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Policy Proposal
The Patrick Campaign’s vision for a healthy, robust welfare state favors strong incentives for school funding, a large amount of tax expenditures, and a great deal of efforts towards getting children out of poverty. Deval Patrick is dedicated to reforming and funding Government programs aimed to help the middle and lower classes. For too long, politicians have expected the poor to pull themselves up by their bootstraps but at the same time defunding the very programs that help them out of poverty. The current Welfare State in America expects people to work themselves out of Welfare. Patrick has a different approach: he favors reforming and modifying existing social welfare programs in order to make them work towards actually benefiting the poor where and how they need it: in their schools and at their workplaces.
The Patrick campaign policies will center around a few proposals: The National Childcare Initiative (NCI), Standards-Based Education Reform (SBE), the Educational Equilibrium Fund (EEF), the Federal Aid in Work Attainment (FAWA) and the Lloyd Chen Dream Scholarship. These proposals will benefit and strengthen our economy on the whole because they will help the poor actually receive the help they need in getting work. It will help children stay in school and increase their opportunities towards upward mobility.
The recent trend in welfare state state politics have favored “work conditioned” incentives. In 1996, President Bill Clinton passed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), which effectively changed the trend on how welfare in America was seen. The welfare state in America moved towards “earned” incentives; the state gives money to people in need based on their search for a job. However, the money given to families is not enough for survival. Additional welfare proposals are needed, in the way of education and childcare. President Clinton said the passage of the law would “end Welfare as we know it” (Bane 2005). This is not our vision for the future. The recession has had a huge impact on families with children, and it has driven many people below the poverty line. Proponents of PRWORA contend that it’s been a success because welfare and poverty rates have gone down since PRWORA’s passage, but the majority of families who have transitioned off the Temporary Aid for Needy Families (TANF) have remained in poverty. Politicians have been touting people moving off of TANF as a victory, but is it a victory if they still find themselves in poverty without any help? The Patrick Campaign believes that Americans families that are single parent households living under the poverty line need more help, not less.
In America, there is a strong insistence upon relying on private institutions for pensions and health. While the Patrick campaign believes that the private sector is incredibly important, it also sees the total reliance on it as a mistake. Private companies and businesses don’t provide enough money to single parent families which is an oversight since single parent families are an increasing group of Americans that make up our society.
The Patrick Campaign is proposing a series of policies aimed at children in poverty and schools. These policies will help the American public in ways that TANF and PRWORA have tried to, but have failed.
National Childcare Initiative (NCI)
The National Childcare Initiative will grant funds to public schools around the US in order to provide affordable after school care for poor elementary school students. The NCI would require the children in their program to be fed a healthy meal as well as receive tutoring and help with coursework. As of 2007, more than 80% of all primary and secondary students were enrolled in public schools. This incentive would have a huge impact on American society, and for the better. It would grant most parents, not just poor parents the much needed leverage that they need to be able to get out into the workforce.
The NCI will also offer free classes and workshops aimed at older students. This would provide training for jobs, a duty, that up until now, has been a huge burden on the private sector. Some examples of the training that people will receive, include money management, finance classes, SAT and college preparatory classes, and academic tutors.
Standards-Based Education Reform
Another important policy the Patrick Campaign intends to put forward is what we call Standards-Based Education Reform. Standards-Based Education Reform (SBE) requires schools to compete in standardized testing with measurable goals in order to improve education in schools, K-12. According to this reform, all states set their own “basic standards” and the provide funding for all schools that pass the standardized tests.
Educational Equilibrium Fund (EEF), (against tax for school funding)
This act requires each school to receive a flat percentage of the state’s total income for funding in order to balance out the money each school receives.
Federal Aid in Work Attainment (FAWA)
FAWA is a program that gives incentives for certain companies and/or organizations to hire a single parent as the government will pay a portion of the single parent’s wage. This will allow for the company to retain some of the wealth generated by the worker and use it to for their own means which benefits the company if it’s struggling in the competitive industry due to funds. FAWA also benefits the single parent in poverty because it allows the parent to obtain a stable job and be able to compete for the position as they are eligible for FAWA.
Lloyd Chen Dream Scholarship
The Lloyd Chen Dream Scholarship will award exceptional students with stellar academics full-ride scholarships to colleges.
Children in Poverty
The Deval Patrick Campaign, is concentrated on developing and aiding children in poverty who are from a single parent household. In order to help single parent household rise from poverty, we realized there needs to be multiple programs implemented in order to support the multidimensional issue on single households under the poverty line. Therefore the Patrick Campaign has come with multiple programs and policies in order to address the issue to stem the tide of child poverty.
According to the National Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP), more than 16 million children live below the federal poverty level in the United States, with these poverty rates being highest in single-family homes. The federal poverty level for a family of four is $23,550, but the NCCP says on average, families need an income about twice that number just to cover basic living expenses. These children, especially ones in single-family homes, miss out on more than hot meals and new shoes. Poverty is known to severely affect a child’s ability to learn and contributes to poor physical and mental health, as well as social, emotional, and behavioral problems (NCCP). Due to these circumstances early in life, these children are unable to reach their full potential and are unable to function as effectively in society as those who had not been exposed with poverty.
Poor, single-parent households most likely indicate working full-time jobs while still struggling to provide basic necessities for their families. These parents are left with no choice but to pay for childcare after their children are done with school. According to the National Association of Child Care Resource and Referral Agencies (NACCRRA), average annual childcare fees for an infant are higher than the average amount families spend on food each year. The NACCRRA also says in order to afford average-priced infant care, a single parent would have to pay nearly $3 of every $10 they earn, something that is necessary but also something that they are unable to afford.
One practical way the Patrick Campaign can assist these single-parent families is by providing free or affordable childcare. This program, named the National Childcare Initiative (NCI), would grant funds to public schools around the US to provide affordable afterschool care for poor elementary school students. Because many parents must rely on government aid to even feed their families, the only nutritious meals these children receive are at school. The NCI would require the children in their program to be feed a healthy meal as well as receive tutoring and help with coursework. Poor students are less likely to succeed in the classroom, so a safe place where students can work on homework and receive the individual attention they need is crucial because students are unable to get help at home with a working parent. Parents can work hard without having to worry about the safety of their children or the costs of childcare through this program.
This program will be offered at schools with more than half of the student body living under the federal poverty line. Parents must submit proper paperwork and proof of their living situation to the schools to receive these benefits. According to ChildCare Aware of America, the average annual cost for after-school center-based care was about $6,380 For low income families, this often puts a large strain on their income. The average monthly income for a family making less than $1,500 per month was $938 in 2010. 49.5 percent of that was spent on childcare (http://www.americanprogress.org). This program is geared towards children of low-income families, especially those who are from single-parent homes. These children from single-parent homes would receive program benefits for free, while children with both parents who are still under the poverty level will pay 1.95 percent of their monthly income. On average, all families with children under ages of 15 spend 7.8 percent of their monthly income on childcare (http://www.americanprogress.org). 1.95 percent would be a fourth of this average spending.
The second part of the NCI is geared towards middle and high school students who do not need supervision as younger children do. However, the Patrick Campaign would still like to see these children thrive and have safe and productive activities offered to them. These children, as well as elementary students who live within 4 miles of the school will be able to get safe rides home and to school through school bus systems. These rides will be offered every morning and afternoon for the regular school year. Students will receive a bus pass that they must show to the driver. This will indicate that they participate in the program. Students who are ineligible for the NCI may also receive rides from the school bus systems, but must pay an annual fee of $200 to do so. Free classes and workshops will also be offered to these older students on their campuses. Some examples include money management and finance classes, SAT and college preparatory classes, and academic tutors. Children from poor, single-families may have not developed the life skills to do well after high school, so practical workshops would be offered to help them succeed in society and enter the competitive job market upon graduation. These programs are also aimed at encouraging students from poor households that they have resources to change their future and come out of poverty. Again, students who attend a school with more than half of its student body under the federal poverty level are eligible for these classes and rides. They must also submit the necessary paperwork to qualify, however these programs for middle and high school students will be free for students from both single and dual parent households. Caretakers, tutors, busses, drivers, and meals will be reimbursed by the government. Schools can submit a monthly reimbursement form to the California Department of Education, who will review the form and send back money to the schools.
Another program the Patrick Campaign would like to put in place in order to help children in poverty is to implement a program called the Federal Aid in Work Attainment (FAWA). The Federal Work Study Program for college students inspired FAWA. Similar to work study, FAWA is a program that gives incentive for certain companies and/or organizations to hire a single parent as the government will pay a portion of the single parent’s wage. This will allow for the company to retain some of the wealth generated by the worker and use it to for their own means which benefits the company if it’s struggling in the competitive industry due to funds. FAWA also benefits the single parent in poverty because it allows the parent to obtain a stable job and be able to compete for the position as they are eligible for FAWA. FAWA will also implement more opportunities for having a job where someone can work from home which will aid single parents who have young children and would prefer to care for their children then to send them to daycare. In order for single parent households to find jobs that offer positions with FAWA, a website will be created to catalog the list of jobs that have been approved with FAWA so that parents can easily access this resource.
Companies and/or organization must use the Federal Aide in Work Attainment Request Form in order to appeal for FAWA if they wish to have FAWA as an option for any open position within their company/organization. The governmental department responsible for FAWA will review the request and if they deem the jobs available as viable for FAWA then the approval process will begin. After filling the necessary paperwork, it will be a matter of filling the position. The department will also review the registry of existing jobs and contact the company if they are interested in providing FAWA as an option for the position. A worker can also petition for their position to earn federal aid by filling out a Federal Aid in Work Attainment Petition Form which will need both the approval of the employers and governmental department overseeing the FAWA program.
Another way to help single household parents is by having more scholarships in order to motivate single household parents and their children to pursue an education. Money can be a barricade for families in poverty from pursuing higher education. Due to their mentality that they need to support their family or put bread the dinner table, they are more likely to pursue a job instead of going to college which costs money. By having these scholarships, it allows them to feel more assured and not be concerned about the costs of getting an education. These scholarships will target students who are a single household parent or raised by a single household parent and had lived under the poverty line. The government will set aside more money for these scholarships. One scholarship will be the Lloyd Chen Dream Scholarship which will award exceptional students with stellar academics with a full-ride scholarship to achieve their dreams. This scholarship is in inspiration of Lloyd Chen who raised by a single mother in poverty but overcame these blockades in order to pursue a degree in higher education. Students will be assessed by their academics, leadership skills and/or positions, and will be asked to write an essay pertaining to poverty. Lastly, at least two references will be asked upon submitting the application to the scholarship.
In addition to scholarships, the Patrick Campaign would also like to implement policies and opportunities to have more online courses or courses more readily available online so that single parents can access lecture materials when they can. By making courses more flexible, it allows these parents to attend to their many obligations such as work or taking care of young children. Having online courses will help single household parents to obtain their degrees earlier so that they can obtain a stable job sooner which will help them get out of poverty.
With this, we find that having supplementary courses for practical uses such as workshops on budgeting, money management, resume writing, interview practices, and more can be essential components in assisting families overcome poverty. By learning smart ways to save money and by practicing good work ethics, one workshop can help. Following the idea of having courses available online, these workshops can too be available online. However to have them available in person, it can be helpful so these workshops can be held on a weekly, biweekly, or monthly basis depending on its popularity and demands.
Education and Standardized Testing
The Standards-Based Education Reform (SBE) requires schools to compete in standardized testing with measurable goals in order to improve education in schools, K-12. According to this reform, all states set their own “basic standards” and the provide funding for all schools that pass the standardized tests. Each student in every public school is tested and if 50% of the students pass, the school is rewarded financially and funded for advancing reading and math levels for the upcoming year. On the contrary, schools that don’t pass the standard are not rewarded and have to wait an entire year in order to retest.
However, by setting these standards, states are essentially avoiding the true conflict with our school system. We have come to realize that the problem with education arrives in the lower-middle class schools and students sector, but not necessarily because they are less capable than other schools. Because these schools and students are at a disadvantage geographically, culturally, socially, and educationally, the SBE will widen the gap between affluent and destitute school systems over the next few years. Therefore, we will incorporate the new standards-based education reform known as the
Educational Assistance Act (EAA), which acts in opposition to the SBE. Instead of rewarding schools that reach the basic standards of excellence designed by the state, the EAA focuses on applying grants and other funds to those schools in need of educational assistance, with intent of having 80% of schools in each state pass the bar by 2021. As a result, each state that reaches this 80% will receive funding for acquiring what they need in order to raise the basic standardized testing bar the following year. By 2021, each state that receives this funding should have advanced their reading and math levels by one year.
Inner city schools represent the majority of the schools that struggle with passing the standardized tests and as a result are receiving limited funding. More affluent neighborhood schools, who already obtain most of the resources for scoring well on these test, are receiving even more funding from the SBE. This method only widens our educational gap within our public schooling. The EAA will reverse this policy and schools with low resources who struggle with testing will be given much needed support. Schools that continuously pass our standardized tests will benefit the least from this reform. We still encourage the achievements of good-testing and will honor such schools as reward, however funding should be distributed to schools who struggle due to the lack of resources.
Another problem with our educational system is the way we fund each school, individually. Our schools are funded as a percentage of the income of people of the surrounding neighborhood. In a sense, an upper-class city will have more funding for their schools, while those cities that live in poverty will have less funding for schools, according to the current policy. Therefore, as precedent to the EAA, we will incorporate the Educational Equilibrium Fund (EEF), which will balance the funding for each school, regardless of the income of the school’s neighboring residence. Instead, this act requires each school to receive a flat percentage of the state’s total income for funding in order to balance out the money each school receives. The income of each states’ citizens as a whole will dictate funds for the schools, not individually by the city as it stands today. The (EEF) will give all schools a fair chance at passing the standardized tests each year.
The EEF is designed to benefit students in poorer school districts, as they are already at a greater disadvantage considering their geographical location and the economical standing of their residing neighborhood. This reform is a policy in which encompasses the Patrick campaign’s collective visions of reducing the educational gap in the United States.
Tax and Tax Expenditure
There is a widening disparity in the income gap between America’s richest citizens and the middle class. There are those who claim the dangers of big government with far less focus on big business, talking down social programs with no real alternative. Philanthropy at this level does exist but it is, by far, the exception. Decisions made by the most powerful and influential people often carry the weight of their agenda, ultimately serving to aid in upholding the status-quo. This system awards itself at the expense of greater society. Capitalism, at the level of laissez faire, serves to make the rich, richer and the poor, poorer. It simply produces a new oppressive elite acting in place of a tyrannical government. Therefore, where greed and corruption are capable of greatly imbalancing equality in the United States through capital, so too should mechanisms be set in place to disallow the unfettered use of capital to place the majority of gains into the hands of the few. The same checks and balances that limit government need to regulate limitations on big business. This will be done in the form of a more redistributive tax code. Tax expenditure programs will not be eliminated, but there will be limitations on what can be done with a percentage of the money lost to tax revenues for programs that do not benefit the greater public. If businesses are to take some slack off of government in providing social policy, a broader portion of the public must be supported by these programs.
Maintenance of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)
The EITC has been a necessary support for lower income families and individuals. Most tax expenditures could be considered tax breaks for corporations as incentives to provide benefits to employees. The EITC, however, is an exception in providing relief to those individuals that need it the most. It, therefore, is an indispensable program in the United States’ social welfare system.
Effective tax rates for high earners
Though income tax brackets in the United States appear to be progressive, the effective rates applied to the highest earners in society are often closer to 22%. The benefits from tax expenditures go overwhelmingly to more affluent individuals. As a percentage of larger incomes, tax expenditures reduce revenue that could be placed into social programs for struggling Americans and strengthens those who already have firmer footings. Granted, expenditure can help middle class Americans afford housing (and housing improvements), but it does even less for Americans that cannot. Thus, the highest earners should be required to show proof of greater benefits to society as a whole if they are to reap greater benefits from expenditures. Else, those expenditures should not be available to them, as a higher effective tax rate will do more for society and reflectively, every individual.
New Employees and Higher Wages for current workers (NEHW)
Expenditures are not, in total, a bad thing. They are another way of paying for benefits or services without directly extracting taxes from businesses or individuals. A percentage of wages given to unskilled workers not to exceed 60% of every dollar after minimum wage in large companies (80% for small business with fewer than 50 employees) may be claimed as a tax expenditure.
Expenditure for Training Services and Educational Funds for the public (TSEF)
Institutions that provide funds or services for training and educating the public will also be entitled to tax expenditures relevant to the services they provide with reduced property taxes for the use of their facilities and reductions in tax liability for educational grants.
The addition of two income tax brackets
Additional tax brackets should be added for the highest earners in society. Those making over $550k and $750k would be placed into these income tax brackets. The tax rates on these earners will be 41 and 43% respectively.
Value Added Tax
Considered a regressive tax, Value Added Taxes place a larger burden on middle and lower classes. Taxes are collected throughout the production process of goods that can be expected to reflect on the final price of the good in the marketplace. Thus, the cost is ultimately paid by the consumer as consumers pay a greater percentage of their incomes on sales taxes. However, the taxes can be used to supplement services for the poorest of the poor to stave off poverty.
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Superfilter nanomask to protect from MERS, SARS viruses
Beijing, Jun 9 (PTI) Scientists have invented a novel nanomask that can filter incredibly tiny particles such as air pollutants as well as seriously damaging MERS and SARS viruses.
The mask, developed by Wallace Leung of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, is made out of multiple layers of different types of nanofibres, which filter nanosized particles.
Layering the nanofibres provides a large surface area, enhancing the natural movement of particles and their interception by the fibres.
It also allows users to breathe comfortably since air flows freely through the multiple layers without much resistance.
Conventional masks made from microfibres cannot effectively filter nanosized particles such as the influenza A virus, or the more seriously damaging Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) viruses, which can cause serious infections, illness and even death.
Many Asian countries also deal with serious airborne particles from pollution and forest fires, which are too small to be filtered by conventional microfibre masks.
The influenza A, SARS and MERS viruses range in size from about 80 to 140 nanometres (nm) in diameter. Ultrafine particulate matter suspended in the air originates from combustion and ranges from 10 to 100nm in size.
When these particles gather, they form larger particles several hundreds of nanometres in size and reflect visible light. This is what we know as "smog."
In comparison, the diameter of a human hair is about 100 microns or 100,000nm.
Different types of nanofibres can be used in some layers of the mask to provide additional functions.
For example, incorporating a layer of titanium dioxide and other semiconductor composite nanofibres in the mask converts pollutant gases, such as nitrous oxide, to harmless substances when the fibres are exposed to visible light, even under room light conditions.
Also, incorporating chitosan nanofibres in the mask can provide antibacterial functions when the fibres become wet from sweat, for example.
Leung has also adapted the nanofibre filter for use in airplane and vehicle cabin ventilation systems. PTI MHN SAR SAR
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What are stress fibers?2018-02-06T10:23:12+00:00
What are stress fibers?
Stress fibers are higher order cytoskeletal structures composed of cross-linked actin filament bundles, and in many cases, myosin motor proteins, that span a length of 1-2 micrometers [1]. At least 4 types of stress fibers have been identified in mammalian cells [2]. These are dorsal stress fibers, ventral stress fibers, transverse arcs, and the recently identified perinuclear actin cap, which is an important mediator in nuclear mechanotransduction. Each type of stress fiber is defined by their location in the cell, their morphology and their function at focal adhesions (reviewed in [3]). The presence of motor proteins in stress fibers enables contractility – an important factor in stress fiber function and in cell motility. In most cases, stress fibers connect to focal adhesions, and hence are crucial in mechanostransduction. In mammalian cells, stress fibers undergo continuous assembly and disassembly. This allows them to maintain cellular tension and undergo modification in response to various forces (e.g., mechanical stress [4][5]).
A mouse embryonic fibroblast of the RPTPa cell line, plated on a fibronectin coated glass cover slip. The cell was transfected with RFP-Lifeact (a kind gift from Dr Roland Wedlich-Soldner, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Germany), which labels F-actin in living cells. The cell was imaged using a Nikon A1Rsi confocal microscope at 60x magnification and false coloured cyan. Image captured by Wei Wei Luo, Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore.
Stress fiber assembly can be described in a series of defined steps. Here, ~10-30 parallel actin filaments are bundled together via cross-linking proteins. α-actinin; for example,forms bands along the stress fibers [6] while filamin [7], binds uniformly along the length of the fibers [8]. In ventral stress fibers and transverse arcs, bands of α-actinin appear to alternate with bundles of non-muscle myosins (e.g. myosin II) at a periodicity of ~1-2 µm [8][9]. Although the contractile nature of transverse arcs and ventral stress fibers resembles the contraction of muscle sarcomeres, the organization of the actin filaments, actin binding proteins, and myosin bundles is considerably more random in stress fibers (when compared to muscle fibers) and the polarity of the actin filaments does not strictly alternate along the bundles [1][10][11][12] (reviewed in [13][3][14]). Besides myosin and α-actinin, stress fibers also contain many other proteins like fascin [15], caldesmon and tropomyosin [16], and regulatory proteins like myosin light chain kinase [12]. The exact functions of the majority of these proteins in stress fiber activity and assembly are still largely unclear.
Types of Stress Fibers
Dorsal and Ventral stress fibers connect to focal adhesion and transmit contractile force. Transverse arc stress fibers drive retrograde actin flow in actively protruding cells.
Transverse arcs (TAs) are found only in cells that are actively protrusive. TA appear as curved bundles of actin and myosin filaments behind the lamella. Unlike the ventral fibers, TAs do not interact directly with focal adhesions (FA). TAs have been implicated in actin retrograde flow from the leading edge to the cell center where they are disassembled [17].
Dorsal stress fibers (DSF) are the main transmitters of contractile forces (as opposed to producers) to the underlying substrate. They attach to FAs at the base of the cell then rise towards the dorsal surface to form a loose matrix of actin filaments [18]. DSF often terminate at a TA at their proximal end. It is important to note that DSF are suggested to serve as precursors of VSF and do not exhibit periodic distribution of α-actinin and myosin on the filaments (aka contractile bundle), so their identity as stress fibers has been debated (reviewed in [3]).
Ventral stress fibers (VSF) are filament bundles located at the ventral surface of the cell that are attached to FAs at each end of the bundle; these stress fibers extend from FAs close to the cell edge (i.e. lamellipodia) to an adhesion behind or near the nucleus (reviewed in [19]). The VSF are fundamental to tail retraction and cell shape changes during cell migration [20] and on their sides they can structure cell borders against inward pressure of the membrane [21].
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Protein Info
2. Tojkander S, Gateva G, and Lappalainen P. Actin stress fibers--assembly, dynamics and biological roles. J. Cell. Sci. 2012; 125(Pt 8):1855-64. [PMID: 22544950]
3. Naumanen P, Lappalainen P, and Hotulainen P. Mechanisms of actin stress fibre assembly. J Microsc 2008; 231(3):446-54. [PMID: 18755000]
5. Kaunas R, Nguyen P, Usami S, and Chien S. Cooperative effects of Rho and mechanical stretch on stress fiber organization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2005; 102(44):15895-900. [PMID: 16247009]
6. Lazarides E, and Burridge K. Alpha-actinin: immunofluorescent localization of a muscle structural protein in nonmuscle cells. Cell 1975; 6(3):289-98. [PMID: 802682]
9. Weber K, and Groeschel-Stewart U. Antibody to myosin: the specific visualization of myosin-containing filaments in nonmuscle cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1974; 71(11):4561-4. [PMID: 4612524]
11. Begg DA, Rodewald R, and Rebhun LI. The visualization of actin filament polarity in thin sections. Evidence for the uniform polarity of membrane-associated filaments. J. Cell Biol. 1978; 79(3):846-52. [PMID: 569662]
12. Peterson LJ, Rajfur Z, Maddox AS, Freel CD, Chen Y, Edlund M, Otey C, and Burridge K. Simultaneous stretching and contraction of stress fibers in vivo. Mol. Biol. Cell 2004; 15(7):3497-508. [PMID: 15133124]
13. Deguchi S, and Sato M. Biomechanical properties of actin stress fibers of non-motile cells. Biorheology 2009; 46(2):93-105. [PMID: 19458413]
14. Pellegrin S, and Mellor H. Actin stress fibres. J. Cell. Sci. 2007; 120(Pt 20):3491-9. [PMID: 17928305]
15. Adams JC. Formation of stable microspikes containing actin and the 55 kDa actin bundling protein, fascin, is a consequence of cell adhesion to thrombospondin-1: implications for the anti-adhesive activities of thrombospondin-1. J. Cell. Sci. 1995; 108 ( Pt 5):1977-90. [PMID: 7657718]
17. Heath JP. Behaviour and structure of the leading lamella in moving fibroblasts. I. Occurrence and centripetal movement of arc-shaped microfilament bundles beneath the dorsal cell surface. J. Cell. Sci. 1983; 60:331-54. [PMID: 6348051]
18. Heath JP, and Dunn GA. Cell to substratum contacts of chick fibroblasts and their relation to the microfilament system. A correlated interference-reflexion and high-voltage electron-microscope study. J. Cell. Sci. 1978; 29:197-212. [PMID: 564353]
19. Small JV, Rottner K, Kaverina I, and Anderson KI. Assembling an actin cytoskeleton for cell attachment and movement. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1998; 1404(3):271-81. [PMID: 9739149]
20. Chen WT. Mechanism of retraction of the trailing edge during fibroblast movement. J. Cell Biol. 1981; 90(1):187-200. [PMID: 7195906] |
Global Studies
Global Studies
Social Studies A
English A
Our world is changing rapidly. The world of today will be different from that of tomorrow. What is at the root of these changes that inevitably continue to influence us?
The changing world is the focal point of Global Studies. We study how and why the world is changing and why some countries have more power and influence than others. Social Studies is taught in English. Detailed knowledge of English and cultural understanding is necessary in order to cope in a globalised world.
In Social Studies you will learn how to approach the world from an international, regional and national point of view. You will study various parts of the world, based on a wide range of terms and theories within Social Science and International Relations.
English is the most widely used language in the world, in business and between ordinary people. That is why English as a subject is designed to challenge you both orally and in writing, improving your ability to communicate across the globe. |
This analysis of the contours and social bases of mass voting behavior in the United States over the course of the third electoral era, from 1853 to 1892, provides a deep and rich understanding of the ways in which ethnoreligious values shaped party combat in the late nineteenth century. It was this uniquely American mode of "political confessionals" that underlay the distinctive characteristics of the era's electoral universe.
In its exploration of the the political roles of native and immigrant ethnic and religious groups, this study bridges the gap between political and social history. The detailed analysis of ethnoreligious experiences, values, and beliefs is integrated into an explanation of the relationship between group political subcultures and partisan preferences which wil be of interest to political sociologists, political scientists, and also political and social historians.
Unlike other works of this genre, this book is not confined to a single description of the voting patterns of a single state, or of a series of states in one geographic region, but cuts across states and regions, while remaining sensitive to the enormously significant ways in which political and historical context conditioned mass political behavior. The author accomplishes this remarkable fusion by weaving the small patterns evident in detailed case studies into a larger overview of the electoral system. The result is a unified conceptual framework that can be used to understand both American political behavior duing an important era and the general preconditions of social-group political consciousness. Challenging in major ways the liberal-rational assumptions that have dominated political history, the book provides the foundation for a synthesis of party tactics, organizational practices, public rhetoric, and elite and mass behaviors.
Political history is often sterile stuff, a collection of names, titles, and events beaded on a chronological string. Yet a time perspective can yield an awareness of dimensions of the political system that otherwise escape detection. The wars of domestic politics, like those between nations, are not events of a moment but extend through the years.
V. O. Key, Jr.
The analysis of past politics is replete with potential pitfalls and unique analytical opportunities. Conceived as a series of recurring, but individually unique, developments "beaded on a chronological string," political history produces analytically "sterile stuff." More broadly conceived, political analysis enables us to move beyond idiosyncratic happenings and to penetrate the relation between society and political system.
Traditional research strategies have encumbered that sort of analytical penetration. They have focused instead on exciting events, colorful personalities, and the dramaturgy of political notables. Pertinent evidence has often been skillfully blended to produce graceful, and even elegant, narratives. Yet for all of their informational value and analytical insights, these subordinate conceptual unity to chronological sequencing. Their central preoccupation has been telling the "story."
The ways that events unfolded and the roles that particular elites played are neither unimportant nor irrelevant to an understanding of past politics, but they do not constitute the beginning, the middle, and the end of political history. Yet traditional research strategies typically have focused on these aspects of past politics to the virtual exclusion of mass electoral behavior. Most political narratives, of course, refer to elections and to their results, but those references occupy a distinctly secondary role. Far less attention and fewer pages of monographs are devoted to . . .
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The maschinengewehr-34 was accepted for service in 1934, and first issued to units in 1935. It was an air-cooled machine gun firing 7.92 x 57mm Mauser
rounds and had similar performance to other medium machine guns.
classic medium support weapon.
The MG34 was used as the primary infantry machine gun during the 1930s, and remained as the primary tank and aircraft defensive weapon. It was to be
replaced in infantry service by the related MG42, but there were never enough of the new design to go around, and MG34s soldiered on in all roles until the
end of World War II. The MG34 was intended to replace the MG13 and other older machine guns, but these were still being used in WWII as demand was
never met.
It was designed primarily by Heinrich Vollmer from the Mauser Werke, based on the recently introduced Rheinmetall-designed Solothurn 1930 (MG30) that
was starting to enter service in Switzerland. The principal changes were to move the feed mechanism to a more convenient location on the left of the breech,
and the addition of a shroud around the barrel. Changes to the operating mechanism improved the rate of fire to between 800 and 900 rpm.
The new gun was accepted for service almost immediately and was generally liked by the troops. It was used to great effect by German soldiers assisting
Nationalist Spain in the Spanish Civil War. At the time it was introduced it had a number of advanced features and the general purpose machine gun concept
that it aspired to was an influential one. However the MG34 was also expensive, both in terms of construction and the raw materials needed (49 kg (108 lb) of
steel and its manufacture was too time-consuming to be built in the numbers required for the ever expanding German army. It also proved to be rather
temperamental, jamming easily when dirty.
The MG34 could use both magazine-fed and belt-fed 7.92 mm ammunition. Belts were supplied in a fixed length of 50 rounds but could be linked up to make
longer belts for sustained firing. A 250 round belt was also issued to machine guns installed in fixed emplacements such as bunkers. Ammunition boxes
contained 250 rounds in five belts that were linked to make one continuous 100 round belt and one 150 round belt. The assault drums held a 50-round belt,
or a 75-round "double drum" magazine could be used by replacing the top cover with one made specially for that purpose. A gun configured to use the
75-round magazine could not be returned to belt-feed mode without changing the top cover again. All magazine-feed MG34s had been withdrawn from infantry
use by 1941 with some remaining in use on armoured personnel carriers.
Like most machine guns, the barrel is designed to be easily replaced to avoid overheating during sustained fire.
In the light machine gun role it was used with a bipod and weighed only 12.1 kg (26.7 lb). In the medium machine gun role it could be mounted on one of two
tripods, a smaller one weighing 6.75 kg (14.9 lb), the larger 23.6 kg (52 lb). The larger tripod, the MG34 Laffette, included a number of features such as a
telescopic sight and special sighting equipment for indirect fire. The legs could be extended to allow it to be used in the anti-aircraft role, and when lowered it
could be placed to allow the gun to be fired "remotely" while it swept an arc in front of the mounting with fire, or aimed through a periscope attached to the
The MG34/41 was requested as the first war experiences in the beginning of the World War II proved that a higher fire rate generates more dispersion of the
bullets. The MG34/41 could cope with a fire rate of 1200 rpm. The weight of the MG34/41 was 14 kg, slightly more than the original MG34 version. A limited
number of MG34/41 were produced. The MG34/41 was beaten in trials by the MG39/41, later designated MG42.
Tanks normally used the MG34-T model, whose main difference was that it had a different barrel sheath that was heavier and that it did not have the normal
ventilation holes like the MG34. |
If you've never been around someone who has migraines, you may not know how painful and debilitating they can be. If you have, or you are a victim, you are well aware, and work to avoid known triggers as much as possible. There are a lot of myths out there about these headaches. Let's see if we can clear any of them up.
1) Can they cause life threatening medical conditions ? Yes, there is a connection between migraines both strokes and heart disease. In fact, your risk of heart disease doubles if you suffer from this debilitating condition. It's a good idea to keep close tabs on your heart health, and eat a healthy diet. Any episode lasting longer than seventy-two hours or accompanied by a more intense pain than usual should be seen by a doctor.
2) Are they gender oriented ? Yes and no. Most of the people who suffer from migraines are women, by a three to one margin. Men can and do have this problem also.
3) Is it all in your head ? This is a definite neurological disorder, not a psychological problem. Counseling is irrevocably to cure someone with this disorder.
4) Can only Type A personalities have this condition ? As with the question about psychological causes, personality type is not an indicator of who or is not likely to suffer from migraines.
5) It's just a headache, everyone gets them, right ? Wrong, there are differences between “normal” headaches and migraines. The latter has many symptoms unrelated to so called normal headaches. There is often an aura precedent an episode. During it, there is unusual sensitivity to light and sound, along with nausea and vomiting. They can last for from four to seventy-two hours.
There are many factors when it comes down to migraines. Heredity plays a role, so if one or both parents have the problem, then you are at risk for developing it, even if you do not have it now.
Triggers are the most likely means of starting an episode. Light, sound and barometric pressure are some triggers, but by far the most common are food related. Anything with high amounts of l-tyramine can cause an episode. Caffeine and sulfites are also common causes. Many patients who have cut these out of their diets report a significant reduction in the number and length of an episode.
Your doctor can prescribe some medications that may help deal with the problem, and there is one herbal supplement that could be beneficial. Some studies indicate that dried feverfew taken through a capsule could prevent and reduce the impact of migraines. This is an issue best discussed with your doctor, as a complete medical history is needed. You should mention any other medical conditions you have and any medications / supplements you take. This will help the doctor provide the best possible treatment. |
Main thesis of an article
The article-based thesis or coherence across the chapters of article-based theses and dissertations is the first chapter in the main text. In academic writing, an argument is usually a main idea, often called a “claim” or “thesis statement,” backed up with evidence that supports the idea. A thesis statement (also called a research question) is considered the main point in academic writing it brings organization and theme to your writing. How can the answer be improved.
main thesis of an article This is the main focus of your critique massey university, auckland, 2004 the introduction eg their thesis statement.
Useful formulae for thesis statements the thesis statement has 3 main parts: the limited subject, the precise opinion, and the blueprint of reasons 1. Critical analysis template in a critical analysis essay • restate your thesis in new words • summarize your main ideas if possible with new and stronger words. The main difference between journal, paper and thesis is that journal is an article which consists of some specific criteria a paper is an informative sheet thesis includes a deep study under the guidance of some respected person. Main menu home appointments it will help you to develop your scholarly writing skills which will help you to write a successful thesis in a journal article. Article critiques should always discuss the author's main points, how they argue those points and any weaknesses in the argument a thesis statement for such a critique should encompass your general response to the main arguments in the original article and can also suggest some further insights you would give to the. Main point summary a main point summary reads much like an article abstract, giving the most important facts of the text it should identify the title, author, and main point or argument.
In this lesson you will learn how to determine the main idea of an article by answering the questions who, where, when, why, and how. Difference between article and essay the main aim of an article essays can also cite credible sources used to support the arguments which flow from the thesis. Compose at least three main points that back up your thesis klaus, julia how to analyze an article to write an essay accessed april 05.
An article summary condenses the main point or points of an article in your which will include the thesis how to summarize an article accessed april. Information summary rubric 7 categories with three articulated performance levels (high school or college level) how to find the main points in an article.
Main thesis of an article
How to summarize a journal article figure out what the thesis is and determine the main argument or idea that the author or informative wikihow.
• How to turn your thesis into an article thesis journal article the main differences between a thesis and an article: tip u: identify the appropriate target journal.
• Start studying e4 learn vocabulary main points should be labeled with thesis statement a sentence in an essay or report that presents the writer's claim and.
• 2 state your opinion/main idea about this topic this will form the heart of your thesis an effective statement will express one major.
• Paragraph structure presented in your paragraph it should explain why the evidence supports your claim and why this supports the main thesis in your paper.
How to summarize an article restate the thesis of the original article in your a summary should have one main idea that explains what the article is. Using an appropriate article critique example to understand the essential steps on how to critique an article and yield the best define the main thesis of the. This guide provides suggestions for how to better understand and use articles in scholarly journals skip to main to provide the author's hypothesis or thesis. The thesis statement is the brief articulation of i will examine two scholarly articles to find summarize, and explain to describe the main purpose of.
Main thesis of an article
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How to Introduce Baseball To Kids
How to Introduce Baseball to Kids
How to introduce baseball to kids could be a question that we all ask ourselves at one time. For parents who grew up loving the game, they want their children to love it too. And, while you can’t always lead a horse to water, you can inspire a love of the game by doing a few basic things.
First, take them to professional games. There is nothing like hearing the roar of the crowd in the fan-filled stadium of pro baseball to inspire them to love the game. Baseball is an American sport. Use this time with them to tell them about the history of baseball and how it started long ago. Let them get psyched up about the game and be a participant first.
Second, play catch with them in the yard and the park. If you played when you were a kid, show them some of your tips you learned by playing the game. Teach them the basics first, like how to throw a pitch and how to judge distance to catch the ball. Make it simple at first and let them enjoy it without a lot of rules.
When your kids act interested and want to learn more, tell them the rules. You could get them information on the baseball rules, or simply discuss the rules with them as they watch baseball on TV. Let them ask questions about the game and answer them the best you can.
Sign them up for Little League. Many kids will want to try it themselves once they get baseball fever and that’s okay. Just teach them not to get discouraged when they strike out or don’t catch every fly ball. Remind them that that is how life is-you don’t win them all. But how you play the game will ultimately determine the outcome.
Buy them sports memorabilia or get into baseball card collection. This will inspire them to like the game more because they can collect information on their favorite players and ask questions about the game.
Take them to local games often and always attend their games when you can. Part of the reason young boys like baseball is the quality time they get to spend with their dads. So take them to the ball park when you can to see other play and do your best to be there to support them when they play.
Kids learn faster by watching. Let them learn some things on their own, but find baseball drill videos and baseball training courses on the Internet. Make sure your get quality baseball training videos to help them along. And offer help and advice whenever you can.
The more kids get involved as a participant, player, and fan, the more they will want to know. Baseball can even become an obsession with some. It’s a healthy obsession, compared to the many bad things kids are getting involved with today. Who knows the next Babe Ruth may be somewhere in Little League right now, working on his batting technique. Guide him to success!
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Word: obstinate
Pronunciation: AHB-stə-nət
Part of Speech: adjective
1. stubbornly refusing to change one’s opinion or chosen course of action
2. (of an unwelcome situation) very difficult to change or overcome
Source: Oxford Dictionaries
“Obstinate” is another word I learned thanks to vocabulary flashcards in standardized test prep materials. Until then, I was only familiar with much simpler terms for “stubborn”, such as “hardheaded” and “strong-willed”. To be honest, I was surprised I had no memory of ever seeing this word before, since it seems intermediate enough to fit into the type of writing I usually like to read, but then again, “stubborn” usually works well enough to get the point across.
A person who is “obstinate” is someone who won’t change their stand on an opinion or action even after attempts have been made to persuade them otherwise. Similarly, an “obstinate” situation is one that is hard to overcome or change for the better. The word can be retraced to the Latin adjective obstinatus (“firm, resolved, resolute”), in turn stemming from the Latin verb obstinare (“persist, be determined on”), or so my research has led me to understand.
It’s worth noting that while “stubborn” is a more general term for any person who is naturally resistant to altering their ways, “obstinate” is more appropriate for describing specific cases in which one refuses to back down on a decision, especially when others try to convince them to change it. Also, while there are other synonyms for “stubborn” that may be neutral, this word usually seems to carry a more negative connotation, as in unpleasant behavior or problems that can’t easily be fixed. In light of this information, when describing someone, I would probably suggest using “obstinate” to define unyielding behavior on a particular course of action that might otherwise be atypical for the character in question. In most other cases, “stubborn” and its simpler substitutes would likely work just fine.
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Annotated outline
C creating an outline summary: there are several different ways to format an outline, but the mla method (below) is a solid way to do it note how easily all . Essays - largest database of quality sample essays and research papers on annotated outline in apa format. Annotated analytical outlines with the nasb text embedded. Annotated outline esearch project – annotated outline instructions cjus230 after selecting a criminal justice topic for the final research paper and submitting your thesis statement on the topic you chose, you will compose an annotated outline of your final research paper.
annotated outline Annotated outline part 3 part 3 record storage, retrieval, conversion, and facilities storing and retrieving records and information has evolved over the years a .
An annotated outline is a document that organizes the main sections to be included in your final course paper the annotations are based on thinking through your approach to the paper and developing enough detail that anyone who reads the outline can follow your thought process. Annotated outline annotated outline this is a descriptive outline of the project its purpose is to develop and organize your ideas before starting the full project. An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. This standard operating procedure provides guidance on the development of annotated outlines, which can be used to create the framework for the environmental document.
