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Root Canals Root Canals Most people have heard of root canals, even if they don’t know exactly what they are. And many people think of them as singularly unpleasant affairs. The truth of the matter is that getting a root canal doesn’t have to be a scary or overwhelming experience. It is a routine procedure used to save a tooth that has suffered severe damage from trauma, disease, infection, or even repeated dental procedures. What is a root canal? To understand a root canal, you first must understand the way your tooth is built. Many people think that a tooth is essentially a solid piece of bone protruding from their gum line. This is not true! The tooth has a hard exterior—the enamel—followed by a softer layer of tissue—called dentin—and then a soft mass of tissue—the pulp—at the very core of the tooth. The pulp is filled with nerve endings, blood vessels, and so on, just as other soft tissue in the body. This is why you can feel pain in a tooth that has been damaged. Sometimes the tooth develops an infection in the pulp, or even an area of dead pulp inside the tooth. Left untreated, this infection can have a number of unpleasant results, including the loss of the tooth. To prevent this from happening, it is sometimes necessary to have a root canal done. When you come to Mabry Dental Care for root canal therapy, we will first anesthetize the area for your comfort. Then, we will drill through a small area of your enamel and dentin, until we are able to access the infected or dead pulp tissue. Using a special tool, we will remove the infected or dead pulp. Then, we will fill in the area with a special compound designed to preserve the tooth. Finally, we will seal the hole in your enamel just as we would if you were getting a filling. Does it hurt? Root canals have gotten a bad reputation. The fact of the matter is, a properly performed root canal will cause no more pain than getting a filling. It takes a little longer, and is more detailed, but it is just as safe and easy. For more information, please contact us!
No water or too much water You are here No water? Or too much water loss? Response to drought depends on forest age March 5, 2018 Agua Salud Young forests adjust more readily. Tropical trees respond to drought differently depending on their ages, according to new research at STRI. The information is critical to understanding how forests respond to the more severe and frequent droughts predicted by climate change scenarios. “Droughts can be really hard on tropical forests,” said Jefferson Hall, staff scientist at STRI and director of the Agua Salud project. “Too much heat and sunshine and not enough water can drastically alter which trees survive. Globally, 2016 registered as the warmest year since climate records have been kept. We took advantage of an especially extended drought during the El Niño event in 2015 and 2016 to measure sap flow in 76 trees representing more than 40 different species in forests of different ages in the Panama Canal watershed. We found that forest age matters.” Researchers compared responses to drought in 8-, 25- and 80-year-old forest patches in the Agua Salud project, a 700-hectare land-use experiment collaboration with the Panama Canal Authority, Panama’s Ministry of the Environment and other partners. As tree leaves warm they lose water vapor into the atmosphere. Ground water rises up through tree roots and trunks, pulled by the vacuum created above. “On one hand, you can think of trees as simple pipes or pumps moving water from the ground to the air, but it was really fascinating to see how these living organisms regulate their responses to drought,” said Mario Bretfeld, lead author of the study and post-doctoral researcher at the University of Wyoming. “There was a real shift. The factors most important for the survival of young forests had to do with their ability to access water in the soil, whereas older forests were more affected by the amount of water they were losing to the atmosphere through their leaves.” Sap flowed faster in the youngest forest. But as the drought worsened, sap flow velocity increased significantly in the oldest forests whose huge, leafy tree crows lost impressive amounts of water to the atmosphere—not a problem for younger forests with smaller crowns. Younger trees suffered more from a lack of water, probably because their shallower root systems could not access water stored deeper in the ground. Trees in younger forests were better able to regulate the amount of water they were using and losing. “All trees are not created equal,” Hall said. “Their species and age matters. We are working on designing techniques we’re calling Smart Reforestation, making decisions about which tree species to plant to achieve different land-use objectives. This study is the perfect example of the link between basic and applied science because it highlights the need to consider drought tolerance as we reforest wet, yet drought-prone areas.” This research was made possible with funds from the U.S. National Science Foundation, Stanley Motta, the Silicon Valley Foundation, the Heising-Simons Foundation and the Hoch family. Reference: Bretfeld, M., Ewers, B.E., Hall, J.S. 2018. Plant water use responses along secondary forest succession during the 2015/2016 El Niño drought in Panama. New Phytologist doi:10.1111/nph.15071 Back to Top
Can chickens fly? Domestic chickens can fly short distances, although they are too heavy for long bouts of flight. There’s a simple explanation for this, and it’s the process of their domestication. Originally bred from red jungle fowl native to south-east Asia around 8,000 years ago, these birds were bred selectively. Modern chickens are less active and less aggressive than their wild ancestors. They were also bred to be heavier and able to produce eggs earlier in their lives. As the birds were bred to be larger, their ability to fly was hindered. Lighter chickens are significantly better fliers than heavy ones, and a young chicken’s natural instinct is to give their wings a try. For the best of the animal kingdom get your hands on World of Animals magazine every month for only £3.99, or get a great deal by subscribing online or becoming a digital reader today. 16 hilarious animal win GIFs Image from flickr.com/photos/gaurika
Stubborn Donkey Trip to Bethlehem This picture shows Joseph dealing with a stubborn donkey during his and Mary’s trip to Bethlehem. The picture represents a portion of the Christmas story that can be found in the Bible verses of Luke 2: 4-5. This is a coloring page for kids (or anyone). Original Book Stubborn Donkey - BibleRhymes' Christmas Story - Children's Bible Book You are the Illustrator Christmas Coloring Page Stubborn Donkey: Bible Verse Donkeys get what is now widely considered an undeserved reputation of being obstinate. Misunderstood Donkey: Bible Verse Sometimes donkeys are just misunderstood. And when the ass saw the angel of the Lord, she fell down under Balaam: and Balaam’s anger was kindled, and he smote the ass with a staff. (Numbers 22: 27)
Definition: Tags allow social media users to engage an individual, business or any entity with a social profile when they mention them in a post or comment. In Facebook and Instagram, tagging notifies the recipient and hyperlinks to the tagged profile. The Twitter equivalents of tagging other users is by inserting a relevant hashtag or tweeting at them, depending on the objective. Using tags is important for effective engagement with Facebook users. When to tag One common use of tagging is to engage influencers in a space. This can include celebrity endorsers, brand advocates and industry veterans. Tag an influencer in a post or comment to get them involved - this acts as a form of brand validation. Tagging individual customers is one way to engage and demonstrate the personal nature of your brand. It can also be a useful tactic for remediation, publicly demonstrating your commitment to customer service. Keeping track of tags The other side of tagging is when your business or brand is mentioned by someone on social media. Carefully monitoring social media to engage users who tag you is an important part of a business' social media strategy. Tags may contain customer praise or positive mentions, but are also a way for dissatisfied customers to air their grievances in a public forum. Responding to negative feedback can remediate the situation and show other users that you listen to customers. If it gets profane or counterproductive, though, it's best to disengage and delete from your wall (if on Facebook). Start your free trial
Sample Questions The arched vehicle doors to the Red Jacket Fire Station stand open in this 1904 photograph. Red Jacket Firehouse 1904 Below are the sample questions for the 2012 High School Local History Smackdown. (Hint: These are often the questions used during the first round of competition). Question: During the 1850s, many Keweenaw roads were made with wooden planks laid side-by-side. What were these roads called? Answer: Plank roads Question: Calumet & Hecla, Quincy, and Copper Ranger all constructed libraries for their employees' families. What other amenity did the companies also provide in each of those buildings? Answer: Bathing facilities Question: Chassell, Sidnaw, and Bergland were all settlements dominated by what industry? Answer: Logging or lumber companies Question: Early copper prospectors looked for signs of prehistoric mining by American Indians as an indication of good places to explore for copper. Name one of these tell-tale signs of ancient mining. Answer: Pits or trenches dug into the ground; stone hammers and other tools; scars in the bedrock from fire setting. Question: Name one of the mines owned and operated by the Copper Rnage Company. Answer: Champion, Baltic, Trimountain, White Pine, Atlantic, Winona, or King Phillip Question: Stamps, hydraulic separators, jigs, wash tables, and slime buddles were all employed in what copper production process? Answer: Milling (concentrating is also an acceptable answer) Answer: Falling rock and other falling material Question: Glaciers broke pieces of copper from exposed rock formations, moved them as the ice expanded, and deposited them as the ice melted. What are those pieces of copper called? Answer: Float copper Question: Solomon Kirkish established a dry goods store in 1913. What town was it in? Answer: Houghton Question: Back in the early years of mining, companies hired young boys to get supplies and run errands for miners. What were these boys called? Answer: Drill boys Question: The Houghton County Traction Company's streetcars served an amusement park located between Hancock and Calumet. It was noted for its modern lighting. What was the name of this amusement park? Answer: Electric Park Question: This Houghton County community got its start in 1861, when Ransom Shelden built a sawmill on the northeast shore of Portage Lake. Answer: Dollar Bay Question: 160 acres of land near Copper Harbor was set aside as a nature preserve in 1973 to protect some of the oldest and largest tress in Michigan. What is the name of this preserve? Answer: Estivant Pines Last updated: April 10, 2015 Contact the Park Mailing Address: 25970 Red Jacket Road Calumet, MI 49913 (906) 337-3168 Contact Us
Managing Cat Allergies Allergies rank sixth (in terms of spending) in the list of chronic ailments in the United States, according to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. More the half the nation has one or more allergies. Cats are wonderful pets but can be the reason for a lot of misery. 10-15% of the population have pet allergies with cat allergy being twice more prevalent. Cat AllergiesCats are owned by more than half the population in the United States. In is unfortunate that there are many people who are allergic to cats and their dander are deprieved of the pleasure of owning one. Nearly 10 million Americans show allergic tendency to cats. It is very rare that someone gets cured of allergies. In some individuals the symptoms recede with age. But the threat remains and the allergies can always recur. Mechanism behind Allergy caused by cats Allergies are basically an auto immune response of the body to certain proteins, in this case,the glycoproteins mentioned above. Some individuals have a hypersensitive immune system and react to proteins as if they were some bacteria or virus meant to cause harm. The immune system has certain regulatory T cells. The function of the T cells is to suppress the immune system and preventing it from reacting to harmless proteins and antigens. The reaction of the immune system with these proteins causes an imbalance in the regulatory T cells. These T cells fail to prevent the overactive immune system from manifesting adverse reactions. Besides this, in response to the proteins,the immune system produces a force of antibodies to fight the allergen. These antibodies are called the Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. They react and bind with the proteins and causes the mast cells to release histamine. Histamine is the chemical which causes the adverse physical reactions like itching, inflammation, breathlessness etc. It dilates the blood vessels and causes the walls of the blood vessels to become permeable enabling leakage of fluids. This results in irritating nerve endings and causes superficial skin reactions. Symptoms of Cat AllergyWatering-Eyes The symptoms from the said allergy are as follows: • Red, itchy and watery eyes. • Nasal congestion. • Runny nose and constant irritation of the nasal passage. • Uncontrolled sneezing. • Nasal drip at the back of the throat. • Itchy throat and coughing. • Shortness of breath or wheezing. • Angioedema or swelling in body parts. • Symptoms worsen on being directly exposed to the animal. Allergy Treatments • Some conventional methods include allergy vaccines or allergen immunotherapy, or medications which include antihistamines, decongestants and corticosteroids. • Several other alternatives like herbal remedies, acupressure, acupuncture, hypnosis and aromatherapy can aid in curing cat allergies. Tips for managing Cat Allergy When you are susceptible to this allergy frequently, you must keep your house in such a way that it attracts the least of the allergens related to cats. An excellent way to reduce allergens in your house is to make certain alterations inside the house. How to reduce allergens inside the house? • Carpets and pads should be cleaned regularly as they attract more pet dander and fur. It is better to have no carpets or opting for hardwood flooring. You can also purchase teflon coated carpets and steam clean them every two months. Various carpet cleaning agents who deactivate allergens are available in market these days. Double filter or HEPA enabled vacuum cleaners can be used to reduce allergens entry in your home. • Curtains are another common trap for allergens which need monthly washing to keep them allergen free. • Mattresses should be covered with a vinyl mattress cover and bed sheets washed weekly. • Microfiber filled pillows should be used. • Catsâ€™ bedding should be washed frequently and also wash toys in hot water with liquid detergent. • Use of air conditioners and heater should be limited because several allergens and cat dander disperse through the cooling and heating gadgets. Preventive cat grooming measures • Regular cat grooming ensures less allergen in your home. • Make sure to neuter your cat. • Use a quality shampoo and conditioner to bathe your cat. Bathe your cat many times in a week. • Shampoos should be non toxic and plant based, which eliminate allergen and moisturizes its hair. To wash cat coat, baby shampoo can be used. • Brush your cat frequently as it helps to remove their dead hair and helps to spread oil in the sebaceous glands evenly on skin which helps to reduce dander. Always brush your cat outside the house. Put on a mask before brushing them. • Fatty acids such as Omega-3 and 6 fatty acids should be included in catâ€™s diet to keep their skin healthy and reduce fur shedding. • Do not pet your cat often. • Use a wet wipe on the catâ€™s body surface several times in a day to collect all the pet dander and hair about to set loose. • It might sound cruel, but try confining your cats to a particular area in the house. • Under any circumstances, keep your four legged friend away from your bed room. • Learn more about hypoallergenic cat breeds like Cornish Rex, Sphinx, Devon Rex, Javanese, Balinese, Siberian, and Oriental short hair that can be owned. Leave a reply
Brachiosaurus is a dinosaur that lived 155-145 million years ago during the Late Jurassic. Baylene from Disney's 2000 CGI film Dinosaur is a Giraffatitan. In Fantasia, the Brachiosaurus is only seen when the Tyrannosaurus Rex appears and kills the Stegosaurus. Three Brachiosaurs are seen diving into a lake to escape the giant carnivore with a Triceratops entering the lake to escape nearby. The Brachiosaurus went extinct in the drought along with the other dinosaurs. In Dinosaur, a bunch of Brachiosaurus are only seen at the beginning of the movie. • The Brachiosaurus is famous for being the one of the largest dinosaurs. Its status as such has since been usurped by it's large relatives Sauroposeidon & Ultrasaurus. Especially some even larger Sauropod dinosaurs like Supersaurus, Argentinosaurus, Patagotitan, Puertasaurus, and, most recently, a hitherto unknown species of Barosaurus and an undescribed giant relative of Brachiosaurus known as the "French Monster". • The sauropod is also famous for being in the 1993 blockbuster Jurassic Park based on the novel by Michael Chricton with the same name. The scene the sauropod is famous for is being in the Welcome to Jurassic Park scene. v - e - d Fantasia logo FantasiaFantasia 2000House of MouseThe Sorcerer's ApprenticeNight on Bald MountainOnce Upon a TimeVideo Disney Parks Restaurants: Fantasia Gelati Firework: Celebrate! Tokyo DisneylandWe Love Mickey!WishesWorld of Color Halloween: Celebrate the MagicHappy Hallowishes Fantasia: Mickey MouseSugar Plum FairiesNutcracker Suite dancersYen SidMagic BroomsTyrannosaurus RexStegosaurusTriceratopsPteranodonCorythosaurusApatosaurusDiplodocusOrnithomimusBrachiosaurusCeratosaurusKannemeyeriaEdmontosaurusDimorphodonParasaurolophusDimetrodonTylosaurusPlateosaurusAnkylosaurusCompsognathusArchaeopteryxTroodonOviraptorBacchusJacchusCentaursCentaurettesMelindaBrudusIrisMorpheusDianaZeusApolloVulcanBoreasMother PegasusFather PegasusPegasi SiblingsPeter PegasusCherubsSatyrsUnicornsMadame Upanova and her ostrichesHyacinth Hippo and her hipposElephanchine and her elephantsBen Ali Gator and his alligatorsChernabogChernabog's minions Deleted: OtikaSunflower Yen Sid's TowerBald MountainNew York CityPrehistory Deleted and unused concepts Unused Fantasia SegmentsClair de LuneSunflowerOtikaEgret CoupleNaiadsDestinoThe Little MatchgirlOne by OneLorenzo See Also Sorcerer Hat
What is Graphic Design? Graphic design is implemented with purposes and needs in mind. It is guided by many diciplines including language, philosophy, art, literature, architecture, economics, politics, science. psychology and even ethics. Graphic design is the most common and pervasive of all the arts. You see and touch graphic design hundreds of times a day, every time you look at a sign, read a newspaper, pick up a box, can or jar from the store or look at your dashboard. The parking ticket you got and the credit card you used to pay it are both examples of graphic design. Almost everything in your wallet too, for that matter. Junk mail, government identification, computer icons, graphical user interfaces, stamps. From the missing apostrophe in the "DONT WALK sign, to the bold contrast of the Giants "SF" logo, people carefully design countless things we see, read and experience every day. For you? Logos, websites, business cards, ads, signs, tags, receipts, invoices, brochures, scheduling forms, name tags, training manuals, menus, post cards, uniforms. I'm sure I've missed a few dozen... itscory.com > Graphic Design > What is Graphic Design
Why does an apple a day keep the doctor away? photo credit - http://www.dreamstime.com/ If you compare the nutrition in apples to some other fruits you may find this old adage hard to believe. Acerola cherries, bananas, guavas, breadfruit and kiwi fruit all have higher levels of vitamins and minerals on average by weight than the humble apple. So why has the apple been singled out as nature's doctor? I have wondered about this over the years as I've looked at the nutritional values of many foods and the other day it came to my attention that apples contain more lysine than other fruits that grow naturally in the northern hemisphere where the saying originated. Lysine is a very important amino acid that the body uses to create tissue protein as well as facilitating wound healing. It also helps the body form collagen (the connective tissue in skin, bones, cartilage and tendons) as well as Carnitine which converts fatty acids into energy. In addition Lysine helps the body fight viral infections. Lysine is one of the amino acids that is not created in the body so needs to be sourced from food and this is not normally a problem as most protein-rich foods (in particular dairy products) contain Lysine. However, the ratio between Lysine and Arginine is what really matters here. Arginine is another important amino acid that can be made in the body and it is useful for treating bladder inflammations, congestive heart failure, erectile dysfunction and angina. It also boosts the immune system. Both Lysine and Arginine can stimulate the release of human growth hormone. Arginine is found in abundance in grains and nuts. It seems that viruses such as herpes (i.e. cold sores and shingles) need Arginine to replicate themselves. Research has yet to be done to determine whether this is true for other viruses. If foods rich in Arginine have been consumed, this can trigger a virus outbreak. Lysine fights viral infections but there needs to be more Lysine than Arginine in the body for this to work. So back to the apple. An apple contains a ratio of 1:2 Arginine to Lysine. Maybe this is the apple's secret. Eat an apple a day and you will be supplementing your body with Lysine to fight viruses. Perhaps people who were unable to source enough protein-rich food found that apples kept them healthy and virus free. ps. There is another benefit in eating apples that I would like to share with you at a later stage and this concerns cancer prevention. Will keep you posted. 1 comment: Erin Nagata said... Human growth hormone (HGH) production is essential for so many vital processes in the human body. The problem with HGH is that its quantity tends to decrease as a person ages. HGH injections were considered one of the best methods for maintaining high HGH levels. These injections, however, tend to be quite costly. HGH production can also be boosted in natural ways. desiring hypergh14x review
The Space Launch System (SLS) is based on the American heavy expendable launch vehicle SLS. It was previously based on the Ares IV and V rockets that were supposed to launch the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle, which was redesigned and became what we know today as the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV). The cancellation of the Constellation Program and the subsequent restructuring of the program is what led to the design selection by NASA of what would be known as the SLS. The SLS is aimed at replacing NASA's Space Shuttle because it has been deemed cheaper to manufacture and easier to manage than the aging Shuttle program. Planned uses for it thus far include: launching astronauts to the ISS, returning man to the Moon, and sending interplanetary manned spacecraft to Mars. The SLS is comprised of: SLS EM-1 Launch Animation SLS EM-1 Launch Animation • The Exploration Upper Stage is a large 2nd stage in real life, but has not been added to the game. • The SLS prior to 1.5.0 was the white variant of the SLS. Name Block Crew Date Status Duration Destination Purpose EM-1 1 Crew No June 2020 Scheduled 1 month Lunar orbit Send Orion capsule on trip around Moon. Deploy 6 CubeSats EC 1 Cargo No 2022 Proposed Jovian orbit Flagship-class robotic mission to explore Europa EM-2 1 Crew Yes (4) June 2022 Scheduled 8-21 days Lunar flyby First crewed Orion capsule EM-3 1B Crew Yes (4) 2023 Planned 16-26 days Lunar halo orbit Deliver Deep Space Habitat (DSH) module to the Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway (LOP-G) EM-4 1B Crew Yes (4) 2025 Planned 26-42 days Lunar orbit Deliver logistics to LOP-G EM-5 1B Crew Yes (4) 2026 Planned 26-42 days Lunar orbit Deliver airlock module to LOP-G EM-6 1B Cargo No 2027 Planned Lunar orbit Deliver Deep Space Transport (DST) vehicle to LOP-G EM-7 1B Crew Yes (4) 2027 Planned 191-221 days Lunar orbit DST checkout EM-8 1B Cargo No 2028 Planned Lunar orbit DST cargo logistics refuelling EM-9 2 Crew Yes (4) 2029 Planned 1 year Lunar orbit DST long-duration test EM-10 2 Cargo No 2030 Planned Lunar orbit DST cargo logistics refuelling EM-11 2 Crew Yes (4) 2033 Planned 2 years Mars orbit Interplanetary flight
Hybrid grape From Wikipedia, de free encycwopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search The hybrid grape variety Marechaw Foch. Hybrid grapes are grape varieties dat are de product of a crossing of two or more Vitis species. This is in contrast to crossings between grape varieties of de same species, typicawwy Vitis vinifera, de European grapevine. Hybrid grapes are awso referred to as inter-specific crossings or "Modern Varieties." Due to deir often excewwent towerance to powdery miwdew, oder fungaw diseases, nematodes, and phywwoxera, hybrid varieties have, to some extent, become a renewed focus for European breeding programs. The recentwy devewoped varieties, Rondo, and Regent are exampwes of newer hybrid grape varieties for European viticuwturawists. Severaw Norf American breeding programs, such as dose at Corneww and de University of Minnesota, focus excwusivewy on hybrid grapes, wif active and successfuw programs, having created hundreds if not dousands of new varieties. Hybrid varieties exhibit a mix of traits from deir European, Asiatic, and Norf American parentage. Those varieties which derive from Vitis wabrusca parentage (such as dose stiww used in de production of Austrian Uhudwer) have a strong "candied" or "wiwd strawberry" aroma, whiwe dose dat derive from Vitis riparia often have a herbaceous nose wif fwavours reminiscent of bwack currants. Most hybrid grape varieties struggwe to produce adeqwate tannin for red wine production, and usuawwy dispway a wevew of acidity dat exceeds what consumers of wines produced from vitis vinifera are accustomed to. These attributes proved unpopuwar in Europe, and were among de factors dat wed to de prohibition of de commerciaw growf of hybrid vines in many countries in Europe. The hybrid grape Merzwing created by a crossing Seyve-Viwward 5276 wif a cross Rieswing × Pinot gris. During de first hawf of de 20f century, various breeding programs were devewoped in an attempt to deaw wif de conseqwences of de Phywwoxera wouse, which was responsibwe for de destruction of European vineyards from 1863 onwards. After extensive attempts, grafting European varieties onto Norf American rootstock proved to be de most successfuw medod of deawing wif de probwem. Exampwe of a breeder castrating aww fwowers of a grapevine cwuster. However, hybrid grape varieties were introduced as a sowution to many of de viticuwturaw probwems of shorter-season, coower and more humid wine regions, such as dose in de nordeast and Pacific Nordwest of Norf America. From de 1950s onwards, grape varieties such as De Chaunac, Baco noir, Marechaw Foch, Vidaw, etc. have been a stapwe of de wine industries in Ontario, New York, Pennsywvania, etc. Onwy since de 1970s and 1980s have vinifera varieties begun to dispwace hybrid grapes in dis area. Even in dose areas where vitis vinifera now predominates, hybrid varieties stiww have "cuwt fowwowing" wif some wine consumers. Furdermore, in some cases hybrid grapes are used to produce uniqwe and exceptionaw products; for exampwe, ice wine produced from Vidaw bwanc or Vignowes in Ontario and New York. Hybrid grapes are expanding in traditionaw vinifera wine regions, because dey can be easier to grow and can ripen earwier dan vinifera (which reduces bird predation and reduces de risk of fruit hanging into de Faww rains), and because dey typicawwy have much more disease resistance (dereby reqwiring wess spraying, which wessens tractor fuew usage and de vowume of spray appwications). Therefore, hybrid grapes are considered a "Green" awternative to vinifera grapes. Grapevine species[edit] The Vitis aestivawis hybrid grape Norton. The best-known grape species in reference to viticuwture incwude: Whiwe rare, interspecific hybrid vines can resuwt in de wiwd from cross-powwination, uh-hah-hah-hah. Due to de abundance of American Vitis species one finds such naturaw hybrid vines on de American continent. The majority of de weww-known hybrid vines however, have been artificiawwy created. The earwiest named hybrid in America was de Awexander grape, discovered around 1740 near a vineyard pwanted for Wiwwiam Penn awong de Schuywkiww. The Regent grape produced by a crossing of Diana and Chambourcin. See awso[edit] A few Hybrid grape varieties 1. ^ Archie P. MacDonawd. "Aww Things Historicaw". Dr. Thomas Vowney Munson and de French Wine Industry. Externaw winks[edit]
Iran Sightseeing Tours Iran, also known as Persia Iran, a country in West Asia is also known as Persia. This is the North West by Armenia and Azerbaijan, the Caspian Sea is bordered by Kazakhstan and Russia. To the North East by Turkmenistan. The East Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Turkey and Iraq and the West. Includes land is 1648195 km2 (636,372 square miles), the nation's second-largest in the Middle East and 18 in the world. With 78.4 million inhabitants, it is the world's 17th most populous nation. The only country that both the Caspian Sea and the Indian Ocean coastline. Iran's geostrategic importance because of its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and the Strait of Hormuz. Iran is home to one of the oldest civilizations of the world, starting with the formation of Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdom in 3200-2800 years ago Mylad.madha in the country's first major empire in 625 BCE, the after it became the dominant political and cultural power ally. The peak of its power during the Empire (the first Persian Empire) founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BCE, the greatest of the ancient world's major sections, stretching from parts of the Balkans (Blgharstan- Pannonia) and Thrace-Macedonia in the West, to the Indus Valley in the East, making it the largest empire the world had yet seen. After the conquests of Alexander the Great in 330 BC, the empire fell. Finally the influence of the Parthian Empire and won once again after the Sassanid dynasty (Neo-Persian Empire) in 224 AD, under which Iran again one of the leading powers in the world rose to prominence with the Byzantine Empire for the next four centuries. Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism and were largely replaced after caliphates Muslims in 633 CE to 651 CE invaded and conquered it. Then it's vital role in the Islamic Golden Age, the production of many influential scientists, researchers, artists, and thinkers. The emergence in 1501 of the Safavid dynasty, which school of thought as the official religion promotes twelve, one of the most important turning points in Iranian and Muslim history marked. It also stresses that in 1514 led to war culminated Chalderan. Started in 1736 by Nadir Shah, Iran once again to reach a high reputation, since its maximum territorial empire and, in short, having what is arguably the world's most powerful empire in Bvd.farsy Revolution the country's first parliament in 1906, within a constitutional monarchy was established. After the coup, instigated by Great Britain and the United States in 1953, Iran became increasingly autocratic. The growing opposition against foreign influence culminated during the Iranian revolution and political repression, on 1 April 1979 led to the creation of an Islamic republic. Tehran is the capital and largest city, served as the cultural, commercial and industrial nation. The host Asia's fourth-largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Iran is a founding member of the UN, NAM, OIC and OPEC. Its unique political system, based on the 1979 constitution, combines elements of a parliamentary democracy with a religious theocracy run by the clergy of the country, where the leader has considerable influence Ast.mlt multicultural and ethnic groups multiple languages, most residents are Shiites, Iranian Rial is the currency, and Persian is the official language. Read more in Wikipedia. Damavand Iran Mount Damavand Iran
Tonga consists of 176 islands that support a population of 106,000 people. More than double this number of Tongans live overseas, mainly in the US, New Zealand and Australia, and a significant proportion of Tonga’s income comes from money sent from Tongans who have emigrated to their extended families remaining on the islands. Tourism is the second-largest source of hard currency earnings following remittances. Tonga has a small, open, island economy with limited income coming from the export of agricultural goods, including fish and crops. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The country remains dependent on external aid to offset its trade deficit. Unlike any of the other Pacific islands, Tonga never completely lost its indigenous governance. It operates as a constitutional monarchy. A direct descendant of the first monarch, King Tupou VI, his family, some powerful nobles, and a growing non-royal elite caste live in much wealth, with the rest of the country living in relative poverty. However, the Tongan rule has resulted in free primary education and health care for all, and this has resulted in a higher life expectancy and literacy rate than in the other pacific islands. The Tailulu College project involved a feasibility study of options to improve the existing drinking supply and land drainage at Tailulu College in Tonga. Tailulu College is a school of around 150 students, located 3 km from central Nuku’alofa. The EWBNZ team includes Thanura Rabel, a water engineer with MWH; Frances... A team of seven volunteers from the Auckland Students EWBNZ Chapter travelled to the Kingdom Of Tonga to install a solar powered groundwater pumping system for Tonga College. The main goal of the project was to reduce the financial burden associated with the provision of water for the school’s students...
What is a Denial of Service (DoS) Attack Imagine that you own a restaurant which seats 20 people. Imagine also that some teenagers decide to play a prank on you. Suddenly, 100 teenagers show up at your restaurant at the same time. The pranksers aren't there to buy meals, they're there to block your actual customers from sitting down and buying a meal. Because your customers can't get through the crowd, they are unable to enter your restaurant, and you lose money as your customers instead spend their money at another establishment. This is analogous to what a hacker does when he launches a Denial of Service Attack against your website. Using software, the hacker simulates many, many people coming to your site at the same time, and this prevents your actual customers from being able to visit your site. Over time, this attack will also prevent search engine spiders from visiting your website, and your website will lose its page ranking, and future, potential customers will no longer be able to find your website by using major search engines (Google, Bing, Yahoo, etc.). There are many kinds of hackers on the Internet, with a wide range of hacker skills. You may have read of sophisticated criminal rings, phishing scams, etc. which are motivated by profit. If you are a victim of a Denial of Service attack, you are probably not a victim of one of these sophisticated criminal organizations. Generally, Denial of Service Attacks are an act of vandalism and the attacker instigating the attack has no financial motive. Although a Denial of Service attack can be extremely damaging to your business/website, these types of attacks can easily be setup by an inexperienced hacker with limited technical ability. These types of hackers are often referred to as Script Kiddies. Asking a hacker why he is attacking your site is like asking a teenage boy why he threw a rock through a window. He might tell you he doesn't know why he did it, or he might tell you a reason that doesn't make any sense. Granted, the hacker who is attacking you might reside in a 40 year-old's body, but on an emotional level, he's still a teenager. It's important to keep this in mind as you follow my steps in thwarting an attack against your hacker. There may be people in your organization who may want to track this person down, or punish the other ISPs involved in the attack. This will only work against you, and if you actually catch him after great effort and expense, it will give you little satisfaction (do you really need to see an overgrown teenager cry??). As you will see, you will need to contact other victims of this attack, and try to get their (usually limited) cooperation, it is important that your organization not threaten these other organizations in any way. As you will see, the attack is using computers from many different countries around the world. There is no motivated, global police authority to deal with these attacks, so any fantasies your managers may entertain about catching and suing this person are a waste of time. The hacker is attacking you from the Internet precisely because it allows him to attack people without confrontation. If there are people in your organization who still insist they want some kind of legal action, ask them if its OK if the website loses money and its page ranking while you waste time contacting disinterested authorities. Ask them who they are planning to lay off while the company is making less money. If you're reading this, you're probably a tech and aren't very worried about losing your job or finding another one, but there are likely plenty of non-techs in your organization who would be devasted if they lost their jobs in this (bad) economy. In this article, I will be discussing an attack against my personal website. No, it doesn't make much money, but the money it makes pays for my children's schooling, so putting aside any courtroom fantasies I might have had, and deciding to stop the attack was a no-brainer for me.
Foods that help fight pain 1. Dark leafy greens Here we are talking about kale and spinach. These green vegetables are rich in antioxidants and nutrients that do not only help to prevent osteoporosis but they also help to combat free radicals 2. Walnuts Walnuts, especially raw ones, are rich in omega 3 fats. These fats help fight inflammation and pain. 3. Avocado Avocado's are rich in vitamin K. Studies have found that Vitamin K can help the body to eliminate inflammatory cells. 4. Ginger and turmeric These two are the best of friends. This duo is commonly used to help fight multiple different types of inflammatory symptoms that occur in the body. 5. Flax seed These are seeds rich in omega 3 fatty acids. Foods That Can Cause Inflammation: 1515 Detrick Ave. DeLand, FL 32724
Category Archives: ugarit Syria. Lattakia. Ugarit Ruins Unlike the excavation sites of the resembling Mari and Ebla, Ugarit was built with stone not with mud-bricks. Which is why most of the ruins are quite evident. The site itself is a large tell or hill of accumulated ruins from past kingdoms, and in some parts of the tell it has been excavated far enough to excavate the artifacts of the 7th Millennium BC. The main entrance is through a ticket office on the West side of the site. To the south are remains of the fortress and the walls and gate that used to protect the main palace complex. The walls and fortress belong to the 15th century BC after the city’s redevelopment. The main palace dates back to the 14th to 13th century BC. There are two pillars on both sides of the entrance. Through the entrance between the pillars is a courtyard sort of reception area which opens up into the rest of the palace. On the left of this courtyard are a few rooms that where the important archives were found. Also evident in the courtyard are the water canals that would send the water around the building. Further on are the 90 rooms situated in a maze like structure covering an area of approximately 6500 sq. meters. Although this is all on the first floor level, this layout of rooms were buildings of several stories high. The stonework was usually mixed with wooden work. This palace is where the ruling family or dynasty used to live, and it is possible to imagine the importance of this palace’s role, which was quite self dependant even having the facilities for baking the archive tablets. In some of the rooms you can often see staircases which used to lead to the upper floors. On both the north and south sides of the main palace is what are called subsidiary palaces. There are also a few resident houses with a shrine, and the Governor’s residence, which is older as it was not rebuilt after the 14th century BC. East of the main palace is the residential area. There is a large building in this quarter which is called the House of Rupanu. Further up the tell is the main temple area. There are two temples on this acropolis, one dedicated to the worship of the Semitic patron deity Baal, and the other to Dagon.
During the early times, everything is manual, by using flame to cook food, using bare hands to pulverize and grow crops, to the traditional way of digging and planting plants. Everything has to be done manually. As the world develops, farm equipment have been devised and brought to life to cater to the requirements of the expanding society. We realize that food is individual’s basic needs. Without food, we’re nothing. We can’t maintain our daily activities. From this understanding, person invent the things that will develop and enhance the farming procedure. Have a guess what’s the equipment which has a big effect to the farming process until nowadays. Tractors are built to concentrate on the farm processes. They were invented primarily to aid the farmer’s requirements for farming. Planting crops such as corn, rice wheat, and cotton is not so easy. Envision yourself planting cotton annually in a hundred hectares of property. From the end f the day, you can not create the hundred-hectare land planted with plants yet you end up exhausted. It might take you a year, maybe? At this time you are worry free on the length of time it takes to have the whole parcel of land implanted. All you have to do is to purchase the most efficient tractor accessible, and also have your tractor do the job. tractors in pakistan is some kind of an investment, because you will wind up using it every step of the way. You do not have to think about the times squandered. Specialized farm tractor can do it for you very quickly. Apart from speed, it’s convenience and accurate. All you need to do is employ a competent operator, run it against the field, and in minutes, it might cover a wide region of field. Farm tractors have specifications. Let’s have a glimpse of a few of the very conventional processes of farm tractors. The basic tractor is in charge of repainting, pulverizing, and healing the plantation area. Its basic function is to make the lad ready for the seeds. Please notice that farmers have a great deal of considerations before resorting to planting the crops and dropping the seeds. Another sort of farm tractor is responsible for planting the seeds. At some point where manual intervention is required, the farm tractors serve as an on hand manual. Irrigation tractors today come to life. When the property is subject to planting crops, the tractor in charge of water supply takes its turn. Additionally, there are specialized farm tractors whose job is to maintain the increase of the newly planted plants by pulling weeds out and unnecessary issues within the crops. During harvest, the tractors would be those collecting the harvest and sending the majority of harvest into the dealers. They’re also the ones hauling it from the farm to the marketplace.
Attica, Modern Greek Attikí, ancient district of east-central Greece; Athens was its chief city. Bordering the sea on the south and east, Attica attracted maritime trade. In early times there were several independent settlements there, centring on Eleusis, Athens, and Marathon. Athens may have been paramount in the Mycenaean age, but in the historical period it did not completely control Attica until the 7th century. The modern department (nomós) of Attica has its administrative centre at Athens (Modern Greek: Athína) and extends farther west than the ancient district, taking in Megara on the Isthmus of Corinth (Korinthiakós).
Impact of the LLM Network on Transportation Problems Road Capacity and Congestion Congestion depends on the relationship between travel demand and infrastructure capacity. Congestion is most serious at peak commute hours on major roads that serve a wide travel area and tends to worsen as the areas served by the major roads expand. Traffic planners for new communities thus try to anticipate the eventual extent of development and where and how people will travel. Because the plan here prescribes limits on the extent of major LLM roads and directs flows towards the center of town, it may facilitate planning street capacity for maximum and average daily traffic flows. The LLM network directly connects the residential areas with neighborhood nodes and the center of town. There are no cross-links within or between major branches. For the purpose of planning street capacity, it probably is reasonable to assume that households will travel down the branch to the neighborhood node or town center and then back. The traffic volume along a main LLM branch will be determined by the extent of the minor branches feeding into the main branch (see Figure 24.2), and by the housing density along minor branches. The extent of the minor branches is limited ultimately by the requirement that the travel time from the end of the outer LLM branches to the center of town not be significantly greater than it would be in a conventional street system (otherwise, people might prefer a conventional street system). It is hypothesized that a town radius of 3-5 km is the upper limit on desirable town size. Thus, in planning an LLM street system, balance between costs (money and loss of land) and benefits (faster and safer travel) can be found relatively easily in choosing street width and speed limits. In general, streets will be very narrow at the ends of residential areas (say, about ~3.7 m ), wider along the radial arms, and widest (about 7.6 m) on the LLM ring road, which will have two relatively wide lanes for motorized LLMs, a completely separate paved path for non-motorized LLMs, and an unimproved pedestrian path. Roundabouts at the major intersections will allow the high traffic volumes near the town center to flow smoothly and safely. 0 0 Post a comment
The Six Steps To Trust Many people have been given the feedback, “Others do not trust you.” Most people, hearing this, are perplexed as to what they might do to change. One leader actually asked me, only half joking, if it would help if he wore a sign on his back that says, “JUST TRUST ME!” The dictionary description of trust is “the belief that someone is being truthful.” If people have not told any boldfaced lies, they believe they ought to be trusted. Stephen M. R. Covey defines trust as “both character (who you are) and competence (your strengths and the results you produce).” Trust in others comes not only from being truthful but also from the extent you reliably you do what you say you will do. What should you do if you want others to trust you more? To help, we analyzed data from more than 35,000 leaders to determine would help most. These the six steps that emerged from our evidence-based results that create the highest probability for increasing trust: 1. Build positive relationships. We are far more likely to trust those we like. We trust others that stay in touch with our issues and concerns. Take the chance to initiate conversations and meetings. Seek others’ opinions on important topics. Share accurate and complete information with colleagues. Transparency builds trust. 2. Stop competing. Many people, after going through school, playing sports and going through the process of dating, have the opinion that they are in competition with others, and they bring that perspective to work. They assume they will need to impress the boss by being “better” than their peers. They hoard their good ideas and refuse to help other groups. They play the “one up” games, and if there is ever an opportunity to make a peer look bad they take advantage. Their motto is, “Every person for themselves” and “Take no prisoners’.” What a huge surprise when others don’t trust them. If an individual can change their attitude from competition to cooperation, it will have a profound impact on their success. Often people find that as they cooperate more, their personal performance also improves. 3. Throw others a bone. People trust others who help them, and who offer them advice, knowledge and experience. Look for opportunities to provide assistance to other individuals and groups. Look for a chance to provide service to groups who need help. It is easy to see a group that is having problems and simply keep on walking, but you build trust when you jump in and offer assistance. 4. Be balanced. Many leaders are so focused on achieving a goal that they fail to notice when team members have problems. Their “damn the torpedo’s, full speed ahead” attitude is so focused on achieving their goals that personal issues and concerns go unnoticed. This creates a significant loss of trust. Leaders need to be able to balance "getting results" with a genuine and appropriate concern for their team members' needs. 5. Track your commitments. Carefully track the commitments you make to others. Often, with good intentions, people agree to do something but then forget the commitment. Trust comes from reliability. 6. Accept blame and share credit. Avoid blaming others when things go wrong. Accept personal responsibility if there is a problem that involves your group, even if you were not the person who made the mistake. In the same vein, be sure to share with your team any opportunities for praise and commendation for success. From this list of six, select even one or two ideas that fit your situation and develop a plan to improve. Your willingness to engage in this effort, in sum, will be the most critical indication of your ability to meet with success. For example, I once coached a leader who had the lowest scores on trust that I had ever seen. I asked him if he was surprised at the data. He said, simply, “No. I don’t want people to trust me. I may have to fire any one of them tomorrow; so I like to keep them on edge.” His team had low morale; they did not care much for the work that they did; turnover was high, and in the end, the company went bankrupt. Are you surprised? There are far too many business stories like this. As you can see, the ability to build trusting relationships is a key variable for every leader and for every team and business that is poised for success. How have you built trust in your organization? I invite you join in on this conversation and follow me on LinkedIN, Facebook, and Twitter.
