2. To live with pride and honor through correct behavior.
3. To educate the young to become upright and useful members of society.
L. Let your actions speak for yourself.
Even the ablest orator is apt to err if given to verbiage. A closed mouth can save fish from the hook as well as stay secrets from the enemy. To speak only what is meaningful is a sign of a cultivated person. People talk mostly to brag about themselves or to gain advantage over others.
Educate the Young to produce heroic leaders
Movement in tranquility
M. Develop peace of mind
N. Be firm of mind
O. Be devoted
Broad and deep Ki (Spirit)
Way is right in front of you.
Absolute sincerity moves the heavens
Most Taekwon-Do masters and instructors are more apt to put emphasis on this aspect of training rather than some of the more sensational training guides of running over rocky seashores, beating the fists against pebbles or thrusting them into boiling water, attempting to stop a bird in mid-flight, and so forth.
Whole life is devoted to Taekwon-Do
There are also a number of obligations the serious student must fulfill, and the following steps have been taken by each Taekwon-Do school under the International Taekwon-Do Federation to maintain the high standards of instructors and students.
1. A close scrutiny must be made of the mental makeup and background of applicants before their admission to the do jang or school.
2. Orientation to patriotism, obedience, behavior, practices, discipline, and humility must be undertaken.
3. Personal morals, sincerity, as well as techniques should be taken into consideration upon awarding higher ranks.
4. Higher ranks who are found fighting should be punished by the local Taekwon-Do Association.
5. All black belts must register with the local Taekwon-Do Association and International Taekwon-Do Federation.
During training the student should constantly develop mental and physical discipline, and the following activities should be considered an integral part of training.
Patriotism can be gained by travelling to noted or historical areas. An American student once remarked after visiting Gettysburg and the site of General Pickett's famous charge: "The fighting spirit and courage they possessed to attempt to conquer and unconquerable position must have come from a loyalty all officers would like to achieve." Students should seek out there monuments, study and attempt to learn from them.
This form of exercise not only develops important leg muscles, but also nourishes the spirit and promotes a feeling of victory and triumph, as illustrated in the well known Korean poem; "No matter how high the mountain is, it can be compared to a small tomb under the heaven. There is no reason why man cannot succeed if he desires to climb it. All too often, however, one claims it is too high to climb without even making an attempt.
By taking cold showers and baths or exercising on snow-covered ground in bare feet, students build tenacity and pride.
By contributing labor to the community, especially to the poor or disabled, the student learns charity, humility, comradeship, tolerance, and the sense of etiquette.
A high degree of etiquette should be observed by students, both inside and outside do jang. This should be applied by lower ranking students to senior students while training, by higher ranking students to elder students outside of the training hall ( do jang ), and by all students when visiting another do jang. In all cases, emphasis should be placed on correct and proper salutation. It is a form of respect and courtesy in Western as well as Oriental societies.
It is indeed poor taste for a black belt to slight a beginning white belt who might very well be the instructor's senior in both age and station. Students visiting other do jangs, whether they be Taekwon-Do or other martial arts, must pay proper respect and observe the traits of modesty and courtesy at all times.
Man should attempt to dwell in the largest mansion in the world, stand on the correct place and walk on the broadest street.
(Man's most comfortable and secure dwelling is his own virtuous mind. He should always stand on the side of justice and live honestly and fairly). |
Code is one of five primary card types. The other being caster, unit, arms, and idol.
Code cards represent the miracles and mystical phenomena created from the image of mythologies and folklores. By pouring a kind of energy called "Log", a caster can deliver a variety of effects.
Once cast, unlike units, a code card will not remain on the field. When the effect of a code resolves, it is discarded (although, some of them may have exceptions).
Physical CharacteristicEdit
Code example
The following is the description of a code card's physical characteristic used to help you identifying them easily.