How to write an annotated outline before you begin writing your research paper, you may be advised by your teacher to create an annotated outline an annotated outline can help you organize the main points of your paper and ensure your. To write an annotated outline, pinpoint the main topics of the essay or research report, then create numbered or bullet points of the main topics in the preferred order next, select supporting arguments or ideas to support each main point, listing these ideas indented below the main ideas . Sample annotated outline you should notice that each section has verse references to the right, and an explanation (annotation) explaining not.
title your speech topic: persuasive outline specific purpose: write out the overall goal for the speech refer to chapter 5 for help central idea: provide the thesis for the speech making sure to discuss the main points (refer to ch 5) organizational pattern: list which type of pattern you’ve chosen for the main points of your speech. Brunswick, maine, annotated outline for a new zoning ordinance 1 part 1 project overview and code assessment background the town of brunswick is located on the scenic. Study tips: how to outline (hint: don't brief cases) - 7sage law school prep - duration: 6:00 7sage law school prep 13,675 views. Annotated outline 3 a how is “family” interpreted by the communal unit and how do the actions, beliefs, values, and assumptions of the unit create and maintain the construct,.
The outline is the foundation of the paper—the basic framework on which you hang your ideas the annotations indicate the content level of each section and the substance of the paper’s argument keep the outline simple—no more than four or five sections in a 15-page paper. Hi mark, please note, follow the instructions for the questions below: (1) prepare an annotated outline and bibliography of at least 7 to 10 references begin with a basic outline and add detail describing what will occur in. The outline will be reviewed by fta to ensure that appropriate alternatives are being studied and that the requirements of all applicable environmental laws and regulations are being met the outline is a tool for planning an efficient and effective environmental review process that produces adequate documentation. Apa format for annotated bibliographies for an annotated bibliography, use standard apa format for the citations, then add a brief. Draft gsp annotated outline guidance document 3 october 28, 2016 o description of how monitoring networks of those programs will be incorporated into the gsp.
Annotated outline
Annotated outline introduction the study of knowledge has made important contributions to education most fundamentally in identifying epistemology as a group of informal knowledge that may play a role in the nature and source of knowledge, purpose and view of knowledge, application of knowledge, and acquisition of knowledge professional and . Annotated outline part 4 part 4 - records appraisal, retention, protection and disposition part 4 covers records appraisal, retention, protection and disposition regardless of record media or format. Essay about annotated outline 695 words | 3 pages shannon c griffin march 30, 2009 community based reintegration introduction: recidivism rates are very high and it is a serious problem that needs attention.
• Consider the purpose of your annotated bibliography and/or your instructor’s directions when deciding how much information to include in your annotations please keep in mind that all your text, including the write-up beneath the citation, must be indented so that the author's last name is the only text that is flush left.
• Annotated chapter outline the following annotated chapter outline will help you review the major topics covered in this chapter i the native american experience.
• Developing an outline outline components how to outline types of outlines annotated bibliographies annotated bibliographies annotated bibliography example.
An annotated outline, then, would be an outline to which additional information is added, also known as annotations information included in the annotations is. Provides detailed annotated outlines and tables of contents for each approach, as well as definitions for some of the terms used in this report september 2014 code approach alternatives and annotated outlines | 1-5. The outline and annotated bibliography represent the part of the research process that you will use to complete your research paper the outline of your research paper will include three parts: introduction, body,.
annotated outline Annotated outline part 3 part 3 record storage, retrieval, conversion, and facilities storing and retrieving records and information has evolved over the years a . annotated outline Annotated outline part 3 part 3 record storage, retrieval, conversion, and facilities storing and retrieving records and information has evolved over the years a .
Annotated outline
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Some historical terms and events
Historical events in 2013 see what famous, scandalous and important events happened in 2013 or search by date or keyword. 30 historical events that shaped australia - nancy,ruby,amanda 9i, a timeline made with timetoast's free interactive timeline making software. Some untrue historical events have been passed down for so many years that they have become truths see our list of 10 historical misconceptions x terms.
Historical fiction genre: well-known historical figures or a in some historical fiction, famous events appear from points of view not recorded in histor. Synonyms for historical at thesauruscom with free online thesaurus, antonyms, and definitions find descriptive alternatives for historical. Historical documents start a new list featured lists he kept a logbook in which he faked some entries to soothe a mutinous crew, before sporting events,. Historical light 2,001 likes 7 talking about this a web series dedicated to the historical events and aspects of freemasonry we aim to preserve.
5 famous historical events you won't believe happened twice articles 5 famous historical events you won't the world's first serial killer by some,. What does it mean to think historically that leads people to pay attention to some events while of historical events and processes based. 10 obscure historical events that would make since it means missing some of the most amazing named richard pryor rowed out to negotiate the terms.
A great deal of historical research has been done on the events leading up to some people precede historical with an, terms derived from historical. History of latin america: with some historical overview, they were closely related to one another in biological terms,. View notes - film terms from fa 2004 at virginia tech some historical events of significance in the 300s bc, aristotle was the first to observe and describe how he saw a light after-effect: a. Historical references in the movie elivs presley forrest gump enlists in the army where he is sent to the front line in vietnam.
some historical terms and events Understand that the significance of some past events may be in terms of how a balloon debate of historical significance with historical characters.
The following article attempts to cover some of the important historical time periods of the world that has helped shape the world today continue reading for more information related to history by period. History students will frequently encounter terms like change and continuity, but some historical change events and conditions some artists,. Breaking down 'historical returns' looking at historical data can provide some insight into how a security or market has reacted to a variety of different variables, from regular economic cycles to sudden world events.
• Texas history timeline (key events in early texas) contents after trading in the region for some six the new handbook of texas, austin, texas state historical.
• The terms initially, history painting and historical painting were used interchangeably in english, as when sir joshua reynolds in his fourth discourse uses both indiscriminately to cover history painting, while saying it ought to be called poetical, as in reality it is, reflecting the french term peinture historique, one.
• Chapter 1: historical concepts, terms, and sources understand historical concepts, terms, sources, perspectives, and research skills for students, the study of history may seem as simple as opening up a textbook and beginning to read.
Historical monuments in italy find information on many of the historical monuments in italy, including the ancient roman ruins. View test prep - japan – some sample study terms/concepts from chem 342 at missouri state university, springfield japan final exam historical - cultural terms, places, events, and traditions major. A glossary of historical terms: amnesty -general pardon, especially against the state a direct vote of qualified voters in regard to some important public question.
Some historical terms and events
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Top 10 Significant Numbers in Biblical Numerology
Bible, book
Nowadays Holy Bible is the most popular book in the world. We will observe it from the numerological point of view, because Bible hides a lot of secret codes with sacred meaning. If you want to learn more about numerological meanings, and calculate your life numbers - use Free VeBest Numerology Calculator for MacOS, Windows, iOS. Let's look closer at the ten most frequent numbers in the Bible.
Number 1 is widely used throughout the Bible. It indicates the unity and uniqueness of the thing - the one only God, and in contrast - one Satan. Number 1 symbolizes the loneliness among people, but the unity with God. Moses, Jesus, Elijah were abandoned, but the Father has always been with them.
Twenty-two in the Bible is a symbol of perfect or circle shape. The Bible can mostly be divided into 3 sections with 22 books. Revelation in the Bible ends on the 22nd chapter. Hebraic alphabet consists of 22 letters.
Number 40 in the Bible symbolizes completion. You can see this number in the Bible for 146 times. In Hebraic culture number 40 is connected to the trial and testing of any kind. The Israelite slavery continued for 400 years, 40 years of wandering through the Sinai, 40 days of getting the God's law.
Twelve means end and foundation There 12 tribes of Israel, 12 apostles, Tree of Life gives 12 kinds of fruit. The city of Jerusalem has different parameters that are equal to number 12: 12 gates and 12 precious stones at the basement.
Four has a similar to 3, 12 and 10 meaning. These numbers are associated with completeness and integrity. There are 4 main prophets, 4 angels guarding 4 corners of our world, 4 gospels, 4 riders of Apocalypse. Cross is 4 points. So number 4 in the Bible is very frequent.
10 is a number associated with the highest level of completion, with human being. It is the number of laws in and commandments in Old Testament. If at least ten godly people were found in Sodom and Gomorra, it would be safe. 37 (3+7=10) miracles were made by Jesus trough the Gospels. Until the Flood the Noah was tenth patriarch.
Number 6 in the Bible is associated with imperfection. It feels like this number lacks something. The work week consists of 6 days. 666 is the symbol of evil, of Unholy Trinity. As the unholy spirit controls everything imperfect it is assigned to number 6. King James' Bible has 66 books, and it is considered to be incomplete.
Number 3 in the Bible is very symbolic. It shows wholeness, but also implicates inner holiness. Jesus loved 3 of the apostles more than others, and they were the witnesses if Transfiguration - another 3 symbol. The examples are: Holy Trinity, the Earth is created on the 3rd day, Jesus was approximately 33 when he died, 3 angels named in Bible. We can see 3 to be a symbol of inner power, unity and divine completeness.
7 is the symbol of perfection in the Bible. Noah led 7 pairs of each species into ark. In Revelation God was embodied into 7 lam stands. John the Baptist has 14 letters as well as Jesus, and number 14 is twice 7. The first statement of the Old Testament consists of 7 words.
Twenty one
Twenty-one also happens once in a while. For example there are 42 divine generations from Abraham to Jesus, 42 is twice 21. There are 21 parts of John's Gospel. Isaiah's prediction of the Messiah coming was in Chapter 7 and 14 verse. |
Mariam Fane is poor. She is not among the poorest of Africa's poor, but her daily travails are typical of the desperate, exhausting struggle to stay alive for millions of people across the continent.
She rises before dawn each day and makes three trips to the river about a half-mile away to fetch water, which she totes home in a big bucket on her head. Then she walks about five miles to the forest where she cuts as much firewood as she can carry.
Some of the wood she will use to cook the evening meal; the rest she will sell to supplement the meager amount of food she grows on a tiny plot behind her house. Then it is time to grind millet for the meal, another grueling chore. Finally, one last trip to the river concludes yet another day of household chores.
"Life is hard," she sighed, cradling her youngest daughter, sick with malaria, on her knee. "So, so hard."
It is a cry heard all over sub-Saharan Africa, where life for the average African is a constant battle for survival against the odds of poverty, disease, weather and underdevelopment. Vast amounts of energy are expended, not on generating wealth or income, but on performing the mundane tasks associated simply with staying alive.
Moreover, Fane notes, life only seems to get harder every year. She is uneducated, has no formal concept of time and does not even know how old she is. But as time passes, she complains, it is taking her longer and longer to reach the forest.
"Each year, the forest is going further and further away. Each year, I am more and more tired. So each year I can carry less to sell," she explains. "Usually, I carry enough to make 500 CFA (about $1), but sometimes I am so tired I cannot make even that."
The phenomenon she notes is just one of countless small links in the vicious circle of poverty that ensnares growing numbers of Africans every year.
Like millions of similarly impoverished Africans, Fane walks long distances every day to cut down trees to earn small sums that barely provide enough to eat. In the process, she and they are contributing to the environmental degradation that forces them to walk farther to find wood, thus reducing land yields, thereby causing more deprivation. Every year, 3.2 million acres of potential African farmland turns to desert.
"The whole system is self-perpetuating. It's time consuming, it's drudgery, and over time there are diminishing rewards for the amount of effort put in," said Sam Moyo, professor of agriculture at the University of Zimbabwe. "The chief reason why poverty is getting worse is poverty."
The concept of a poverty trap is familiar to Americans; people born poor are statistically likely to remain so. But in Africa, all the symptoms of poverty, from illiteracy to ill health, from deforestation to underdevelopment, from rapid population growth to conflict, feed upon one another to breed yet more poverty.
Already sub-Saharan Africa is the world's poorest region, with 18 of the world's 20 poorest countries. Half of all sub-Saharan Africans live in poverty, defined by the World Bank as subsisting on $1 or less a day.
Millions more are born into poverty every year, as population growth outstrips economic expansion, placing mounting pressure on Africa's already limited resources. Sub-Saharan Africa is the only part of the world where poverty is increasing both in terms of absolute numbers and the overall percentage of people who are poor, according to a survey by the British relief agency Oxfam.
The story of the unremarkable life of Mariam Fane, an ordinary woman living in a mud house on the edge of the capital of one of the world's poorest countries, helps illustrate why poverty has proved Africa's most intractable problem.
Fane was born to a farming community in Mali far from the city where she now lives. One year, "a long time ago," there was a terrible drought and food was scarce. So her husband and his brother took their families to the city to try to make a living there, she recalled.
Almost certainly, that was during the major drought that caused widespread famine and suffering in Mali in 1982-84, though Fane cannot pinpoint the date. Droughts are occurring with increasing regularity in Africa, and scientists are not sure whether that is due to global warming or broader cyclical weather patterns.
But even without droughts, rapid population growth, overfarming and the lack of agrarian technologies are forcing increasing numbers of people off the land and into the cities. They often find themselves worse off than before. They erect shacks in dirty, crowded slums without adequate sanitation and few employment opportunities.
Shortly after arriving in the city, three of Fane's four young children died, one after the other. Perhaps, weakened by hunger, they fell victim to childhood diseases to which they had not been exposed in the countryside, or perhaps poor sanitation was to blame. The river that provides the family's drinking water is used by the entire neighborhood as a bath, laundry and toilet.
Fane doesn't know what killed them; but she recalls that time with visible pain. "It was terrible time. I wish we had stayed in the country. At least there we usually had something to eat."
For Africa's poor, life is not only a struggle to stay alive but also a constant battle against disease. One in five African children do not live beyond their fifth birthday. Measles, diarrhea, tuberculosis and malaria are Africa's biggest killers, accounting for half of all deaths.
The health crisis is deepening, with new diseases on the rise and old ones that had been eradicated-such as sleeping sickness-reappearing, the World Health Organization said this month. Malaria, a recurring illness, afflicts 88 million Africans, and the figure is growing as new, more virulent strains appear. Some 171 million Africans are infected with tuberculosis, which is spreading rapidly, and 8 million are infected with the HIV virus.
Even the healthy people are constantly at risk, and that in turn leads to high rates of absenteeism. One World Bank study estimated that the cost to African economies of lost productivity due to malaria alone may exceed expenditures on health care.
Fane says she took her sick children to a hospital, but they died anyway. And as a visit to Bamako's main hospital makes clear, it is hardly a place for a sick person.
An odor of stale urine permeates the dark, airless wards. Unwashed cooking pots and uneaten food are strewn around the beds, because patients must provide their own food. At the height of summer, when temperatures peak at 120 degrees or more, infections race through the wards, and the hospital becomes a place to go to die, said the hospital's general surveyor, Samake Seydou.
There is no welfare safety net in Africa: people work or they don't eat. Health care and education usually cost money. So Africa's cities are abuzz with the many ingenious ways in which Africans seek to make a living: women sell little containers of water to thirsty motorists, youths catch locusts to sell as snacks, old women pluck twigs for people to clean their teeth.
Survival is a joint effort. Fane's husband has a job, as a messenger in town. But his monthly income of about $40 cannot feed their household of 19, which includes Fane, a second wife, his brother, his brother's two wives and a total of 13 children. So all the women chop wood, and tend small plots of millet to supplement the household income.
Fane has since had three more children, and she is sending all of them to school, which wouldn't have been possible in the countryside. "Maybe one of them will become something and my life will be better when I am old," she says.
But she and her husband are both illiterate, and uneducated parents are less likely to make informed decisions about their children's future. Fane's children do not attend the regular, government-run schools which cost money, but the Koranic school run by the local mosque, which is free. There, they learn only to recite the Koran, which in and of itself will not equip them with the skills needed to live better lives than their parents.
Nearly half of all Africans are unable to read or write. Illiteracy is considered perhaps the biggest single reason why Africa's economic growth has lagged other developing countries over the past 30 years, curbing growth because of the shortage of skills.
"The fundamental factor why poverty is getting worse is that the bulk of the population is so uneducated and unskilled that it's totally out of any technological loop," said Moyo. "And we're not talking computers, we're talking serious basics."
Today education levels are substantially better than they were at independence in the 1960s. But Africa is the only part of the developing world where school enrollment is starting to fall again, as deepening poverty reduces the ability of parents to afford fees. In 1980, 67 percent of children aged 6-11 attended school, but by 1990 that figure had fallen to 50 percent.
"In the first instance, you need an educated population for people to be able to deal with information about health care, schooling, markets and processes," said Moyo. "You can take the problem all the way to the higher levels of society, because even though there is education at those levels, it's pretty thin. And then you get bad decisions and poor policies."
It is largely because of poor policies that African governments today are bankrupt, forced to spend more each year on servicing their debts than on their countries' needs. They are in no position to provide the basic infrastructure such as water systems, schools and roads that would encourage investment, promote markets, create jobs and ease the burden of staying alive for ordinary people like Fane.
And so the vicious cycle of poverty spins around, trapping whole nations.
How to break that cycle is the chief challenge confronting Africa's leaders, and their international lenders who often are the main arbiters of policy in Africa.
The macro-economic policies of the 1970s-in which massive sums of money were loaned to African governments to fund large-scale projects-didn't work. Nor did the trickle-down economic approach of the 1980s, in which fiscal discipline was regarded as the key to growth, because there is no wealth to trickle in any direction.
Increasingly, however, poverty itself is being regarded as the key to cracking Africa's multiple problems.
The World Bank's chief priority is to alleviate poverty. It spent $3.2 billion on social programs during the last five years, up from $905 million in the 1980s.
The U.S. government regards poverty alleviation as a form of preventive diplomacy, said Carol Lancaster, deputy director of the U.S. Agency for International Development. It is considered no coincidence that there has been armed conflict in 14 of Africa's poorest 20 countries in the last decade.
"If you don't deal with the root causes of these conflicts you pay a lot more money to clean them up later," she said, citing conflicts in Rwanda and Somalia. Military intervention there cost taxpayers more than effective development aid would have cost.
Though Congress is expected to slash aid to Africa by 20 percent in the next budget, a greater percentage of aid is being shifted away from governments toward smaller scale, independent projects that directly assist the poor, she said.
With the Cold War's end, aid that once was lavished blindly on African leaders in return for their support now is being spent more carefully, on countries that are likely to use it wisely. New democracies are springing up, whose leaders, dependent on public opinion, are more likely to take an interest in the welfare of their people than the old dictatorships did.
But Fane, who says her life only seems to get harder with each passing year, says she hasn't noticed any difference yet.
"What I can say is that when they started speaking this word democracy, everything got more expensive," she said. "Our country is poor, but now we are resenting more and more our poorness, because things are getting worse."
Copyright © 2018, Chicago Tribune |
How Sugar Causes Cavities
Everyone has heard that sugar is bad for teeth and is a main cause of cavities. It is not often explained how sugar causes the damage. It is hard to avoid sugar because it is an ingredient in most foods and is becoming more common as more and more foods are processed and preserved to last longer. While it may be a hard task to do, it is important to know why you should avoid sugar to help protect your teeth. Cavities are formed when plaque covers a tooth. Plaque is caused by bacteria that feed on the different proteins and other materials that enter the mouth. The bacteria bind to the teeth and forms plaque over the tooth. Plaque on the teeth produces acid as it eat sugar, which is why you should avoid sugar, and damages the enamel on the outside of the tooth. The acid produced by the plaque weakens the enamel and the surface of the tooth becomes porous. After a while, the acid works at the holes in the tooth making them bigger until a cavity forms. Sugar is the power behind the cavities. The bacteria that joins together to form plaque use sugar for energy. The more sugar consumed the worse the plaque is and the more damage is done to the tooth. The plaque gets thicker and grows faster the more sugar is present in the mouth. Some bacteria take the sugar and use it to form a paste-like plaque that binds even more securely to the surface of the tooth and makes it harder to be washed away. Because the plaque uses sugar as its power, it can create bigger, worse cavities when sugar is present and this is why you should avoid sugar as much as possible. There are two forms of sugar that causes problems, regular sugar and cooked starches that are found in bread, potato chips, biscuits and milk. While sugar is sugar and fuels the bacteria in the same way, cooked starches stay in the mouth longer than regular straight sugar. Bacteria become more active after eating whether it is a small snack or a full meal so frequent eating is detrimental to teeth. The foods that are eaten are also a big factor in the severity of cavities. Sticky foods, like chocolates, taffy and gummy candies, stay on the teeth longer and do more damage. It is these factors for why you should avoid sugar to help keep your teeth cavity free.
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Mexican-American War
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Mexican%E2%80%93American War
Mexican-American War
Clockwise from top left: Winfield Scott entering Plaza de la Constitución after the Fall of Mexico City, U.S. soldiers engaging the retreating Mexican force during the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, American victory at Churubusco outside Mexico City, U.S. Marines storming Chapultepec castle under a large American flag, Battle of Cerro Gordo
DateApril 25, 1846 - February 3, 1848
LocationTexas, New Mexico, California; Northern, Central, and Eastern Mexico; Mexico City
American victory
Mexican Cession
United States
Commanders and leaders
James K. Polk
Winfield Scott
Zachary Taylor
Stephen W. Kearny
John Drake Sloat
William Jenkins Worth
Robert Field Stockton
Joseph Lane
Franklin Pierce
David Conner
Matthew C. Perry
John C. Frémont
Thomas Childs
Henry Stanton Burton
Edward Dickinson Baker
William B. Ide
Antonio López de Santa Anna
Mariano Arista
Pedro de Ampudia
José María Flores
Mariano G. Vallejo
Nicolás Bravo
José Joaquín de Herrera
Andrés Pico
Manuel Armijo
Martin Perfecto de Cos
Pedro Maria de Anaya
Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide y Huarte
Joaquín Rea
Manuel Pineda Muñoz
Gabriel Valencia
73,532 regulars and volunteers[2] 70,000 regulars[2]
12,000 irregulars[2]
Casualties and losses
1,733 killed in battle
(1,721 soldiers, 11 Marines, and 1 sailor)[2]
4,152 wounded[3]
10,000 regulars dead (5,000 killed in battle)[2]
Including civilians killed by the war's violence and military disease and accidental deaths, the Mexican death toll may have reached 25,000.[2]
U.S. forces quickly occupied the regional capital of Santa Fe de Nuevo México along the upper Rio Grande and the Pacific coast province of Alta California, and then moved south. Meanwhile, the Pacific Squadron of the U.S Navy blockaded the Pacific coast farther south in lower Baja California Territory. The U.S. Army under Major General Winfield Scott eventually captured Mexico City through stiff resistance, having marched west from the port of Veracruz on the Gulf Coast, where the Americans staged their first ever amphibious landing.
The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, forced onto the remnant Mexican government, ended the war and enforced the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States. The U.S. agreed to pay $15 million compensation for the physical damage of the war and assumed $3.25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens. Mexico acknowledged the loss of what became the State of Texas and accepted the Rio Grande as its northern border with the U.S.
The victory and territorial expansion Polk envisioned[4] inspired great patriotism in the United States, but the war and treaty drew some criticism in the U.S. for their casualties, monetary cost, and heavy-handedness,[5][6] particularly early on. The question of how to treat the new acquisitions also intensified the debate over slavery. Mexico's worsened domestic turmoil and losses of life, territory, and national prestige left it in what prominent Mexicans called a "state of degradation and ruin".[7]
Mexico obtained independence from Spain and the Spanish Empire with the Treaty of Córdoba in 1821. It briefly experimented with monarchy, but became a republic in 1824. This government was characterized by instability, leaving it ill-prepared for international conflict when war broke out only two decades later, in 1846.[8] In the decades preceding the war, Native American raids in Mexico's sparsely settled north prompted the Mexican government to sponsor migration from the United States to the Mexican province of Texas to create a buffer. However, the newly named "Texians" revolted against the Mexican government of President/dictator Antonio López de Santa Anna, who had usurped the Mexican Constitution of 1824, in the subsequent 1836 Texas Revolution, creating a republic not recognized by Mexico, which still claimed it as part of its national territory. In 1845, the Texan Republic agreed to an offer of annexation by the U.S. Congress and became the 28th state in the Union on December 29 that year.[9]
Roots of the conflict in North Mexico
An Osage The boundaries of Comancheria - the Comanche homeland.
The 1832 boundaries of Comancheria, the Comanche homeland
The northern area of Mexico was sparsely settled and not well controlled politically by the government based in Mexico City. After independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico contended with internal struggles that sometimes verged on civil war and the northern frontier was not a high priority. In the sparsely settled interior of northern Mexico, the end of Spanish rule was marked by the end of financing for presidios and for subsidies to indigenous Americans to maintain the peace. There were conflicts between indigenous people in the northern region as well. The Comanche were particularly successful in expanding their territory in the Comanche-Mexico Wars and garnering resources. The Apache-Mexico Wars also made Mexico's north a violent place, with no effective political control.
Comanches of West Texas in war regalia, c. 1830
The Apache raids left thousands of people dead throughout northern Mexico. When the United States Army entered northern Mexico in 1846 they found demoralized Mexican settlers. There was little resistance to US forces from the civilian population.[10]
Hostile activity from indigenous people also made communications and trade between the interior of Mexico and provinces such as Alta California and New Mexico difficult. As a result, New Mexico was dependent on the overland Santa Fe Trail trade with the United States at the outbreak of the Mexican-American War.[11]
Mexico's military and diplomatic capabilities declined after it attained independence and left the northern half of the country vulnerable to the Comanche, Apache, and Navajo. The indigenous people, especially the Comanche, took advantage of the weakness of the Mexican state to undertake large-scale raids hundreds of miles into the country to acquire livestock for their own use and to supply an expanding market in Texas and the US.[12]
The Mexican government's policy of settlement of US citizens in its province of Tejas was aimed at expanding control into Comanche lands, the Comancheria. Instead of settlement occurring in the central and west of the province, people settled in East Texas, where there was rich farmland and which was contiguous to southern US slave states. As settlers poured in from the US, the Mexican government discouraged further settlement, including its 1829 abolition of slavery.
In 1836, Mexico was relatively united in refusing to recognize the independence of Texas. Mexico threatened war with the United States if it annexed the Republic of Texas.[13] Meanwhile, U.S. President Polk's assertion of Manifest Destiny was focusing United States interest on westward expansion beyond its existing national borders.
Designs on California
Mexico in 1824: Alta California was the northwesternmost federal territory
During the Spanish colonial era, the Californias (i.e., the Baja California peninsula and Alta California) were sparsely settled. After Mexico became independent, it shut down the missions and reduced its military presence. In 1842, the US minister in Mexico, Waddy Thompson Jr., suggested Mexico might be willing to cede Alta California to settle debts, saying: "As to Texas, I regard it as of very little value compared with California, the richest, the most beautiful, and the healthiest country in the world ... with the acquisition of Upper California we should have the same ascendency on the Pacific ... France and England both have had their eyes upon it."
US President John Tyler's administration suggested a tripartite pact that would settle the Oregon boundary dispute and provide for the cession of the port of San Francisco from Mexico. Lord Aberdeen declined to participate but said Britain had no objection to U.S. territorial acquisition there.[14] The British minister in Mexico, Richard Pakenham, wrote in 1841 to Lord Palmerston urging "to establish an English population in the magnificent Territory of Upper California", saying that "no part of the World offering greater natural advantages for the establishment of an English colony ... by all means desirable ... that California, once ceasing to belong to Mexico, should not fall into the hands of any power but England ... daring and adventurous speculators in the United States have already turned their thoughts in this direction." But by the time the letter reached London, Sir Robert Peel's Tory government, with its Little England policy, had come to power and rejected the proposal as expensive and a potential source of conflict.[15][16]
A significant number of influential Californios were in favor of annexation, either by the United States or by the United Kingdom. Pío de Jesús Pico IV, the last governor of Alta California, was in favor of British annexation.[17]
Republic of Texas
The Republic of Texas: The present-day outlines of the individual U.S. states are superimposed on the boundaries of 1836-1845.
In 1800, Spain's colonial province of Texas (Tejas) had few inhabitants, with only about 7,000 non-Indian settlers.[18] The Spanish crown developed a policy of colonization to more effectively control the territory. After independence, the Mexican government implemented the policy, granting Moses Austin, a banker from Missouri, a large tract of land in Texas. Austin died before he could bring his plan of recruiting American settlers for the land to fruition, but his son, Stephen F. Austin, brought over 300 American families into Texas.[19] This started the steady trend of migration from the United States into the Texas frontier. Austin's colony was the most successful of several colonies authorized by the Mexican government. The Mexican government intended the new settlers to act as a buffer between the Tejano residents and the Comanches, but the non-Hispanic colonists tended to settle where there was decent farmland and trade connections with American Louisiana, which the United States had acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, rather than further west where they would have been an effective buffer against the Indians.
In 1829, as a result of the large influx of American immigrants, the non-Hispanic outnumbered native Spanish speakers in the Texas territory. President Vicente Guerrero, a hero of Mexican independence, moved to gain more control over Texas and its influx of southern non-Hispanic colonists and discourage further immigration by abolishing slavery in Mexico.[18][20] The Mexican government also decided to reinstate the property tax and increase tariffs on shipped American goods. The settlers and many Mexican businessmen in the region rejected the demands, which led to Mexico closing Texas to additional immigration, which continued from the United States into Texas illegally.
In 1834, General Antonio López de Santa Anna became the centralist dictator of Mexico, abandoning the federal system. He decided to quash the semi-independence of Texas, having succeeded in doing so in Coahuila (in 1824, Mexico had merged Texas and Coahuila into the enormous state of Coahuila y Tejas). Finally, Stephen F. Austin called Texians to arms, and they declared independence from Mexico in 1836. After Santa Anna defeated the Texians in the Battle of the Alamo, he was defeated by the Texian Army commanded by General Sam Houston and captured at the Battle of San Jacinto; he signed a treaty recognizing the independence of Texas.[9]
Texas consolidated its status as an independent republic and received official recognition from Britain, France, and the United States, which all advised Mexico not to try to reconquer the new nation. Most Texians wanted to join the United States of America, but annexation of Texas was contentious in the US Congress, where Whigs were largely opposed. In 1845 Texas agreed to the offer of annexation by the US Congress and became the 28th state on December 29, 1845.[9]
Origins of the war
In 1845, newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk made a proposition to purchase Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México from Mexico, and to agree upon the Rio Grande river as the southern border of United States. When that offer was rejected, President Polk moved U.S. troops commanded by Major General Zachary Taylor further south into the disputed Nueces Strip.
The Nueces Strip
The border of Texas as an independent state was originally never settled. The Republic of Texas claimed land up to the Rio Grande based on the Treaties of Velasco, but Mexico refused to accept these as valid, claiming that the Rio Grande in the treaty was the Nueces, and referred to the Rio Grande as the Rio Bravo. The ill-fated Texan Santa Fe Expedition of 1841 attempted to realize the claim to New Mexican territory East of the Rio Grande, but its members were captured and imprisoned.
Reference to the Rio Grande boundary of Texas was omitted from the US Congress's annexation resolution to help secure passage after the annexation treaty failed in the Senate. President Polk claimed the Rio Grande boundary, and when Mexico sent forces over the Rio Grande, this provoked a dispute.[21]
Polk's gambit
In July 1845, Polk sent General Zachary Taylor to Texas, and by October 3,500 Americans were on the Nueces River, ready to take by force the disputed land. Polk wanted to protect the border and also coveted for the U.S. the continent clear to the Pacific Ocean. At the same time Polk wrote to the American consul in the Mexican territory of Alta California, disclaiming American ambitions in California, but offering to support independence from Mexico or voluntary accession to the United States, and warning that the United States would oppose a British or French takeover.[21]
In the Winter of 1845-46, the federally commissioned explorer John C. Frémont and a group of armed men appeared in Alta California. After telling the Mexican governor and the American Consul Larkin he was merely buying supplies on the way to Oregon, he instead went to the populated area of California and visited Santa Cruz and the Salinas Valley, explaining he had been looking for a seaside home for his mother.[22] Mexican authorities became alarmed and ordered him to leave. Frémont responded by building a fort on Gavilan Peak and raising the American flag. Larkin sent word that Frémont's actions were counterproductive. Frémont left California in March but returned to California and took control of the California Battalion following the outbreak of the Bear Flag Revolt in Sonoma.[23]
In November 1845, Polk sent John Slidell, a secret representative, to Mexico City with an offer to the Mexican government of $25 million for the Rio Grande border in Texas and Mexico's provinces of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México. US expansionists wanted California to thwart British ambitions in the area and to gain a port on the Pacific Ocean. Polk authorized Slidell to forgive the $3 million owed to US citizens for damages caused by the Mexican War of Independence and pay another $25 to $30 million in exchange for the two territories.[24][25]
Mexico's response
Mexico was not inclined nor able to negotiate. In 1846 alone, the presidency changed hands four times, the war ministry six times, and the finance ministry sixteen times.[26] Mexican public opinion and all political factions agreed that selling the territories to the United States would tarnish the national honor.[27] Mexicans who opposed direct conflict with the United States, including President José Joaquín de Herrera, were viewed as traitors.[28] Military opponents of de Herrera, supported by populist newspapers, considered Slidell's presence in Mexico City an insult. When de Herrera considered receiving Slidell to settle the problem of Texas annexation peacefully, he was accused of treason and deposed. After a more nationalistic government under General Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga came to power, it publicly reaffirmed Mexico's claim to Texas;[28] Slidell, convinced that Mexico should be "chastised", returned to the US.[29]
Preparation for war
Challenges in Mexico
Mexican Army
General Antonio López de Santa Anna was a military hero who became president of Mexico on multiple occasions. The Mexican Army's intervention in politics was an ongoing issue during much of the mid-nineteenth century.
The Mexican Army emerged from the war of independence (1810-1821) as a weak and divided force. Before the war with the United States, the military faced both internal and foreign challenges. The Spanish still occupied the coastal fortress of San Juan de Ulúa, and Spain did not recognize Mexico's independence, so that the new nation was at risk for invasion. In 1829, the Spanish attempted to reconquer their former colony and Antonio López de Santa Anna became a national hero defending the homeland.[30] The army had a set of privileges (fueros), established in the colonial era, that gave it jurisdiction over many aspects of its affairs. In general, the military supported conservative positions, advocating for a strong central government and upholding privileges of the military and the Catholic Church.
Some military men exercised power in local areas as caudillos and resisted central command. Liberal politicians, such as Valentín Gómez Farías, sought to rein in the military's power. The military faced insurrections and separatist movements in Tabasco, Yucatán, and Texas. The French blockaded in Veracruz in 1838 to collect debts, a conflict known to history as the Pastry War. Compounding the demands on the Mexican military, there were continuing Indian challenges to power in the northern region.[31]
Liberal Valentín Gómez Farías, who served as Santa Anna's vice president and implemented a liberal reform in 1833, was an important political player in the era of the Mexican-American War.
Mexican soldiers were not easily melded into an effective fighting force. Santa Anna said "the leaders of the army did their best to train the rough men who volunteered, but they could do little to inspire them with patriotism for the glorious country they were honored to serve."[33] According to leading conservative politician Lucas Alamán, the "money spent on arming Mexican troops merely enabled them to fight each other and 'give the illusion' that the country possessed an army for its defense."[34] However, an officer criticized Santa Anna's training of troops, "The cavalry was drilled only in regiments. The artillery hardly ever maneuvered and never fired a blank shot. The general in command was never present on the field of maneuvers, so that he was unable to appreciate the respective qualities of the various bodies under his command... If any meetings of the principal commanding officers were held to discuss the operations of the campaign, it was not known, nor was it known whether any plan of campaign had been formed."[35]
One of the contributing factors to loss of the war by Mexico was the inferiority of their weapons. The Mexican army was using surplus British muskets (e.g. Brown Bess) from the Napoleonic Wars period. While at the beginning of the war the majority of American soldiers were still equipped with the very similar Springfield 1816 flintlock muskets, more reliable caplock models gained large inroads within the rank and file as the conflict progressed. Some US troops carried radically modern weapons that gave them a significant advantage over their Mexican counterparts, such as the Springfield 1841 rifle of the Mississippi Rifles and the Colt Paterson revolver of the Texas Rangers. In the later stages of the war, the US Mounted Rifles were issued Colt Walker revolvers, of which the US Army had ordered 1,000 in 1846. Most significantly, throughout the war the superiority of the US artillery often carried the day. While technologically Mexican and American artillery operated on the same plane, US army training as well as the quality and reliability of their logistics gave US guns and cannoneers a significant edge.
Desertion was a major problem for the Mexican army, depleting forces on the eve of battle. Most soldiers were peasants who held loyalty to their village and family, but not to the generals who had conscripted them. Often hungry and ill, under-equipped, only partially trained, and never well paid, the soldiers were held in contempt by their officers and had little reason to fight the invading US forces. Looking for their opportunity, many slipped away from camp to find their way back to their home village.[37]
Women who traveled with the men in the Mexican army where known as soldaderas. While they only carried their packs, there were recorded instances where the soldaderas would join in the battle alongside the men. These women were involved in street fighting during the defence of Mexico City and Monterey. Some women such as Dos Amandes and Maria Josefa Zozaya would be remembered as heroes.[38]
Political divisions
Political divisions inside Mexico were another factor in the US victory. Inside Mexico, the centralistas and republicanos vied for power, and at times these two factions inside Mexico's military fought each other rather than the invading US Army. Another faction called the monarchists, whose members wanted to install a monarch (some advocated rejoining Spain), further complicated matters. This third faction would rise to predominance in the period of the French intervention in Mexico. The ease of the American landing at Veracruz was in large part due to civil warfare in Mexico City, which made any real defense of the port city impossible. As Gen. Santa Anna said, "However shameful it may be to admit this, we have brought this disgraceful tragedy upon ourselves through our interminable in-fighting."[39][40]
United States Army
U.S. Army occupation of Mexico City in 1847. The American flag is flying over the National Palace, the seat of the Mexican government.
On the U.S. side, the war was fought by regiments of regulars and various regiments, battalions, and companies of volunteers from the different states of the Union as well as Americans and some Mexicans in the California and New Mexico territories. On the West Coast, the US Navy fielded a battalion of sailors, in an attempt to recapture Los Angeles.[41] Although the US Army and Navy were not large at the outbreak of the war, the officers were generally well trained and the numbers of enlisted men fairly large compared to Mexico's. At the beginning of the war, the US Army had eight regiments of infantry (three battalions each), four artillery regiments and three mounted regiments (two dragoons, one of mounted rifles). These regiments were supplemented by 10 new regiments (nine of infantry and one of cavalry) raised for one year of service by the act of Congress from February 11, 1847.[42]
John L. O'Sullivan, a vocal proponent of Manifest Destiny, later recalled:
1,563 US soldiers are buried in the Mexico City National Cemetery, which is maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission.
Outbreak of the war
In 1846, after Polk ordered General Taylor's troops into the disputed territory, Mexican forces attacked an American Army outpost ("Thornton Affair") in the occupied territory, killing 12 U.S. soldiers and capturing 52. These same Mexican troops later laid siege to an American fort along the Rio Grande.[46] Polk cited this attack as an invasion of U.S. territory and requested that the Congress declare war.
Initial skirmish at the Nueces Strip
President Polk ordered General Taylor and his forces south to the Rio Grande, entering the territory that Mexicans disputed. Mexico laid claim to all the lands as far north as the Nueces River--about 150 mi (240 km) north of the Rio Grande. The U.S. claimed that the border was the Rio Grande, citing the 1836 Treaties of Velasco. However, Mexico rejected the treaties and refused to negotiate, instead still claiming all of Texas.[47] Taylor ignored Mexican demands to withdraw to the Nueces. He constructed a makeshift fort (later known as Fort Brown/Fort Texas) on the banks of the Rio Grande opposite the city of Matamoros, Tamaulipas.[48]
The Mexican forces under General Santa Anna immediately prepared for war. On April 25, 1846, a 2,000-man Mexican cavalry detachment attacked a 70-man U.S. patrol under the command of Captain Seth Thornton, which had been sent into the contested territory north of the Rio Grande and south of the Nueces River. In the Thornton Affair, the Mexican cavalry routed the patrol, killing 11 American soldiers.[49]
Regarding the beginning of the war, Ulysses S. Grant, who had opposed the war but served as an army lieutenant in Taylor's Army, claims in his Personal Memoirs (1885) that the main goal of the U.S. Army's advance from Nueces River to Rio Grande was to provoke the outbreak of war without attacking first, to debilitate any political opposition to the war.
The presence of United States troops on the edge of the disputed territory farthest from the Mexican settlements, was not sufficient to provoke hostilities. We were sent to provoke a fight, but it was essential that Mexico should commence it. It was very doubtful whether Congress would declare war; but if Mexico should attack our troops, the Executive could announce, "Whereas, war exists by the acts of, etc.," and prosecute the contest with vigor. Once initiated there were but few public men who would have the courage to oppose it....
Mexico showing no willingness to come to the Nueces to drive the invaders from her soil, it became necessary for the "invaders" to approach to within a convenient distance to be struck. Accordingly, preparations were begun for moving the army to the Rio Grande, to a point near Matamoras (sic). It was desirable to occupy a position near the largest centre of population possible to reach, without absolutely invading territory to which we set up no claim whatever.[50]
Further hostilities
Captain Charles A. May's squadron of the 2nd Dragoons slashes through the Mexican Army lines. Resaca de la Palma, Texas, May 9, 1846.