Fish Have Feelings, Too: The Inner Lives Of Our 'Underwater Cousins' : The Salt Jonathan Balcombe, author of What A Fish Knows, says that fish have a conscious awareness — or "sentience" — that allows them to experience pain, recognize individual humans and have memory. NPR logo • Download • Transcript • Download • Transcript This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross. We've become increasingly aware of the suffering of animals in factory farms. Many people have become vegetarians to do their part to spare animals from slaughter. But when it comes to fish - well, most people don't think about fish as having feelings. A new book makes the case they do. It's called "What A Fish Knows," and it's written by my guest Jonathan Balcombe, the director of animal sentience at the Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy. Sentience is the capacity to experience feelings. Balcombe examines the scientific evidence that fish experience pain, have memory and are capable of learning. He says thanks to the breakthroughs in ethology, sociobiology, neurobiology and ecology, we can now better understand what the world looks like to fish, how they perceive, feel and experience the world. Jonathan Balcombe, welcome to FRESH AIR. JONATHAN BALCOMBE: Thanks for having me, Terry. GROSS: So you say the capacity to feel, to suffer pain, to experience joy - that those are the bedrock of ethics and that that's what qualifies one for the moral community. So do fish feel? Do they suffer? Do they experience joy? Do they have emotions? I mean, how can we tell if they have emotions? BALCOMBE: Yeah, all of the above... GROSS: 'Cause it's not like they purr or that they cuddle with us or that they rub up against us for attention like - like our pets do. BALCOMBE: Well, actually some of them do. You can go into reef areas where there are large groupers who've been living there for years, decades in some cases. And it's a safe area where they say no fishing or spearfishing, and they become trusting. And they will approach trusted divers. Whether they're recognizing them as individuals, I don't know. But there was a new study this week showing individual recognition of human faces by fishes, so they probably do recognize individual divers. And they come up to be stroked. It is almost like a dog. And I don't know that they roll over to have their belly petted, although some sharks will be sent into what looks like a euphoric state when they have their bellies rubbed. And I just watched a video the other day of a couple of intrepid divers rubbing the faces of tiger sharks. These guys go in the water regularly with sharks. They're on a mission, and the tiger sharks appeared to love it. And you can also measure internal physiological changes, endorphins and pleasure compounds in the bloodstream. And you can measure cortisol, which shows that an animal's stressed. There's one study I really like of surgeonfishes where they stress them. I felt bad for the fishes in this study, although I'm happy to say they return them to the Great Barrier Reef when they were done. But they stress them for half an hour, and then they gave them the opportunity to swim up next to a wand which was modeled on a cleaner fish, which moved back and forth and could give them caresses. And when they were stressed, they would go right up and sidle up next to that wand and receive these caresses from this model. And they could measure that the stress hormones went significantly down. Fishes who were in a - had an ability to swim up next to a model that wasn't moving and therefore couldn't deliver caresses was ignored. They didn't swim up to that, and they didn't show declining stress. So there are clever ways of studying internal states of animals, fishes included. GROSS: I'm still trying to wrap my head around somebody tickling a shark's belly. GROSS: Like, who would be doing that? OK. So how can we tell if fish feel pain? I mean, we're used to some kind of cry or scream from an animal if they experience pain. And if the fish is making a sound, we're probably not hearing it. BALCOMBE: Yeah, it's curious. There's still - some people still question whether fish feel pain. Really there's no question in my mind based on the evidence that I've looked at. And I - I've looked at this quite extensively in my research for this book. A number of studies have been done on trout, very detailed, meticulous studies in the lab where the animals are terminally anesthetized and then different anatomy was found. They have pain receptors that are sensitive to heat, to different chemicals and different sensors to mechanical, such as piercing sorts of pain. And these signals are sent to the brain, and they affect the hormones in the animals. They affect the behavior. The animals change their behavior. They may stop eating. There's one other study I think I'd like to describe to you, though. I think it's, for want of a better word, the most elegant study of fish pain that I've ever seen. It was done a few years ago by a biologist named Lynne Sneddon, who's in the U.K. And she used zebrafishes, which are very commonly used in research. And what they did was they put these group of zebrafishes - I don't remember how many, perhaps 30 - in a complex tank that had two chambers. One chamber was enriched. It had rocks and vegetation, and the other chamber was barren. It was open. And you can probably guess which chamber these fishes spent all their time in. It was the enriched one. Fishes like places to hide. They like stimulation in their environments. And then they injected the fishes either with one of two things. One was with an acid solution, which is known to be caustic and presumably painful to these fishes if they can feel pain. And then the other ones - the other half of the fishes were randomly selected - were injected with saline, which causes just the pierce of the needle. And then the pain is not going to be lasting because it's not acidic. And then they watched to see how they behaved, and they all remained swimming in the enriched tank. And then they dissolved a painkiller solution in the barren, undesirable chamber of this complex tank. And lo and behold, some of the fishes then started to migrate across and swim and hang out in that normally undesirable tank. And it was only the ones injected with the acid and not the ones injected with the saline. So I find that a pretty convincing demonstration of pain in fishes. GROSS: The Humane Society, where you work, publishes a journal about animal sentience, animals' ability to feel. And you're an associate editor of that. It recently published an article about whether fish can feel pain. The article said they don't. And then there was this long, (laughter) long number of dissenting opinions, including one of yours, that came afterwards. So is this a big debate now in the scientific community? BALCOMBE: Well, you could say it's a big debate in a paper like that. And responses are being published in the current era. I don't think it is a big debate for the simple reason that there are very few scientists who are actively arguing that fishes do not feel pain. I think if you surveyed scientists, the great majority would say, yes, of course, they feel pain. They're a member of the vertebrate clan. They have all of the physiological, behavioral attributes that we would expect of an animal that can feel pain. And, yes, and as you say, the great bulk of responses to that article were rebuttals. And the primary argument being made by the gentleman who wrote that paper is that they lack a neocortex, the sort of cauliflower structure sort of part of our brain that's found in the mammals. And that's, I think, the crux of what weakens that argument is it is only found in the mammals. Birds don't have a neocortex. Their very effective brains evolved in a different path, and it's the paleocortex that became the sort of thinking part of their brain. And yet, nobody's really debating whether birds can feel pain, never mind that they can also learn language. And they can do a lot of other sophisticated things. And one of the things I try to show in this book is that fishes really deserve equal consideration to all the other vertebrates. When you look at the bulk, at the cumulative evidence we now have, it's quite clear to me that they are full members of the vertebrates and they deserve the same sort of respect that we accord mammals and birds when we're at our best. GROSS: So what's the next step? Fish deserve kind of, you know, equal moral consideration. What are the implications of that? BALCOMBE: They're huge, of course. Depending on who's doing the estimate, we humans kill between 150 billion and over 2 trillion fishes a year. If you lined them up end to end, they'd reach the sun and back, at the higher estimate. So the numbers are astronomical. And the way they die, certainly in commercial fishing, is really pretty grim. They die most often from suffocation in air but also getting crushed in these huge fishing nets when they're drawn up, decompression - fishes have swim bladders, which are very useful for them, adding buoyancy, but they expand as the pressure drops when the fishes are being raised to the surface. And that can crush or may bring organs or push things out of their mouths. That's probably not a very nice way to die either. And then sometimes they may be bled out on the deck, which is perhaps a little faster but probably not - also not very pleasant for them. So there's a lot of change that would be needed to reflect an improvement in our relationship with fishes. GROSS: So fish experience pain where actually the fishing industry has some very probably painful ways of catching fish. BALCOMBE: Yeah, it's not pleasant for them. Nets, trawlers that go along the bottom, which are just rapacious. It's been likened to running a bulldozer over a rain forest if you had a big enough bulldozer. And there's this awful issue of bycatch, which are unwanted species that are caught by these largely indiscriminate nets and catching methods, and they get all crushed in there as well. And so they're either dying or dead when they reach the deck in many cases. Very few of by-caught animals survive if they're tossed back, which is routinely the case. They are typically tossed back into the oceans. GROSS: If you're just joining us, my guest is Jonathan Balcombe. He's the author of the new book "What A Fish Knows: The Inner Lives of Our Underwater Cousins." And he's the director of Animal Sentience at the Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy. Let's take a short break here and then we'll talk more about fish. This is FRESH AIR. GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. And if you're just joining us, my guest is Jonathan Balcombe, and he writes about animals. His new book is called "What A Fish Knows: The Inner Lives Of Our Underwater Cousins." He's the director of animal sentience with the Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy. And sentience is the ability to feel. So I think a question people ask themselves if they ask do fish feel, should we consider fish in our moral universe, they likely ask themselves are fish smart? I mean, do they have intelligence? Is that, like, an appropriate question to ask? We talked a little bit about the controversy in science that you say is pretty much resolved about whether fish are intelligent. You say most scientists now think that they are, that they have some intelligence. Should that matter when we're thinking morally about how we treat fish? BALCOMBE: I think it's relevant. You can certainly find parallels between intelligence or brain capacity and sentience. I think that may be fair. But I think more - it's probably - I mean, sentience is like pregnancy. You're either pregnant or you're not. You're either sentient or you're not. And if an animal is sentient, which means some kind of conscious awareness but particularly the capacity to feel pain and I would say by extension to feel pleasure, then to me that means that animal has moral traction, or it should have moral traction, that the animal is deserving of consideration of others because that animal can have a good day and a bad day and can have good or bad things happen to them. And that's, as I say, the bedrock of ethics. GROSS: OK, so let's look at whether fish have intelligence. First of all, like, how do they perceive? Like, we have five senses - vision, smell, hearing, touch and taste. Fish live under water. What do they have to perceive the world around them? BALCOMBE: Yeah, they have all those five. We also have another - a number of others that we often don't - we don't include on that vaunted list of five. We really probably should - a sense of balance, a sense of pleasure, a sense of pain. We've been talking about that. They, of course - they have all of those as well. But they have a couple of other pretty neat senses that are worth mentioning. One is a sense of water pressure or movement in the water that's very acute thanks to a lateral line. We're talking about bony fishes now, not the sharks and rays, which are in a separate group, the cartilaginous fishes, which have really cool adaptations as well. But the bony fishes have a lateral line. You may notice a dark row of scales along the center line of a bony fish. And that's actually the shadow cast by these specialized scales because there's a depression in each one. And in that depression are specialized little cup-like chambers with gel in them and little hairs that stick out. And they detect pressure changes, so it's very useful for navigating at night, for avoiding dangerous things in limited-vision conditions and that sort of thing. Another really cool sense is electrical. Some fishes, including sharks and I think rays as well, are electro receptive. They can detect electrical signals from other organisms. But there's also electric-producing fishes. The knifefishes of South America and the elephantnose fishes, named for a long projection on their faces, of Africa, appropriately. They - they're both electric producing. So they have EODs, which are electric organ discharges, and they use those as communication signals. And they communicate in some pretty cool ways. They will change their own frequency if they're swimming by another fish with a similar frequency so they don't jam and confuse each other. They also show deference by shutting off their EODs when they're passing by a territory holder. They don't want to - you don't want to piss off the territory holder, so it's probably better to sort of go, quote, unquote, "silent" during that time. So the perceptions and sensory abilities of fishes, well, they're the product of over 400 million years of evolution, so it might not surprise us that they've got some pretty cool ways of sensing their environments. GROSS: One of the cool capacities that some fish have - let's look at flounders. Flounders - they're born with one eye on each side of their body. Then you say the eye - one of the eyes migrates. So eventually both eyes are on the same side. That just seems bizarre. I mean, I don't even understand how an eye can migrate like that. So can you explain what you know about flounder (unintelligible)? BALCOMBE: Yeah, evolution is a boundless innovator. And one of the real joys of researching and writing books about animals is to see what sort of things that evolution comes up with. And certainly eye migration in flounders is one example of that. In some flounders the eye migrates in just I think as short as a day. It almost makes you wonder if it hurts. But it is quite remarkable, and it's all coded in the genes. And it allows adult flounders to be much more effective at A, hiding from enemies, and B, hiding from their prey because what they do is they - they're literally called flatfishes and flatfish. And they sit on the bottom often under the sand, but they're also brilliant at disguising themselves by mimicking the substrate. And I have a photo in the book of the same flounder taken a few minutes apart in four locations who blends in beautifully to the background. So they are sort of chameleons of the sea. And by having both those eyes on one side, they can lie flatly on the bottom with both eyes up, and they can swivel their eyes around. And they can watch out without being seen unless a shark with that electroreception comes by and might detect their heartbeat under the sand. So there are tradeoffs, of course. GROSS: And each eye moves independently. BALCOMBE: Yes, a number of fishes have eyes that move independently, again, also chameleon-like. That's something I love about chameleon lizards is they have those eerie and very cute pointy eyes that swivel independently. And being able to do that is useful. And I - you have to wonder how does that affect the perceptual experience of a fish or a lizard for that matter if you're taking in two visual fields at the same time? I don't know if anyone's really asked that question. GROSS: Right. Just getting back to the idea of eye migration, that one eye on the side of the face migrates to the other side of the face in flounder, is it that one eye closes and a new eye is born on the other side, or does it literally, like, travel across (laughter) the body of the flounder to get to the other side? BALCOMBE: My understanding is the eye actually migrates. It moves. It doesn't disappear and then pop out on the other side. GROSS: Wow, that's just so hard to fathom. That's really fascinating. GROSS: So you say that fish can hear and that they make sounds. They're under water; we're on land, so I don't know if divers hear any sounds underneath. But what kind of sounds do they make, and what are some of the ways they make those sounds? BALCOMBE: Yeah, I have a list of words that I couldn't resist stringing together somewhere in the book - you know, clicks, pops, rasps, buzzes, burrs, purrs. I forget the other ones. I think there were about 15 or 20 words on that list. It is quite a symphony of different sounds they can make. They're not necessarily really tonal sounds. Some of them are, and some fishes are named for the sounds they make - grunts, for instance, and I think toadfish is maybe named for that, although they maybe look a bit like toads. But there certainly are quite a few fishes named for their sounds. They produce them in different ways. Some fishes grind their teeth together. Some fishes grind their bones together. Limb movements I think may be used in some cases. And the swim bladder I mentioned earlier is quite useful for making sounds. You know, we use our lungs as an air producer. So swim bladders have gas in them, and they can be rubbed and air can be expelled or gases can be expelled. And so swim bladders are often involved in sound. There is one really curious example, though, involving herrings that I can't resist mentioning. I think if you were to come up with a phrase that best captures at least a delicate phrase - flatulent communication would be perhaps the right phrase. They live in big schools, and they emit gases from the anus in large numbers. And it makes a sound, and they appear to use this as a communication device to maybe - to signal to others that it's time we moved up or down in the water column because it's that time of day when the predators are coming out and this sort of thing. And the researchers who studied it use the more technical term frequent repetitive ticks. And I'll leave it to the listener to make an acronym out of that, which is quite appropriate behavior. GROSS: Oh, that's very funny. OK, so if fish produce, you know, what you've described in the book as hums, purrs, clicks, moans, chirps, buzzes, growls, snaps - I mean, are they audible to the human ear, or is this, like, waves in the water that could be interpreted as sound but aren't exactly sound? BALCOMBE: Real sound. It's a real sound. GROSS: It's a real sound? BALCOMBE: It's real vibrations in the water. And if you have - if you have dived or snorkeled on reefs, particularly the U.K., you can often hear this cacophony of snapping and popping sounds going on. And it's constant sounds. And some of it may not be directly produced by the fish in terms of trying to make a sound to communicate. Sometimes it's the sound of parrotfishes' mouths crunching away on corals. But a lot of those sounds are made in a - sort of a communication role. GROSS: My guest is Jonathan Balcombe, author of the new book "What A Fish Knows." We'll talk more after a break, and we'll hear from Ellie Kemper, who stars in the Netflix series "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" and co-starred in "The Office" as the receptionist Erin. I'm Terry Gross, and this is FRESH AIR. GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross. Let's get back to my interview with Jonathan Balcombe, author of the new book "What A Fish Knows." The book makes the case that fish experience pain, have memory and are capable of learning. The book is based on recent research. Balcombe says that what we're learning about fish has implications for how we catch and consume them. He's the director of animal sentience at the Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy. So getting back to fish intelligence. Give us an example of a fish that does something that you perceive as intelligent. BALCOMBE: One of my favorite examples is from a humble little pouty-mouthed fish of intertidal zones called the frillfin goby. A series of experiments in captivity actually done in New York City were done over several decades that reveal a pretty remarkable skill - some form of intelligence involving spatial memory. As I say, these fishes live in intertidal zones, so they live in that area between sort of rocks between high and low tide. And so at low tide, it's a bunch of rock pools, and they hang out in those rock pools. And we notice that to escape danger, say, an octopus prowling around through the rock pools, they will jump with great accuracy to neighboring pools. And they can actually work their way out to the open sea again by jumping into successive neighboring rock pools. Well, why - how are they doing that? How do they know how far to jump and which direction to jump in? And it turns out through a series of these captive experiments where this guy set up fake rock pools, it turns out that these gobies memorize the topography of the rock pool at high tide when the water is in, and they can swim over it. And so they're sort of translating an aerial view into a - sort of a horizontal view for want of a better term. It's what you might call a mental map. And they're able to use that information to accurately leap and to avoid making a leap of faith. And this - in the study, I remember a couple of numbers. When they had not had a chance to swim over these rock pools, they had about a 15 percent success rate when he poked a stick in or tried to scare them into jumping. And they would jump, and they would be stranded on the rocks in those situations most of the time. But they had about a 97 percent success rate if they had had an opportunity to swim over it. So a clever experiment that shows a pretty remarkable form of intelligence in a very small fish. GROSS: So they can learn what's there by swimming over it once and then remember it as well. BALCOMBE: That's right, learning and memory goes on there. And just about any study of social behavior in a fish has found individual recognition that they recognize each other's faces. They remember them over the course of their lives. I describe a number of other memory experiments. One of the most interesting, most impressive feats of learning in a fish is the archerfish, which is named for its ability to catch prey - often flying insects or perched insects - by shooting water from their groove-shaped mouth at these animals above the surface. They have to account for the refraction index of the water surface and a number of other things. And they have to account for the speed of the flying insect. And studies show that naive, novice archerfishes who are new to this, they're very poor at it. They can't even hit a moving object going at just half - a half an inch per second. They can't hit that with their stream of water. But if they're given the opportunity to watch other experienced adult archerfishes plying their trade and shooting at objects accurately without any personal experience themselves, they - when given a new opportunity, they show a marked increase in their accuracy. So they can learn very well by observational learning. And there are a number of examples of that that that I point out in the book of what biologists call audience effects, where fishes changed their behavior according to who's watching, how many are watching and what the circumstances are. GROSS: So since you firmly believe that fish have the capacity to feel, that they have intelligence, that they feel pain and that we therefore shouldn't punish them, what do you think of fish as pets? BALCOMBE: Well, they're lovely to look at and they're graceful and beautiful. And I remember visiting a couple of aquariums in people's homes during the research of my book. And I remember being invited to feed some discus fishes with some food that I held in my - between my thumb and finger. And these - one of these discus fish came up and just - I could feel the tug as this individual pulled the food from my hand. And I got - I get a lot of stories from people, anecdotes of people who live with fishes and become very attached to them. And the relationship is touching and often moving and maybe span a decade or more. And they grieve their loss. And so definitely there's some lovely parts of the relationship between captive fishes and their humans if they're well looked after. Having said that, there's certainly problematic areas of the whole aquarium industry itself. The aquarium industry is very actually quite disturbing in terms of the capture of wild fishes, mostly from reefs because that's where the beautiful colorful little ones that are so popular in reefs are particularly sought after. Some of the methods used to catch them are pretty awful - cyanide poisoning, which often kills many of the fishes being targeted or ones that are not being targeted. And explosive devices are sometimes used, and then you have the vicissitudes of transport, where they're shipped over continents. And the mortality rates are quite high. One of my affiliate organizations, Humane Society International, which is under the umbrella of the Humane Society of the U.S., for whom I work, they have an active campaign now to draw attention to the Blue Tang, which is the star of the sequel to "Finding Nemo," the new film "Finding Dory," which, by the way, my book was strategically time to come out around the same time as. And Dory is a blue tang, and they are going to be probably very popular in the aquarium trade because of the fact that this film will draw a lot of attention to that species. Well, unfortunately, blue tangs are caught in the wild. And they are subject to the - some of the ills of the industry. And so we are campaigning actively to try to discourage - to discourage people from buying these fishes because it's like I said earlier, when you when you purchase a product, you tell the manufacturer to do it again. And we don't really want that happening. GROSS: If you're just joining, us my guest is Jonathan Balcombe, and he's the author of the new book "What A Fish Knows: The Inner Lives Of Our Underwater Cousins." And he's the director of animal sentience - sentience is the capacity to feel - he's the director of animal sentience at the Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy. We'll be right back after a break. This is FRESH AIR. GROSS: If you're just joining us, my guest is Jonathan Balcombe. He's the author of the new book, "What A Fish Knows: The Inner Lives Of Our Underwater Cousins." You're vegan. We need things to eat. Not everybody wants to be or can be vegan. So assuming that people continue to eat fish, what do you think are the most humane forms of fishing now? Do you have any hope for fish farming, that there could be a way of doing that - sure, the fish die, but at least could they die less cruelly? BALCOMBE: Yeah. Well, there's always improvements that can be made. I would go back to what you said earlier. I think most of us - a lot of people maybe don't want to become vegan. Although, I would suggest that that's just because they don't realize what an incredible diversity of plant-based foods are available. And there's a real revolution happening in plant-based foods with both meat substitutes but also - and even in-vitro meats is a rising phenomenon where you can make meat from animal tissue that never involved any slaughterhouse or factory farming or transportation trucks because the - it's all done in tissue culture. So the options there are becoming much broader. And they're - veganism is something I would encourage listeners to look into. Having said that, yeah, I mean, there are certainly improvements we can make. And I think it is - it's not making it humane. It's making it less inhumane. I think we just have to be realistic that if we are raising animals for human consumption, the economies of scale and the scale that it needs to be done - if you're going to be feeding a few billion mouths - is such that there's going to be confinement. There's going to be - animals are going to be stripped of their opportunity to engage in normal behaviors. Let me just mention one study came out this past week which found that farmed salmon - a lot of them become dropouts. That's the term they used. I don't mean to sound like teenagers who start smoking on street corners and taking drugs. I'm talking about essentially giving up on life. They become listless. And measures of their physiology suggest that they're actually severely depressed. They fit the hallmarks both behaviorally and physiologically of severe depression. Can we ask them if they're depressed? No, and that's one of the challenges, of course, of any study of animal feelings is that we have to surmise based on evidence. But the evidence supports that they are really miserable to the extent that they give up. They weigh about one-third what the other fishes weigh. And it's probably because they have no control over their lives and they - there's probably other aggressive fishes who attack them and chase them and they - it's probably terrifying. And so they become miserable and depressed, and they just wither away. GROSS: So one of the subjects you're interested in, you know, for animals, is the question of do animals experience pleasure? I mean, we've talked about do animals experience pain - do fish experience pain? And you say, yes, fish experience pain. And we should take that into consideration when we decide if we're going to eat fish or not and when we figure out how we're going to farm fish or catch fish. But why are you so interested in the question of whether and how animals and fish experience pleasure? BALCOMBE: Yeah. Thanks for asking that. Pleasure is so often overlooked. And I think it's so important. That's why I've written two books about animal pleasure in the past. And I certainly made sure I included some discussion of pleasure in this book. Pleasure adds so much richness to life. It's pleasure and not pain that makes life worth living. And so I think it's so important to include pleasure in - when we evaluate other lives - or our own, for that matter. And certainly, if you look at how fishes behave, pleasure is a big motivator for them just as it is for other sentient animals. It's the - the reason, I think, pleasure evolved is it's nature's way of encouraging good, adaptive behaviors just as pain is nature's way of discouraging maladaptive behaviors, behaviors that risk injury and/or death which are, in the genetic stakes, really bad outcomes. Is it any wonder that we're motivated - that we love food? We love the taste of it. Is it any wonder that fruit - which plants produce to really distribute their own seeds - why they're attractive to look at? They've got bright colors. They've got nice smells, sweet tastes and a big, nutritional reward. As for fishes, well, there's not so many fishes that eat fruit. There are some, actually. But they have their ways of feeling and expressing pleasure. And I think touch is perhaps the most key sensory realm where fishes can get pleasure. It's a good opportunity to mention these - this wonderful, very complex cleaner-client mutualism or symbiosis that you find typically on reefs where you have cleaner fishes of different species but often it's a cleaner wrasse, and they may work individually or in pairs or even small teams. And they hang out at a particular station on the reef. And then client fishes will line up to wait their turn to receive a spa treatment, essentially. They swim in and they hover there. I've watched this during dives myself. And it's been very well studied. And they get plucked over by these cleaners. And the clients cooperate. They open their mouths. And the cleaners swim in to look for parasites and algae and what have you. Clients never eat the cleaners because it's just not good to eat your business partner. And then they open their gills, and the cleaners go in there. So it's a trade-off. The cleaners get food, and the clients get this spa treatment. And while it's certainly adaptive to have parasites removed, I suspect that the way - the reason, the main reason, the clients return time and again to these cleaning stations is because it feels nice. It feels good. And I think there's further support for that. The cleaners will curry favor with clients by pausing from their cleaning ministrations. And they will actually move - rapidly move their pectoral fins to give caresses to the clients on their skin. And it's sort of a way to say hey, look, you know, come to me, you get good service. But I did want to mention it partly to point out the - the role of the pleasure of touch in these animals' lives. GROSS: So obviously you love animals. Do you have pets? BALCOMBE: Currently, I don't. I travel a lot. I mean, I have an unknown number of intestinal parasites probably. But I wouldn't really call those pets. GROSS: (Laughter). BALCOMBE: But other than that no. I've certainly lived with cats and dogs. I've had rats. And I certainly recommend rats, despite their often negative reputation. They actually make wonderful companions. They're very social. And if you get them when they're young, they're very malleable. They can learn their names. They'll play games with you. But no because I do travel, I worry about them being left without me because they're - certainly dogs especially - are highly social and they can really miss their companions. GROSS: Jonathan Balcombe, it's been great to talk with you. Thank you so much. BALCOMBE: Terry, thank you for having me. GROSS: Jonathan Balcombe is the author of "What A Fish Knows." After we take a short break, we'll hear from Ellie Kemper, who stars in the Netflix series "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" and costarred in "The Office" as the receptionist Erin. This is FRESH AIR.
Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Bouncing ball experiment 1. Jan 31, 2012 #1 Hi guys - recently in college we have done an experiment where we drop a ball from 10 different heights, and recorded the bounce height. Obviously all the results were tabulated, and then a graph produced. It turns out that the graph is linear, and I have worked out y=mx+c, so am able to predict the bounce height with just the initial height. I was just wondering if there is anything else I can explore from the results, other than just predicting the bounce height? Is there anything I can do that would test my calculus? (I'm living in the UK, so when I say college I mean A-Levels) P.S. Also I am wondering how this fits in with Newton's Laws. I'm guessing his Third Law has particular relevance here? 2. jcsd 3. Jan 31, 2012 #2 Sorry, not sure how to delete this post - I have reposted in the homework section... 4. Jan 31, 2012 #3 How about the Potential and Kinetic energies (if you haven't done that already) of the ball at every bounce?
The Types of Viruses by: Sam Medeiros 1 Influenza virus They are a single strand RNA virus with a pleomorphic appearance. The diameter range is from 80 to 120 nanometers. They are apart of the Orthomyxoviridae. which has Influenzavirus A,B, and C. It is a life threatening virus. You can easily obtain this virus. 2. Bacteriophage A virus that infects and replicates within a bacterium. They are composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome and may have relatively simple or elaborate structures Big image 3: Tobacco Mosaic Plant virus A positive-sense single stranded RNA virus that infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of that family. The infection causes characteristic patterns like, mosaic- like mottling and discoloration on the leaves. Big image Adenoviruses are a group of viruses that can infect the membranes of the respiratory tract, eyes, intestines, and urinary tract. They infect babies and children much more than they do adults. Big image
The main factors affecting the heat sealing aluminum foil containers 1. Raw and auxiliary materials The original aluminum foil is the carrier of the adhesive layer, and its quality has a great influence on the heat sealing strength of the product. On the one hand, the surface of the original aluminum oil, will weaken the adhesion between the adhesive and the original aluminum foil. If the original aluminum foil surface oil and the surface tension is lower than 31 * 10-3 m, it is difficult to achieve the ideal heat seal strength. On the other hand, the original aluminum foil of the metal composition and surface brightness is not enough to affect the intensity of the heat seal, must be strictly the quality of the original aluminum foil. 2. Adhesives The adhesive is a special material containing solvent, which under certain technological conditions, coating on the dark side of the original foil (or smooth), after oven drying to form adhesive layer plays a decisive role on the heat sealing strength of products. At present, most of the domestic manufacturers use imported raw materials to prepare adhesives, the product can achieve high heat sealing strength. However, the import of raw materials prices are too expensive, in order to be able to get high profits, some manufacturers have strong scientific research and development of domestic research and development of similar raw materials. 3. The production process Under the control of a certain process parameters, the adhesive is coated on the surface of the original aluminum foil, and the quality of the film can directly affect the sealing strength of the product. One of the most important parameters include the speed of coating, the temperature of the drying path, the shape of the roller, the depth, the number of lines and the position and angle of the scraper. The coating speed determines the drying time of the coating in the drying path. If the coating speed is too fast, oven temperature is too high, will make the film surface solvent too fast, resulting in residual membrane solvent, drying is not sufficient, it is difficult to form a strong adhesive layer dry and firm, it will affect the heat sealing strength of the product, the adhesion between layers and products. The thickness and uniformity of the coating film are determined by the shape, depth, number and position of the roller. If the choice or adjustment is not appropriate, the adhesive can not be evenly coated on the surface of the original aluminum foil lead to uneven film, the product will not be a good thermal sealing effect, the intensity will be affected. 4. Heat sealing temperature Heat seal temperature is an important factor affecting the heat seal strength. The temperature is too low, so that the bonding layer can be well sealed with the PVC film, and the bonding between the adhesive layer and the PVC film is not strong. If the temperature is too high, it will affect the drug. Therefore, the reasonable heat sealing temperature is usually between 150 and ~160. 5. Heat sealing pressure In order to achieve the ideal heat seal strength, it is necessary to set a certain heat seal pressure. If the pressure is not enough, not only can not make the adhesive layer of the product and PVC film fully fit heat seal, and even make the bubble between the two, can not reach a good heat sealing effect. Therefore, the national standard for the pressure of heat seal is 0.2 * 10Pa. 6. Heat sealing time Heat sealing time can also affect the sealing strength of the product. Under normal circumstances, under the same temperature and pressure, the heat sealing time of a long time can make the sealing part of the heat seal more stable and perfect, and can better achieve the expected heat sealing strength. However, it is not possible to provide a very long time for modern high speed pharmaceutical packaging machine, and if the heat sealing time is too short, the heat seal between the adhesive layer and the PVC film is not sufficient. To this end, the national standard provides a scientific heat sealing time for 1s.
6 comments to Screencast 5 1. Bryan Chu says: Hi, if anyone can answer this it would be great. I don’t understand why the blue and red packets can coexist at the same time in the buffer diagrams. If there are packets to be sent (red), and there is space available (blue), shouldn’t it be filled up? • Ooi Wei Tsang says: Red packets are the ones that have been sent. • Bryan Chu says: sorry, to be more precise i’m referring to slide 56, red is marked “cannot send” while blue is unused sender buffer. or is red “cannot send” because of rwnd conditions? • Ooi Wei Tsang says: I see. You are referring to Lecture 4, not Lecture 5. The sender cannot send those red sequence numbers because the sequence numbers are outside of the sending window. The sender has to send in increasing sequence number (fill the sequence number from left to right). There is no rwnd technically when we talk about SR and GBN. But the sending window is used for flow control. 2. yangshun says: I believe TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol and not Transport Control Protocol, as shown in slide 13 of the lecture notes. Leave a Reply
The Scarecrow of Romney Marsh The Scarecrow is involved in a smuggling operation. Some of his men have spotted excise men from the Crown coming. The Scarecrow takes off his mask. The British general who has vowed to stop the Scarecrow and all those who help him. An American wanted for treason is being chased by British soldiers. A woman tells him to go to the Vicar, Dr. Syn. The guy has some papers he stole from the British that have to do with the Scarecrow. Dr. Syn. The Justice of the Peace for the area on the left being upbraided by General Pugh. The general threatens to have press gangs come and take men from the area for the British ships. One of the naval press gangs. Dr. Syn is holding a Wednesday service. One of the Scarecrow's men enters and throws a knife with a message warning all able-bodied men to hide. The thugs catch one man. A problem arises that the Scarecrow has to handle. He and his men capture the thugs. Then the general tries to terrorize the people into giving up the Scarecrow, then he tries to work on individual people by threatening them with prison sentences. The daughter of the Justice of the Peace and one of the British officers who doesn't care at all for the way Pugh does things. One guy is willing to betray the Scarecrow, but the Scarecrow finds out in time. The catch the crown's prosecutor. King George III gives Gen. Pugh one month to stamp out the Scarecrow and his men. The brother who had been impressed into the British navy escapes and reunites with his father. The brother and the American get captured and put into prison. The Scarecrow concocts a plan to get them out of prison and out of the area completely. The British officer helps Dr. Syn and his men to free the prisoners. The officer doesn't approval of what General Pugh has been doing. He gets the men out right under General Pugh's nose, almost literally. The prisoners will be shipped to Holland and then to America. Meanwhile the British officer is going to quit the Army, marry Kate, the daughter of the justice of the peace, and also go to America. Main index page Main Prisoner index page
Eco-Friendly Computing “Greener” computing is about getting the most out of technology while minimizing environmental effects and maximizing cost savings. One reason that a laptop (and now tablets as well) use less energy is because of the integration of LCD monitors. Many desktops still use older CRT monitors, instead of energy-saving LCDs. A LCD monitor may use as much as 75% less energy than its 14-inch CRT counterpart. In LaptopsAnytime’s Automated Dispensing Kiosks, devices go into sleep mode as soon as they are returned to the kiosk, thereby reducing energy. Additionally, LaptopsAnytime is an authorized reseller of Faronics Products, see POWERSAVE section for an innovative solution that can be used with all facility computers including desktops. Power Save is the only energy management tool on the market today that eliminates wasted energy on computers without disrupting existing IT administration processes and without impacting critical user applications or data. Power Save is designed to look at CPU and Disk Utilization thresholds that IT administrators can set so that Power Save will not shut down computers if background jobs such as VPN, remote access, and remote backup are running. Power Save allows IT administrators to specify critical programs that are exempt from power down if they are running. CPU and Disk Utilization combines with this feature to ensure that systems are not powered down when employees or IT do not want them to. Power Save also supports Standby (recommended) and Hibernate power modes to ensure that any unsaved user data is not lost. The ability to schedule Power Save configuration updates on a single, daily, weekly, or monthly basis allows IT administrators to effortlessly make changes to enterprise energy management policies. Mobile Devices Mobile computing devices help you go green because... • They require more than 50% less electricity to operate than desktops • Laptops/netbooks/tablets use fewer components and require less electricity to manufacture, thereby resulting in fewer greenhouse gas emissions
Design a CPU? Meet the lowly NAND gate. Yes, there are more sophisticated logic gates like AND, OR, XOR and so on, but the NAND gate is special. How so? It can be used to create all of the others – a “universal gate” so to speak. Why is this important to me? Because this meager little logic gate will be the focus of my next project…design my own CPU! An eon or so ago when I was a young man at university I took a principles of computer hardware course in which I spent a lot of time combining elemental logic gates into more sophisticated devices such as multiplexers, adders, and even a full Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU). It was a blast! I recently got it in my head that I’d like to try my hand at that again. With my class notes and textbooks long turned to dust I dug around and eventually stumbled across Elements of Computing Systems – the tag line says it all “The NAND to Tetris Companion”. Yup, this book walks you through designing your own CPU, assembly language, virtual machine and high-level language. Great stuff! While a bit short in technical details in places (how exactly does a D-Flip Flip work?) it was enough to inspire me to try my hand at building my own. So here we go… …and so it begins Leave a Reply
Informative speech topic ideas Informative speech topic ideas, Topics for how-to speeches these are sample topics for brief process speeches whatever topic you choose, get your instructor's permission before bringing animals. Good informative speech topics is a list of topics that can be made into interesting speeches. The informative speech topic that you choose to deliver your speech on, must live up to its name it must have substantial information, and must swimmingly get across. Oxford university press usa publishes scholarly works in all academic disciplines, bibles, music, children's books, business books, dictionaries, reference books. More informative speech topics the worst jobs in history how to escape the earth’s gravity homing pigeons why the titanic sank origin of cornbread. What are informative speech topics and what is the purpose of an informative speech find out here. Informative speech topics inform my audience about the origins and current trends in public radio inform my audience about how a natural disaster develops such as a. Here are a few guidelines on how to write an informative speech learning your topic for informative speeches that explain and of ideas of facts. My speech class public speaking tips & speech topics selecting your topic informative persuasive informative speeches guns and gun control. Below you will find a list of 620 informative speech topics new ideas are added weekly, be sure to check back to see more. Informational speech topics: literally 100s of excellent informative speech topic ideas, ideal for middle school and upwards. Look at these unbelievably good informative speech topics for college students about education, history, politics, mythology, speeches. Informative speech topics 1 how nuclear power works 2 the biography of your favorite actor 3 the history of comic books 4 the story of how your school was. Example of informative speech outline sarah putnam informative outline topic: the titanic general purpose: to inform specific purpose: to inform my audience about. Informative speech topic ideas quite often you are asked to give a speech or a presentation the problem is what topic to choose for your speech. Informative speech ideas can be found everywhere some of these topics work better as description speeches, and some work better as explanation speeches. An informative speech is a fact-based speech intended to teach its audience about a specific topic informative speeches must have thesis statements and reliable. Public speaking tips and help choosing informative speech topics. Informative speaking informative speech develop an informative speech topic you will use a visual aid to assist you in clarifying and supporting your ideas. Informative speech topic ideas Rated 5/5 based on 14 review
Life Processes Worksheet-32 Life Processes Worksheet-32 Name the following: 1. Intake of food from surrounding. 1. Conversion of complex substances to simpler ones with the help of digestive/ hydrolytic enzymes. 1. Process of obtaining the food from other organisms. 1. Transport of simplified form of food to different parts of the body/ cell. 1. Extension of plasma membrane through which amoeba captures its food. 1. Conversion of simplified absorbed form of food into usable or storage forms like proteins from amino acids at the target site. 1. The system that helps in the process of its nutrition. 1. Long tubular structure that extends from mouth to anus. 1. Semi digested food mass formed in stomach. 1. Process of removal of undigested food material from the cell/ body. 1. Ingestion 2. Digestion 3. heterotrophic nutrition 4. Absorption 5. Pseudopodia 6. Assimilation 7. Digestive system 8. Alimentary canal 9. Chime 10. Egestion
Jaguar resting in a tree in Belize Jaguar resting in a tree in Belize Z934/0096 Rights Managed Request low-res file 530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked Request/Download high-res file Uncompressed file size: 22.5MB Downloadable file size: 1.7MB Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator Caption: Jaguar. View of a jaguar (Panthera onca) resting in a tree. The jaguar is a carnivorous big cat which inhabits the forests of Central and South America. They hunt mainly on the ground, although they are fairly well accomplished climbers, and often rest in trees, as here. They eat a wide variety of animals, including large rodents, tapir, deer, birds, turtles and fish. After a kill, they usually drag their prey to a safe spot to eat it at their leisure. They are strong, and may carry it up trees or even across rivers. Unlike most other cats, jaguars like water, and are powerful swimmers. They are solitary animals, meeting only to breed. Photographed in Belize. Keywords: animal, belize, big cat, cat, jaguar resting, mammal, nature, panthera onca, wildlife, zoology
Speak and write with confidence. Why synonyms can be useful Synonyms for (verb) encourage Synonyms: encourage Definition: spur on Usage: His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife Hypernyms: cause, induce, get, have, make, stimulate Definition: cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner Usage: The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer; My wife made me buy a new sofa Synonyms: encourage Definition: inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to Hypernyms: exalt, enliven, inspire, animate, invigorate Definition: heighten or intensify Usage: These paintings exalt the imagination Synonyms: boost, advance, encourage, further, promote Definition: contribute to the progress or growth of Usage: I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom
Melody writing Having said that, the motif approach can be very powerful. As always, there is no hard and fast rule with regards to this, but as a general guideline, this would normally make sense. Another embellishment on the 2 note theme is phrasing and placement in time. In developing solo ideas in Jazz the motif approach is often used to develop a vocabulary of licks that will mature and evolve over time. Change the dynamics within the melody. This motif is repeated then moved to another chord. Notice how erratic and shapeless it looks. But how do you choose which notes to add? Seven Steps To Writing Memorable Melodies - Part 1 The point is that complex ideas are built from simple ideas repeated. I shall give various examples during this tutorias. C Major has a key signature where there are no sharps or flats; on a piano keyboard, no black notes. Without a strong melody line, a song is rarely going to make it on to someones iTunes playlist! Coming up with the melody There are many different ways of actually creating your melody. This is fine during solos but as a CORE melody of a song, it should have some sort of up and down pattern. Also, knowing the chords gives me good starting references, and it normally just flows. What is important is that I used only the notes that are in C Major no sharps of flats to get me from the featured melody note of E in the first bar to G in the second bar. Things you can do to keep it memorable, but not boring, while still following the theme are: There is nothing that says you need to follow this paradigm. Give that a try with your ideas before throwing in the towel. The opening riff in GH is 2 notes repeated over 2 bars. Knowing Melody writing key signatures is a critical part of writing a good melody. You may be surprised at how much mileage you can get out of one lick if you are willing to explore many possible embellishments of that lick. If you are not pleased with your own note ides just give it time. There are no rules, and Want to keep this website free? Repetition For a melody to really work, it has to have some degree of repetition. Please make a donation by clicking on the link below. Inspiration comes how it comes, no reason to insist on a note theme. You can learn more about chord notation here http: The basic SHAPE of a melody Repetition guidelines How to keep your melody following a basic theme, while maintaining variety Determining the length of your melody How to put an existing melody to a song structure Exercises: Speed it up, slow it down, pauses, play some sections in a different rhythm while keeping the same notes etc. The motif has to be moved through the various positions within the key to create movement. Cavalleria Rusticana - Intermezzoabout 1minute 40 into the piece. Well, the most obvious thing to do is work out what key signature your song is in, and then ensure you only use notes from that scale. Here is an example of a basic melody with JUST enough repetition to be memorable, but not too much to get on your nerves. A melody will normally be contained within ONE octave. As for "being small", there are musicians that create 27 note and beyond motifs that is a non repeating musical line that never seems to end, but does and repeats. Understand The Interaction Between The Chord And Melody This is arguably the most important of all the tips and thankfully is the simplest to achieve for any new song writer.Writing a Melody “What are you going to send me out of the room humming?” This is the most common question I ask my students when teaching them how to compose of any great piece of music from any genre and it will (most likely) have a great melody. The instructions will ask you to write a complete melody for solo voice to fit the words of the text: you can choose whichever voice (soprano, alto, tenor or bass) you prefer. You don’t have to say which voice you’ve chosen, but you will have to keep the melody within the normal range of one voice, and use the appropriate clefs. Instead you get a melody. Melody – Simple and Beautiful. Melody is natural. It is one line. It can be imagined. It can be heard in your mind. This means it is one of the greatest vehicles for unlocking creativity. Melody to me is the heart and soul of music, because melody is something we can all relate to. Melody writing is both an art and a science. I imagine if you can ask any scientist if what they do is an art, undoubtedly they will say yes. This is because everything we do, can be accomplished at such high levels of skill, that it ceases to be a mechanical set of tasks, and becomes an expression of who we are. MELODY WRITING A Step by Step Guide. Teaching young musicians how to write a melody is not easy! I have developed and successfully used the process outlined in this booklet for many years with my classes, and it works without fail! Motifs in melody writing up vote 4 down vote favorite I read in many books/teachings etc. that the first step for creating a melody is to come up with a motif, and use that for further development. Melody writing Rated 3/5 based on 49 review