1. The cluster of the card
2. Code's effect (if there are two or more, select only one to use)
3. Card's name
4. The type of the card (in this case, it's "code")
5. The log-cost required to cast the card
6. Speed grade (see Speed Card)
7. Deck construction condition
8. Sub-Effect
9. Card's flavor text
10. Illustrator's name
11. The card's collector's number and rarity
Note that number 9~11 currently do not affect the game in any way. |
An analysis of the characteristics of three tragic heroes in phaedra by jean racine
Another such device was a crane, the mechanewhich served to hoist a god or goddess on stage when they were supposed to arrive flying. All actors were male and wore masks. The influence of Seneca was particularly strong in its humanist tragedy.
This event was frequently a brutal murder of some sort, an act of violence which could not be effectively portrayed visually, but an action of which the other characters must see the effects in order for it to have meaning and emotional resonance. The earliest tragedies to employ purely classical themes are the Achilles written before by Antonio Loschi of Vicenza c.
In the s, the European university setting and especially, from on, the Jesuit colleges became host to a Neo-Latin theatre in Latin written by scholars. His plays, with their ghosts, lyrical passages and rhetorical oratory, brought a concentration on rhetoric and language over dramatic action to many humanist tragedies.
Roman fresco in Pompeii. Both were completed by early and are based on classical Greek models, Rosmunda on the Hecuba of Euripidesand Oreste on the Iphigenia in Tauris of the same author; like Sophonisba, they are in Italian and in blank unrhymed hendecasyllables. Senecan tragedies explore ideas of revengethe occult, the supernatural, suicide, blood and gore.
Performances were apparently open to all citizens, including women, but evidence is scant. Though the gods rarely appear in these plays, ghosts and witches abound.
They dwell on detailed accounts of horrible deeds and contain long reflective soliloquies. Although these three Italian plays are often cited, separately or together, as being the first regular tragedies in modern times, as well as the earliest substantial works to be written in blank hendecasyllables, they were apparently preceded by two other works in the vernacular: Probably meant to be recited at elite gatherings, they differ from the Greek versions in their long declamatory, narrative accounts of action, their obtrusive moralising, and their bombastic rhetoric.
Renaissance[ edit ] Influence of Greek and Roman[ edit ] Classical Greek drama was largely forgotten in Western Europe from the Middle Ages to the beginning of the 16th century. The presentations took the form of a contest between three playwrights, who presented their works on three successive days.
The Greek tragic authors Sophocles and Euripides would become increasingly important as models by the middle of the 17th century. The most important sources for French tragic theatre in the Renaissance were the example of Seneca and the precepts of Horace and Aristotle and contemporary commentaries by Julius Caesar Scaliger and Lodovico Castelvetroalthough plots were taken from classical authors such as PlutarchSuetoniusetc.Tragedy (from the Greek: τραγῳδία, tragōidia) is a form of drama based on human suffering that invokes an accompanying catharsis or pleasure in audiences.
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Characteristics of meursault in the stranger by albert camus
characteristics of meursault in the stranger by albert camus The stranger by albert camus home / literature / the one of the major points of the stranger isn't meursault suddenly wanting people around—the point is .
The stranger by albert camus the stranger by albert camus is regarded as one of the prominent works belonging to the genre of absurdism meursault of camus . I believe that the characteristics of meursault helped camus to concentrate on the theme of the existence of an inherent meaning of life however, at least in the first part of the stranger, from camus’s description meursault could be classified as falling somewhere on the autism spectrum. Analysis: the outsider by albert camus (previously translated from the french, l’étranger, as the stranger) is albert camus like camus’s, meursault’s . The stranger by albert camus existentialism and the stranger the combination of these characteristics shows that meursault clearly contains all the attributes . Who can read the stranger, one reading on meursault is that he is another person in the view of man, but outside its horizon where did albert camus get the .
The characters of the book, the stranger by albert camus, are meursault, marie, raymond, meursault's mother (referred to as maman), celeste, masson, the chaplain . Absurdist ideas in 'the stranger' conclusion the stranger in ‘the stranger’ by albert camus, camus includes his philosophy of the absurd through the main character meursault. In albert camus’s “the stranger”, the absurdity of life from camus’s eyes are put on display through the main character meursault the sense that the meaning of life is in the human experiences and that things shouldn’t be questioned is the basis of who meursault truly is as a person. In his novel the stranger 1, albert camus gives expression to his philosophy of the absurd the novel is a first-person account of the life of m meursault from the time of his mother's death up to a time evidently just before his execution for the murder of an arab.