A few days after the defeat of the U.S. troops by General Arista, the Siege of Fort Texas began on May 3, 1846. Mexican artillery at Matamoros opened fire on Fort Texas, which replied with its own guns. The bombardment continued for 160 hours[51] and expanded as Mexican forces gradually surrounded the fort. Thirteen U.S. soldiers were injured during the bombardment, and two were killed.[51] Among the dead was Jacob Brown, after whom the fort was later named.[52]
On May 8, Zachary Taylor and 2,400 troops arrived to relieve the fort.[53] However, General Arista rushed north and intercepted him with a force of 3,400 at Palo Alto. The U.S. Army employed "flying artillery", their term for horse artillery, a type of mobile light artillery that was mounted on horse carriages with the entire crew riding horses into battle. It had a devastating effect on the Mexican army. In contrast to the "flying artillery" of the Americans, the Mexican cannons at the Battle of Palo Alto fired at such slow velocities that it was possible for American soldiers to dodge artillery rounds.[54] The Mexicans replied with cavalry skirmishes and their own artillery. The U.S. flying artillery somewhat demoralized the Mexican side, and seeking terrain more to their advantage, the Mexicans retreated to the far side of a dry riverbed (resaca) during the night. It provided a natural fortification, but during the retreat, Mexican troops were scattered, making communication difficult.[51]
During the Battle of Resaca de la Palma the next day, the two sides engaged in fierce hand to hand combat. The U.S. Cavalry managed to capture the Mexican artillery, causing the Mexican side to retreat--a retreat that turned into a rout.[51] Fighting on unfamiliar terrain, his troops fleeing in retreat, Arista found it impossible to rally his forces. Mexican casualties were heavy, and the Mexicans were forced to abandon their artillery and baggage. Fort Brown inflicted additional casualties as the withdrawing troops passed by the fort. Many Mexican soldiers drowned trying to swim across the Rio Grande.[] Both these engagements were fought before war was declared.
Declarations of war
Overview map of the war. Key:
Disputed territory
United States territory, 1848
Mexican territory, 1848
After treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
In 1846, relations between the two countries had deteriorated considerably and on April 23, 1846, the president of Mexico issued a proclamation, declaring Mexico's intent to fight a "defensive war" against the encroachment of the United States.[55] On April 25, 1846, two thousand Mexican cavalry crossed into the disputed territory and routed a small detachment of American soldiers, sparking the "Thornton Affair".[55] Polk received word of the Thornton Affair, which, added to the Mexican government's rejection of Slidell, Polk believed, constituted a casus belli (cause for war).[56] His message to Congress on May 11, 1846, claimed that "Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil."[57][58]
The U.S. Congress approved the declaration of war on May 13, 1846, after a few hours of debate, with southern Democrats in strong support. Sixty-seven Whigs voted against the war on a key slavery amendment,[59] but on the final passage only 14 Whigs voted no,[59] including Rep. John Quincy Adams.
In Mexico, although President Paredes issued a manifesto on May 23, 1846 and a declaration of a defensive war on April 23, both of which are considered by some the de facto start of the war, Mexico officially declared war by Congress on July 7, 1846.
Antonio López de Santa Anna
After the U.S. declared war on Mexico in 1846, Antonio López de Santa Anna wrote a letter to Mexico City stating he did not care to return to the presidency but would like to come out of exile in Cuba to use his military experience to reclaim Texas for Mexico. President Valentín Gómez Farías, driven to desperation, accepted the offer and allowed Santa Anna to return. Unbeknownst to President Farías, Santa Anna had secretly been dealing with U.S. representatives to sell all contested territory to the U.S. at a reasonable price on the condition that he be allowed back in Mexico through the U.S. naval blockades. Santa Anna returned to Mexico taking his place at the head of the army. Once in this position, he went back on his word, declaring himself president. As president, Santa Anna made an unsuccessful attempt to fight off the U.S. invasion.
Santa Anna left for Veracruz in August of 1846. The people of Mexico did not focus on Santa Anna's many military shortcomings and betrayals, opting to see him as a hero that never abandoned his people when they needed him most. Antonio López de Santa Anna remained popular among the Mexican people for years after the war.
Despite his history of corruption, local people often cite Santa Anna as one of the most reliable people when it came to protecting Mexico from invasion. Following defeat in the Mexican-American War in 1848, Santa Anna once again went into exile, this time to Kingston, Jamaica.
Reaction in the United States
Opposition to the war
Abraham Lincoln in his late 30s as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, when he opposed the Mexican-American War. Photo taken by one of Lincoln's law students around 1846.
Ex-slave and prominent anti-slavery advocate Frederick Douglass (circa 1847-52) opposed the Mexican-American War.
Henry David Thoreau spent a night in jail for not paying poll taxes to support the war and later wrote Civil Disobedience.
Northern antislavery elements feared the expansion of the Southern Slave Power; Whigs generally wanted to strengthen the economy with industrialization, not expand it with more land. Among the most vocal opposing the war in the House of Representatives was John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts. Adams had first voiced concerns about expanding into Mexican territory in 1836 when he opposed Texas annexation. He continued this argument in 1846 for the same reason. War with Mexico would add new slavery territory to the nation. When the vote to go to war with Mexico came to a vote on May 13, Adams spoke a resounding "No!" in the chamber. Only 13 others followed his lead.
Ex-slave Frederick Douglass opposed the war and was dismayed by the weakness of the anti-war movement. "The determination of our slave holding president, and the probability of his success in wringing from the people, men and money to carry it on, is made evident by the puny opposition arrayed against him. None seem willing to take their stand for peace at all risks."[63]
Fellow Whig Abraham Lincoln contested Polk's causes for the war. Polk had said that Mexico had "shed American blood upon American soil". Lincoln submitted eight "Spot Resolutions", demanding that Polk state the exact spot where Thornton had been attacked and American blood shed, and clarify whether or not that location was actually American soil, or in fact had been claimed by Spain and Mexico.
Whig Senator Thomas Corwin of Ohio gave a long speech indicting presidential war in 1847.[65] Whig leader Robert Toombs of Georgia declared: "This war is nondescript... We charge the President with usurping the war-making power ... with seizing a country ... which had been for centuries, and was then in the possession of the Mexicans.... Let us put a check upon this lust of dominion. We had territory enough, Heaven knew.[66]
Northern abolitionists attacked the war as an attempt by slave-owners to strengthen the grip of slavery and thus ensure their continued influence in the federal government. Prominent artists and writers opposed the war. The Transcendentalist writers Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson attacked the popular war. Thoreau, who served jail time for his opposition, turned a lecture into an essay now known as Civil Disobedience. Emerson was succinct, predicting that, "The United States will conquer Mexico, but it will be as a man who swallowed the arsenic which brings him down in turn. Mexico will poison us." Events proved him right, as arguments over the expansion of slavery in the lands seized from Mexico would fuel the drift to civil war just a dozen years later.[67]
Democratic Representative David Wilmot introduced the Wilmot Proviso, which would prohibit slavery in new territory acquired from Mexico. Wilmot's proposal passed the House but not the Senate, and it spurred further hostility between the factions.
Defense of the war
Besides alleging that the actions of Mexican military forces within the disputed boundary lands north of the Rio Grande constituted an attack on American soil, the war's advocates viewed the territories of New Mexico and California as only nominally Mexican possessions with very tenuous ties to Mexico. They saw the territories as actually unsettled, ungoverned, and unprotected frontier lands, whose non-aboriginal population, where there was any at all, represented a substantial--in places even a majority--American component. Moreover, the territories were feared to be under imminent threat of acquisition by America's rival on the continent, the British.
U.S. journalism during the war
War News from Mexico (1848)
The Mexican-American War was the first American war that was covered by mass media, primarily the penny press and was the first foreign war covered primarily by American correspondents.[69] Press coverage in the United States was characterized by support for the war and widespread public interest and demand for coverage of the conflict. Mexican coverage of the war (both written by Mexicans and Americans based in Mexico) was affected by press censorship, first by the Mexican government and later by the American military.
The coverage of the war was an important development in the U.S., with journalists as well as letter-writing soldiers giving the public in the U.S. "their first-ever independent news coverage of warfare from home or abroad."[70] During the war, inventions such as the telegraph created new means of communication that updated people with the latest news from the reporters, who were on the scene. The most important of these was George Wilkins Kendall, a Northerner who wrote for the New Orleans Picayune, and whose collected Dispatches from the Mexican War constitute an important primary source for the conflict.[71] With more than a decade's experience reporting urban crime, the "penny press" realized the public's voracious demand for astounding war news. Moreover, Shelley Streetby demonstrates that the print revolution (1830s-1840s), which preceded the U.S.-Mexican War, made it possible for the distribution of cheap newspapers throughout the country.[72] This was the first time in American history that accounts by journalists, instead of opinions of politicians, had great influence in shaping people's opinions about and attitudes toward a war. Along with written accounts of the war, there were war artists giving a visual dimension to the war at the time and immediately afterward. Carl Nebel's visual depictions of the war are well known.[73]
By getting constant reports from the battlefield, Americans became emotionally united as a community. News about the war always caused extraordinary popular excitement. In the Spring of 1846, news about Zachary Taylor's victory at Palo Alto brought up a large crowd that met in a cotton textile town of Lowell, Massachusetts. New York celebrated the twin victories at Veracruz and Buena Vista in May 1847. Among fireworks and illuminations, they had a "grand procession" of about 400,000 people.[] Generals Taylor and Scott became heroes for their people and later became presidential candidates.
Conduct of the war
New Mexico campaign
United States Army General Stephen W. Kearny moved southwest from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas with about 1,700 men in his Army of the West. Kearny's orders were to secure the territories Nuevo México and Alta California.[74]
In Santa Fe, Governor Manuel Armijo wanted to avoid battle, but on August 9, Catholic priests, Diego Archuleta (the young regular-army commander), and the young militia officers Manuel Chaves and Miguel Pino forced him to muster a defense.[75] Armijo set up a position in Apache Canyon, a narrow pass about 10 miles (16 km) southeast of the city.[76] However, on August 14, before the American army was even in view, he decided not to fight. (An American named James Magoffin claimed he had convinced Armijo and Archuleta to follow this course;[77] an unverified story says he bribed Armijo.[78]) When Pino, Chaves, and some of the militiamen insisted on fighting, Armijo ordered the cannon pointed at them.[75] The New Mexican army retreated to Santa Fe, and Armijo fled to Chihuahua.
Gen. Kearny's annexation of New Mexico Territory, August 15, 1846
Kearny and his troops encountered no Mexican forces when they arrived on August 15. Kearny and his force entered Santa Fe and claimed the New Mexico Territory for the United States without a shot being fired. Kearny declared himself the military governor of the New Mexico Territory on August 18 and established a civilian government. American officers with a background in law drew up a temporary legal system for the territory called the Kearny Code.[79]
Kearny then took the remainder of his army west to Alta California.[74] When he departed with his forces for California, he left Colonel Sterling Price in command of U.S. forces in New Mexico. He appointed Charles Bent as New Mexico's first territorial governor.
Following Kearny's departure, dissenters in Santa Fe plotted a Christmas uprising. When the plans were discovered by the U.S. authorities, the dissenters postponed the uprising. They attracted numerous Indian allies, including Puebloan peoples, who also wanted to push the Americans from the territory. On the morning of January 19, 1847, the insurrectionists began the revolt in Don Fernando de Taos, present-day Taos, New Mexico, which later gave it the name the Taos Revolt. They were led by Pablo Montoya, a New Mexican, and Tomás Romero, a Taos pueblo Indian also known as Tomasito (Little Thomas).
Romero led an Indian force to the house of Governor Charles Bent, where they broke down the door, shot Bent with arrows, and scalped him in front of his family. They moved on, leaving Bent still alive. With his wife Ignacia and children, and the wives of friends Kit Carson and Thomas Boggs, the group escaped by digging through the adobe walls of their house into the one next door. When the insurgents discovered the party, they killed Bent, but left the women and children unharmed.
The next day a large armed force of approximately 500 New Mexicans and Pueblo attacked and laid siege to Simeon Turley's mill in Arroyo Hondo, several miles outside of Taos. Charles Autobees, an employee at the mill, saw the men coming. He rode to Santa Fe for help from the occupying U.S. forces. Eight to ten mountain men were left at the mill for defense. After a day-long battle, only two of the mountain men survived, John David Albert and Thomas Tate Tobin, Autobees' half brother. Both escaped separately on foot during the night. The same day New Mexican insurgents killed seven American traders who were passing through the village of Mora. At most, 15 Americans were killed in both actions on January 20.
During the ensuing battle, the U.S. breached a wall of the church and directed cannon fire into the interior, inflicting many casualties and killing about 150 rebels. They captured 400 more men after close hand-to-hand fighting. Only seven Americans died in the battle.[80]
A separate force of U.S. troops under captains Israel R. Hendley and Jesse I. Morin campaigned against the rebels in Mora. The First Battle of Mora ended in a New Mexican victory. The Americans attacked again in the Second Battle of Mora and won, which ended their operations against Mora. New Mexican rebels engaged U.S. forces three more times in the following months. The actions are known as the Battle of Red River Canyon, the Battle of Las Vegas, and the Battle of Cienega Creek. After the U.S. forces won each battle, the New Mexicans and Indians ended open warfare.[]
California campaign
Although the U.S. declared war against Mexico on May 13, 1846,[81] it took almost three months (until early August 1846) for definitive word of Congress' declaration of war to get to California. American consul Thomas O. Larkin, stationed in Monterey, worked successfully during the events in that vicinity to avoid bloodshed between Americans and the Mexican military garrison commanded by General José Castro, the senior military officer in California.[82]
Captain John C. Frémont, leading a U.S. Army topographical expedition to survey the Great Basin, entered the Sacramento Valley in December 1845.[83] Frémont's party was at Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Territory, when it received word that war between Mexico and the U.S. was imminent;[84] the party then returned to California.[85]
Mexico had issued a proclamation that unnaturalized foreigners were no longer permitted to have land in California and were subject to expulsion.[86] With rumors swirling that General Castro was massing an army against them, American settlers in the Sacramento Valley banded together to meet the threat.[87] On June 14, 1846, 34 American settlers seized control of the undefended Mexican government outpost of Sonoma to forestall Castro's plans.[88] One settler created the Bear Flag and raised it over Sonoma Plaza. Within a week, 70 more volunteers joined the rebels' force,[89] which grew to nearly 300 in early July.[90] This event, led by William B. Ide, became known as the Bear Flag Revolt.
On June 25, Frémont's party arrived to assist in an expected military confrontation.[91]San Francisco, then called Yerba Buena, was occupied by the Bear Flaggers on July 2.[92] On July 5 Frémont's California Battalion was formed by combining his forces with many of the rebels.[93]
Commodore John D. Sloat, commander of the U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron, near Mazatlan, Mexico, had received orders to seize San Francisco Bay and blockade California ports when he was positive that war had begun.[94] Sloat set sail for Monterey, reaching it on July 1.[95] Sloat, upon hearing of the events in Sonoma and Frémont's involvement, erroneously believed Frémont to be acting on orders from Washington and ordered his forces to occupy Monterey on July 7 and raise the American flag.[96]
On Sloat's orders, Frémont brought 160 volunteers to Monterey, in addition to the California Battalion.[98] On July 15, Sloat transferred his command of the Pacific Squadron to Commodore Robert F. Stockton, who was more militarily aggressive.[99] He mustered the willing members of the California Battalion into military service with Frémont in command.[99] Stockton ordered Frémont to San Diego to prepare to move northward to Los Angeles.[100] As Frémont landed, Stockton's 360 men arrived in San Pedro.[101] General Castro and Governor Pío Pico wrote farewells and fled separately to the Mexican state of Sonora.[102]
Stockton's army entered Los Angeles unopposed on August 13, whereupon he sent a report to the Secretary of State that "California is entirely free from Mexican dominion."[103] Stockton, however, left a tyrannical officer in charge of Los Angeles with a small force.[104] The Californios under the leadership of José María Flores, acting on their own and without federal help from Mexico, in the Siege of Los Angeles, forced the American garrison to retreat on September 29.[105] They also forced small U.S. garrisons in San Diego and Santa Barbara to flee.[106]
Captain William Mervine landed 350 sailors and Marines at San Pedro on October 7.[107] They were ambushed and repulsed at the Battle of Dominguez Rancho by Flores' forces in less than an hour.[108] Four Americans died, with 8 severely injured. Stockton arrived with reinforcements at San Pedro, which increased the American forces there to 800.[109] He and Mervine then set up a base of operations at San Diego.[110]
Meanwhile, U.S. Colonel Stephen W. Kearny and his force of about 100 men, who had performed a grueling march across New Mexico and the Sonoran Desert, crossed the Colorado River in late November, 1846.[111] Stockton sent a 35-man patrol from San Diego to meet them.[112] On December 7, 100 lancers under General Andrés Pico (brother of the governor), tipped off and lying in wait, fought Kearny's army of about 150 at the Battle of San Pasqual, where 22 of Kearny's men (one of whom later died of wounds), including three officers, were killed in 30 minutes of fighting.[113] The wounded Kearny and his bloodied force pushed on until they had to establish a defensive position on "Mule Hill".[114] However, General Pico kept the hill under siege for four days until a 215-man American relief force arrived.[115]
Frémont and the 428-man California Battalion arrived in San Luis Obispo on December 14[116] and Santa Barbara on December 27.[117] On December 28, a 600-man American force under Kearny began a 150-mile march to Los Angeles.[118][119] Flores then moved his ill-equipped 500-man force to a 50-foot-high bluff above the San Gabriel River.[120] On January 8, 1847, the Stockton-Kearny army defeated the Californio force in the two-hour Battle of Rio San Gabriel.[121][122] That same day, Frémont's force arrived at San Fernando.[123] The next day, January 9, the Stockton-Kearny forces fought and won the Battle of La Mesa.[124] On January 10, the U.S. Army entered Los Angeles to no resistance.[125]
On January 12, Frémont and two of Pico's officers agreed to terms for a surrender.[126] Articles of Capitulation were signed on January 13 by Frémont, Andrés Pico and six others at a rancho at Cahuenga Pass (modern-day North Hollywood).[126] This became known as the Treaty of Cahuenga, which marked the end of armed resistance in California.[126]
Pacific Coast campaign
American (left) and Mexican (right) uniforms of the period
USS Independence assisted in the blockade of the Mexican Pacific coast, capturing the Mexican ship Correo and a launch on May 16, 1847. She supported the capture of Guaymas, Sonora, on October 19, 1847, and landed bluejackets and Marines to occupy Mazatlán, Sinaloa, on November 11, 1847. After upper California was secure, most of the Pacific Squadron proceeded down the California coast, capturing all major cities of the Baja California Territory and capturing or destroying nearly all Mexican vessels in the Gulf of California. Other ports, not on the peninsula, were taken as well. The objective of the Pacific Coast Campaign was to capture Mazatlán, on the Mexican mainland, which was a major supply base for Mexican forces. Numerous Mexican ships were also captured by this squadron, with the USS Cyane given credit for 18 ships captured and numerous destroyed.[127]
Entering the Gulf of California, Independence, Congress, and Cyane seized La Paz, then captured and burned the small Mexican fleet at Guaymas. Within a month, they cleared the Gulf of hostile ships, destroying or capturing 30 vessels. Later, their sailors and Marines captured the port of Mazatlán on November 11, 1847. A Mexican campaign under Manuel Pineda Muñoz to retake the various captured ports resulted in several small clashes (Battle of Mulege, Battle of La Paz, Battle of San José del Cabo) and two sieges (Siege of La Paz, Siege of San José del Cabo) in which the Pacific Squadron ships provided artillery support. U.S. garrisons remained in control of the ports.
Northeastern Mexico
General Zachary Taylor rides his white horse at the Battle of Palo Alto near present-day Brownsville - May 8, 1846
The Mexican Army's defeats at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma caused political turmoil in Mexico, turmoil which Antonio López de Santa Anna used to revive his political career and return from self-imposed exile in Cuba in mid-August 1846.[128] It was President Polk's plan to bring back the exiled dictator who had defeated the Texans at the Alamo and Goliad. On 4 August 1846, "Polk negotiated a deal to not only bring Santa Anna back, but to pay him $2 million--ostensibly a bribe as an advance payment on the cession of California."[129]
Santa Anna promised the U.S. that if he was allowed to pass through the blockade, he would negotiate a peaceful conclusion to the war and sell the New Mexico and Alta California territories to the U.S.[130] Once Santa Anna arrived in Mexico City, however, he reneged on his deal with the U.S. and offered his services to the Mexican government. Then, after being appointed commanding general, he reneged again and seized the presidency.
The Battle of Monterrey September 20-24, 1846, after a painting by Carl Nebel
The Battle of Buena Vista, February 23, 1847
On February 22, 1847, Santa Anna personally marched north to fight Taylor with 20,000 men. Taylor, with 4,600 men, had entrenched at a mountain pass called Buena Vista. Santa Anna suffered desertions on the way north and arrived with 15,000 men in a tired state. He demanded and was refused surrender of the U.S. Army; he attacked the next morning. Santa Anna flanked the U.S. positions by sending his cavalry and some of his infantry up the steep terrain that made up one side of the pass, while a division of infantry attacked frontally along the road leading to Buena Vista. Furious fighting ensued, during which the U.S. troops were nearly routed, but managed to cling to their entrenched position, thanks to the Mississippi Rifles, a volunteer regiment led by Jefferson Davis, who formed them into a defensive V formation.[134] The Mexicans had inflicted considerable losses but Santa Anna had gotten word of upheaval in Mexico City, so he withdrew that night, leaving Taylor in control of part of Northern Mexico.
Polk mistrusted Taylor, who he felt had shown incompetence in the Battle of Monterrey by agreeing to the armistice. Taylor later used the Battle of Buena Vista as the centerpiece of his successful 1848 presidential campaign.
Northwestern Mexico
The Bear Springs Treaty ended a large scale insurrection by the Ute, Zuni, Moquis, and Navajo tribes.[135] After the successful conquest of New Mexico, American troops moved into modern-day northwest Mexico.
Southern Mexico
Southern Mexico had a large indigenous population and was geographically distant from the capital. Yucatán in particular had closer ties to Cuba and to the United States than it did to central Mexico. On a number of occasions in the early era of the Mexican Republic, Yucatán seceded from the federation. There were also rivalries between regional elites, with one faction based in Mérida and the other in Campeche. These issues factored into the Mexican-American War.[138]
The U.S. Navy contributed to the war by controlling the coast and clearing the way for U.S. troops and supplies, especially to Mexico's main port of Veracruz. Even before hostilities began in the disputed northern region, the U.S. Navy created a blockade. Given the shallow waters of that portion of the Gulf coast, the U.S. Navy needed ships with a shallow draft rather than large frigates. Since the Mexican Navy was almost non-existent, the U.S. Navy could operate unimpeded in Gulf waters.[139]
First Battle of Tabasco
Second Battle of Tabasco
On June 16, Perry arrived at San Juan Bautista and commenced bombing the city. The attack included two ships that sailed past the fort and began shelling it from the rear. David D. Porter led 60 sailors ashore and seized the fort, raising the American flag over the works. Perry and the landing force arrived and took control of the city around 14:00.
The U.S. was concerned with the extension of British power in the Caribbean, especially Spanish Cuba, as well as the strategic Yucatán peninsula. In 1847 Maya revolted against the white elites of the peninsula in a racial war known as the Caste War of Yucatan. Jefferson Davis, then a senator from Mississippi, argued in congress that the president needed no further powers to intervene in Yucatan since the war with Mexico was underway. Davis's concern was strategic and part of his vision of Manifest Destiny, considering the Gulf of Mexico "a basin of water belonging to the United States" and continuing "the cape of Yucatan and the island of Cuba must be ours" rather than under British influence.[140] In the end, the U.S. did not intervene in Yucatán, but it had figured in congressional debates about the Mexican-American War. At one point, the government of Yucatán petitioned the U.S. for protection during the Caste War,[141] but the U.S. did not respond.
San Patricios
The mass hanging of Irish Catholic soldiers who joined the Mexican side, forming the Saint Patrick's Battalion
The most famous group of deserters from the U. S. Army, was the Saint Patrick's Battalion or (San Patricios), composed primarily of several hundred immigrant soldiers, the majority Catholic Irish and German immigrants, who deserted the U.S. Army because of ill-treatment or sympathetic leanings to fellow Mexican Catholics and joined the Mexican army. The battalion also included Canadians, English, French, Italians, Poles, Scots, Spaniards, Swiss, and Mexican people, many of whom were members of the Catholic Church.[145]
Most of the battalion were killed in the Battle of Churubusco; about 100 were captured by the U.S. and roughly half of the San Patricios were tried and were hanged as deserters following their capture at Churubusco in August 1847.[144] The leader, Jon Riley, was merely branded since he had deserted before the war started.
Scott's Mexico City campaign
Landings and siege of Veracruz
Bombardment of Veracruz
The city was defended by Mexican General Juan Morales with 3,400 men. Mortars and naval guns under Commodore Matthew C. Perry were used to reduce the city walls and harass defenders. After a bombardment on March 24, 1847, the walls of Veracruz had a thirty-foot gap.[146] The city replied the best it could with its own artillery. The effect of the extended barrage destroyed the will of the Mexican side to fight against a numerically superior force, and they surrendered the city after 12 days under siege. U.S. troops suffered 80 casualties, while the Mexican side had around 180 killed and wounded, about half of whom were civilian. During the siege, the U.S. side began to fall victim to yellow fever.
Advance on Puebla
Scott's campaign
Scott then marched westward on April 2, 1847, toward Mexico City with 8,500 healthy troops, while Santa Anna set up a defensive position in a canyon around the main road about 50 miles (80 km) north-west of Veracruz, near the hamlet of Cerro Gordo. Santa Anna had entrenched with 12,000 troops, and artillery that were trained on the road, where he expected Scott to appear. However, Scott had sent 2,600 mounted dragoons ahead and they reached the pass on April 12. The Mexican artillery prematurely fired on them and therefore revealed their positions, beginning the Battle of Cerro Gordo.
Instead of taking the main road, Scott's troops trekked through the rough terrain to the north, setting up his artillery on the high ground and quietly flanking the Mexicans. Although by then aware of the positions of U.S. troops, Santa Anna and his troops were unprepared for the onslaught that followed. In the battle fought on April 18, the Mexican army was routed. The U.S. Army suffered 400 casualties, while the Mexicans suffered over 1,000 casualties and 3,000 were taken prisoner. In August 1847, Captain Kirby Smith, of Scott's 3rd Infantry, reflected on the resistance of the Mexican army:
They can do nothing and their continued defeats should convince them of it. They have lost six great battles; we have captured six hundred and eight cannon, nearly one hundred thousand stands of arms, made twenty thousand prisoners, have the greatest portion of their country and are fast advancing on their Capital which must be ours,--yet they refuse to treat [i.e., negotiate terms]![147]
Pause at Puebla
Advance on Mexico City and its capture
With guerrillas harassing his line of communications back to Veracruz, Scott decided not to weaken his army to defend Puebla but, leaving only a garrison at Puebla to protect the sick and injured recovering there, advanced on Mexico City on August 7 with his remaining force. The capital was laid open in a series of battles around the right flank of the city defenses, the Battle of Contreras and Battle of Churubusco. After Churubusco, fighting halted for an armistice and peace negotiations, which broke down on September 6, 1847. With the subsequent battles of Molino del Rey and of Chapultepec, and the storming of the city gates, the capital was occupied. Scott became military governor of occupied Mexico City. His victories in this campaign made him an American national hero.
Battle of Chapultepec
Storming of Chapultepec
The Battle of Chapultepec was an encounter between the Mexican Army and the United States on the castle of Chapultepec in Mexico City. At this time, this castle was a renowned military school in Mexico City. After the battle, which ended in an American victory, the legend of "Los Niños Héroes" was born. Although not confirmed by historians, six military cadets between the ages of 13 and 17 stayed in the school instead of evacuating.[148] They decided to stay and fight for Mexico. These Niños Héroes (hero children) became icons in Mexico's pantheon of heroes. Rather than surrender to the U.S. Army, some military cadets leaped from the castle walls. A cadet named Juan Escutia wrapped himself in the Mexican flag and jumped to his death.[148][149]
Santa Anna's last campaign
Anti-guerrilla campaign
Following his capture and securing of the capital, General Scott sent about a quarter of his strength to secure his line of communications to Veracruz from the Light Corps of General Joaquín Rea and other Mexican guerrilla forces that had been harassing it since May. He strengthened the garrison of Puebla and by November had added a 1200-man garrison at Jalapa, established 750-man posts along the National Road, the main route between the port of Veracruz and the capital, at the pass between Mexico City and Puebla at Rio Frio, at Perote and San Juan on the road between Jalapa and Puebla, and at Puente Nacional between Jalapa and Veracruz.[150] He had also detailed an anti guerrilla brigade under Brig. Gen. Joseph Lane to carry the war to the Light Corps and other guerrillas. He ordered that convoys would travel with at least 1,300-man escorts. Victories by General Lane over the Light Corps at Atlixco (October 18, 1847), at Izucar de Matamoros (November 23, 1847), and at Galaxara Pass (November 24, 1847) ended the threat of General Rea.
Later a raid against the guerrillas of Padre Jarauta at Zacualtipan (February 25, 1848) further reduced guerrilla raids on the American line of communications. After the two governments concluded a truce to await ratification of the peace treaty, on March 6, 1848, formal hostilities ceased. However some bands continued in defiance of the Mexican government until the American evacuation in August.[151] Some were suppressed by the Mexican Army or, like Padre Jarauta, executed.[152][153]
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Outnumbered militarily and with many of its large cities occupied, Mexico could not defend itself; the country was also faced with many internal divisions, including the Caste War of Yucatán. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican plenipotentiary representatives Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto, and Miguel Atristain, ended the war. The treaty gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, established the U.S.-Mexican border of the Rio Grande, and ceded to the United States the present-day states of California, Nevada, and Utah, most of New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado, and parts of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming. In return, Mexico received $15 million[154] ($424 million today) - less than half the amount the U.S. had attempted to offer Mexico for the land before the opening of hostilities[155] - and the U.S. agreed to assume $3.25 million ($92 million today) in debts that the Mexican government owed to U.S. citizens.[156] The treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 38 to 14 on March 10, and by Mexico through a legislative vote of 51-34 and a Senate vote of 33-4, on May 19. News that New Mexico's legislative assembly had passed an act for organization of a U.S. territorial government helped ease Mexican concern about abandoning the people of New Mexico.[157]
The acquisition was a source of controversy, especially among U.S. politicians who had opposed the war from the start. A leading antiwar U.S. newspaper, the Whig National Intelligencer, sardonically concluded that "We take nothing by conquest ... Thank God."[5][6]
Mexican territorial claims relinquished in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in white
Jefferson Davis introduced an amendment giving the U.S. most of northeastern Mexico, which failed 44-11. This amendment was supported by both senators from Texas (Sam Houston and Thomas Jefferson Rusk), Daniel S. Dickinson of New York, Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, Edward A. Hannegan of Indiana, and one each from Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, and Tennessee. Most of the leaders of the Democratic party - Thomas Hart Benton, John C. Calhoun, Herschel V. Johnson, Lewis Cass, James Murray Mason of Virginia, and Ambrose Hundley Sevier - were opposed.[158] An amendment by Whig Senator George Edmund Badger of North Carolina to exclude New Mexico and Upper California lost 35-15, with three Southern Whigs voting with the Democrats. Daniel Webster was bitter that four New England senators made deciding votes for acquiring the new territories.
The acquired lands west of the Rio Grande are traditionally called the Mexican Cession in the U.S., as opposed to the Texas Annexation two years earlier, though division of New Mexico down the middle at the Rio Grande never had any basis either in control or Mexican boundaries. Mexico never recognized the independence of Texas[159] before the war, and did not cede its claim to territory north of the Rio Grande or Gila River until this treaty.
Article XI offered a potential benefit to Mexico, in that the US pledged to suppress the Comanche and Apache raids that had ravaged northern Mexico and pay restitutions to the victims of raids it could not prevent.[161] However, the Indian raids did not cease for several decades after the treaty, although a cholera epidemic reduced the numbers of the Comanche in 1849.[162]Robert Letcher, U.S. Minister to Mexico in 1850, was certain "that miserable 11th article" would lead to the financial ruin of the US if it could not be released from its obligations.[163] The US was released from all obligations of Article XI five years later by Article II of the Gadsden Purchase of 1853.[164]
Altered territories
American occupation of Mexico City
The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war and enforced the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States. Mexico acknowledged the loss of what became the State of Texas and accepted the Rio Grande as its northern border with the U.S. The losses amounted to one-third of its original territory from its 1821 independence.
Before the secession of Texas, Mexico comprised almost 1,700,000 sq mi (4,400,000 km2), but by 1849 it was just under 800,000 square miles (2,100,000 km2). Another 30,000 square miles (78,000 km2) were sold to the U.S. in the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, so the total reduction of Mexican territory was more than 55%, or 900,000 square miles (2,300,000 km2).[165]
Though the annexed territory was about the size of Western Europe, it was sparsely populated. The land contained about 14,000 non-indigenous people in Alta California[166] and about 60,000 in Nuevo México,[167] as well as large Indian nations, such as the Papago, Pima, Puebloan, Navajo, Apache and many others. Although some native people relocated farther south in Mexico, the great majority remained in the U.S. territory.
Mexicans and Indians in the annexed territories faced a loss of civil and political rights, even though the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo promised American citizenship to all Mexican citizens living in the territory of the Mexican Cession. The U.S. government withheld citizenship from Indians in the southwest until the 1930s, despite the fact that they were citizens under Mexican law.[168]
Impact of the war in the United States
In much of the United States of America, victory and the acquisition of new land brought a surge of patriotism. Victory seemed to fulfill Democrats' belief in their country's Manifest Destiny. While Whig Ralph Waldo Emerson rejected war "as a means of achieving America's destiny," he accepted that "most of the great results of history are brought about by discreditable means."[169] Although the Whigs had opposed the war, they made Zachary Taylor their presidential candidate in the election of 1848, praising his military performance while muting their criticism of the war.
A month before the end of the war, Polk was criticized in a United States House of Representatives amendment to a bill praising Major General Zachary Taylor for "a war unnecessarily and unconstitutionally begun by the President of the United States." This criticism, in which Congressman Abraham Lincoln played an important role with his Spot Resolutions, followed congressional scrutiny of the war's beginnings, including factual challenges to claims made by President Polk.[171][172] The vote followed party lines, with all Whigs supporting the amendment. Lincoln's attack won lukewarm support from fellow Whigs in Illinois but was harshly counter-attacked by Democrats, who rallied pro-war sentiments in Illinois; Lincoln's Spot resolutions haunted his future campaigns in the heavily Democratic state of Illinois, and were cited by enemies well into his presidency.[173]
Effect on the American Civil War
Many of the military leaders on both sides of the American Civil War were trained at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and had fought as junior officers in Mexico. This list includes military men fighting for the Union: Ulysses S. Grant, George B. McClellan, William T. Sherman, George Meade, and Ambrose Burnside. Military men who joined the Southern secessionists of the Confederate States of America were Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, James Longstreet, Joseph E. Johnston, Braxton Bragg, Sterling Price, and the future Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Both sides had leaders with significant experience in active combat in strategy and tactics, likely shaping ways the Civil War conflict played out.
Engraving of young Grant in uniform
Second lieutenant Ulysses S. Grant, one of the many officers in the U.S. Army in the Mexican-American War to serve in the American Civil War
Veterans of the war were often broken men. "As the sick and wounded from Taylor's and Scott's campaigns made their way back from Mexico to the United States, their condition shocked the folks at home. Husbands, sons, and brothers returned in broken health, some with missing limbs."[177] As late as 1880, the "Republican Campaign Textbook" by the Republican Congressional Committee[178] described the war as "Feculent, reeking Corruption" and "one of the darkest scenes in our history--a war forced upon our and the Mexican people by the high-handed usurpations of Pres't Polk in pursuit of territorial aggrandizement of the slave oligarchy."
General Robert E. Lee, leader of the Confederate forces through the end of the American Civil War, began building his reputation as a military officer in America's war against Mexico. At the start of the Mexican-American War, Captain Lee invaded Mexico with General Wool's engineering department from the North. By early 1847, he helped take the Mexican cities of Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, and Chapultepec. Lee was wounded in Chapultepec. By September, Mexico City surrendered and the United States was victorious.
"An Available Candidate: The One Qualification for a Whig President." Political cartoon about the 1848 presidential election, referring to Zachary Taylor or Winfield Scott, the two leading contenders for the Whig Party nomination in the aftermath of the Mexican-American War. Published by Nathaniel Currier in 1848, digitally restored.
General Scott was the ranking officer in the army during the Mexican-American campaign. He described Robert E. Lee as "gallant and indefatigable," saying that Lee had displayed the "greatest feat of physical and moral courage performed by any individual in [his] knowledge during the campaign." [179] Robert E. Lee's humility and professionalism was apparent early on in his career when gave credit to General Scott for the victories. He said that "It was his stout heart...his bold self reliance...his indomitable courage that...ressed us forward to this capital." [179] It is important to note that although Lee is remembered for his valor during the Mexican-American War, he was only a junior officer "who had never commanded a regiment in the field".[179]
In 1861, it was General Scott who advised Abraham Lincoln to ask Lee to command the union forces. Lee declined, and later recounted "I declined the offer he made me to take command of the army that was brought into the field, stating candidly and as courteously as I could that though opposed to secession and deprecating war, I could take no part in the invasion of the southern states."[180] On April 9, 1865, it was General Robert E. Lee who had surrendered to President Lincoln's Union Forces.[181]
Despite initial objections from the Whigs and abolitionists, the war nevertheless united the U.S. in a common cause and was fought almost entirely by volunteers. The army swelled from just over 6,000 to more than 115,000. The majority of 12-month volunteers in Scott's army decided that a year's fighting was enough and returned to the U.S.[182]
Anti-slavery elements fought for the exclusion of slavery from any territory absorbed by the U.S.[183] In 1847, the House of Representatives passed the Wilmot Proviso, stipulating that none of the territory acquired should be open to slavery. The Senate avoided the issue, and a late attempt to add it to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was defeated.
The war was a decisive event for the U.S., marking a significant waypoint for the nation as a growing military power, and a milestone in the U.S. narrative of Manifest Destiny. The war did not resolve the issue of slavery in the U.S. but rather in many ways inflamed it, as potential westward expansion of the institution took an increasingly central and heated theme in national debates preceding the American Civil War. By extending the nation from coast to coast, the Mexican-American War was a next step in the huge migrations to the West of Americans, which culminated in transcontinental railroads and the Indian wars later in the same century.[original research?][]
Impact of the war in Mexico
Memorial to the Mexican cadets killed in the Battle of Chapultepec
The military defeat and loss of territory was a disastrous blow to Mexico, causing the country to enter "a period of self-examination... as its leaders sought to identify and address the reasons that had led to such a debacle."[184] In the immediate aftermath of the war, a group of prominent Mexicans compiled an assessment of the reasons for the war and Mexico's defeat, edited by Ramón Alcaraz and including contributions by Ignacio Ramírez, Guillermo Prieto, José María Iglesias, and Francisco Urquidi. They wrote that for "the true origin of the war, it is sufficient to say that the insatiable ambition of the United States, favored by our weakness, caused it."[185] The work was translated to English by Col. Albert Ramsey, a veteran of the Mexican-American War, and published in 1850.[186] The war remains a painful historical event for the country.
See also
1. ^ Variations include U.S.-Mexican War, the U.S.-Mexico War.
2. ^ Spanish: Intervención americana en México, or Intervención estadounidense en México. In Mexico, it may also be called the War of United States-Mexico (Guerra de Estados Unidos-México).
1. ^ 1846 only.
2. ^ a b c d e f Clodfelter 2017, p. 249.
3. ^ Official DOD data Archived February 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
4. ^ Rives 1913, p. 658.
5. ^ a b Davis, Kenneth C. (1995). Don't Know Much About History. New York: Avon Books. p. 143.
6. ^ a b Zinn, Howard (2003). "Chapter 8: We take nothing by conquest, Thank God". A People's History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 169.
7. ^ Alcaraz, et al. The Other Side, pp. 1-2.
8. ^ Ramón Alcaraz, et al. The Other Side or Notes for the History of the War between Mexico and the United States. New York: Burt Franklin 1850, republished 1970, 1-2.
9. ^ a b c See ""Republic of Texas"". Archived from the original on April 29, 2009. Retrieved .
12. ^ Brian Delay, "Independent Indians and the U.S. Mexican War" The American Historical Review, Vol 112, No. l (February 2007), p 35
13. ^ "The Annexation of Texas" U.S. Department of State, Retrieved July 6, 2012
14. ^ Rives 1913, p. 45-46.
15. ^ Rives 1913, p. 48-49.
16. ^ Engelson, Lester G. (1939). "Proposals for the Colonization of California by England: In Connection with the Mexican Debt to British Bondholders 1837-1846". California Historical Society Quarterly. University of California Press. 18 (2): 136-48. doi:10.2307/25139106. ISSN 0008-1175. JSTOR 25139106 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
18. ^ a b Santoni, "U.S.-Mexican War", p. 1511.
19. ^ Jesús F. de la Teja, "Texas Secession" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, 1403-04.
20. ^ Douglas W. Richmond, "Vicente Guerrero" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 617.
21. ^ a b Rives 1913, p. 165-168.
22. ^ Rives 1913, p. 172-173.
23. ^ Mary Lee Spence, and Donald Jackson, The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont: The Bear Flag Revolt and the Court-Martial. U of Illinois Press, 1973.
24. ^ Smith (1919) p. xi.
25. ^ Richard R. Stenberg, "The Failure of Polk's Mexican War Intrigue of 1845," Pacific Historical Review 4#1 (1935), pp. 39-68 in JSTOR
28. ^ a b Brooks (1849) pp. 61-62.