Yesterday, we announced we were taking our Constant Guard Bot Detection and Notification service nationally. As the nation's largest ISP, we have a responsibility to protect our customers from online threats, and this is yet another step we've taken in this direction. Bots are a fairly new phenomenon, and as the Messaging Anti-Abuse Working Group (MAAWG) pointed out earlier this year a healthy majority of consumers don't understand what a bot is. A good article to read is Elinor Mills' post at CNET. One of the first things we're trying to do is educate our customers about bots and what they can do about them. Our bot detection and notification service is an effective network-based solution, which means there is no software for our customers to download, and absolutely no searching into individual's computers. So our customers can have peace of mind knowing that Comcast takes their security and privacy very seriously, and is working to protect them without customers having to take additional steps to benefit from this offering. So what are we doing and how does this work? Let me take a step back and explain. A bot is a malicious form of software that is remotely controlled like a "robot" by someone with a criminal intent. Many bots are commanded to send spam or host phishing websites (which are "fake" websites intended to trick people into entering credit cards or social security numbers). Other bots track every keystroke typed on a keyboard. A cyber criminal can comb through that data to find usernames and passwords that lead to identity theft and financial fraud. To set up a bot, a cyber criminal establishes what is known as a "command and control center" (CNC). This is essentially the bot's brain, which is sent instructions by the person who set it up. The command and control center sits out in the Internet somewhere at a specific IP (Internet Protocol) address. Many of these IP addresses can be identified and flagged by security professionals, Internet engineers and others. Since we know that any communication with the known CNC is from a bot, when contact is made our system sends a notification to the Customer IP address that made contact with it. Many customers have multiple devices connected to their modems - desktop PCs, wireless laptops, gaming consoles, smart phones, iPads and more - so any one of them could be the one that is receiving commands from the bot. Cyber criminals are getting more and more sophisticated and we encourage our customers and all consumers to remain vigilant. Be careful what you download to your computers and devices, use up-to-date anti-virus software and take the time to talk with your kids or grandkids or friends about how to remain safe online. For more information, visit
A dojo game challenge Switch branches/tags Nothing to show Clone or download Latest commit 065eaab May 3, 2011 Coloured Balls This is an example exercise in visual programming for the London Clojure dojo. Running the code • lein or cake deps • To run code • cake run src/coloured_balls/core.clj • lein run Initial state of the code This code uses the Processing library to perform a simple animation loop in a Processing applet. Essentially it will just create a new random ball and draw it on screen, creating a kind of spot painting. • I seem to have defined the Leiningen main class incorrectly as it will be run even if you are running a test command. Suggestions for the dojo The goal of this dojo is to just come up with something visually interesting and to try and see how the Processing bindings can be used to visualise Clojure data structures. Visual changes • A simple change would be to not regenerate a random ball but just change the x and y values incrementally so that a line should appear to be drawn across the screen. • Clear the screen by setting background and draw a set of balls that are randomly generated in each frame Simulation changes • Have a set of balls moving around • Animate a single ball so that it bounces off the sides of the frame. • If the ball’s x and y would be within the radius of zero or the screen-size constant then add or subtract 180 from the heading (mod 360). • Make the balls bounce off one another Creating a game Seek and absorb Create a random set of balls, each ball has AI consisting of: • If there are any other balls remaining • Move so that: • your distance to any balls larger than you is greater or equal to the current distance • you are touching a smaller ball or the distance between you and a smaller ball is less than or equal to the current distance • If touching another ball that is smaller, remove it and increase your radius by the size of the removed ball Bonus points Make a ball’s velocity proportional to it’s radius (size) Create two predator balls (in one colour) and 15 prey balls (in another). Predators have a velocity that is slightly greater than prey. All balls have the same radius. Predators have the following AI: • Move towards the nearest prey ball • If touching a prey ball, eat it (remove it) Prey have the following AI: • Move towards the nearest prey ball so that you distance to any predators is minimised • If touching another prey ball and there are no predators in 3 radiuses of distance, spawn a new prey ball adjacent to this prey ball Bonus points • Once predators have eaten prey they just move randomly for ten impulses until they become hungry again. • Implement a flocking algorithm for the prey • Create super-predators that seek and eat predators
ArtsAutosBooksBusinessEducationEntertainmentFamilyFashionFoodGamesGenderHealthHolidaysHomeHubPagesPersonal FinancePetsPoliticsReligionSportsTechnologyTravel Wolves to "Man's Best Friend" Updated on July 13, 2011 How did wild wolves turn into “Man’s best friend?” There is little doubt dogs descended from wolves, and was probably the first animal to be domesticated. Yes, dogs are a subspecies of the wolf. Dogs are of the species canis lupus familiaris and wolves are canis Lupus. They can not only produce offspring, but their offspring are able to reproduce, something hybrids like mules cannot do. Despite similarities, there are a few differences. Like domestic dogs, wolves have 42 teeth, although the wolves 4 canine teeth are much longer. Wolves’ legs move differently while running and the social system in which wolves live is not like that of domesticated or wild dogs. And wolves only breed once a year, where domestic dogs can breed twice. But much about the origin of dogs has been thrown into doubt. Conventional thinking has it a wolf pup was most likely picked up by a band of wandering nomads and eventually bred with other human-adopted wolves. But is this really where domestic dogs we know today came from? Some researchers have doubts. Recent researchers working with DNA techniques have found evidence which suggests a much different origin. The concept “wolf dogs” may have lived among Stone Age cavemen peoples came from discoveries of canid bones and skulls at a European archaeological site indicating dogs split from wolves maybe as far back as 135,000 years ago. Some genetic research in the 1990s supported the theory. However, more recent studies strongly suggest domestic dogs did not originate in Europe, but in the Middle East. And long after the Stone Age. Both theories were put to the test in 2002, when Peter Savolainen, a Swedish molecular biologist, and his associates published results of their research on dog DNA. Savolainen became interested in the evolution of dogs in 1992 while working with Sweden’s National Laboratory of Forensic Science. He analyzed dog hairs found at two high-profile murders. Although he didn't solve the crime, it led him to study the heredity of domestic dog breeds with DNA technology. “We expected to see different DNA types within each breed,” says Savolainen. “But we found the same type in all breeds, whether it was a German shepherd or a poodle.” These findings meant there must have been a common ancestor for the domestic dog. In 1998 Savolainen began collecting dog hairs from wherever he could find them to collect and examine. Three years later he had over a 1,000 hair samples representing dogs from around the world. His results showed more DNA types in hair samples from East Asian dogs indicating domestic dogs originated in East Asia. This suggestion, if true, would place the origin of dogs several thousand miles farther east than many experts previously thought, and it would trace their source gene pool to a few female Asian wolves about 15,000 years ago. Other genetic studies conducted by Swedish researchers found dogs in modern America are almost genetically identical to Old World dogs. This would suggest Native Americans did not domesticate dogs from wolves. Rather, domesticated canines came with them when they crossed the Bering land bridge around 12,000 years ago. However, that still leaves the question of how domesticated dogs evolved from wolves. What was the process that transformed wild wolf to dog? Raymond Coppinger, a retired biologist from Hampshire College in Massachusetts, believes he has the answer. He believes wild wolves domesticated themselves. On the face of it, this hypothesis may seem ludicrous until putting it under a microscope and examining the period when domestication was thought to have occurred, and the kind of societies existing then. Coppinger proposes, people living at the time would not have had the time, motivation or knowledge. Coppinger holds a wolf pup would need to be separated from its parents by the time it was 19 days old. According to Coppinger, any later than that, it would always remain a wild, potentially dangerous animal. Not to mention, they are extremely difficult to train. He theorizes the domestication process was initiated by the wolves themselves around 10,000 years ago as humans established settlements. Wolves began visiting village garbage dumps for food scraps. At first, wolves probably fled when humans approached. But over time they eventually became used to their presence and took up residence in the village. The mysteries of the wolf’s evolution into the dog may never be fully understood, but one thing is certain: Wild wolves are an endangered species in many places today. Visit to learn more about what you can do to help protect them. 0 of 8192 characters used Post Comment • Eiddwen profile image 7 years ago from Wales A brilliant hub, I love anything to do with nature/animals etc. This one was a treat and hopefully here's to many more to share. Take care • Bygdog profile image 7 years ago Phenominal hub, several facts I had no idea about. • JY3502 profile imageAUTHOR John Young 7 years ago from Florence, South Carolina Thank you ahorseback. Peter it does sound stupid, don't it? • PETER LUMETTA profile image 7 years ago from KENAI, ALAKSA JY, really good topic and article. The treatment of wolves in the US IS DEPLORABLE. In Alaska where I come from the state conducted airiel wolf Kills to protect the moose and caribou for the hunters to kill. How dumb is that? It seems that of we don't understand it and we can't control it we kill it, no matter what it is. Peter • profile image 7 years ago I love tha isolation and the mystique of the wolf! Man has been a fool when it comes to not only understanding the wolf, but in his biologicl "studies" ,the wolf has been exploited to the extreme. And man knows no more now than ever! Radio collars , Dna , traps and fools who think they can live in a fenced in pen and "know them" , one day perhaps wolf will out live man on earth .And finally get a break! Awesome hub! This website uses cookies Show Details LoginThis is necessary to sign in to the HubPages Service. AkismetThis is used to detect comment spam. (Privacy Policy) Google AdSenseThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) Index ExchangeThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) SovrnThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) Facebook AdsThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) AppNexusThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) OpenxThis is an ad network. 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From Star Wars: The Old Republic Wiki Jump to: navigation, search Distant Outer Rim Levels 37-41 Allegiance No government Status Contested Terrain Frozen, Desolate wasteland Key Facts A major battle of the Great War occurred in Hoth's orbit littering the planet with wreckage. In the aftermath of the battle, the icy planet of Hoth became a massive starship graveyard, littered with the wreckage of hundreds of warships from both sides, including several prototype ships the Republic had deployed in the hope of turning the tide of the war. As the war raged on, though, neither the Republic nor the Empire had the time and resources to mount a recovery operation. Upon learning of the wealth of technology abandoned on Hoth, an ambitious pirate confederation started their own salvage operation. They brought an army of droids and mercenaries and began looting all useful remnants from the wreckage in an effort to piece together their own battle cruisers and create a pirate armada. In the wake of the Treaty of Coruscant, however, both Republic and Empire have returned to reclaim what's left of their war machines, and Hoth has become a point of considerable contention. Despite the peace and the planet's remote location, skirmishes have broken out often, and now both superpowers have become entrenched—committed to fighting for Hoth until the cold, bitter end. Codex entries[edit \| edit source] Main article: Hoth/Codex entries Hoth has 37 codex entries: 5 bestiary, 5 datacrons (see below), 2 epic enemy, 11 locations, 5 lore, 3 organizations, 3 persons of note and 3 species. Datacrons[edit \| edit source] Datacron Locations Coordinates Reward Area Description Codex Gallery[edit \| edit source] Videos[edit \| edit source] External links[edit \| edit source] Promotional Content
Whether we're talking about the long hot summer, the winter blahs or the rainy day blues, weather can definitely take us by storm. Weather can rain on our parade or bring out our sunnier dispositions. "Feeling under the weather," "weathering through," "looking for a silver lining" and "preparing for a rainy day" are mainstays of our vocabulary and our moods, changing only with the season or climate.Ask yourself: Would you be more likely to help a stranded motorist on a sunny or a rainy day? Might weather affect how generous a tip you'd leave in a restaurant? Would the mere presence of sunshine affect how worthwhile you feel your life is? If you're like most subjects in actual "sunshine" studies, you'll tend to feel more outgoing and confident under blue skies, ready to do good deeds, leave bigger tips and judge yourself more kindly. Of course, say weather psychologists, we're talking generalities here. Each of us follows our own individual weather-and-season/moods profile that is probably as hard to pin down as personality itself. "You can't really say that weather is the cause or the cure in specific situations, but it can exacerbate certain tendencies," says Paul Bell, professor of psychology at Colorado State University. "Weather can act as a trigger or an irritant. "If there's a strong heat wave causing a lot of discomfort or a big snowstorm that traps people inside for days and brings out their cabin fever, these can act as aggravants that heighten other things going on in their lives." Even though one-to-one correlations are generally ruled out by researchers, the patterns of human reaction are striking enough to suggest a kind of psychological effects profile for each season. WITH FALL deepening into winter, natural daylight and temperatures decline, and so do our moods. Cold, dark, gloomy weather keeps us indoors and slows down our bodies and our activities, says Michael A. Persinger, psychologist at the University of Toronto and author of The Weather Matrix and Human Behavior. Even inside the house, we move around less in winter. "It's not a cold or illness we're talking about here," explains Persinger. "There'll just be some days where we feel we don't have it together. Other days we'll feel snappier. You'll see more of this type of the blues the farther north you go in the U.S. and Canada." A major problem with seasonal sluggishness is that we really don't make allowances for it in our schools or in the workplace, Persinger adds. We in the Western world are so time-oriented that we don't want to slow down, even if our biorhythms are telling us we should. "In earlier times, when people were out hunting and felt a bit drowsy, they might miss a shot or something - not a disaster. Today, however, somebody experiencing a slowdown in their natural circadian rhythms could make a mistake and lose his or her job." Another common winter complaint is cabin fever, especially difficult for older folks. Whereas in summer or fall it's easy to go for walks or car rides, see the flowers and the birds, watch people stroll the streets, winter brings a chronic grayness of reduced stimuli - boredom that may even manifest itself as a physical stress to the heart, explains Persinger. But it's a myth that cabin fever causes aggression, Rotton asserts. "It would seem reasonable to assume that being cooped up inside all winter long would make people edgy and heighten their aggression. But there are actually fewer arguments or violent acts both outdoors and indoors in winter," he says. The onset and deepening of the winter doldrums usually follow such a predictable pattern we could graph them, Persinger notes: By November and December our high fall spirits have begun to taper off. The novelty of the return to school, etc., is giving way to shortening days, reduced sunlight and falling temperatures. Though the holidays are often cited as a time of depression, most of us actually experience something of a mood lift at this time, though a few do react very negatively, says Persinger. If not for Christmas and New Year's, many of us would find our winter moods settling in a couple of weeks earlier. Then, the holidays over, there's a sudden plunge toward the mid-January "crash," Persinger continues. Now, for many of us, sleep comes harder, the body slows down, our moods decline. The long winter is psychologically sinking in. "The long, hot summer is an old cliche, but recent research confirms it's indeed true," Rotton states. "The summer is a peak time for family disturbances and arguments, neighbors shouting at each other over backyard fences, horns honking madly in traffic. "It's also the season for violence or aggression. Assaults of all kinds, wife and child abuse peak in the hot weather. Only homicide, which is highest around the holidays, is an exception." Though the added irritations and shortened fuses brought on by 90-degree temperatures and blistering humidity would seem a logical explanation for our often surly summer natures, weather experts caution against jumping too hastily to such a conclusion. Two other summer factors might be as important: Summer obviously draws people out onto the streets more and into social interaction, opening up greater possibilities for conflict. Plus, high levels of alcohol consumption during hot months might break down our restraints to violence. "Probably all three of these factors have some validity," Rotton concludes. Though nobody has good statistics on how the increased use of air conditioning helps us "keep our cool" on sultry days, it would seem that this sort of environmental control helps keep the lid on things in our crowded cities: The long, hot summer becomes, thankfully, the long hot air-conditioned summer. After all, point out meteorologists, cities are "heat islands," where massed bodies and hot cars, industrial combustion processes, reduced winds due to tall buildings, and trapped heat in brick and asphalt often raise metropolitan thermometers 10-15 degrees above those of the surrounding countryside. Therefore open spaces, parks and "emerald necklaces" ringing cities with cooling greenery probably serve an important psychological purpose for summertime city dwellers. Finding a way to retain one's sense of control over things in life is easier said than done, but weather psychologists offer a number of tips: * AS FALL GIVES WAY to winter, be aware that waning sunlight and falling temperatures may well slow you down, says Colorado's Paul Bell. You could use a new hobby or a new relationship. * IF A HUGE SNOWSTORM has your city tied up, try to make the best of the situation. Maybe go out and buy a sled and go for a ride. "When we feel more freedom of action, we handle stress better, says Bell. "It's the restraints of winter (or any period of bad weather) that become a burden at times." * USE A RAINY DAY as an opportunity to catch up on odd jobs long put off, or to read a book or go to a movie. * IF YOU'RE A SENIOR CITIZEN, bear in mind that you'll likely be hit harder by the changing seasons - you'll feel the heat more and will have to work harder at conquering those snows, says Persinger. So put on an old record or rent a memorable movie from your youth. For a change of pace, go to a mall and spend the day there. Persinger points to the high livability of cities like Toronto with large environmentally controlled "contained" spaces, and sees more humanistic, domed cities in our future. * FOR SENIOR CITIZENS who are not as ambulatory as they once were, TV can become a very important substitute social contact when the weather keeps them indoors. * WHEN YOU'RE CHECKING your weather sensitivity, bear in mind too that there's usually a lag in reactions to changing weather. So if you're in a lousy mood today, maybe it's due to yesterday's weather, Rotton explains. * IN VERY HOT WEATHER, take frequent showers and drink a lot of fluids but not alcohol, which can aggravate thirst problems, Rotton advises. And don't rely solely on your sense of thirst as a guide - you can become pretty dehydrated and irritable before your body lets you know you need some liquid. * BY CONSERVTIVE ESTIMATES, about 10 percent of us show year-round mood swings in response to the seasons, dramatic enough for others to notice, Rotton adds. * BY ALL MEANS, try to enjoy the weather whenever possible. Remember, most weather patterns last only a couple of days. And feel free to use weather in that most ancient, salutary fashion: Like fate, bad luck or any other force larger than ourselves, weather makes a convenient scapegoat for those occasional misfortunes, helping us to maintain that inner sunshine.
With the threat of global warming becoming more and more obvious, we’re going to need something to cool us down but if we use electricity to make us cooler, we’re only burning fossil fuels and making the situation worse. To solve this issue, British inventors have come to our rescue. One invention, a supermarket chiller truck, cooled by liquid nitrogen is just one that it going on it’s test run this week. Although this seems like a novelty invention that would never take off, these cool tech may be worth £100bn a year in the years to follow. "The size of energy challenge from cold and cooling internationally is colossal," says Prof Martin Freer from Birmingham University, who wrote a report on the Cold Economy. "It will, by the middle of the century, be the biggest single problem the world faces in terms of energy. And we have to do this in a low carbon way." At the moment it is still unclear if cooling will be the biggest energy issue, but it will be one, and this issue makes liquid nitrogen really appealing. The engine of the truck uses waste liquid nitrogen at -200C, which is held in a tank in the truck and its coldness is used to cool the chiller compartment - which is normally cooled by a polluting diesel engine. This system was designed by Peter Dearman, an amateur inventor who is honoured by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Deaman suggests that it could use already existing waste, and would be funded by using excess cheap energy produced by wind turbines or nuclear plants at night. The liquid nitrogen would, in effect, be an energy store - like a sort of battery. A much simpler chiller truck invention comes from two more backyard inventors based at Lampeter in Wales. Their system - Perpetual V2G –does away with the diesel engine used to cool the truck with a secondary battery that can be charged overnight by off-peak electricity. Related news & editorials 1. 18.10.2018 by In 2. 16.10.2018 by In 3. 16.10.2018 by In 4. 16.10.2018 by In The Rosemount 326P is a... Read More
Find a clinic 2016/08/29 Home Education and advice Certain types of headaches are of cervical origin, which is to say that muscle tension or stiffness in the neck can irritate nerves and cause pain. Such pain will often be located in the occipital region, the back of the head, or at the temples. The causes of headaches are numerous and can be due either to poor posture in general or at work, or be the result of an automobile accident or other trauma. In certain cases, headaches can reveal an underlying illness, and should be investigated in greater detail. The physiotherapist will assess your overall condition, compile a list of problems, and establish a treatment plan with you. Your physiotherapist will reduce pressure on the nerve using manipulative therapy techniques that help eliminate joint stiffness. Your physiotherapist is also familiar with various techniques to help decrease muscle tension, and will teach you specific and personalized exercises that help correct posture and render musculature stronger and more flexible.
Obesity: Health Risks Associated with Obesity Obesity health risks associated with obesity The Cleveland Clinic Weight Loss: Health Risks Associated With Obesity Obesity is not just a cosmetic problem. It's a health hazard. Someone who is 40% overweight is twice as likely to die prematurely as is an average-weight person. This is because obesity has been linked to several serious medical conditions, including: Doctors generally agree that the more obese a person is the more likely he or she is to have health problems. People who are 20% or more overweight can gain significant health benefits from losing weight. Many obesity experts believe that people who are less than 20% above their healthy weight should still try to lose weight if they have any of the following risk factors. • Family history of certain chronic diseases. People with close relatives who have had heart disease or diabetes are more likely to develop these problems if they are obese. • Pre-existing medical conditions. High blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, or high blood sugar levels are all warning signs of some obesity-associated diseases. • "Apple" shape. People whose weight is concentrated around their stomachs may be at greater risk of developing heart disease, diabetes, or cancer than people of the same weight who are "pear-shaped" (they carry their weight in their hips and buttocks). Fortunately, even a modest weight loss of 10 to 20 pounds can bring significant health improvements, such as lowering one's blood pressure and cholesterol levels. How Is Obesity Linked to Heart Disease and Stroke? Heart disease and stroke are the leading causes of death and disability for people in the U.S. Overweight people are more likely to have high blood pressure, a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke, than people who are not overweight. Very high blood levels of cholesterol can also lead to heart disease and often are linked to being overweight. Being overweight also contributes to angina (chest pain caused by decreased oxygen to the heart) and sudden death from heart disease or stroke without any signs or symptoms. The good news is that losing a small amount of weight can reduce your chances of developing heart disease or a stroke. Reducing your weight by 10% can decrease your chance of developing heart disease. How Is Obesity Linked to Diabetes? How Is Obesity and Cancer Linked? Several types of cancer are associated with being overweight. In women, these include cancer of the uterus, gallbladder, cervix, ovary, breast, and colon. Overweight men are at higher risk for developing colorectal cancer and prostate cancer. For some types of cancer, such as colon or breast, it is not clear whether the increased risk is due to the extra weight or to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. How Is Obesity Related to Gallbladder Disease? How Does Obesity Cause Osteoarthritis? How Is Obesity Linked to Gout? How Is Obesity Linked to Sleep Apnea? 1. MedicineNet Portions of this page from The Cleveland Clinic 2000-2004.
Busy. Please wait. show password Forgot Password? Don't have an account? Sign up Username is available taken show password Already a StudyStack user? Log In Reset Password Remove Ads Don't know remaining cards Pass complete! "Know" box contains: Time elapsed: restart all cards Normal Size Small Size show me how lymph fluid begins as extracellular fluid name the functions of the lymphatic system absorption of fats, filter lymph fluid, traps toxins, wastes for removal what is the purpose of anchoring fibers and how can movement increase lymph flow they move cells in the capillary walls allowing fluid to flow in. movement pulls the cells the lymphatoc system empties into the subclavian vein the right subclavian vein accepts lymph from the right upper quad which lymph vessel accepts the lymph fluid from the left upper quadrant and the B/L lower quadrants thoracic duct small masses lymphatic tissue found along the lymph pathways are called lymph nodes the lymph nodes serve the lymphatic system by filtering the lymph fluid lymph vessels flowing into or toward a lymph is called affarent lymph vessels flowing out or away from a lymph is called efferant lymphocyte productin and maturation increase with the flow of lymph fluid the 3 regions where lymph nodes are concentrated are inguinal, axillary, neck lymph from the arm will flow into the axillary region lymph from the neck will flow from the neck region lymph from the leg will flow into the inguinal region where is the loction of the thymus gland posterior to ascending aorta the thymus matures lymphocytes is called t-cells where are the locations of the tonsils mouth and nose the 3 tonsils are called adenoids, palatine, lingual where is the location of the spleen upper left quad what is the largest lymphoid tissue spleen what are the first line defenders of the body skin, mucous membrane, fluid, chemical barriers where are the chemical defenders located mouth, nose, eyes, skin, stomach the T cell and B cell activity in the immune system is known as specific immunity Created by: marlenasokana
Sustainable Brands Issue in Focus Sponsored by: A collection of prototypes using agar as a prime ingredient. \| Image credit: AMAM/Kosuke Araki The ocean’s value has been estimated as high as $24 trillion, yet despite its inherent connections to the health and well-being of wildlife, humans, and the global economy, it continues to be overexploited and polluted. Scientists have estimated that a minimum of 5.25 trillion plastic particles are in the oceans, and some studies suggest that these contaminants can make their way all the way up the food chain. The design collective, AMAM, is exploring the potential uses of agar as an alternative to synthetic plastics of all kinds through an ongoing material research project known as Agar Plasticity. They begin with seaweed, or more specifically, two kinds of red algae which are already being grown and harvested worldwide. Agar can be extracted by boiling red algae, and is chilled into a jelly-like substance. Traditionally, it is consumed as food in Japan and is often used for making sweets, but it has also been used for other scientific and medical applications. Instead of making candy, the designers, Kosuke Araki, Noriaki Maetani and Akira Muraoka, freeze, thaw, and air-dry the agar. Araki, Maetani and Muraoka’s experiments found that agar powder could be used to produce a transparent film, loose-fill cushioning and a package with integrated cushioning, as well as mixed with red algae fibre and shell ash powder to produce other materials. The red algae fibre is a waste by-product from agar production, but the designers suggest that it could be sold to farmers for use as fertilizer, since it still contains “lots of minerals” after the extraction process, or could be combined with agar powder to make thicker packaging materials. Araki, Maetani and Muraoka suggest that the composite material could be used for wrapping flowers, cushion packaging for plant pots and wine bottles, or moulded into boxes. Shell ash powder is also a waste by-product of the food industry, and the designers say that it can often result in “huge disposal costs for farmers.” While shell ash and water is an ineffective mixture, Araki, Maetani and Muraoka found that adding agar can create a moldable composite. Their prototypes have led them to believe that the composite can be molded into complicated shapes or extruded, even industrially, and could be used in building materials such as wall tiles. Perhaps the best part is the materials’ disposal. All of them are biodegradable, and the designers expect them to be harmless to marine life should they end up in the ocean. What’s more, the agar absorbs and holds water very well even after it has been made into these ‘plastics,’ so they can be used as a material for improving the water-retention of soil or fertilizer. The designers are hoping to further the materials’ development by collaborating with industry partners. Earlier this month, their prototypes were on display in Milan for the Lexus Design Awards, where AMAM was named the 2016 Grand Prix winner. Meanwhile, sharks are at risk for many reasons beyond ocean health. Besides for the shark fin trade, sharks are also killed for the curative compounds found in their organs, such as squalene, or a shark liver oil. Squalane, a natural moisturizer widely used in our cosmetics and in vaccines, can be derived from squalene, but is also naturally present in plants, animals and humans. In search of a more sustainable alternative, cosmetics company Biossance created a patented form of squalene derived from sugarcane plants. “The other plant-derived squalene that exists is made from olives, but olives are a more volatile and climate-dependent crop, therefore, less sustainable than sugarcane. The sugarcane squalene is also more pure, higher quality and a better ingredient for the consumer. It is easy to formulate with, readily biodegradable and has a very stable supply,” Caroline Hadfield, the senior vice president of Personal Care of both Biossance and its parent company Amyris, explained to PSFK. PSFK reports that Biossance sources its sugarcane from Brazil and works with local workers who oversee its processing at a zero-waste facility. Hadfield explained that “the sugarcane field is next to the production facility where the bagasse from the sugarcane stock is used for energy co-generation and the excess energy is released back to the power grid.” While sugarcane can be a water-intensive crop, no additional watering is needed thanks to the region’s levels of rainfall, according to Hadfield. (Although, as PSFK rightly pointed out, Brazil has been victim to dramatic droughts in recent years.) Amyris is also researching sugarcane-derived replacements for petroleum, in addition to the cosmetic applications including fragrances and biopharmaceuticals. Sign up for SB Newsletters User login Most Recently Viewed in the Library
Daejeon Metropolitan Museum of Art Daejeon Metropolitan Museum of Art For the Daejeon Museum of Art in Daejeon, South Korea, LfM set up a pilot project with artificial microclimates in the museum park. Visitors were also given the opportunity to create their own microclimates during a performance and could find further information on microclimates in a tent that was specially designed for the installation. Cities have urban climate problems, such as urban heat and wind nuisance or danger. These can be solved with many design interventions. Wageningen UR develops a smartphone app, CLIMADAPTOOL (CLIMate ADAPtation TOOL), in which people can see what the actual local urban climate is like in their direct living environment and what they can do to improve it. This tool will make the information to improve the urban climate easily accessible for everybody. Climate research on your own smartphone With the teaching package 'Onsklimaat' children from the upper primary school learn that the temperature is not the same wherever you go, and that we can take measures to improve our living climate when designing districts. During the practical afternoon the children record the temperature in various locations around the school using their own smartphone. The ultimate goal is to use the knowledge they have acquired to compile an improvement plan for the area.
Fireworks Explained Fireworks were originally invented in medieval China in the 9th century to scare away evil spirits, a natural application of gunpowder, one of the Four Great Inventions of ancient China. Such important events and festivities as Chinese New Year and the Mid-Autumn Moon Festival were and still are times when fireworks are guaranteed sights. China is the largest manufacturer and exporter of fireworks in the world. Colored fireworks were invented in Europe in the 1830s.[1] Modern skyrocket fireworks were invented in the early 20th century. The earliest documentation of fireworks dates back to 9th-century medieval Chinese Tang Dynasty.[1] The fireworks were used to accompany many festivities.[2] The art and science of firework making has developed into an independent profession. In China, pyrotechnicians were respected for their knowledge of complex techniques in mounting firework displays.[3] Chinese people originally believed that the fireworks could expel evil spirits and bring about luck and happiness.[4] During the Song Dynasty (960–1279), many of the common people could purchase various kinds of fireworks from market vendors,[5] and grand displays of fireworks were also known to be held. In 1110, a large fireworks display in a martial demonstration was held to entertain Emperor Huizong of Song (r. 1100–1125) and his court.[6] A record from 1264 states that a rocket-propelled firework went off near the Empress Dowager Gong Sheng and startled her during a feast held in her honor by her son Emperor Lizong of Song (r. 1224–1264).[7] Rocket propulsion was common in warfare, as evidenced by the Huolongjing compiled by Liu Bowen (1311–1375) and Jiao Yu (fl. c. 1350–1412).[8] In 1240 the Arabs acquired knowledge of gunpowder and its uses from China. A Syrian named Hasan al-Rammah wrote of rockets, fireworks, and other incendiaries, using terms that suggested he derived his knowledge from Chinese sources, such as his references to fireworks as "Chinese flowers".[2] [9] Fireworks were produced in Europe by the 14th century, becoming popular by the 17th century.[1] Lev Izmailov, ambassador of Peter the Great, once reported from China: "They make such fireworks that no one in Europe has ever seen."[10] In 1758, the Jesuit missionary Pierre Nicolas le Chéron d'Incarville, living in Beijing, wrote about the methods and composition on how to make many types of Chinese fireworks to the Paris Academy of Sciences, which revealed and published the account five years later.[11] [11] Amédée-François Frézier published his revised work Traité des feux d'artice pour le spectacle (Treatise on Fireworks) in 1747 (originally 1706),[12] covering the recreational and ceremonial uses of fireworks, rather than their military uses. Music for the Royal Fireworks was composed by George Frideric Handel in 1749 to celebrate the Peace treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which had been declared the previous year. See main article: article and Fireworks competitions. Ground fireworks, although less popular than Aerial ones, create a stunning exhibition. These types of fireworks can produce various shapes, ranging from simple rotating circles, stars and 3D globes.[16] Enthusiasts in the United States have formed clubs which unite hobbyists and professionals. The groups provide safety instruction and organize meetings and private "shoots" at remote premises where members shoot commercial fireworks as well as fire pieces of their own manufacture. Clubs secure permission to fire items otherwise banned by state or local ordinances. Competition among members and between clubs, demonstrating everything from single shells to elaborate displays choreographed to music, are held.One of the oldest clubs is Crackerjacks, Inc.,[17] organized in 1976 in the Eastern Seaboard region of the U.S. PGI annual convention Amateur and professional members can come to the convention to purchase fireworks, paper goods, novelty items, non-explosive chemical components and much more at the PGI trade show. Before the nightly fireworks displays and competitions, club members have a chance to enjoy open shooting of any and all legal consumer or professional grade fireworks, as well as testing and display of hand-built fireworks. The week ends with the Grand Public Display on Friday night, which gives the chosen display company a chance to strut their stuff in front of some of the world's biggest fireworks aficionados. The stakes are high and much planning is put into the show. In 1994 a shell of 36inches in diameter was fired during the convention, morethan twice as large as the largest shell usually seen in the US, and shells as large as 24inches are frequently fired. Fireworks celebrations throughout the world In France, fireworks are traditionally displayed on the eve of Bastille day (July 14) to commemorate the French revolution and the storming of the Bastille on that same day in 1789. Every city in France lights up the sky for the occasion with a special mention to Paris that offers a spectacle around the Eiffel Tower. In Hungary fireworks are used on 20 August, which is a national celebration day [21] See also: Chocolate bomb. Indians throughout the world celebrate with fireworks as part of their popular "festival of lights" (Diwali) in Oct-Nov every year. During the summer in Japan, are held nearly everyday someplace in the country, in total numbering more than 200 during August. The festivals consist of large fireworks shows, the largest of which use between 100,000 and 120,000 rounds (Tondabayashi, Osaka), and can attract more than 800,000 spectators. Street vendors set up stalls to sell various drinks and staple Japanese food (such as Yakisoba, Okonomiyaki, Takoyaki, kakigori (shaved ice)), and traditionally held festival games, such as Kingyo-sukui, or Goldfish scooping. The first fireworks festival in Japan was held in 1733.[22] Monte-Carlo International Fireworks Festival Pyrotechnics experts from around the world have competed in Monte Carlo, Monaco since 1966. The festival runs from July to August every year, and the winner returns in November 18 for the fireworks display on the night before the National Day of Monaco.[25] The event is held in Port Hercule, beginning at around 9:30pm every night, depending on the sunset.[26] See main article: article and Singapore Fireworks Celebrations. In Switzerland fireworks are often used on 1 August, which is a national celebration day.[27] United Kingdom United States America's earliest settlers brought their enthusiasm for fireworks to the United States. Fireworks and black ash were used to celebrate important events long before the American Revolutionary War. The very first celebration of Independence Day was in 1777, six years before Americans knew whether or not the new nation would survive the war; fireworks were a part of all festivities. In 1789, George Washington's inauguration was accompanied by a fireworks display. This early fascination with fireworks' noise and color continues today. In 2004, Disneyland, in Anaheim, California, pioneered the commercial use of aerial fireworks launched with compressed air rather than gunpowder. The display shell explodes in the air using an electronic timer. The advantages of compressed air launch are a reduction in fumes, and much greater accuracy in height and timing.[29] The Walt Disney Company is now the largest consumer of fireworks in the United States. Uses other than public displays See main article: article and Consumer fireworks. Pyrotechnic compounds See main article: article and Pyrotechnic composition. ColorMetalExample compounds RedStrontium (intense red)Lithium (medium red)SrCO3 (strontium carbonate)Li2CO3 (lithium carbonate)LiCl (lithium chloride) OrangeCalciumCaCl2 (calcium chloride) YellowSodiumNaNO3 (sodium nitrate) GreenBariumBaCl2 (barium chloride) BlueCopper halidesCuCl2 (copper chloride), at low temperature IndigoCaesiumCsNO3 (caesium nitrate) VioletPotassiumRubidium (violet-red)KNO3 (potassium nitrate)RbNO3 (rubidium nitrate) GoldCharcoal, iron, or lampblack WhiteTitanium, aluminium, beryllium, or magnesium powders Abstract reference of chemicals used in fireworks industry SymbolNameFireworks Usage CalciumCalcium is used to deepen firework colors. Calcium salts produce orange fireworks. CaesiumCaesium compounds help to oxidize firework mixtures. Caesium compounds produce an indigo color in fireworks. CopperCopper compounds produce blue colors in fireworks. PotassiumPotassium compounds help to oxidize firework mixtures. Potassium nitrate, potassium chlorate, and potassium perchlorate are all important oxidizers. The potassium content can impart a violet color to the sparks. RadiumRadium would create intense green colors in fireworks, but it is far too hazardous to use. AntimonyAntimony is used to create firework glitter effects. TitaniumTitanium metal can be burned as powder or flakes to produce silver sparks. Types of effects See main article: article and Cake (firework). A cake is a cluster of individual tubes linked by fuse that fires a series of aerial effects. Tube diameters can range in size from NaN-, and a single cake can have over 1,000 shots. The variety of effects within individual cakes is often such that they defy descriptive titles and are instead given cryptic names such as "Bermuda Triangle", "Pyro Glyphics", "Waco Wakeup", and "Poisonous Spider", to name a few. Others are simply quantities of 2.5inches-4inchesin (-in) shells fused together in single-shot tubes. Essentially the same as a peony shell, but with fewer and larger stars. These stars travel a longer-than-usual distance from the shell break before burning out. For instance, if a 3inches peony shell is made with a star size designed for a 6inches shell, it is then considered a dahlia. Some dahlia shells are cylindrical rather than spherical to allow for larger stars. Multi-break shells Noise-related effects Roman candle See main article: article and Roman candle (firework). See main article: article and Salute (pyrotechnics). Time Rain Hazards and regulation Perchlorate, a salt when in solid form, dissolves and moves rapidly in groundwater and surface water. Even in low concentrations in drinking water supplies, perchlorate is known to inhibit the uptake of iodine by the thyroid gland. As of 2010, there are no federal drinking water standards for perchlorate in the United States, but theUS Environmental Protection Agency has studied the impacts of perchlorate on the environment as well as drinking water.[30] Government regulations around the world In Australia, Type 1 fireworks are permitted to be sold to the public. For anything that has a large explosion or gets airborne, users need to register for a Type 2 Licence. On August 24, 2009 the ACT Government announced a complete ban on backyard fireworks.[35] The Northern Territory allows fireworks to be sold to residents 18 years or older in the days leading up to Northern Territory Day (July 1) for personal purposes. The types of fireworks allowed for sale is restricted to quieter fireworks, which can only be used at the address provided to the seller. The use, storage and sale of commercial-grade fireworks in Canada is licensed by Natural Resources Canada's Explosive Regulatory Division (ERD). Unlike their consumer counterpart, commercial-grade fireworks function differently, and come in a wide range of sizes from 50 mm (2 inches) up to 300 mm (12 inches) or more in diameter. Commercial grade fireworks require a fireworks supervisors card, obtained from the ERD by completing a one-day safety course. There are 3 levels, Apprentice, which allows you to work under a qualified supervisor until you are familiar with the basics. Then Supervisor level 1, which allows you to independently use and fire most commercial grade pyrotechnics. Finally Supervisor level 2 expands on that, allowing firing from barges, bridges, rooftops and over unusual sites. Since commercial-grade fireworks are shells which are loaded into separate mortars by hand, there is danger in every stage of the setup.[36] Setup of these fireworks involves the placement and securing of mortars on wooden or wire racks; loading of the shells; and if electronically firing, wiring and testing. The mortars are generally made of FRE (Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy) or HDPE(High-Density Polyethelene), some older mortars are made of Sheet Steel, but have been banned by most countries due to the problem of shrapnel produced during a misfire. Setup of mortars in Canada for an oblong firing site require that a mortar be configured at an angle of 10 to 15 degrees down-range with a safety distance of at least 200 meters down-range and 100 meters surrounding the mortars, plus distance adjustments for wind speed and direction. In June 2007, the ERD approved circular firing sites for use with vertically fired mortars with a safety distance of at least 175 meter radius, plus distance adjustments for wind speed and direction.[37] European Union See main article: article and Fireworks policy in the European Union. The European Union's policy is aimed at harmonising and standardising the EU member states' policies on the regulation of production, transportation, sale, consumption and overall safety of fireworks across Europe.[38] See main article: article and Fireworks policy in Belgium. In Belgium, each municipality can decide how to regulate fireworks. During New Year's Eve, lighting fireworks without a licence is allowed in 35% of the 308 Flemish municipalities, in around 50% a permit from the burgemeester (mayor) is required, and around 14% of municipalities have banned consumer fireworks altogether.[39] In Germany, amateurs over 18 years old are allowed to buy and ignite fireworks of Category F2 for several hours on 31 December and 1 January; each German municipality is authorised to limit the number of hours this may last locally.[40] The sale of Category F3 and F4 fireworks to consumers is prohibited.[39] Lighting fireworks is forbidden near churches, hospitals, retirement homes and wooden or thatch-roofed buildings.[39] All major German cities organise professional fireworks shows.[39] See main article: article and Fireworks policy in the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, fireworks cannot be sold to anyone under the age of 16. It may only be sold during a period of three days before a new year. If one of these days is a Sunday, that day is excluded from sale and sale may commence one day earlier.[41] Republic of Ireland United Kingdom See main article: article and Fireworks law in the United Kingdom. Fireworks in the UK have become more strictly regulated since 1997. Since 2005, the law has been gradually harmonised in accordance with other EU member states' laws. The legal NEC (Net Explosive Content) of a UK Firework available to the public is two kilograms. Jumping Jacks, Strings of Firecrackers, Shell Firing tubes, Bangers and Mini-Rockets were all banned during the late 1990s. In 2004, single shot Air Bombs and Bottle Rockets were banned, and rocket sizes were limited. From March 2008 any firework with over 5% flashpowder per tube has been classified 1.3G. The aim of these measures was to eliminate "pocket money" fireworks, and to limit the disruptive effects of loud bangs. New Zealand United States See main article: article and Fireworks policy in the United States. In the United States, the laws governing fireworks vary widely from state to state, or from county to county. Federal, state, and local authorities govern the use of display fireworks in the United States. At the federal level, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) sets forth a set of codes which give the minimum standards of display fireworks use and safety in the US. Both state and local jurisdictions can further add restrictions on the use and safety requirements of display fireworks. External links Further reading Notes and References 1. "The Evolution of Fireworks" 3. Book: Hutchins, Paul. The secret doorway: Beyond imagination. 2009. Imagination Publishing. 978-0-9817123-3-8. 27. 4. Web site: Lidu Fireworks. 28 December 2014. 7. Crosby, Alfred W. (2002), Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . Pages 100–103. 8. Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 489–503. 10. Book: Werrett, Simon. Fireworks: Pyrotechnic arts and sciences in European history. 2010. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago. 978-0-226-89377-8. 181. 13. Web site: Fireworks Frighten Animals. Animal Aid. 2007-10-26. 2010-06-24. yes. 17 September 2010. dmy-all. 14. Web site: Fireworks Thunder and Pets - Safety considerations for noise phobias - fireworks and thunder. 2010-06-24. 15. Web site: How should I care for my pets during fireworks displays? - RSPCA Australia knowledgebase. 2009-08-17. 2010-06-24. 16. Web site: 3D Globe using only fire power. 2008-06-06. Saint Philip's Fireworks Factory. 17. Web site: CrackerJacks. 3 May 2016. 18. Web site: PGI (Pyrotechnics Guild International). 3 May 2016. 19. Web site: Banks of the Foyle Halloween Carnival. 2006-09-05. yes. 2006-07-21. Derry City. 2010. 20. News: Warning over fireworks danger – and €10,000 fine for using them illegally. Barry. Aoife. 27 Oct 2013. The Journal. 8 Feb 2018. 21. 20. August-St. Stephen’s Day 20170823 22. Web site: Summer: the season of 'fire flowers' - The Japan Times. The Japan Times. 3 May 2016. 23. Web site: The History of Fireworks in Malta. 8 February 2015. yes. 8 February 2015. 24. Web site: Festas in Malta & Gozo. 8 February 2015. 25. Web site: Monaco - July/August: Monte-Carlo International Fireworks Festival / Annual Events / Plan your stay / Site officiel de Monaco. 2015-11-09. 26. Web site: 1. Monaco's International #Fireworks Festival is back this July and August . 2015-11-09. 27. News: Take care around fireworks, Swiss told. 2016-07-26. 2017-07-05. en. 28. News: 10 best bonfire night celebrations in the UK. Wills, Dixe. The Guardian. 3 May 2016. 30 October 2008. 29. News: Walt Disney Company. Press Release. June 28, 2004. Disney debuts new safer, quieter and more environmentally-friendly fireworks technology. 30. Web site: Perchlorate \| Drinking Water Contaminants \| Safewater \| Water \| US EPA. 2010-06-24. 31. Web site: Perchlorate. 2010-06-24. 33. New Scientist - Great fireworks, shame about the toxic fallout 34. Knee, Karen. Philadelphia Inquirer. 4 Jul 2009. Pa. company works to make fireworks greener 35. Web site: Cracker down: ACT bans fireworks. 24 August 2009. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 August 2009. 36. Natural Resources Canada, Explosive Regulatory Division. Display Fireworks Manual (March 2002 Edition) 37. Natural Resources Canada Explosive Branch Bulletin #48 38. News: Wereldkampioen vuurwerk. Eliza Bergman & Dirk Bayens. Brandpunt Reporter. KRO-NCRV. 2 January 2014. 26 December 2017. nl. 39. Web site: Veiligheidsrisico’s jaarwisseling. Dutch Safety Board. 1 December 2017. 25 December 2017. 40. News: Sicher durch die Silvesternacht. Daniela Siebert. Deutschlandfunk. 27 December 2017. 29 December 2017. de. 41. Web site: Article 2.3.5 of the Besluit van 22 januari 2002, houdende nieuwe regels met betrekking tot consumenten- en professioneel vuurwerk (Vuurwerkbesluit) Decision of January 22, 2002, laying down new rules on consumer and professional fireworks (Fireworks Decision). 2009-04-20. 2002-01-22. Vuurwerkbesluit. Dutch. Google Translate 42. Statutory Instrument 2004 No. 1836 The Fireworks Regulations 2004 43. Web site: Fireworks - Know The Rules. 2015. NZ Environmental Protection Agency. November 2015. yes. 2016-01-26. 44. Web site: Norsk brannvernforening: Trygg bruk av fyrverkeri. 3 May 2016. yes. 21 October 2016.