The stranger: character analysis by albert camus: free booknotes / lesson plans cliff notes™, cliffs notes™, cliffnotes™, cliffsnotes™ are trademarked properties of the john wiley publishing company. The story of the stranger by albert camus is quite simple monsieur meursault is a simple man, leading a simple, useless life until he makes some new friends and finds himself with someone else’s blood on his hands and his life on the line. Meursault - the protagonist and narrator of the stranger, to whom the novel’s title refers meursault is a detached figure who views and describes much of what occurs around him from a removed position he is emotionally indifferent to others, even to his mother and his lover, marie he also . Meursault, the narrator and main protagonist in albert camus's existentialist novel the stranger, shows many characteristics held to the philosophy of absurdism as the novel begins, meursault.
The stranger quotes (showing 1-30 of 349) “i may not have been sure about what really did interest me, but i was absolutely sure about what didn't” ― albert camus, the stranger. The stranger albert camus buy share buy home perhaps one of the most valuable ways to understand meursault is to quote what camus has said about him . Albert camus wrote the stranger during the existentialist movement, which explains why the main character in the novel, meursault, is characterized as detached and emotionless, two of the aspects of existentialism in meursault, camus creates a character he intends his readers to relate to, because . Analysis: how meursault is indifferent in the stranger, by albert camus although meursault is the title character and narrator of albert camus’ short novel the stranger, he is also a somewhat flat character. Major themes of the stranger include alienation, absurdity, and french colonialism meursault is the titular stranger, a young shipping clerk living in algiers in the 1940s, when it was still a french colony.
Characteristics of meursault in the stranger by albert camus
Albert camus the stranger the stranger by albert camus “so here i leave you, monsieur meursault if you want me for anything, you’ll find me in my office we . The stranger by albert camus home / literature / the stranger meursault's attorney asks whether the man is on trial for killing the arab or for burying his . The stranger/the outsider is a classic by albert camus these characteristics of meursault are the foundation of the novel, which describes his life from his . The stranger study guide contains a biography of albert camus, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.
In albert camus's book the stranger, the existentialist meursault is put on trial for the murder of an arab meursault is ultimately sentenced to death, not for the murder of the arab, but for his atheism, his social apathy and his aversion to the sun. The stranger albert camus buy share buy home literature notes the stranger and besides camus' showing us meursault's physical responses to living, as . In albert camus' novel, the stranger, meursault represents an existentialist character most may believe him to be immoral, and in some cases they are almost correct contrary to that belief, just because meursault is an emotionless silhouette of a man doesn't mean he is immoral or evil. The stranger is a famous novel written by french philosopher albert camus it tells the story of a young algerian man, meursault, whose perception of life, behavioral norms, values, and himself, differ drastically from those shared by common people.
The stranger (1942) by albert camus opens with this now infamous line: mother died today those three simple words are devoid of any of the emotional. The characters in albert camus' ''the stranger,'' with the exception of meursault, belong to their community the stranger by albert camus: characters & quotes the main character of albert . Unlike most editing & proofreading services, we edit for everything: grammar, spelling, punctuation, idea flow, sentence structure, & more get started now.
Characteristics of meursault in the stranger by albert camus
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Soil is a living ecosystem that sustains life
Farmers have the potential to significantly increase the productivity of their farm, and decrease their environmental impact, by implementing practices which improve the health of their soil.
The silver bullet illusion
Sustainability: Preserving our natural resources
To ensure continued food production, we need to ensure natural resources are not depleted. This goal is achieved through sustainable farming practices.
Are you continuously improving your farming practices?
Progress, growth, improvement, development, these are all words that we positively associate with business. I think most people would agree that they want to improve, progress and grow. The big question is, are you actually improving? Are the practices you currently implement contributing to the continuous improvement of your farm?