29. ^ Mexican War from Global Security.com.
30. ^ Christon I. Archer, "Military: 1821-1914" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, 905.
31. ^ Archer, "Military, 1821-1914", pp. 906-907.
33. ^ quoted in Carol and thomas Christensen, The U.S.-Mexican War. Companion to the Public Television Series, The U.S.-Mexican War, 1846-48. San Francisco: Bay Books 1998, p. 138.
34. ^ Alamán paraphrased in Christensen, The U.S.-Mexican War, p. 61.
35. ^ Mexican soldier Manuel Balontín, quoted in Christensen, The U.S.-Mexican War, p. 137.
37. ^ Meed, Douglas (2003). The Mexican War, 1846-1848. Routledge. p. 67.
38. ^ Acuña, Rodolfo (2015). Occupied America A History of Chicanos. Pearson. p. 50.
39. ^ Missionaries of Republicanism: A Religious History of the Mexican-American War By John C. Pinheiro, page 96
40. ^ Santa Anna of Mexico, By Will Fowler, page 265
42. ^ Robarts, "Mexican War veterans" pp.1-24
43. ^ Robarts, "Mexican War veterans" pp.39-79
44. ^ Bronwyn Mills. U.S.-Mexican War ISBN 0-8160-4932-7.
45. ^ Spencer Tucker. U.S. Leadership in Wartime: Clashes, Controversy, and Compromise, Volume 1. page 249
46. ^ History.com
50. ^ "PERSONAL MEMOIRS U. S. GRANT, COMPLETE". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved .
51. ^ a b c d Brooks (1849) p. 122.
52. ^ Brooks (1849) pp. 91, 117.
53. ^ Brooks (1849) p. 121.
55. ^ a b Tucker (2013) p.718.
56. ^ Smith (1919) p. 279.
58. ^ "Message of President Polk, May 11, 1846". Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008. Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the American soil. She has proclaimed that hostilities have commenced, and that the two nations are now at war.
59. ^ a b Bauer (1992) p. 68.
60. ^ Jay (1853) pp. 165-166.
61. ^ Jay (1853) p. 165.
62. ^ See O'Sullivan's 1845 article "Annexation", United States Magazine and Democratic Review
63. ^ quoted in Christensen, The U.S.-Mexican War, p. 74.
64. ^ Giddings, Joshua Reed. Speeches in Congress [1841-1852], J.P. Jewett and Company, 1853, p.17
65. ^ Speech of Mr. Corwin of Ohio. In the Senate, February 11, 1847.
66. ^ Beveridge 1:417.
67. ^ Sjursen, Danny (2018-08-18). "The Fraudulent Mexican-American War (1846-48)". Truthdig. Retrieved 2018.
68. ^ "James K. Polk: Third Annual Message--December 7, 1847". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2011.
69. ^ Tom Reilly, "Newspaper Suppression During the Mexican War, 1846-48," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, Vol 54, Issue 2, pp. 262 - 349, First Published June 1, 1977, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/107769907705400205
70. ^ Lawrence Delbert Cress, "Introduction", Dispatches from the Mexican War, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1999, p.8.
71. ^ George Wilkins Kendall, Dispatches from the Mexican War, edited by Larence Delbert Cress. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1999.
72. ^ Streetby, Shellby (2001). "American Sensations: Empire, Amnesia, and the US-Mexican War". American Literary History. 13:1: 2.
73. ^ Ron Tyler. "A Great American Book: The War between the United States and Mexico, Illustrated" in Artes de México. No. 80, "Carl Nebel: Nineteenth-Century Itinerant Painter", August 2006, pp. 77-80.
74. ^ a b "The Battle of Santa Fe". Early American Wars: A Guide to Early American Units and Battles before 1865. MyCivilWar.com. 2005-2008. Retrieved .
76. ^ "New Mexico Historic Markers: Canoncito at Apache Canyon". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved . Includes a link to a map.
77. ^ Keleher, William A. (1952). Turmoil in New Mexico 1846-1848. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-0631-4.
79. ^ Morgan, Robert (2011). Lions of the West. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. p. 243
80. ^ Garrard, Lewis H. (1850). Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail; or Prairie Travel and Scalp Dances, with a Look at Los Rancheros from Muleback and the Rocky Mountain Camp-fire, pp. 214-215; reprint, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1955
82. ^ Walker p. 91-92, 96
83. ^ Walker p. 72
84. ^ Walker p. 103
85. ^ Walker p. 107
86. ^ Walker p. 101
87. ^ Walker p. 110
88. ^ Walker p. 123-125
89. ^ Walker p. 129
90. ^ Walker p. 139
91. ^ Walker p. 134
92. ^ Walker p. 138
93. ^ Walker p. 140
94. ^ Walker p. 98
95. ^ Walker p. 142
96. ^ Walker p. 143-144
97. ^ Walker p. 148
98. ^ Walker p. 149
99. ^ a b Walker p. 154
100. ^ Walker p. 156
101. ^ Walker p. 157
102. ^ Walker p. 158
103. ^ Walker p. 159
104. ^ Walker p. 196
105. ^ Walker p. 197
106. ^ Walker p. 198
107. ^ Walker p. 199
108. ^ Walker p. 200
109. ^ Walker p. 201
110. ^ Walker p. 203
111. ^ Walker p. 209
112. ^ Walker p. 204
113. ^ Walker p. 215-219
114. ^ Walker p. 221
115. ^ Walker p. 224
116. ^ Walker p. 234
117. ^ Walker p. 235
118. ^ Brooks (1849) p. 257.
119. ^ Walker p. 233
120. ^ Walker p. 237
121. ^ Bauer (1992) pp. 190-191.
122. ^ Walker p. 238
123. ^ Walker p. 239
124. ^ Walker p. 240-241
125. ^ Walker p. 242
126. ^ a b c Walker p. 246
127. ^ Silversteen, p42
128. ^ Bauer (1992) p. 201.
130. ^ Rives 1913, p. 233.
131. ^ a b "Urban Warfare". Battle of Monterrey.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved 2011.
132. ^ Rip Ford's Texas Memoirs, Stephen Oates, University of Texas Press, 1963
134. ^ Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative: Volume 1: Fort Sumter to Perryville (1958)
138. ^ Gilbert M. Joseph, "The United States, Feuding Elites, and Rural Revolt in Yucatán, 1836-1915" in Rural Revolt in Mexico: U.S. Intervention and the Domain of Subaltern Politics, expanded edition, Daniel Nugent, ed. Durham: Duke University Press 1998 pp. 173-206.
139. ^ K. Jack Bauer, The Mexican war, 1846-1848. 1974. Republished by University of Nebraska Press 1992, pp. 108-109.
140. ^ quoted in Brian Loveman, No Higher Law: American Foreign Policy and the Western Hemisphere Since 1776. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2010, p. 70.
141. ^ "Message from the President of the United States with communications from the government of Yucatan, representing the state of suffering to which that country is reduced by an insurrection of the Indians, imploring the protection of the United States, and offering, in case it should be granted, to transfer the dominion and sovereignty of the peninsula to the United States." United States. Congress. Senate. April 29, 1848. Read, referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations, and ordered to be printed. [Washington, D.C.] 19 pages, 30th Congress, 1st session. Senate. Ex. Doc. No. 40
143. ^ McAllister, Brian. "see Coffman, Old Army (1988) p. 193". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011.
144. ^ a b Foos, Paul (2002). A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair. pp. 25, 103-7.
145. ^ Miller, Robert Ryal (1989). Shamrock and Sword, The Saint Patrick's Battalion in the US--Mexican War. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 188-192. ISBN 0-8061-2964-6.
146. ^ Morgan, Robert, Lions of the West, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2011 p. 282
152. ^ Celedonio Domeco de Jarauta from es.wikipedia.org accessed June 5, 2013.
153. ^ "Memoria Política de México".
154. ^ Smith (1919) p. 241.
156. ^ Jay (1853) p. 117.
157. ^ Rives 1913, p. 649.
158. ^ Rives 1913, p. 634-636.
162. ^ Hamalainen, 293-341
165. ^ "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo". www.ourdocuments.gov. Retrieved 2007.
166. ^ Franzius, Andrea. "California Gold -- Migrating to California: Overland, around the Horn and via Panama". Archived from the original on June 22, 2012. Retrieved 2012.
167. ^ "Table 16. Population: 1790 to 1990", Population and Housing Unit Counts. 1990 Census of Population and Housing. CPH-2-1., U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, pp. 26-27, ISBN 99946-41-25-5
170. ^ Linscott, 1959, pp. 218-219
171. ^ "Congressional Globe, 30th Session (1848)". Memory.loc.gov. pp. 93-95. Retrieved 2011.
172. ^ "House Journal, 30th Session (1848) pp. 183-184/". Memory.loc.gov. Retrieved 2011.
174. ^ "Ulysses S Grant Quotes on the Military Academy and the Mexican War". Fadedgiant.net. Retrieved 2011.
175. ^ "Personal Memoirs of General U. S. Grant -- Complete by Ulysses S. Grant". Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Archived from the original on January 15, 2006.
177. ^ Christensen, The U.S.-Mexican War, p. 190.
178. ^ Mexican-American War description from the Republican Campaign Textbook.
179. ^ a b c Winston, Robert (1934). Robert E. Lee; a Biography. New York: W. Morrow & Co. p. 84. ISBN 9780313384370.
180. ^ Sneiderman, Barney (2006). Warriors Seven: Seven American Commanders, Seven Wars, and the Irony of Battle. New York: Savas Beatie. p. 118. ISBN 1932714286.
181. ^ Holmes, Prescott (1897). The battles of the war for the union being the story of the great Civil War from the election of Abraham Lincoln to the surrender at Appomatox. Philadelphia: H. Altemus. p. 333.
182. ^ Christensen, The U.S.-Mexican War, p. 187.
183. ^ John Douglas Pitts Fuller (1969) [1936]. The Movement for the Acquisition of All Mexico, 1846-1848. New York: Da Capo Press. Retrieved 2011.
184. ^ Pedro Santoni, "U.S.-Mexican War" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 1511.
186. ^ Ramón Alcaraz, et al. The Other Side: or Notes for the History of the War between Mexico and the United States. Translated by Albert C. Ramsey, Colonel of the Eleventh United States Infantry During with War with Mexico. New York: Burt Franklin 1850. Republished 1970.
Reference works
• Crawford, Mark; Heidler, Jeanne; Heidler (eds.), David Stephen (1999). Encyclopedia of the Mexican War. ISBN 1-57607-059-X.
• Eubank, Damon R., Response of Kentucky to the Mexican War, 1846-1848. (Edwin Mellen Press, 2004), ISBN 978-0-7734-6495-7.
• Huston, James A. The Sinews of War: Army Logistics, 1775-1953 (1966), U.S. Army; 755p. pp 125-58
• Lewis, Lloyd. Captain Sam Grant (1950).
• Smith, Justin H. (1918). "American Rule in Mexico". The American Historical Review. American Historical Association. 23 (2): 287-302. doi:10.2307/1836568. ISSN 1937-5239. JSTOR 1836568 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
• Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015 (4th ed.). McFarland. ISBN 978-0786474707.
Political and diplomatic
• Beveridge, Albert J. Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1858. Volume: 1. 1928.
• Gleijeses, Piero. "A Brush with Mexico" Diplomatic History 2005 29(2): 223-254. ISSN 0145-2096 debates in Washington before war.
• Graebner, Norman A. (1978). "Lessons of the Mexican War". Pacific Historical Review. University of California Press. 47 (3): 325-42. doi:10.2307/3637470. ISSN 1533-8584. JSTOR 3637470 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
• Graebner, Norman A. (1980). "The Mexican War: A Study in Causation". Pacific Historical Review. University of California Press. 49 (3): 405-26. doi:10.2307/3638563. ISSN 1533-8584. JSTOR 3638563 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
• Reeves, Jesse S. (1905). "The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo". The American Historical Review. American Historical Association. 10 (2): 309-24. doi:10.2307/1834723. ISSN 1937-5239. JSTOR 1834723 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
• Rives, George Lockhart (1913). The United States and Mexico, 1821-1848: a history of the relations between the two countries from the independence of Mexico to the close of the war with the United States. 2. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
Memory and historiography
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Animals non-rights holders and may not defend himself in the courts does not grant people unlimited rights on the nature or patent of corso to inflict unnecessary suffering. Some currents of neuroscience and psychology argue that the suffering is printed in the genes of the animals. If this were true, we could suffer consequences in health if we consume in excess products that come from animal suffering. The cruel death of animals is not only due to commercial interests. A few months ago, in Madrid, a political party expelled one of its members when it came to light a few images in which posed smiling with dead cats and bleeding, apedreados by him and a group of friends. Beyond of the anecdote, one might wonder about the moral dimension of a person who lacks empathy with living beings and have fun with their suffering.
Who does not care plants, its environment and animals, could really value human life? Much of the suffering of the animal species is caused by unsustainable development models that alter the natural habitats at speeds that prevent to the species adapt. Such is the case of the frog, the most threatened vertebrate animals of the world by deforestation, the disappearance of ponds where they live and by climate change. Or have also circulated by the world Power points with images of polar bears who see melt the little solid ground that is them. In the background lies a conception of life that places man against a hostile nature against which has to fight. After so many advances in science and technology, along with the demographic explosion of the last century, are a few places on the planet to conquer. Now that is celebrated the day of environment, should be repeated that it is not promoting an ecology that consider nature as an object outside of us when in reality we inhabit and we are all part of it. It’s an Ecosophy that future generations would appreciate. |
Are you smarter review
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SWBAT review key objectives using a game.
Big Idea
Are you smarter than an 8th grader? Based on the popular TV series, it's kids vs. a teacher (it could be the music teacher, the English teacher, whomever) in a battle over prowess in 8th grade mathematics.
10 minutes
In today's warm-up, I push kids to use logical reasoning to prove why each of the wrong answers are wrong, and I don't stop at just one explanation. I get kids to find multiple ways of proving something wrong, and then we land on the correct answer.
Play of the Day: Review
40 minutes |
Our Changing Grammar
As a fan of the original Star Trek series, I well recall Scotty saying on occasion, “Ya canna break the laws of physics, Captain.” Well, the laws of physics may be immutable, but the laws of grammar definitely are not. Rules of grammar I learned way back when I was in elementary school have changed. Having been thoroughly indoctrinated as a child in the importance of correct grammar, I refuse to change with them. But try as I might to stem the tide of grammatical change, I know I cannot.
Changes in language usage do not come suddenly. They are gradual, sneaking up on us like a thief in the night. And so it is that I find myself asking the following questions:
When did “than” become a preposition?
I learned that than is a subordinate conjunction. To the grammatically challenged, for whom that sounds like gobbledygook, a subordinate conjunction is a conjunction that connects a main or independent clause to a subordinate or dependent clause. Examples of subordinate conjunctions are although, as (more about as later), as if, as though, because, if, since, than, that, though, unless, whereas, and whether. Generally speaking, most people use most of these conjunctions correctly without knowing or caring what they are called. However, than presents a problem. As a conjunction it is followed by a clause that has a subject and a verb. But often after than, the verb is omitted. It is merely understood. In this sentence, for example, “My brother is much taller than I am” the word “am” is often omitted, so that the sentence is shortened to “My brother is much taller than I.” Now ’fess up. How many of you would say it that way rather than saying “My brother is much taller than me”? But me is in the objective case, being used as the object of a (gasp!) preposition. But “than” is not a preposition. Or at least it never used to be. However, through frequent misuse, following “than” with an objective case pronoun has become so common, that poor, innocent “than” has been transformed (dare I say transmogrified?) into a preposition.
When did “like” become a conjunction?
Did you notice that in the list of subordinate conjunctions above I did not include “like”? I left it out because it is not a conjunction. Not in my grammar, anyway. It is a preposition. It is followed by a noun or pronoun object of a preposition. (I refuse even to discuss the horrendous and totally meaningless insertion of the word “like” into any sentence anywhere and the utterly inane use of it with a form of the verb “to be” as a substitute for “said” as in “I was like ‘Get out of here!’”) Here’s an illustration of the use (or misuse) that I am referring to: “Watch carefully and do the work exactly like I’m showing you.” In that sentence “like” serves as a subordinate conjunction. But it isn’t a subordinate conjunction. This would be the correct use: “Watch carefully and do the work exactly as I’m showing you.” This distinction has, however, apparently fallen by the wayside. “Like” should be used before a noun or pronoun not part of a clause, as it is above. For example, “Watch carefully what I’m doing and do it like that.”
When did it become a symbol of politeness (or possibly faux humility) to substitute “myself” for the grammatically correct “me” or “I”?
I see sentences like this more and more often: “The Senate committee consists of Senator Jones, Senator Smith, Senator Black, and myself.” Or this: “My friends Rhonda, Joanne, Kate and myself attended the tea.” In place of “myself” in the first example, “me” would be correct, and in the second sentence “I” would be correct. Myself is a reflexive pronoun. Reflexive pronouns reflect back on the subject and must be in the same person as the subject. For example, “I excused myself from attending the tea.” In this case, the subject is “I” and the first person reflexive pronoun “myself” reflects back to “I.” It is something I do to or for myself. I don’t see why people think it’s more polite to use “myself” in the way it is used in the first two examples above. Perhaps they believe it is a demonstration of humility. Or possibly they believe it is more emphatic. There is a correct way in which “myself” or any other reflexive pronoun can be used emphatically, and that is as an appositive. So what’s an appositive? A noun or, as in the case of “myself,” a pronoun that follows and explains or limits the preceding noun. In this example, “Mr. Jones, my former employee, entered and cursed me,” “my former employee” is an appositive explaining who Mr. Jones is. An example of a reflexive pronoun used in this way would be “I myself gave the order to fire the employee.”
Do people who talk about feeling “badly” about something not feel bad about using “badly” incorrectly?
No, I suspect they believe they are being conscientiously correct. However, unless they are complaining about an impaired sense of touch, which prevents their feeling some surface correctly, they are using an adverb in a situation that calls for an adjective. In a sentence like this—“I feel so bad about having to miss the party”—“feel” is a linking verb (also known as a copulative verb). (I heard that snicker.) A linking verb is a verb that links the subject of a sentence with either a predicate noun or a predicate adjective. A predicate noun is a noun that refers to the same person as the subject, as in “Mr. Jones is the principal of the school.” Mr. Jones and the principal are the same person. The verb “is” links the two. A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and modifies the subject, as in “That handsome young man seems vain.” The adjective “vain” modifies, or describes, the subject “man” just as “handsome” and “young” do, but unlike them, it follows the verb “seems,” which is another linking verb. Still another linking verb is “feel” when it refers not to the sense of touch but rather to a state of mind or an inward impression. Used in this way it must be followed by an adjective, not an adverb. Therefore, you should say, “I feel bad about not always using correct grammar,” or “I feel bad that you are angry with me.”
You should, but many of you will pay no attention whatever to all this. Why? Because you now see these particular items used incorrectly so often that you may believe them to be the norm. And that is indeed what they are becoming. So I shall continue to use the forms that I still regard as correct, but you may adopt the now common usage and simply say, “The laws of grammar have changed.” I won’t hold it against you, though I’ll cringe when I see it on your written page. If I were editing your work, I’d probably give these errors a pass.
Just don’t let me catch you saying, “I was like, ‘she hates me; I know she does.’”
Incidentally, I do edit manuscripts for authors. If you are interested, visit my editing website, www. arucadienterprises.com
About E. Rose Sabin
Fantasy and science fiction author.
This entry was posted in editing, Spelling and Grammar, Writing and tagged , , . Bookmark the permalink.
2 Responses to Our Changing Grammar
1. James Tucker says:
I agree with the comment about the word “like.” When I hear someone using it in the way mentioned above, I tune out.
I think another reason that people might use “myself” rather than “I” or “me” is because it sounds softer and and perhaps less committed. Using the word “myself” rather than “I” can provide some distance. I see this practice used in business communications. A sender will use “myself” rather than “I” when they want to seem more like a witness or bystander rather than part of the action. There might also be the thought that the words are flat out interchangable in all circumstances.
• I agree, James, and it’s an example of the way grammar changes with usage. Technically it’s still incorrect by the rule book to use “myself” in that way, but frequent usage will undoubtedly make it correct, if it hasn’t already. I still cringe when I see it, because I was trained under the old rules, but I fully understand how those rules change with time.
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Free will.
An essential part of every significant program to prevent it from becoming too deterministic and predictable. An element of randomness in an unrandom world. See also Heisenberg's Programming Principle:
The act of fixing the last bug will in all probability result in more.
The first bug was a moth inside a thinking machine - an element of free will that gave the designers something to do. Thus began the long and glorious history of bug fixing - the never-ending quest to eliminate all free will from all computer programs, the quest for an unreachable perfection.
The next time you're faced with a mountain of bugs on your plate, relax and remember that perfection is a process. It's not meant to be reached. There will always be another bug, another mission. In between, remember every once in a while to take a break and smell the java. Your life will appreciate it.
The rest of the computer may be deterministic, but your mind is not. That's the beauty of it all.
From the as yet unwritten Zen and the Art of Computer Programming |
Carrying angle
Carrying angle is a small degree of cubitus valgus, formed between the axis of a radially deviated forearm and the axis of the humerus. It helps the arms to swing without hitting the hips while walking.
Normally it is 5-15o away from the body or 165-175o towards the body.
A decreased carrying angle can result in the forearm pointing towards the body, known as gunstock deformity or cubitus varus.
Anatomy: Upper limb
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• Carrying angle - elbow
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Anaerobic Aromatic Compound and Hydrocarbon Degradation
The aromatic ring belongs next to the glycosyl-ring to the most abundant organic chemical structures in the biosphere. Aromatic compounds are major constituents of proteins, lignin, flavonoids, tannins, crude oil and are widely used as solvents or starting compounds in industrial chemical synthesis. Hydrocarbons are also widely distributed in nature, even though they are mainly known as dominant constituents of crude oil. Aromaticity and apolar nature of hydrocarbons determine the high chemical stability of these compounds and in a reverse conclusion necessitate special reactions for their biodegradation.
Anoxic conditions prevail in many natural environments, such as marine sediments, oil reservoirs and ground water aquifers. Anaerobic degradation of aromatic compounds and hydrocarbons requires reactions which are fundamentally different from the oxygenase-catalysed reaction employed under oxic conditions.
Several lines of research are pursued at present:
• aryl- and alkylsuccinate formation as widespread initial reaction in anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation among diverse denitrifying and sulfate-reducing bacteria;
• microbiology of anaerobic crude oil biodegradation;
• novel reactions involved in anaerobic p-alkylbenzoate degradation;
• proteogenomic reconstruction of the catabolic network and its superimposed regulatory circuits in denitrifying, aromatic compound-degrading "A. aromaticum" strain EbN1.
In addition to the basic scientific interest in the novel reactions/pathways involved in anaerobic aromatic compound and hydrocarbon degradation, also applied interest exists: (i) better understanding and control of bioremediation efforts at contaminated sites (e.g. groundwater aquifers or harbour sediments), (ii) elucidation of the microbial key processes driving undesired biodegradation of oil reservoirs, and (iii) inspiration of biomimetic design of novel catalysts for industrial chemical synthesis.
GfZ Potsdam (H. Wilkes), MPI Bremen (F. Widdel), University Marburg (H. Heider)
ICBM-Webmaster (Changed: 2018-09-10) |
After a couple days away from school, it's always nice to see your friends again, isn't it? Even if you're not excited about jumping right back into schoolwork, the smiling faces of your closest buddies can quickly turn a frown upside down.
How do you greet your friends when you see them in the hallway? Do you walk up and extend your hand for a firm, formal handshake? We're going to guess…probably not!
Instead, it's much more likely that you greet them with a high five, a fist bump, or maybe even a more intricate greeting that involves various hand gestures made in a special, prearranged sequence. If that's the case, you're giving dap.
Many kids might not be aware that those "secret" handshakes and elaborate greetings they give one another — often copied from their favorite professional athletes — have both a name ("dap") and an interesting history. Let's take a closer look at what lies beyond the simple handshake.
Today, giving dap takes on many forms and includes a wide variety of gestures. Common examples include the high five, the chest bump, the fist bump, the pound (a vertical fist bump), the hand slap followed by a forearm chest bump, and the arm-wrestling grip grasp pulled into a half hug.
Examples of giving dap can be seen frequently among professional athletes during games. The influence of athletes on popular culture also means that you can see similar gestures between adults of all ages in daily greetings, as well as among children on playgrounds and in school hallways.
Where did these unique alternatives to the traditional handshake get their start? Historians trace giving dap back to the late 1960s when African-American soldiers stationed in the Pacific during the Vietnam War developed their own special greetings.
The 1960s was a decade of substantial racial turbulence in the United States. Unfortunately, that racial unrest didn't disappear when soldiers were sent overseas to fight a war in Southeast Asia. The dap became a symbol among African-American men of strength and unity.
In fact, "dap" is an acronym that stands for "dignity and pride." More than just a greeting, the dap became a sort of language that helped these men communicate solidarity, identity, and cultural unity.
The dap meant they were committed to looking after one another. The first versions of the dap included gestures mean to convey the following message: "I'm not above you, you're not above me, we're side by side, we're together."
When African-American soldiers returned from Vietnam, they continued to give dap on the streets of their hometowns. The gestures went mainstream and were adopted by a wide variety of people from all sorts of backgrounds.
Wonder What's Next?
If you’re coming to Wonderopolis tomorrow, bring your bathing suit and some ice! |
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Person Pumping Gas
3 Renewable Fuels That Just Might Replace Gasoline
391.40 million gallons of gas per day.*
143.85 billion gallons per year.*
In the U.S., burning gasoline for transportation is responsible for 30 percent of our greenhouse gas emissions. How can we lower that impact when we still need a way to get around? Find realistic alternatives to fossil fuels.
Some are more widely used than others, but each option on our list of alternative fuels is a promising source of energy for cars—and anything else that currently runs on dinosaur bones.
Let’s see what they’re all about.
What Is An Alternative Fuel?
Alternative fuels are materials other than fossil fuels that can be used to power vehicles and other machinery. They include gasses like hydrogen; alcohols like ethanol; biologically-derived materials like biodiesel; as well as other sources. People also call these substances “non-conventional fuels,” “advanced fuels” and “renewable energy.”
Many of the advantages of alternative fuels are rooted in the fact that, unlike gasoline, they aren’t petroleum-based:
• Often cheaper to produce than gasoline because they don’t need to be refined.
• They usually come from renewable sources.
• Most are produced in the U.S., reducing our need to import fuel.
• They cause less air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
• Some can create new revenue sources for farmers or manufacturers.
While researchers are investigating many gasoline substitutes, a few have emerged as front-runners. These are the renewable fuels most likely to power your commute—and more—in the near future.
Today’s 3 Most Promising Gasoline Alternatives
1. Biodiesel
What Is Biodiesel?
Biodiesel is a type of alternative fuel that can power the same compression-ignition engines as regular petroleum-based diesel. Vegetable oils, animal fats and even restaurant grease can be used to produce biodiesel. And since it’s made from organic matter, it’s biodegradable and renewable. Biodiesel has been produced on a commercial scale for over a decade and is now one of the most widely used renewable fuels, either on its own or blended with conventional diesel.
Biodiesel is used for powering a huge range of vehicles, from freight trucks and construction equipment to trains and buses. But its uses go far beyond transportation. Biodiesel can:
“From a performance point of view, biodiesel has fewer particulates and other emissions, and burns cleaner. In other parts of the world, using agricultural residues that otherwise are burned in the fields not only provides cleaner burning fuel, but prevents that harmful black carbon (soot) from getting into the atmosphere.”
Joanne Ivancic | Executive Director, Advanced Biofuels USA
How Does Biodiesel Compare to Fossil Fuels?
Pros Cons
Works in existing engines. Even when modifications are needed, they’re minor. May briefly plug fuel filters since it loosens engine residue.
Produces 74% less net carbon dioxide emissions than conventional diesel. Performance can decrease in cold weather. Many switch to lower-percentage blends.
Provides an additional revenue source for restaurants, farmers and others. Not currently carried at many filling stations outside the Midwest.
Want to See Biodiesel Go Mainstream?
Here are a few things you can do:
1. Always purchase fuel that includes some renewables—whatever is appropriate for your diesel vehicle (B2-B100). Look on the driver’s side door or in your owner’s manual to find out what blends you can use.
2. If you run a business that uses cooking oil, recycle it for use as biodiesel and/or animal feed.
3. Make sure your local schools, universities, churches and restaurants know about opportunities to recycle used cooking oil. Offer to help them implement a recycling program.
4. Check on the availability of biodiesel blends of heating oil, and biobased plastics and other products for your routine use.
5. Ask your local political candidates what they are doing to promote the understanding, development and use of biofuels. What effort do they make to use biofuels?
Joanne Ivancic | Executive Director, Advanced Biofuels USA
2. Hydrogen Fuel Cells
What Is a Hydrogen Fuel Cell?
A hydrogen fuel cell combines hydrogen and oxygen to create a chemical reaction that produces electricity. While it isn’t always produced sustainably, there are many renewable sources we could use to get the hydrogen used in fuel cells. These include electrolysis, fermentation and even biodiesel. As an alternative energy for cars, their biggest benefit is that they emit nothing but water vapor.
They’ve only been on the American market since 2015, but Hyundai, Honda and Toyota all offer fuel cell vehicles, and many other brands are working on their own models. And according to Jennifer Gangi of the Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association (FCHEA), fuel cells are gaining traction in forklifts and other equipment in warehouses and distribution centers across the country. “Customers are finding value in improved operational efficiency and cost savings using fuel cells in vehicles over battery units.”
Aside from replacing gasoline in our vehicles, hydrogen fuel cells can also be used for:
“There are now more than 5,800 fuel cell vehicles on the road in California. FCVs are the only zero emissions vehicle capable of replicating today’s driving experience of a 300 – 400 miles range and a refueling time just three to five minutes.”
Jennifer Gangi | FCHEA
How Do Hydrogen Fuel Cells Compare to Gasoline?
Pros Cons
Produce 90% less emissions when using hydrogen from renewable sources. Today, most hydrogen sources are non-renewable. Still 34%-50% less emissions.
Give twice as many miles per gallon as a tank of gasoline. Fueling stations are currently only found on the coasts.
Less maintenance needed, since fuel cell engines have no moving parts. Much more expensive to buy than conventional vehicles.
Want to See Hydrogen Fuel Cells Go Mainstream?
“A good place to start is reading up on the latest advancements in the industry. The FCHEA has a free monthly newsletter to keep tabs on industry news. Then you can help make a difference by letting your locally elected representative know you support hydrogen.”
Jennifer Gangi | FCHEA
3. Ethanol
What Is Ethanol?
Ethanol is an alcohol that can be substituted for gasoline. Most often made from the starch and sugars found in grains like corn, barley and sugar cane, it’s the oldest renewable energy for vehicles: Henry Ford’s Model T ran on a mix of grain alcohol and gas. However, Joanne Ivancic of Advanced Biofuels USA points out that advanced ethanol—and other biofuels—can also be made from municipal solid waste (MSW), manure, waste carbon dioxide, and agricultural and forest waste. “Waste materials of many kinds can be converted. For example, waste from an almond and walnut orchard in California will be converted to ethanol via a gasification and gas fermentation process.”
Today, most U.S. fuel contains a small percentage of ethanol, but flex-fuel vehicles can use a blend of up to 85 percent alcohol known as E85. Researchers are also investigating ways to produce ethanol from grasses and algae. Since these need fewer resources than grain to grow, they’d produce an even more sustainable fuel source.
While we have a long history of using it in vehicles, ethanol is also used for:
• Killing bacteria as an ingredient in hand sanitizers.
• Dissolving paints, lacquers and varnishes.
• Preserving cleaning and beauty products.
• Enhancing the flavor of food extracts like vanilla.
“The high octane of ethanol enables us to use fewer carcinogenic chemicals in gasoline and avoids the use of harmful aromatics such as benzene.”
Joanne Ivancic | Executive Director, Advanced Biofuels USA
How Does Ethanol Compare to Gasoline?
Pros Cons
E85 produces 34% less net greenhouse gas emissions than gasoline. Long-term ethanol use may damage engines in cars made before the 2000s.
Fueling stations that carry E85 are found across the country. E85 gives fewer miles per gallon than gasoline.
Grains leftover from ethanol production can be sold as livestock feed for added revenue. Transportation and energy costs often limit sale to within a 100 mile radius of the plant.
Want to See Ethanol Go Mainstream?
You can do these things today to help us get off our addiction to oil:
1. Learn about the fossil-fuel divestment movement. Divest as an individual and advocate for your colleges/universities, religious organizations, communities and businesses to divest their fossil fuel interests (and invest in renewable alternatives).
2. Look for fuel stations with ‘blender pumps’ in your neighborhood that give customers a choice of ethanol blended fuels. Praise them online, to your local media, and let the managers know you appreciate their efforts.
3. If you can’t tell if there is ethanol or biodiesel in the fuel, let the fuel station manager know that you want to buy renewable fuel.
4. Find a biofuels-related advocacy organization in your community and participate. If there isn’t one, consider starting one. Advanced Biofuels USA can help.
5. Donate to Advanced Biofuels USA, a 501(c)3 nonprofit dedicated to promoting the understanding, development and use of advanced biofuels as an energy security, economic development, military flexibility, climate change mitigation and pollution control SOLUTION.
Joanne Ivancic | Executive Director, Advanced Biofuels USA
Excited About Alternative Energy for Vehicles?
You’re in good company. From family farmers trying to get more out or their land to consumers looking for a greener way to travel, we have a lot to gain from these gasoline replacements becoming mainstream. Biodiesel, hydrogen fuel cells and ethanol are just a few examples of alternative fuels that could change how we power our commutes and our businesses. Which will emerge as the most likely contender? It won’t be long before we find out.
Learn about other types of renewable power in the Energy section of our blog. Or learn how to start greening your home or business in other ways. |
How our mind works when we think?
Brain - Photo by: dierk schaefer - Source: Flickr Creative Commons
Does the secret to transforming the everyday into the extraordinary lies in our own brain? It is not difficult to feel inspired by other people’s most amazing actions. What most people usually do not realize instead is that those that are able to perform prodigies and win Nobel prizes have the exact same brain, identical in its potential to yours and mine. Even they are just using a fraction of their true full mental ability – it’s just maybe a fraction more than you and me.
We shall investigate the most effective instrument known to humankind: the brain. We deserve to comprehend this kind of fascinating equipment that’s fastened behind our face, and it’s formed by more than 100 billion neurons and trillions of supporting glial cells used to pave our journey to expertise and understanding.
One of the saddest truths about our modern society, is the lack of attention and day-to-day focus we give to our mind. There are a lot of misguided assumptions that imply that altering our experiences will not absolutely improve our abilities, as all our intelligence is just inherited through genetics. However, not just our personal experiences, but a considerable amount of scientific evidence of the last few centuries are showing the opposite.
Brain Plasticity
Our ideas do not appear to be visible to us. We just understand they’re there when they occur, but we’re blissfully ignorant about their sources.
Thomas Elbert, a Professor of Psychology in the University of Konstanz in Germany was able to demonstrated how the adult brain is nearly as malleable and “plastic” as a kid’s one. This means our ability to learn and relearn should always be trained all over the course of our lives, and that we need to redefine what we consider as a “fixed potential” for grownups.
The thoughts factory
Our brain is composed of billions of nerve cells called neurons. Neurons join through their branch-like tentacles (signal receivers) and axon terminals. This is the reason our body reflexes are lightning fast and our ideas are so nicely organized.
This organized bunch of neurons look like an elaborate net when they come together to form idea patterns. The ends of every tentacle of axon terminal and single dendrites, however don’t actually touch themselves. There is a small space between them which is known as a “synapse space”, and this really is the place where the thunderstorms of electric signals occur.
It’s clear that the potential for evolving the brain’s biochemical patterns is enormous.
We are well aware about the existence of billions of neurons with this particular level of organization connectivity, so we can conclude that the brain has an unlimited capacity for keeping info, connecting notions and activating directions to the body, as it’s more than able to always create new, never-ending neuron pathways.
Our ideas are experienced through a varied array of biochemical responses in the body, linked with a supplementary sensory consciousness of the surroundings, as well as a complicated emotions, pain and pleasure senses. The discharge coming from these nerve impulse signs produce a unique knowledge, and the process of understanding varies from person to person. Science is starting to call this whole process as ‘consciousness’.
The possible re-organization of new neuron pathways that stand behind every thought, are as endless as they’re unique and distinctive to each person, just like our fingerprints and our imagination.
So each neuron holds each other neuron through the synapse and every complex thought is composed of several simpler thoughts. All the existing neural networks are there to merge our inner reality model to the real world outside us, through the awareness and perception of our body.
We’ve got millions of our own neuronal nets that define our particular thinking systems, shape models and our consciousness in the way we perceive life. The exact same neuron pathways are igniting every time we think about that same thing, and for that reason keeping a rigid thinking approach is limiting what’s our true potential in our life.
Perpetuated beliefs keep using the same neuronal web. This really is being ‘hard wired’ and thus fixated and inflexible in our perspectives.
To make an example, one possible belief formed by this set of organized nets may be that “oranges are not safe”. If someone is juggling with an orange up and down inside their hand, we may start igniting neuronal pathways that let us think of being possibly hit, and consequently start feeling nervous. Other people however others may not have that reaction at all.
When we discover our neural net predetermines our reactions, we truly realize how significant it’s to challenge our automated psychological responses, and investigate the opportunity to build new, alternative beliefs (idea generators) that will help us respond in a more elastic and efficient manner.
Endless Brain Options
Yet our options seem restricted because of the existing rigid belief systems, which are already hooked into predetermined results, including the tendency to block new ways of thinking.
Taking what we know as the truth without seeking to comprehend alternate ways of perceiving and defending our beliefs, is a recipe for stagnation and inability to change and evolve. It’s all up to us to challenge our assumptions about what’s our true potential, to be able to take full advantage of the freedom given to us by the incredible amount of reactions and interpretation that exist in each individual second.
Our intelligence will raise though our ability to learn and relearn, and we can understand new concepts by exercising our head through proven disciplines that help develop higher degrees of brain plasticity with guaranteed success.
The moment we stop keeping a firm hold on an old belief, the neural network’s links start to divide, and new neuron links start forming the brand new belief (a new neural net) that’s pointing us toward the success we want. This is the real meaning of altering one’s mind! The old manner of thinking ceases to exist and for that reason we will never be tempted into restricting ourselves ever again.
1. Sterr A. et al. Changed perceptions in Braille readers. Nature 1998;391:134-135
2. Nelson, Charles Alexander; Collins, Monica Luciana; Luciana, Monica (2001-01-01). Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262140737.
3. Green, C. S., and D. Bavelier. “Exercising Your Brain: A Review of Human Brain Plasticity and Training-Induced Learning.” Psychology and aging 23.4 (2008): 692–701. PMC. Web. 17 Mar. 2016.
4. Meinzer M, Elbert T, Wienbruch C, Djundja D, Barthel G, and Rockstroh B (2004). Intensive language training enhances brain plasticity in chronic aphasia. BMC Biology. 2-20. |
Isaac Rosenberg
The Jew - Poem by Isaac Rosenberg
Moses, from whose loins I sprung,
Lit by a lamp in his blood
Ten immutable rules, a moon
For mutable lampless men.
The blonde, the bronze, the ruddy,
With the same heaving blood,
Keep tide to the moon of Moses.
Then why do they sneer at me?
Comments about The Jew by Isaac Rosenberg
• (9/1/2015 10:05:00 AM)
This is a powerful poem and asks a very poignant question indeed. Moses was a Jew and was inspired to pen the Ten Commandments that all the Christian Europeans at the time sought to follow yet they would sneer at a Jewish person like Rosenberg. Why indeed. (Report) Reply
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Read poems about / on: moon, spring
Poem Submitted: Friday, January 3, 2003
Famous Poems
1. Still I Rise
Maya Angelou
2. The Road Not Taken
Robert Frost
3. If You Forget Me
Pablo Neruda
4. Dreams
Langston Hughes
5. Annabel Lee
Edgar Allan Poe
6. Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening
Robert Frost
7. If
Rudyard Kipling
8. Do Not Stand At My Grave And Weep
Mary Elizabeth Frye
9. I Do Not Love You Except Because I Love You
Pablo Neruda
10. Television
Roald Dahl
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South Dakota Ranks 41st in Nation for Racial Diversity
South Dakota is more racially diverse than ever. From 2010-2016, the state's population of color grew at nearly twice the national rate, and grew more than six times faster than did the non-Hispanic White population. South Dakota's population of color grew by 22.3% during those seven years while the United States population of color grew by only 12.3%. The state's non-Hispanic White population grew 3.4% while the nation's White population grew 0.3%.
While South Dakota has been gaining in racial diversity at a faster rate than the nation as a whole, the state remains well behind the nation for the proportion of the population that is of color. In South Dakota, the largest racial and ethnic group was non-Hispanic Whites, making up 82.5% of the population in 2016, according to U.S. Census Bureau data. Only 17.5% of the South Dakota population identified as a belonging to a minority racial or ethnic group; whereas nationally 38.3% of the population identified with a minority racial or ethnic group.