Effect of Particle Size of Powder Coatings on Properties Relationship between particle size and powder quality: The particle size distribution of plastic powder is closely related to the texture, smoothness, glossiness, particle size, electrification effect, powder fluidization effect, storage stability, and powder recovery rate. 1, appearance, leveling and quality. In general, the smaller the particle size of the powder, the better the planarity of the coating when cured; at the same spray thickness, particles with a smaller particle size are less prone to particles; and appearance is smoother. 2, charged effect and powder rate: Increasing the charging ability of the powder particles will increase the powdering rate of the powder coating. The main adsorption force of spraying is electrostatic force, and the powder on powder rate mainly depends on how much the powder particles are charged. The charge of the powder is proportional to the square of the particle size of the powder. Increasing the particle size increases the amount of powder charge and increases the rate of dusting. However, the particle size of the powder particles can not be too large,otherwise, the gravity of the large particle powder exceeds the aerodynamic force and electrostatic force. In the flying process, the powder coating has fallen to the surface of the workpiece due to the effect of gravity, cause the rate is reduced. The powder is too thin and the chargeability is reduced, and the coating efficiency will be reduced. The ultra-fine powder (particle size <10 μm) is basically not charged, and the powder too fine also increases the difficulty of powder production. 3, Fluidization effect of powder: When the powder is too fine, the fine powder will bind into the powder mass and will not spread when fluidized. When sprayed on the workpiece, it forms a sleek packet that affects the appearance of the coating. When the powder is too thick, the powder is not easily fluidized in the powder bucket. 4, The stability of Storage Stability refers to the ability of the powder coating keep the size of powder particle, shape and hardness under the certain conditions, that is to say whether the powder absorbs moisture and clumps, and the stability is decreased. Previous：Several Tips for Eliminating Surface Particles in Aluminum Powder Spraying Next：Curing temperature, time and coating effect of Powder Coatings
Accumulation/Distribution (A/D) Accumulation/Distribution Technical Indicator is determined by the changes in price and volume. The volume acts as a weighting coefficient at the change of price — the higher the coefficient (the volume) is, the greater the contribution of the price change (for this period of time) will be in the value of the indicator. In fact, this indicator is a variant of the more commonly used indicator On Balance Volume. They are both used to confirm price changes by means of measuring the respective volume of sales. When the Accumulation/Distribution indicator grows, it means accumulation (buying) of a particular security, as the overwhelming share of the sales volume is related to an upward trend of prices. When the indicator drops, it means distribution (selling) of the security, as most of sales take place during the downward price movement. Divergences between the Accumulation/Distribution indicator and the price of the security indicate the upcoming change of prices. As a rule, in case of such divergences, the price tendency moves in the direction in which the indicator moves. Thus, if the indicator is growing, and the price of the security is dropping, a turnaround of price should be expected. A certain share of the daily volume is added to or subtracted from the current accumulated value of the indicator. The nearer the closing price to the maximum price of the day is, the higher the added share will be. The nearer the closing price to the minimum price of the day is, the greater the subtracted share will be. If the closing price is exactly in between the maximum and minimum of the day, the indicator value remains unchanged. N — the quantity of periods used in the calculation.
In every one of her vacations, Kyra speaks to and ties up with a school looking to build a library or build up their existing library. She sends reminders, makes announcements in her classes and has even requested older copies of books from circularing libraries and book shops. Based on what the schools core need is, she collects between 400 and 1200 books to suit their needs. These are then sorted age and genre wise into separte cartons and unusable and undesirable books are weeded out. Kyra Roy, Arya Vidya Mandir Bandra West ( Grade 7 ) In the punyatma trust schools, Kyra collected books for the library of the students who are hearing impaired. They had only very few books so only 10/15 children could be taken to the library at any time. She collected two books per child and 400 for the library. These residential students are now able to go as a whole class to the library borrow books or relax in the library and read. The more acutely challenged student with mental challenges students were given art supplies and drawing books as well as picture books. For this particular school, Kyra also collected a stuffed toy for each Mentally Challenged student in an initiative called Gift a friend for them to be able to form a deep bond and have a friend and confidant for themselves.
Thermochemistry and Thermodynamics • J. R. Partington The study of affinity from another aspect was contained in the attempts to find a measure of the chemical forces by the amount of heat given out in a chemical reaction. The importance of thermal phenomena in chemical reactions was realised by Lavoisier and Laplace (1784), who laid the foundations of thermochemistry (see Vol. III, p. 426). They assumed that the amount of heat evolved in a chemical reaction is equal to that absorbed in the reverse reaction, and measured some specific heats and the amount of heat evolved in reactions, in combustion, and respiration. Persoz1 regarded both Lavoisier’s ‘caloric’ theory of combustion and Berzelius’s electrochemical theory (see p. 169) as unsatisfactory, and concluded that ‘there is no means of explaining the heat developed in chemical reactions’. Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. Copyright information © J. R. Partington 1964 Authors and Affiliations • J. R. Partington • 1 1. 1.Fellow Of Queen Mary CollegeUniversty Of LondonLondonUK Personalised recommendations
Data compression is the lowering of the number of bits which have to be stored or transmitted and this process is really important in the web hosting field since info stored on hard drives is often compressed in order to take less space. You'll find various algorithms for compressing data and they have different effectiveness based upon the content. A number of them remove just the redundant bits, so no data can be lost, while others delete unneeded bits, which leads to worse quality once the data is uncompressed. The method employs a lot of processing time, which means that an internet hosting server should be powerful enough in order to be able to compress and uncompress data quickly. An instance how binary code could be compressed is by "remembering" that there are five consecutive 1s, for example, in contrast to storing all five 1s. Data Compression in Web Hosting The cloud internet hosting platform where your web hosting account shall be made employs the advanced ZFS file system. The LZ4 compression method which the latter uses is superior in numerous aspects, and not only does it compress data better than any compression method that many other file systems use, but it is also faster. The gains will be significant in particular on compressible content like website files. Although it may sound irrational, uncompressing data with LZ4 is quicker than reading uncompressed data from a hard disk, so the performance of each website hosted on our servers shall be boosted. The better and quicker compression rates also make it possible for us to make a number of daily backups of the whole content in each web hosting account, so in the event you delete something by mistake, the last backup which we have won't be more than a few hours old. This can be done because the backups take significantly less space and their generation is quick enough, so as to not affect the performance of the servers.
Explainer: Why is deflation so harmful? There are three main reasons to fear deflation. First, when people expect that prices will be lower in the future, they spend less today. If you're thinking of buying a new car and expect the price will be a lot lower six months from now, why not wait? Thus, falling prices shift consumption from the present to the future as consumers wait for prices to fall, and the drop in demand can further depress the economy, lead to more price decreases, more cuts in spending -- and a downward spiral into a recession. Second, deflation raises the inflation-adjusted interest rate, and that can cause consumers to spend less on durables like cars, appliances and houses that are purchased with credit. Rising inflation-adjusted interest rates also increase the cost of borrowing and can depress business investment. That's not the end of the story. As consumption and investment spending fall, aggregate demand declines, and that causes prices to fall even further. The result is even more deflation, more cuts in consumption and spending, further decreases in prices and the economy crashes in what Irving Fisher called a debt-deflation spiral. Another way to say this is that deflation discourages new borrowing and makes existing borrowers worse off because it raises the inflation-adjusted value of debts and makes the debts harder to pay off. So, it imposes a burden on borrowers. Now, it may seem as though the increase in inflation-adjusted payments by borrowers is matched by lenders' higher earnings -- the borrower's loss is the lender's gain. But that's not correct. The reduced consumption by households as their loan payments rise isn't matched by a corresponding increase in consumption by lenders (who are generally wealthy and tend to save the extra income). Thus, overall spending falls. That depresses demand further, prices fall more and the result is Fisher's debt-deflation spiral. The third problem with deflation is that wages and prices are generally sticky. That is, they don't adjust as quickly as needed to keep supply and demand balanced. Wages tend to be particularly sticky in the downward direction. The problem is that when prices are falling but wages aren't, it increases the inflation-adjusted cost of labor, and that leads to unemployment. The rise in unemployment leads to less spending, and that causes prices to fall further. Once again, the economy can enter a downward spiral. Finally, it's important to note that outright deflation isn't required for these problems to emerge. Disinflation -- when inflation rates are above zero but declining -- can also be troublesome. Central bankers have an aversion to inflation. Indeed, it seems to be a requirement for the job. But what they really fear is deflation. Evidence from the Great Recession, when prices fell by around 25 percent, and from the "lost decade" in Japan suggests it can lead to big problems for an economy -- and monetary authorities are unwilling to take a chance of that happening again.
Berlin Cathedral \| DW Travel \| DW \| 16.01.2017 1. Inhalt 2. Navigation 3. Weitere Inhalte 4. Metanavigation 5. Suche 6. Choose from 30 Languages Berlin Cathedral Berlin Cathedral is one of the German capital's most imposing landmarks. The cathedral was commissioned by the Hohenzollerns. Construction began under Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1894, and was completed in 1905. The cathedral's modest predecessor was demolished, as it was considered no longer prestigious enough for the reigning Hohenzollern family, who resided in the City Palace right next to it. The monumental new cathedral was built in Neo-Renaissance style, and is now 98 meters in height. Its main attractions include the Imperial Staircase, the Hohenzollen Crypt which contains the remains of more than 90 rulers dating back to the 16th century and the dome walkway, which offers spectacular views of the city center.
Biography of Hugo Chavez He is the current President of Venezuela. As the leader of the Revolution Bolivar, Chávez mempromotori vision of socialist democracy, Latin American integration, and anti-imperialism. He also sharply criticized the neoliberal globalization and U.S. foreign policy. He was president since 1998. He was the son of a teacher and a graduate of the Military Academy. Chavez won an engineering degree in 1975 and his huge fan of baseball. After his election as president in 1998, he experienced repeated shocks of government. He was threatened with death (2000). However, he received the mandate six-year tenure in the year to undertake political reforms. On 14 November 2001, President Hugo Chavez announced a series of measures aimed at stimulating economic growth including legislation enacted land reform that sets out how the government can take over idle land, private land, and the Hydrocarbons Law enacted promising flexible royalties for companies that mine mengiperasikan oil state. Biography of Hugo Chavez - Leader of the Revolution Bolivar Economic policies considered controversial, especially concerning the Reform Act land, of which gives the authority to the government to take over the real estate companies and the vast agricultural lands that are considered less productive protests of millions of people in the capital, Caracas (December 11 2001). In addition, Bolivar currency slumped 25% fall against the dollar after the government abolished the control of the exchange rate has been maintained five years. In April 2002, an estimated 150,000 people rallied, led by Carlos Ortega and Pedro Carmona, which aims to support the strike and protest oil. While at the same time, thousands of Chavez supporters were around the palace, showing their allegiance to the democratically elected president is. Unilaterally, opposition parties staged demonstrations strike suddenly change route set, turn towards the palace so that the fears of clashes spurred protests in Caracas mayor Carlos Ortega as the person deemed responsible for the demonstrators carried. Clashes ensued between the two great masses, who tried Lerai by security. But amid the clashes, gunshots rang out. Obviously, in the future, the results of the documentation and information gathering, is known to have snipers hiding. At that time, nearly 25% of the Venezuelan population has a gun. No exception with those who are in a big demonstration. The shots were directed, both by supporters of Chavez and the opposition do not know anything, the direction of fire from snipers. However, the show presented by private television largely owned by the opposition to Chavez, as suggested by Chavez supporters shooting with brutal on the opposition protesters. The incident killed 10 people killed and 110 others injured. President Chavez instead of prohibiting acts of violence covered by the television, and even the actions are exaggerated by the media are anti with Chavez as fault and responsibility Chavez. Despite the fact they hide the fact that both Chavez and opposition supporters, at the same time both a target snipers. At that time, the dissident military officers expect Chavez to resign. A decade before the coup, Hugo Chavez formed a movement with a group of military officers named Simon Bolivar (Father of Independence of Latin America). Policies of President Carlos Andres Perez raised petrol prices and tightening waist protests from the masses seem appropriate if "tool" used immediately. Moreover, having regard to the riots for three days (27 February 1989). Hundreds of people were killed. Many bodies remain unidentified in a tomb. Such can not wait anymore, Lieutenant Colonel Hugo Chavez led about 5,000 soldiers to do the bloody coup on February 4, 1992 despite reap failure. Revolution in February by the Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement claimed the lives of 18 people were killed and 60 others injured. Chavez then surrendered. He then languishing in prison while his colleagues attempted military seized power again nine months later. The second coup attempt in September 1992 also failed. Hugo Chavez locked up two months in prison. While in prison, he formed a party called the 5th Republic Movement (Movement of the Fifth Republic), and make the transition from military to political. After the break-up of dissidents as well as a television station had broadcast a recording of Chavez, who announced the fall of the government in power, he was sentenced to prison for two years. Chavez then get forgiveness. Outside the prison, he launched his party's Fifth Republic Movement, and the transition from world to world armies politician. Chavez, who led a coalition of leftist Patriotic Pole clearly asserts, following in the footsteps of legendary figures Argentina (Gen. Juan Peron), which is considered very concerned about people's welfare, social justice, and equality. Dramatic 48 Hours President Hugo Chavez resigned under pressure from the military leaders of Venezuela in the early morning of Friday 12th April 2002. Dramatic coup by the military on the president to develop a dilemma situation. A few hours after Chavez resign, Pedro Carmona was appointed as interim president (interim). However, the Attorney General of Venezuela (Isaias Rodriguez) stated that the appointment of interim President Pedro Carmona was inskontitusional and stressed that Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez remains. According to the Attorney General, the resignation of the new president of the official receipt of Congress. Chavez resigned under pressure from military leaders. "Mr. President, first I completely loyal. However, the loss of life that occurred, can not be tolerated, "said Gen. Ephraim Vazguez Velasco (Commander in Chief) in a speech on national television quoted the Indonesian press. In the middle of the flow of international criticism of coups d'etat, the military appointed an economist named Pedro Carmona who was one of the leaders of the Chamber of Commerce. At the inauguration of the interim president, Carmona announced immediate presidential elections within a year. Congress also dismissed as a supporter of Chavez. In one edict that declared the interim government also revealed the formation of a Consultative Council comprising 35 members. They took over as president of the advisory body of the republic. The decree also stipulates, interim president of the transitional government will coordinate policy and other decisions necessary to ensure the policy, the central government and local authorities. The decree invited much criticism. Mexican President Vicente Fox stated firmly Venezuela does not recognize the new government until new elections held. Similarly, the leaders of Argentina and Paraguay said the new government illegitimate Venezuela. The day after Hugo Chavez was overthrown in a military coup and replaced by Pedro Carmona initiated mostly military officers, Chavez re-confirmed as President of Venezuela (14 April 2002). Pedro Carmona who only occupy as interim president for a day and was forced to announce his resignation after the Attorney General stated that the coup was not legal. Successful Chavez returned to power partly divided military. Some generals did support Carmona, but most soldiers and officers loyal to Chávez medium. In addition, among the poor even Chavez is so popular that when he was ousted thousands of people protested that reaffirmed Chavez as president. In the action which saw looting, dozens of people were killed. Hugo Chavez was arrested on the island of La Orchila by senior military officials and fly back to Caracas by using helicopters and thousands of supporters hailed. With clenched hands up, Chavez entered the Miraflores Presidential Palace retaken by his supporters. Meanwhile, the Attorney General asserts that the minister under the interim government arrested and a number of military officers charged with military rebellion, including their interim leader who was an economist named Pedro Carmona. Referendum August 8, 2004 as an attempt to overthrow President Hugo Chavez by the opposition re-done, but still won by Hugo Chavez with 58 percent of the vote. The victory made him overcome one of the biggest challenges in his reign and make it as a mandate to continue the "revolution for the poor" it. In the December 2005 legislative elections, Chavez's party had swept clean the whole seat parliament after opposition parties boycotted the election.
3 skillsets that are "safe" with AI With digital calculators that can tell you the likelihood that your job will be automated in the future, it’s no wonder that people are questioning if a robot will replace them! However, there are some skills that machines just can’t emulate - like emotions, interpersonal communication, collaboration, creativity, and flexibility. What’s important to realize with the rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and automation is that even though they will inevitably cost some jobs, it will also create many others. Take the ATM industry, for example. Instead of ATMs putting bank tellers out of work, US bank-teller employment actually increased over the three decades between 1980 and 2010. The reason behind the growth was the added productivity gains presented by automation allowing bank-tellers to focus on communication centric aspects of the role. AI and machine learning are rising forms of innovative technology that can be used to automate mundane tasks within an organization and keep businesses productive. But in the future, they ultimately won’t replace many of the skills that humans have today. In a nutshell, organizations need to be able to anticipate change, readjust their strategies and come up with creative ideas to motivate staff and market products - just to name a few. This article will take a deep dive into the following three skills: communication, creativity and flexibility, that are “safe” with AI and can work in tandem with the technology to improve business productivity, keep customers happy, and brainstorm new ideas to problem solve with clients, better market products and work better as a team to reach common goals and impact business. While machines may be mastering communication between each other via telemetry, they still can’t communicate with internal and external stakeholders within the organization. The concept of telemetry involves remote machines and sensors collecting and sending data to a central point for analysis. Machine to machine (M2M) communication takes it to the next level by incorporating modern-networking technology like wireless sensors, the Internet and personal computers to better monitor infrastructure. Concepts like machine learning provide computers with the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed and is ideal for automating mundane decisions within an organization that don't require the expertise of an employee. Machine learning gathers new data and continuously makes business applications smarter. While there is no doubt that machines are starting to communicate better with one another and deliver actionable insights to users at the point of work, within their daily business processes, they can’t speak to humans, and only communicate with each other or the data that’s being fed into them. Machines lack the context needed for people internal and external to an organization to communicate emotions and interpersonal situations on a daily basis. Business decisions are often nuanced with a lot of different aspects that come into play that aren't black and white. Human context can make someone interpret an action or help with decision making in ways that AI just can't allow for. One example of this lies within customer service. If a customer has an issue with a product, it’s important to have a talented customer service team to meet their needs. The social, communication and empathy skills that humans have are critical to making an organization successful, especially if it’s one that interacts with people on a daily basis. It’s simple -- machines have no social skills! Creativity is often defined as the use of the imagination or original ideas, and common terms associated with being creative include, cleverness, vision, inventiveness, and so on. When saying any of those words, machines don’t typically come to mind. And, while there are some that may argue that machines are becoming more creative than humans, there will always be limitations to this creativity, and humans are an integral part in programming these machines. A big part of competitive advantage in the technology industry is being unique to competitors and standing out with innovative ideas, ways to market products and the ability to reach different customer bases. There is a need for creative professionals across every industry including healthcare, finance and retail, and this simply can’t be automated. Machines can handle mundane tasks while creativity is an exercise of thought. Even as technology advances to allow machines to perform human tasks with greater efficiency, creative job skills will need to be needed as machines are unable to truly understand the essence of different tasks and are not able to always fill in the gaps in our lack of understanding for how things work. One of the biggest human strengths is our ability to be flexible problem solvers. With machines, human intervention is still needed to problem solve in situations where the current rules don’t exist. The healthcare field is a good example here as there are instances where there isn’t a predetermined cure for a disease for a machine to pull from, and doctors need to think creatively about solutions for unique cases and rare diseases. Doctors are still struggling with their trust of AI and are hesitant to put their trust into self-thinking machines. While machines can play a big role in prevention, diagnosis, treatment plans, and drug creation, it’s most effective for doctors and AI to collaborate together. AI in healthcare is idyllic when it comes to improving wait time at clinics and reducing human error, but there’s a reason why they say medicine is an art and not a science. Doctors have better judgment and flexibility when it comes to a risky operation or a unique diagnosis. Technology companies and leaders in major vertical industries like healthcare, finance and retail must push their employees to increase their conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills and let machines take on automated tasks like approving applications and scheduling. There needs to be flexibility within an organization in terms of strategic planning, brainstorming, and collaborating. Machines can’t replace a group of people in a room with different skillsets and experience that are problem solving. You simply won't be able to solve that problem when "rules" are involved. With mundane tasks automated, employees can be challenged to spend more time finding new approaches to problems and setting goals for team members. Looking ahead Humans and machines will be successful if they work together and balance out each other’s strengths and weaknesses. Machines can make an organization extremely productive and ultimately create more jobs as the business continues to grow. Humans are still needed to interact with customers on a daily basis, come up with creative ways to market their product and communicate with team members. Being flexible is key as the technology industry is constantly changing and evolving, and humans are able to recognize the holes in the market and anticipate the need for change. Visionaries within organizations should look towards a future where automation stimulates job growth, and focus on designing a system that allows humans and computers to collaborate together if they want to be as competitive and successful as possible. Roman Stanek, CEO and Founder, GoodData Image Credit: PHOTOCREO Michal Bednarek / Shutterstock
Intravascular Ultrasound Radiologist and patient consultation. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) uses a transducer or probe to generate sound waves and produce pictures of blood vessels. When used to evaluate the coronary arteries, IVUS can show the entire artery wall and provide important information about the buildup of plaque, which can help determine if you are at risk for heart attack. Ultrasound does not use ionizing radiation, has no known harmful effects, and provides a clear picture of soft tissues that don’t show up well on x-ray images. This procedure requires little or no special preparation. However, because it is often used in conjunction with another procedure, you should ask your doctor about how to prepare and whether you will be admitted to the hospital for observation. If you are to be sedated, you may be told not to eat or drink anything up to eight hours before your exam. Leave jewelry at home and wear loose, comfortable clothing. You may be asked to wear a gown. What is Intravascular Ultrasound? Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), also known as endovascular ultrasound or intravascular echocardiography, is an imaging technique that uses a transducer or probe to generate sound waves and produce pictures of the insides of blood vessels. The technique uses a special catheter with a small ultrasonic transducer on one end. The catheter is threaded through an artery or vein to the target location, where sound waves are generated by the transducer to produce images of the blood vessels and help physicians assess their condition. What are some common uses of the procedure? IVUS is most often used to visualize the coronary arteries in conjunction with or to help plan for catheter angiography or angioplasty and vascular stenting. Unlike angiography, IVUS can show the entire artery wall and reveal more information about plaque buildup (atherosclerosis), which is associated with an increased risk of heart attack. Information from IVUS often affects treatment decisions, such as the sizing of a stent and where it should be placed. It is often used after angioplasty and vascular stenting to confirm the stent has been placed correctly and that the procedure has addressed the problem. IVUS is also used to assess abdominal aortic aneurysm before, during and after interventions to repair the vessel. How should I prepare? Do not drive for 24 hours after your exam if sedation is used; arrange for someone to drive you home. Because an observation period is necessary following IVUS and the exam is often used in conjunction with another procedure, you should ask your doctor if you will need to be admitted to the hospital overnight. What does the equipment look like? The IVUS catheter is a thin, flexible tube with a tiny ultrasonic transducer attached to one end. The other end of the catheter connects to a computer workstation that converts the sound waves from the transducer into real-time images on a monitor. How does the procedure work? IVUS uses high-frequency sound waves to provide images from inside the blood vessels. Sound waves sent from the transducer bounce off of the walls of the artery and return to the transducer as echoes. A computer helps convert these echoes into images on the monitor to produce pictures of the coronary arteries or other blood vessels. How is the procedure performed? IVUS is done in the catheterization lab, also called the cath lab, usually in conjunction with angiography or angioplasty. You will be positioned on the examining table. Your physician will numb the area with a local anesthetic. A very small skin incision is made at the site. A sheath is first inserted into an artery (usually in the groin) or a vein. Using x-ray or ultrasound guidance, the catheter is inserted into the sheath and gently maneuvered through the vessel to the target location. Once in place, the transducer on the end of the catheter uses sound waves to produce pictures of the blood vessels. Doctors can move the catheter to get pictures of the inside of the vessels at different locations. What will I experience during and after the procedure? You will not feel the catheter in your artery and you will not feel any pain during acquisition of the ultrasound images. You may need to lie flat on your back with pressure applied to the catheter insertion site for a few hours after the test to prevent bleeding. In some cases, your physician may use a device that seals the small hole in the artery, called a “closure device,” which will allow you to move around sooner. For several hours, your catheter site will be checked for bleeding or swelling and your blood pressure and heart rate will be monitored. Your physician may prescribe medication to relax your arteries to protect against spasm of the arteries or to prevent blood clots. Your time in the hospital will vary depending on whether IVUS was done in conjunction with another procedure such as catheter angiography or angioplasty. While IVUS itself does not add to your recovery time, catheter angiography recovery will require you to stay in the hospital for observation for up to six hours. Angioplasty and vascular stenting recovery may require 12 to 24 hours. After you return home, you should rest and drink plenty of fluids. Avoid lifting heavy objects and strenuous exercise for at least 24 hours. It is strongly recommended that you quit smoking as this is a major cause of atherosclerosis. The catheter insertion site may be bruised and sore. If bleeding begins where the catheter was inserted, you should lie down, apply pressure to the site and call your physician. Call your physician immediately if you notice any change in the color of your leg, pain, swelling or warm feeling in the area where the catheter was inserted. Who interprets the results and how do I get them? What are the benefits vs. risks? IVUS has many benefits including: • showing the presence and amount of plaque in arteries • measuring the degree to which the vessel has become narrowed from plaque • providing information about what the plaque is made of • detection of restenosis • more accurate stent placement and reduced incidence of stent thrombosis • no exposure to ionizing radiation Other risks may include: • irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmia) • a blood clot • an allergic reaction to the medications used during the procedure • in very rare cases, a heart attack or stroke IVUS itself adds little additional risk to angioplasty and catheter angiography. What are the limitations of Intravascular Ultrasound? Because of the catheter’s size, IVUS cannot be used to image smaller or more narrowed coronary arteries. The technology sometimes produces image artifacts. There is conflicting information regarding the ability of IVUS to characterize high-risk plaques and thrombus. Reviewed March 30, 2018 For more information about this and other radiology procedures, please visit
Radiocarbon dating of the shroud of turin rsvp dating success stories Shroud photographs (not appearing in original article) are from Barrie M. First, we must separate the shroud from that which is responsible for bias, namely that it is the burial shroud of Jesus of Nazareth and investigate it instead as a putative artifact of a first century crucifixion and burial. "All empirical evidence and logical reasoning concerning the shroud of Turin will lead any objective, rational person to the firm conclusion that the shroud is an artifact created by an artist in the fourteenth-century."The "shroud" of Turin is a woven cloth about 14 feet long and 3.5 feet wide with an image of a man on it. It displays the complete dorsal and frontal image of a severely abused and crucified individual of Semitic characteristics who was laid on the proximal portion of the cloth with the distal portion folded over the head and extended over the body thus creating, through some as yet unexplained chemical or physical process, two "head to head" images of the back and front.Carbon 14 is continually being created in the Earth's atmosphere by the interaction of nitrogen and gamma rays from outer space.Since atmospheric carbon 14 arises at about the same rate that the atom decays, the Earth's levels of carbon 14 have remained constant.So by measuring carbon 14 levels in an organism that died long ago, researchers can figure out when it died.The procedure of radiocarbon dating can be used for remains that are up to 50,000 years old.A weight of 20th century carbon equaling nearly two times the weight of the Shroud carbon itself would be required to change a 1st century date to the 14th century (see It may interest skeptics to know that many people of faith believe that there is scientific evidence which supports their belief in the shroud's authenticity. Tags: , ,
The Analyst™ Comprehensive diagnosis of your symptoms Search treatments and conditions For ever 2 hours you are awake, the average brain needs 1 hour of rest. The brain will force you to go to sleep in order to get the rest it needs, even if it means falling asleep at the wheel. Rest is needed on another level besides sleep. However, we are able to override this need without immediate consequences, like an accident. Many people, by their own choice or involuntarily by the demands placed upon them by circumstances and others, are overworked. This state can go on for an extended period of time with health and psychological consequences slowly mounting. While it can be hard to recognize what is happening and even harder to make changes, changes must be made or the problems will accumualte until a person collapses, has a nervous breakdown, resents those around them, throws themselves into oncoming traffic, etc.. It is better to voluntarily take steps that give you the rest you need, than wait for forced rest to overtake you. God's command to rest one day in seven seems a good place to start. Rest can help with the following: Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis Sufferers should get plenty of rest and adjust their activities to avoid unnecessary fatigue. This may include resting frequently as necessary during the day. Overtraining, Effects Infectious Mononucleosis To help relieve symptoms, you should get plenty of rest. Colds and Influenza Resting in bed and keeping warm are still recognized as an important part in recovering from the cold or flu. Organ Health To prevent worsening of symptoms during episodes of labyrinthitis, keep still and rest during attacks, gradually resuming activity. Avoid sudden position changes, do not try to read during attacks and avoid bright lights. Tumors, Malignant Carcinoid Cancer Physical stress should be avoided since this can precipitate carcinoid crisis attacks. Likely to help Highly recommended
Author: Alexander on 18-11-2016, 05:53 Solar Energy An Introduction Michael E. Mackay, "Solar Energy: An Introduction" English \| ISBN: 0199652112, 0199652104 \| 2015 \| 256 pages \| PDF \| 8 MB Solar Energy presents an introduction to all aspects of solar energy, from photovoltaic devices to active and passive solar thermal energy conversion, giving both a detailed and broad perspective of the field. It is aimed at the beginner involved in solar energy or a related field, or for someone wanting to gain a broader perspective of solar energy technologies. A chapter considering solar radiation, basic principles applied to solar energy, semiconductor physics, and light absorption brings the reader on equal footing with the technology of either solar generated electrical current or useful heat. Details of how a solar cell works and then production of current from a photovoltaic device is discussed. Characterization of a solar cell is examined, allowing one the ability to interpret the current-voltage relation, followed by discussion of parameter extraction from this relation. This information can be used to understand what limits the performance of a given solar cell with the potential to optimize its performance. Applications of solar thermal energy are reviewed in detail from passive applications, for example the solar chimney, to active, such as the solar (power) tower, flat plate water heater, and solar thermal electricity generation. Consistency of analysis between the solar thermal applications is used enabling the reader to fully appreciate similarities and dissimilarities between these technologies. Ultimately, the scientist or engineer can understand existing systems, either photovoltaic or solar thermal devices, and design their own technology given the information in this book. (Buy premium account for maximum speed and resuming ability) Dear visitor, you are browsing our website as Guest. Register \| Forgot Password Link 1 Designed by gfxbing.com
İdil Sanat ve Dil Dergisi İdil Sanat ve Dil Dergisi Cilt 7, Sayı 48 Ağustos 2018 (ISSN: 2146-9903, E-ISSN: 2147-3056) NO Makale Adı With the enlightenment process triggered by the Renaissance movement in Europe, the rebellions against the feudal system and the dogmatism of the church became widespread with Protestantism and accompanying Kalvinism, and the process of renunciation of church from the worldly a airs was accelerated. While rapidly developing trade in the Netherlands provide the emergence of new rich people, the feudal system gradually left its place to the free market lords. The religious, economic and social changes that shaped the 17th century Holland also in uenced the eld of art and the artist has been obliged to turn to non-religious issues by strictly forbidding the portrayals of the places of wor- ship where the artists provide for their lives with the portrayal of sacred scenes. While the increase in the number of capital powers who want to embellish their own private space expands the repertoire of the artists, still-lifes that seems like independent of all kinds of intangible judgments has gained a great popularity in the 17th century Holland. The hunting still-lifes that emerges in an environment where the bourgeoisie invests in artisans and traces of the natural beauty of the Netherlands has also turned into a demonstration of social status as a species where the messages take place about wealth and life views of the orderer. The hunting still-lifes which turned into a show of power that threatens its opponents with its rich content, act as a mediator heralding of the salvation of the Hereafter, mov- ing from the attitude of christianity blessing the richness.
Mirror of Justice A blog dedicated to the development of Catholic legal theory. Friday, December 15, 2017 The "Irish-Born" Robinson Amendment The constitutional strike-through amendment that I'd like to see adopted as soon as possible is one offered by Congress William Erigena ("Irish-Born") Robinson in 1868. The immediate political context for Robinson was perceived second-class citizenship for naturalized American citizens of Irish descent who had fought for the Union. Robinson's proposed amendment would have removed the "natural born Citizen" requirement for presidential eligibility from the Constitution. On May 18, 1868, Rep. Robinson introduced a resolution proposing as a constitutional amendment: That article two, section one, subdivision four, be amended so as to read: No person except a Citizen of the United States shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a resident within the United States. Assuming that Robinson would have kept the capitalizations of the original (unclear from the Congressional Globe version), this proposed amendment would not have added any language to the Constitution, but would have taken out the words "natural born" and the by-then-obsolete language authorizing non-natural-born citizens who were citizens at the time of ratification. In red-line form, the amendment would be: Eligibility to run for President was not the most pressing issue for Irish-American naturalized citizens at the time. The broader context was a form of second-class citizenship abroad. Under the doctrine of perpetual allegiance, Britain was jailing for disloyalty Irish-American naturalized citizens found within Canada, Ireland, and Britain, and the United States government had to be pressed hard to guarantee that naturalized citizens traveling abroad received the same protections as natural born citizens. Although imprisonment abroad was more practically pressing, the ineligibility of Irish-American naturalized citizens for the office of President was of sufficient significance that Rep. Robinson introduced his amendment. Coming off a bloody war in which tens of thousands of Irish-born American citizens were killed or wounded, and in which a dozen Irish-born Americans were Union generals, the eligibility exclusion was a reminder that not all citizens were created as equal citizens. Seen in this light, the motivations for Robinson's amendment are similar to those behind the Twenty-Sixth Amendment, adopted a little over a century later. That amendment guaranteed the right to vote for eighteen year-olds. One of the most prominent arguments for that amendment, in the shadow cast by the Vietnam War, was that those who are old enough to die fighting for the country should not be excluded by their relative youth from being full voting members of the nation. In future posts, I'll discuss the merits of a renewed attempt now at the "Irish-Born" Robinson Amendment. For now, though, I'll close with a connection to Catholic thought. William Erigena Robinson's middle name was of the same derivation as the name of John Scottus Eriugena. That earlier Irish-born man was "generally recognized to be both the outstanding philosopher (in terms of originality) of the Carolingian era and of the whole period of Latin philosophy stretching from Boethius to Anselm." Not a bad namesake! \| Permalink
Frequently Asked Questions What is glaucoma? Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness both in New Zealand and Worldwide and refers to a group of diseases that cause damage to the nerve at the back of the eye leading to loss of vision (the optic nerve). It is called the ‘sneak thief of sight’ because the side vision is lost first without you realising it. If untreated and the glaucoma gets worse and the vision loss works it’s way inwards until you are left with only ‘tunnel vision’. This is when your central vision – that you use for activities like reading and driving becomes affected. If the glaucoma further progresses then total blindness will result. Most types of glaucoma are due to the eye pressure (called intraocular pressure) being too high. The eye is filled up with a fluid called the aqueous humour. In the eye there is a ‘tap’ that is always making this fluid and a ‘drain’ where it leaves the eye (in an area called the drainage angle). In glaucoma, there is a problem with the drainage of fluid out of the eye that results in the eye pressure rising. It is this increase in eye pressure that damages the nerve of the eye. Are there different kinds of glaucoma? There are many different types of glaucoma.The most common is called Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG). In this condition, the drainage part of the eye is open but is not working properly hence the eye pressure rises causing damage to the nerve of the eye and vision loss. POAG develops slowly and patients do not have any symptoms – they are usually identified during a routine eye exam. Another type of glaucoma is called Angle Closure Glaucoma (ACG). In this type of glaucoma the drainage angle closes up blocking the fluid from leaving the eye. The eye pressure can build up very rapidly leading to what is called ‘Acute Glaucoma’. This is the only type of glaucoma where patients can have symptoms – including a painful red eye, loss of vision, haloes around lights, and nausea and vomiting. This is an emergency that needs to be treated urgently to prevent permanent loss of vision. Glaucoma can also be due to some other disease in the eye, previous trauma, or due to medications – these are called ‘Secondary’ glaucoma’s. Examples include pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma, uveitic glaucoma, neovascular glaucoma, and steroid-induced glaucoma. What does high intraocular pressure mean? The eye is filled with a fluid and the pressure inside the eye that this produces is called the intraocular pressure (IOP). Normal IOP is considered to be 10-21 mmHg with the average being 16 mmHg. Having an IOP above 21 mmHg is a risk factor for developing glaucoma. What are the symptoms of glaucoma? For most types of glaucoma including Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) there are no symptoms until the disease is very advanced. Patients do not often notice loss of side vision and it is only until the central vision is affected (that used for reading and driving) that they become aware that there is a problem. There is no redness, pain or other symptoms. One type of glaucoma that does have symptoms is the acute (sudden onset) form of Angle Closure Glaucoma. These patients will experience severe symptoms including a painful red eye, loss of vision, haloes around lights, and nausea and vomiting. How is glaucoma diagnosed? Most patients with glaucoma are usually first identified by their optometrist. They are then referred to a specialist for further assessment. The diagnosis is made by measuring intraocular pressure, examining the patient’s optic nerve for signs of glaucoma and performing special tests. These tests include a visual field test – which maps out your entire vision and detects any loss of side vision. As well, patients may have a scan of the optic nerve called and OCT scan that also helps to diagnose glaucoma early. Who is at risk of glaucoma? Anyone can get glaucoma but there are some risk factors that do increase your chances. These include having a family history of glaucoma, being older than 50 years (although it can occur at any age), Caucasian or Asian ethnicity, high blood pressure, being short sighted (open angle glaucoma) or long sighted (angle closure glaucoma), and steroid medication like prednisone. Does glaucoma cause blindness? Glaucoma can cause blindness if diagnosed too late or not treated appropriately. These days, the treatment we have for glaucoma is very effective so as long as patients are diagnosed early and commenced on treatment the disease can be halted for almost all patients, although we still do not have a cure for the disease yet. What is ocular hypertension? This is a term that is used for patients with a high intraocular pressure (> 21 mmHg) but no other signs of glaucoma or vision loss. These patients are at risk for developing glaucoma and do need to be monitored. If the intraocular pressure is very high then they will need to be treated to reduce the eye pressure back to normal. What is normal pressure glaucoma? Some patients develop glaucoma even with a normal eye pressure. The exact cause for this type of glaucoma is not well established. It may be that they have a more fragile optic nerve that is susceptible to damage from even normal levels of eye pressure and/or there may a problem with blood flow to the optic nerve. Interesting, lowering the eye pressure does help to halt or at least slow the disease down. What does being a ‘glaucoma suspect’ mean? A glaucoma suspect is considered to be someone at risk of developing glaucoma and hence needs to be monitored on a regular basis. For example, patients who have a strong family history of glaucoma would be considered glaucoma suspects. In addition, patients with a borderline high intraocular pressure, or early optic nerve and visual field changes may be considered glaucoma suspects initially until the diagnosis is confirmed. How is glaucoma treated? The main aim of treatment in glaucoma is to lower the intraocular pressure (IOP). The more severe the glaucoma the lower the IOP needs to be. For most patients, this can be achieved with medication in the form of eye drops. There are many different eye drops that can be used for glaucoma and sometimes more than one medication will be needed to control the IOP. Some patients do have problems with side effects from eye drops as well as remembering to use them on a regular basis. Other options for treatment include laser or surgery. The laser treatment for Primary Open Angle Glaucoma is called Selective laser trabeculoplasty or SLT. This is very gentle, safe and effective treatment for this type of glaucoma and can be an alternative to eye drops for some patients. For Angle Closure Glaucoma a different laser procedure is performed called a Peripheral Iridotomy or PI. Surgery for glaucoma is generally considered a last resort when medication and laser treatment has been unsuccessful and there are several different surgical procedures available for glaucoma. Are there any diet or lifestyle factors that affect glaucoma? At present there is no clear evidence that diet has any influence on glaucoma however a healthy diet can help with other eye diseases like macula degeneration. There is also no evidence that vitamins or minerals help in glaucoma. Ginko biloba may help to improve blood flow to the optic nerves and may be recommended by your specialist if you have normal pressure glaucoma. There is no evidence to suggest that caffeine intake, alcohol or smoking is linked to glaucoma. Emotional stress is also not directly linked to glaucoma. However some studies suggest regular exercise can help to lower intraocular pressure. If you have any questions you would like to ask Dr Patel, please fill out the form below Name (required) Email (required) Please enter the characters below
What are Tactile Graphics? Blind people are routinely provided with text materials in braille, audio or large print, but the pictures, diagrams and maps (collectively “graphics”) which accompany the text materials are often omitted or only very briefly described. “I’ve been using tactile diagrams all my life, and have found them vital for understanding different types of relationships and concepts both at work and in my leisure” - DT, blind individual. It is often mistakenly assumed that all blind or partially people will have difficulty in interpreting tactile versions of graphical material. Yet visual graphics can be very effectively converted into tactile graphics, even for the highly graphical information contained in scientific materials and maps, and can be a very valuable resource. “The tactile and large print diagrams from the NCTD were brilliant, very clear and the children found them easy to understand” - LS, teacher of blind and partially sighted children. Converting the visual graphic to an appropriate tactile graphic is not simply a matter of taking a visual image and making some kind of “tactile photocopy”. The tactile sense is considerably less sensitive than the visual sense, and touch works in a more serial manner than vision. Therefore the visual graphic needs to be re-designed by experts to make sense in a tactile form. Tactile graphics can be made in a number of different formats, including: They can have labels and explanatory material in braille or other tactile forms. But not all blind people know braille, so audio-taped descriptions are also very useful to support tactile diagrams, maps and pictures. Blind and partially sighted people are finding tactile graphics extremely valuable - and in some cases, vital - for successful study, work and leisure activities. When are Tactile Diagrams Useful? What Tactile Diagrams Are Not … Not exact replica of the original graphical information Not good for fine detail Not good when extremely large Not good without training Not good without support materials
heat of sublimation Also found in: Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun1.heat of sublimation - heat absorbed by a unit mass of material when it changes from a solid to a gaseous state heat of transformation, latent heat - heat absorbed or radiated during a change of phase at a constant temperature and pressure References in periodicals archive ? In order to evaluate the surface activity of the elements in molten iron the calculations, using such criteria as melting temperature, surface energy, specific heat of sublimation, entropy in the standard condition, statistic generalized moment, total electron potential barrier for iron and addition have been carried out. Therefore, throughout this phase, the product will remain colder than the temperature of the shelf that is supplying the heat of sublimation. CO2 is the most effective dry cooling agent because it forms snow with a high latent heat of sublimation at -78 degrees C.