It’s also about the process
Sustainability is more often about the process, than it is about achieving specific goals and then moving on to something different. There is always room for improvement, and opportunity to become more sustainable.
How do farmers benefit from our research?
Here is a short description of what we do to improve the benefit that farmers derive from our research. There is an example used of a course attended in order to broaden our knowledge.
Watch the Biggs Family tell us why sustainability matters
“As farmers, we are stewards of the land. It is our responsibility to ensure that as caretakers we treat it with respect and leave it in a better condition for future generations” – Bonnen Biggs, Suiderland Farm
Why diversify your pastures?
Multi-species pastures have become a prominent topic over the last few years. Why does everyone make such a big deal about it?
Environmental stewardship is an important pillar of agricultural sustainability
One of the important take away points of the day was that this generation (producers, retailers, consumers) needs to understand and appreciate that they have in their hands the opportunity to ask questions, come up with solutions and create awareness across the world about why stewarding the environment is crucial.
Improving feed energy utlisation: Six years of data in the Tsitsikamma
Energy is imperative to growth and sustenance of all animals, and plays a major role in the production of milk by a dairy cow. |
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Evaporated Cooling - What is it and What it's Good For
Water on Leaf
Evaporative coolers provide an eco-friendly, safe, and healthy way to maintain cooler temperatures in a variety of settings. Below are examples of how effective natural evaporative cooling really is and ways it can be used. Consider how it can contribute to your environment and provide a better atmosphere in commercial and residential settings.
Evaporated cooling is a natural and effective way to cool down. How does it occur? Hyper-Physics studied at Georgia State University explains it like this:
"When the ambient temperature is above body temperature, then radiation, conduction, and convection all transfer heat into the body rather than out. Since there must be a net outward transfer, the only mechanismsleft under these conditions are the evaporation of perspiration from the skin and the evaporative cooling from exhaled moisture."
As part of the physiological regulation of body temperature, the skin will begin to sweat almost precisely at 98.6F and perspiration will increase rapidly with increasing skin temperature. This is a natural cooling mechanism for the human body. Once perspiration increases, an individual must drink water to replace the moisture lost.
Furthermore, it is observed that a higher temperature object, which is in contact with a lower temperature object, will transfer heat to the lower temperature object. The objects will approach the same temperature and, as a result, will maintain a constant temperature. This is why evaporative cooling works. When water evaporates, it takes the heat with it.
Cat bathing
Likewise, the same process occurs in animals.Thermoregulation is an organism's ability to maintain an ideal body temperature when the surrounding temperature is very different. Warm-blooded animals tend to regulate their body temperature by panting, ruffling feathers, and sweating through their paws and the pads on their feet. Some might seek shade while others might lick their fur to cool down. Cats are known for this, as are kangaroos.
Animals change their behavior in order to keep body temperature consistent, especially in extremely hot temperatures. They might sleep in a burrow underground during hot weather and come out in the early morning hours or at night. Some might store fat reserves in one place like a camel and his hump to avoid its insulating effect and some might elongate extremities to conduct body heat into the air.
Evaporated Cooling in Agriculture, Crops, and Animal Care
The US is built on an agricultural foundation and according to Ohio State University, an evaporative cooling pad system is the best way tosustain a plant and animal agricultural environment. In Colonial America, agriculture was the primary source of food and income for 90% of the population.It is the same today, except now we have the technology to achieve better results.
Using only an air cooler, water, a pad, and a pump,evaporative cooling is an inexpensive and effective way to control excessively high ambient temperatures. A typical pad system draws outside air into the room, cycles it through the cooler and over a wet pad to be recycled through the indoor area. Water is continuously circulated over and through the pad cells during operation.
One study posted in ScienceDirect indicates that using evaporated cooling on crops like apples and other fruits prevents sunburn and scorching that can happen when temperatures get too high. Greenhouse grownfoods like pepper, tomato, cucumber, lettuce, herbs and strawberry benefit from moisture rich conditions. Excessive dryness in the greenhouse can thwart productivity significantly.