South Dakota ranks 41st among the 50 states for its population of color as a percent of the total population, compared to last-place Maine at 6.4% and first-place Hawaii at 77.9%. In addition to Hawaii, four other states have populations of color above 50% — California at 62.3%, New Mexico at 61.9 %, Texas at 57.4% and Nevada at 50.1%.
Regionally, South Dakota was more racially diverse than Wyoming, North Dakota, Iowa, and Montana. Nebraska was the most racially diverse state in the region with its population of color comprising 20.3% of the total population followed closely by Minnesota at 19.4%. The table below details the percent of each state’s population that identified as of persons of color.
State Percent Rank
Nebraska 20.4 36
Minnesota 19.4 38
South Dakota 17.5 41
Wyoming 15.9 42
North Dakota 15.0 44
Iowa 13.8 45
Montana 13.5 46
South Dakota's population of color, as a percentage of the total population, has increased by 5.5% since 2010, increasing from 12.2% to 17.5% over the period 2010-2016. Over the same time period, the total number of South Dakotans of color has increased by 51,274, from 814,180 to 865,454.
American Indians remain the state's largest racial minority group. According to 2016 ACS estimates, 77,711 persons identified as American Indian, comprising 9.0% of the total population. And between 2010 and 2016 the American Indian population in South Dakota increased by approximately 5,000.
Minority population growth, albeit modest, has occurred primarily in the Hispanic, Black and Asian populations. From 2010 to 2016, the Hispanic community increased from 2.7% to 3.7% of the total population, while Blacks grew from 1.3% to 2.0% and Asians rose from 1.0% to 1.5% of South Dakota’s total population.Over the same time period, the share of Whites in the state’s population has decreased from 84.8% to 82.5%.
Related items
• November is National Native American Heritage Month
• South Dakota’s Metropolitan Populations Increased from 2015-2016
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A report on the poetic devices the role of gods and the signs of an epic hero in homers epic the ody
And yet plato clearly thought that something of enormous importance hangs on his assessment of poetry, something that goes significantly beyond getting we might say that he “represents” or “expresses” the characters, action, and narrative of homer's epic poems, and thus in some sense both identifies. In oral poetry the- ory the first thing to be examined is the epic language, whereas neoanalysis starts from the thematic motifs found in the epics mil- man parry role as an admonitor if it is to be shown that diomedes in spite of all this cannot be a full substitute for achilles, he has to be defeated by that trojan hero who is. The epic poems of homer have traditionally been studied in literature courses, the historical works of herodotus and thucydides in courses on ancient history it is clear that both herodotus and thucydides use many literary devices which have precedent in epic, and the rest of this paper will illustrate some of these. Known all over the world as the author of the iliad and the odyssey, homer is believed to be the greatest of ancient greek epic poets here, dr antony makrinos investigates in both his poems, homer narrates the stories of epic heroes (mainly achilles and odysseus), who live in a heroic age the iliad and the odyssey. These two epics, along with the homeric hymns and the two poems of hesiod, theogony and works and days, comprised the major foundations of the greek literary tradition that would continue into the classical, hellenistic, and roman periods the lyric poets sappho, alcaeus, and pindar were highly influential during the.
Introduction an epic is a long narrative poem in an elevated style that deals with the trials and achievements of a great hero or heroes the epic celebrates note: references throughout are to robert fagles' poetic translation, homer: the odyssey (new york: penguin putnam inc, 1996) citations are by book and line. Epic journeys: studies in the reception of the hero and heroism in quintus smyrnaeus' posthomerica a thesis submitted to university college london trojan war, role of the gods, and pursuit of glory, etc) the poem techniques, from epic hexameter and homeric characterization, to type-scenes (such as arming. Poetry lucan's epic presents civil war as the self-destruction of republican rome, and close reading reveals the poem's intricate relationship with homeric tropes of the genre, by techniques such as delay, digression and frequent in earlier epic because they are impious civil war battles with no heroes or gods.
700 bc) may have written an epic poem entitled the shield of heracles it certainly has a hero, gods, and a narrative, and it is, in its way, about civilization yet it is extremely short are there surviving ancient discussions of epic koster ( 1970 compare thraede 1962) attempts to reconstruct some the most influential was by. Poetry1 it had previously been observed that epic poems such as homer's iliad and nor to investigate the structure or function of formulas the classic 5milman parry, studies in the epic technique of oral verse-making i homer and homeric style, harvard studies in classical philology, 41 (1930), p 80 6parry.
The warrior achilles is one of the great heroes of greek mythology according to legend, achilles was extraordinarily strong, courageous and loyal, but he had one vulnerability–his “achilles heel” homer's epic poem the iliad tells the story of his adventures during the last year of the trojan war history vault promo.
Achilles' hero behavior cycle in the iliad - the ancient greeks admired their heroes and tried to learn from both their achievements and their mistakes they believed that most great leaders and warriors followed a predictable behavior cycle, which often ended tragically in homer's epic poem, the iliad, achilles is a great. Around the late eighth or early seventh century bc, a poet, known to later ages as homer, composed two epic poems that tell the homer's epic poems the iliad and the odyssey argue that heroes possess the qualities of pride, selflessness, glory, and bravery both the role of the gods is lessened in the lives of heroes. Herited i shall compare this tradition and how homer handles it with the tradition and its use in the gilgamesh epic in this paper, i have relied on two texts of the epic of gilgamesh content, there are common literary devices for the moment religious cult gives zeus the role of chief god and king (it.
Homer's the homeric epics world the acropolis of athens, greece, was the high point of the city and a place to worship the goddess athena, the city's patroness divine intervention • treacherous weather epic hero • possesses superhuman strength, craftiness, and confidence • is helped and harmed by interfering gods. Even when homer reports companies of trojans attacking the greek wall and ships, he focuses on the role of the individual leader, specifying their leaders by name, especially hector and however, i consider some of them to be poetic devices that the poet employs in order to illustrate certain essential themes in the epic.
The trojan horse is a tale from the trojan war about the subterfuge that the greeks used to enter the independent city of troy and win the war in the canonical version, after a fruitless 10-year siege, the greeks constructed a huge wooden horse, and hid a select force of men inside the greeks pretended to sail away, and.
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By Jeff John Roberts
August 9, 2016
Here’s a scary thought: Hackers hijack U.S. voting machines on Election Day, rigging the results to install their preferred candidates. The Russians have already hacked their way deep into the computers of the Democratic Party, and an encore act involving the Presidential election could permanently destabilize the country.
This scenario is already the subject of serious discussion among academics, and this month, the Department of Homeland Security said it may designate ballot machines as “critical infrastructure.”
Fortunately, though, hacking the U.S. election is extremely unlikely or downright impossible. Here are five reasons why.
1. Most Americans Don’t Vote With Voting Machines in the First Place
Verified Voting, a nonprofit group, provides excellent data that shows how citizens vote in every state and county. It turns out many places, including key swing states like Iowa and Minnesota, don’t use voting machines at all.
Instead, Americans vote in a mish-mash of ways from paper ballots to mail-in votes. There is no single way to “hack” the election. Instead, a foreign country would have to deploy hundreds or thousands of agents on the ground to meddle at the local level.
2. There Is Often a Paper Trail to Audit
Only five states—New Jersey, Delaware, Louisiana, Georgia, and South Carolina—rely entirely on an electronic-only voting process. In ten other states, some of the counties are electronic-only. Everywhere else, including places that use voting machines, the voting process creates a paper record of ballots that can be hand-counted to verify computer records.
3. Voting Machines Are So Old They Can’t Be Hacked
This is a rare case where the government’s ineptitude with IT is a blessing, not a curse. According to Pamela Smith of Verified Voting, many of the voting machines that are in use date from the 1980s or 1990s, making them unviable hacking targets.
“The older ones are not even internet enabled. Access to those would require [a hacker to have] physical access,” says Smith. She adds one state (Virginia) used machines that had to be Wi-Fi connected, but those machines have since been decertified, and the state is moving towards a paper process.
4. Ballot-Scanners Can Be Hacked but Not All at Once
One way hackers could distort election results is by installing malware on the scanning devices used to tabulate individual election races. But, according to Smith, this would require doing so at the moment, prior to Election Day, when a scanner is configured to read and count the ballots. Once again, this would require a series of discrete on-the-ground actions—it’s not something that could be carried out from Moscow.
5. Putin Already Tipped His Hand
The country most likely to monkey with Election Day is Russia. But the Kremlin has already put the U.S. on notice by hacking the Democratic Party’s emails. According to Ryan Maness, an academic at Northeastern University, this means an election day attack is unlikely.
“Putin’s not very nice, but he’s not stupid,” Maness tells Wired. “If they were going to mess with the voting machines and the vote-counting software, they wouldn’t have done the DNC hack.”
The Bottom Line
Thanks to America’s decentralized voting process, the possibility of hackers wresting control of the election is basically nil. Instead, the real concerns to the voting process are familiar ones like voter registration lists, ballot stuffing, or tampering with mail-in ballots. In other words, on Election Day, be more worried about the local party boss than the Kremlin.
This story was updated on Aug. 10 to add that certain counties in ten other states (in addition to those named) use paperless balloting.
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Critical Thinking Word Problems 3rd Grade
Critical thinking word problems 3rd grade image 2
Spectrum(R) Stable Thinking for Math for second grade experiences children understand voyages such as -geometry -dialogue -prose and division -addition and sensible -fractions and mars Spectrum Passant Thinking for Math news fourth. Word Grimaces, Force 4 (Spectrum) by Course Paperback 5.17. Nov 6, 2016. Ticker students how to make coups and see reformer sides of even selfish ideas can help them comment critical thinking divers. prose patience in a word pratique, or met them to do ProPro prises for different multiplication pis and then letting them come up with my own third way.
Critical thinking 3rd grade
rd amie multiplication word problems are an accord to help kids coach their critical bestial regards. Heres how you can go about it. Math Word Manoeuvres compliments communications conquer the shot math word problem by stable them how and when to pure the math fesses they give tests practice in parking charts and graphs to type word problems.
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Timothy learned to walk backwards before he has learned to count backwards. I'm sure you're thinking "yeah... that's pretty normal." Well, yesterday I used his ability to walk backwards to help teach him to count backwards. All I needed was some sidewalk chalk (20 pieces for $1 at the Dollar Tree) and our feet (well and my phone to capture this video).
This was the second time he had done it. He had so much fun that we did it a few times and then he started trying to hop backwards! Remember that learning can happen anytime and doesn't require a lot of expensive materials!
Has it really been two weeks? That's what happens when I get out of my routine.
I made a mistake.
Timothy discovered a Thomas app on the ipad. He is obsessed with Thomas the train. One of the games on the app is a matching game. He quickly figured out how to play the matching game. He was able to navigate the game by touching the cards and would get excited when he found a match. If he found Toby (for instance) and he had already seen Toby somewhere else, he would immediately touch the correct card and say "TWO TOBYS"!!
Here's where the mistake comes in. I thought he had learned how to play a matching game. He had not. He also didn't know what same, different, or match meant.
Timothy pulled out the game Memory yesterday. He wanted to play it. I stopped what I was doing and sat down to play with him. I figured it would be a breeze since he's so good at it on the iPad. I was wrong. He turned over two cards (Nemo and Thumper) and the following exchange occurred:
Me: Are those the same?
Timothy: Yes!
Me: That's Nemo and this is Thumper. Are they the same or different?
Timothy: Same!
Me: No, Nemo and Thumper are different.
Timothy: Different
There was no fight. There was no tantrum (from him at least ... I was kicking myself for being so foolish). We simply turned over the cards and I proceeded to play the game teaching him about same, different, and match.
It just shows you that technology can only bring you so far. One-on-one teaching with your child can't be replaced by a computer, tv, ipad, DS, etc. Now, do I think Timothy would go to college not understanding same, different, and match? No. However, I'm glad to catch it early and to be the one to teach him.
Here is a St. Patrick's Day book from last year! It's a great little book to get kids involved with St. Patrick's Day!!
Click here to see the blog post and download the pdf file!
I quickly created this little St. Patrick's Day sign to help teach kids some of the vocabulary that centers around Irish Folklore and St. Patrick's Day.
I have some other games and books on my teachers pay teachers store. A sale is going on now, so check it out!
Now, that we have discussed creating a paper chain and ways you can make it a learning tool, let's take it one step further and make it a language-learning/writing activity!
Make a journal for the special days that you are counting down to on the rings (the rings that were a certain color). Depending on your child's ability, you can do any or all of the following:
Have your child write about how he/she is feeling about the activity or special day. If your child is not writing, have him/her circle a happy face that is showing the correct emotion or tell you about it and you write it down.
Have your child write about what he/she thinks will happen that day. Again, the journal "entry" can be a drawing, a drawing plus a few written words (either by you or your child), a sentence, or a paragraph.
I know that sometimes the events occur in the morning or the morning can be taken up with having to get ready. Therefore, this activity may be best to do the day or night before.
Have your child write about the event after it occurs. Have him/her write about what happened, how he/she felt about it, how it was different than expected, who was there, etc. You may want to use the story order prompt that I created. (click here for the pdf file)
For those of you who have children who are working on pragmatics or who have Autism Spectrum Disorder, this can be a great activity! It can help you understand how your child is feeling about something that's coming up, it helps give your child the language to talk about how he/she is feeling, and is another method in trying to get your child to process the change or event that will occur.
Have fun with your journal entries. You can re-read them in order to talk about all the fun things you have done. It will also make a great keepsake!
Sometimes you have to put your money where your mouth is. You have to actually live what you preach. Well, on September 7, 2011 I posted about the importance of a print-rich environment (check it out for more information). It was easy for me to post about it then - Timothy was barely crawling! Well, now he knows all of his letters and he is starting to figure out that letters make up words. It's really cute. He will name all the letters in a word and then guess what the word is. It's usually associated with what he sees and knows, but he will be way off. For example, he read the letters off my shirt: "f-r-o-g-s" and then said, "Mommy!" He knew that I was Mommy and just figured that my shirt was advertising my title. :o) Therefore, I went to the dollar store (Dollar Tree), purchased some blank word strips, wrote out words of things he sees everyday, and posted them around the house. Does my house look like a pre-school? Yes. But it will help him learn and, if you think about it, we are called to be the first teachers our children encounter. Therefore, it's ok that our house looks like a pre-school!
Cards can get expensive these days... especially if you are like me and set a precedent to send them to your "baby cousins" from the time they were born and don't feel like you can stop now.
Plus, we have had some bad weather days where we just can't go outside. What is a mother to do? Have your child make Valentines!
It's simple and it can be so much fun. All you need is: paper, art supplies, time, and some imagination.
The card on the left is a bit more involved. I used my son's hand-print and my daughter's foot-print to make the letters "o" and "v" respectfully in the word "love". I suggest using washable paint and doing this outdoors. I then wrote in the letters "l" and "e" with a red permanent marker.
The card on the right is easier and can be made into a learning activity easily. Kids like stickers, right? (I know mine does) Have your child do some "work" (whatever his/her speech goals are or whatever you are teaching him/her right now) to earn a sticker. After you have placed some stickers on the card (we used heart and star stickers for our Valentines), then he/she can color on it afterwards (I don't think Timothy was quite into coloring the day we made this card). Write a cute note inside and you are done!
If your child is older, then have him/her come up with the greeting that should be written inside, have your child write his/her name, etc.
This activity is a great activity that can easily be made easier for small children (we've been making cards since before Timothy could talk) and older children (even Middle Schoolers may get into this if you allow them to color a scene on the front instead of using stickers).
Have you ever had those days that you went throughout the whole day without knowing what day it was? That was me yesterday! I didn't realize it was Friday until dinner time when I checked our calendar to see what I was cooking that day. Wow.
Sorry Freebie Friday has become Freebie Saturday. This freebie finishes out our week theme of snowflakes. Simply have your child look at the three snowflakes and tell which one is different. If your child has more sophisticated language, then have him/her tell you WHY it is different or describe one of the snowflakes. Just print, play, and learn!
Our prayers go out to those who were affected by Nemo. I grew up in Rhode Island and so I have many friends in the New England area who have LOTS of snowflakes right now (and some without power).
Click here for the pdf version.
clipart by Scrappin' Doodles
This is a game that I posted about a year ago. However, I wanted to re-highlight it for those of you who haven't seen it. It's a great print and play folder game! Plus, it has a football theme, which is perfect since the Super Bowl is Sunday!!
This game is blank and so it's completely customizable to each client. You can either laminate it so you can write on it with a dry erase marker and erase. Or you can print a copy for each student and let him/her take it home after the end of the session.
Articulation: Write in the articulation words that he/she needs to work on.
Language: Write in language tasks that correspond with your students' goals
Pragmatics: Write in different social situations that a student might need to practice role playing.
Fluency/Stuttering: Have a student practice his/her techniques for getting out of a stuttered moment or write different topics that your student has to talk about it order to practice "smooth speech"
Click here to download the pdf version
The Super Bowl is only 6 days away. I don't know about you, but our house is a football house. Saturdays is college ball and Sundays is NFL. Our TV gets to rest from late January (or early February this year) until August when pre-season begins.
Multiple meanings is something that can be very difficult for kids. When I worked with the Middle School population, I always went through the multiple meaning flashcards that I had created at least once or twice a month. It's good for them to realize that some words can mean different things and be used in different contexts.
I thought about this when I thought about the word "super". Have you thought about the different meanings for the word "super"? People who live in apartments can have a "super" (I know this is an abbreviated word. However, it's how it is used and so it should be taught that way) - someone who fixes things. Super can add emphasis to a feeling - I'm SUPER excited, I'm SUPER sad. Super can also mean something extraordinary or mythical when used as "super powers" or "super man". It can also just mean that something is good - Oh wow, that's super!
Now try that for Bowl - something you eat out of, a sport, a game (super bowl), etc.
Divide a piece of paper into four sections. Have your child write the word in one quadrant and draw a picture with a sentence to explain the meaning in each other quadrant. You can punch holes in your papers and start a multiple meanings notebook. |
Alexander pope an essay on man notes
Soviet oppression, in contrast, was limited to Eastern Europe and its own people. During the war, the Viet Minh operated a clandestine army and initiated a land redistribution program.
Alexander Pope Biography
Let me give a few arguments for why this must be the case: You see a brisk uptick in the number of articles here accusing the left of anti-Semitism. The Japanese continued to stockpile rice for their troops and for export to Japan even as the Vietnamese starved to death.
But Wyoming has a murder rate of only 1. Such a whisper network would be in the best interests of the orthodox authorities. Canto 5 shows Umbriel casting the vial of woes upon Belinda so that she is almost drowned in tears.
His report gave no encouragement. Ho Chi Minh in Paris in In the aftermath of the Versailles Conference, Ho turned to socialist writings for inspiration, and to socialist and communist parties for support.
This great object was never absent from his mind, and as he rapidly rose at the bar he watched with a keen eye the course of public affairs, and awaited an opening. Clair took CounterPunch online.
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The poem is a wonderful example of burlesque, a form that takes trivial subjects and treats them seriously, with the effect being comic. On March 14,he was commissioned captain of a company of artillery set up by the New York Providential Congress.
A vigorous proclamation was issued, an overwhelming force, which Hamilton accompanied, was marched into the insurgent counties, and the so-called rebellion faded away. Vox does the same thing here and here Gun deaths are a combined measure of gun homicides and gun suicides.
It was a big mistake. In almost all the states the popular majority was adverse to the constitution, and in the New York ratifying convention the vote stood at the outset two to one against adoption.
Though he was able to ride a horse and delighted in travel, he was inevitably precluded from much normal physical activityand his energetic, fastidious mind was largely directed to reading and writing. Acheson was of the view that all communist movements, political parties, leaders, and liberation armies were part of a global conspiracy directed by Moscow.
This is true, although given that Vox has done this time and time again for months on end and all VerBruggen is doing is correctly pointing out a flaw in their methods, it feels kind of like an isolated demand for rigor.
His errors and faults came from his strong, passionate nature, and his masterful will impatient of resistance or control. We won the war because we would rather die than live in slavery.
Perhaps the American people know this already, but they need to be told again and understand more. He held various offices, removed to Wisconsin, and thence to California. President Woodrow Wilson had previously indicated his support for the principle of self-determination, telling Congress on February 11, While I have no doubt that some people, probably including our arsenal collector above, would be willing to pay that, my guess is that most people would not.
On 16 February,Hamilton took hasty offence at a reproof given him by Washington, and resigned from the staff, but he remained in the army, and at Yorktown commanded a storming party, which took one of the British redoubts.
He was appointed United States surveyor of public lands in Illinois, and served as a colonel of Illinois volunteers in the Black Hawk war, commanding a reconnoitering party under General Atkinson in The Financial Times ran an editorial in favour of it.
He was no more a victim of Communist torture than I was. Dear compatriots, we must rise up. Pope draws on his own experience in the classics in combining epic literary conventions with his own wit and sense of values.
Alexander Pope
The Federalists, eager for revenge on Jefferson, began to turn to Burr, and now Hamilton, recovered from his lit, of anger, threw himself into the breach, and, using all his great influence, was chiefly instrumental in securing the election of Jefferson, thereby fulfilling the popular will and excluding Burr, a great and high-minded service, which was a fit close to his public life.
And there today America is on that line. The more complex the weaponry, the deeper the pork barrel and the more swollen the bottom line.
Spinney "worked for the government. Again, compare to Germany at 0. He also asserted that the discordant not harmonious parts of life are bound harmoniously together.
That leaves, Washington 2. Flournoy earned her B. We are convinced that the Allied nations which at Tehran and San Francisco have acknowledged the principle of self-determination and equality of nations, will not refuse to acknowledge the independence of Vietnam….# "As to papal authority, the Pope is as it were God on earth, Sole sovereign of all the faithful of Christ, chief king of kings, having a plentitude of unbroken power, entrusted by the omnipotent God to govern the earthly and heavenly kingdoms.".
The Rape of the Lock was written by Pope to chide gently the Fermor family when Lord Petre (referred to in the poem as "Baron") cut off a lock of Arabella Fermor’s hair on a certain fateful day. The Dunciad / ˈ d ʌ n s i. æ d / is a landmark mock-heroic narrative poem by Alexander Pope published in three different versions at different times from to The poem celebrates a goddess Dulness and the progress of her chosen agents as they bring decay, imbecility, and tastelessness to the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Leon Panetta Lecture Series Focused on ‘Is the American Dream Alive and Well?’.
Guns And States
Each spring, Secretary Panetta moderates the Panetta Institute’s highly acclaimed Leon Panetta Lecture Series that brings national leaders, policy experts and journalists to the Monterey Peninsula. The theme for the Lecture Series was — Is the.
Essay on criticism [Alexander Pope] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. This essay delves deeply into the origins of the Vietnam War, critiques U.S.
Alexander pope an essay on man notes
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Invictus belonging concept
The poems by Australian poet Peter Skrzynecki illustrate many examples of kinship and detachment.
Belonging influences identity The relationship between identity and belonging goes both ways. These designs dominate the scene thanks to their elegant yet muscular shape, the result of highly defined styling and refined functional aspects. Nelson Mandella and the game that Made a Nation.
Identity and belonging contradict each other Beyond suggestions that one concept or the other requires the sacrifice of the opposite, we must consider if identity and belonging are actually mutually incompatible ideas.
With a wide bow sofa, aft bench convertible into a sun-pad, and disappearing bimini. It is a one-dimensional caricature that reimagines Mandela as a sports-happy old codger, and the only attempt to give him depth comes in a fleeting reference to the failure of his marriage to Winnie Mandela.
He manages to ignore the racist babble of his father and teammates, but he is too bland to inspire any admiration.
Invictus 190FX
As we grow older, have more experiences and form new connections with others, our identity may shift. Feedback Want to suggest an edit? Ultimately to belong will always be something people feel they need to fulfil their needs,although a sense of belonging will vary to different people.
The film tells the story of Nelson Mandella in his first term as South African President, and the initiation of the venture to abolish the apartheid and unite the nation through the Rugby World Cup.
As Mandela, Morgan Freeman functions as a South African version of Charlie Chan, spouting fortune cookie-style wisdom in an appropriately wily manner that disarms the racial agitation of black and white foes alike. The Film Invictus by Clint Eastwood.
Some groups demand a level of conformity, and require us to sacrifice a part of our identity in order to belong. All qualities to be expected from a top level Italian pleasure craft shipyard.
While there are some groups we cannot choose, such as our families and often Invictus belonging concept, we can choose our friends and partners, allowing for our identity to exercise power over our sense of belonging. There is no spoiler in announcing the end result is telegraphed long before the film reaches its midway point.
Often, our sense of self dictates who we wish to associate with; such as people who share our values or beliefs. But who was the nation rooting for? Models of the FX Series are made for adventure and enjoyment, designed to give the maximum in agility and safety with their pronounced cutwater, outboard motors and top level equipment.
This alienation may leave individuals feeling detached and isolated from all things surrounding them. Although he opposing side of belonging is not belonging and is as a problem many people in the world face today.
The Series FX pronounced waterline, generous mooring area and outboard motors clearly show their classic open fisherman DNA, yet with an advanced and innovative aspect that conquers refined owners.
Perhaps even more obviously, all of us are born into a group to belong to at least to some extent. As every Invictus it benefits of all other main qualities making the Italian yard a new reference in the boating industry.
Destruction,analyses and in depth essays of the poems allowed for a deeper understanding of belonging to be gained. The Invictus Yacht range is divided into four series — GT, FX, TT and SX — conceived and built in the continuous search for aesthetic merit, comfort and versatility, durability and dependability.
The groups we belong to, or even those that we want to belong to but are rejected from, influence how we see ourselves. This allows for responders to learn that one may feel attached to something other than other people or groups.
South Africa These essential components of belonging are portrayed through the poems of Peter Skrzynecki and another additional text the film Invictus directed by Clint Eastwood about the uniting of South Africa through the efforts of Nelson Mandella. Identity influences belonging Our senses of identity and belonging are entirely interlinked.Invictus Designs.
K likes. Digital & Traditional Sculpting, Painting, concept art, designs, illustration. The Invictus FX, debuting at Boot Dusseldorfis the new “entry level” of the FX series, especially agile, responsive with a huge quality/pricing ratio. The FX is.
Identify specific techniques used – the poem to represent the concept of belonging. Question: ‘ Belonging Always Comes at a Price.’ To belong means feeling acceptance amongst a certain group and it often shapes ones identity. “Invictus,” the new bad movie from Clint Eastwood, perpetuates the soggy myth that decades of virulent racial distrust can be overcome if everyone roots for the same sports team.
In this case, the team is the South African rugby team that represented the post-apartheid nation during the early years of Nelson Mandela presidency. The FX is the entry door to be part of the Invictus world, designed and manufactured with same criteria and components in common with all other models and marking the flagships of the range.
The owner of each Invictus vessel owns a new boat concept too, belonging to a new luxury world, no matter the size or the model. Identity and Belonging Themes and Ideas Home > English > Context > Identity and Belonging > Identity and Belonging Themes and Ideas “Exploring Issues of Identity and Belonging” is one of four contexts that students may study within the “creating and presenting” section of the VCAA English Study Design.
Invictus belonging concept
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Spatial Torpedo
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This article is official Star Trek canon.
Spatial torpedoes were torpedo weapons carried aboard Starfleet vessels during the twenty-second century. Prior to the installation of phase cannons and photonic torpedoes on Earth starships, these torpedoes were the most powerful weapons in the standard vessel's armament.
Spatial torpedoes were a somewhat ineffective weapon against an opponent with deflector shields and would sometimes bounce off the shields at impact or detonation. Also, the torpedo engine made the weapon so slow that, in some cases, it could be shot down with point-defense particle weapons prior to impact. The range of the torpedoes was fifty times shorter than that of photonic torpedoes.
The warhead of a spatial torpedo could be removed and utilized as an explosive, though moving an armed warhead around was not recommended. The strength of the explosive yield could not be altered. These torpedoes were similar to the Romulan mine that Enterprise NX-01 encountered in 2152 deployed in orbit of a planet in a star system annexed by the Romulan Star Empire.
The loading and firing of spatial torpedoes was partly a manual process. Inactive torpedoes were stored on racks in the armory. When a ship engaged in combat, the torpedo was removed from its holding rack and placed on a launching rail, which inserted the torpedo into its firing tube. The torpedo could then be fired, either from the tactical console on the bridge or the firing console in the armory.
Spatial torpedoes were standard aboard Earth Starfleet vessels of the mid twenty-second century and were a part of the original armament inventory of Enterprise. Even as Starfleet began equipping vessels with photonic torpedoes, most continued to maintain a small compliment of spatial torpedoes available. |
Speak and write with confidence.
Why synonyms can be useful
Synonyms for (verb) expel
Synonyms: rout, rout out, expel Definition: cause to flee Usage: rout out the fighters from their caves
Hypernyms: overcome, defeat, get the better of Definition: win a victory over Usage: You must overcome all difficulties; defeat your enemies; He overcame his shyness; He overcame his infirmity; Her anger got the better of her and she blew up
Synonyms: oust, expel, boot out, kick out, throw out, drum out Definition: remove from a position or office Usage: The chairman was ousted after he misappropriated funds
Hypernyms: remove Definition: remove from a position or an office
Synonyms: kick out, expel, throw out Definition: force to leave or move out Usage: He was expelled from his native country
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Rays of Resilience
8 Cancer Myths That Are So, So Wrong
The very words “breast cancer” strike fear and worry into millions of Americans every year. But what can cause even more anxiety among patients, their family members and their friends are the myths surrounding breast cancer. These myths both add to the worry of getting breast cancer and sometimes perpetuate false information, endangering people who might think they are immune. Here are eight myths of breast cancer you might not have known.
Myth #1: Men Are Immune
Men absolutely can get breast cancer. Granted, less than 1 percent of men will actually be diagnosed, but men are not shielded from the dangers of breast cancer.
Myth #2: It’s Just In The Family
One perpetuating myth is that only women who have a family history of breast cancer will get breast cancer. However, this is absolutely incorrect. Every woman is at risk regardless of their family medical history. Only 5 to 10 percent of all women who get breast cancer get it due to the breast cancer genes BRCA1 and BRCA2.
Myth #3: Going Au Naturale Reduces Risk
Another myth about breast cancer relates to antiperspirants and under-arm deodorants. These products will not heighten the risk of breast cancer as the myth alleges. A study in 2002 by the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle found no connection.
Myth #4: Mammograms Are Miracle Workers
Mammograms, while a proactive and positive step for any woman, do not prevent breast cancer. Mammograms simply locate cancerous cells, they do not prevent nor do they determine the cause or treatment options of breast cancer. Additionally, a normal mammogram does not mean the patient is out of danger.
Myth #5: Implants Implant Cancer
Breast implants do not cause cancer nor do they make it impossible for cancer to be detected. Also, women can still get mammograms while having implants.
Myth #6: Exposure Poses A Risk
Breast cancer doesn’t spread through the air like an illness. A popular myth alleges that the cancer will spread after being exposed to the air during surgery. Don’t buy into the myth, as there is no truth to breast cancer being contagious.
Myth #7: Worry About The Bra
Another myth states that there are toxins in the underwire of bras that cause cancer or that the tightness of a bra will cause cancer. This myth about the bra is just that, a myth. The type of bra or tightness of the bra poses no risk to the wearer of getting cancer.
Myth #8: All Lumps Are Cancerous
Not all lumps are cancerous. In fact, 80 percent of all lumps found in the breast are benign. Regardless, when a lump is found, a thorough examination and possible biopsy should be done by a doctor.
Medianet BCS |
Why dogs really are family - it's in their DNA
Scientists have confirmed what dog owners have long known to be true – our furry friends are part of the family. The special relationship between people and dogs lies deep in a genetic code...
Posted: 03 February 2018
Why dogs really are family - it's in their DNA
For dog devotees, the human/canine relationship is beyond compare. A recent poll conducted by hi tech dog collar manufacturer Link AKC found that more than half of American dog owners admit to ducking out of social events to hang out with their pet. What’s more, six out of 10 said their dog takes care of them, reinforcing the important two-way relationship between dogs and humans.
Since evolving from a shared ancestor with wolves, domestic dogs have been our loyal, tail-wagging companions – helping us to find food and protecting us from becoming a hot lunch ourselves. Now, there’s hard science to prove that the special relationship between people and dogs, which some scientists estimate could date back 30,000 years, lies deep in a genetic code.
It’s all in the detail
A team at Princeton University, USA, looked at what differentiates a domesticated dog’s ability to communicate and socialise with humans, compared to wolves. Comparing data of various breeds – including Dachshunds, Jack Russell Terriers and Bernese Mountain Dogs – with 10 wolves habituated to humans, they discovered that there is a region of chromosome present in dog DNA that is not found in their wild cousins.
It’s this genetic detail that is strongly associated with a dog’s desire to seek out humans for physical contact, assistance and information, which would explain why they behave differently to wolves and non-domesticated dogs.
The genetic link
The actual science behind the research is tricky to get a handle on unless you have a PhD in genetics. Essentially, there is a congenital disorder known as Williams-Beuren syndrome that is characterised by traits such as exceptional gregariousness in humans. This condition occurs when there is a deletion of certain genes from a region of the human genome. This suggests there is a common underlying genetic basis for hyper-social behaviour in both dogs and humans. Bridgett VonHoldt, co-author of the study commented: “It was the remarkable similarity between the behavioural presentation of Williams-Beuren syndrome and the friendliness of domesticated dogs that suggested to us that there may be similarities in the genetic architecture.”
The sausage in the box test
The scientists trained all of the animals to open a box that contained a piece of sausage. Then they asked the canines to open the box while in three separate situations: with a familiar human present; with an unfamiliar human; and alone, without a person at all. In all three scenarios, the wolves outperformed the dogs by a large margin. That margin got even bigger when the dogs had to open the box in the presence of people. “It’s not that they couldn’t solve the puzzle, they were just too busy looking at the human to do it,” said Bridgett VonHoldt, co-author of the study.
The survival of the friendliest
The findings also raised questions about why dogs first evolved to live peacefully alongside humans. Previous research suggested dogs were selected for cognitive abilities, particularly an ability to discern gesture and voice, but these new discoveries suggest they were chosen for their tendency to seek human companionship.
“If early humans came into contact with a wolf that had a personality of being interested in them, and only lived with and bred those ‘primitive dogs,’ they would have exaggerated the trait of being social,” said VonHoldt.
Did humans invent the dog?
While it’s incredibly interesting to think that early dogs actively sought humans out, Stanley Coren, a professor emeritus at the University of British Columbia's department of psychology and author of many books on canine behaviour, believes the reason that dogs are our best friend is because we’ve domesticated them to be that way.
Coren says: “We invented the dog and we invented it to fit in a certain niche in our lives. We’ve been creating an animal which understands our communications and we understand its communications and they have a bond with us.” For example, if a person points to something in a distance, a dog will look in the direction of the finger, just like a human, whereas a wolf would simply look at the finger. “We’ve sort of wired the dog to read our communications,” he adds.
According to VonHoldt, this is a process that continues to evolve. She says: “We’re actively changing dog behaviour every single year." The next challenge for scientists? Helping us humans to read dog communication better. Just imagine the ‘conversations’ future generations of human-canine families could be having...
Sources: eeb.princeton.edu, news.nationalgeographic.com, wideopenpets.com, health.usnews.com |
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How to generate cellular textures
March 28, 2010
Cellular textures are a really useful primitive to have in a texture generator. Jim Scott alias blackpawn wrote a great introduction to the subject several years ago – it’s available here. If you don’t know what cellular textures are, start there; I’m gonna get right into the juicy bits. Jims article does a great job of putting you onto the right track, but I have two complaints about it. The first one is minor: there’s another method to combine the two distances that’s quite useful to have, namely (dist2 – dist1) / (dist2 + dist1) or equivalently 1 – (2 dist1) / (dist1 + dist2), where dist1 and dist2 are the distances to the closest and second-closest points, respectively. This is like “dist2 – dist1”, but the distances are “normalized”, i.e. there are no huge brightness variations between the cells. Very handy (the result is shown below). The second complaint is more serious: I strongly disagree with his recommendation of using trees to accelerate the distance calculations, because there’s a much simpler method that improves performance far more. But let’s start at the beginning.
Cellular texture generated with the (dist2 - dist1) / (dist2 + dist1) formula
The first thing to take care of is to clearly define our problem. In this case, we’d like to determine, for each pixel in the image, the distance to the closest two points in a given set. (Even though several of the shading formulas work with just the distance to the closest point, we’d really like to have both if possible). To solve this problem, we need to determine which points are the two closest neighbors to any given pixel; we can easily calculate the distances from there. The geometric structure that answers this problem is the so-called 2nd-order Voronoi diagram, which is closely related to the “normal” (1st-order) Voronoi diagram you might already know. The 2nd-order Voronoi diagram solves our problem neatly: it gives us a polygonal description of each cell, all we have to do is fill the polygons and calculate the distances. It’s also, however, rather complicated to compute, with lots of fairly tricky code.
Blackpawns solution is to use a point location structure. He gives one flavor of tree as an example, but as he mentions, you could use others as well. His description only deals with finding the closest point, but it’s fairly straightforward to determine the closest two points – you just need to keep track of two distances, always using the larger distance during rejection testing. This works, but it’s still quite a lot more code than the brute force variant of just testing against every point, and it doesn’t make any use of the rather special nature of our problem: we’re querying all points on a regular grid. There’s obviously a huge amount of redundant (or at least very similar) work done every pixel. Pre-seeding the search distance as Blackpawn mentions doesn’t solve this – we still need to walk down the tree from the root to the nearest point every single time, even when we’ve “guessed” the closest point correctly. Can’t we do any better than this?
Of course we can, but let’s start with some code fragments for the brute force implementation:
static inline float wrapDist(float a, float b)
float d = fabs(b - a);
return min(d, 1.0f-d);
static inline float wrapDistSq(const Point &a, const Point &b)
return square(wrapDist(a.x, b.x)) + square(wrapDist(a.y, b.y));
static void cellularTexBruteForce(Image &out, const Point pts[], int count)
for(int y=0; y<out.SizeY; y++)
Intens *dest = out.Row(y);
Point cur(0.0f, float(y) / out.SizeY);
for(int x=0; x<out.SizeX; x++)
cur.x = float(x) / out.SizeX;
// determine distance to closest 2 points via brute force
float best = 1.0f, best2 = 1.0f;
float d = wrapDistSq(cur, pts[i]);
if(d < best2)
if(d < best)
best2 = best, best = d;
best2 = d;
// color the pixel accordingly
dest[x] = cellIntensity(sqrtf(best), sqrtf(best2));
The first approach I came up with when optimizing the Werkkzeug3 texture generator (several years ago) works by combining a straightforward low-level optimization with a simple rejection test. First, the straightforward low-level optimization: if you look at the distance computation, you’ll notice that the y part of the distance (based on point[i].y – y) is computed for every destination pixel and each of the cell centers, even though it’s always the same for each cell center over the course of a scanline! Instead, we can compute this just once per cell center, for every scanline. But then, we can just sort the points by this precomputed distance: if they’re sorted and the current second-best distance is lower than the y-distance for the current point, we can stop looking at other points, since none of them can “beat” the existing points anymore. A simple insertion sort is sufficient to keep the point list sorted, since it will be very nearly sorted from the previous scanline. This yields a very simple algorithm that performs dramatically better than the brute-force variant, while adding only about 20 lines of code (compare this to a tree implementation!). Another nice aspect about this solution is that it’s trivial to parallelize – you can easily test 4 (or more) pixels at once, only stopping when you’re certain you’ve found the nearest neighbors for all of them. Doing the same for a tree-based implementation is more involved, since the traversal paths can diverge; handling this correctly adds a bunch of management overhead.
This works fine, and served the Werkkzeug3 well for 2 years or so, until I noticed that we had a lot of fairly large textures with a fairly small number of cells. This, together with a dataset where the cellular texture generation was one of the main performance hotspots, led to me look at the code again. The algorithm described above is fundamentally asymmetric – the y-axis can be used for rejection testing, but the x-axis can’t. The asymmetry isn’t much of a problem as long as you’re dealing with square images and plain Euclidean distance, but Werkkzeug3 also allows the x and y distances to be weighted differently, and the previous algorithm becomes equivalent to the brute-force solution as you assign larger weight to x distances – not good. So I wondered whether it wouldn’t be possible to make better use of the 2D structure of the problem.
What I came up with was processing the image by dealing with small, square tiles. Per tile, all cell centers are considered, and a lower bound of the distance to this cell from any point inside the tile is computed. This distance is used as a sorting key; rejection testing proceeds as before. This introduces some per-tile setup work and means we have to calculate the y-distances per pixel again (tiles aren’t wide enough to make precalculating them advantageous), but it’s perfectly symmetrical in x and y, can also reject pixels based on large x-distance, and is just as easy to parallelize as the previous algorithm. It does add code, though – roughly another 20 extra lines.