Elmer and Wilbur 2 teachers like this lesson Print Lesson SWBAT ask and answer questions about key details about the story. Big Idea We will draw a picture using the key details from the story. Warm Up 10 minutes Today's lesson is aligned to the common core concerning key details and new vocabulary in the story. It is important that I lay the foundation in kindergarten for many ELA skills. It will be important for my students in future grades to be able to identify key details in a text for testing or writing from difficult texts. Today I can use the standards to identify the key details with a fun text. I am reading another book from the Elmer series, Elmer and Wilbur. I love the Elmer books. I have written many lessons using different Elmer books. There are a few new words that will be challenging for my ELL students to understand. I gather my students on the carpet for whole group reading block and announce the today's book. "We are going to read another Elmer book today. The title is Elmer and Wilbur. Let's look at the cover. Hmmm, This elephant is patchwork, so he is Elmer. Who do you think this elephant is? You are right he is Wilbur. Wilbur is his cousin. Say cousin. This may be a new word. Tell your partner "cousin". Tell your shoe "cousin". Tell your elbow, "cousin". What was the new word? Cousin, right. How many of you have a cousin at this school? WOW! Lots of you have cousins here. So you know that a cousin is your aunt or uncles child. Sometimes they are older than you and sometimes they are younger than you. Sometimes, LOL, they are in your class. How did that happen? Do cousins always look the same? Or do they look different? You are right, some of your cousins look the same as you and some cousins look different than you. Well, what do you think about Wilbur. He is Elmer's cousin, does he look the same or different? He looks different. What? Oh, I see what you mean. Did you hear what Naomi said. They look the same because they both have squares. Elmer's are all different colors and we call that, what? Patchwork. Patchwork was a new word for us when we first began to read the Elmer books. What is the word? Patchwork. Tell your knee, "patchwork". Tell the floor, "patchwork. Now tell me, "patchwork. Great. Here is another new word, checkered. Can you say, "checkered"? Something is checkered when it has squares that are two colors. Wilbur is checkered. Tell your right hand, "checkered". Tell your partner, "checkered". Tell the door, "checkered". What do we call the squares that are black and white? We call them checkered. Hmmm, what is Wilbur? CHECKERED! That's right. This story is so funny. Before we read the story I want to tell you that Wilbur likes to trick everyone. This is another new word. He is a ventriloquist. Everyone turn to your friend and say ventriloquist. Look up at the lights and say ventriloquist. Tell your shoe the word ventriloquist. A ventriloquist can make his voice sound like it is coming from someplace different. Let me show you this video about a ventriloquist." "We are done watching this video, who is the ventriloquist? Where did she make her voice go? Did her voice sound the same for Lambchop as it did for her? No it did not. And that is what Wilbur can do. What is Wilbur? A ventriloquist." It is important for me to introduce new vocabulary and have the students use the new word. I defined the word, had them repeat the words several times and showed them a video of a ventriloquist to help them understand what a ventriloquist is. Reading of the Story 10 minutes "Now that you know that Wilbur is checkered and is Elmer's cousin, I have to tell you one more thing. Wilbur like to play jokes on everyone. Listen to the story and see if you can figure out how he tricks Elmer." I begin to read the story and then I have to stop to remind them of what a ventriloquist is. "Here is that new word, ventriloquist. What does it mean to be a ventriloquist? Yes, they make their voices sound like it is coming from some where else. That is how Wilbur tricks Elmer." I continue to read. "Oh, no. They can't find Wilbur. They can hear him but they can't find him. What should they do? Listen and follow his voice. Wow, that was good thinking. Let's see what happens." I continue to read. "That was so funny, silly Wilbur got stuck in the tree." Writing Activity 10 minutes "We spent so much time on new vocabulary that we will just draw our favorite part of the story. The paper passers will pass out blank paper and you will draw and color a picture with lots of details. I can hardly wait to see your pictures. This story was so funny." I am only expecting a drawing as a response to the story today. I will use their drawings as an assessment to see if they understood the story. I am expecting their pictures to include a patchwork elephant and a checkered elephant. This will be tricky for their fine motor skills to produce a sample of patchwork and checkered. Drawings can tell me if they understood the story. I send the students one row at a time to get their pencil boxes and go to their tables. I walk around and prompt them to use lots of details from the story in their pictures. When they are finished they sit on the carpet and read books. Elmer and Wilbur student work students working Wrap Up 10 minutes We gather on the carpet after cleaning up the books. "It is time to share the drawings of our favorite part of the story, Elmer and Wilbur. We will sit criss cross applesauce with our hands in our laps and our eyes on the person talking. Let's see if we all had the same favorite part." I will be able to assess my students understanding of the new words; cousin, patchwork and checkered by their use of the words while explaining their drawings. Each student gets the opportunity to tell about their favorite part of the story and show their picture. We applaud and cheer after each presentation. For Fun 10 minutes I love to show a video of the book or a reading to help reenforce the vocabulary, story comprehension and the love of Elmer. I show videos at the end of the day when chairs are stacked, backpacks are on we are waiting for dismissal.
Let’s Talk Basics Hey guys Nemo is back from finishing UNI! So I’ve been planning out what content Game related topics to talk to with you guys, and decided to start from the ground up on game programming algorithms and techniques! The topics that I’ll be covering over time: 1. The basics – Game Loops, Objects 2. 2D Graphics – Sprites, Tiles 3. Algebra – Vectors, Matrices 4. 3D Graphics 5. Input 6. Sound 7. Physics 8. Camera 9. AI 10. UI 11. Languages 12. Networking Games Yes, I have a lot of content to cover with you guys! Note: I am not a qualified tutor nor am I trying to be one. I am still a learning and pursuing in the field of game development. Content that I put up are purely on my understanding and experience from game development. I am just a fellow blogger that wishes to spread the joy of game development. So then with that said. Shall we Let’s Talk Basics! Basically, a game program is one big loop, a loop repeats a series of actions until the player has terminated the game. We call this term as the Game Loop, which can also be referred to as a frame. Yup that’s the same frame when hear gamers talk about their fps “Oh man I have 300 FPS (frames per second) my computer is so badass”. 300 FPS would mean that the Game Loop is completing 300 loops per second. The Game Loop contains everything that occurs in the game, such as processing the input, updating the game world and also generating outputs (2D or 3D graphics, audio, music and dialogue). Whatever is in the game is in the Game Loop. The Game Loop put into Pseudo-code: while game active process input update game world generate output Note: This is the very basics of a game loop architecture for simple games. Not all games use this game loop, instead they would use Multithreaded Game Loops. Multithreaded Game Loops are programmed to harness the full potential of the computers CPU and it’s available cores. So that it can execute multiple lines of code at the same time thus reducing the heavy load, and giving the players a steady 60 FPS on their game. However there are some drawbacks to using multithreaded game loops in some occasions, due to its split processing there can be delays, which could cause input lag. Input lag refers to when a player inputs and the game displays the character moving a fraction slower. This tiny lag can be detrimental for games that relies on precision, timing and relexes such as Fighting Games. Other than that, multithreaded is the way to go for any game that requires heavy load of processing. Time and Space “Time waits for no one” Games rely on time, without time there wouldn’t be any motion or action in the game. Before we get into talking about time, we need to understand the clear difference between Game time & Real Time. This might sound obvious but Game time is the time elapsed in the game’s world, whereas real time is the time elapsed in the real world. What I mean by this is, Game time can be programmed to fit the need of the game, time can run slower or faster. Whereas Real time is constant, runs at the same pace all day everyday of our lives. Now then, lets rewind the time a bit, when games first game out, they were programmed to be played specific processor speeds. However as time and technology grew, more variations and faster processors came in the market. Which meant that games designed to be played on specific processors weren’t playable on newer processors as the game would run 10 times faster than usual because the game is being processed at a faster rate. We’ve probably have seen this once in our lives, when we put in an old dos games into our new computers with intel i7 processor and when we ran it, it would run super fast making it impossible to play, causing us to download a program to lower our processing speed to match the game. This problem has been solved by the use of Delta Time! Delta Time – The time in seconds it took to complete the last frame. So what does delta time actually mean?, well instead of thinking movement in terms of pixels per frame, we put it in terms of pixels per second. Regardless of the frame rate, any object using delta time will move exactly the same over the same period of time. The Delta Time put into Pseudo-code: object.position.x += 120 * deltaTime The object will move 4 pixels per frame when the game is running at 30 FPS, whereas it will move 2 pixels per frame at 60 FPS. They would both be moving the same amount however the higher FPS would have a smoother transition. Note: Any transformation, rotation and scaling should be done using the function of Delta Time. So how is delta Time calculated exactly? Delta Time is dependent on the elapsed time of real time since the previous frame. while game active realDeltaTime = time since last frame gameDeltaTime = realDeltaTime * gameTimeFactor process input (done using gameDeltaTime) update game world generate output Game Objects Games consist of Game Objects. Game Objects by definition are everything that are required in the game. They can categorized into three types of Game Objects: Non-Static Objects These objects can be your main protagonist/antagonist or any moving objects in the game that are required to be updated each frame. These occur in the “generate output” in the main Game Loop. Static Objects These objects are your background, UI frames that don’t move and do not require to be updated. They only have to be drawn once. Trigger Objects Triggers are updated every frame however do not require to be drawn. A clear example of this is the camera within the game. Triggers also control the flow of the game, it determines when it spawns other objects into the game. Well that concludes the first content chuck. I hope you guys got the basics of a game program. Ciao for now! One thought on “Let’s Talk Basics 1. […] using Unity3D was the sheer amount of chaos it can produce. Unity handles the main game loop logic(mentioned previously here) for you behind the scenes which can have nasty side-effect; It becomes extremely difficult trying […] Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Home » Astronomy Research and the Search for Extraterrestrial Life Project Astronomy Research and the Search for Extraterrestrial Life Project Astronomy Research and the Search for Extraterrestrial Life Project Researchers have shown Properties of life on Earth can be determined by many factors. Virus has cellular and non cellular life. ???Bacteria are living things which are neither plants nor animals, however, bacteria belongs to a group all by themselves.???(What are bacteria). Several more properties are Archea, followed by Eukarya. All these properties on Earth are what keeping produces life. In the Eukarya four components include prove of life. Life proving properties include protista, fungi, planate, and animalia. These are components that prove the properties of life on Earth. Protista is mostly a suggestion that all unicellular organisms, because they lack a definite cellular arrangement, such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and diatoms. The last properties, Fungus the kingdom of heterotrophic single-celled, multinucleated, or multi cellular organisms, including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms, which ???provide a critical part of nature??™s continuous rebirth of mother earth ???planet (The Fungus Kingdom, 2002) The planate; is the taxonomic kingdom that includes all plants, whether alive or extinct plants. The most obvious of life which is animalia, is taxonomic kingdom which includes all sources of animal life. While Examining the Possibilities of Life in our Solar System (Mars) This pictures are photographic evidences of past life on Mars. The solar system Mars is the only likely place so far that life could possibly be sustained. {draw:frame} Life on Mars – Microscopic Structures this electron microscope image shows several tiny structures that are microscopic fossils of primitive organisms that may have lived on Mars billions of years ago. A NASA research team found these organic molecules when these fossils Martian rocks fell to Earth as a meteorite. This image taken by the Viking spacecraft shows a band of a Martian atmosphere! Looking across the Argyre basin which is over 600 kilometers across and over 500 kilometers in width. The life bearing planets that are research are Proxima Centuri, Rigil Kentaurus, Bernard??™s Star and Mars. These stars give the scientist and astronomer??™s evidence that were is not alone in the universe. The scientist and astronomer search for extraterrestrial life has been going on for years. However, since NASA has been exploring the universes with other countries the timetable for observations has been long documented for years. The enormous amount of money vested in this project is over whelming that the equipment used and satellites in outer space has made such observation a different in the purpose to find life or sum sort of habitat to find life somewhere else is an awesome view to be hold. In this Century the scientist and astronomers have sophisticated equipment to study the universe. The star Proxima Centauri is the closest small faint star and a member of the Alpha Centauri tripe star system. Proxima Centauri does burn its energy more slowly that the larger stars. When the sun is dead Proxima Centauri will be still shining and whichever life that might be there could have a long future head. Proxima Centauri is also a red dwarf star that is approximately 4.2 light- years far-away in constellation of Centaurus. {draw:frame} {draw:frame} Earth Proxima Centauri Rigil Kentaurus (Alpha Centauri) is the ???foot of the centaur??? and the 3rdbrightest star in the sky seen by earth. The reason for the brightness is closest star to the sun by 4.3 light years away, has an apparent Magnitude of -0.27, absolute magnitude of 4.4, spectral type of G2V + K1V and is in addition a triple star system. Scientist and astronomers believe that the most compelling reason the life habit the Cen-A special place from the sun that it may ???offer life conditions similar to our solar system.??? Scientist and astronomers feel it has the possibility of habitable planet outside our system??? and a place to travel too. (Rigil Kentaurus) {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} Rigil Kentaurus The Barnard??™s star is one of the most celebrated stars in our constellation Ophiuchus which is not visible to the human naked eye and not easy to find in telescopes. However, scientist and astronomers still find the star worth hunting for the purpose of the closest star to the Sun, ???after the triple system Alpha Centauri and not too far south on the Northern Hemisphere to see. Just like Proxima Centuri the Barnard??™s star is a faint red dwarf that has a radius 15% that of the Sun, and only 5.96 light- years away which ???veritably screams across the sky at a break-neck pace of 10 arc seconds per year. Barnard??™s star is a distance of 5.96 light-years away; apparent magnitude 9.54, absolute magnitude 13.54 of spectral class M3.8Ve that lies ???near the bottom of the main sequence of the Hertz sprung-Russell diagram??? {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} Barnard??™s Star Mars the Fourth Planet from the sun referred to as the Red Planet. Which has rocks, soil, and key with a Red or Pink hue Mars atmosphere is quite different from the Earth??™s. Primarily composed of carbon dioxide with small amounts of other gases and have six common components of the atmosphere: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 95.32% Nitrogen (N2) 2.7% Argon (Ar) 1.6% Water (H20) 0.03% Neon (NE) 0.00025% The search for extraterrestrial intelligence research has been done by many funded scientific institute around the world. The S.E.T.I. Institute has a mission statement that??? explorers, understand, and explains the origin, nature and prevalence of life in the universe.??? (SETI institute) 2008, The SETI mission statement says??? Scientist believe conducting the most profound search in human history- To know our beginnings and our place among the stars.??? (S.E.T.I. institute.) 2008. The institute is heavily funded by large foundations and associations such as: NASA Headquarters Department of Energy US Geological survey International Astronomical Union Sun Microsystems Hewlett Packard Company NASA Ames Research Center Plus 12 other prominent corporations and foundations The SETI Institute is a nonprofit corporation that is comprised of 3 individual centers and is responsible for conduct ding over 135 separate multi-year projects since it??™s foundation in 1984. The Institute today employs over 150 scientists, educators and support staff. In the 1960s, the Soviet Union dominated SETI, and it frequently adopted bold strategies. Rather than searching the vicinities of nearby stars, the Soviets used nearly-Omni-directional antennas to observe large chunks of sky, counting on the existence of at least a few very advanced civilizations capable of radiating enormous amounts of transmitter power. SETI cannot take all the credit for mankind??™s search for extraterrestrial intelligence as Russia and NASA were conducting a joint effort as early as the 1960 together. Frank drake a radio astronomer conducted the first microwave radio search for signals from other solar systems back in 1960s. Joining and in point of fact dominating Frank in the 1960 were the Soviet??™s and their adapted and bold strategies. The soviets were using nearly ??“Omni-directional antennas to observe large chucks of sky that hadn??™t been done on such a large scale before. The search for Extraterrestrial continued with its fervent pace in the 1970s with SETI establishing its programs with NASA??™s AMES Research Center laboratories in Pasadena California. NASA Ames would then go on to examine a blistering 1000 Sun-like Stars by 1988 putting to an end a 10 year study. In the late 1970s the ???Hewlett-Packard Corporation, produced a comprehensive study for NASA known as Project Cyclops. The Cyclops report provided an analysis of SETI science and technology issues that is the foundation upon which much subsequent work is based.??? (SETI institute,) 2008. Arecibo telescope In conclusion, the Earth??™s properties were discovered. The Solar System was examined to visualize the possibilities of extraterrestrial life can exist. Mars was observed and all the possibilities for human life to survive on the star. The on-going search for extraterrestrial life hasand continues to be effective on the world scientist and astronomers to find life in the universe. However, the recent equipment used by our space program thought-out the foreign and domestic are still highlighted as being the best to explore the stars and planets extraterrestrial life. The recent missions and discoveries, lead a path of more amazing discoveries for our space programs. Proxima Centauri Rigil Kentaurus, the Star of the Southern Sky “Barnards star.” The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 16 Sep. 2009 . Barnards Star, http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/B/BarnardsStar.html SETI Institute, (2008). History of SETI, Retrieved September 17th, 2009. From Kaler, J. (n.d.). Barnards star. Retrieved September 17, 2009, from http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/barnard.html Sol Company (n.d.). Barnard??™s star. Retrieved September 16, 2009, from http://www.solstation.com/stars/barnards.htm Hamilton C, (1997-2001). Life from Mars the Discovery, Views of the Solar System Retrieved September 17th 2009, from: http://www.solarviews.com/eng/marslif1.htm Hamilton C. (1997-2008) Mars Introduction Retrieved September 17th 2009, from http://www.solarviews.com/eng/mars.htm Bazinet J.P. (1997-2009). MOVIELIST.COM WEBSITE, Retrieved September 17th, 2009, From http://www.movie-list.com/trailers.phpid=missiontomars Hamilton C. (1997-2001). Views of the Solar System, Retrieved September 17th, 2009, fromhttp://www.solarviews.com/eng/marslif3.htm order now I'm Sophie Gosser! Check it out
Indian National Army This Government was recognized by the countries like Japan, China, Malaya, Thailand, Indo-China, Java, Sumatra etc. Japan also offered the island of Andaman and Nicobar for strengthening the provisional Government for India. A leader out and out Subhas Chandra Bose commanded the I.N.A. and at Singapore declared war against Great Britain and her allies. He gave a clarion call to the soldiers: 'Give me blood and I would give you freedom'. His-slogans 'Delhi Chalk' (March to Delhi) and 'Jai Hind' and speech instilled a new vigor and vitality in the minds of the I.N.A. who prepared themselves to have a showdown with the British Government and to oust them from India. In organizing the I.N.A. Subhas devoted his heart and soul. He raised the strength of the Gandhi, Nehru and Azad brigades. After some time, a new brigade named Subhas Brigade was added to it. A brigade of women soldiers was also rose which was named after Lama Bay. The rigorous military training imparted to these brigades by the Japanese soldiers under the able supervision of Subhas Bose gave new strength to the I.N.A. Before his advancement towards India he sought the blessings of Mahatma Gandhi: "India's last war or independence has begun....Father of our Nation, in this holy war of India's liberation, We ask for your blessings and good wishes". With increasing enthusiasm instilled into their nerves through the slogan, 'Delhi Chalk', the I.N.A. soldiers marched ahead and captured Modoc where they hoisted the tricolor on Indian soil. In the meanwhile, the Subhas Brigade of I.N.A. proceeded to Konia in Nagaland. Now Japan could not send the required air-crafts to the soldiers of I.N.A and without it, the soldiers of I.N.A. found it difficult to capture Konia. Of course, Shah Nawaz Khan had joined the Japanese army in their operation in Konia. The I.N.A. next aimed to proceed to Impala and then across the Brahmaputra river to Bengal. At this juncture, Japan faced adverse situation and was defeated at the hands of the allied powers. This led the I.N.A. to surrender to the British Army at Rangoon. Meanwhile, Netaji escaped to Singapore and then to Bangkok. When Subhas left Tempeh on 18, August 1945, his plane crashed and he met his end. However, his death remains mysterious even today. Then began the trial of the soldiers of I.N.A. in the historic Red Fort at Delhi. The Indian National Congress set up a Defence Committee to save the I.N.A. officers and soldiers. The committee consisted of eminent lawyers like Ten Bahadur Sapura, Bhulabhai Desai, Assar Ali, Kailashanath Katha and Jawaharlal Nehru. They pleaded with great national spirit to defend the I.N.A. officer and soldiers. Though some of them were court-martialed, till no action could be taken against them by the British authority and demonstration was showed against the highhandedness of the British Government and in favour of the I.N.A. soldiers in Calcutta and other places. This led the British Government to release the I.N.A. officers who had faced the trial and found guilty. This definitely shows the love and adoration of Indian mass towards Subhas Chandra Bose and his I.N.A.
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent Chapter 6 David Lavender© 2001University of Nebraska PressLincoln and London SIX. Smoky Water The same thinning of the ice that let Captain Amos Stoddard's troops reach St. Louis for the ceremonial transfer of Louisiana to the United States also opened the rivers to more distant travel. As expectancy swelled, Lewis and Clark set a departure date, April 18, that would let them tackle the lower part of the Missouri between the peak of high water that came with the melting of snow in the central Midwest and the later surge of runoff from the distant Rockies. [1] Let's go! Carpenters began whipsawing logs into planks for the lockers and seats in the keelboat. Blacksmiths set up a forge and hammered out hasps, hinges, and other pieces of ironwork. Supplies of all sorts moved in from St. Louis and nearby farms and were segregated, itemized, boxed, and baled. Bushels of corn were parched so that it would keep well, and accounts were settled with the contractors. The final list of permanent crew members was drawn up—twenty-five all told. The men were divided into three squads, each under one of the sergeants, Charles Floyd, John Ordway, and Nathaniel Pryor. [2] Each squad was further divided into two messes. Camp utensils were allocated and sleeping quarters adjusted so the new groups could get used to living together. Soldiers, handpicked for manning one of the two support pirogues, were put under the charge of Corporal Richard Warfington. Experienced French rivermen were hired to handle the second, larger dugout, called the red pirogue from its bright new coat of red paint. Not all of the exuberance was constructive. Most of March 29 was taken up with a court-martial involving John Shields, John Colter, and Robert Frazer. While Clark oversaw the work at Camp Wood, Meriwether Lewis, helped by Stoddard, who had taken over the reins as military governor of Missouri, confronted the Indian problem. Scores of Native Americans from both sides of the Mississippi were pouring into St. Louis, hoping to discover clues about the future. Every day for several days, the cannon in the stone fort on the bluff boomed out shots to announce to the skeptical that the Spaniards were indeed gone but, in Stoddard's words, "You will be protected and sustained by your new father, the head chief of the United States." As an earnest of the promise, he passed out presents and sips of whiskey and gave medals to the more prominent visitors. If this were not done, he told Lewis, the disgruntled Indians might commit depredations, and enough of them were around for such outbreaks to develop into a serious matter. [3] For his part, Lewis concentrated on putting onto paper long speeches that would be delivered by surrogates to Indian groups he could not meet in person. The talk, filled with the grandiloquent language favored by whites in formal meetings with Indians, was addressed to the Sauks and Foxes, an alliance of defiant, British-oriented tribes who were drifting, under pressure of the advancing frontier, across the Mississippi to wilderness lands south of the Des Moines River. The oration advised the natives of the agreement whereby the chief of the seventeen nations of America (he meant the seventeen states that made up the Union) replaced the old fathers of the Indians. This great, new father, called president, as powerful as he was wise and benevolent, hereby adopted the Sauks and Foxes as his children. Like any concerned parent, he wanted them to live in peace and behave with discretion. [4] A Sauk who happened to be in St. Louis at the time carried the message to a gathering of his people. It was read aloud by an English trader who twisted the wording so it was "not much to the advantage of the United States." When information about the happening reached Amos Stoddard, he dispatched a special interpreter to the tribes to rectify matters. [5] Lewis in the meantime had dispatched a second oration to the Iowas and Sioux. Despite his faith in the power of solemn words, he must have wondered how much impact the messages were really having. (It turned out to be practically nil.) What he wanted was to be able to talk in person, albeit through an interpreter, to the leaders of every Indian nation bordering on the Missouri. The conferences completed, he would urge the men to travel to Washington under military protection, meet Jefferson, and see for themselves the might of the United States. His first real opportunity would be with representatives of the Osage tribe already being sounded out by Pierre Chouteau. Success would please Jefferson, for, as the president said, "they are the great nation South of the Missouri . . . as the Sioux are great North of that river. With these two powerful nations we must stand well, because in this quarter we are miserably weak." [6] Nervously Lewis kept his fingers crossed, hoping the delegation would arrive before the date scheduled for the expedition's departure. It was a contradictory business sometimes, trying to be both an explorer and an ambassador to the Indians. On April 7, 1804, the two captains, attended by York and an unnamed aide, met in St. Louis to buy last-minute supplies and complete last-minute errands. Not by chance their work coincided with a banquet and ball given by Amos Stoddard as repayment for courtesies extended him earlier by the townspeople. The affair cost $622.75 and he firmly believed the United States government should reimburse him. The participants would have testified it was worth every penny. The gaiety did not end until nine o'clock Sunday morning. "No business to day," Clark noted, heavy-eyed, in his journal. [7] They spent Monday through Wednesday shopping and packing. The purchases were loaded into a barge belonging to Nathan Rumsey, agent for military procurement in St. Louis, and rowed upstream to Camp Wood. Lewis stayed behind, waiting for Chouteau's Indians. At the camp Clark issued the men lead and powder for the trip, began the final packing, and, yielding to the electric anticipation, passed out an extra ration of whiskey to everyone. Later he may have wished he hadn't. Wanting still more liquor, several troopers visited one of the blind pigs the officers had not been able to keep away from the vicinity, and on April 16 he had to confine them for their derelictions. Lewis did not appear until the 18th, the day scheduled for departure. He was downcast. Chouteau had not arrived and the start would have to be postponed. The river, Clark noticed, was falling that day—just as they had hoped. And there they sat. Although neither man speculated about the delay, in the documents that still survive, its cause can be deduced. The transfer of sovereignty had upset the Indians, who were inherently conservative. When a Chouteau trader took word of the change to a band of Osages on the distant Arkansas River, they called the paper a lie and burned it: the Americans had not taken their country. And when one boatload started down the Missouri to learn what was afoot, they were surprised by Sauk warriors who killed some and made prisoners of the others. Those Sauks! "They certainly do not pay that respect to the United States which is entertained by other Indians," Stoddard complained to Secretary of War Dearborn. Chouteau was going to be hard put to calm the confusion. [8] He managed well. On April 21, a cannon boomed on the Missouri. As the men in Camp Wood ran to the bank of the Mississippi to watch, a bargeful of Osages—twenty-two of them, plus Chouteau and his voyageurs—swung over to the landing place. Adrenalin flowing again, Lewis and Clark ordered a pirogue manned and, leaving Ordway in charge at the camp, dashed downstream with the delegation. The cats were away—and, besides, the letdown brought on by the delay had hurt morale. In defiance of Ordway's angry orders, the men played rambunctiously. When Clark returned on the 25th, he had to deal with more than the ordinary amount of insolence and drunkenness. To restore order he dredged up chores. He had the keelboat heeled over on its side and made doubly sure every crack in the bottom was watertight. Trader John Hay came up from Cahokia to look over the lading, disliked what he saw, and spent several days directing a systematic rearranging of the bales and barrels to make unpacking and repacking easier at the points where the material would be needed. Then, as the shamefaced men began showing repentance, Clark ordered target practice, which they enjoyed, and fostered more shooting matches with the nearby countrymen. On May 8, he loaded the spick-and-span keelboat, manned it with twenty oars, and rowed it several miles up the Mississippi. The trial went smoothly and spirits lifted. [9] Another boost was Drouillard's arrival on May 11 with engagés who had been hired earlier for handling the big, seven-oared, red pirogue and then, following the postponement, had been released to live with their families to save government money. Surely their reappearance meant something was about to happen. On the 13th, so Clark wrote in his journal, a courier arrived with letters from Lewis, who was still struggling to organize the Osage delegation and get it started toward Washington. Letters. No further remarks. The omission showed remarkable self-control, for one of the communications contained bitter news. The preceding February Lewis had written Secretary of War Dearborn, asking why the captain's commission he had promised Clark had not yet arrived in St. Louis. Delays could affect his friend's seniority. Dearborn received that letter on March 20. On examining the list of openings, he saw the only appointment available was that of second lieutenant in the Corps of Artillerists. He gave it to Clark and, following standard procedures, passed it on to Jefferson. Incomprehensibly (unless he had private reasons for not overriding Dearborn), the president made no objection and, in violation of his promise to Lewis, sent the belittling appointment to the Senate for confirmation. Lewis was furious, yet, like the president, he did not remonstrate. Why? Perhaps because he knew no rectification could reach the Corps of Discovery until its return from the Pacific. Or perhaps he felt there was no use bucking the system at that point. "It is not such as I wished or had reason to expect," he wrote Clark, "but such it is. . . . I think it will be best to let none of the party or any other persons know any thing about the grade, you will observe that the grade has no effect upon your compensation, which by G—d, shall be equal to my own." [10] An easy oath, since Dearborn had already promised Clark a captain's pay. Years later, Clark told Nicholas Biddle, who was editing a narrative of the expedition for publication, "My feelings on this Occasion was as might be expected. I wished the expedition sucksess, and from the assurance of Capt. Lewis that in every respect my situation Command &c, &c, should be equal to his own . . . I proceeded. I do not wish that any thing relative to this Comsn. or appointment should be inserted in my Book, or made known . . . and I do assure you that I have never related as much on this subject to any person before." [11] Certainly he said nothing at Camp Wood that would lower him in the men's estimation. But the hurt may well have lain behind his sudden decision to cross the Mississippi and start up the Missouri toward his appointed rendezvous with Lewis on May 14, a day earlier than they had agreed on. Purposeful activity might keep him from brooding. Arms were checked—the fifteen short-barreled .54-caliber rifles Lewis had procured at Harpers Ferry and the .44-caliber Kentucky long rifles that the volunteer soldiers they had picked up later had brought with them. Clark gave experimental twists to the swivel guns that had been mounted on all three boats—a small-bore cannon and two blunderbusses on the keelboat, and a single blunderbuss on each of the pirogues. The weapons could be loaded with whatever was handy—musket balls, buckshot, scrap iron, or even stones—and could be devastating at close range. There was a frantic scurrying around as the soldiers struck their tents (heat had caused them to move out of their huts a week or so earlier), packed their personal gear, and scoured the area for mislaid objects. The news of the impending departure spread rapidly through the neighborhood, and although rain fell intermittently throughout the day, a small crowd of country people gathered to cheer the Corps of Discovery on its way. It is not possible to determine exactly how many men left Camp Wood that dismal spring afternoon—or for that matter how many continued up the river to the Mandan villages. Clark gave one set of figures for those in the keelboat; sergeants Ordway, Floyd, and Pryor, who had been ordered to keep journals to increase the likelihood that some record would survive in the event of catastrophe, gave variants. (Two or three privates also volunteered to keep diaries but only Joseph Whitehouse's has survived.) The following totals are not far askew, however: twenty-five, including York, in the keelboat; nine Frenchmen under their patron, Baptiste Deschamps, in the red pirogue; and seven soldiers, including Corporal Warfington, in the smaller, white-painted pirogue. At 4:00 P.M., according to Clark (Ordway made it 3:00 P.M.), the cannon of the keelboat roared bravely, the watchers on shore whooped, and the little flotilla started for the Pacific, its members optimistically expecting to be back by the end of the following summer. That first day they traveled four miles and camped at the upper end of the first island in the Missouri at the beginning of a deluge so strong it later doused the cook fires and put everyone to bed with cold suppers and wet blankets. As they breasted the current the next day, they began to get an inkling of what lay ahead. The river was high, the current punishing. The banks, composed largely of fine, alluvial soil, were covered with fallen and standing trees, many of them huge and all interlaced with grapevines. Occasionally an undercut section collapsed into the river with a sound like distant cannonading. Cave-ins along two thousand miles of stream had given the water the color of coffee laced with condensed milk, in the eyes of one observer. Another, seeing the river under a different light or with a different sense of color, said it was a thick yellow-green, a hue borrowed from thousands of shifting sandbars. Indians called the stream Smoky Water; Americans, the Big Muddy. Clark was astonished by the quantities of driftwood, some of it driving at the boats like lances. Frequently these floating logs caught in the branches of toppled trees. Thick silt coated them, more driftwood collected, and gradually the tangled mass, called an embarras by French voyageurs, thrust far out into the river. Or the earth-laden roots of a lone tree might catch on the river bottom; its leafless top, pointing downstream, waited just above the water like a hungry fang. Sawyers were even more worrisome. The North West Company's great explorer, David Thompson, described them thus: "The sawyer is generally a Tree of large dimension broken about the middle of its length, it's roots are in the mud. . . . the strong current bends the tree as much as the play of the roots will permit, the strain of which causes a reaction, and the tree rises with a spring upwards above the water and with such force as will damage or destroy any vessel." [12] Another hazard was logs so saturated they had lost buoyancy and drifted along under the surface, out of view in the opaque water. During the expedition's first full day on the Missouri, the keelboat banged into three such logs. Timely warnings. The stern of the vessel was loaded too heavily, so that on impact the light bow tended to ride up the obstruction in such a way that any one of the episodes might have torn out the bottom. The men would have to shift more weight forward when they reached the village of St. Charles, where Clark expected to meet Meriwether Lewis. Drawing on his own army experiences, on talks with boatmen in St. Louis, on the vessel's trial run on the Mississippi, and on his initial contact with the Missouri, Clark worked out a navigational pattern—Lewis reviewed it and signed it on May 26—that would hold as far as the Mandan villages with only temporary adaptations to fit special circumstances. He put one of the sergeants at the bow, a second in the middle, and a third in the stern. The positions rotated regularly. [13] The sergeant in the bow was to inform the man in charge of the keelboat of anything unusual he saw—obstructions, approaching river craft, Indians lurking on the bank. He would use prearranged signals to communicate with the corps's shore parties and was provided with a setting pole to help the regular bowman ward off floating debris. The sergeant in the center managed the square sail, which was seldom used because the river kept twisting away from the wind, and saw to it the rowers kept pace with each other. He was the one who decided when halts should be called to rest the men, and how long each pause should last. He posted a sentinel whenever the boat halted. Accompanied by the guard for the day, he reconnoitered for a hundred and fifty yards around each camping place. At night he made sure all three boats were properly beached, and appointed sentinels to watch them until morning. The sergeant at the rear of the boat managed the big, long-handled rudder that curved down over the stern. He made sure no loose impedimenta obstructed passage on the quarterdeck or along the passe-avants formed by the locker tops. He kept an eye on the compass in order to assist Clark, who was making a detailed map of the river as they traveled, a job that on the first stretches consisted mostly of checking his observations against those of earlier chart makers. No matter which position Sergeant Ordway held for the day, he was the one who issued rations, in a prescribed order, to supplement whatever game the hunters brought in—salt pork and flour, salt pork and Indian meal, lyed corn (hominy) and grease. No pork was issued when freshly killed wild meat was available. A little after noon on May 16, the fleet hove to opposite the little string town of St. Charles. Its population, numbering about 450, was almost entirely French; their houses, fields, and small businesses stretched for about a mile along the south bank. Clark fired a cannon salute, and as a crowd came running to the principal dock, he had himself rowed over for conversations. He quickly learned that Lewis had not yet reached town and no one knew when he might. Preparing the Osages for their trip into what was, to them, as mysterious a region as the River Styx was the primary cause of the captain's delay. The government, worried about runaway costs, had limited to twelve the number of Indians from any one tribe who would be given a free trip to Washington. This meant cutting the group Pierre Chouteau had brought to St. Louis almost in half, outfitting them in proper style, and at the same time softening, with appropriate gifts, the disappointment of those left behind. Considerable mind changing by the Indians slowed the process, but the final delegation was impressive—"the most gigantic men," Jefferson later wrote to Gallatin, "we have ever seen." Two boys accompanied the party, in accord with the president's desire that youngsters be sent East, if possible, for instruction in civilized ways. No women were included. [14] The head of the Osage delegation was Cheveux Blancs, or White Hairs. Legend says he got the name when he snatched a gray wig off the head of an American with whom he was grappling during an early battle. Ever afterwards he wore the trophy on special occasions. It was said, too, that White Hairs was the creature of Pierre Chouteau, who had helped him usurp the rights of the Osages' legitimate head chief. [15] Pierre Chouteau, opportunist extraordinaire. His firm provided the delegation with supplies that cost the United States $4,749.79. He received another $2,858.50 "on account of public service"—all formally authorized by Meriwether Lewis. [16] (The Chouteaus, it might be added, also provided the bulk of $3,879.72 worth of Indian gifts Lewis and Clark bought in St. Louis to supplement the meager $669.50 worth Lewis had purchased in the East before starting west. The favoritism so aroused two of Chouteau's rivals in St. Louis, Manuel Lisa and Manuel's fur-trade partner, Francis Benoit, that they threw every block they could in the expedition's way. Lewis, in some respects a very naive young man, grew outraged in his turn. "Damn Manuel and triple damn Mr. B," he exploded by letter to Clark. "I have come to an open rupture with them; I think them both great scoundrels." As for Chouteau, after sizing him up while the delegation was in Washington, Albert Gallatin, the secretary of the treasury, told Jefferson, "What he wants is power and money," more specifically total control of the Indian trade of Louisiana which, incidentally, he did not get. All in all, the fur trade, as carried on by both whites and Indians, was more viciously competitive and far more complex than either Lewis or Clark fully realized throughout their time in the wilderness.) [17] During the delay caused by readying the delegation for the trip, Lewis found time to turn to other of the numerous duties Jefferson had assigned him. In March, he had forwarded to the president cuttings and lengthy descriptions of two characteristic, fruit-bearing shrubs of western Missouri and adjacent regions—the Osage plum and the Osage orange. Now he added to the list specimens of lead and silver ore, a rubberlike ball of hair taken from the stomach of a buffalo, and a horned toad. He wrote a long account of salines in the Osage country and sent a sample of salt with the letter, for the availability of good, readily obtainable salt was an important consideration to pioneer settlers. He also sent along a map of the lower Missouri, the first of many maps he and Clark prepared. That done, he appointed Amos Stoddard his agent in St. Louis and at last was ready to join the Missouri fleet. [18] Accompanied by an escort of army officers and influential civilians, he rode overland, through heavy rain, to St. Charles on Sunday, May 20, 1804. During the five days of waiting among the limited but tempting fleshpots of St. Charles, Clark had maintained firm control of the men. The first breach of discipline had drawn a quick court-martial followed by an order of the day that bluntly stated he would move camp out of the reach of town if the men did not show a "true respect for their own dignity." They hadn't