Cows eating hay
The same kind of cooling benefits dairy farms. Dairyfarmers all over the world, especially in hot regions, like China and Israel, are familiar with the negative impact heat stress has on a cow's performance.
One study shows that in China, the average annual milk production on a dairy farm reaches 6,000 liters per cow. After providing the cows with proper cooling, the lactating productivity improved 5-15% annually.
Evaporative cooling is ideal for holding pens and exitlanes. It's also ideal for reducing heat stress in chickens, llamas, sheep,steer, and dairy cows. It's all natural, so it's environmentally friendly andemits no harmful fluorocarbons.
Cooling pads help maintain animal health during the hot summer months. This is the only commercial cooling available that actually decreases the THI or temperature humidity index.
Horse saying hello
This kind of technology can be sized according to need. There are varieties of air coolers available. If you're an avid gardener, raise animals like horses, dogs, or cats, or simply want to keep your outdoor landscape from burning in the sun, then consider a residential unit. The swamp coolers will effectively cool your home, greenhouse, home garden, barn, stable, kennel or anyother area.
Not only is this an inexpensive way to reduce ambient temperatures, it's energy efficient and non-polluting. It's a safe and healthy solution to animal care and vegetable gardening. Most residential size models are easy to operate and small enough to move from place to place.
Large commercial units are just as efficient and effective, only less mobile than their counterparts. Both ways, natural is better and your plants, crops, animals, and everything in-between will benefit from its cooling power.
Shop OurSelection of Evaporative Coolers
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Clint McKoy
"Man's inability to communicate is a result of his failure to listen effectively."
Innovation, Character, and Culture Pt.2
This post is part 2 of a series on innovation, culture, and character (read part 1). Let's talk a little more about innovation and how it relates to character.
Innovation and character go hand in hand. What is character exactly? Character consists of a person's mental and moral qualities. Innovative people are folks with a certain type of thinking, or rather, a mentality with particular focus and values. The cool thing is, anyone can develop more of an innovative character.
So what does an innovative disposition look like?
An innovative person tends to have these qualities:
• self starter
• "gets things done" mentality
• empathetic
• an ability to forge great relationships
• singular focus on producing great end results
• is not concerned with rules and processes
• sees the big picture
• an innate ability to simplify
• capable of effectively communicating ideas
Where's your focus?
Game-changers possess a certain focus that allows them to accomplish things that others only dream of. They step out and take chances, not because they consider themselves better or more privileged than anyone else, but because they're opportunists. They can't not take the opportunity before them.
Revolutionaries have a beautiful vision in mind and stop at nothing to accomplish that end goal. They are focused on taking any little (or big) thing they have to work with and doing something amazing with it. If even the slightest hint of an opportunity comes along, it will be taken or sleep will be lost.
Inventive folks hardly notice the things that stop most people from moving forward and instead blow past obstacles, hacking their way to something beautiful.
Relationships are key.
Innovative thinkers know that games can't be changed alone! They are empathetic, they truly care for others and are able to engage in a believable, sincere way. People who accomplish extraordinary things don't usually possess all the talents necessary to create the end product. Instead, they hold the vision and are able to call upon the right people with the right talents at the right time. They're able to take all of the needed parts, make them cohesive, and create the right workflow that produces the desired end result. And this is all done by people, fueled by great relationships.
Note that game changers don't get hung up on everyone's opinion about every detail, but they are concerned with the end goal, good relationships, knowing other's strengths, and when to call on that particular person for advice.
Thinking about the end user.
Again, innovative people are empathetic. They are able to forget all of the feature sheets, business requirements, and legal stipulations and put themselves in the shoes of the end user. They're able to envision the ideal experience and then figure out how to make that experience happen in the real world.
Character is king.
Vision, empathy, engaging relationships, and an unwavering focus on the end result while ignoring all of the things that try to stop you along the way. These are all key to possessing an innovative character. And it's not easy. Things and people will get in your way - your focus will be shifted - it will take a lot of work to keep your vision pure. But it is possible!
In part 3, we'll talk about how what an innovative culture looks like and how to get there. |
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