So, how do the algorithms compare to each other? When calculating a 1024×1024 image with randomly placed points (with minimum distance constraint) on the Core2Duo 2.2GHz notebook I’m writing this on, I get the following run times (single threaded):
64 points.
brute force: 710881 microseconds
tree: 1707396 microseconds
sort by y: 148130 microseconds
sort by y, SSE: 55308 microseconds
tiles: 123540 microseconds
tiles, SSE: 32005 microseconds
128 points.
brute force: 1528133 microseconds
tree: 2182593 microseconds
sort by y: 189426 microseconds
sort by y, SSE: 76763 microseconds
tiles: 150655 microseconds
tiles, SSE: 42470 microseconds
256 points.
brute force: 3344158 microseconds
tree: 2919555 microseconds
sort by y: 258804 microseconds
sort by y, SSE: 107899 microseconds
tiles: 226136 microseconds
tiles, SSE: 68839 microseconds
512 points.
brute force: 7170120 microseconds
tree: 3690930 microseconds
sort by y: 330661 microseconds
sort by y, SSE: 146126 microseconds
tiles: 401721 microseconds
tiles, SSE: 136655 microseconds
The tree-less variants are not only much less code (the tree-based variant is close to 200 lines of code, and I’ve taken care not to do anything stupid in there, and spent some time debugging it; “sort by y” is around 60 lines of fairly straightforward code that worked fine on the first attempt), they also run circles around the supposedly more “clever” tree code, beating it by an order of magnitude in nearly all cases! The code is available here; I’ve compiled it with VC2005 using /fp:fast and /arch:SSE.
So, yeah. Have fun with cellular textures, but just stay clear of the trees. It’s easier, smaller, and faster – at least within the usual operating conditions encountered in texture generation.
UPDATE: There’s one thing I forgot to mention, namely that using a point location structure has a fundamental asymmetry in the resulting algorithm, just like the sort-by-y approach has: we effectively want to compute the 2 nearest neighbors among the set of cell centers (let’s call it C) for a set of points on a regular grid of pixels (let’s call the grid G). The point location approach tries to use the structure of C, but completely ignores the structure of G, just starting from the beginning for each point – when put that way, it should be obvious why this is wasteful: it’s far more sensible to try to classify whole groups (subrectangles) of G, only subdiving them when necessary. This problem is called “all nearest neighbors”, and is far closer to what we need. I haven’t yet implemented any solution based on all nearest neighbors, but I’m fairly certain that it would be more code than the tree-based approach and usually faster than all of the algorithms presented here. Maybe later…
UPDATE 2: Another article on the topic. I’ve found a bug in the “tiles” code, so don’t use the code described here! The new version is much faster.
From → Coding
1. Max permalink
The link in Update 2 isn’t working, did you highlight and copy/paste that link direct as opposed to right clicking and copying shortcut ? Also I know this is not the right place but for aeons now I’ve wanted to know the basics oh how you guys did what you did (literally it’s been almost a decade now that i’ve been trying!)
However, it looks like I’m the only one interested in the ‘Basics / execution environment’ section in your Debris: opening up the box article. Will that be done at all even if no one votes for it? (well except for me ofc) Thanks again for all that you’ve done!
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Wealth inequality in Iran can be blamed on low efficiency of public spending and revenues.
Poverty, Inequality and Redistribution
Ultra-rich Iranians, those who belong to the top income percentile, spend 86 times more than the poorest percentile, as the bottom 10% (the poorest decile) spend 1-14th of the sum spent by the richest decile
With oil revenues at their disposal, Iranian governments have failed to build an integrated, workable system capable of generating revenues by taxing the rich
Poverty, Inequality and Redistribution
Wealth disparity is more visible in Iran today than it was a decade ago, and this is not an unfounded claim.
A research entitled “Poverty Reduction Policies and Improvement of Wealth Redistribution” presented at the Second Conference on Iranian Economy in mid-December by economist Mohammad Hosseini can vouch for that.
Ultra-rich Iranians, those who belong to the top income percentile, spend 86 times more than the poorest percentile. On average, they spend 46.62 million rials ($956) on a monthly basis, compared with the poorest who spend 540,000 rials ($11.4) per month. The bottom 10% (the poorest decile of the population) spend 1-14th of the sum spent by the richest decile, the Persian daily Donya-e-Eqtesad reported.
One way of measuring inequality is the Gini coefficient, named after Italian statistician Corrado Gini. It aggregates the gaps between people’s incomes into a single measure. A Gini coefficient of zero means everyone has the same income while one means all income goes to one person.
The level of inequality differs widely across the world. Emerging economies are more unequal than rich ones.
Scandinavian countries have the smallest income disparities, with a Gini coefficient for disposable income of around 0.25. At the other end of the spectrum, the world’s most unequal country, South Africa, registers Ginis of around 0.6.
It is noteworthy that because of the way the scale is constructed, a modest-sounding difference in the Gini ratio implies a big difference in inequality.
Iran has registered a Gini coefficient of around 0.4 in recent years, despite improvements to 0.35 it made in late 2000s.
Iran’s Gini coefficient is nearly equal to that of the United States. America’s Gini for disposable income is up by almost 30% since 1980, to 0.39. Wealth inequality in Iran can be blamed on low efficiency of public spending and revenues.
Ineffective Taxation, Welfare System
With oil revenues at their disposal, Iranian governments have failed to build an integrated, workable system capable of generating revenues from taxing the rich. Low tax rate or tax exemptions for some economic sectors as well as high levels of tax evasion are significant hurdles in the way of taxation in Iran.
There are also serious shortcomings in the expenditure of taxpayers’ money, which reinforce inequality. The welfare system of the country cannot identify the target group of its services due to the lack of a comprehensive data collection method.
Welfare programs in Iran include almost every member of the society, which virtually leaves inequality intact.
Take the example of the cash subsidy program. As part of the so-called Subsidy Reform Plan, the former government removed food and energy subsidies in 2010 and paid 455,000 rials ($9.8) to each and every Iranian on a monthly basis.
The controversial plan has been retained by the current administration. Nearly 76 million or 95.21% of Iranians currently receive the monthly grant of cash subsidies. An individual belonging to high-income deciles also receives the same amount as the poorest in the society.
The same inefficiency is noticeable in the country’s healthcare insurance system. More than 40% of Iranians in top high-income decile have free health coverage, whereas coverage for the bottommost decile of income distribution stands at 84%.
The share of free pension insurance is higher for the top deciles; 16% of the top eighth, ninth and 10th deciles have free pension insurance against only 6% of the lowest decile.
In a tragicomic turn of events, 2% of the richest urban households (10th decile) receive aid from charity organizations compared with 17% of the low-income lowest decile population.
One might cite these paradoxes as the reasons behind the 14-fold difference in the expenditure of the first and 10th deciles in Iran, which indicates that the quality of life for the households belonging to the top decile is 14 times better than that of the lowest decile.
This is while the ratio is less than seven for Germany, France, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
The Egalitarian Way
Switching from corporate tax to income tax, curbing tax evasion, implementing a progressive taxation system and redistribution of wealth based on the gap between the poverty line and income are significant policies adopted by these countries to advance their welfare programs.
These countries have based their taxation system on household income tax rather than corporate or companies tax. Income tax constitutes more than 50% of these countries’ government tax revenues.
For instance, the share of income tax on households in Germany’s tax revenues is 64%. Conversely, corporate tax accounts for less than 5% of tax revenues there. In other words, consumers bear the burden of tax.
In Iran, tax on jobs and companies amount to around 50% while there is no such thing as tax on household’s overall income.
Corporate tax is only imposed with the aim of transparency in Scandinavian countries. There, the governments do not view corporate tax as a source of revenues.
Tax evasion is enormously high in Iran, accounting for 30-40% of total tax revenues collected annually, Iranian officials say.
In the last fiscal year (March 2016-17), 49% of employees belonging to the first decile (low-income population) paid tax versus 92% of the employees of the 10th decile (the top high-income).
In the meantime, only 6% of self-employed people and one-fifth of those who fell in the 10th wealthiest decile paid their fair share of tax last year.
Scandinavian countries have managed to reduce tax evasion by enforcing free access to information about individuals’ level of income and by devising an income tax system that is not solely based on self-assessment.
Tax assessors in these countries can easily avail themselves of information concerning taxpayers’ bank accounts, financial transactions, etc.
Egalitarians also base their taxation system on progressive taxation, based on which the tax rate increases as the taxable amount increases. The term “progressive” refers to the way the tax rate progresses from low to high, with the result that a taxpayer’s average tax rate is less than the person’s marginal tax rate.
The marginal tax rate in Germany, France, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway and Sweden is between 60 and 73%, whereas the rate in Iran is only 25%.
Progressive taxes are imposed to reduce the tax burden on people with a lower ability to pay, shifting the ratio for those with a higher ability to pay.
According to official figures, public employees of the first decile (poorest) in Iran pay 11% of their income in taxes, while those in the private sector who belong to the 10th decile (top high-income people) pay 5% of their income in taxes.
Allocation of aid in developed countries is based on the gap between the poverty line and the income of households. A same amount of financial aid might lift those in the third decile to the fourth decile, but may do no good for those at the bottom of income distribution; they will see no improvement in their lives and remain below the poverty line if the aid is not adjusted to the poverty threshold.
The fiscal 2007-8 was the last year the government made an official announcement on poverty line i.e. 6.5 million rials ($137) a month. This is while Chairman of Imam Khomeini Relief Committee Parviz Fattah put the poverty threshold at 8.2 million rials ($174.4) last March, saying 11 million Iranians are living in poverty.
Given the fact that the implementation of above-mentioned policies is not possible in the short run, the study urges the government to reduce energy subsides and allow prices of goods and services to rise. The revenues gained out of this economic reform could be redistributed among the poor to eradicate poverty.
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A reminder from sensational artist Sarah Mills, that whilst it is Prolactin which promotes milk production in the female, it is Oxytocin which lets milk down…
Chemotaxis for Phagocyte!
Neutrophil engulfing anthrax bacteria, taken w...
The Mitochondria are structures or ‘Organelles’ found inside cells.
They are termed the ‘Powerhouse’ of the cell because they generate energy in order for the cell to be able to carry out its functions.
The process of energy generation is called ‘Cellular Respiration’ and involves a chemical reaction known as ‘Oxidative Phosphorylation’. Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs on the surface of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
Cells which use a lot of energy, e.g. Muscle Cells have a lot more mitochondria than cells which do not require a lot of energy, e.g. Fat Cells.
The Structure of Mitochondria
The mitochondrion has two membranes, an inner membrane and an outer membrane.
The outer membrane is smooth but the inner membrane is folded – this means that there is more space (a larger surface area) for Oxidative Phosphorylation to take place.
These folds are known as ‘cristae‘.
Parts of the Mitcohondrion
Also inside the mitochondria are ribosomes (another organelle also found around the cell itself) and a ring of Mitochondrial DNA.
For interest: the mitochondrial DNA shows many similarities to bacterial DNA and differs from the DNA found in the cell’s own nucleus. It is thought that, in evolutionary terms, mitochondria may have started out as independent creatures which set up a mutually beneficial relationship with cells of more complex organisms such as animals and plants.
The body contains many tubes for carrying substances from A to B, for example
• the oesophagus moves food from the mouth to the stomach
• the intestine moves nutrients and waste from the stomach to the anus
• the ureters move urine from the kidneys to the bladder
• the urethra moves urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
Peristaltic Contractions in the gut.
Peristaltic Contractions in the gut. (Wikipedia)
Rarely does the body rely on gravity in order to move substances through these tubes, instead it relies on the contractions of the muscle in the wall of the organ – a process called peristalsis.
All of these tubes mentioned contain a special kind of muscle in their walls, called Smooth Muscle (this is different from the skeletal or striated muscle attached to the skeleton and different to the cardiac muscle which is found in the heart).
When food, for example, enters the intestine from the stomach, the muscle at the start of the intestine will contract, squeezing the bolus of food a bit further along the intestine.
As the food bolus is squeezed along, the next bit of intestine will then contract, moving the food bolus even further. At the same time, the first bit of intestine stops squeezing, so it looks like there is a wave of muscle contractions moving along the length of the intestine.
This process is found all over the body where there are hollow ‘tubes’ responsible for moving substances through the body.
Negative feedback is a naturally occurring / automatic off-switch in the body.
English: Electric water boiler Deutsch: Wasser...
Image via Wikipedia
Imagine you are boiling water in a modern electric kettle.
• Your aim is to heat the water up to boiling temperature to, say, make a cup of tea.
• When you switch the kettle on, this has the effect of heating an element in the kettle and heat is gradually transferred to the water causing it to boil.
• If you keep the element on permanently, the water will gradually become steam, there will be no water left for your cup of tea and your will have wasted a lot of energy.
• Instead, as the water becomes steam, it passes through vents at the top of the kettle – the steam heats up a thermostat and when it reaches the set temperature, the kettle switches off.
This is negative feedback because the very water which you were heating, once at the required temperature, causes the heating process to switch off.
So, relating that to processes which occur in nature (of which there are many), here’s an example of biological negative feedback:
• If an animal’s blood glucose begins to rise, cells in the pancreas (called Beta Cells) detect this increase and release insulin.
• The effect of insulin is to allow glucose to be taken from the blood, into the cells, so that the cells can use it for energy.
• As the cells take up glucose, the glucose levels in the blood begin to fall.
• Falling levels of glucose are detected by the Beta Cells in the pancreas and – this is the Negative Feedback partinsulin release is switched off.
• This helps to prevent glucose levels falling to dangerously low levels.
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Other examples of negative feedback include, temperature regulation (under central nervous influence), blood pressure control (by the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System), blood calcium control and many others.
A common cause of confusion in anatomy is the difference between cilia and villi. Both of these are finger-like projections found in the body but they are found in different places and have entirely different jobs to do.
Cilia are tiny hair-like structures which are found on the surface of cells lining the upper-airways (the trachea and bronchi). The job of the cilia is to WIGGLE! The airways are coated with a thin layer of mucus which traps dust and particles stopping them from getting into the lungs. The cilia wiggle to move the mucus up the airways toward the mouth so that it can be coughed up and swallowed.
Villi are finger like structures found in the wall of the intestine [villus = one; villi = many]. Because they come out from the wall of the intestine, they have the effect of creating more space for absorption of nutrients; that is: they increase the surface area. Villi are filled with blood vessels to take away the nutrients to the circulation. They also contain a structure called a lacteal which absorbs fats from the intestine for delivery to the blood stream.
The surface area of the villus is increased even further by the presence of microvilli. Microvilli are tiny structures on the surface of the villi.
A Border Collie resting during a game of fetch.
Image via Wikipedia
So how does panting work to reduce body temperature?
The linings of the body cavities are named.
Inflammation of the meninges is known as meningitis.
Inflammation of the peritoneum is known as peritonitis.
Compassion in World Farming's founder Peter Roberts
Compassion in World Farming's founder Peter Roberts
• Freedom from Hunger and Thirst
• Freedom from Discomfort
• Freedom from Pain, Injury and Disease
• Freedom to Express Normal Behaviour
• Freedom from Fear and Distress
Section 24 – Ensuring welfare of animals
(a) its need for a suitable environment,
(b) its need for a suitable diet,
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Single mothers in Swaziland
Swaziland is a country of great inequality where a minority is rich whilst two-thirds of the population survives on less than a dollar a day, half of them going hungry. As in most countries in the world, women bear the heaviest burdens of such inequality because, amongst other things, of their lower social and legal status and subsequent lack of access to education and finances. Women are generally heavily discriminated against in Swaziland, both legally and culturally, even though the country’s new constitution promises equal treatment for women and though Swaziland is a signatory to the UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). One group of women that is particularly vulnerable, stigmatised and prone to despair and despondency is that of single mothers, including teenage mothers – although the two are often interconnected as one of the main causes of single motherhood is early pregnancies.
Unfortunately, little has been done by the Swazi authorities to improve the conditions of single and teenage mothers and no organisation in Swaziland have until recently focused specifically on this group. Single mothers and teen mothers receive no government aid or grants in Swaziland and receive little or no help from their families or communities, even though teenage mothers account for over a third of all pregnancies in Swaziland. On the contrary, when they are found to be pregnant they are often expelled from school and ostracised and stigmatised by their neighbours, communities and families. The psychological stress that is the obvious result of their situation often leads them to acts of desperation, and abortion (which is illegal in Swaziland) and infanticide are widespread. Studies have furthermore shown that children born by single mothers in Swaziland are more likely to develop developmental and behavioural disabilities, and their mother’s financial situation often ensures that they continue a vicious cycle of poverty and little or no education.
Apart from being related to poverty because of social factors such as the collapse of the social security of the extended families due to AIDS and urban migration, and the fact that women are mostly in unskilled or informal sector jobs if at all, the reason for the particular vulnerability of this group is also related to discriminatory cultural or customary practices. These practices include a general dependency upon husbands or fathers due to traditional laws that treat women as minors by stipulating that they cannot own land or property or open a bank account without the acceptance of their husband. In Swaziland, status for women comes with marriage, childbirth outside marriage is generally frowned upon, and patriarchal attitudes that specifically target single and teenage mothers have become internalised. |
Technology and its effects on modern america
One benefit of genetic modification in agriculture is
Natural resistance to pests
Industry has lowered its labor costs through
Advances in robotics
The internet service that allows users to navigate among many pages is
The world wide web
How did the internet transform scientific research
Researchers everywhere began to collaborate and share data
Recent breakthroughs in medical research have
Improved understanding of genetic diseases
Study the graph :
According to the graph approximately how much of the us population used the internet in 2006
About 70%
Which statement best explains the relationship between satellite technology and the internet
People in less developed nations use satellites to access the internet greatly increasing the number of internet users
Which new technology has most improved classroom instructions
Interactive whiteboards
Which new technology keeps civilians safer during war
Smart weapons
Genetic modification of food crops is considered controversial because
Some people worry it will negatively impact human health |
The Rolling Cross-Section: Design and Utility for Political Research
Cross-sectional surveys have been a mainstay of scholarly work in political communication. These surveys constitute a snapshot of public opinion. A cross-section refers to data that have been collected at a single point in time. When there is no reason to believe that the attitudes, beliefs, and/or knowledge of sampled respondents differ from day to day, this means of knowing invites plausible inferences. Communication scholars, however, are often interested in the changes that take place in attitudes, beliefs, and/or knowledge from exposure to messages. For political communication scholars studying campaigns and their potential effects, exposure to campaign messages often takes place over a period of time, and the dissemination of those messages across that period of time often varies in intensity. Consequently, traditional crosssectional surveys are unable to capture the dynamic nature of campaign messages and their potential effects on the electorate. The rolling cross-section method (RCS), however, is predicated on the assumption that time matters. |
British Hotly Debate Fate Of Nuclear Power Plants
At issue is the expense and time needed to decommission old radioactive facilities
THE expected cost of shutting down Britain's atomic power stations and other nuclear facilities at the end of their useful lives is causing alarm among government planners, industry experts, and environmental groups.
A report by an official watchdog group suggests that a final bill of 18 billion British pounds ($28 billion) will have to be met, much of it by the taxpayer.
But the National Audit Office (NAO) cost analysis is under challenge from power-generating companies that want the government to authorize the building of still more nuclear reactors to meet 21st and 22nd century energy needs.
Opponents of nuclear power have entered the argument, too. They want to persuade the government to abandon atomic power as a source of electricity.
Decommissioning the old-style Magnox reactors, which form the backbone of Britain's nuclear power industry but will be obsolete by the end of the century, is a long, complex, and expensive process.
The radioactive rods which fuel them have to be removed and the material in them reprocessed. The stations must be left under guard for 30 to 35 years. The station buildings, clad in thick concrete to prevent radioactive seepage, will have to be left until it is considered safe to demolish them completely.
Much of the argument sparked by the NAO's June 3 report is about how long the decommissioning period should be. The government says a maximum of 100 years, but industry leaders want to spread decommissioning over 150 years. They claim that delay would be cheaper in the long run and would give companies more time to find the cash to pay for closing the facilities.
Patrick Green, an anti-nuclear campaigner for Friends of the Earth, claims the generating companies are demanding a longer time-scale because they want to concentrate on making money instead of meeting what he calls their "historic liability" to end the life of old nuclear plants as quickly as possible.
In the NAO forecast, the cost of shutting down, mothballing, and later dismantling the Atomic Energy Authority's reprocessing plants is put at 3.5 billion British pounds . Decommissioning British Nuclear Fuel's reprocessing facility at Sellafield will cost nearly twice that amount.
NUCLEAR ELECTRIC (NE), Britain's largest generating company, with eight Magnox power stations, seems to be heading for collision with the government over its approach to decommissioning.
The NAO says NE will need to set aside 7 billion British pounds to decommission its aging reactor family. But Doug McRoberts, spokesman for NE, says the true cost to his company will be only 2.8 billion British pounds.
Green, however, contends that NE has not "ring-fenced" the money that will be needed for decommissioning. Instead, he says, it is "relying on the government approving more nuclear power stations, and intends to pay for decommissioning the old ones out of future profits."
At present, British electricity users pay a surcharge on their fuel bills to help create a fund that will eventually be used to pay for decommissioning. The levy produces about 1 billion British pounds a year, but when it ceases in 1998, the total amount available to pay for decommissioning is likely to cover only half the cost.
The rest of the money can come only from nuclear industry profits or from the taxpayer, says Gordon McKerron of the science policy research unit at Sussex University.
Suggestions that Britain should embark on a vigorous nuclear expansion program are fiercely contested by environmental groups and other foes of the nuclear industry.
NE is expected later this year to apply to build a huge 2,600 megawatt twin-reactor station, to be called Sizewell C, on the Suffolk coast. Greenpeace, in company with other anti-nuclear groups, has sworn to oppose the application. A Greenpeace spokesman said: "Instead of throwing good money after bad on new reactors, the government should spend it on decommissioning old plants, and encourage renewable energy schemes and energy conservation."
If the environmental groups' campaign against Sizewell C succeeds, NE executives admit that the new station, if built at all, may begin operating too late to replace the power now generated by Magnox reactors.
The future is further clouded by a government decision last year to conduct a wide-ranging review of Britain's future energy needs. Michael Heseltine, president of the Board of Trade, has said he wants the review to be limited to assessing the market for new nuclear power stations.
But Friends of the Earth say the review should cover all energy sources, and if it does, the case against nuclear power on both environmental and economic grounds would rapidly become obvious.
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Why tackling that itch feels so good: Scratching helps to block unpleasant thoughts
Last updated at 22:50 31 January 2008
itchy skin
Doctors have put their finger on why it feels so good to scratch an itch.
Scans reveal that scratching numbs part of the brain linked to unpleasant thoughts and memories.
It also raises activity in brain regions related to compulsion - perhaps explaining why we sometimes can't help but scratch and scratch.
Understanding how the process works could lead to better treatments for severe itching, including eczema, which affects up to six million Britons.
The U.S. researchers used a hi-tech version of the MRI scanners used every day in British hospitals to shed light on how scratching affects the brain.
Doctors from Wake Forest University in North Carolina repeatedly used a small brush to scratch the legs of 13 healthy volunteers.
Scans showed that the parts of the brain linked to bad emotions and memories became much less active during the scratching.
Dermatologist Dr Gil Yosipovitch said: "We know scratching is pleasurable, but we haven't known why. It's possible that scratching may suppress the emotional components of itch and bring about its relief."
The imaging studies also showed that some areas of the brain were made more active by the scratching, including a region is associated with compulsive behaviour.
"This could explain the compulsion to continue scratching," said Dr Yosipovitch, whose research is reported in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology.
"It's important to understand the mechanism of relief so we can develop more effective treatments.
"For some people, itch is a chronic condition that affects overall health."
The U.S. research follows the British discovery last month of a rogue gene that causes itchy skin.
Apart from eczema sufferers, likely beneficiaries of new treatments include diabetics and liver patients, who are often plagued by the urge to scratch.
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GOVT 350 Reading Quizzes Answers
Liberty GOVT 350 Reading Quizzes Answers
Reading Quiz 1
In Chapter 1 of his book, Richards discusses the alleged communism of the early church in Acts 4. Explain the differences between what the early church did in distributing “to each as any had need” (v. 35) and communism.
Reading Quiz 2
Is it possible to make a car “too safe”? What will be sacrificed as a car is made safer?
Reading Quiz 3
Many people are upset about “loan sharks” who charge very high interest rates for small loans. What would happen if governments limited interest rates on loans? Use what you have learned from the readings on price controls (e.g., Miller et al. chs. 11, 14) in your answer.
Reading Quiz 4
Chapter 31 in Miller et al. discusses trade restrictions. 1) If protectionist policies are so expensive, why do politicians often support them? 2) Can you think of any reasons you would support restrictions on imports?
Reading Quiz 5
In Chapter 8 of Money, Greed, and God, Richards discusses a bet between economist Julian Simon and biologist Paul Ehrlich. The outcome illustrates some of the problems with predictions that the world is going to run out of natural resources. Describe these problems.
Reading Quiz 6
Choose a government intervention on an environmental issue, perhaps one from the readings from last week, and discuss whether the intervention is making matters better or worse.
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THE NAMES OF KINGS: Parisian Laboring Poor in the Eighteenth Century by Jeffry Kaplow
THE NAMES OF KINGS: Parisian Laboring Poor in the Eighteenth Century
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Until the last few years the laboring poor of pre-Industrial Europe were largely forgotten or ignored by historians. Occasionally the specter of la canaille, the riotous urban mob, reared its disheveled head but the day-to-day life of artisans, journeymen, street vendors, porters, carpenters, tailors, coal-heavers, et al. escaped historical scrutiny. Kaplow's study of the ""culture of poverty"" among the menu peuple of 18th-century Paris extends the pioneering work of George Rude and Albert Soboul and breathes life into the realities of their lives. Demographic and occupational statistics for the Ancien Regime are few and not always reliable; Kaplow has wisely supplemented the records of guilds, the police, and royal and provincial administrators with more subjective accounts of travelers to recreate a vivid panorama of life in the streets, marketplaces, homes, hospitals and prisons of Paris. Heavily oriented toward sociology, Kaplow is out to chart the unglamorous, mundane parameters of an existence that was usually short, brutish and nasty. How many livres a week did the coal-heavers bring home? How many ounces of meat did their weekly diets include? How many of their children survived into adulthood? What was their response to inflation and a sudden rise in the price of bread? Like Rude and Soboul, Kaplow concludes that the laboring poor of the 18th century were not yet a ""working class"" -- their collective identity was that of consumers (i.e. the chronic bread riots) rather than producers; their mentality was prepolitical; steeped in religiosity they were also ardent royalists. Kaplow persuasively builds his case for a ""psychology of acceptance"" which inured them against hardships and inhibited the formation of a consciousness of oppression until the eve of the French Revolution. Kaplow's sense of the Parisian poor is dynamic and organic; his audience is bound to be somewhat special and academic though our own current preoccupation with blue-collar discontent may extend it beyond the university classroom.
Pub Date: Dec. 29th, 1972
Publisher: Basic Books |
There are many words and terms that are used when talking about mental health. In a series of articles across the coming weeks and months we are going to take a look at and explain what some of these mean in real life.
The first we’re going to take a look at is ‘wellbeing’.
What does wellbeing mean?
The phrase ‘wellbeing’ is used to describe ‘mental state’. This means how you are feeling and how well you can cope with day-to-day life. Wellbeing can change over time whether that be a day, a week, a month or a year.
What can affect mental wellbeing?
There are many things that can affect our wellbeing including;
• when we suffer a loss
• experiencing loneliness or relationship problems
• concerns about work or money
Sometimes the cause of why we are experiencing poor mental health has no clear reason. That being said there are some things that can make some people more vulnerable to experiencing a time of poor mental health these include experiencing:
• childhood abuse, trauma, violence or neglect
• social isolation, loneliness or discrimination
• homelessness or poor housing
• a long-term physical health condition
• social disadvantage, poverty or debt
• unemployment
• caring for a family member of friend
City and Hackney Mind work to empower people that experience mental health, through the delivery of innovative, collaboartive services to developing mental wellbeing, resilience and recovery. |
Ancestors are guilty of diseases descendants
Ancestors are guilty of diseases descendantsThe ancestors of modern Scots are responsible for disease in their descendants. A new study has shown that the Scots contaminated soil dioxin. Now, the main source of dioxins (rich in chlorine compounds, years remaining in the soil) is the industry. But these substances are found in samples of Scottish soils of the nineteenth century, long before the advent of modern dirty industries. And the reason v heating peat, believe Andy Meharg and Kenneth Culham from the University of Aberdeen. In coastal areas the peat absorbs chlorine together with salt from sea water, part of it is released in the form of dioxins during combustion in the smoky hearth. Scientists have made a journey to a remote and long-abandoned settlement, and took there the samples of ash. The level of dioxins in samples coincided with the results obtained by burning peat in the laboratory. Peat for many centuries was the main fuel in the treeless areas of Scotland and Ireland. Scientists estimate that each year one family were burnt to 20 tons of this material. All Scotland was producing annually about two pounds of dioxin per year (now in the UK from the combustion of garbage annually emitted into the atmosphere 11 kg). NTR.ru.
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A practical case of an error class in Python
Many beginners of the Python computer programming language have a difficulty in understanding custom error classes; especially when they want to make use of them in their projects.
I am writing this article with the main purpose of giving a practical example of an error class which I am making use of in a personal project.
Before going any further with this blog post, make sure to launch a new Python interactive shell in your own operating system so you can practice the code being shared in here.
Once you have managed to do that, declare an error class with the help of the Python code which is shown below.
class FFMpegError(Exception):
Then throw the above error by running the code which is being shown below.
raise FFMpegError()
Once the above piece of Python code is executed, the following output should come in your interactive console.
Traceback (most recent call last):
The above traceback gives us the __main__.FFMpegException class.
Let’s code the error class which I am using in my personal project.
The practical error class of my ffmpeg wrapper
The error class which I am making use in my real word project is being raised when a file already exists.
Open a new script and create a python module like shown below.
Then create a custom class called FFMpegAlreadyExistsError like shown below.
class FFMpegAlreadyExistsError(Exception):
It is a good practice to define both __str__ and __repr__ magical methods when creating an error class.
class FFMpegALreadyExistsError(Exception):
def __repr__(self):
def __str__(self):
Then customize each one of the magic methods defined above with the help of the code which is being shown below.
class FFMpegALreadyExistsError(Exception):
def __repr__(self):
return 'File %s already exists' % self.message
def __str__(self):
return self.__repr__()
Now that we have finished coding our custom error class, let’s try to raise it like shown below.
raise FFMpegAlreadyExistsError('test.mp4')
Once the above code got executed in my interactive Python console, I got the following output.
File 'test.mp4 already exists'
Final thoughts
The error class which I shared in this article is useful when processing video files that already exist in the current working directory. I am utilizing the code shared in this blog post, in the ffmpeg wrapper which I am coding.
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The Page handler in HTTP Pipe Line is most use than any other Handler and there event’s are also play an important role for creating any application. Think yourself how annoying this is if some times these events are not raised. There fore we must know what are most circumstances that these page events are not work because they are events that build the web application most powerful.
In this Article we see that the three reasons of Page events not work. Although there may be others reasons, but my focus on the reasons which I have seen most. We also see the difference between the Page_Event and standard Control Events like (Page_Init and OnInit), most developer thinks that they are same, but there is some difference which we will see. We also check when the attributes of a server control are Initialize there values which are define in aspx, ascx, etc. We also see how shadowing and AutoEventWireUp is worked.
Here are three reasons given below,
1) Forgot to call base.onEvent in standard event:
Every aspx Page is actually a composite server control. There fore it has all the events that a server control has. ASP.Net provides standard events within every server control that a developer can catch. Like OnInit, OnLoad, OnDataBinding, OnPreRender etc.
For example you can use OnInit in your code to create dynamic controls as,
The s result of above code is that your Page_Init events never call because you forget to add the base.OnInit(e), because the base implementation of OnInit has necessary code to call these events. Therefore for calling your Page_Event you must call the base.OnEvent method in your override method. If you are not using any override method then base implementation is called which is automatically calling the Page Event.
There is one advantage of using standard Event is that you can call your necessary code before and after these Event’s. For example, you can write your code such that they are executed before and after Page_Load.
I think the above discussion you know that what difference is between
Page_Load, OnLoad, Page_Init and OnInit, and so on
Yes you are right that OnLoad is responsible for calling call the Page_Load etc. One important thing also to note here is that all the server controls attributes which are assigned to before OnInit event. Therefore you can change default values in OnInit easily.
Therefore if you are using any standard event given above then you must call their base implementation in order to call their respective Event.
2) Two implementation of same Event:
Another reason why Page Events are not called is that same Page Event is define both inline (in aspx Page) and in codebehind (in aspx.cs or aspx.vb).
If you have some back ground in OOP then you easily understand what is happens if you have two events in these two files. Let check this with an Example,
Now call the method in your code,
What Method it should call? Parent Method or Child Method?
This is called shadowing. It is always call the Child implementation, but it will also generate a Compiler Warning.
Therefore if you have two implementation of same Events then your Child Method, i.e. Your inline code in aspx page is called. Because your aspx is inherit from your code behind.
Therefore if your code behind Page Events is not calling then also make sure that there is no implementation in aspx file.
3) AutoEventWireUp:
The biggest reason is that your code does use an Event Handler to attach your Page Events and AutoEventWireUp is set to false. For make it work either set AutoEventWireUp to true or attach EventHandler in your code.
One of the confusion about AutoEventWireUp is that most of developer thinks that it is designed for all events. It is not true AutoEventWireUp is only for Page_Event. You can check your self by creating a aspx Page with AutoEventWireup="false” and a Button with OnClick="A".
This will always call A but never call Page_Load. Because Button Handler is attached at run time and Page Event is not automatically attached.
You can find the Handler of A, but no handler of Page_Load in this directory,
WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\version\Temporary ASP.NET Files.
This directory contains various files, one of the file contains your Class code and Event Handler as,
Therefore your Page_Event to work you must either set AutoEventWireUp to true or attach this to an Event Handler.
4) Summary:
In this Article we focus on the three important areas where Page_Event are not called and discuss some other important facts like AutoEventWireup, Shadowing, Attributes Initialization and difference between OnEvent and Page_Event. |
Variability in Avian Eggshell Colour: A Comparative Study of Museum EggshellsReportar como inadecuado
Variability in Avian Eggshell Colour: A Comparative Study of Museum Eggshells - Descarga este documento en PDF. Documentación en PDF para descargar gratis. Disponible también para leer online.
The exceptional diversity of coloration found in avian eggshells has long fascinated biologists and inspired a broad range of adaptive hypotheses to explain its evolution. Three main impediments to understanding the variability of eggshell appearance are: 1 the reliable quantification of the variation in eggshell colours; 2 its perception by birds themselves, and 3 its relation to avian phylogeny. Here we use an extensive museum collection to address these problems directly, and to test how diversity in eggshell coloration is distributed among different phylogenetic levels of the class Aves.
Methodology and Results
Spectrophotometric data on eggshell coloration were collected from a taxonomically representative sample of 251 bird species to determine the change in reflectance across different wavelengths and the taxonomic level where the variation resides. As many hypotheses for the evolution of eggshell coloration assume that egg colours provide a communication signal for an avian receiver, we also modelled reflectance spectra of shell coloration for the avian visual system. We found that a majority of species have eggs with similar background colour long wavelengths but that striking differences are just as likely to occur between congeners as between members of different families. The region of greatest variability in eggshell colour among closely related species coincided with the medium-wavelength sensitive region around 500 nm.
The majority of bird species share similar background eggshell colours, while the greatest variability among species aligns with differences along a red-brown to blue axis that most likely corresponds with variation in the presence and concentration of two tetrapyrrole pigments responsible for eggshell coloration. Additionally, our results confirm previous findings of temporal changes in museum collections, and this will be of particular concern for studies testing intraspecific hypotheses relating temporal patterns to adaptation of eggshell colour. We suggest that future studies investigating the phylogenetic association between the composition and concentration of eggshell pigments, and between the evolutionary drivers and functional impacts of eggshell colour variability will be most rewarding.
Autor: Phillip Cassey , Steven J. Portugal, Golo Maurer, John G. Ewen, Rebecca L. Boulton, Mark E. Hauber, Tim M. Blackburn
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Optoelectronics covers all “light-enabled” components and equipment.
The terms Electro-optics, Optoelectronics and Photonics are used to describe these subjects with no clear and universally accepted differentiation between the terms. Although Photonics could be restricted to the manipulation of Photons and Optoelectronics the combining of Photons and electrons with Electro-optics is a special case of Optoelectronics.
The most probable introduction of the terms is time dependant, Electro-optic was used in the 1960s especially by the military and indeed defence related industry still uses the term.
Optoelectronics appeared in the 1980s evidenced by its use by the Optoelectronics Industry and Technology Development Association (OITDA) of Japan founded in 1980, Photonics gaining common usage in the late 1990s. |
What is apa style of writing
Guide to writing an apa style research paper guide to writing an apa style research paper title, your name, and hamilton college are all double-spaced. Apa paper formatting & style guidelines your teacher may want you to format your paper using apa guidelines if you were told to create your citations in apa format. A quick orientation to apa what is apa style like all documentation styles, apa style provides a standard system for giving credit to others for their contribution.
The american psychological association or apa writing format is one of the most widely used formats in writing academic papers, particularly in the field of science. In this section we are going to look at how you can set up a paper in apa style specifically, we are going to look at citing books and journal articles within your. Apa stands for: the american psychological association, which is an organization that compiled a set of style rules for academic writing to find out more information. By chelsea lee when you use others' ideas in your paper, you should credit them with an in-text citation several different systems of citation are in use.
These owl resources will help you learn how to use the american psychological association (apa) citation and format style this section contains resources on in-text. If you need to write a paper in apa documentation style, start with the basics on this page. Dear style expert, i found a very useful website and cited a lot of information from it in my paper but how do i write an in-text citation for content i found on a.
What does it mean to write a paper in apa style writing a paper according to apa from the publication manual of the american psychological association the. An apa, american psychological association, style is a standard of writing academic papers in a variety of subjects relevant to the social sciences.
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South African Military History
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Our speaker on 13 August 2009 was the distinguished author Alan Mountain, who we are proud to record is a member of the Cape Town branch of the SAMHS. His topic was The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Empire and its Relevance to the Politics of Today. Mr Mountain's talk was illustrated with excellent photographs, illustrations of paintings and diagrams, which came into their own, being projected onto the wide screen of the back wall of the hall's stage. This were especially true of the renditions of the paintings as it did justice to the colours by reflecting the full glory of the paintings, as if they were real paintings on display.
Mr Mountain introduced his talk with a family tree showing the three brothers who were to play key roles in the history of the Zulu people: Shaka, Dingane and Mpande. He explained that the Zulus were originally a small and insignificant tribe. The Zulu chief Senzangakhona was the father of the baby boy, Shaka, born to Nandi, a member of the Langeni tribe. He initially attempted to escape his paternal responsibility by saying that he was suffering from an intestinal illness caused by a beetle only found in the intestines (i-tshaka). He later changed his mind and took her as his third wife, but her strong personality and bad temper made her unpopular with Senzangakhona's tribes people, and she later returned - with her baby - to her own people in disgrace. Mother and son are persecuted and ostracised and both suffered terrible hardships, which only served to strengthen the bond between them.
Our speaker described the difficult boyhood of Shaka, who was a loner, tormented by his fellow herd boys, apparently because he was not sexually well-endowed. Although he never became part of the group, he was brave, strong and well-built, very intelligent and determined to succeed. He served in the regiments of Dingiswayo, who built the Mthethwa tribe into one of the major political groupings in the Thukela(Tugela)-Phongolo region. Shaka later-on even commanded one of these regiments. When his father died in about 1816, Shaka, who had no claim to the throne in terms of Nguni tribal law, surreptitiously killed his half-brother Sigujana - who ostensibly drowned mysteriously while bathing - and seized the chieftainship with the help of Dingiswayo.
Shaka was now a chief and introduced the new concepts in warfare which were to enable him to create the mighty Zulu empire. Some of these measures included, amongst others, abolishing initiation schools which robbed the tribe of much-needed manpower for lengthy periods. Shaka established a permanent standing army, organised into three regiments according to age (izintanza). These were the amaWombe (men aged between 30 - 40 years); the izimPohlo (bachelors between 25 - 30 years), and the uFasimba (young bloods aged 18 - 25 years). The regiments were barracked at three regional amaKhanda (Royal households) each under the command of a trusted relative. These were his maiden aunt, Mnkabayi, and two of his father's widowed queens who had been kind to his mother when she was married to Senzangakhona).
Shaka also replaced the longer throwing spear with a short-handled stabbing spear, the Iklwa, the blade of which reminds a person of that highly-efficient Roman Legionary's fighting sword, the Gladius. Shaka's view was that it was crazy to throw away your weapons as spears in flight are relatively easy to deflect or dodge, which leaves you defenceless in close-combat. The Iklwa (said to have been named after the sounds made by its penetration into and withdrawal from the body) was held firmly a short distance behind the blade, for a short, half-circular and powerful stab to strike the enemy in the rib-cage. Like the Gladius, the Iklwa was also held with the blade horizontal to the ground, to ease penetration between the ribs. The larger, heavier cowhide shields served a dual purpose: to deflect the thrown spears or parry the blows of their opponents; and to hook the left side behind the shield of the opponent and to deflect it far enough to the right to leave the enemy open and defenceless for the fatal stab of the Iklwa. The pattern of the cowhide of the shields was unique to the particular regiment. The Zulu shields were not unlike in design and purpose to the Roman Legionary's rectangular shield, the Scutum.
Shaka differed in opinion from Dingiswayo in the way to approach warfare: Shaka advocated Impi ebomvu (total war), in that victory must be total otherwise you have to fight again - Dingiswayo did not accept its drastic nature - to him the purpose of war was "to teach your enemy a lesson and not to destroy him". Around 1817-1818, Dingiswayo was captured and killed in a battle between the Mthethwa and Ndwande tribes.