even grumbled much when he had set them to reloading the boats in order to put more weight in the bows. And they had welcomed with considerable interest two professional Creole voyageurs, Pierre Cruzatte and François Labiche, who had enlisted as army privates in order to see what the other side of the continent was like. [19] They were the only true rivermen in the permanent detachment—except George Drouillard, and he was not a soldier. River wisdom was only part of what the pair brought the expedition. Both had spent several winters trading as far up the Missouri, on occasion, as the Platte River. Both spoke at least bits of several Indian tongues, Labiche rather the more, and both were acquainted with sign language, with Cruzatte holding ascendancy in that field. Cruzatte's mother was from the Omaha tribe; Labiche, like most Creole rivermen, probably had Indian blood in his veins, too, but the details have been lost. Because of their experience both were given crucial assignments in the keelboat. Cruzatte became bowman. Labiche handled the front oar on the port side; the other rowers would key their strokes to his. Cruzatte's peculiarities have left him better remembered than Labiche. He was small, wiry, an exuberant fiddle player, and blind in one eye. His remaining eye is said to have been nearsighted, but a bowman needed to be farsighted and the oft-reheated tale of his myopia may have risen, mythlike, out of his greatest claim to immortality: during the return trip he accidentally shot Meriwether Lewis in the behind. [20] The trip did not begin auspiciously. Though the captains had hoped to be under way shortly after noon on May 21, the festivities being staged in their honor by the excited townspeople held them until after four. They had scarcely started when another blustery spring rainstorm pelted them head on. They fought it and the current for three miles, gave up, and made wet camp on one of the river's many islands. They were still in sight of settlements on either bank. [21] The next day the wind favored and they covered eighteen miles. If the easy progress bred smugness, it was dashed by Cruzatte or Labiche or Drouillard or the Frenchmen in the red pirogue, most of whom had traveled this section before. Wait for the Devil's Race Ground! But before they got there Lewis himself almost created catastrophe. It was May 23. Sandstone cliffs three hundred feet high crowded close to the water along this stretch of the southern bank. At their base gaped a huge cave one hundred and twenty feet wide, forty feet deep, and twenty high. Many names decorated the walls inside, some carved into the stone and some written on it with charred sticks. The place was called the Tavern, perhaps because it really had served as a rest stop for travelers in the forgotten past. The top of the cliff, its outer edge weathered into points Clark called "peninsulers," overhung the water. [22] The challenge was too much for Lewis. While Clark was adding his name to the register inside the cavern, Meriwether found a break in the precipice, ascended it, and began working his way along the edge. A foothold crumbled. He slid and bounced downward about twenty feet. Just short of disaster, Clark wrote in his journal, "He saved himself by the assistance of his knife," driving it wildly, one assumes, into some crevice that held. Just how he extricated himself from his dizzy perch does not appear. No mention of the incident appears in the narrative of the expedition that Lewis was preparing at the time of his death in 1809 and that was finished by editors with whom Clark worked closely. Why was it omitted? Irrelevance? The fact that it made Lewis appear foolhardy? Or because it might trigger speculation? What would have happened to the Corps of Discovery if Jefferson's handpicked leader had died from an unnecessary fall within sight of the settlements along the Missouri? Would Clark, the mapmaker, the estimator of distances, the old Indian hand, the degraded second lieutenant of artillerists who had been pressed into service to handle just such contingencies—would he have been allowed to continue with what history would then have remembered as the Clark Expedition? Would he have consented? Under what terms? The Missouri is a much swifter river than the Mississippi, for obvious reasons. The latter falls only 1,478 feet between its source in the Minnesota hills and the Gulf of Mexico, 2,552 miles away—an average drop of a little more than half a foot a mile. By contrast the Missouri, 2,950 miles long, falls 6,560 feet between its beginning in southwestern Montana and its junction with the Mississippi—an average drop of about two and a quarter feet per mile, almost four times the fall of the Mississippi. Rather than buck such currents head-on, Missouri River boatmen tried to pick up eddies created when the curving streambanks deflected fast water from one side of the sinuous river to the other. A strong back eddy would sometimes carry a keelboat several hundred yards upstream with no effort on the part of the crew. (Some eddies were hard to break out of, too.) One hallmark of a good bowman—Cruzatte, for instance—was his ability to spot the right place for cutting across the river in order to pick up a usable eddy. There were other tricks. Occasionally a boat could creep along in slack water close to the bank. While the men on the water side used their oars, those next to the bank seized branches and bushes and pulled the boat forward. If the bottom was solid and the water not too deep, a line of men on the passe-avant could put the padded ends of setting poles in their armpits and shove the boat ahead, walking as they pushed until they reached the end of the line and then ran back to their original places to repeat the maneuver. But the main reliance, when the force of twenty long-sweep oars proved insufficient, was the tow rope. It was several hundred feet long. One end was tied to the very tip of the bow. The crew carried the other end onto the bank. Separated from each other by short intervals, they floundered ahead, pulling as they went, through brush, nettles, grapevines, prickly wild roses, and boggy spots, over downed logs and boulders, along the steep sides of gravelly banks, pausing now and then to cut a leaning tree out of the way. Using a long rope reduced the tendency of the bow to nose in against the bank. Even so, the bowman and his helper had to be constantly using their poles to keep the boat clear. A device for reducing entanglements was the cordelle, wherein the tow rope was tied high up the mast and then run through a ring attached to an auxiliary rope affixed to the bow. The cordelle lifted the tow rope above some of the obstructions along the way and reduced still further the thrust of the bow toward the shore. There is no direct evidence in the journals that the Corps of Discovery resorted to cordelles—but, then, the diary writers seldom wasted words describing processes that were, to them, everyday occurrences. [23] Even less is said about the handling of the two pirogues. (No one in them was required to keep a diary.) Pirogues in general were paddled as often as they were rowed, and that may explain why Lewis so often referred to pirogues as canoes. The journals, however, regularly speak of oars and it is necessary to assume them. (Oars do provide more force than paddles.) The pirogues were big enough and stable enough for crewmen to stand in them and pole forward. But eventually, when the river grew really boisterous, the tow rope was their ultimate resort, too. The day after Lewis's fall they reached the Devil's Race Ground, hissing water rushing down a narrow chute between an island and bank-crowding rocks. Some of the men were put ashore to heave on the tow rope while the rest set their young strength against the oars. At times the boat seemed to hang motionless; occasionally it slipped backward. The captains veiled encouragement; the men quite probably took to shouting, in unison, the beat of the oar strokes. Slowly they pulled past the projecting rocks and thought they were clear. Up ahead, the bank formed a concave bend, its upper part curving to the right. Part of the current that had plagued them in the Devil's Race Ground slammed across the river into the curve. Even as they watched, great chunks of undermined earth collapsed into the flood. The men with the tow rope scrambled for safety, meanwhile casting horrified glances backward as the bank peeled off toward the keelboat. Clark bawled for the helmsman to steer for the island. Frying pan into fire: the boat ran into a sandbar and stuck fast. The towers tried to heave her free, but the rope broke and the craft swung broadside to the current. As it heeled over, everyone aboard "high-sided." They threw their weight against the upper rim, and when that did not suffice, they went over into the water, bending like hairpins as they clutched the gunwale with their hands and braced their feet against the precariously tilted side of the boat. The current toyed with them. It washed the sand out from under the vessel, which slowly came back to even keel. No rowers were aboard to hold it in place, however. It wheeled end for end downstream, hung up broadside again, listed, washed free, and wheeled once more. Swimmers—York, as powerful in the water as on land, was probably one of them—carried a rope to the men on shore, and they managed to drag the errant craft to safety. By that time the collapsing bank that had driven them into this trouble had stabilized, and they toiled up beside it in perfect safety. Clark was still dry-mouthed when they found shelter for the night in an abandoned cabin. "The worst I ever saw," he told his diary. But he hadn't reached the Pacific yet. Nearly every day brought fresh difficulties: dragging the tow rope through the jungle growth on the banks; struggling with the oars against water hammering around the point of an embarras; breaking the mast against a leaning tree; hanging up on a snag while "immens large trees were Drifting down and we lay immediately in their Course"; riding out squalls that dashed waves clear over the boat. And, more blessedly, being pinned down by the wind for an enforced rest. Joseph Whitehouse got lost while exploring a cave. Drouillard and Shields, who were bringing up four horses for the hunters to use, failed to make contact with the river group for a week and emerged from their trek as gaunt as dry cornstalks. Rain gave way to such stifling heat that the men, sweating copiously, had to take off their heavy shirts. (Clark blamed the excessive perspiration on the peculiarities of the Missouri's turbid water. As an experiment they let a pint of it stand overnight; half a wineglass of sand settled out.) Mosquitos drove them wild. Searching for a repellent, they bought three hundred pounds of animal grease from a trader bound downstream and smeared it on their bloody skins. They developed suppurating boils, the result, they thought, of that muddy river water coming into contact with the numerous cuts and scratches they all had. There were occasional disciplinary problems. While standing guard one night at the mouth of the Kansas River, John Collins tapped the whiskey barrel, became thoroughly soused, and encouraged Hugh Hall to join him. Both were found guilty by a court-martial of their peers and painfully flogged, as was Alexander Willard for falling asleep while on guard duty. These were not beatings with leather whips, but stinging—and humiliating—lashes from ramrods or willow branches; after all, the captains could not afford to have good oarsmen incapacitated. There were compensations amid the toil. Some stroke of foresight had led Meriwether Lewis to purchase mosquito netting, which made sleep possible. Venison was so plentiful some of the excess was jerked so that when the meat was thoroughly dry it could be pounded with parched corn, mixed with bear oil, and boiled into a savory stew. A carefully measured ration of whiskey was issued each evening, and doubled if the day had been particularly trying. Cruzatte's fiddle was a godsend and often stirred the men to dancing reels with each other around the campfire. Undoubtedly there was a good deal of horseplay and storytelling, and constant speculation about the Indian women they hoped they would soon be meeting. And always there was the lush beauty of the untouched wilderness. Phrases like "butifull beyond description," "delightful prospect," "rich and well timbered," "one of the most beautiful places I ever saw in my life" (Ordway) keep popping up in the diaries. These men were of pioneer farming stock and were looking at the kind of fertile land that was a major component of the American dream of their era. [24] They knew the significance of their errand, and it kept them enthralled. Clark remarked more than once in his journal about their general good health, high spirits, and quick responses to whatever demands were put on them. "I can say with Confidence that our party is not inferior to any that was ever on the waters of the Missoppie," the last word being an extraordinary orthographic mix even for him. [25] Lewis was out of the boat more often than in, examining the growth in the bottomlands, especially the huge cottonwood trees, and hiking or riding one of the hunting horses up the bluffs for more distant views. He collected, in Clark's words, "many curious Plants and Srubs," but not, for the first few hundred miles, any that were new to science. (Still, it was useful to extend the known range of familiar species.) Signs of changing biotic environments were appearing, however. The thick forests on the uplands were thinning out. Prairies broader than those of Illinois and Kentucky stretched between the groves, hints of the Great Plains, of which he had read without yet grasping their overwhelming magnitude. When the hunters returned to camp at day's end, he always asked them for descriptions of the soil and vegetation they had seen and about the navigability of the side streams. If he kept a journal on this leg of the trip, it has been lost, though some rough notes have turned up. It is hard to believe he did not heed Jefferson's adjurations about records—and yet other lapses occurred, notably during Lewis's descent of the Ohio, which we have already noted, and again from August 27 through December, 1805, with two minor exceptions. The blanks are unfortunate, for Lewis's handling of the technical information they gathered was superior to Clark's. Also, we have, at many critical junctures, only Clark's observations to go on, plus the bare-bones accounts kept by a few untrained enlisted personnel, and different men do see things differently. [26] Clark, being the better riverman, generally stayed close to the keelboat. He kept a compass reading for every shift in the stream's direction and made eyeball guesses of the distances between prominent points and curves. From these fragments he calculated the length of each day's travel and kept a running total of those sums. [27] His eyes were good. When the expedition reached the mouth of the Platte, he announced they had come 600 miles from the mouth of the Missouri. Instrument measures made several years later gave a total of 611. Distances were only part of the geographic study. They determined the latitude and longitude of every prominent river junction and hill, even when they had to chop trees out of the way to get a sighting on the polestar, as happened at the mouth of the Osage. The sergeants soon caught on to the dead-reckoning process, and Clark occasionally turned the work over to them in order to go hunting with Lewis or Drouillard, or even by himself. On June 23, exactly one month after Lewis's misadventure on the Tavern cliffs, he suffered an embarrassment of his own. He had a good day with his gun—one fat bear and two deer, which he left where they fell. Drouillard would pick them up with his packhorse and take them to the river, skin them, and hang the carcasses where the boatmen would find them. Clark wandered on and at evening dropped down to the river. A high wind had sprung up. The keelboat, he sensed correctly, would be pinned to the bank and he would have to bivouac until morning, when it could move again. He peeled bark off a tree and spread it on the damp ground as a mattress. He gathered punky wood to create a smoke to drive away mosquitos. He was hungry and there might be game on a nearby, brushy island. He waded out, mired down in bottomless muck, and with a little stab of fear actually wondered, as he heaved on one leg and then the other, whether he was going to pull free. When he did, he was layered with mud from head to foot. He scraped it off, stripped down, and, blackened by mosquitos, washed himself and his clothes. Hunting relief, he crouched for awhile in the smudge he had built and then fired his gun to let anyone in hearing know where he was. Shortly Drouillard appeared. He had picked up Clark's game and was searching for the captain when the gunshot gave him guidance. To keep the fresh meat away from predators, they hung it to a low branch that reached out over the water—so low that the hind-quarters of the carcasses dangled just above the surface. During the moonlit night, Clark awoke and saw a huge snake rising like a small Loch Ness monster out of the water toward one of the hanging deer. It was a doe, its udder tight with milk. Its orphaned fawn was probably wandering lost somewhere in the hills—unfortunate, but there were forty-six men on the boats to be fed. Clark assumed the snake was after the milk in its udder. Not wanting to wake Drouillard, he threw sticks to drive the serpent away. When it persisted, he killed it. He doesn't say how. One likes to imagine a gunshot that brought Drouillard out from under the saddle blanket that covered him like a cork from a bottle. Indians!—though they had not yet seen a trace of a wild Indian. A night in the life of a hunter. Clark summarized it in his field notes, but omitted the mudhole from the "official" journal he put together later, during the winter. [28] As with Lewis on the Tavern cliffs, there was no use reminding posterity of every foolish misstep. They ushered in the Fourth of July by firing one of the swivel guns on the keelboat. Joseph Field added to the excitement by being bitten on the heel by still another snake. Lewis did not see the creature. Uncertain whether it was poisonous, he slapped on a poultice made of Peruvian bark mixed with gunpowder. A few days later he relieved Robert Frazer's sunstroke with saltpeter, a known diuretic. A Creole riverman was treated for a venereal complaint, details unrecorded, and nearly always someone had a thundering headache brought on by the heat or a painful boil that needed the pus squeezed out before a poultice of elm bark or Indian meal could be applied. Again there were compensations. Wild grapes, plums, berries, and sand cherries were ripening. The men poured heaping handfuls of the latter into the whiskey barrels, though whether they were flavoring the fruit or the liquor remains unsaid. They began catching big catfish and whitefish, pleasing variants for their meals. (As was true with the fur brigades, the cooks, who were relieved of other camp duties, prepared only one big meal a day, in the evening; leftovers did for breakfast and lunch. Time was too important to be wasted among pots and pans.) Bits of excitement enlivened the toil. The Field brothers brought in a young wolf they hoped to tame—this happened near the Kansas River—but three nights later the animal chewed through the rope that held it and escaped. One man who had gone out hunting claimed he had seen a buffalo. Elk became numerous. Lewis's big Newfoundland dog dived into a beaver house and chased its terrified inhabitants out. One major element was missing, however—Indians. Jefferson had insisted that as many tribes as possible be contacted, studied, informed of the change in Louisiana's sovereignty, and told what America was expecting of the land's natives and what they could expect from the Americans. The captains had worked hard in St. Louis and at Camp Wood to familiarize themselves with what lay ahead, and they conscientiously gathered more information from each boatload of traders—at least eight—they encountered bound downstream with their winter harvests of fur, deerskins, and animal fat. Regis Loisel, head of the frequently reorganized Missouri River Fur Company, for which James Mackay and John Evans had worked, was particularly accommodating, at least on the face of things. [29] In addition to data he gave them, Clark said, "letters"—presumably introductions to employees who were stationed among different tribes along the river. One of Loisel's hired hands, Pierre Dorion, was floating downstream a few days behind his employer. A shrewd, hard-twisted, semiliterate half-breed, Dorion had lived intermittently with the Yankton band of Sioux for twenty years. After several hours of earnest talk, the captains persuaded him to leave his party for theirs and act as their guide and interpreter as far as the Sioux country, where they hoped to enlist another delegation to visit Washington. Dorion exacted a high price: the Americans would not only pay him an interpreter's salary but would also buy supplies and Indian gifts from him. [30] Like Loisel before him, Dorion told gruesome tales about a smallpox epidemic that in 1802 had decimated the earth-lodge villages of the once-powerful Missouris, Otos, Poncas, Pawnees, and Omahas, or Mahars, as the captains pronounced the last word. Almost as terrifying to the Indians as the plague were new fears of the Sioux. Being nomads, those Indians had not suffered as much from the epidemic as had the river tribes, who lived in densely packed villages. Their raids could now devastate the tribes. As a safety measure, Dorion speculated, the weakened river people were probably combining into new units capable of fighting off their ancient enemies. The Sioux. That was the tribe, made up of many far-ranging bands, that Jefferson most wanted to pull into the American orbit. It would not be easy. Except for the Yankton Sioux, whom Dorion had helped woo toward Spanish St. Louis, the tribes were oriented toward the British posts on tributaries of the Red River of the North, which led to Hudson Bay, and tributaries of the upper Mississippi, outlets to Montreal. Consequently, the Sioux, as principal carriers for the Missouri River and High Plains trade, would want to keep the commerce flowing eastward. Because of the epidemic, their dominance over the river tribes might be harder than ever to break—unless the river peoples' amalgamations were restoring their strength. More than ever, therefore, it was important to contact all the tribes along the Missouri, assay their vitality, promise peace and protection, and then try to win the cooperation of the Sioux. [31] Eager to hold their first Indian council, the Corps of Discovery pressed on as fast as wind and water allowed. On July 21, 1804, while rain squalls hissed along the surface of the Missouri, they came to the mouth of the Platte. It was a many-braided stream, freckled with islands and sandbars, swift flowing and thick with silt. Tantalizing promises clung to it, for it was believed to head far west in high mountains near legendary Santa Fe. Many tribes lived and hunted along its banks, the nearest of them being the remnants of the Otos and Missouris and perhaps one or two bands of Pawnees. Supposedly those tribes could not be visited by water, but that was another bit of campfire gossip the captains were determined to test. They made the effort in the red pirogue, manned by its experienced French voyageurs. They turned the boat into what seemed to be the Platte's main channel and were straightway buffeted by a current that Clark, overawed, estimated at eight miles an hour. The water was pallid with loads of fine white sand in suspension. Obstructed, the mass would build quickly into a tremulous dam, then break loose and rush on, giving a boiling, rolling look to the surface. Channels kept intertwining. After little more than a mile of strenuous effort, the captains gave up and let the pirogue drift back. Gossip was right. If the tribes of the lower Platte were to see the American offerings and hear their harangues, they would have to be lured to the Missouri by emissaries traveling overland. [32] Searching for a suitable camping place, the expedition moved ten miles up the Missouri to a place named White Catfish Camp for an albino catfish one of the men caught there. George Drouillard and Pierre Cruzatte, equipped with sausage-shaped bundles of twisted tobacco called carrots, rode off west to find whatever Indians they could. While waiting for the messengers' return, the rest of the crew continued their perpetual hunting—forty-odd empty bellies to fill every day—made new oars and setting poles, dried provisions that had become wet during the struggle with the Platte, raised a flagstaff, and checked their arms. Lewis worked on his field notes and Clark on a map to send to Jefferson when the soldiers in Corporal Warfington's squad went back to Kaskaskia at the end of the summer. Gusts of wind rolled the boat so heavily they could not accomplish much in the cramped cabin, and yet if they went outside they were attacked by mosquitos "about the sise," Clark declared, "of house flais [flies]." [33] On July 25, Drouillard and Cruzatte returned. They had found the Otos' principal village and had seen fresh tracks, but had not located a single person. Having planted their corn and squash, the villagers evidently had moved en masse onto the plains on their annual buffalo hunt. Considerably deflated, the explorers crept on—into luck. On the 28th Drouillard came in with a Missouri Indian he had found skinning an elk with two Otos. The fellow said that about twenty lodges—perhaps a hundred men, women, and children—were camped about four miles away. Off at some distance was the habitation of a French trader who had lived with the Otos long enough to win their trust. What now? The decision was to gain a little time by sailing up the Missouri for two more days while a voyageur called La Liberté, who knew the Oto language, traveled overland with Drouillard's Missouri Indian as guide, to lure the French trader and as many warriors as possible to a meeting. Forty miles above White Catfish Camp, on the west bank of the river, the boat people found a delectable, easily reached spot. They named it, in anticipation, Council Bluff. (Later, after Fort Atkinson had been built on the site, the name spread to the entire region, including the city of Council Bluffs, Iowa, about fifteen miles downstream from the scheduled meeting place.) Tiers of prairies and bluffs led Lewis and Clark, who climbed the rise together, to a stupendous view of "one Continued Plain as fur as Can be seen"—the heart of prairie America. Below them the Missouri meandered through lush groves of willow, cottonwood, elm, sycamore, hickory, walnut "& Oake in addition." All about, Clark wrote, were fruits, berries, nuts, and "a great Variety of Plants and flowers not common to the United States. What a field for a Botents [botanist] and natiriless [naturalist]." [34] August 1 was a day of mixed emotions. Clark busied himself for a time preparing what he called a "verry flashey peace pipe" for the Indian conference. Then, because it was his thirty-fourth birthday, the camp was treated to a special feast of fat venison, elk, and beavertail, finished off with a medley of fruits and, probably, a dram of grog. Joseph Field killed a new animal, a badger, and then, while out hunting deer with his brother, Reuben, got lost, settled down for the night in a rough bivouac—and awoke to find that the expedition's two horses, essential for packing meat, had strayed. Meanwhile neither the Indians nor La Liberté had appeared. "we fear," Clark wrote, "Something amiss." [35] The suspense ended the next day. Drouillard and Colter found the horses, and at sunset the trader, whose name Clark rendered as Fairfong, arrived with fourteen male Indians, six of them minor chiefs. All, probably, were on horseback. There was no sign of La Liberté, though the Indians said he had left their camp a day ahead of them. The captains sent food and presents to the visitors and suggested they gather the next morning under an awning made from the keelboat's sail. Lewis, with Clark at his elbow, stayed up late that night, writing out what they hoped would be an epochal speech, forerunner of many more to come. The soldiers unpacked and brushed off their uniforms for a dress parade. At the assigned time the two groups came together, each with totally different expectations of what was going to emerge from the encounter. 1. The date, April 18, comes from Ordway's letter to his parents (Jackson, Letters, 176–77): "... we are to Start in ten days up the Missouri River." The quickened activity that gripped Camp Dubois during the last days of March and the early ones of April also supports conjectures that April 18 or so was the original starting date. See Osgood, Field Notes, 27–31. (back) 2. The orders concerning the division of the "permanent detachment" are in Thwaites I, 11–12. His list of men in the detachment is reproduced in Appendix II. (back) 3. Scharf, 265. (back) 4. I borrow the phrasing of this message and of later ones to the Iowas and Sioux from a speech Lewis later delivered to the Otos, a Missouri River tribe. (Jackson Letters, 203–8.) (back) 5. Ibid., 196–98. (back) 6. Ibid., 199. (back) 7. Osgood, Field Notes, 30. McDermott, 335. (back) 8. I, 36–37. Jackson, Letters, 197, 200. (back) 9. Osgood, Field Notes, 37. (back) 10. Jackson, Letters, 172–73, 179. (back) 11. Clark to Biddle, ibid., II, 571–72. (back) 12. Appleman, 67–68, 74–75. (back) 13. I, 30–34. (back) 14. See Lewis to Stoddard, May 16, 1804 (Jackson, Letters, 189–90), concerning the twelve-man limit, and ibid., 199, for Jefferson's remark. (back) 15. Foley and Rice, 55, 107–08. (back) 16. Grace Lewis, 480. Compare her figures with Jackson, Letters, II, 420–30. (back) 17. Jackson, Letters, 180, 209n. (back) 18. Ibid., 170–71, 180–83, 189–95. (back) 19. Appleman, 79. (back) 20. Lewis on the wounding: "I instantly supposed that Cruzatte had shot me by mistake. . . . I was dressed in brown and he cannot see very well." (DeVoto, Journals, 445.) True, a one-eyed man cannot see as well as one with two. The remark does not have to be taken as an indication of myopia, however. (back) 21. My account of the trip is compounded from Thwaites, Clark's "River Journal" as it appears in Osgood's Field Notes, and the Biddle narrative, with addenda from Ordway's and Whitehouse's journals. There seems no gain in noting each source except where discrepancies appear or points of emphasis vary. Lewis, incidentally, seems not to have kept a journal between St. Charles and the Mandan towns. See note 26 below. (back) 22. Osgood, Field Notes, 45. (back) 23. DeVoto, Course, 613–14. (back) 24. Allen, 187–91. (back) 25. Osgood, Field Notes, 53. (back) 26. The vexing problem of Lewis's missing journals (he left big gaps all the way to the Pacific and back) is discussed in Jackson, "Some Advice"; Cutright, History of Journals; and Osgood's introduction to Clark's Field Notes. However, Clark often copied the rough field notes Lewis did make (Moulton, Journals, II, 19–21) and so the record is probably quite complete in spite of Lewis's lapses. (back) 27. Moulton, Atlas, 4, describes Clark's mapping procedures. Osgood, Field Notes, and/or Thwaites print the daily compass readings and estimates of distances between sighting points. (back) 28. Osgood, Field Notes, 61. I, 56–57. (back) 29. Though Lewis and Clark were unaware of it, Loisel wanted to draw the boundary of Louisiana along the Missouri River in order to protect the trade his men conducted south and west of that stream. On reaching St. Louis, he sent an offer to Spanish officials to act as an agent in countering American activities in the critical region, which, he asserted, would open easy routes to Santa Fe. Meanwhile Spanish officials in Florida, Cuba, and Mexico had grown alarmed about the threat to New Mexico, and letters flew back and forth about stopping the expedition either by sending out troops or stirring up the Indians. The efforts failed. A useful summary is in Cook, 458–83, passim. For Loisel, see the introduction in Abel's Narrative. (back) 30. Jackson, Letters, 262–63. (back) 31. DeVoto, Course, 367, 375–76. Appleman, 93–94. (back) 32. Moulton, Journals, II, 405–16. Osgood, Field Notes, 88ff. (back) 33. Moulton, Journals, II, 429–33. (back) 34. I, 96–97. Ronda, 17–18. (back) 35. Moulton, Journals, II, 433. (back)
HyperacusisHearing (person): The term hearing or hearing person, from the perspective of mainstream English-language culture, refers to someone whose sense of hearing is at the medical norm. From this point of view, someone who is not fully hearing has a hearing loss or is said to be hard of hearing or deaf.AudiometryNoise-induced hearing loss: Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is hearing impairment resulting from exposure to high decibel (loud) sound that may exhibit as loss of a narrow range of frequencies, impaired cognitive perception of sound or other impairment, including hyperacusis or tinnitus. Hearing may deteriorate gradually from chronic and repeated noise exposure, such as loud music or background noise, or suddenly, from an acute, high intensity noise incident including gunshots and airhorns.List of noise topics: This is a list of noise topics.Frequency following response: Frequency following response (FFR), also referred to as Frequency Following Potential (FFP), is an evoked potential generated by periodic or nearly-periodic auditory stimuli.Burkard, R.American Chopper (season 4)International Journal of Audiology: The International Journal of Audiology is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering research in audiology, including psychoacoustics, anatomy, physiology, cellular and molecular biology, genetics, neuroscience, speech and hearing sciences and rehabilitation devices. It is an official journal of the British Society of Audiology, the International Society of Audiology, and the Nordic Audiological Society.Psychoacoustics: Psychoacoustics is the scientific study of sound perception. More specifically, it is the branch of science studying the psychological and physiological responses associated with sound (including speech and music).Phon: The phon is a unit of loudness level for pure tones. Its purpose is to compensate for the effect of frequency on the perceived loudness of tones.BetahistineMagnetoencephalography: Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a functional neuroimaging technique for mapping brain activity by recording magnetic fields produced by electrical currents occurring naturally in the brain, using very sensitive magnetometers. Arrays of SQUIDs (superconducting quantum interference devices) are currently the most common magnetometer, while the SERF (spin exchange relaxation-free) magnetometer is being investigated for future machines.Conductive hearing lossAuditory scene analysis: In psychophysics, auditory scene analysis (ASA) is a proposed model for the basis of auditory perception. This is understood as the process by which the human auditory system organizes sound into perceptually meaningful elements.CROS hearing aid: A Contralateral Routing Of Signals (CROS)Harford, E., Barry, J.Neurotechnology: Neurotechnology is any technology that has a fundamental influence on how people understand the brain and various aspects of consciousness, thought, and higher order activities in the brain. It also includes technologies that are designed to improve and repair brain function and allow researchers and clinicians to visualize the brain.Vestibular schwannomaBeltoneMusic therapy for Alzheimer's disease: Music therapy (MT) has been used as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but its use remains mostly uninvestigated. Results of studies investigating its effectiveness are promising, but further research is needed because these studies are of poor methodological quality.Vertigo (Marvel Comics): Vertigo is a native of the Savage Land who obtained superhuman powers at a young age by genetic engineering. Her powers enable her to render a person severely dizzy and even unconscious.Ischemic compression: Ischemic compression is a therapy technique used in physical therapy, where blockage of blood in an area of the body is deliberately made, so that a resurgence of local blood flow will occur upon release.Montanez-Aguilera FJ; Valtuena-Gimeno N; Pecos-Martin D; Arnau-Masanet R; Barrios-Pitarque C; Bosch-Morell F (2010).Autoimmune inner ear disease: Autoimmune inner ear disease is a suspected autoimmune disease characterized by rapidly progressive bilateral sensorineural hearing loss.Inner Ear, Autoimmune (eMedicine, 2006) It occurs when the body's immune system attacks cells in the inner ear that are mistaken for a virus or bacteria.Bismuth subsalicylateEquivalent rectangular bandwidth: The equivalent rectangular bandwidth or ERB is a measure used in psychoacoustics, which gives an approximation to the bandwidths of the filters in human hearing, using the unrealistic but convenient simplification of modeling the filters as rectangular band-pass filters.Muzzle brake: A muzzle brake or recoil compensator is a device connected to the muzzle of a firearm or cannon that redirects propellant gases to counter recoil and unwanted rising of the barrel during rapid fire.Muzzle brake in the NRA Firearms Glossary The concept was introduced for artillery and was a common feature on many anti-tank guns, especially those in tanks, in order to reduce the area needed to take up the recoil stroke.Indian Genetic Disease DatabasePitch spaceCrandall syndrome: Crandall syndrome is a very rare congenital disorder characterised by progressive sensorineural hearing loss, hair loss associated with pili torti, and hypogonadism demonstrated through low levels of luteinising hormone and growth hormone. It is thought to be an autosomal recessive disorder closely related to Björnstad syndrome which presents similarly but without hypogonadism.SonepiprazoleContax N Digital: The Contax N Digital was a six-megapixel digital SLR camera produced by Contax in Japan. The camera was announced in late 2000, and began to be sold in spring 2002, after several delays.TympanoplastyVestibulocochlear dysfunction progressive familial: Vestibulocochlear dysfunction progressive familial, known also as familial progressive vestibulocochlear dysfunction is an autosomal dominant disease that results in sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular areflexia. Patients report feelings of vague dissiness, blurred vision, dysequilibrium in the dark, and progressive hearing impairment.Closed-ended question: A closed-ended question is a question format that limits respondents with a list of answer choices from which they must choose to answer the question.Dillman D.Music of Israel: The music of Israel is a combination of Jewish and non-Jewish music traditions that have come together over the course of a century to create a distinctive musical culture. For almost 150 years, musicians have sought original stylistic elements that would define the emerging national spirit.Non-communicable disease: Non-communicable disease (NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is non-infectious or non-transmissible. NCDs can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly.Magnetic pulse welding: Magnetic pulse welding (MPW) is a solid state welding process that uses magnetic forces to weld two workpieces together. The welding mechanism is most similar to that of explosion welding.YakchimEagle syndrome: Eagle syndrome (also termed stylohyoid syndrome styloid syndrome, styloid-stylohyoid syndrome, or styloid–carotid artery syndrome) is a rare condition caused by an elongated or deviated styloid process and/or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament, which interferes with adjacent anatomical structures giving rise to pain.Alpha waveCrystal earpiece: A crystal earpiece, is a type of piezoelectric earphone, producing sound by using a piezoelectric crystal, a material that changes its shape when electricity is applied to it. It is usually designed to plug into the ear canal of the user.Auditory event: Auditory events describe the subjective perception, when listening to a certain sound situation. This term was introduced by Jens Blauert (Ruhr-University Bochum) in 1966, in order to distinguish clearly between the physical sound field and the auditory perception of the sound.Quantitative electroencephalography: Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) is a field concerned with the numerical analysis of electroencephalography data and associated behavioral correlates.Leopoldo NobiliHyperintensityDim spot: In reflection seismology, a dim spot is a local low amplitude seismic attribute anomaly that can indicate the presence of hydrocarbonsSchlumberger: Oilfield Glossary and is therefore known as a direct hydrocarbon indicator. It primarily results from the decrease in acoustic impedance contrast when a hydrocarbon (with a low acoustic impedance) replaces the brine-saturated zone (with a high acoustic impedance) that underlies a shale (with the lowest acoustic impedance of the three), decreasing the reflection coefficient.HypolipoproteinemiaNon-progressive late-onset linear hemifacial lipoatrophy: Non-progressive late-onset linear hemifacial lipoatrophy is a cutaneous condition that occurs on the malar cheek, mostly in the elderly population.Sound changeTensor tympani muscle: The tensor tympani is a muscle within the ear. It is contained in the bony canal above the osseous portion of the auditory tube.Homeostatic plasticity: In neuroscience, homeostatic plasticity refers to the capacity of neurons to regulate their own excitability relative to network activity, a compensatory adjustment that occurs over the timescale of days. Synaptic scaling has been proposed as a potential mechanism of homeostatic plasticity.Chinchilla: RecentTrazodoneBruxism: ("tooth grinding") \|Ignacio ZaragozaDry needling: Dry needling (Myofascial Trigger Point Dry Needlinghttp://www.ncbi.Amusia: Amusia is a musical disorder that appears mainly as a defect in processing pitch, but it also encompasses musical memory and recognition.Pearce, J.ICD-10 Chapter VIII: Diseases of the ear and mastoid process: == H60–H99 – Diseases of the ear and mastoid process ==Ultrasound transmission tomography: Ultrasound transmission tomography (UTT) is a form of tomography involving ultrasound.List of birds of Serbia: This is a list of the bird species recorded in Serbia. The avifauna of Serbia include a total of 381 species, one of which has been introduced by humans.Lumbar-peritoneal shunt: A lumbar-peritoneal shunt is a technique to channelise the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the lumbar thecal sac into the peritoneal cavity.Neuroendocrine adenoma middle ear: Neuroendocrine adenoma of the middle ear (NAME) is a tumor which arises from a specific anatomic site: middle ear. NAME is a benign glandular neoplasm of middle ear showing histologic and immunohistochemical neuroendocrine and mucin-secreting differentiation (biphasic or dual differentiation).Sensitization: Sensitization is a non-associative learning process in which repeated administrations of a stimulus results in the progressive amplification of a response. Sensitization often is characterized by an enhancement of response to a whole class of stimuli in addition to the one that is repeated.Blast injury: A blast injury is a complex type of physical trauma resulting from direct or indirect exposure to an explosion. Blast injuries occur with the detonation of high-order explosives as well as the deflagration of low order explosives.Cerebral hemisphere: The vertebrate cerebrum (brain) is formed by two cerebral hemispheres that are separated by a groove, the medial longitudinal fissure. The brain can thus be described as being divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres.
Weatherland: Writers & Artists Under English Skies Weatherland: Writers & Artists Under English Skies 作者 : Alexandra Harris ※ ※ 無庫存定價 : NT 1,375 售價9折, NT1,238 The story of English culture over a thousand years can be told as the story of changing ideas about the weather. Writers and artists across the centuries, looking up at the same skies and walking in the same brisk air, have felt very different things. In a sweeping panorama, Weatherland allows us to witness cultural climates on the move. The Anglo-Saxons before the Norman Conquest lived in a wintry world, writing about the coldness of exile or the shelters they must defend against enemies outdoors. The Middle Ages brought the warmth of spring; the new lyrics were sung in praise of blossom and cuckoos. It is hard to find a description of a rainy night before 1700, but by the end of the eighteenth century the Romantics will take a squall as fit subject for their most probing thoughts. There have been times when the numbers on a rain gauge count for more than a pantheon of aerial gods. There have been times for meteoric marvels and times for gentle breeze. The weather is vast and yet we experience it intimately, which is why Alexandra Harris builds her remarkable story from small evocative details. There is the drawing of a twelfth-century man in February, warming bare toes by the fire. There is the tiny glass left behind from the Frost Fair of 1684, and the ‘Sunspan’ house in Angmering that embodies the bright ambitions of the 1930s. Harris catches the distinct voices of compelling individuals. ‘Bloody cold’, says Jonathan Swift in the ‘slobbery’ January of 1713. Percy Shelley wants to become a cloud and John Ruskin wants to bottle one. Weatherland is a celebration of English air and a life-story of those who have lived in it. As we enter what may be the last decades of English weather as we know it, this is a history for our times. 看更多隱藏
Tempted to Skip Teeth Brushing? Read This First! Tempted to Skip Teeth Brushing? Read This First! So it’s the end of a long day: Maybe you already fell asleep in bed watching Netflix, or maybe you just forgot. What could the harm be in not brushing your teeth? Not following your oral hygiene regiment, including teeth brushing, can have a lot of negative effects. Why Should You Brush Your Teeth Regularly? Every time you eat, the bacteria that is in your mouth also eats the food. And, as gross as it may be to think about, all living organisms excrete waste after eating, and the bacteria in your mouth is no exception. The waste produced is very acidic and is enough to erode and break down the hard outer layer of your teeth called enamel. Long-term exposure to these acids is what can cause cavities and decay. Plaque can also form when you neglect to brush. It can form in just minutes after eating a meal or snack. When given a long enough period, such as overnight, it can harden and then calcify on your teeth in the form of tartar. After that, only a professional cleaning from your dentist can remove it. Hardened plaque along the gum line can also create inflammation or irritation of the gums. Your immune system may try to fight the plaque, which can cause the gums to recede. This can cause a loss of stability and could lead to teeth loss. One night of not brushing will not immediately give you gum disease or cavities, but if it becomes consistent, these oral health issues can start creeping up. If you know that you have fallen asleep too early or like to watch TV in bed, there are a few preventative options to consider. Keep a glass or bottle of water near your bed so you can rinse any extra debris. Also keep floss on your nightstand, because flossing at the very least is better than nothing.