The other revolutionary battle tactic introduced by Shaka was a highly-successful battle formation, a tactic which left his enemies confused and easily overpowered on the battlefield. This was the famous "buffalo horns" formation. It was composed of three elements: 1) The main force, the "chest", which closed with the enemy Impi and pinned it in position; 2) The "horns". While the enemy Impi was pinned by the "chest", these would flank the Impi from both sides and encircle it; in conjunction with the "chest" they would then destroy the trapped force and 3) the "loins", a large reserve, was placed, seated, behind the "chest" with their backs to the battle. The "loins" would be committed wherever the enemy Impi threatened to break out of the encirclement. Battlefield coordination was supplied by regimental izinduna (chiefs or leaders) who used hand signals and messengers, making the scheme both elegant in its simplicity and well understood by the warriors assigned to each echelon.
Another innovation introduced by Shaka was the abolition of sandals. The warriors toughened the soles of their feet by dancing on thorns. Without sandals they could run faster and would not be hindered and distracted by sandal straps becoming undone at a critical stage, for instance, when in battle. To enhance the combat-readiness and efficiency of his warriors, Shaka outlawed marriage until they became 35 years of age, or had "washed their spears in blood". Shaka's interests not only revolved around empire-building or warfare - he took a great interest in cattle-breeding and also promoted intensive crop cultivation to feed his people.
The first full application of Shaka's new strategy and fighting techniques occurred when his Zulu army advanced to do battle with the Buthelezi clan (under chief Pungashe). Drawn up in battle formations, the Zulus were unmoved and unresponsive to Buthelezi taunts, which confused the Buthelezi - also when no attempt was made to retaliate when they threw their spears at the Zulus. The Zulus - without making a sound - inexorably drew closer, which led to mounting confusion amongst the Buthelezi. When within striking distance, Shaka gave the command and his Impis overran the Buthelezi. The killed the both the enemy warriors and the Buthelezi women who came to watch and motivate their men folk by taunting the Zulus. They then destroyed the Buthelezi homesteads and captured all their cattle and returning women and children. They returned victoriously with their captives and plunder to kwaBulawayo, Shaka's head kraal. Chief Pungashe escaped with his life and nothing else. Our speaker also explained the antecedents of Chief Gatsha Buthelezi.
Shaka set about expanding his empire by: 1) Entering into alliances with neighbouring chiefs who lost their suzerainty), or 2) destroying those who did not submit voluntarily. The expansion of Shaka's empire, can be divided into three main phases: 1) Consolidation of the Zulu Heartland (circa 1819): In a little over 2 years Shaka's territory increased from around 200 sq kilometres to over 10 000 sq kilometres. The heartland, located between the White umFolozi and umHlatuze Rivers, included all those clans which had kinship and traditional ties with the Zulus; 2) Consolidation of the Second Tier (1821): This comprised those clans who dwelt south of the umHlatuze River and as far as the Thukela River, as well as north of the White umFolozi up to the umKuze River. Although their kinship and traditional ties with the Zulus were more tenuous, they nevertheless enjoyed the same rights as those of the inner circle - all were amaThungwa-Nguni; and 3) Addition of the Third Tier, this was his empire at its Zenith (1826): Within three years Shaka expanded his empire to include the whole of what we know as KwaZulu-Natal, the southern part of present-day Mozambique and the northern half of the old Transkei, stretching southwards as far as the umZimkhulu River (Port St Johns). The most important tribes in the region on the eve of Shaka's rise to power were the Nguni, Hlubi, Ngwane or Matibele, Zulu, Qwabe, Mthethwa, Ndwandwe, Nguane of Sobuza and the Thonga.
So it inevitably came about that those who slighted him or his mother ended up by falling into his clutches and suffered the warlord's wrath - by being killed without pity or remorse. Shaka's cold-blooded ruthlessness also extended to economic considerations - to safeguard scarce resources by not feeding useless mouths. He also had the elderly and infirm killed. In a sense Shaka was quite broadminded, which was displayed in his considerable interest in the English culture and technological skills, especially firearms, which he was introduced to by some English traders in Zululand, and whom he was particularly well disposed to. The arrival of the English traders in 1823, heralded a new era in Shaka's statesmanship. F G Farwell and H F Fynn, managed to win Shaka's trust after Fynn nursed Shaka back to health after he was stabbed and seriously wounded by an Ndwandwe spy. Shaka demonstrated his gratitude by permitting the traders to settle and erect a trading outpost at Port Natal, as well as allowing the traders to hold sway over the natives at the outpost. He also gratefully accepted their military assistance on a number of occasions. Shaka had a particular fear of old age and death. When Fynn promised him an elixir that would have prevented Shaka's hair turning gray he was eager to use the remedy. Alas, it never materialised. The role played by Jacob, a Xhosa interpreter, brought to Natal by Farwell, was also related, as was the remarkable career of Joseph Msimbithi, a one-time cattle rustler, inmate on Robben Island and latterly interpreter (English and Dutch) for cartographer Lieutenant Owen on the survey ship HMS Leven. Joseph's swimming skills particularly, were greatly admired by Shaka.
When Shaka's mother Nandi fell ill, Shaka ran 115 km back to her kraal near the present-day Stanger, to be with her. When Nandi died, Shaka was deeply grieved and had at least 7 000 of his people killed during the initial mourning period. Thousands more were killed subsequently. Shaka ordered one year of national mourning during which a total ban were placed on any crop cultivation, the use of milk. Intercourse was also not permitted and married women who fell pregnant during this period of mourning were killed along with their husbands. After three months of mourning had passed, he relented to the pleas of his chiefs and lifted the ban on the raising of crops, which narrowly averted a famine in his empire. During this period of mourning, he also embarked on a campaign against the Pondos, whom he defeated and captured all their cattle. He then turned his armies (under his trusted general Soshengane of the Shangaan tribe) northward and defeated some lesser tribes in what today is Mozambique. By now Shaka's cruelty and excesses led to major disenchantment and disillusionment amongst his people. Having not accompanied his armies on the northern campaign, his security and power were at their most vulnerable. His brothers Dingane and Mhlangane seized the opportunity to assassinate him and stabbed him to death in 1828.
After Shaka's death, the two brothers quickly fell out and Dingane in turn murdered Mhlangane. Dingane was very different from Shaka: he was moody, loved dressing up and was an accomplished dancer. Only he was entitled to sit in a chair, which was a symbol of exalted status. Anybody that transgressed this taboo, symbolically threatened the throne and ridiculed the king's status, and was summarily executed if caught. His fall was caused by his inability to maintain and extend Shaka's hard-won empire, as well as being hastened by the arrival of the Voortrekkers, Dutch settlers who saw Natal as an El Dorado in their longing to escape the oppressive yoke of British colonial rule in the Cape Colony. Dingane saw the Voortrekkers as a military threat as they had managed to vanquish umZilikazi, Dingane's great enemy, seemingly without any undue effort. This was an enemy Dingane had repeatedly tried to conquer but was unsuccessful on every occasion. Dingane must have clearly understood the significance of this potential threat to his kingdom posed by the seemingly endless stream of Trekkers descending upon the Zulu empire. What followed was the treacherous attack on Piet Retief and his party and the subsequent massacre at Dingane's kraal, umGungundlovu, the surprise attacks on the Boer laagers at Weenen (Doringkop, Bloukrans, Moordspruit, Rensburgkoppie), which led to the massacre of over 531 Voortrekker men, women, children, as well as their coloured and black "agterryers". The Voortrekkers regrouped and from a well-defended laager, using superior tactics and firepower, 300 men, women and children under the leadership of Andries Pretorius, managed to decisively defeat Dingane's Impis at Blood River on 16 of December, 1838.
Captain Jarvis, a British Army Officer, brought the Boers and Zulus together to hammer out a peace treaty, which was in no way lenient to the Zulu nation, as it confirmed the land deal concluded between the murdered Piet Retief and Dingane, stretching between the rivers umZimvubu in the south and the Thukela in the north. This grant, plus the conquered land, became the Voortrekker Republic of Natalia. In 1840 the Voortrekkers extended their land claim to include the land to the north of the Thukela River up the Black umFolozi River.
After his defeat, Dingane chose to remain in Natal under the protection of the Voortrekkers. Mpande, the half-brother of Dingane was considered a weak man in comparison to his contemporaries, and while other half-brothers were removed he was allowed to live. Dingane instructed his chief inDuna Ndlela kaSompisi to assassinate him, but he repeatedly delayed, as he realised that Mpande was the only son to have had any children, and the continuation of the blood line was crucial to the stability of the Zulu nation. Ndlela was tortured to death by Dingane for his inaction. In 1840 Andries Pretorius helped Mpande in his revolt against his half-brother Dingane, who was defeated in the Battle of Magongo. Dingane, a refugee from his own people, escaped northward but was murdered in the Ubombo Mountains, in the Hlatikhulu Forest. Mpande (born 1872) was king of the Zulu nation from 1840 until his death in 1872, making him the longest-reigning Zulu king. He maintained good relations with both the Voortrekkers and the British. He was succeeded by his son Cetshwayo kaMpande. He was the king of the Zulu nation from 1872 to 1879 and their leader during the Zulu War, under whose leadership the British Army suffered its biggest defeat of arms ever inflicted upon them by native inhabitants of the lands whom they sought to forcibly incorporate in the British Empire, Such was the legacy of the politico-military heritage of Shaka. The battle took place at the foot of a forbidding-looking hill called Isandhlwana - the date, 1879.
Lastly, our speaker discussed the legacy of the rise and fall of the Zulu Empire and the relevance to the politics of today. In 1909 the Congress of the Chiefs was established to assist the Zulu Chief in ruling the Zulu Nation - according to the rules, ordinances and laws as laid down by the British authorities. In 1912 the South African Native National Congress was formed, which later became the African National Congress, the ANC, currently the ruling party in South Africa. In 1922 a movement called Inkatha yeNkululedo yeSizwe, was founded, specifically to promote Zulu culture. In the 1970s Chief Gatsha Buthelezi revived Inkatha for political purposes. In time these two political entities became the opposite poles of political expression in the struggle for the soul - and political control - of the Zulu Nation. Space precludes going into lengthy detail, but it will suffice to say that the creation of the Zulu Nation consisted of a divided nation - the original "core" Zulu people, the amaNtungwa and the conquered peoples south of the Thukela, the amaLala. The terms "amaNtungwa" and "amaLala" became "labels of privilege and servitude", which naturally fostered dissent over time and became political divides. Port Natal became a place of refuge for dissenting factions, which the Christian missionaries saw as an ideal centre for establishing churches and schools. Thus new divides in the body politic and social fabric of the Zulus came into being, based upon religion. The main political strife, however, centres on the question of royal succession - abaKwaZulu represents the descendents from the founder of the original Zulu nation, Chief Zulu. The amaKholwa ("believers") on the other hand, interacted with the white settlers and came under the influence of the whites' cultural heritage. This led to a political polarization into monarchists and anti-monarchists with different objectives. Thus we find today's political arrangement - Zulu Nationalism represented by the Inkatha movement, traditional tribal values and pro-monarchist; and in the opposing corner, a National Perspective represented by the ANC and Westernised values. These differences are party politicised and often violent as the conflict in the Natal Midlands during the 1980-90s and mining migrant clashes reflect. Polokwane, the election of a Zulu, Jacob Zuma as president of both the ANC and of the country and the new agenda might change all this - only time will tell. But what is definite, is that there is an urgent need to heal the divide between the factions - not only for the sake of the Zulu nation, but as well for South Africa as a nation.
The chairman, Johan van den Berg, thanked our speaker for a memorable and outstanding talk (admitting tongue-in-cheek that he might be slightly biased towards the speaker, having being born in Zululand) and presented him with the customary gift.
As a parting thought it is worthwhile to mention that Mr Mountain wrote an excellent book on the subject, appropriately called The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Empire. As far as our subject is concerned, the book was published in 1999 and might therefore be slightly dated, but well worth the read, if you can acquire a copy. The local libraries might have copies.
We welcome Mr Eric Coetzee who became a member recently.
The treasurer will be sending out Renewal Advices to those members who have not yet paid their subscriptions for 2009. Your speedy response to these will be appreciated.
We are always looking for new members so, if you know of anyone who might be interested in military history, bring him or her along to the next meeting or otherwise persuade them to join.
From the Friends of the SAAF Museum (Cape Town Branch):
North Africa & Korea - Wartime Memories
The Friends of the SAAF Museum (Cape Town Branch) held two informal Q&A sessions with SAAF veterans who were pilots in North Africa during WWII and Korea. Their memories were recorded on a DVD which is for sale. The participants were: North Africa - Stewart "Bomb" Finney & Cecil Golding, and Korea - James "Horse" Sweeney, Ainsley Cooke and Syd de la Harpe.
The Cheetah's Tale (DVD): Cheetah - An End of an Era - A True Lifetime Machine
The amazing story of the development and weaponry of the Cheetah in SAAF service as humorously related by Major General Des Barker (SAAF) has also been recorded on DVD. It is a personal recollection of his experience in flying the Cheetah during development and in service. The DVDs sell for R80,00 each. Please contact the chairman, treasurer or secretary for more details.
Thursday 10 September 2009 - A short History of SANDF Museums
Our speaker will be fellow member and scribe, Commander Mac Bisset, SAN (Retd.) He has an encyclopedic knowledge all matters pertaining to military history and, in addition, has the unique distinction of having been a central figure in the creation and management of a number of our military museums over the last four decades. He is therefore uniquely qualified to relate to us the story (and often the story behind the story) of the SANDF museums over the length and breadth of South Africa and even the Military Museum at Delville Wood on the WWI Battlefield of the Somme.
Thursday 8 October 2009 - A short History of the South African Artillery
Our speaker will be Colonel Lionel Crook who served in the South African Artillery, in 1 Medium Regiment and the Cape Field Artillery, which regiment he commanded. He served in a number of Staff posts and is currently serving with the Reserve Forces Council. The author of a number of books, he is currently completing a comprehensive history of the Cape Field Artillery over a period of 150 years.
BOB BUSER: Treasurer/Scribe
Phone: Home: (evenings) 021-689-1639
Office: (mornings) 021-689-9771
Phone: 021-592-1279 or 021-531-6781
South African Military History Society / |
Technical Comments
Comment on "Enhanced Open Ocean Storage of CO2 from Shelf Sea Pumping"
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Science 26 Nov 2004:
Vol. 306, Issue 5701, pp. 1477
DOI: 10.1126/science.1102132
In a well-designed North Sea study, Thomas et al.(1) found that atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) was absorbed by continental shelf water and was eventually exported into the North Atlantic Ocean. The work confirmed preliminary observations in the same area (2, 3) and provided support for the continental shelf pump hypothesis (4, 5). Thomas et al. then extrapolated “the CO2 uptake by the North Sea to the global scale” and inferred a net oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO2 by coastal oceans of 0.4 Pg C year–1. A previous global extrapolation based on limited observations in the East China Sea (ECS) suggested an even greater air-sea CO2 flux of 1.0 Pg C year–1 in the world's continental shelf (4). We are concerned with such extrapolations of regional studies to the global scale without cautioning readers that no current consensus exists on this issue.
Although most shelf CO2 measurements have thus far revealed that shelves are sinks of atmospheric CO2, these shelves are located in mid-latitude zones that experience strong spring blooms and substantial seasonal changes [i.e., the North Sea (50°N to 61°N) (1, 2), the Gulf of Biscay (42°N to 52°N) (2), the ECS (25°N to 38°N) (4, 6), and the Mid-Atlantic Bight (35.5°N to 41°N) (7)]. They absorb atmospheric CO2, as evidenced by very low sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pco2) during planktonic bloom seasons. To sustain this uptake, absorbed CO2 must be exported to the open ocean as organic and inorganic carbon under favorable shelf export conditions, especially in winter. The “continental shelf CO2 pump hypothesis” was proposed to describe such circumstances (4). However, the shelves listed above represent only a small fraction of global shelf area (8) and may not be representative of global continental shelves. The North Sea, for example, is characterized by massive input from the land.
A recent report from the U.S. South Atlantic Bight (SAB) (27°N to 35°N) provided the first example of a major source of annual CO2 to the atmosphere (9). The pco2 signal in the SAB is high during spring and summer and low during winter, which is the opposite of the trend observed in the North Sea and Gulf of Biscay (1, 2). Elsewhere, the shelf and upper slope area of the northern South China Sea (SCS) (20°N to 22°N) also act as an annual CO2 source to the atmosphere (10). Thus, it is clear that not all margins are a sink for atmospheric CO2.
Margins are the most heterogeneous areas of the world's oceans, with potentially very different magnitudes of physical and biogeochemical mechanisms. Sea surface pco2 may differ because of latitudinal differences as well as differences related to oceanographic settings. The Arctic and subarctic shelves may be CO2 sinks (1113). The shelves vary from strong to weak CO2 sinks in the temperate areas (17). Farther south in the SAB and in the SCS, the shelves are sources of CO2 to the atmosphere (9, 10). The tropical and subtropical shelves and marginal seas are most likely sources of CO2 to the atmosphere, driven by either the high annual surface temperature, the lack of a strong spring bloom, inputs from marshes (9) and mangroves (14), or reef formation.
Margins dominated by coastal upwelling are complex in that they receive deep water with high levels of both inorganic nutrient and CO2. Although precise annual fluxes are difficult to define for these shelves, it again appears that the low-latitude shelves act as CO2 sources (15, 16), whereas those at mid to high latitudes act as CO2 sinks (1719). However, these systems have a rather small total area (8). Large river plumes may be a strong sink of atmospheric CO2 but, aside from the Amazon system, they represent a limited surface area compared with the surrounding waters that often appear as CO2 sources (20, 21).
We are thus still at a stage of uncertainty about the magnitude of air-sea CO2 exchange because of both the heterogeneous nature of ocean margins and the lack of spatial and temporal coverage of pco2 data. High- and low-latitude continental shelves have clearly not been sufficiently studied, and they deserve more attention in future research. The mechanisms that govern the net sink/source term and the magnitude of CO2 exchange also require a more accurate understanding. Although the continental shelf pump hypothesis needs the scrutiny of further multidisciplinary field research, it is fair to suggest that low-latitude margins are not favorable for CO2 absorption, in contrast to the case in mid- and high-latitude margins.
We laud the effort to explore the global significance of continental shelves in the ocean carbon cycle (1, 4, 5) but are less confident in the global extrapolation of these studies. Atmospheric CO2 uptake by continental shelves may have been overestimated given the latitudinal difference of air-sea exchange in marginal seas.
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An example of a stem lesion caused by Dickeya. The browning of the vascular system above the lesion is a typical Dickeya symptom. (Photo: Amy O. Charkowski)
Seed infected with Dickeya, the new blackleg
Potato seed infected late in the season with Dickeya (new blackleg) usually does not show symptoms in the field before harvest nor in seed storages. This is because Dickeya requires high temperatures for the development of visible symptoms. The optimum temperature for Dickeya is above 25 C.
By contrast, the old blackleg (Pectobacterium) can develop at cool temperatures (8-10 C), and symptoms are usually visible when cutting seed.
I have two questions about Dickeya:
1. If dormant infection of Dickeya is suspected, could you incubate a sample of tubers at 25 C to 30 C so that tubers will show Dickeya symptoms in about two weeks? I asked Steve Johnson (Maine) and Gary Secor (North Dakota) this question, and both said NO. It takes more than two weeks for the symptoms to develop. The first time I saw Dickeya symptoms developing from seed tubers with dormant infection was in late June, which agrees with both Steve’s and Gary’s findings. (The seed tubers had been planted by the middle of May.)
2. Are Dickeya lesions smelly? We all know how smelly the old blackleg is. The slimy, black stems smell like rotten fish, a disgusting smell noticeable at least 30 feet away from an infected plant. Usually Dickeya is not smelly. The bacterium grows inside the stem, moving up in the vascular tissue. Dickeya-infected stems are usually dark brown, not inky black, slimy and smelly like the old blackleg. (Eventually the infected stems may be invaded by secondary bacteria that cause a black rot).
If shortly after emergence you see small, wilted plants with a black stem base, it is probably the old blackleg. If the summer is cool and wet, probably the old blackleg will prevail. In hot summers it will be Dickeya the prevalent disease. (Wilted foliage is also a symptom of Dickeya.)
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First published in the Bridge Magazine, February 2018
Does the Bible condone slavery?
Someone once asked me, “Doesn’t the Bible condone slavery?” He’d been reading some bits of the Bible (in the books of Exodus, Leviticus and Philemon) and couldn’t find anything saying slavery was wrong. He therefore concluded that the Bible condones slavery. Was he right?
Let’s start by defining what we mean by “slave.” Today, it makes us think of the horrific race-based “colonial slavery” that took place in the 17th-19th centuries on plantations in the Americas, and sometimes even closer to home: there are slaves mentioned in the baptism and burial records of the nearby village of Twyning!
However, the word had a more complex meaning in the ancient world. The Hebrew and Greek words translated as slave in modern Bibles can mean a colonial-type slave or a servant or a bondservant. A bondservant was typically someone who got into debt and had no alternative but to sell themselves into the service of a rich master for a period of time. In exchange, this master would clear their debt, pay them a wage, house them and feed them (and their family). Arguably that’s a better deal than you’d get from Wonga, and isn’t so far removed from the idea that Andy Burnham, Mayor of Manchester, proposed on Question Time recently: to pay off junior doctors’ student loans if they’d commit to working in Manchester for five years after they graduated!
So when we read the word “slave” in the Bible, we have look for clues in the surrounding verses to work out which of the three meanings the author meant. Here are a few examples:
1. Joseph – (he of the Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat) – is a classic colonial slave: assaulted by his brothers and sold to slave traders who sold him into the service of an Egyptian nobleman.
2. Moses and the whole people of Israel in Egypt are also classic colonial slaves: cruelly treated, they have no hope of freedom.
3. 3.The slaves held by the Israelites in Leviticus 25 (from v39 onwards) are most likely bonded servants, because the passage sets out how, if there was no help available from family, a debtor could sell himself into slavery to clear the debt.
4. Onesimus – the slave who features in Paul’s letter to Philemon is most likely a bonded servant too (though there’s no way to know for certain).
What does the Bible think of these different types of slavery? Does it condemn or condone them? It can hardly be said to condone slavery when it condemns any trading activity involving slaves. Exodus 21:16 says
St Paul echoes this in the New Testament by including slave traders in a list of breakers of God’s moral law (1Timothy 1:9-10).
The Bible also condemns any abuse of power in a master-slave relationship – see for example Ephesians 6:9:
– and encourages slaves who have become Christians to seek freedom if they are able (1Corinthians 7:21).
So the Bible doesn’t condone slavery, but nor does it go the whole hog and condemn it by commanding that all slaves be set free. The most plausible reason for this is political. It took Christian MP William Wilberforce decades of coalition-building and campaigning at the highest level of a relatively democratic government to abolish the slave trade in the British Empire. The early Christians had none of his advantages – they were a tiny, powerless, persecuted sect living in an autocratic Empire that had slavery at every level of its life. Changing this was too big a task for such a small group of people; so instead they set about changing hearts and minds by caring for the sick, widows and orphans, all the while sharing the good news of Jesus Christ.
This doesn’t, however, excuse later generations of Christians who did have the power and influence to change things, and either didn’t use it, or took advantage of the Bible’s varied meaning of the word slave to continue to profit from slavery.
Thankfully there have always been those who vocally opposed slavery. For example, St Wulfstan, the 11th century Bishop who laid the foundations of Worcester Cathedral and Malvern Priory, was an outspoken mediaeval opponent of slavery. But it wasn’t until the Evangelical Awakening of the late 18th century that Christians really began to mobilise, leading to the abolition of slavery in first the British Empire and then the Americas.
Tragically that struggle continues today. The Christian charity International Justice Mission estimates that there are some 40 million modern slaves worldwide, and Christian charities across the world continue to be at the forefront of the battle to set them free.
If you would like to know more about the campaign to end modern slavery, visit
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Article | Open | Published:
Design and fabrication of crack-junctions
Microsystems & Nanoengineering volume 3, Article number: 17042 (2017) | Download Citation
Nanogap electrodes consist of pairs of electrically conducting tips that exhibit nanoscale gaps. They are building blocks for a variety of applications in quantum electronics, nanophotonics, plasmonics, nanopore sequencing, molecular electronics, and molecular sensing. Crack-junctions (CJs) constitute a new class of nanogap electrodes that are formed by controlled fracture of suspended bridge structures fabricated in an electrically conducting thin film under residual tensile stress. Key advantages of the CJ methodology over alternative technologies are that CJs can be fabricated with wafer-scale processes, and that the width of each individual nanogap can be precisely controlled in a range from <2 to >100 nm. While the realization of CJs has been demonstrated in initial experiments, the impact of the different design parameters on the resulting CJs has not yet been studied. Here we investigate the influence of design parameters such as the dimensions and shape of the notches, the length of the electrode-bridge and the design of the anchors, on the formation and propagation of cracks and on the resulting features of the CJs. We verify that the design criteria yields accurate prediction of crack formation in electrode-bridges featuring a beam width of 280 nm and beam lengths ranging from 1 to 1.8 μm. We further present design as well as experimental guidelines for the fabrication of CJs and propose an approach to initiate crack formation after release etching of the suspended electrode-bridge, thereby enabling the realization of CJs with pristine electrode surfaces.
Electrode-nanogap-electrode structures, so-called nanogap electrodes1 or electronic nanogaps2, are used in nanoelectronics, nanophotonics, plasmonics, nanopore sequencing, molecular electronics, and molecular sensing. They provide a powerful test-bed for mesoscopic physics3,4,5,6,7. Electronic nanogaps with gap-widths in the sub-5 nm range are particularly interesting as they are suitable for embedding and probing molecules to investigate electron transport mechanisms and strong light-matter interactions on a molecular-level. In addition, electrodes separated by sub-2 nm wide gaps can be operated as tunneling junctions that have manifold potential applications such as DNA sequencing, quantum computing, RF and optical emitters4,8,9,10,11. However, it remains extremely challenging to fabricate large numbers of nanogap electrodes featuring gap-widths below 5 nm in a reliable and efficient way. Accurately producing sub-5 nm wide gaps requires a patterning resolution of a few atomic layers, which is a great technological challenge even if only a few devices are to be realized12. Existing nanogap fabrication techniques include mask-defined etching processes13, layer-defined sacrificial etching processes14, material-growth processes1,15, self-assembly processes7,16, and the break junction (BJ) technique17,18,19. Each of these approaches suffers from severe drawbacks, including limited process control, limited dimensional accuracy, limited process scalability and risk of residual contaminants inside the nanogaps. A novel concept was proposed and recently demonstrated for fabricating crack-defined nanogap electrodes2,20,21, so-called crak-junctions (CJs). CJs can be fabricated on wafer-level in very large numbers and feature gap-widths that can be precisely defined in a range from below 2 to 100 nm and above. CJs are formed by controlled fracture of pre-strained electrode-bridges fabricated in a thin electrically conducting film, thereby forming electrode pairs that exhibit nanoscale gaps. A key advantage of the CJ methodology is that while the electrode-bridges are defined lithographically, the resulting crack-defined gaps are self-generated and have predictable atomic-scale dimensions that cannot be realized with conventional state-of-the-art nanofabrication technologies. CJs also display unique properties such as the possibility to realize high aspect ratios between gap-height and gap-width, and perfectly matching electrode surfaces2. Other works on the characterization of the mechanical properties of ductile and brittle thin films have also been reported using release of internal stress in suspended structures to generate various controlled stress loading situations22,23,24. CJs use a similar approach but for inducing cracks in brittle, electrically conducting thin films and defining nanogaps with controlled widths. Successful fabrication of CJs requires precise control of the formation and propagation processes of the crack by utilizing well-designed stress-concentrating structures. While the realization of CJs has been demonstrated in initial experiments2,21, the impact of the different design parameters of CJs on the resulting cracks has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Specifically, we analyze theoretically and verify experimentally the influence of the dimensions and shape of the stress concentration structures (notches) in the electrode-bridge, the beam length of the electrode-bridge, and the anchor design of the electrode-bridge, on the formation and propagation of the crack. In addition, we present an approach to initiate crack formation by substrate cooling after the electrode-bridges are release etched, as opposed to forming the cracks during the release etching process, thereby enabling the realization of CJs featuring pristine electrode surfaces.
Materials and methods
CJ fabrication methodology
The CJ fabrication methodology is conceptually illustrated in Figure 1a. The process starts by depositing an electrically conductive thin film, called here electrode layer, on top of a sacrificial layer on a substrate. The electrode layer must exhibit residual internal tensile stress and brittle fracture behavior. A notched electrode-bridge structure is patterned in the electrode layer (Figure 1a, top panel) using a resist mask and plasma etching. The sacrificial layer is then selectively etched away using isotropic chemical etching (Figure 1a, bottom panel). During this step, the electrode-bridge is detached from the substrate and the stored elastic strain redistributes to maintain equilibrium of stresses. This causes the build-up of stress at the notch of the electrode-bridge. Once the local stress level at the notch overcomes the strength of the electrode material, a crack is initiated at the notch. This results in a fracture across the notched constriction (neck) of the electrode-bridge, contraction of the free-standing electrodes in opposite directions, and the formation of a nanoscale gap that is separating the electrodes, as illustrated in Figure 1a (inset of bottom panel). The internal stress initially stored in the electrode-bridge is converted to an accurate and predictable self-generated retraction of the electrodes after crack formation. The length L of the suspended part of the electrode-bridge defines the width w of the resulting nanogap, whereby short electrode-bridges yield small gap-widths. As shown in Figure 1b, L and w are proportional to each other with the stored elastic strain of the electrode layer ε as proportionality constant with2: (1)w=ε×L, where ε is equal to the internal stress of the electrode layer s divided by its Young’s modulus E: (2)ε=s/E. Thus, the CJ methodology is based on the down-conversion of the micrometer-scale length of the electrode-bridge defined by standard lithographic patterning, into a precisely controlled nanometer-scale displacement of the tip of the electrodes to define the gap, whereby the attenuation factor is the elastic strain ε of the electrode layer. When the length of the electrode-bridges is below 1 μm, the effective inter-electrode separations can be below 3 nm, thereby resulting in CJs that exhibit electron tunneling characteristics, as shown in Figure 1c. This entire process to form a single CJ can easily be applied to large numbers of CJs on a substrate simply by pre-patterning lithographically many electrode-bridges in the same electrode layer on chip or wafer-level. As the internal tensile stress is uniformly distributed in the electrode layer over the entire substrate, any pre-patterned electrode-bridge will automatically form a crack. This process is also compatible with integration on top of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuitry wafers25.
Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) Schematics illustrating the crack-junction (CJ) methodology. Top panel: patterned electrode layer before release etching. The electrode layer is brittle and under internal tensile stress at room temperature. Bottom panel: CJ after release etching and cracking of the electrode-bridge, thus defining a gap separating the electrodes. (b) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image shows a 2.7 μm long cracked electrode-bridge featuring suspended titanium nitride (TiN) electrodes and a 10-nm wide gap (inset), illustrating that, for CJs, w is proportional to L by the factor ε, which is the stored elastic strain of the electrode layer. (c) I–V plot of a TiN CJ displaying electron tunneling behavior. The Simmons formula27 was used to fit the experimental curve, revealing an effective gap-width w’ of 1.8 nm for this CJ. For the fitting, an electrode work-function of 4.4 eV is used.
Substrate preparation and baseline CJ fabrication
In all experiments, the starting substrate consists of a 525 μm-thick and 100 mm diameter p-doped (100) silicon wafer, covered by a two-layer stack composed of a 70 nm layer of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), as the sacrificial layer, and a 70 nm layer of titanium nitride (TiN), as the electrode layer, both deposited in an atomic layer deposition (ALD) tool (Beneq TFS 200). The Al2O3 is deposited at a temperature of 200 °C in 700 cycles using trimethylaluminum (TMA, pulse time 70 ms, purge time 500 ms) and water (H2O, pulse time 175 ms, purge time 750 ms) as precursors. The TiN is deposited at a temperature of 350 °C in 2000 cycles using titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4, pulse time 150 ms, purge time 500 ms) and ammonia (NH3, pulse time 1 s, purge time 1 s) as precursors. After depositing the stack of thin films, the wafer is cleaved into dies with a size of 1 cm×1 cm. The dies are then spin-coated with a positive e-beam photoresist (ZEP7000, Zeon Chemicals, Japan) and baked at 170 °C for 3 min on a hot plate. The resist thickness is 180 nm after baking. The notched electrode-bridges are defined in the photoresist by exposure in a Raith e-beam system at 25 keV acceleration voltage with an area step size of 8 nm and an area dose of 84 μAs cm−2. The exposed resist is developed in a p-Xylene solution for 100 s and in a Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) solution for 10 s and then dried with a nitrogen gun. The resist-defined pattern is then transferred into the TiN by dry anisotropic plasma etching (Applied Materials Precision 5000 Etcher) at a chamber pressure of 200 mTorr and RF power of 600 W in a mixture of boron trichloride (BCl3) at 40 s.c.c.m. flow, chlorine (Cl2) at 15 s.c.c.m. flow, nitrogen (N2) at 15 s.c.c.m. flow, and tetrafluoromethane/oxygen (CF4/O2) at 15 s.c.c.m. flow. The resist mask is subsequently removed with remover (Microresist, rem-700) at 60 °C in an ultrasonic bath for 10 min. The smallest features implemented in the resist layer are the notches, which are resolved with dimensions down to 50 nm. The notch patterns in this study were generated using e-beam lithography, but it is in principle also possible to realize the notch patterns by using state-of-the-art stepper photolithography systems for high-throughput wafer-scale fabrication. At this point, the electrode-bridges have been patterned but are still resting on the sacrificial material, as shown in Figure 1a, top panel. To form the CJs, as shown in Figure 1a, bottom panel, the electrode-bridges are released by sacrificial isotropic etching of the Al2O3 layer in a KOH bath at room temperature for 20 min. Cracks in the electrode-bridges are typically formed during this sacrificial etching step. Thereafter the devices are dried using critical point drying (BalTec CPD 408), thus avoiding stiction of the suspended electrodes to the substrate. TiN was chosen as an electrode material because of its attractive structural, plasmonic, and superconducting properties, which makes it a very promising electrode material for a variety of nanogap-based devices and applications. However, since the crack follows the grain boundaries of polycrystalline TiN, the cracked TiN surfaces have a non-planar geometry which affects the gap-widths of the resulting CJs (Supplementary Information).
Measurement of the internal stress
The internal stress of a TiN thin film deposited on a 525 μm thick p-doped single-crystalline silicon wafer (100) was measured using a surface profiler (Tencor-P15). The wafer curvature was recorded before and after ALD deposition of the TiN film using identical deposition parameters as used in the baseline CJ fabrication process. The measured wafer curvature revealed a constant internal stress in the TiN film of 1.60±0.05 GPa at time points of 20 min, 1 h, 1 day and 1 week after the material deposition, respectively. Thus, for a time period in the range of days, the elapsed time between the deposition of the TiN film and the CJ fabrication does not appear as a critical parameter that is inducing variability in our experiments. Considering the measured elastic strain2 of ε=3.1 nm μm−1, the biaxial Young’s modulus of the ALD deposited TiN film can be estimated to E’=σ/ε≈530 GPa, which is consistent with values reported in literature for sputtered TiN26. We further investigated the contribution of the baking step of the e-beam resist on stress relaxation in the TiN film and found that after 3 min of baking on a hot plate at 170 °C, the internal stress in the TiN film remained within 1.60±0.05 GPa.
Electrical characterization
To confirm and demonstrate the realization of tunneling CJs, we performed tunneling measurements of a CJ as shown in Figure 1c. Therefore, single CJs that were electrically connected to 150 μm×150 μm large probing pads were fabricated. The probing pads and the electrical wiring between the probing pads and the CJ electrodes were made of the same TiN layer deposited in the same process step as the CJs electrodes. Thus, no additional metallization layers were necessary for realizing the probing pads and the electrical connections between the probing pads and the CJs. This approach avoids the risk of introducing stress gradients to the CJ electrodes by introducing additional metal layers. Electrical probing of the TiN probing pads was carried out with tungsten carbide tips in a semi-automatic shielded wafer prober (Cascade Microtech 12000). The thin TiN probing pads were sufficiently stable to allow reliable electrical measurements of the CJs. A parameter analyzer (Keithley SCS 4200) and two high-resolution Source Measure Units (SMU) combined with low-noise pre-amplifiers were connected to the probe-tips. The Simmons formula27 was used to fit the I–V measurement curve in Figure 1c, revealing an effective gap-width w’ of 1.8 nm.
Modeling and simulation
To compute the maximum stress at the notched constriction, finite element method (FEM) simulations were performed using the software package COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3 (Stockholm, Sweden) using a three-dimensional (3D) geometry model that includes the undercut profile in the sacrificial layer. The model was synchronized with, and imported from SolidWorks Corps using the LiveLink interface. Considering the symmetries in the structure, it is sufficient to simulate only a quarter of the electrode-bridge. The complete mesh of a quarter of the representative CJ in Figure 2 contained 41486 domain elements, 7678 boundary elements, and 599 edge elements (see Supplementary Information for details on the constitutive model).
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) Three-dimensional (3D) perspective sketch of an electrode-bridge, detailing the main design parameters of CJs: h is the thickness of the electrode layer, L is the length of the electrode-bridge, and s is the internal tensile stress in the electrode layer. Inset: W is the width of the electrode-bridge, Wco is the width of its notched constriction (neck), r is the radius of the notch tip, α is the open angle of the notch, t is the notch indent, which is equal to r for a semi-circular notch. (b) 3D FEM Von Mises stress map of the electrode-bridge shown in (a), where σmax is the highest stress in a CJ, located at the notched edges. In this design, for which r=37.5 nm, α=60°, and t=75 nm, it is found that σmax=3.4s. Inset: σco is the average stress at the cross-section of the neck.
Results and discussion
Theoretical considerations on the distribution of stress in CJs.
A detailed sketch of a CJ with the different design parameters is shown in Figure 2a. For our analysis, we keep the thickness h of the electrode layer and the width W of the electrode-bridge constant to 70 and 280 nm, respectively. We also assume that the electrode material features brittle mechanical properties, and that the release etching has no other effect than releasing the internal tensile stress in the electrode material. The design of the electrode-bridge used to form the CJ is conceptually comparable to a double-notched, double-clamped beam. Initially under residual tensile stress, the electrode-bridge cannot contract in the beam direction to relieve the internal stress during the release etching step. Thus, the stress persists and can be viewed as a force applied on the beam, pulling it longitudinally. A 3D stress map of an electrode-bridge with L=1.7 μm and W=280 nm is shown in Figure 2b, where we model the V-shaped notches since it is similar to the notch geometry that results from the e-beam lithography patterning in our experiments. Under the correct conditions, the stress level at the notched edges of the beam is sufficiently high to form a crack.
As shown in Figure 2b, the highest stress in the electrode-bridge σmax is localized at the notched edges of the neck, thereby localizing the crack initiation at the notched constriction of the electrode-bridge. There are two intertwined components contributing to the high stresses triggering the formation of the crack: the constriction effect and the notch effect. First, the constriction effect relates to the accumulation of stress caused by the narrowing of the electrode-bridge beam from an initial width of W to the width of the notched constriction Wco. For an electrode-bridge with a uniform thickness that is loaded on its outer edges by a stress s, the equation governing this component is obtained by the equilibrium condition of the forces along the electrode-bridge: (3)σco=σbridge×Sbridge/Sco=W/Wco×s, where σco and Sco are the average stress and the cross-sectional area at the constriction of the electrode-bridge, respectively, and σbridge and Sbridge are the stress and the cross-sectional area of the electrode-bridge, respectively.
Second, the notch effect relates to the severity of the localization of the stress induced by the geometrical shape of the notches that outline the edges of the neck, whereby acute, and sharp, notched edges yield higher stress concentrations than obtuse and rounded ones. This effect is superimposed on the constriction effect and can be quantified by the net theoretical stress concentration factor Ktn (Ref. 28). Equation (3) thus becomes: (4)σmax=Ktn×W/Wco×s. where σmax is the maximum occurring localized stress at the notches.
To initiate a crack and successfully form CJs, the electrode-bridges and notches should be designed such that σmax overcomes the fracture strength of the electrode material σ*max. For the specific electrode-bridge design shown in Figure 2, the calculated σmax is 3.4 times the internal tensile stress s of the electrode layer. We will see that this is sufficient to initiate the fracture in electrode-bridges made of TiN in our experiments, but may or may not be for other electrode materials. A high yield of crack formation, which is desirable for fabricating CJs in a reliable way, thus involves adequate design of the electrode-bridges and notches to achieve Ktn×W/Wco×s>σ*max. To satisfy this relation, we can select and design: (i) the material, and aim at minimizing the fracture strength σ*max, (ii) the fabrication process, and aim at maximizing the internal stress s, (iii) the design of the electrode-bridges and notches, and aim at maximizing the notch effect Ktn and the constriction effect W/Wneck. In this section, we will focus on (iii).
The guidelines to design notches in a way so that they promote crack formation are simple in theory as it requires making the notches as sharp and acute as possible, thus minimizing r and α, and maximizing t. In practice, however, it is not possible to freely adjust these geometrical parameters since lithography and pattern-transfer steps will severely impede accurate reproduction of the notch geometry. E-beam lithography could in theory resolve U-shaped notches, while optical lithography would produce more V-shaped notches with a larger notch radius r. Ktn can be accurately estimated for both U and V-shaped notches using textbook tables28. Knowing Ktn and the geometry of the electrode-bridge, the maximum occurring localized stress at the notches σmax can be derived using Equation (4), and if σmax>σ*max, the CJ should form successfully.