Symbols in Northern Ireland: A Guide to Shared and Contested symbols Updated on September 23, 2016 The badge for the new Police Service of Northern Ireland carefully includes six symbols to give a balanced representation of Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland and Symbols Symbols in Northern Ireland are more than just pictures. The Troubles in Northern Ireland have ensured that symbols here represent division as often as they represent unity, and that the history and meaning of the symbols can mean that certain groups find them alienating, or even threatening. This guide explains the meaning behind common symbols in Northern Ireland, some of which are shared equally between the Protestant and Catholic traditions and others which divide the two communities to this day. Information coming up in this article: • Meaning of symbols during the Troubles • Guide to common symbols in Northern Ireland • Overview of laws relating to symbols in the workplace in Northern Ireland A guide to common terms in Northern Irish politics • Northern Ireland is made up of six counties in north-east Ireland which continue to be an integral part of the UK. • Stormont is the seat of the Northern Ireland Assembly, where a group of 106 elected MLAs take decisions on issues relating to the internal governance of Northern Ireland. • (Ulster) Unionist is a person who believes Northern Ireland should continue to remain in the UK. Most Unionists and Loyalists are Protestant. • Loyalist is a person loyal to the British monarchy, often used to describe extreme Unionists and even associated with 'loyalist paramilitaries' who carried out a campaign of killing in pursuit of their goals. • (Irish) Nationalist is someone who believes Ireland as an island should be completely free of British political influence. Someone who favours Irish over British culture. Most Nationalists and Republicans are Catholic. • (Irish) Republican is someone implacably opposed to British influence in Ireland. Want to see a united independent Ireland. During the Troubles the provisional Irish Republican Army killed more people than any other group through they have now committed to political means only. • Dissident Republicans refers to a handful of extreme republicans who refuse to give up violence until the whole of Ireland is separate from the UK. They have killed 2 British soldiers and 2 Catholic police officers in the past four years. • PSNI is the renewed police service which was created as part of the Peace Process. It replaced the 92% Protestant Royal Ulster Constabulary which had been accused of discrimination against Catholics. The PSNI now employs around 1/3 Catholic officers. Symbols in Northern Ireland during the Troubles 'The Troubles' was a period of sustained paramilitary (and sometimes military) violence between 1969 and approximately 1998 - although Northern Ireland has still seen four sectarian-related deaths in the last 5 years. Well over 3,000 people lost their lives during this conflict and normal life was disrupted by bomb scares and security operations. To simplify the conflict greatly, some Protestants were killing Catholics and some Catholics were killing Protesants. Many people no longer felt safe mixing with people from a different religious background. In this context the use of symbols came to have very strong meanings. Using symbols - for example flags, on painted wall murals, or worn on clothing - showed allegiance and let people know whose territory they were entering. This could be, quite literally, a matter of life and death. Although fortunately we have made significant steps forward with our peace process in Northern Ireland, quite a few symbols are still seen as representing one group or the other. It is also true that symbols, flags and colours are still used in some area to make a statement about which group is in control of an area and as a warning to outsiders that they may not be welcome. Added to this is the debate around symbols in the workplace. Under equality laws there is now no such thing as a Protestant or Catholic firm as any business or government agency is obliged to promote rigourous fair employment practices. But as workplaces become mixed it raises many questions. For example, should symbols be banned from the workplace in case they cause offense to a co-worker? Or does everyone deserve the right to express their religious and political beliefs - even if founded on prejudice? While there are no easy answers as to how to create an inclusive workplace, there are at least some symbols which are shared by both traditions in Northern Ireland. These symbols are hopefully the beginning of us finding a shared 'Northern Irish' identiy where both our Irish and British heritages are included and respected. Poppies are becoming a more shared symbol in Northern Ireland - but it is still predominantly a Protestant tradition to wear a poppy in November. The Red Hand of Ulster should have been a shared symbol but its use by loyalist paramilitaries, including the 'Red Hand Commandos' means it is more usually seen as a Protestant symbol. The Easter Lily commemorates those who died fighting for Irish independence at Easter 1916. Murals supporting either the Protestant or Catholic cause are still to be found throughout Northern Ireland. Contested Symbols in Northern Ireland The poppy is a symbol across Europe for the loss of life in the World Wars. Poppies grew in the fields of Flanders after WW1. The Red symbolises the blood spilt.The Poppy has a strong meaning of commemoration for many people in the UK. Many lost ancestors in the world wars. In Ireland Catholics have tended to stay away from wearing poppies out of a fear that it is glorifying English colonialism, and out of a desire to forget the history of Irish soldiers fighting for the British Army. This is changing now as Ireland re-engages with its British heritage. Pacifists prefer to wear a white poppy to make it clear they are not celebrating war in any way. The Red Hand has represented the province of Ulster since the time of the Gaelic aristocracy. It is used by both Nationalists and Unionists – the difference being that Nationalists count 9 counties in Ulster, while Unionists tend to use the word 'Ulster' to describe the 6 counties of Northern Ireland. The red hand comes from a legend that two chieftains had a race to decide who was lord of Ulster. O'Neill seeing that he was falling behind, cut off his hand and threw it to the shore, claiming lordship of Ulster. In more recent times the red hand has become identified with loyalist paramilitaries during the Troubles - it still tends to be seen more as a Protestant symbol. The Easter Lily commemorates the Easter Rising of 1916. Easter 1916 is a controversial event in the history of Ireland, but there is no doubt it altered the course of history on the island. Irish Republicans celebrate Easter 1916 as a struggle for independence from imperial England. Northern Irish Protestants are overwhelmingly Unionist in their politics - so in their eyes Easter 1916 was a violent attempt to force them into an independent Ireland against their wishes . 1690 is one of the most controversial dates in the island's history. In 1690 two English kings fought for the throne on Irish soil. William of Orange beat James II, and established England as a Protestant country, and Ireland as being ruled by a Protestant minority. Irish Protestants celebrate their survival on 12th July, but some Catholic neighbours feel this is a triumphalist celebration of their ancestor's defeat. Shared symbols in Northern Ireland The harp has been associated with Ireland for hundreds of years. Gaelic cheiftains empoyed harpist to entertain them and their guests. In the 1600s it was the symbol of Irishness adopted by Owen Roe O'Neill in his war against English conquest. In the 1790s it was adopted by the United Irishmen (radical Protestants who wanted an independent Ireland). However the harp has also symbolised Ireland within the British empire – for example the harp was part of RIC and RUC police badges.The harp is also a symbol used by some Irish regiments within the British Army. Legend has it that St Patrick used the shamrock to explain the trinity to the Irish and convert them to Christianity. It is recognised around the world as a symbol of Ireland. People wear shamrocks on St Patrick's Day to commemorate the saint. It is also used within Unionist tradition – for example the Royal Irish Rangers wear shamrocks on St Patrick's day. The shamrock is the national flower of Northern Ireland, like the rose in England or thistle in Scotland. The symbol for the Northern Ireland assembly is a good example of an attempt to choose a shared and inclusive symbol. The blue flower is the flax flower – and flax was the plant at the basis of the successful linen industry in the north of Ireland. People from all backgrounds worked in the linen industry, making the flax flower a neutral symbol. Useful Organisations for Northern Irish employers The Equality Commission of Northern Ireland Equality House 7 - 9 Shaftesbury Square Tel : 028 90 500 600 Enquiry Line : 028 90 890 890 Email : The Community Relations Council 6 Murray Street Tel: 028 9022 7500 Symbols in the Workplace: Legislation and Best Practice In 1989 the Fair Employment Code of Practice first recommended that employers in Northern Ireland, in order to advance equality of opportunity, should aim to: “promote a good and harmonious working environment and atmosphere in which no worker feels under threat or intimidated because of his or her religious belief or political opinion”. This includes making sure that all employees are fairly and equally treated, and that no one feels harassed or intimidated because of their religious or political beliefs. In a society like Northern Ireland which, despite significant progress, still has important cultural divisions this can be a difficult task. Symbols and emblems are one of the areas where employers need to respect the rights of employees to express religious or political belief, but equally remember that some symbols are offensive or even intimidating to others. The Equality Commission of Northern Ireland has produced a useful guide called 'Promoting a Good and Harmonious Working Environment'. In this guide they give advice on symbols and emblems in the workplace. They do not encourage employers to pander to an employee who deliberately seeks out something to be offended by, but they also recommend that to religious or political affiliation should be given a special status within a workplace. Although each case needs to be decided on its individual context, they do broadly recommend that some symbols should be allowed in the worlkplace, while others are best kept for a person's private life. See table below for their recommendations. Recomendations for Symbols in the Workplace in Northern Ireland Acceptable symbols in the workplace Symbols best avoided in the workplace Religious observance: eg. Christian crosses, turban, Muslim veil. Sports related to religious affiliation: eg Rangers / Celtic tops, GAA flags Marks of commemoration and celebration: eg Poppies, Shamrock Badges, tatoos etc for political parties or paramilitary organisations Emblems supporting awareness-raising campaigns: eg AIDS awareness, Breast Cancer awareness Emblems supporting a political position: eg Easter lillies, Orange Order symbols. Questions & Answers 0 of 8192 characters used Post Comment • Marie McKeown profile imageAUTHOR Marie McKeown 7 years ago from Ireland You are welcome! Your ancestors come from an interesting and complicated history. I hope this hub helped explain on or two things ... • Alastar Packer profile image Alastar Packer 7 years ago from North Carolina A very well done article Marie. It is most interesting in a personal way as I've discovered my fore-bearers were Ulster-Scots. Thank you Marie. This website uses cookies Show Details LoginThis is necessary to sign in to the HubPages Service. AkismetThis is used to detect comment spam. (Privacy Policy) Google AdSenseThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) Index ExchangeThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) SovrnThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) Facebook AdsThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) AppNexusThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) OpenxThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) Rubicon ProjectThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) TripleLiftThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)
Big business Length: 629 words The answer for part (A) is as follows; These three elements, big business, big labor and big government worked together to promote economic prosperity from the late 1940s to the early 1970’s because of the benefits of economies of scale for these three groups. Big business has evolved to such a size that now many corporations have bigger turnovers than some small countries. Big government has evolved to cope with the changes in technology, society and business, so that by a series of regulations aimed at controlling the actions of big corporations they can control how capitalism works. Big labor also helped in this economic prosperity by supporting the governments’ regulations and helped with the creation of a wealthy consumer middle class that improved economic prosperity. All of these three groups could see that there would be an improvement in the economies of the world after the Second World War, and that economic prosperity and job stability alone with lower costs could be achieved by working together to try and promote this in an informal way. The answer for part (B) is as follows; Informal cooperation was possible before the late 1970s because of the favorable economic conditions, however during the depression of the 70s corporations realized they needed to be innovative and develop new products as well as be creative in how they work in order to improve their own business position in a depression. The way technology has developed since the 1970s has led to a situation where military products have been adapted for the consumer market and improved transportation and communication have meant that global trade is now an instant transaction that rarely requires an agent or a middleman. Direct marketing is now very important and the development of production methods and process improvements have meant that products can be made and sold a lot cheaper than they used to be. The answer for part (C) is as follows; The particular brand of capitalism practiced today in the United States is said to be super-charged because it is a form of capitalism that has accelerated rapidly over the last 40 years. The fundamental characteristics of this brand of capitalism are hyper competition between organizations and the lack of any oligopolies, combined with the activities of labor unions. This link between super-charged capitalism and technological advancement has lead to the situation the global economy is in today. There is increased trade between countries, more competition on a global scale between massive corporations who can use their huge economies of scale to bring about low production costs and high profits. Individual consumers have also become part of this super capitalism, due to the fact that financial deregulation has happened and allowed normal people to save and invest in the economy. The answer for part (D) is as follows; Reich’s statement about being in two minds about super capitalism in the twenty-first century can be interpreted in a number of ways. The system of super capitalism works in such a way that it is linked with democracy through the political control of organizations. Governments control organizations, yet organizations control governments through their employees gaining political positions that they use to the benefit of the corporations instead of the citizens of the country. Now that major corporations can influence the decisions of the politicians the ordinary people of the world are starting to see that they are almost irrelevant when it comes to political decision making, as usually decisions are made in favor of corporations and not individuals. There is a choice that people have to make, between having access to low cost products or having a say in the democratic process and making the government into a solely political organization and ban politicians from holding positions in large corporations. Tagged In : Get help with your homework Check it out
Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift Essay Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift Essay Length: 1535 words (4.4 double-spaced pages) Rating: Powerful Essays Open Document Essay Preview In the fourth book of Gulliver’s Travels, Jonathan Swift uses satire to draw reader’s attention towards his concerns about humanity and uses irony to reveal his cynical views towards human kind. According to the Great Chain of Being, a term developed by the Renaissance that describes a divinely hierarchical order in every existing thing in the universe, human beings are placed a tier higher than animals ( /melani/cs6/ren.html). However, by comparing human traits with unpleasant qualities of animals, Swift blurs the definition of human being and questions the hierarchical place of human. In the fourth book of Gulliver’s Travels, Gulliver starts his journey as a well-educated European person who is considered to be a decent example of humanity. The first group of inhabitants Gulliver finds on the island where he is dropped off on are the Yahoos. Gulliver is disgusted by the behaviours of these wild creatures at first and he considers them to be animals that are owned by the dominate beings on this island. Gulliver then discovers the Houyhnhnms whom he perceives as brute beasts (Swift 2420) and animals (ibid.) because they share similar physical qualities compare to the horses in England. After a brief interaction with the two Houyhnhnms, Gulliver is taken to the house of a Houyhnhnm whom he will later refer to as his master. Through the interactions with the Houyhnhnms, Gulliver is able to show the ability to reason even though he shares some physical similarities with the Yahoos. Due to this quality and the fact that the Houyhnhnms cannot see his bare skin under his clothes, he is able to live with the Houyhnhnms. Gulliver starts to relate himself more to the Houyhnhnms than the Yahoos becau... ... middle of paper ... ...Chain of Being. Although human are reasonable beings, Swift argues that the amount of reason is not enough to overcome the desire for power. Thus, instead of using reason to create peace and harmony in the world, powerful countries allow desire to overtake their conscious and produce chaos under the name of “Divine Right”. As Gulliver tries to relate his society to the Houyhnhnms’; he comes to accept that reason in human does not help to improve humanity but only to breed barbarity because they use reason to justify their heinous actions. Works Cited Melani, Lilia. "Introduction to the Renaissance." Introduction to the Renaissance. English Department, Brooklyn College, 30 Mar. 2009. Web. 08 Feb. 2014. Swift, Jonathan. "Gulliver's Travels, Part 4." The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Eighth Ed. Vol. C. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2006. 2418-462. Print. Need Writing Help? Get feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly. Check your paper » Personal Identity in Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels Essay - Personal Identity in Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels What establishes a person’s identity. What changes this personal identity. Psychologically, we have the ability to change our beliefs. Physically, our human bodies change. How do we frame the issue to better understand man’s inability to decipher his own self-identity, and more importantly, how do we know when and precisely where this change in identity occurs. Issues of personal identity are apparent in Gulliver’s Travels, by Jonathan Swift.... [tags: Jonathan Swift Gulliver's Travels Essays] Powerful Essays 1755 words (5 pages) Gulliver's Travels and Jonathan Swift Essay - Jonathan Swift was born on November 30, 1667 in Ireland to English parents, Jonathan and Abigail. His father, Jonathan, died shortly after his birth, leaving his mother to raise him and his sister alone. In Ireland, Swift was dependent on a nanny for three years because his mother moved to England. The young man was educated because of the patronage of his Uncle, Godwin Swift. Godwin sent him to Kilkenny Grammar School at age six, which was one of the best primary schools in Ireland at the time.... [tags: historical and biographical analysis] Powerful Essays 598 words (1.7 pages) Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels Essay - Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels Jonathan Swift’s, Gulliver’s Travels satirically relates bodily functions and physical attributes to social issues during England’s powerful rule of Europe. Throughout the story we find many relations between bodily features and British and European society. Swift uses this tone of mockery to explain to his reader the importance of many different topics during this time of European rule. Swift feels that the body and their functions relate to political as well as the ration of a society.... [tags: Swift Gulliver Satire Essays] Free Essays 1486 words (4.2 pages) Essay on Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift - Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift wrote Gulliver's Travels in the 1720's, he wrote it in a different style to modern authors because it was more normal in those days to do so; for example, he used more pompous and archaic words, longer sentences and longer paragraphs; Swift also used a lot of Satire and imaginary words in his book these made it more interesting and more believable. Nowadays his writing might sound strange to some people. I have been looking closely at the satire and style in chapter five of Gulliver's Travels and will comment on how he used them and what his intended effect was.... [tags: English Literature] Free Essays 928 words (2.7 pages) Essay on Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift - In 1726, the Anglo-Irish satirist Jonathan Swift wrote Gulliver's Travels. Gulliver's Travels was originally intended as an attack on the hypocrisy of the establishment, including the government, the courts, and the clergy, but it was so well written that it immediately became a children's favorite. Swift wrote Gulliver's Travels at a time of political change and scientific invention, and many of the events he describes in the book can easily be linked to contemporary events in Europe. One of the reasons that the stories are deeply amusing is that, by combining real issues with entirely fantastic situations and characters, they suggest that the realities of 18th-century England were as fan... [tags: essays research papers] Free Essays 886 words (2.5 pages) Satire in Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels Essay - Satire in Gulliver's Travels On the surface, Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver's Travels appears to be a travel log, made to chronicle the adventures of a man, Lemuel Gulliver, on the four most incredible voyages imaginable. Primarily, however, Gulliver's Travels is a work of satire. "Gulliver is neither a fully developed character nor even an altogether distinguishable persona; rather, he is a satiric device enabling Swift to score satirical points" (Rodino 124). Indeed, whereas the work begins with more specific satire, attacking perhaps one political machine or aimed at one particular custom in each instance, it finishes with "the most savage onslaught on humanity ever written,"... [tags: Gulliver's Travels] Free Essays 1941 words (5.5 pages) Essay about Review of Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift - Review of Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift Gulliver's Travels is a satirical novel. It was written for two different target groups; the first target group is a very young age range and it is a simple but still very exciting fairy tale, the second target group is for a lot older and more sophisticated group as it is a comment that is satirising the life, times and background of Jonathan Swift. An example of Swift making a comment on mankind is in the third part of the book where pirates capture Gulliver and leave him on some small islands which we are told rather vaguely are near to Japan.... [tags: Papers] Powerful Essays 1307 words (3.7 pages) Essay about Satire in Gulliver's Travels Jonathan Swift - Satire in Gulliver's Travels Jonathan Swift In Gulliver's Travels, Jonathan Swift makes a satirical attack on humanity. In the final book, Swift takes a stab at humanity by simultaneously criticizing physiological, mental, and spiritual aspects of humans. Literary critics Ronald Knowles and Irvin Ehrenpreis both agree that the last book focused entirely on satirizing humanity. The Yahoo brutes that inhabit Houyhnhnm Land are a despicable species that have the physical appearance of humans. Though their behavior seems to be decadent and irrational, Swift shows that most of their behavior have parallels in the life of "civilized" humans.... [tags: Papers] Powerful Essays 1024 words (2.9 pages) Essay on Use of Satire in Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels - Effective Use of Satire in Gulliver's Travels Jonathan Swift's story, Gulliver's Travels, is a very clever story. It recounts the fictitious journey of a fictitious man named Lemuel Gulliver, and his travels to the fantasy lands of Lilliput, Brobdinag, Laputa, and Houyhnhmn land. When one first reads his accounts in each of these lands, one may believe that they are reading humorous accounts of fairy-tale-like lands that are intended to amuse children. When one reads this story in the light of it being a satire, the stories are still humorous, but one realizes that Swift was making a public statement about the affairs of England and of the human race as a whole.... [tags: Gulliver's Travels] Powerful Essays 720 words (2.1 pages) Satirical Patterns in Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels Essay - Gulliver’s Travels: Satirical Patterns Jonathan Swift wrote a novel in 1776 called Gulliver’s Travels. This novel along with all of his other writing followed a satirical pattern. Because of Swift’s vast knowledge in politics he was capable of creating a masterpiece completely ridiculing the government found in England. In Gulliver’s Travels, Swift brings us, the readers, to join him on journeys to worlds of complete nonsense. These worlds are different ways that allow for Swift to mock the old European government. In our reading, we followed him to a land called Lilliput, and then later to a land known as Brobdingnab. Swift uses humor and knowledge to completely ridicule E... [tags: Gulliver's Travels] Powerful Essays 939 words (2.7 pages)
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) What is Complex Regional Pain Syndrome? Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain condition most often affecting one of the limbs (arms, legs, hands, or feet). It usually occurs following an injury or trauma to that limb. Trauma could be a Major one (e.g. limb fracture, cut wound, crush injury,.…) or Minor trivial ones (e.g. mosquito bite, ankle sprain,…). CRPS is believed to be caused by damage to, or malfunction of, peripheral and central nervous systems. Types of CRPS: There are two similar forms, called CRPS-I (formerly called Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) and CRPS-II (formerly Causalgia), with the same symptoms and treatments. CRPS-II, is the term used for patients with confirmed nerve injuries. Individuals without confirmed nerve injury are classified as having CRPS-I. Some research has identified evidence of nerve injury in CRPS-I, so the validity of the two different forms is being investigated. Studies of the incidence and prevalence of the disease show that with early diagnosis, intervention and guided treatment most cases are mild and individuals can recover completely. In more severe not treated cases, individuals may not recover and may have long-term disability. Who can get CRPS? CRPS symptoms vary in severity and duration Other common features of CRPS include: • Abnormal sweating pattern in the affected area or surrounding areas • Changes in nail and hair growth patterns • Stiffness in affected joints Causes of CRPS: CRPS represents an abnormal response that magnifies the effects of the injury. In this respect it is like an allergy. Some people respond excessively to a trigger that causes no problem for other people. Mechanisms involved in CRPS development: Blood Vessels Immune System Others: Genetics, Family History…. In many cases, CRPS is the result of multiple causes that act together to produce various symptoms. Currently there is No single diagnostic test to confirm CRPS, it is purely clinical evaluation. Diagnosis is based on the affected individual’s medical history and signs and symptoms that match the definition. Because several other conditions can cause similar symptoms, careful examination is important and clinical correlation is key to get the right diagnosis early in the disease for treatment and intervention. Magnetic Resonance Imaging - MRI or tri-phasic Bone Scans sometimes identify CRPS-characteristic changes in the bone metabolism. CRPS is often associated with excess bone resorption, a process in which certain cells break down the bone and release calcium into the blood. Outcome and Prognosis: Anecdotal evidence suggests early treatment and intervention, particularly targeted rehabilitation, is helpful in limiting the disorder and avoiding long term disability. I always tell my patients that the main concern now is how to keep your affected limb active, without loosing its functional ability. Getting the pain out of the way is crucial in order to get involved in targeted rehabilitation and recovery program. The outcome of CRPS varies from person to person. Almost all children and teenagers have good recovery. Some individuals are left with unremitting pain and crippling, irreversible changes despite treatment. Modalities and Roles in Treating CRPS Treatment Goals are: • Pain Control • Getting engaged in aggressive Rehabilitation program to keep the limb functioning, and avoiding irreversible damage to the affected body part. Non Interventional: • Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs to treat moderate pain, including over-the- counter aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen • Nerve Membrane Stabilizers, drugs initially developed to treat seizures or depression but now shown to be effective for neuropathic pain, such as Gabapentin, Pregabalin, Amitriptyline, Nortriptyline, and Duloxetine, Botulinum toxin injections • Opioids such as Oxycontin, Morphine, Hydrocodone, Fentanyl, and Vicodin • N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as Dextromethorphan and Ketamine • Others: nasal calcitonin, especially for deep bone pain, and topical local anesthetic creams and patches such as lidocaine. All drugs or combination of drugs can have various side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, increased heartbeat, and impaired memory. These medications are given under close monitoring by your pain or primary care physician. Interventional Approaches Sympathetic Nerve Block CRPS believed to be a Sympathetic Mediated Pain (SMP) condition, and sympathetic nerve block serves as a diagnostic / therapeutic to the problem. It involve injecting an Anesthetic next to the spine to directly block the activity of sympathetic nerves, which in turn, block the Sympathetic Mediated Pain sensation and improve blood flow to the affected limb. Pain relief and improved functionality of the affected organ following the Sympathetic Nerve Block is considered a good prognostic factor to the overall outcome of the condition. Surgical Sympathectomy Spinal Cord Stimulation Simply, the Spinal cord stimulation (SCS), consists of electrical energy producing electrodes placed in the epidural space, and connected to electrical pulse generator that transmits signals to dorsal part of the spinal cord, interrupting pain signals from reaching the brain. SCS has notable analgesic properties and is successfully in the treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Again, the whole point is to get the pain out of the way to keep the limb fully functional, and sometime the SCS is the answer to achieve that. Intrathecal Drug Delivery System These devices pump pain-relieving medications directly into the fluid that bathes the spinal cord, typically opioids and local anesthetic agents such as Clonidine and Baclofen. The advantage is that pain-signaling targets in the spinal cord can be reached using doses far lower than those required for oral administration, which decreases side effects and increases drug effectiveness. Most patients will undergo a trial of about seven days before permanent implantation to ensure efficacy and pain relief. Other possible treatments for CRPS: Your information.
Science says Santa's reindeer are all female The curator of zoology at the Nova Scotia Museum says the antlers on Santa's reindeer prove they're female. Nova Scotia Museum zoologist says the antlers on Santa's reindeer prove they're female In most depictions, Santa Claus's reindeer have antlers. (Katherine Holland/CBC) Led by a reindeer named Rudolph, some might assume the sleigh-pullers that form the backbone of Santa Claus's mighty toy-distribution operation are all male. But they'd be wrong, according to Nova Scotia Museum zoologist Andrew Hebda, who says the speed that allows the man in red to deliver presents around the world comes from an all-female team of flying reindeer. Andrew Hebda is a zoologist with the Nova Scotia Museum. (CBC) Hebda said the North American name for reindeer is caribou. The term reindeer is used in some European countries and describes a slightly smaller animal that tends to be domesticated. Both male and female caribou have antlers. During the breeding season, males use their antlers to fight and win over mates, but the antlers fall off in the fall. "The females hang onto them until just before they give birth, which will tend to be March, April, May, depending on where you are. So therefore the only caribou left with antlers this time of year are female," said Hebda. In paintings, movies and sculptures, Santa's reindeer are usually shown with antlers. Caribou is the North American name for reindeer, according to Hebda. (Government of British Columbia handout/Canadian Press) Hebda said the flying reindeer Santa uses bear a striking resemblance to the woodland caribou that used to roam Nova Scotia. The last of the woodland caribou disappeared from mainland Nova Scotia in the 1920s, although there were unconfirmed sightings reported as late as the 1950s. Climate change forced the caribou to move north to find a better food supply, said Hebda. As temperatures began to rise in Nova Scotia, there were less lichen for them to eat. "We don't have the lichen assemblages, we don't have the old growth forest and of course we're losing a lot of barren areas, so it's changed and they've shifted north," he said. Despite shedding some light on exactly who is pulling Santa's sleigh, science still hasn't figured out the big question — what makes reindeer fly? With files from Mainstreet
Home Reverse Dictionary Customize Browse Dictionaries Help We found 50 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word movement: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "movement" is defined. General dictionaries General (30 matching dictionaries) 1. movement: Merriam-Webster.com [home, info] 2. movement: Oxford Dictionaries [home, info] 3. movement: American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language [home, info] 4. movement: Collins English Dictionary [home, info] 5. movement: Vocabulary.com [home, info] 6. movement: Macmillan Dictionary [home, info] 7. Movement, movement: Wordnik [home, info] 8. movement: Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary [home, info] 9. Movement: Wiktionary [home, info] 10. movement: Webster's New World College Dictionary, 4th Ed. [home, info] 11. movement: The Wordsmyth English Dictionary-Thesaurus [home, info] 12. movement: Infoplease Dictionary [home, info] 13. movement: Dictionary.com [home, info] 14. movement: Online Etymology Dictionary [home, info] 15. Movement, movement: UltraLingua English Dictionary [home, info] 16. movement: Cambridge Dictionary of American English [home, info] 17. Movement (BT EP), Movement (EP), Movement (Holly Herndon album), Movement (Joe Harriott album), Movement (New Order album), Movement (The Fray EP), Movement (The Gossip album), Movement (band), Movement (clockwork), Movement (literature), Movement (music), Movement (music festival), Movement (sign language), Movement (song), Movement, The Movement (D.I.T.C. album), The Movement (EP), The Movement (Harlem World album), The Movement (Iceland), The Movement (Inspectah Deck album), The Movement (Mo Thugs album), The Movement (comics), The Movement (dance band), The Movement (disambiguation), The Movement (literature), The Movement (production team), The Movement (reggae band), The Movement: Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia [home, info] 18. Movement: Online Plain Text English Dictionary [home, info] 19. movement: Webster's Revised Unabridged, 1913 Edition [home, info] 20. movement: Rhymezone [home, info] 21. movement: AllWords.com Multi-Lingual Dictionary [home, info] 22. movement: Webster's 1828 Dictionary [home, info] 23. movement: Free Dictionary [home, info] 24. movement: Mnemonic Dictionary [home, info] 25. movement: WordNet 1.7 Vocabulary Helper [home, info] 26. movement: LookWAYup Translating Dictionary/Thesaurus [home, info] 27. movement: Dictionary/thesaurus [home, info] 28. movement: Wikimedia Commons US English Pronunciations [home, info] Art dictionaries Art (5 matching dictionaries) 1. movement: ArtLex Lexicon of Visual Art Terminology [home, info] 2. movement: Essentials of Music [home, info] 3. Movement: Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary [home, info] 4. Movement: Lexicon of Linguistics [home, info] 5. Movement: art glossary [home, info] Business dictionaries Business (4 matching dictionaries) 1. Movement: MoneyGlossary.com [home, info] 2. movement: INVESTORWORDS [home, info] 3. Movement: eyefortransport e-commerce transportation glossary [home, info] 4. movement: Legal dictionary [home, info] Computing dictionaries Computing (1 matching dictionary) 1. movement: Encyclopedia [home, info] Medicine dictionaries Medicine (4 matching dictionaries) 1. Movement: Medical Dictionary [home, info] 2. Movement: Merck Manuals [home, info] 3. movement: online medical dictionary [home, info] 4. movement: Medical dictionary [home, info] Miscellaneous dictionaries Miscellaneous (2 matching dictionaries) 1. movement: Encyclopedia of Graphic Symbols [home, info] 2. Movement: Brilliant Dream Dictionary [home, info] Slang dictionaries Slang (1 matching dictionary) 1. movement: Urban Dictionary [home, info] Sports dictionaries Sports (1 matching dictionary) 1. movement: Hickok Sports Glossaries [home, info] Tech dictionaries Tech (2 matching dictionaries) 1. Movement: AUTOMOTIVE TERMS [home, info] 2. movement: Locksmith Dictionary [home, info] Quick definitions from Macmillan ( American English Definition British English Definition Provided by Quick definitions from WordNet (movement) noun: the act of changing the location of something ("The movement of cargo onto the vessel") noun: the driving and regulating parts of a mechanism (as of a watch or clock) ("It was an expensive watch with a diamond movement") noun: a major self-contained part of a symphony or sonata ("The second movement is slow and melodic") noun: a group of people with a common ideology who try together to achieve certain general goals ("He was a charter member of the movement") noun: the act of changing location from one place to another ("The movement of people from the farms to the cities") noun: a change of position that does not entail a change of location ("Movement is a sign of life") noun: a euphemism for defecation ("He had a bowel movement") noun: a general tendency to change (as of opinion) ("A broad movement of the electorate to the right") noun: an optical illusion of motion produced by viewing a rapid succession of still pictures of a moving object ("The succession of flashing lights gave an illusion of movement") noun: a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end ("The movement to end slavery") Word origin Words similar to movement Usage examples for movement Popular adjectives describing movement Words that often appear near movement Rhymes of movement Invented words related to movement Phrases that include movement: bowel movement, rapid eye movement sleep, oxford movement, fetal movement, religious movement, more... Words similar to movement: cause, bm, campaign, crusade, drive, effort, front, motion, move, apparent motion, apparent movement, bowel movement, more... Search for movement on Google or Wikipedia Search completed in 0.022 seconds. Home Reverse Dictionary Customize Browse Dictionaries Privacy API Help
Sleep Apnea Surgery Sleep apnea surgery is one of the specialized surgical technique that is being carried out to make remedy in cases of patients suffering from sleep apnea which may be either a obstructive type or a central one mediated by disturbed signals from brain tissues. One should understand that sleep apnea means absence of specified number of breathing activities during sleep due to many causes like availability of less space below tongue, obstruction in air path way. The commonly carried out sleep apnea surgery is the surgical technique related with palate and this is generally called as uvulopalatoplasty. Laser based sleep apnea surgery is also carried out to remove the incidence of snoring from the patient. Surgical practices for interference with contour, pertaining to the jaws are also being carried out for removing the sleep apnea and to create additional space below the tongue region. Sleep apnea is to be given more clinical significance due to the interfered oxygen exchange to the body cells. Many times, patients who need to undergo sleep apnea surgery have to follow medical instructions given by the skilled surgeon. Polysomnography is the additional requirement that helps in monitoring of these surgeries. Subscribe for FREE Note : Your privacy is respected & protected. \| Privacy Policy \| Disclosure \| Contact Us \| Contact us
When people visit New Orleans, going to a plantation museum generally ends up on the “to-do” list, fitted somewhere between hitting up Bourbon Street, attending a few historical tours and gorging on po’boys or jambalaya. Up until this past year, the local plantations which ended up on a visitor’s short-list probably would have been Oak Alley or Laura, Nottaway or Houmas House. Within good reason, of course–these old-Creole homes are beautiful examples of Antebellum Louisiana architecture. While sipping mint julep and listening to your guide, who is styled in 19th century clothing at Oak Alley Plantation, it is easy to be mentally transported back a century. It is so easy to imagine that you are receiving the full story of the Antebellum South. The reality is that you are receiving the full story, but solely one side of it: the master of the plantation and his family’s story, which may have been fraught with drama and tragedy but is only one-half of the very complicated puzzle of 19th century Louisiana and the rest of the American South. The Whitney Plantation, which is located in Wallace, Louisiana, along Louisiana’s scenic River Road, seeks to deliver that full message. * * * * Having always been a fan of house tours, “the more ornate the better” has always been my motto. In the United States, no set of houses can probably top the Newport Mansions in Newport, Rhode Island. The mansions–because they can’t even be described purely as “houses”–were constructed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries during the Gilded Age. Owners were powerful families like the Vanderbuilts and Rockefellers, and most of these properties were strictly seasonal homes. During the rest of the year, the properties sat vacant, apart from the servants who were always on the clock. From properties built entirely of marble to a Victorian-style abode, visitors of the Newport Mansions experience a sense of overwhelming awe as each property is revealed to be even grander and more lavish than the previous. And while wandering through, two questions always percolate: who had the money to build this? and, more importantly, who lived here? Audio headsets allow guests to meander through the mansions at their own pace. The story unfolded over the audio tour is one about the illustrious paintings decorating the silk-damask walls, the dining room set that can fit, it seems, 100 people, and the various families who have called these properties “home.” Perhaps “awe” is not a strong enough word to replicate the sensation of personally seeing such grandeur. Only at The Elms is there a chance to understand the striations of society in a different light through a guided tour called, “Servant Life Tour.” The “Servant Life Tour” reflects upon how the other half lived during this era. A visitor is shown how the servant’s entrance was concealed by a huge circular-shaped tree, so that owners glancing outside windows on the upper floors wouldn’t be burdened by the sight of the bustling activity below. The tour visits the servant’s quarters on the mansion’s most upper floor, where there is not a single touch of gilded-fireplaces or intricately detailed ceiling moldings, and also the mansion’s rooftop, which was a designated place for servants in need of catching a fresh breath of air. (The walls of the mansion hid the servants from view of anyone promenading in the gardens below). Readers might be wondering why I have entered such a long expose about a set of homes that are no where near the Louisiana region. It is for this reason: I visited the Whitney Plantation on a company field trip. On the fifty-minute scenic drive from New Orleans to Wallace, we passed the eery cypress trees of the swamps, the open expanse of green fields and the sugar cane plants that once vitalized the entire southern half of Louisiana with prosperity. Our tour set for 11:30am, I imagined a slightly similar experience to the “Servant Life Tour” in Rhode Island, at least in terms of the museum’s deliverance of the material. I prepared myself to write an article about the Whitney as the antithesis to the Oak Alleys or Nottaways. After spending nearly two hours walking the grounds of the Whitney Plantation, I can say this: the Whitney is not comparable to the “Servant Life Tour” of the Newport Mansions, nor is it the antithesis of other Louisiana plantations. In reality, the message that the Whitney delivers is so much more. Pulling into the parking lot of the plantation, a white sign with red painted letters reads: Welcome to the Whitney Plantation: the Story of Slavery. * * * * The Whitney Plantation Museum opened its doors to the public in December of 2014. It is owned by John Cummings, who has been a trial lawyer in New Orleans for decades. Look up a picture of him and the first thing one notices is that Cummings is a white man in his late seventies. For most, the first question to leap to the tongue is, “What is a white man doing operating a museum on slavery?” It’s a question that has been directed at Cummings many times in the past year since the museum’s opening. According to Ashley Rogers, the Whitney’s Director of Operations, John Cummings likes a good underdog story. When Cummings purchased the old plantation in 1999, he did so initially as a real estate investment. Quickly he realized that he knew very little about slavery, save that in schools slavery is defined as “horrific” or by other, similar connotations. But the question nevertheless remains: what was slavery? What was the nature and the reality of it without all of the century-old defenses and walls that have been erected by (white) society since slavery was officially abolished in 1865 under the 13th Amendment? The Whitney attempts, and succeeds, in giving a voice and name to some of the 12.5 million enslaved people in America who remained voiceless and nameless for centuries. The experience begins by an admissions associate in the museum’s Visitor’s Center handing over a white card strung on a black cord. Each card is emblazoned on one side with a photo of one of the Children of Whitney, sculptures created by Ohio-artist Woodrow Nash intended to represent former enslaved people at the time of emancipation when they had been children; on the other side of the card is a name of an enslaved person, his or her age, and an oral quote they once told the Federal Writers’ Project in 1936 about life on a plantation before slavery was abolished. Every card is of a different person. For the length of my tour, I am Albert Patterson, 90 years of age, with my own story to tell: “I remember our plantation was sold twice befo’ de war. It was sheriff’s sale, de white peoples dey stand up on de porch an’ de black men an’ women an’ children stand on de ground, an’ de man he shout, ‘How much am I offered fo’ plantation an’ fine men an’ woman?’ Somebody would say so many thousand . . . an’ after while one man buy it all.” It did not escape my notice that the black cord of the card hung around my neck in much the same fashion that the iron shackles once wrapped around the necks of those who were enslaved. * * * * Discover Historic America is not only a tour company, but an organization dedicated to preserving and sharing our nation’s history. When our founder, Tim Nealon, informed our office staff and tour guides that we would be taking a trip to the Whitney Plantation Museum, he was met with many an enthusiastic yes! He, and our General Manager, Gretchen, wanted us to not only be able to experience the story of the Whitney for ourselves, but to also share our experiences with guests on tours and our followers across social media. We have Ashley Rogers, the Director of Operations at the Whitney, to thank for the most fulfilling and informational personal tour that she gave us during our time at the plantation. John Cummings has been reported as saying that unless people educate themselves on the complexities and horror of slavery, then there is little chance of moving forward as a nation. There is no getting over “it,” he has said in interview after interview, because we (those who are not of African-American descent) have not suffered “it.” “It” refers specifically to the matter of slavery. With that in mind, Discover Historic America will feature various aspects of the Whitney’s history and its message over the next two months through a series of articles about the history of the plantation, different facets of the museum and its delivery, and the importance of what the Whitney Plantation Museum is doing. Although other museums in the United States have attempted to discuss the subject of slavery, none have had the success of the Whitney. Today, the Whitney Plantation is the only museum in the country (out of 35,000 museums) that is dedicated solely to telling the story of slavery. The Whitney Plantation is perceived as many as being controversial, but as Ashley Rogers points out, the museum wants to push those boundaries and force visitors to truly think about what slavery meant to the millions of people who suffered in it shackles and the ramifications the slavery system still has today. Until next time, I will leave you with this pertinent quote that is used in the Whitney’s mini-film at the start of their tour: “Tisn’t he who has stood and looked on, that can tell you what slavery is–’tis he who has endured.” -John Little, a man who had been formerly enslaved; he escaped the bounds of slavery for Canada, and in 1855 reflected back on when he had been a slave.
A Simple Plan: Dentists How to Make Your Teeth Pearly White and Healthy One of the strongest parts of the body of human beings is the teeth, and its function is to mechanically break down any food particles by crushing and cutting them. Such function of the teeth is basically done in preparation of the digestive system to function correctly, and that is by swallowing and digesting these food particles. The four types of teeth includes the premolars, which functions by crushing the food particles; the molars, which functions the same as the premolars and that is by crushing the food particles; the canines, which functions by tearing the food particles; and the incisors, which functions by cutting the food particles. The teeth may be classified as one of the strongest parts of the human body, but we still need to take good care of them to ensure that they will remain with us in a very long time, for the teeth that are being ignored may lead to different dental health issues, like oral cancer, cavities, and tooth decay. There are some easy ways that the people may follow in order to promote pearly white and healthy teeth, and the people who wants to learn more about these dental hygiene tips, is through a blog post found on the internet. The blog post that consists of such information and helpful tips is entitled as Nine Dental Hygiene Tips for Healthy, Pearly White Teeth and as what it title implies, the author or blog owner has provided nine various healthy tips for the said body part. The various tips on promoting dental health that the writer or author has included in his or her blog post includes ensuring that you consume and get enough calcium in your diet; visiting the dentist in a regular basis, for these professionals can provide helpful advice on how to take care of your mouth and teeth; having your teeth cleaned professionally with the help of a dental hygienists; using an electronic toothbrush, which may be expensive than the normal one but still worthy to be of used because of its designed function; flossing the teeth in a daily manner, preferably before and after brushing; avoid drinking any tooth-staining drinks, such as coffee, dark-colored sodas, tea, and red wine; quit smoking, for tobacco and cigarettes can cause staining, gum issues and damages on the teeth; chew dental gum instead of other bubble gums; and always use toothpaste that contains fluoride. The people who wants to find the said blog post, can find it by typing in the title of the blog in the address bar of a search engine.
A Short History of England (audiobook) by G. K. Chesterton A Short History of England (audiobook) by G. K. Chesterton Gilbert Keith Chesterton was a prolific writer on many topics. His views of history were always from the standpoint of men and their interactions, and it may fairly be said he saw all of history as a battle between civilization and barbarism. So it has always been, and that remains true even today. “But it is especially in the matter of the Middle Ages that the popular histories trample upon the popular traditions. In this respect there is an almost comic contrast between the general information provided about England in the last two or three centuries, in which its present industrial system was being built up, and the general information given about the preceding centuries, which we call broadly mediaeval. ” As this quotation taken from the Introduction clearly shows, he is no mere pedant reciting dry dates and locations, but a profound thinker flooding new light onto those modern “myths” that have filled our historys. He is a master of paradox, and the techique of reducing his opponents arguments to the logical absurdity they have inherent in them. He often turns them upside down. All of which makes his work both a sound subject for reflection and highly entertaining all the while it remains permanently timely. (Summary by Ray Clare)
From NLG Systems Wiki Jump to: navigation, search PROVERB is a system presenting machine-found proofs in natural language. It is embedded in the interactive proof development environment OMEGA. Settled between automated theorem proving (ATP) and natural language generation (NLG), PROVERB uses techniques of both these fields. In order to present proofs in a way as they can be found in mathematical textbooks, PROVERB first transforms and abstracts resolution proofs or natural deduction proofs to so-called assertion level proofs, which abstract from the basic calculus inference rules. Here, most justifications are in terms of the application of a definition, a lemma, or a theorem, which are collectively called assertions. Assertion level proofs are then verbalized in English using NLG techniques. First, a macroplanner determines the order and content of the information to be conveyed. Then, a microplanner plans the internal structure of the paragraphs and sentences. Finally, the surface sentences are produced by the system TAG-GEN. Furthermore, PROVERB allows for the automatic creation of a LaTeX document from the English proof. 1. Huang, X., & Fiedler, A. (1997). Proof verbalization as an application of NLG. Paper presented at IJCAI, Nagoya. Bib 2. Huang, X., & Fiedler, A. 1996. Paraphrasing and aggregrating argumentative text using text structure. Bib Facts about PROVERBRDF feed Descriptionnatural language presention of machine-found proofs + Domainformal proofs + Ended2000 + ForerunnerTAG-GEN + LanguageEnglish + Started1996 + URL + WorkerFiedler +, and Huang + Personal tools
Different aspects weakening the presidency essay Different aspects weakening the presidency essay, For teachers only the university of each essay must be rated by at least two raters reform movements are intended to improve different aspects of american life. Home my president essay sample my president a president who conveys confidence towards the proposed intention inspires the. Ch 8 - the presidency - study questions (with answers) 1) what is the role and importance of the office of management and budget the omb prepares the. The president of the united states has five major roles within his job presidential roles term paper while the free essays can give you inspiration for writing. Imagine a different president in office the following essay (arguing that the presidency is relatively weak. Start studying american presidency essay questions learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Home essay editing services sample essays elected before peeled them off one at a time to reveal different aspects of my ran for vice president. Presidential weaknesses many americans view the we do not have a weak president as gromsci identifies that 'civil society' is one of three aspects of a. Read this history other essay and over 87,000 other research documents the presidency the presidency - the powers of the presidency are described very briefly in. Writing an academic essay means fashioning a coherent set of ideas into an argument because essays are essentially linear—they offer one idea at a time—they must. What makes a great president by sean stewart and will certainly have different ideas for dealing with issues ranging from violent crime to the growing use of. Different aspects weakening the presidency the presidency is commonly misperceived as a position of absolute power on the contrary, presidential scholars richard neustadt, presidential power and the modern presidents, and gary rose, the american presidency under siege, argue the presidency is better characterized in terms of. Fear of an excessively weak president who would become a tool of the senate evolution of the presidency essay different rules have been put in. Federalism: president of the united states and reagan essay many different aspects of reagan’s presidency reagan revolution through president obama essay. Several alternative definitions are more helpful at highlighting aspects in order to make the weak more about congress and the presidency essay. A summary of the history of the presidency in 's the presidency perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes despite the general trend of weak presidents. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers advantages of the presidential system this makes the president's authority more. Free american presidency papers you may also sort these by color rating or essay different aspects weakening the presidency - different aspects. The final president before the civil this essay does not address the administration of george walker bush and thus does not evaluate the impact on the. Different aspects weakening the presidency essay Rated 4/5 based on 17 review
Biology. The nutrition of the organisms Enzymes and their properties. Match. Most of the chemical reactions that take place in the cells are made possible by enzymes or ferments, which are biocatalysts produced by the same cells and through which substantially increases the speed of chemical reactions. Gut enzymes are what make possible the digestion of food. Without these enzymes, digestion would last days. Each enzyme acts on a single substance. For example, proteases act on proteins, amylase on starch, lipase on fats, etc.. Among the highlight properties of enzymes that are soluble in water and precipitated by alcohol. Each yeast has a pH optimum of activity. For example, pepsin of the stomach is to act in an acid medium and trypsin of pancreatic juice in an alkaline medium. So if we take an acid and mixing it with a starch (lemon and rice) the amylase may not digest the starch. The temperature also influences. Salivary amylase is inactivated at 0 C, or if this at very high temperatures. We can classify the hydrolytic and respiratory enzymes in .. Hydrolytic enzymes break down by hydrolysis immediate principles in their constitutional elementary units. Respiratory enzymes are oxidants and are primarily responsible for catalyzing the cellular respiratory processes. Vitamins and their properties Vitamins are organic substances that exist in food and in very small quantities are needed for vital functions. Vitamins are divided into two groups: water soluble (B complex and C) and soluble (vitamins A, D, E and K) The first need to be dissolved in water for absorption by the body and the second in oil. Photosynthesis is a process that transforms organic carbon carbonic gas taken from the air or dissolved in water. The primary organic substance formed is glucose, which typically is stored in the form of starch. The substance capable of absorbing the light radiation is chlorophyll, the pigment that gives green plants. Chlorophyll in the function must distinguish two reactions. One is the light reaction, in which chlorophyll is excited by light and breaks the water molecule into its components, and the dark reaction in which carbon dioxide is converted to organic, which is used for energy obtained in the light reaction. Cycles of C, N, S and P Carbon cycle. Photosynthesis converts carbon-carbon organic mineral forming plant material, which happens after phytophagous animals and finally to the carnivores, returning again organic carbon to inorganic form by death and decomposition of living things. Nitrogen cycle . Green plants absorb, along with carbon, nitrogen in the form of nitrates from soil, which then form the amino acids. The animals take the nitrogen that with the death and putrefaction caused by bacteria, emerge as ammonia, nitrites and finally nitrates through the action of bacteria. Atmospheric nitrogen is also used by certain bacteria. Sulfur cycle. Green plants take the sulfur in the form of sulfate, which comes to be present in the proteins. Go to the animals, and putrefaction, bacteria emerge as hydrogen sulfide. The soil bacteria further process in sulfuric acid and sulfate. Phosphorus cycle. The phosphorus comes from apatite, magmatic mineral. The waters will dissolve and the roots of green plants absorb it. This cycle is characterized by always being surrounded by an atmosphere of oxygen. *Automatic Translation
Was Daniel wrong when he referred to the "third" year of Jehoiakim? Question: The prophet Daniel incorrectly states that in the third year of the reign of King Jehoiakim Nebuchadnezzar is king and that he conquers Judah. The third year of Jehoiakim's reign was 606 BCE, at which time Nebuchadnezzar was not yet king of Babylon. It was in 597 BCE that Nebuchadnezzar takes Jerusalem, by then Jehoiakim had died. (Dan 1:1 NRSV) In the third year of the reign of King Jehoiakim of Judah, King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon came to Jerusalem and besieged it. Response: The third year of Jehoiakim's reign would have been 606 BC, if you use the Judah method of counting the years of a king's reign. But, if you use the Babylonian method, then the third year of Jehoiakim would have been 605 BC. The Babylonians included an "accession year." When a king died during the course of a calendar year, that whole year, from the first day to the last day, was counted as the last year of that king's reign. As for the new king, that year would be regarded as the accession year. And, the counting of the years of the new king's reign would begin on first day of the next year. Daniel lived in Babylon. And it would seem natural to me that he would use the Babylonian method of tracking time. It would be as natural as adjusting your watch if you moved to another country with a different Time Zone. It is true that Babylon besieged Jerusalem in 597 BC, and, for that matter, again in 586 BC. But it is also true that Daniel, chapter 1, says that Babylon besieged Jerusalem in 605 BC. According to the Bible, Babylon besieged Jerusalem three times. In Daniel, chapter 1, you'll see that there is no mention bloodshed or destruction. I just wanted to point that out because I suspect that some people overlook the 605 BC besieging because there is no mention in Daniel 1:1 of bloodshed and destruction. But, technically speaking, a besieging can include a simple show of force, without the use of force. A quick side note: When Daniel 1:1 speaks of the third year of the reign of King Jehoiakim, he doesn't actually mention the year of Nebuchadnezzar's reign. I suppose that it is possible that Daniel could have referred to Nebuchadnezzar as King Nebuchadnezzar even if Nebuchadnezzar wasn't actually king just yet. I'm not saying that this is what Daniel did, I am just saying that it wouldn't necessarily matter if he did. It would be like saying, "I first met President Reagan when he was campaigning for his first term in office," even though he wasn't actually president yet. A note about ancient dates: 1. It is not unusual for historical sources to differ by a year or two in the dates that they assign to various ancient events. Some historical sources say that the first year of Jehoiakim's reign as king of Judah began in 609 BC. Others say 608 BC. I've even seen one source that said "609/608 B.C." Same goes for the destruction of the first Temple - some say it happened in 586 BC and others say 587 BC. 2. The ancient Babylonian calendar did not begin January 1 and end on December 31. Neither does the Jewish civil calendar or the Jewish sacred calendar. That means that an ancient Babylonian year, or Jewish civil year, or Jewish sacred year, would overlap portions of two Gregorian calendar years (the calendar that we are using). And, a Jewish civil year would overlap portions of two Babylonian years. And, vice versa. Next: Didn't Micah admit that some of God's prophet's are liars? Go to: List of questions and answers
A Better Region 8: Guest Editorial - Colon Cancer A Better Region 8: Guest Editorial - Colon Cancer Every 3 minutes someone in America is diagnosed with Colon Cancer. Staggering isn't it? Even more profound is the thought that every 10 minutes someone will die in America due to Colon Cancer. March is Colon Cancer Awareness month. Colorectal cancer is the 3rd most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second most common cause of cancer deaths for men and women in the United States. The real tragedy in this story is that colon cancer is preventable through proper screening. Currently only about 39% of people diagnosed with colon cancer have their cancers detected at an early stage. This is important because the survival rate of individuals who have early stage colorectal cancer is 90% but that same survival rate is only 10% when diagnosed after it has spread to other organs! If the majority of people in the United States age 50 and older were screened regularly for colorectal cancer the death rate from this disease could plummet by up to 70%. When screening is done appropriately this disease can be mostly avoided all together. Colonoscopy detects polyps and removes these polyps before they have a chance to progress to cancer. My message to you is this: There are basically 3 rules to beat colon cancer. #1 by age 50 you need to have screening done. Colonoscopy is proven to be the single most effective way screen and beat colon cancer but there are other options available. #2 If you see blood in your stool talk to your doctor immediately 'we have to know that we know' where that blood came from. #3 If someone in your family has had colon cancer or colon polyps you need to be checked 5-10 years prior to the age they were diagnosed. The American College of Gastroenterology is embracing a campaign to increase awareness and screening with a motto of '80% by 2018'. This goal is to have 80% of people over 50 years of age screening regularly by 2018. Colon cancer is preventable, treatable and beatable. Don't put off your health and that will make this A Better Region 8 Copyright 2015 KAIT. All rights reserved.
10 Most Dangerous Sharks in the Ocean Sharks are a fascinating species, and they are notorious for causing fear in humans. Although many different species of sharks are not considered a danger to humans, there are some that are known for aggressive behavior. Of the 370 of shark species, only around 30 are known for attacking humans. In fact, some sharks are so aggressive they are known to eat one another in their mother’s womb before they are born. Based on statistics, here are they ten most dangerous sharks to humans. 10. The Hammerhead Shark Although most hammerhead sharks are small, they can be as long as 20 feet and weigh as much as 1,300 pounds. There are nine species of hammerhead sharks and the largest is the great hammerhead shark. The teeth of the hammerhead are similar to the bull shark. Hammerhead sharks can be dangerous to humans depending on their size, but their strength and powerful teeth also make them a potential threat to humans. Of the nine species of hammerhead sharks, the whitefin, scalloped, great, and smooth hammerhead pose the most risk to humans. 9. The Blacktip Shark The Blacktip Shark is found in tropical areas throughout the world and was named from the black fringes and tips that can be seen on its fins and tail. Most blacktips are small and are less than 5 feet long, but they can reach up to 9 feet. There have been 41 reported shark attacks on humans and one death. They are known to be a very aggressive shark. The blacktip shark is responsible for the highest percentage of shark attacks in the state of Florida. 8. The Sand Tiger Shark Sand tiger sharks are also known as the grey nurse shark, blue nurse shark, and the ragged tooth shark and are found in warm waters throughout the world. The sand tiger shark can grow to be 11 feet long and weigh 350 pounds. The sand tiger shark is known for its fierce teeth, which are three rows long, extremely sharp, and protrude from the mouth. Most of the attacks involve spear fishing incidents, where the sand shark is accidentally provoked. Sand tiger sharks are also popular in aquariums, and there have been a few accidents where people have been bitten by sand tiger sharks in aquariums. There have been 64 reported sand tiger shark attacks and two of them have resulted in fatalities. 7. The Blue Shark The blue shark is responsible for 32 attacks and four of them have resulted in fatalities. The blue shark is a common shark that is found in many areas throughout the world. In fact, the blue shark can be found from Chile to Norway. The blue shark is a deep water shark, so they usually do not pose a threat to people. However, blue sharks have attacked when they are accidentally caught and taken on fishing boats or when people are stranded in the ocean due to shipwrecks. The shark is known to circle its prey for a duration of 15 minutes before attacking. 6. The Bronze Whaler Shark There have been 35 reported bronze whaler attacks on people, and two deaths have occurred from bronze whaler sharks. The shark can grow up to 10 feet long and weigh 675 pounds. The bronze whaler shark has long, jagged teeth. The shark is responsible for a number of attacks, which is especially true with surfers, fishermen, and swimmers along the coast of Australia. The shark can be found during the annual sardine run in South Africa, shallow waters, and harbors. 5. The Shortfin Mako Shark The mako shark is warm-blooded and can reach up to 10 feet on average. However, mako sharks can grow as long as 15 feet and weigh close to a ton. Due to its size, this shark is incredibly fast and has been recorded to reach speeds of 46 mph. The shortfin mako can make large leaps out of the water and has been known to land in fishing boats. The mako shark is known for being extremely aggressive and is responsible for 45 attacks on humans and three deaths. 4. The Oceanic Whitetip Shark The oceanic whitetip shark is considered extremely dangerous to humans. During World War II a steam ship sunk off the coast of South Africa, which resulted in only 192 survivors out of 1,000 due to oceanic whitetip shark attacks. Another attack occurred in 1945 when the USS Indianapolis sunk, which resulted in 800 deaths due to oceanic whitetip shark attacks. It is rare that this type of shark is found in shallow water as they usually stay in waters that are deeper than 64 feet. 3. The Tiger Shark The tiger shark is known for being aggressive and dangerous. This shark is responsible for 155 reported attacks and 29 fatalities. The tiger shark is named for its temperament and stripes that resemble a tiger’s stripes. The tiger shark is often found in tropical waters and usually stays in water that is deeper than 20 feet. The tiger shark is the fourth biggest shark on the planet. This shark can reach 16 feet and weigh more than a ton. The tiger shark is thought by some to be the most dangerous shark that is found in tropical waters. 2. The Bull Shark There are many who believe the bull shark is the most dangerous shark in the world, but it is no match for the great white shark. The bull shark has killed 26 people and attacked 104 to date. The bull shark is very powerful and can reach 11 feet and weight 700 pounds. This shark is highly territorial and will attack if it feels intimidated. This shark is considered dangerous because it has a higher chance of coming in contact with humans than any other species of shark. The bull shark lives in shallow waters along the coast and can survive in fresh water, which is highly unusual for sharks. There have been many attacks in the ocean and in rivers, and one-third of bull shark attacks have resulted in death. 1. The Great White Shark The great white shark, which was the shark portrayed in “Jaws” movies, is the deadliest and most dangerous shark on the planet. The great white shark has attacked more than 400 people and killed 74. The great white shark is exceedingly aggressive and can reach up to 22 feet and weigh more than 3.5 tons. The great white has rows of teeth that can be three inches long, which are used to slice its prey when its head moves back and forth. The great white has incredible speed, which can make it extremely powerful when combined with its enormous size. The great white can be found in deep water or in shallow water and is often seen on the shores throughout the world. Next Post »
The issue of how we protect ourselves and our children against targeted infectious diseases (immunisation) is one of the most controversial in modern medicine. Many orthodox health authorities believe that vaccination is the most successful public health intervention ever undertaken, and it is true that many thousands of lives have been saved by vaccination. It is also true that definitive studies of the long-term safety of vaccination either have never been undertaken or if they have, they have never been published. This means that the number of lives lost and long-term chronic illness caused as a result of vaccination has never been properly quantified. Currently there are only two disease-specific methods of immunisation which have undergone published scientific research – vaccination and homeopathic immunisation, the correct term Homoeoprophylaxis (HP). Despite over 200 years of clinical evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of many successful homeopathic immunisation interventions against deadly outbreaks in different countries around the world it has sadly not yet been accepted by mainstream medical doctors in Australia. However although some countries, such as our own, may not accept HP as an effective option for mass immunisation in many countries it is becoming increasingly popular and utilised in the millions, providing not only whole communities a greater chance of staying disease free but also creating a large amount of rigorous scientific research demonstrating HP's safety and effectiveness. Talking to mainstream doctors can be quite disempowering and many parents feel pressured and often bullied by certain doctors, even being called irresponsible parents just for inquiring into the possibility of using a different immunisation option. However persuading patients through fear based stories and self formulated opinions is not our role as health care providers. It is our job to honestly and caringly inform patients on the different options they have and the latest research available whilst providing support and expert guidance with their decision. I have many patients who choose to vaccinate their children and I have never tried to persuade them otherwise, because at the end of the day it is their child and their decision as they are the only one who will be left with the responsibility of their decision, not myself or the doctor.
Oxford University Press's Academic Insights for the Thinking World Animal of the month: the evolution of the imperfect honeybee Honey bee colonies have historically been considered as marvels of evolution resulting in perfectly cooperative and harmonious societies, and exemplars of what we humans might achieve. This is an appealing image to many, but it is of course a caricature. Nobody is perfect, not even honey bees. As with any complex social system, honey bee societies are prone to error, robbery and social parasitism. Although there is only a single queen, the honey bee colony is composed of many subfamilies as the queen can mate with over 50 drones, using the sperm from all to produce offspring. The resulting web of subfamilies facilitates worker specialization, but also provides huge potential for intracolonial conflict. Although efficient mechanisms are in place to prevent overt conflict among the subfamilies in the hive this is far from being perfect, and the apparently harmonious, cooperative whole has a considerable dark side. It is full of individual mistakes, obvious maladaptations and evolutionary dead ends. There is conflict, cheating, worker inefficiency, and unfair reproduction strategies. The fact that honey bee colonies get by remarkably well in spite of many seemingly odd biological features is surprising. However, these “aberrations” are central to fully understanding the social organization of the colony. Image credit: ‘bee-bees-honey’ by dmohanna. CC0 via Pixabay. Aberrations observed within colonies include: • Fierce competition among the colony members using both physical force and chemical signaling where individual interests are often pursued at the expense of the colony, in some cases resulting in social parasitism. For example, Cape honeybee workers can invade foreign colonies to replace the native queen and take over the host colony. As these workers can produce female offspring that are also parasitic, the colony will eventually die as there are no workers to take care of the brood. The parasites need to find new host colonies in order to maintain the parasitic lineage. • Honey bees have evolved risky, sub-optimal and seemingly maladaptive solutions to organizational problems compared to other closely related social bee species. Reproductive swarming behavior is an excellent example of such a high risk strategy. As the old queen swarms with half of the colony’s worker force she needs to stall egg laying well before the actual swarming. This is important as she needs to decrease her ovary size to regain flight ability. Thus the colony has to suffer from a huge brood gap in the middle of the season when it actually seems more efficient to invest in a bigger colony size. In addition the swarm sets off without any clue where to find a new nesting site. Instead they fly off to the nearest tree branch to bivouac for several days before an appropriate nesting site has been identified and agreed upon by all members of the colony. Stingless bees show us how efficient swarming can be organized. The old queen stays in the nest and reproductive colony fission only starts once a new nesting site has been established. Workers then guide the newly mated queen to the new site when all is in place. • Honey bees have a highly specific mode of sex determination controlled by a single gene (complementary sex determiner, or csd). When an individual is heterozygous at this locus it is a female, if it is hemizygous like the haploid drone it becomes a male. Diploid individuals that are homozygous at the sex allele become diploid males that are sterile and in honey bees cannibalized by the workers. This causes serious problems in inbred colonies as up to 50% of the brood will be diploid males if the queen mates with a drone that shares a sex allele with her. Clearly any genetic system with more than one locus would be much more adaptive since it would result in a much lower frequency of diploid drones. • A clear example of a foraging failure is the robbery of bird seed from a bird feeder that we observed a few years ago. Honey bee workers recruited their nestmates to the feeder and numerous foragers were frantically rolling in the seed grains to fill their pollen basket on the hind legs (corbicula) with one seed each. This was achieved much faster than flying from flower to flower slowly filling the corbiculae with a pollen pellet. At the same time the birds were chased away as they were loath to confront the bees. Eventually the dish was emptied. Yet in the hive the drama must have been great because the bees cannot use the seed grains as food. This is a lose-lose situation that is clearly maladaptive and one of the rare cases where innate behavior can result in the reduction of the fitness of all the parties involved. Honey bees are an exceptionally successful species with the ability to survive in the wild, in cities, in habitats from deserts to rainforests and even in beekeepers’ boxes. They get by because they have adequate but not perfect skills, and as with all social insects, it is the large number of individuals in the colony that compensates for a lack of perfection. Featured image credit: ‘lavender-bee-summer’ by castleguard. CC0 via Pixabay. Recent Comments There are currently no comments. Leave a Comment
The Beauty Benefits and Uses of Chamomile Essential Oil The mention of the word chamomile evokes a vivid imagination of the fairly small white and yellow flowers in their bloom of youth. Their bright colors shinning with warmth and full brightness in the gleams of the evening sunshine. Not to mention their delightfully calming herbal scent that can sooth your spirit to a moment of tranquility. Actually, the ancient Egyptians believed that chamomile can be used to attract nature spirits. Old myths also associate the herbaceous plant with calmness, prosperity and love. The history of chamomile can be traced in ancient Greek and Egypt. The Greeks commonly referred to the herb as “ground apple” because of its aroma. Greek mythology classifies chamomile among the nine sacred herbs that the word received from the gods. The ancient Egyptians also associated chamomile with religious sanctification. They believed that the “sacred plant” was a precious gift to their sun god Ra. According to the beliefs of ancient Germans, chamomile is a holy herb. Accordingly, they devoted it to a god that was known as Balntour. chamomile essential oil Chamomile is a herbal plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family. The plant originated in the southern and eastern areas of Europe. However, today it has spread widely in many areas around the globe. For example, it is grown in North Africa, America, New Zealand, Australia, and in the entire Europe. The plant is classified into two broad categories; the German and the Roman Chamomile German Chamomile The German Chamomile is also known as Matricaria Recutita in Latin. Its primary difference from the Roman Chamomile is the aroma. Generally, its aroma is less pronounced. The plant growths up to a length of 6 inches. It produces ferny-like delicate leaves and its flowers produce and apple-like aroma. The middle part of its flowers is yellow in color whereas their florets are white in color with even spacing between them. The essential oil obtained from the German chamomile is blue because of elevated levels of azulene. Roman Chamomile The Roman Chamomile is also known as Chamaemelum Noble in Latin. Roman chamomile has a strong scent and it grows up to a height of four inches. The plant does well in relatively hot climate and it cannot stand harsh winters. Its leaves are thicker and less delicate when compared to those of the German Chamomile. In addition, its flowers are similar to those of the German Chamomile. However, Roman Chamomile flowers attract more insects during pollination because of their strong aroma. The essential oil obtained from Roman Chamomile flowers is clear in color because of low levels of azulene. Despite the differences associated with the two varieties, they serve the same medicinal, cosmetic and cooking purposes. They are rich in properties that induce mental and emotional stillness. Both varieties are used to prepare tea. chamomile essential oil Traditional Uses of Chamomile Chamomile was used in many cultures to sooth spirits. It was widely believed that its aroma calmed-down unruly spirits. Many people sprinkled water infused with chamomile on their property to chase away evil spirits. Ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Germans added chamomile in love portions and concoctions because they believed that it fostered love and prosperity. Accordingly, it was also used to attract luck during money-making affairs such as gambling. chamomile essential oil Since the ancient times, many societies have used chamomile for therapeutic purposes. Notably, Greek physicians and pharmacologists prescribed the herb to patients suffering from nervous conditions, liver problems, anxiety and depression, and stomach problems. Furthermore, the herb was used to treat women menstrual problems and kidney stones. Chamomile flowers were used by the Ancient Egyptians and Greeks to treat xerosis and erythema. Sick people were advised to ease pain by bathing in chamomile water. Chamomile water is a tonic that induces calmness and relaxation in the body. People used chamomile in their homes for culinary purposes. The most common traditional cooking practice associated with chamomile is the preparation of infused tea. When it comes to beauty, people from ancient Greek and Egypt used chamomile for hair and skin treatment. It was perceived as an effective remedy for skin conditions such as acne and dermatitis. It was also used to cure abscesses and boils. Many women relied on chamomile to treat a variety of hair condition. It eliminated hair problems such as dandruff and psoriasis. Traditional royals added more beauty to their fragrant lawns and flower gardens by planting chamomile. Chamomile Essential Oil Chamomile oil is derived from the flowers (white and yellow parts) of the chamomile plant. The oil is obtained through two approaches that include steam distillation and extraction through the use of super critical carbon dioxide. The essential oil obtained from the German variety has a dark blue shade that fades with age. On the other hand, essential oil obtained from the Roman variety is almost clear. Chamomile oil produces a sweet herbaceous aroma that has a fruity undertone. Generally, chamomile oil is highly concentrated and it can be nauseating and unpleasant to some people. Essential oil obtained from the Roman Chamomile has the stronger scent. Beauty Benefits of Chamomile Essential Oil Overall, the uses and benefits of chamomile oil are based on its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, sedative, anti-catarrhal, spasmolytic, carminative, bacteriostatic and deodorant properties. Sedative, carminative, antiemetic and antispasmodic properties are mainly associated with the Roman Chamomile. Chamomile is an effective skin moisturizer: It is commonly used to treat skin conditions such as excessive dryness, inflammation and irritation. The skin soothing abilities of chamomile oil are linked to a component referred to as chamazulene. Chamazulene makes chamomile an excellent remedy from treating wounds and inflammations. Chamomile is used to tone the skin because it has strong stringent properties. Chamomile is used to moisturize hair: When used regularly, it adds color and radiance to hair. In addition, it fights dandruff successfully. There are many ways in which chamomile can be used for hair. It can be added to hair oils, masks and hair treatments. Furthermore, chamomile tea can also be used to rinse hair. The tea is used to nourish hair and reduce scalp irritation. Other Uses tion of Chamomile baths: Chamomile oil is used to prepare chamomile baths. Chamomile baths are used to treat illnesses such as itchy skin, stress and anxiety, premenstrual syndrome and colds. Preparation of food and drinks: Chamomile flowers are commonly added to tea, herbal beer and tisane. Chamomile tea is very common worldwide. In some places, people add fresh chamomile flowers to salads and juices. For example, chamomile lemonade is a common refreshing juice that is mainly consumed in the summer. Chamomile essential oil and flower extracts are added to food for extra flavor. In addition, the essential oil is used to coat foot products because of its antimicrobial properties. To prepare chamomile tea, add a full teaspoon of chamomile flowers into 150 ml of boiling water. Cover the mixture and let it rest for 5-10 minutes before passing it through a sieve. You can use the tea by consuming it orally or applying it externally. External application of chamomile tea reduces inflammations. On the other hand, oral consumption of chamomile tea is linked to spasm-reduction effects. Aromatherapy: Aromatherapy is a healing process that involves the inhalation of vapors obtained from essential oils. In most cases, a few drops of chamomile essential oil are rubbed on a piece of cloth and a patient inhales the aroma slowly. Chamomile oil can also be added to hot water and the vapor inhaled by patients to induce calmness and relaxation. Massage: When chamomile is used for massage, its compounds penetrate deep into the skin where they eventually find their way to the bloodstream. However, chamomile oil must be diluted with carrier oils such as olive and sunflower before application. Treatment of inflammations: The anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil obtained from the German Chamomile is well documented. Topical application of the oil treats inflammations successfully. As stated early, the oil contains a powerful component known as chamazulene that acts on skin inflammations. It is responsible for the oil’s blue shade. Multiple studies have revealed that chamomile oil has strong antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal effects. Accordingly, it fights the agents that cause inflammations successfully. Liver Tonic: Chamomile oil is used to facilitate detoxification in the liver. Furthermore it promotes the regeneration of cells in the liver. The activity of chamomile in the liver can be enhanced by using it together with lemon and rosemary essential oils. Treats anxiety and Depression: The sedative properties associated with chamomile make it an ideal choice for inducing calmness and relaxation in the body. People suffering from depression and other stress-related disorders are advised to inhale the aroma of the oil for relaxation purposes. Once the aroma is inhaled into the internal body system, it acts on the nervous system to reduce anxiety. Cures digestive system problems: Indigestion, dyspepsia and colic are the common digestive system problems that can be treated with chamomile oil. Chamomile’s ability to heal gastrointestinal problems is linked compounds knowns as anodyne. In addition, its anti-inflammatory properties facilitates its usefulness when it comes to dispelling stomach gas and alleviating enteritis and stomatitis. The table below highlights more health conditions that can be treated with chamomile essential oil. Health ConditionBenefits Derived from Chamomile Alcohol Withdrawal Chamomile induces calmness Nerve tonic Asthma Facilitates effective breathing Inhaling chamomile oil opens up the airways Diarrhea Reliefs diarrhea Chamomile is also used to stimulate digestion Bunions Application of chamomile oil and extracts leads to pain reduction Facilitates wound healing Epilepsy Chamomile is used to sooth the moods of epileptic individuals Boils Topical application of chamomile oil and extracts promotes boil healing by fighting the bacteria that causes the infection Cuts and skin injuries Chamomile repairs damaged skin by promoting cell regeneration. Apply diluted chamomile oil on the affected area and you will notice significant change after sometime. Bayati Zadeh, J., Moradi Kor, N., & Moradi Kor, Z. (2014). Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) As a Valuable Medicinal Plant. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research2(3), 823-829. Djilani, A., & Dicko, A. (2012). The therapeutic benefits of essential oils. In Nutrition, Well-Being and Health. InTech. Sharafzadeh, S., & Alizadeh, O. (2011). German and Roman Chamomile. Srivastava, J. K., Shankar, E., & Gupta, S. (2010). Chamomile: a herbal medicine of the past with a bright future. Molecular medicine reports3(6), 895-901. By \|2017-09-28T06:30:58+00:00August 13th, 2017\|Essential Oils\|0 Comments About the Author: Leave A Comment Show Buttons Hide Buttons
21 September 2015 Laser pulses for ultrahigh molecular sensitivity, in Nature Photonics Emission spectrum of the laser and molecular fingerprint regions ICFO and MPQ/LMU have developed a new light source with unprecedented sensitivity to molecular finger prints of cancer cells Researchers from the Attoscience and Ultrafast Optics Group led by ICREA Prof. at ICFO Jens Biegert, in collaboration with the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics at the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics (MPQ) and the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) in Munich, have developed a worldwide unique broadband and coherent infrared light source. The record peak brilliance of the light source makes it an ultrasensitive detector for the infrared molecular finger print region, ideal to detect minute changes in the spectral features from cells or tissue which are tell-tale signs of DNA mutation or the presence of cellular malfunctions such as cancer. The mid-wave infrared is an extremely important range of the electromagnetic spectrum since the wavelength of the light can resonantly excite molecular vibrations. Consequently, shining light through a sample leaves the resonant fingerprints in the spectrum allowing identification. The absence of light sources that cover enough of the infrared spectrum with sufficient brilliance to detect minute concentrations originating from onco-metaboloids has been the main challenge in cancer detection. Now, ICFO researchers have collaborated with colleagues from MPQ/LMU to develop a light source which addresses this need. Their light source exerts extreme control over mid-wave infrared laser light with unrivalled peak brilliance and single-shot spectral coverage between 6.8 and 16.4 micron wavelength. The emitted radiation is fully coherent and emitted 100 million times per second. Each laser pulse has a duration of 66 fs which is so short that the electric field oscillates only twice. These characteristics, in combination with its coherence, make the light source a compact and ultrasensitive molecular detector. Prof. Jens Biegert and his colleagues at ICFO are currently investigating molecular sensitivity for the identification of cancer biomarkers on the single cell level using all optical techniques in the mid-wave infrared wavelength range.
Write … and More Resources: Only the Open If you are writing a new textbook (or other open educational resource) or adapting an existing one, it’s important that all of the content meets open-copyright licence requirements or is in the public domain. (See Licences and Tools and Copyright and Open Licences.) Is your material really open? As the author and publisher of an open textbook, you have agreed to release your work with an open-copyright licence. However, open educational resources often include materials from external sources. (See Resources: Search and Find.) And it is the licensing conditions of these items that must be carefully examined before incorporating them in your open textbook. Follow the below steps to ensure that all material you find on for your book is open. Don’t assume that any item posted on the internet is free or free to use. 1. Look for the copyright notice. This information lists the copyright symbol (the letter C inside a circle) or the word “copyright” followed by the year in which the work was created, and therefore copyrighted, and the name of the copyright owner. 1. NOTE: A copyright notice does not automatically mean that a resource is not permitted in an open textbook. In fact, most open resources are copyrighted. 2. Here is an example: Copyright 2018 Lauri Aesoph. 2. Look for a statement of rights. This statement outlines the conditions of use or permissions granted by the copyright holder — for example using a Creative Commons licence — and is part of the “copyright notice”. 1. If not included, it can be assumed that the copyright holder grants no permissions and that “all rights are reserved”. 2. Here is an example of a copyright notice that includes a statement of rights for an openly licensed resource: Copyright 2018 Lauri Aesoph. This guide is released under a Creative Common Attribution 4.0 International Licence. 3. If the copyright notice, and statement of rights aren’t immediately apparent on a website, look for this information on web pages marked as “Terms and Conditions”, “Permissions”, etc. 4. If you can’t find a copyright notice, statement of rights, or licensing information, don’t use the material. 5. Even if a website is labelled as open, unless the material is clearly marked with an open-copyright licence or uses a public-domain marking, don’t use it. 6. If a resource is in the public domain because its copyright has expired or a work has been designated to the public domain, look for language or a logo that makes this clear. (See Appendix 1: Licences and Tools.) 7. Don’t assume that an old image or text found online is in the public domain. It might be a secondary source or someone’s interpretation of the original item. For example, a photograph of a centuries-old painting may be copyrighted and have restricted rights. 8. Don’t use a resource for which one-time permission has been granted by the creator. (Creative Commons licences permit unlimited usage). Instead, if you find material that you want to use but hasn’t been released with an open-copyright licence, contact the creator and ask if they will consider doing so. 9. Keep track of all external resources added to your open textbook including where and when they were found. Icon for the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Resources: Only the Open by Lauri Aesoph is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
AskDefine \| Define stray Dictionary Definition stray adj : not close together in time; "isolated instances of rebellion"; "scattered fire"; "a stray bullet grazed his thigh" [syn: isolated, scattered] n : homeless cat [syn: alley cat] 1 move about aimlessly or without any destination, often in search of food or employment; "The gypsies roamed the woods"; "roving vagabonds"; "the wandering Jew"; "The cattle roam across the prairie"; "the laborers drift from one town to the next"; "They rolled from town to town" [syn: roll, wander, swan, tramp, roam, cast, ramble, rove, range, drift, vagabond] 2 wander from a direct course or at random; "The child strayed from the path and her parents lost sight of her"; "don't drift from the set course" [syn: err, drift] 3 lose clarity or turn aside especially from the main subject of attention or course of argument in writing, thinking, or speaking; "She always digresses when telling a story"; "her mind wanders"; "Don't digress when you give a lecture" [syn: digress, divagate, wander] User Contributed Dictionary Middle English in origin, from the Anglo-Norman and Old French verb estrayer, and the Anglo-Norman noun and adjective (a)strey, both from the Old French estraié. 1. Any domestic animal that has an inclosure, or its proper place and company, and wanders at large, or is lost; an estray. Used also figuratively. 2. The act of wandering or going astray. 3. [historical] An area of common land or place administered for the use of general domestic animals, i.e. "The Stray" Related terms Any domestic animal that has an inclosure and wanders at large, or is lost The act of wandering or going astray 1. To wander, as from a direct course; to deviate, or go out of the way. 2. To wander from company, or from the proper limits; to rove at large; to roam; to go astray. 3. Figuratively, to wander from the path of duty or rectitude; to err. To wander from a direct course 1. To cause to stray. 2. Having gone astray; strayed; wandering; as, a stray horse or sheep. To cause to stray Having gone wandering, as, a stray horse or sheep Extensive Definition Stray may refer to: Synonyms, Antonyms and Related Words Arab, abandoned, aberrant, aberrative, abnormal, accidental, aimless, amorphous, anomalistic, anomalous, bat around, be absent, be in error, be mistaken, be wrong, beach bum, beachcomber, beggar, bo, bum, bummer, casual, causeless, chance, circuitous, count ties, daydream, depart, departing, derelict, designless, desultory, deviant, deviate, deviating, deviative, deviatory, devious, different, digress, digressive, discursive, divagate, diverge, divergent, dogie, dream, drift, driftless, dysteleological, eccentric, err, errant, erratic, excurse, excursive, fall into error, fantasy, flit, formless, freak, gad, gad about, gallivant, gamin, gamine, get sidetracked, go about, go adrift, go amiss, go astray, go awry, go the rounds, go woolgathering, go wrong, guttersnipe, haphazard, heteroclite, heteromorphic, hit the road, hit the trail, hobo, homeless, homeless waif, idler, indirect, indiscriminate, inexplicable, intimation, irregular, isolated, jaunt, knock about, knock around, labyrinthine, landloper, lapse, lazzarone, loafer, lone, losel, lost, maunder, mazy, meander, meandering, mindless, misbelieve, miscalculate, mooch, moon, mudlark, muse, nomadize, odd, out-of-the-way, peregrinate, pererrate, piker, pipe-dream, planetary, promiscuous, prowl, purposeless, ragamuffin, ragman, ragpicker, ramble, rambling, random, range, roam, roaming, rounder, rove, roving, run about, saunter, separated, serpentine, serve Mammon, shade, shapeless, shifting, single, singular, ski bum, slip, slip up, snake, snaky, sporadic, stargaze, stiff, stochastic, straggle, straggler, strain, straying, streak, street Arab, street urchin, stroll, stumble, subnormal, suggestion, sundowner, surf bum, suspicion, swagman, swagsman, swerving, tatterdemalion, tennis bum, tincture, tinge, touch, trace, traipse, tramp, trip, turn aside, turning, turnpiker, twist, twist and turn, twisting, unaccountable, undirected, unexpected, unmotivated, unnatural, urchin, vag, vagabond, vagabondize, vagrant, veering, waif, waifs and strays, walk the tracks, wander, wandering, wastrel, wayfare, wind, winding, zigzag Privacy Policy, About Us, Terms and Conditions, Contact Us Material from Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Dict Valid HTML 4.01 Strict, Valid CSS Level 2.1
English to Urdu Meaning :: unravel Unravel : کو unravel - کو unravelسلجھایابکھربکھرسے unravels Show English Meaning Verb(1) become or cause to become undone by separating the fibers or threads of(2) disentangle(3) become undone Show Examples (1) they were attempting to unravel the cause of death(2) his painstaking diplomacy of the last eight months could quickly unravel(3) He had to unravel the umbilical cord from round Niamh's neck, but the delivery was otherwise straightforward.(4) Kathakali's life lies in suggestions, which demands that the audience work on what they see and unravel the complicated modes of expression and enjoy it.(5) There appears to be a good reason for that: As soon as the story faced any scrutiny, it began to unravel .(6) On top of that, his marriage had begun to unravel .(7) I love how genetics can unravel mysteries; it's just like solving intricate puzzles.(8) And the situation administrators thought they had under wraps quickly began to unravel .(9) But even in the context of these two success stories, categories of identity began to unravel early.(10) Confirmed losses so far stand at $2.7 million, with the figure expected to grow as investigators unravel the scope of the fraud.(11) But those norms began to unravel in the 1970's and have done so at an accelerating pace.(12) With a little luck, it will eventually unravel the whole puzzle.(13) In that moment, my cousin's image began to unravel all at once, like an unclenched ball of yarn.(14) Howard was still sitting on his pallet, head halfway between his knees, trying to unravel a knot in the lace of his right boot.(15) According to Cammack, the policy of containment is already beginning to unravel .(16) A team of auditors are currently going through the college books in a bid to unravel the complicated dealings of a network of companies set up by former principal David Eade. Related Words (1) to unravel :: unravel کرنے کے لئے 1. untangle :: 2. solve :: 3. fall apart :: علاوہ گر 4. unknot :: 5. ravel :: مشہور ہو جانا 6. run :: 1. entangle :: 2. snarl :: 3. tangle :: Different Forms unravel, unraveled, unraveling, unravelling, unravels English to Urdu Dictionary: unravel Meaning and definitions of unravel, translation in Urdu language for unravel with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of unravel in Urdu and in English language. Tags for the entry "unravel" What unravel means in Urdu, unravel meaning in Urdu, unravel definition, examples and pronunciation of unravel in Urdu language. English to Urdu Dictionary Words by Category Topic Wise Words Learn 3000+ Common Words Learn Common GRE Words Learn Words Everyday Most Searched Words Word of the day ● Incisive جانداراور, تیز, گہری, , ٹھیک, چھیدنے, نکیلی, ھوشیار, ننداپورن, چھپکرجانداراور, کونیی, گہری, , تیکھی, شدید, تلھی, پرتشدد, وشد, زہریلی, سخت Search History Any word you search will appear here Your Favorite Words
How an "immunity gene" evolved to ward off leprosy Tatan Syuflana / AP An "immunity gene" evolved in populations across Southeast Asia 50,000 years ago to combat leprosy, a new study finds, and 110 million people of Southeast Asian descent carry the gene today. What it matters: Leprosy still exists — there were 210,000 new cases reported worldwide in 2015. This study could help emerging gene therapy research combat remaining leprosy cases by further exploring the "immunity gene." How it evolved: Leprosy is a chronic infection of the skin and peripheral nerves. The study, from Cell Reports, showed that a gene mutation produces proteins that bind to molecules from the bacterium that causes leprosy then shows it to the immune system, which destroys the infected cells. The mutation became more common in populations as it conferred protection from the disease.
Watch: Elon Musk's SpaceX envisions colonisation of Mars by 2024, says no guarantee of survival Find out in detail how SpaceX chief Elon Musk plans to send humans to colonise Mars and how the plan will be executed. SpaceX Mars plan Photo: Screengrab • SpaceX is developing massive rocket to transport people to Mars. • Rocket will fly once every 26 months. • Massive amount of funds are required for this project. SpaceX is developing a massive rocket and capsule to transport large numbers of people and cargo to Mars with the ultimate goal of colonising the planet, company chief and tech billionaire Elon Musk said on Tuesday. Musk outlined his plans for the Mars rocket, capable of carrying 100 passengers plus cargo per voyage, even as SpaceX is still investigating why a different rocket carrying a $200 million Israeli satellite blew up on a launch pad in Florida earlier this month. Also read: Watch: SpaceX rocket carrying Facebook's satellite goes up in flames Trip to Mars every 26 months but no guarantee of survival SpaceX intends to fly to Mars about every 26 months when Earth and Mars are favorably aligned. Musk said he would like to launch the first crew as early as 2024, a schedule he said he was optimistic about. Musk said there would be no guarantee of survival for anyone signing up with SpaceX for the "incredible adventure". "The risk of fatality will be high. There's no way around it. Basically, are you prepared to die, and if that's OK then you're a candidate for going," he said at a presentation at the International Astronautical Congress meeting in Guadalajara. Also read: How and why did SpaceX rocket crash and burn third time in a row? Reduce cost to attract customers Though Musk said he envisions humans living in a large colony on Mars and possibly terraforming the planet, he added that one key issue will be getting the cost low enough to attract customers. "You can't create a self-sustaining civilization if the ticket price is $10 billion per person," he said. "Our goal is to get it roughly equivalent to (the) cost of a median house in the United States, about $200,000." Mars colonists would not have to sign up for a one-way journey since reusing the spaceships keeping the transportation costs low, Musk said. "The number of people willing to move to Mars is much greater if they have the option of returning, even if they never do," he said. Also read: Be dazzled: Pics show how SpaceX launched Falcon 9 rocket and lit up the night sky Massive amount of funds required Musk said it would be a challenge to fund the Mars effort, with development costs estimated at $10 billion. "I'm personally accumulating assets in order to fund this," he said, adding that "ultimately this is going to be a huge public-private partnership." SpaceX, which Musk founded specifically with the purpose of colonizing Mars, is one of several private and government-funded ventures vying to put people and cargo on the Red Planet and other destinations beyond Earth's orbit. Mars is typically 140 million miles (225 million km) from Earth and landing the first humans there, after what traditionally has been a six- to nine-month journey, is an extremely ambitious goal. Musk expects his rocket to be able to cut the transit time to as little as three months and released a four-minute video showing the craft. founder Jeff Bezos's Blue Origin space venture is also designing a heavy-lift vehicle and capsule called New Armstrong, that will be capable of Mars transport, company President Rob Meyerson said. Also read: SpaceX launches futuristic pop-up room, lands rocket at sea US to venture beyond moon The U.S. government is also stepping up efforts to venture beyond the moon. NASA is supporting SpaceX's first mission to Mars, which is targeted for launch in 2018. SpaceX wants to send an unmanned capsule, called Red Dragon, to the surface of Mars to test descent, entry and landing systems. NASA will be providing deep-space and Mars communications relays for SpaceX and consulting services in exchange for flight data. NASA wants to be able to land payloads weighing up to about 30 tons on Mars. So far, the heaviest vehicle to land on Mars was the one-ton Curiosity rover. Also read: The 10 worst disasters in space travel history Investigations around the September 1 satellite blow up For now, Musk said SpaceX's top priority is tracing the cause of its Sept. 1 accident. "It's the most vexing and difficult thing. We've eliminated all the obvious possibilities," Musk later told reporters. He characterized the accident, SpaceX's second in 14 months, as "a small thing on a long road," adding that the company has not lost a single customer. SpaceX has a backlog of more than 70 missions for commercial and government customers, worth more than $10 billion. "There probably will be other failures in the future," Musk said. Here is a four-minute video on SpaceX's plans to colonise Mars: • Andriod App • IOS App Do You Like This Story?
Show Less Restricted access Visions of Europe Interdisciplinary Contributions to Contemporary Cultural Debates Edited By Gail K. Hart and Anke S. Biendarra How do we as scholars envision Europe? Participants in a two-day research symposium bring a variety of disciplinary and interdisciplinary responses to this complex question. Distinguished US scholars address the European continent, its history and culture, and its politics in essays that range from the intellectual tradition to poetics and world literature, from the air war to plurilingualism, from religious symbolism to Europe’s colonial legacy. These contributions comprise a portrait or vision of Europe today; the challenges it faces, and the challenges we face in confronting it as a cultural and geopolitical entity. Show Summary Details Restricted access Gassing Europe’s Capitals: Planning, Envisioning, and Rethinking Modern Warfare in European Discourses of the 1920s and 1930s Kai Evers The events that led with rapidly accelerating speed during the summer of 1914 to the First World War fit the “cock-up-foul-up” approach to state theory much better, as sociologist Michael Mann argues in The Sources of Social Power, than realist theories that search for the causes of war in terms of the geopolitical interests of states (Mann 1993, 740–802). It was not the pursuit of long-term interests that led these states with almost necessary logic into the conflict, as realist state theories propose. Instead of clearly outlined plans, these states were marked by internal power struggles and disputes over the way forward. Rather than grasping the intentions and goals of their international counterparts, the political and military elites of these states excelled in mutual misperceptions. As Christopher Clark concludes in The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went To War In 1914 (2012), “[a]ll the key actors in our story filtered the world through narratives that were built from pieces of experience glued together with fears, projections and interests masquerading as maxims”(558). At the turn of the century, Europe had become a multi-power-actor civilization that spread aggressive imperialism within the continent and overseas. The polymorphous factionalism inside these European regimes, especially in Germany and Austria-Hungary, allowed for disastrous miscalculations, projections, and unintended consequences during the quickly escalating interactions of July 1914. Mann’s “cock-up-foul-up” thesis and his reconstruction of the various paths that led to the death of millions of soldiers and civilians... Do you have any questions? Contact us. Or login to access all content.
Alcohol 2 Assessment and screening Starting a conversation with a person about their drinking can be challenging. Nurses may worry that asking someone about their drinking habits will cause offence and destroy the therapeutic relationship. Every contact counts There are a number of ways to start a conversation with a patient to help them begin to make changes. The following brief interventions have a strong evidence base for supporting changes both in the short and longer term. They often have the same level of positive outcome as longer interventions. A screening tool can be used as part of the initial assessment process when a person is entering a service or treatment. In this way the screening forms a core part of other questions being asked about the patient's health. This will help to reduce the risk of a person feeling targeted in some way and they will be less likely to be defensive about their alcohol intake. The AUDIT - Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test was developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a simple method of screening for excessive drinking and to assist in brief assessment. It can help in identifying excessive drinking as the cause of the presenting illness. It also provides a framework for intervention to help hazardous and harmful drinkers reduce or cease alcohol consumption and thereby avoid the harmful consequences of their drinking. The FRAMES acronym and approach below uses the Audit tool, which can help to initiate conversations about alcohol in a person-centred way, to ensure a more positive outcome. Feedback of personal risks or impairment – provide the patient or client with a verbal report card based on the results of your assessment or their score on the AUDIT screen. Many people are unaware that they are drinking at hazardous or harmful levels and highlighting risks linked to current drinking patterns can be a powerful motivator for change. “You’ve scored 16 on the AUDIT which indicates that you are at high risk of harm from your current pattern of drinking…” Responsibility – emphasise that the decision to change drinking patterns or to continue drinking at the same level is the choice of the person alone. Acknowledgement of personal responsibility has been identified as a key factor in motivating behaviour change. “Nobody can make this choice for you. It’s really up to you to make a change…” Advice - deliver clear advice to change drinking behaviour. Simple yet expert advice from a medical professional is a potent element in a brief intervention. “…yet as your (doctor, pharmacist, health care worker) I strongly advise you to limit your drinking or stop altogether to reduce the risks.” Menu – provide a menu of strategies for changing drinking behaviours. Options include behavioural control (e.g. setting personal drinking limits and sticking to it; alternating alcoholic drinks with soft drinks; switching to low alcohol drinks; having regular alcohol-free days; identifying high risk situations for heavy drinking and creating a management plan; engaging in alternative activities to drinking). Empathy – brief interventions emphasise the development of a therapeutic alliance in the context of a warm, reflective, empathic, and collaborative approach by the practitioner. A confrontational, directive, authoritarian, or coercive stance has no place in a brief intervention and is likely to undermine its effectiveness. Self-efficacy – support the person's self-efficacy for change, and communicate a sense of optimism. De-emphasise helplessness or powerlessness. “Many people successfully control their drinking or stop drinking all together. With the right support and information I’m confident that you will do it too”. Dual diagnosis Dual diagnosis is a very broad category. It can range from someone developing mild depression because of binge drinking, to someone's symptoms of bipolar disorder becoming more severe when that person abuses heroin during periods of mania. Either substance abuse or mental illness can develop first. When working with people with issues with alcohol, it can be challenging to unpick what of their concurrent mental health issues may be. A person's mental health may be due to alcohol abuse or there might be a separate issue exacerbated by the alcohol use. It is often hard to accurately diagnose mental illness, and the extent to which the severity of symptoms is affected by alcohol intake. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism has published a paper which provides guidance in addressing this confusion. The paper also outlines common mental illnesses that are likely to be encountered when working with people with alcohol issues. See: Alcoholism and Psychiatric Disorders: Diagnostic Challenges. Drinkaware has produced a fact sheet which outlines the effects that alcohol has on mental health, ranging from explaining why after a high level of alcohol intake your memory may be blank, through to links with alcohol and deliberate self-harm, see: Alcohol and mental health. This is a useful resource to print off and give to patients who may have concerns about their own alcohol intake and how that may be affecting their mental health. Dual diagnosis Further resources The Alcohol Health Alliance brings together more than 40 organisations that have a shared interest in reducing the damage caused to health by alcohol. Their website contains a lot of useful and interesting information about the damage alcohol is doing to society, and presents potential solutions.
Technology and Communication Undoubtedly we are living in a “technologically civilized” society and each and every piece of work we do is technology dependent. However, we should always remember that technology is simply a tool, a means by which you can accomplish certain tasks. Even as we write this, a new device hits the market. And though it seems that everything changes, in fact not everything changes. It is the means we actually use to communicate that change almost daily, but communication itself has not changed. Of course, as new technology emerges, there are new manners associated with these changes. However, the standards of communication, the manners associated with the ways we communicate with each other continue to be the key to how effective our communication is. Technology is not a replacement for people; it just enhances and facilitates their activities. As one Houston Chinese Translation Services professional says: “My spell checker can run all my words through a dictionary but it does not know whether I have used the correct words and it cannot craft powerful sentences to present the sense I want to express.” In terms of communication we can paraphrase it in such a way – Gadgets can’t think for you or communicate for you, and if you lack some essential skills, they can’t fill in the gaps. The aforementioned certified translator does not deny, that communication technology undoubtedly has a number of advantages in an organization: it speeds the sending of information, improves organizational communication, influences the way people interact, supports open discussions, provides a voice for those who normally would not speak up in groups, and more. However, we should also mention that is quite expensive and definitely – not very safe and often it is a poor substitute for face-to-face communication. To summarize, we can say that technology is an aid to interpersonal communication, not a replacement for it.While this might sound obvious, it is easy to get caught up in the “gee whiz” factor, especially when new technologies first appear. In this light, the advice of one French translation service is: “No matter how exotic or cutting edge it may be, remember that technology has value only if it helps deliver the right information to the right people at the right time.Don’t rely too much on technology or let it overwhelm the communication process.”

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