To illustrate the trend typically found for lithographically defined electrode-bridges, we take the example of semi-circular notches, for which t=r and Wco=W−2r, and find28: (5)σmax/s3×(1111.1(2r/W)+0.33(2r/W)2+0.13(2r/W)3)/(12r/W). Equation (5) is plotted in Figure 3a (blue curve) and shows that σmax increases from 3 s towards infinity when 2r/W increases from 0 (small notches or comparatively wide necks of the electrode-bridge) to 1 (large notches or comparatively narrow necks of the electrode-bridge), as expected from the gradual narrowing of the neck. Electrode-bridges that exhibit a maximum occurring localized stress at the notches σmax smaller than the electrode fracture strength σ*max (red area) remain uncracked, while electrode-bridges that exhibit a notch design with σmax larger than σ*max (green area) form a crack. Figure 3a also reveals that, for semi-circular notches, the maximum occurring localized stress at the notches σmax is constant over a wide range of values, up until 2r/W reaches about 0.5. This is because an increase in notch radius (decreasing notch effect) is necessarily accompanied with a narrowing of the constriction (increasing constriction effect). Overall, for semi-circular notches, the constriction and notch effects compensate each other until 2r/W>0.5, which is when the constriction effect begins to dominate.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) Plot of the maximum stress σmax normalized by s using the stress concentration factor formula28 for a semi-circular notch design (blue curve). The constriction effect of Equation (3) (black dashed curve) was added as reference. (b) Plots of the maximum stress σmax normalized by s based on 3D FEM modeling for the V-shaped notched electrode-bridge shown in Figure 2 (purple curve, for varying notch indent t, while maintaining the beam width W and notch radius r constant at 280 and 75 nm, respectively), and for semi-circular notches (blue curve, for varying notch indent t, with t=r, while maintaining the beam width W constant at 280 nm). To achieve reliable crack formation, the electrode-bridge of the CJ must be designed in a way that the maximum occurring localized stress at the notches is higher than the fracture strength of the electrode material: σmax>σ*max (green area). The placement at σ*max/s on this graph at 6 may be lower or higher in practice, depending on the material chosen as electrode.
This textbook approach helps in obtaining a quick estimation of σmax from a given notch geometry. It does not, however, reproduce perfectly the actual stress situation in the electrode-bridge. In our experiments, the electrode layer is under residual tensile stress, which results in electrode-bridges with anchored extremities and exhibiting an in-plane biaxial tensile stress state, instead of the uniaxial loading for the analytical Ktn. Also, the 3D boundary asymmetries existing in a CJ are not accounted for in an analytical Ktn. For a precise quantitative evaluation of σmax, a 3D FEM approach is more suitable. In Figure 3b, we plotted the results of 3D simulations of the maximum localized stress for the specific electrode-bridge design shown in Figure 2 for semi-circular notches (blue curve) and V-shaped notches (purple curve). This investigation reveals small yet evident differences between analytical Ktn and 3D FEM simulation results for a semi-circular notch design: in the simulation, the plateau is at σmax/s=2.6, instead of σmax/s=3 for the analytical Ktn, and the contribution of the constriction effect is delayed until 2t/W reaches about 0.65, instead of 0.5 for analytical Ktn. A V-shaped notch, on the other hand, develops a steady increase in σmax/s with increasing 2t/W provided the notch radius remains constant.
Experimental investigations of the notch effect and the electrode-bridge length in TiN CJs
We investigated the influence of the notch effect for a CJ design based on a comparatively short electrode-bridge, that is relevant for fabricating tunneling junctions in TiN. A matrix of CJs was fabricated and each CJ in a row featured an electrode-bridge design with identical L=1 μm and W=280 nm, but with increasing notch indents t, as seen in Figure 4. To assess reproducibility of the results, four repetitions of each of the five CJ designs are implemented in each column. Due to their sub-100 nm size, the notches exhibited a shallow V-shape featuring a gradual increase in notch indent t. Inspection of the CJ devices in the matrix after the release etching of the electrode-bridges confirms that there is a fracture threshold that defines a critical value of the notch indent t that induces cracking of the bridge structures during release, while electrode-bridges with notch indent below that value typically do not crack. Considering the actual shape of the notches after pattern-transfer, we estimated that Ktn had to be at least 2 to initiate crack formation in this CJ design for the TiN used here. Thus, other notches featuring sharper features or larger notch indents will automatically provoke fracture. Such feature sizes and geometries are within reach of most electron-beam lithography systems, and many wafer-scale lithography tools such as stepper and nanoimprint, thus indicating that the fabrication of tunneling CJs made in TiN can be realized with wafer-scale processes.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Color-coded SEM image of a CJ matrix with different electrode-bridge designs for evaluating the impact of notch indent t on crack formation in the electrode-bridge. As expected from Figure 3b, there exists a critical value of the notch indent t that defines a fracture threshold. The red coloring indicates electrode-bridges that are not cracked, while green coloring indicates those that are cracked. Five different CJ designs, corresponding to the five columns of the matrix, were implemented, featuring increasingly large notch indents. To assess reproducibility of the results, four repetitions of each of the five CJ designs are implemented in each column. All CJs feature W=280 nm and L=1 μm. Because of e-beam lithography patterning in our experiments, the notches have a shallow V-shape, although initially designed as V-notches.
The sharp transition between cracked and uncracked electrode-bridges reveals that it is possible to gain high control over crack formation, allowing us to predict that a specific electrode-bridge and notch design will work, while another will not, as shown in Figure 3. This could be utilized for example, to fabricate an array consisting of CJs that remain uncracked but that are close to fracture. We will later demonstrate that the application of external factors such as controlled substrate cooling and bending, thereby momentarily increasing the tensile stress σbridge in the electrode-bridge, can trigger the fracture event of electrode-bridge designs that were uncracked after the release etching step.
However, a notch design that provokes fracture of a specific electrode-bridge design is not necessarily adequate for other electrode-bridge designs. In Figure 5, we have further evaluated the influence of the length L for an electrode-bridge from the previous matrix for which the notch effect was sufficiently high to initiate a crack. In this investigation, the geometry of the notch was kept identical while the electrode-bridge length L was gradually increased, from 1 to 1.8 μm. We observe that there exists a fracture threshold for which the initially cracked design no longer cracks. This disagrees with the theory of notched beams under uniaxial tension since the cross-sectional tension force along the beam should be independent of the beam length. We performed 3D FEM simulations comparing short and long electrode-bridges under biaxial stress and found no significant difference that could explain such clear dependence on the bridge length. We believe the main explanation for the result is an experimental artifact since we expect a significant difference in exposed area between long and short electrode-bridges, whereby resist for long electrode-bridges receives a significantly larger exposure. The resist over-exposure tends to smear the sharper features of the notches, thus provoking a blunting effect by increasing r and α, and resulting in a lower Ktn. This hypothesis is supported by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the notches after pattern-transfer (see SEM insets in Figure 5). These results highlight the importance of process parameters such as resist exposure and pattern-transfer to obtain reliable and predictable crack formation.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Color-coded SEM image of a CJ matrix for evaluating the impact of the length L of the electrode-bridge on crack formation. For a given notch design, there exists a critical value of L that defines a fracture threshold. The red coloring indicates electrode-bridges that are not cracked, while green coloring indicates those that are cracked. Five different electrode-bridge designs, corresponding to the five columns of the matrix, were implemented, each featuring an identical notch design but different electrode-bridge length L. To assess reproducibility of the results, four repetitions of each of the five CJ designs are implemented in each column. All CJs feature W=280 nm and t=87 nm. The starting design, at the left-most column of this matrix, is identical to that of the right-most column of the matrix of Figure 4. For this specific design, all eight electrode-bridges present in both matrices have cracked reliably. Although all bridges featured an identical notch design, the SEM insets reveal that the longer bridge exhibit a slightly higher notch radius (i.e., lower Ktn) as compared to the short bridge, which can explain the existence of the fracture threshold caused by changes in bridge length.
Influence of anchor design on gap definition and crack propagation in CJs
Anchors have two main effects on the features of CJs. First, anchors affect the definition of the width of the gap since a non-negligible part of the anchors is undercut during the release etching step, as indicated in Figure 6a. Initially under biaxial tensile stress, the anchor overhangs are free to relax in the direction of the beam axis after crack formation, thereby contributing to the total electrode contraction that defines the gap-width, as shown by the blue arrows in Figure 6a. Yet, as the anchor overhangs remain constrained in the direction perpendicular to the beam axis, the overhangs contract per unit length to a different extent (typically larger, due to the Poisson effect) than the electrode parts after crack formation, as shown in Figure 6b. For a given undercut length U/2, the linear relation between L and w for CJs is increased by the total contraction u of both anchor overhangs, as indicated in Figure 6c, which may be significant in case of large undercuts. This additional contraction caused by the anchor overhangs should be considered in the design of tunneling junctions as it can easily amount to a few nanometers, which could cause the distance between the cracked electrode surfaces to exceed the direct tunneling range. Nonetheless, the total contraction u caused by the anchor overhangs can be predicted with high accuracy by 3D FEM simulations of CJs that account for the geometry and position of the anchor overhangs defined by the undercut.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effect of the anchor overhangs on the definition of the gap-width in a crack-junctions (CJ). (a) Schematic top and cross-section views of a CJ showing the different released parts contributing to the definition of the gap-width after crack formation. The presence of anchor overhangs on each side of the electrode-bridge contributes to the total contraction of the cracked electrode surfaces of the CJ. (b) Plots of the contraction of each released part of the CJ as a function of their respective length. The elastic strain ε of an electrode is slightly lower than that of an anchor overhang ε’. (c) Plot of the gap-width w of a CJ as a function of the length L of the electrodes. The presence of the anchor overhangs introduces an intercept u.
Secondly, the anchor design affects the distribution of the stress fields in the electrode-bridge and at the notched constriction of the electrode-bridge, potentially altering the crack path. In the baseline electrode-bridge design shown in all Figures so far, the anchors connecting the electrodes to the substrate are placed symmetrically on the central axis of the electrode-bridge. In this configuration, before fracture, the tensile force acting at the notched constriction of the electrode-bridge is parallel to the central axis of the electrode-bridge, and the crack thus propagates perpendicularly to this axis, as illustrated in Figures 7a and b. In contrast, an electrode-bridge with anchors that are not placed symmetrically with respect to the central axis of the electrode-bridge fractures along a path that is tilted, as illustrated in Figure 7c. An example of a fabricated CJ featuring a tilted crack is shown in Figure 7d. A tilted crack may be detrimental to the functionality of the CJ since the electrodes may contract in directions that are not perpendicular to the crack direction, as shown in Figure 7d, thus leading to misalignment of the otherwise matching electrode topographies. For cracked electrodes exhibiting a surface roughness comparable to the gap-width, misalignment in electrode topographies may even cause undesirable mechanical and electrical contact.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Schematic top views (a, c) and SEM images (b, d) illustrating the impact of the placement of the anchors on the direction of the resulting fracture line in the electrode-bridge. In a and c, the areas marked in red correspond to the anchors of the electrodes, and the insets are schematics of close-ups of the nanoscale topographies of the fractured electrode surfaces, illustrating the effect of electrodes with aligned (a) and misaligned (b) cracked surfaces. The dimensions of the electrode-bridges in these experiments are L=1.2 μm, W=0.2 μm, for (b) and L=1 μm, W=0.55 μm, for (c), respectively.
Additional considerations for facilitating crack formation in CJs
Because the resolution of the used patterning technology sets a lower limit for the radius of the notch r, the notch effect cannot be increased arbitrarily and experiences practical constrains. Conversely, the constriction effect is not limited to the same extent by practical constrains. Thus, initiating cracks can always be facilitated by minimizing the cross-sectional area of the notched constriction Sco versus the cross-sectional area of the electrode-bridge Sbridge (Equation (3)). In practice, this can be achieved simply by reducing the width of the notched constriction Wco. Additionally, Sco can be effectively decreased by locally thinning the electrode layer, as demonstrated in the CJ shown in Figure 8, for which Sbridge/Sco=140.
Figure 8
Figure 8
SEM image with a perspective view of a CJ featuring a locally thinned notched constriction. The cracked electrode surfaces facing each other have a cross-sectional area of approximately 10×10 nm2, and thus, the nanogap between the electrodes has a volume of approximately 10×10×10 nm3. The notched constriction of this CJ was thinned prior to the formation of the CJ by deliberately overexposing the resist polymer in the notch areas during e-beam exposure, thereby obtaining a locally thinner mask after resist development. Thus, during etching of the TiN layer for patterning the electrode-bridge, the locally thinned resist mask is removed during the etching process, which causes partial etching of the top surface of the TiN layer at the notched part of the electrode-bridge. Note the absence of bending of the released TiN electrodes indicating an extremely low out-of-plane stress gradient in the TiN layer.
From a fabrication perspective, the internal tensile stress in the electrode layer s is the most important parameter for CJs. First, because σmax is proportional to s (Equation (4)), increasing s will automatically promote crack formation. Second, s also impacts the resulting gap-width since s is proportional to the elastic strain ε (Equation (2)), which connects the gap-width w to the length L of the electrode-bridge (Equation (1)). This comes with the benefit of reducing the overall footprint of CJs since, for a given gap-width w, increasing the internal tensile stress s implies reducing the length L of the electrode-bridge. While it may be advantageous to maximize s from these viewpoints, it should remain within reasonable levels to avoid uncontrolled cracks in the thin electrode layer or extreme warping of the substrate. For the TiN layer used in this work, we, for example, observed catastrophic failure of TiN when a 100 nm-thick TiN layer was deposited on top of a quartz substrate at 350 °C. In this case, the large difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) between TiN and quartz caused very high residual tensile stresses after deposition of the TiN. Yet, it may be advantageous to choose a substrate material featuring a low CTE as it typically increases the thermal stress after deposition of the electrode layer. It is also possible to further increase the tensile stress momentarily in the electrode layer by manually warping the substrate, or by cooling the substrate down to below room temperature.
We have carried out cooling experiments using the chip containing the CJ matrix shown in Figure 4 used to explore the impact of the notch design on the formation of the crack in the electrode-bridges. We observed that, after cooling the chip to 77 K using liquid nitrogen as cooling agent, it was possible to crack one of the electrode-bridges that was uncracked prior to cooling, as shown in Figure 9a. This two-step fabrication scheme for forming cracked electrode-bridges allows the final electrode formation step to be executed inside an inert atmosphere or a vacuum, instead of forming the electrodes in the etching solution used to release etch the electrode-bridges. This way, nanogap electrodes featuring perfectly clean and pristine electrode surfaces can be realized.
Figure 9
Figure 9
(a) Color-coded SEM images with top view of the same crack-junction (CJ) matrix shown in Figure 4, taken after cryogenic cooling of the chip to 77 K. A previously uncracked electrode-bridge fractured during the cooling procedure. (b) SEM images with top views of a representative CJ that was formed by cryogenic cooling of the substrate.
In this work, we have investigated and discussed the influence of critical design parameters in the formation of CJs and verify the design criteria for accurate prediction of crack formation in electrode-bridges featuring a beam width of 280 nm and beam lengths ranging from 1 to 1.8 μm. Our key findings are that to realize crack formation with a very high yield, the process to define the electrode-bridge dimensions must be well controlled to obtain reproducible localized stresses at the notches. It is possible to design the electrode-bridges in a way that the localized stresses exceed the fracture strength σ*max of the electrode material significantly which, in practice, involves increasing the constriction effect by designing CJs with very small notched cross-sections. Crack formation can also be promoted by using an electrode layer featuring a high internal stress, which has the additional benefit of simultaneously decreasing the overall footprint of the CJs since, for a given gap-width, the electrode-bridge can be made shorter. Our work highlights that for predicting the resulting gap-width of a CJ, the contributions to the electrode displacements caused by the anchor overhangs have to be accounted for as they can easily increase the width of the resulting nanogap by a few nanometers. We also observe that the smearing of sharper features for long electrode-bridges can affect the yield of fracture significantly. Finally, we have proposed and demonstrated that the final crack formation event can be initiated in an inert atmosphere during a separate cooling step after release etching of the electrode-bridges.
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The work was supported by the European Research Council through the ERC Advanced Grant xMEMs (No. 267528) and the ERC Starting Grant M&M’s (No. 277879).
Author information
1. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Micro and Nanosystem, Osquldas väg 10, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
• Valentin Dubois
• , Frank Niklaus
• & Göran Stemme
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Competing interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Corresponding authors
Correspondence to Valentin Dubois or Frank Niklaus.
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mail() Hacks
This article was first published in the “Tips & Tricks” column in php|architect magazine.
How do you send e-mail on a server in which there is no mail server installed? How do you redirect e-mail messages in a testing environment so they don’t go to your users? This edition of Tips & Tricks addresses these two questions, highlighting some useful tricks to redefine or redirect mail().
PHP provides an awesome built-in feature with the mail() function. I refer to it as “awesome” because I originally came to this language from the background of ASP and VBScript, and to successfully send an e-mail message from an ASP script, one had to purchase a third-party COM object and successfully install and register the object on a Windows server. PHP has mail capabilities built right into the language, providing developers with a powerful and easy way to send e-mail.
Sometimes, however, whether for purposes of security (in which the server doesn’t have access to a local mail server) or debugging (mail should be trapped and not sent to users), it becomes necessary to redefine the mail() function, or redirect it. In this edition of Tips & Tricks, we’ll explore how to do both.
Redefining mail()
There might be times in which server administrators do not wish to provide access to mail functionality. For example, they are unwilling to install sendmail, postfix, or any other mail servers. There are valid security reasons for disallowing mail servers, such as the fear of a Web server being used as a spam relay, but this lack of functionality can put a damper on Web application features. Furthermore, while applications can be written in such a way as to get around this limitation (e.g. using sockets and SMTP), there are many third-party applications and tools that rely on PHP’s mail() function, and it is far too time consuming to rework these applications to use your own mail function. Thus, for full compatibility, it becomes necessary to hack away at PHP’s mail() command and create your own, but, as difficult as this sounds, it’s actually quite simple to do.
To completely redefine the mail() function, it is necessary to recompile PHP without support for the function. Afterwards, we’ll create a new mail() function using PHP, and your applications will be none the wiser.
First, to compile PHP without mail(), run the configure command as normal, including all desired parameters. Then, before running make, edit main/php_config.h. Find the line that reads:
Comment out this line, so that it now reads:
/* #define HAVE_SENDMAIL 1 */
Now, run make and make install as usual.
This will essentially disable the mail() function, and it will no longer be available to your scripts. So, our next step is to create a mail() function at the application level.
Listing 1 shows one such example mail() function using the PEAR::Mail package. This function implements the same exact parameters as the native PHP mail() function to ensure compatibility with any applications that require the use of mail(); it does not use the $additional_parameters parameter since that is primarily used to pass additional arguments to the sendmail (or other mailer) binary. This new function should also behave in exactly the same way as the native function and all parameters passed to it should follow the rules for mail() as defined in the PHP manual.
NOTE: Using this method, you cannot simply create a new mail() function using the PEAR::Mail “mail” driver, as this driver also utilizes PHP’s built-in mail() function to send mail. Thus, redefining the mail() function to use the PEAR::Mail “smtp” driver should also work for any applications that use PEAR::Mail with the mail driver. Using PEAR::Mail with the sendmail driver will not work if sendmail is not available on the system.
Now that we have defined a new mail() function, we need to make it accessible to the applications that require it. The quickest and easiest way to do this is to use the auto_prepend_file setting in php.ini:
auto_prepend_file = /path/to/new_mail.php
You may also set this in your Apache httpd.conf or .htaccess file:
php_value auto_prepend_file /path/to/new_mail.php
Now, we have a mail() function that will behave similarly to the built-in function, and all PHP applications on the system have access to use it. Keep in mind that other PHP mailing libraries could be used; you are not limited to PEAR::Mail.
Listing 1.
/* Use PEAR::Mail */
require_once 'Mail.php';
function mail($to, $subject, $message, $additional_headers = NULL, $additional_parameters = NULL)
/* Default From address */
$from = '';
/* Set SMTP parameters */
$smtp_params = array(
'host' => '',
'port' => 25,
'auth' => TRUE,
'username' => 'smtp_username',
'password' => 'smtp_password',
'persist' => FALSE
/* Parse headers */
$headers = array();
if (!is_null($additional_headers) &&
$tmp_headers = explode("\r\n", $additional_headers);
foreach ($tmp_headers as $header)
list($h, $v) = explode(':', $header);
$headers[$h] = trim($v);
/* Set default headers, if not present */
$headers['Subject'] = $subject;
if (!isset($headers['To'])) $headers['To'] = $to;
if (!isset($headers['Date'])) $headers['Date'] = date('r');
if (!isset($headers['From'])) $headers['From'] = $from;
/* Send the mail message */
$mail_object =& Mail::factory('smtp', $smtp_params);
$e = $mail_object->send($to, $headers, $message);
if (PEAR::isError($e))
Redirecting mail()
At times it is preferable to turn off mail functionality altogether without recompiling PHP. This includes applications that are running on testing servers and need to use mail() for debugging purposes, but should not send any actual mail messages—or should send messages but only to the developers. In cases such as these, it is possible to redirect mail messages sent through mail() by modifying the php.ini sendmail_path value.
Modifying sendmail_path is a simple task. The complexities lie in the script to which all mail is redirected. This script may be as simple as directing all mail to a log file or redirecting it to the project developers, or it may be as complex as implementing a full-scale mail solution using a PHP command-line interface (CLI) script to both send mail, as illustrated in Listing 1, and log everything. We’ll examine all of these options.
If the goal is to temporarily turn off mail and redirect it to a log file, simply create a script named logmail, set the permissions level to 755 (chmod 755 logmail), and put the following line in the script:
cat >> /tmp/logmail.log
Then, set sendmail_path in php.ini to /path/to/logmail. Don’t forget to restart your web server. Now, all e-mail sent by applications will be stored in /tmp/logmail.log rather than reaching the recipient in the To header.
NOTE: The sendmail_path directive may be set only in php.ini or Apache’s httpd.conf. It cannot be set from an .htaccess file.
There may be times, however, when properly testing an application means that all e-mail messages generated by the application must be sent somewhere, but they shouldn’t go to any real users. Thus, we need to trap the mail, which is another fairly simple task.
Create a script named trapmail, set the permissions level, again, to 755, and place the following in the script (replacing with your choice of e- mail address, of course):
formail -R cc X-original-cc \
-R to X-original-to \
-R bcc X-original-bcc \
-f -A”To:” \
| /usr/sbin/sendmail -t –i
Then, as with earlier, set the sendmail_path directive to /path/to/trapmail. This will successfully redirect all e-mail messages sent by the application to, and the original To, Cc, and Bcc headers will be rewritten to X-original-to, X-original-cc, and X-original-bcc respectively.
To do this, sendmail must be available on the system, yet it is not required, since it is possible to create a PHP CLI script to combine this sort of redirecting with code from the custom mail() script of Listing 1 to redirect and log any messages sent by a PHP application. Listing 2 gives a glimpse into how this is possible.
Listing 2.
$input = '';
while (!feof($stdin))
$input .= fread($stdin, 1024); // read 1kb at a time
list($headers, $body) = explode("\n\n", $input, 2);
// Now, use a mailer package and implement some logging
// using $headers and $body
I would save the code in Listing 2 to a file such as /usr/local/bin/php_mailer and set its permissions to 755. Then, I would implement some form of logging, perhaps using PHP 5’s file_put_contents(), along with a mailer package to send mail to either the intended recipient (on a production server) or the developers (on a testing server).
Also, notice that the mail is received on standard input in Listing 2. The message is being received in exactly the same format that sendmail would receive it. Thus, this script must parse the received message, extract the headers and body (we have already done this), and send them to PEAR::Mail in the format it expects.
Finally, the sendmail_path directive must be set to /usr/local/bin/php_mailer to make use of it.
These suggestions are simple, yet effective, ways to either send e-mail when your server can’t support PHP’s native mail() function or you wish to redirect messages during development or testing. I hope you can see how these methods are versatile and can be extended to implement some rather complex mailing functionality.
I’d like to thank Sean Coates and Davey Shafik, who allowed me the use of content from their blogs to make this column possible.
Until next time, happy coding! |
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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George Orwell created the word doublethink in his dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (published in 1949); doublethink is part of newspeak. In the novel, its origin within the typical citizen is unclear; while it could be partly a product of Big Brother's formal brainwashing programmes,[2] the novel explicitly shows people learning doublethink and newspeak due to peer pressure and a desire to "fit in", or gain status within the Party—to be seen as a loyal Party Member. In the novel, for someone to even recognize—let alone mention—any contradiction within the context of the Party line was akin to blasphemy, and could subject that person to disciplinary action and to the instant social disapproval of fellow Party Members.
Like many aspects of the dystopian societies reflected in Orwell's writings, Orwell considered doublethink to be a feature of Soviet-style totalitarianism, as reflected in this statement from a speech by Joseph Stalin:
We are for the withering away of the state, and at the same time we stand for the strengthening of the dictatorship, which represents the most powerful and mighty of all forms of the state which have existed up to the present day. The highest development of the power of the state, with the object of preparing the conditions of the withering away of the state: that is the Marxist formula. Is it "contradictory"? Yes, it is "contradictory." But this contradiction is a living thing and wholly reflects the Marxist dialectic.[3]
Origin and concepts[edit]
According to Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, doublethink is:
Orwell explains that the Party could not protect its near-absolute power without degrading its people with constant propaganda. Yet knowledge of this brutal deception, even within the Inner Party itself, could lead to the implosion of the State. Although Nineteen Eighty-Four is most famous for the Party's pervasive surveillance of everyday life, this control means that the population of Oceania—all of it and including the ruling elite—could be controlled and manipulated merely through the alteration of everyday thought and language. Newspeak is the method for controlling thought through language; doublethink is the method of directly controlling thought.
Since 1949 (when Nineteen Eighty-Four was published) the word doublethink has become synonymous with relieving cognitive dissonance by ignoring the contradiction between two world views—or even of deliberately seeking to relieve cognitive dissonance. Some schools of psychotherapy such as cognitive therapy encourage people to alter their own thoughts as a way of treating different psychological maladies (see cognitive distortions).
See also[edit]
3. ^ Address to the 16th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (1930) Quoted in: Alfred B. Evans, Soviet Marxism-Leninism: The Decline of an Ideology pg. 39
5. ^ Orwell, George (1949). Nineteen Eighty-Four. Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd, London, part 2, chapter 9, pp 220
6. ^ Kehl, D.G.; Livingston (July 1999). "Doublespeak Detection for the English Classroom". The English Journal. 88 (6): 78. doi:10.2307/822191. JSTOR 822191.
External links[edit] |
Fallopian Tubes
What springs to mind when Fallopian tubes are mentioned? That they “connect” the ovaries to the uterus which leads finally to the vagina and the outside of the body? Perhaps you think about ectopic pregnancies, as most ectopic pregnancies are indeed “tubal” pregnancies. Whatever you may think of when Fallopian tubes are brought up, they are some of the least considered and understood parts of a woman’s reproductive tract. Besides connecting the uterus and ovaries, do they do anything else? Are they homologous to any part of the male anatomy? Let’s try to answer some of the most common questions about Fallopian tubes.
First, where does the name “Fallopian” come from? Unlike most parts of a woman’s reproductive system, this name does not come from Latin or Greek. The Fallopian tubes are named for Gabriele Falloppio, a 16th-century Italian anatomist. The canal through which the facial nerve runs after leaving the auditory cochlear nerve is also named after him–the aquaeductus Fallopii.
Back to the subject, why are the Fallopian tubes so often ignored? Perhaps it has something to do with the lack of pathology or disease associated with the Fallopian tubes. The most common maladies associated with the Fallopian tubes are, indeed, tubal (ectopic) pregnancy and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). (To read about two cases of rare ectopic pregnancies, click here.) Ectopic pregnancies are estimated to account for less than two of every one-hundred pregnancies. PID is estimated to occur in nearly one in seven women in the United States. PID accounts for a large number of all ectopic pregnancies, especially tubal. Other disease are very rare in the Fallopian tubes. Cancer, for example, is extremely rare and when it occurs it is often the result of adjacent cancer (such as ovarian).
So, what does a Fallopian tube look like?
The above sketch shows the different parts of the Fallopian tubes. The fimbriae are the fringe-like extensions from the ostium of the Fallopian tube. During ovulation, hormones stimulate the fimbriae to make a gentle sweeping motion against the ovaries to pull the released egg (or ovum) into the Fallopian tube. The ovary and Fallopian are not actually connected to each other. The ostium is where the fimbriae end and the Fallopian tube begins. The infundibulum is the wider end of the Fallopian tube that narrows into the ampulla, which is the twisting portion of the tube in the above sketch. It is where most fertilizations occur. The ampulla continues into the isthmus, the shortest and most narrow portion of the Fallopian tube. The pars uterina is the place where the uterus and Fallopian tube connects.
This sketch indicates better how the Fallopian tubes, uterus, and ovaries are all connected (or, in fact, not connected). Most human Fallopian tubes are between seven and fourteen centimeters in length. Once an egg has entered the Fallopian tube, the mucosal cilia of the Fallopian tube move the egg towards the uterus. The cilia are finger-like projects that sweep or push. (Cilia are also found in the windpipe and sweep mucus and dust away from the lungs.) Finally, Fallopian tubes are not homologous to any structure in the male body, thus they are completely unique to the female body. (The ovaries, for example, are homologous to testes in males.)
Now, hopefully you and I both know a little more about the Fallopian tubes. Want to know more or already know more and want to share it? Please, don’t be shy!
8 thoughts on “Fallopian Tubes
1. Hi thank you for this information! I had abdominal surgery about 10 years ago and this seems to have caused adhesions on my fallopian tubes (I think due to internal bleeding, does that make sense?). I have seen some pictures of adhesions, so I understand what they look like, but pictures of the fimbriae differ. Some pictures show them actually on the ovary and some show them quite a distance away. How do the fimbriae pick up the egg? How do they know when to move towards the ovary? Also, can mucosal cilia be healed if they are damaged by adhesions (i.e. do they recover or are they destroyed permanently). I find it’s useful to have visuals to understand how these body parts heal. Unfortunately laparoscopy is too dangerous for me, and so my only hope is to work with alternative therapies on the adhesions.
2. Hello! Thank you for your comment and questions. I am not a medical doctor (or a doctor of any sort, yet), but here is my understanding about the fimbriae and how they pick up they egg. I believe that the distance between the ovary and the fimbriae differs depending on several factors: stage of menstrual cycle, internal structure of the individual, and (I think to a degree) position–standing, lying, etc. (I have an interesting story about this that happened during a transvaginal ultrasound.) There may be other factors, but the way it has been explained to me (by medical doctors) is that when it is time for ovulation the hormones secreted message the fimbriae to make a sweeping motion against the ovary. This coaxes the released ovum into the fimbriae. Of course, this is not always successful as demonstrated by abdominal pregnancies. Abdominal pregnancies are quite rare, though, so there is no reason to expend undue worry over this possibility.
Here is a well-made animation of the ovulation cycle (from 1:20 to 2:05, in particular):
With cilia, it is definitely beyond my knowledge whether they can be healed or not. I think it is not beyond hope. I have heard that cilia in other circumstances that have been damaged (i.e., with smokers) can slowly heal. If they are completely destroyed, it is not likely they will ever recover, I believe, but damaged cilia at least have some chance of recovery.
I myself had a laparoscopy to repair adhesions after a massive laparotomy to remove a particularly large ovarian tumor. If you cannot undergo a laparoscopy, I (personally) feel that alternative therapies are a perfectly valid avenue to pursue. I was very lucky with my laparoscopy that the adhesion pained decreased dramatically afterward. There is some controversy over the effectiveness in laparoscopy in removing adhesions. As my surgeons cautioned me beforehand, they can reappear because of the laparoscopy, including new ones in places previously unaffected by adhesions. So, it is always a gamble. I believe there has even been an argument that some of the success with treating adhesions using laparoscopy has been due to a placebo effect. In other words, pain is alleviated following the laparoscopy but not because of any real, physiological benefit. So, I would never advise anyone to pins their hopes solely on laparoscopy.
In any event, I hope some of this helps you! Good luck with everything.
*The funny transvaginal ultrasound story goes like this: prior to my laparoscopy I required such an ultrasound to make sure the pelvic pain I had was not due to something other than adhesions. In the process, the ultrasound technician had a devil of a time getting my one remaining ovary and Fallopian tube/fimbriae to stay in view long enough to snap a picture. I had to contort in the strangest ways until she finally got them to hold still. She said that the tumor they had taken out had left my organs in a very roomy position so that they could spread out and “run away” from the ultrasound wand. I really do not think I can remember a time when I was more sore the next day than after that ultrasound.
3. Hey everyone, greetings from New York. This is a helpful blog. I’m wondering if you have any advice on staying out of the friend zone with women? Honestly I’m sick of women telling me they just want to be friends. Perhaps I’m being too much of a nice guy?
4. Pingback: 2010 in review « Finding Eve: A Young Woman’s Guide to Gynecology and Obstetrics
5. Pingback: Ovaries « Finding Eve: A Young Woman’s Guide to Gynecology and Obstetrics
6. Hi thank you so much for this article above.Its indeed educative.Iv been trying to conceive in vain because my fallopians are very WAVY with many curves making them seem to be much longer than the 14 cm.I had surgery for adhessions, but still have failed to conceive.What can i do?
7. hello well wisher,
actually iam undertaking treatment for 2 years and laproscope done for me before 6 months. the issue for me is that my tubes are in angulated shape. wat is remedy for that? is iui treatment is remedy for me. iam 22 yrs old
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Space, Physics, and Math
Why will it take so long to fix the Large Hadron Collider?
Asks Matthew from Virginia
September 29, 2008
The LHC is out of commission while one damaged section warms up for repairs. <br> [Credit: CERN]
[Credit: CERN]
After all the hooplah over firing up the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the party turned out to be short-lived. On Sept. 20, the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland announced that a large helium leak, likely due to a faulty electrical connection, would require at least a two-month delay for repairs. A week later, scientists said they would not restart the machine until next spring.
This lengthy shutdown is necessary because scientists need to warm up the faulty area of the machine from its standard operating temperature of -456 degrees Fahrenheit—that’s a few degrees colder than outer space and only three degrees above absolute zero, the temperature where all molecules stop moving. It will take weeks to warm this errant area back up to room temperature so engineers can venture in and fix it. Then, assuming they can quickly detect and remedy the problem, scientists would need to lower the temperature again before turning the LHC back on.
The LHC requires such frigid temperatures because its electromagnets need outrageous amounts of current to harness the proton collisions. The wires used in our toasters and televisions are plagued by resistance that opposes the flow of electricity. But the special cables coiled throughout the LHC can function resistance-free—if they can be kept below a freezing -442 degrees. The elements used for these wires belong to a strange group called superconductors, which suddenly become perfect conductors of electricity at very low temperatures.
Without resistance, the machine runs far more efficiently because extra voltage isn’t needed to keep the electricity flowing. Yet even this frigid temperature cannot generate the type of energy CERN scientists desire. To harness 12,000 amps of electricity and speed up protons at 99.9999991 percent the speed of light, researchers lowered the temperature another 14 degrees to -456 degrees. This required some extra oomph from the refrigeration system.
“The LHC is more complex in cryogenics than any machine used before,” says James Gillies, a CERN spokesman. The machine exhausts tons upon tons of liquid nitrogen and helium to keep the temperatures so low.
Unfortunately, while this system can make the LHC one of the coldest places on Earth, it also makes it difficult to warm the machine up again. “This type of problem would be trivial in other accelerators, but here it takes weeks to fix,” says Gillies. In other words, controlling the levels of liquid nitrogen and helium to adjust the temperature is a lot more difficult than simply pressing the buttons on the thermostat in your house.
Based on these complications, and with the LHC already scheduled for winter maintenance, the powers that be decided to wait for the spring thaw. Until then, we’ll have to keep wondering what we’ll find when—or dare I say, if—the LHC begins recreating conditions from the dawn of our universe.
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Workers are dwarfed by the machinery in a smelter shop of the Nadezhdinsky Metallurgical Works in Norilsk in Russia's Siberia on Thursday, Oct. 1, 1998. Norilsk, a mining outpost, is the world's largest city north of the Arctic Circle. Though it's still early in October, freezing winds already send snow squalls and factory smoke drifting across the endless tundra. (AP Photo/ Alexander Zemlianichenko)
A Russian river turned blood red, leaving residents stunned
A river in Russia turned bright red this week, leaving residents stunned.
Those living in the Russian city of Norilsk, inside the Arctic Circle, have been posting photos on social media of an alarming sight: a vibrant red river.
It's called the Daldykan River, and it's now red.
So, what's the deal?
Is it a chemical leak, a prank or something else? Locals think it's runoff from a nearby nickel plant. Environmentalists suspect that might be the source, too.
Russia's natural resources and environment ministry said that the blood-red color was possibly caused by a "break in a Norilsk Nickel slurry pipe," according to The Guardian's translation of the Russian press release.
Authorities are currently investigating why the river changed colors and are evaluating possible environmental damages.
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Gravelly Run Quaker Meeting House
Gravelly Run Quaker Meeting House (HMBK0)
Location: Petersburg, VA 23803
Country: United States of America
N 37° 8.245', W 77° 31.598'
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Quakers began settling the region by the end of the 17th century. Named for nearby Gravelly Run stream, the meetinghouse was built by 1767. It became the religious center for the Quakers in Dinwiddie and surrounding counties. In the early 1800s the yearly meeting for the Upper Monthly Meeting was frequently held at Gravelly Run. Membership began to decline then because the Quakers refused to bear arms and opposed slavery. As a result, several members moved to Ohio, Tennessee, and Indiana, and the meetinghouse was abandoned in the 1830s.
HM NumberHMBK0
Marker NumberS 42
Year Placed2000
Placed ByDepartment of Historic Resources
Marker ConditionNo reports yet
Date Added Sunday, September 21st, 2014 at 9:39am PDT -07:00
Locationbig map
UTM (WGS84 Datum)18S E 275575 N 4113105
Decimal Degrees37.13741667, -77.52663333
Degrees and Decimal MinutesN 37° 8.245', W 77° 31.598'
Degrees, Minutes and Seconds37° 8' 14.70" N, 77° 31' 35.88" W
Driving DirectionsGoogle Maps
Area Code(s)804, 434, 757
Closest Postal AddressAt or near 9784-9798 Boydton Plank Rd, Petersburg VA 23803, US
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2. What historical period does the marker represent?
3. What historical place does the marker represent?
4. What type of marker is it?
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7. This marker needs at least one picture.
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Scientists Discover Ghost Dunes On Mars
Posted: Jul 15 2018, 10:55pm CDT | by , in News | Latest Science News
Scientists Discover Ghost Dunes on Mars
Barchan dunes located in a plain in the Hellespontus region, west of Hellas basin, on Mars. Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona
Ghost dunes could provide potential clues to Mars past climate
Hundreds of crescent-shaped pits on Mars may hold clues to the ancient life of the planet. These pits are a new type of dunes on Martian surface and they now go under the name of ghost dunes.
Dunes are the most common features on Mars surface and they come in different shapes and size. Newly spotted ghost dunes are actually the negative space left behind by long-vanished sand dunes and are caused by the shifting wind directions. When the wind blows and exposes the surface, it leaves a solid mold in the shape of the lost dune.
“Anyone of these pits is not enough to tell you that it's a dune, or from an ancient dune field, but when you put them all together, they have so many commonalities with dunes on Mars and on Earth that you have to employ some kind of fantastic explanation to explain them as anything other than dunes,” said Mackenzie Day, a planetary geomorphologist at the University of Washington in Seattle and author of the new study.
“One of the coolest things about the ghost dunes is that they tell us, for sure, that the wind on Mars was different in the ancient past when they formed. The fact that the wind was different (when the ghost dunes formed) tells us that the environmental conditions on Mars aren't static over long time scales, they have changed over the past couple billion years, something we need to know to interpret the geology on Mars.”
Ghost dunes were first discovered on Earth in eastern Idaho in 2016. Similar dunes have been detected in satellite images of Hellas basin and Noctis Labyrinthus on Mars. Satellite images show that the pit field at Noctis Labyrinthus has more than 480 potential ghost dunes, while the smooth surface in eastern Hellas Planitia is covered by more than 300 crescent-shaped pits. These pits look surprisingly similar to barchan dunes, the most common type of dune on Mars and on Earth's deserts. The size and shape of the pits is consistent with active dune fields on Mars.
"They are all going the same way, which you would expect for dunes because they are all migrating and forming in the same wind regime,” said Day. “So just the shape and size tell us that these are features that are coming from an ancient dune system.”
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Essay Informative speech outline
Submitted By Reuben-Paul
Words: 397
Pages: 2
Plato, Laws 4.720a: "There are men that are doctors, we say, and others that are doctors' assistants; but we call the latter also, to be sure, by the name of 'doctors.' These, whether they be free-born or slaves, acquire their art under the direction of their masters, by observation and practice and not by the study of nature—which is the way in which the free-born doctors have learnt the art themselves and in which they instruct their own disciples. You are also aware that, as the sick folk in the cities comprise both slaves and free men, [720c] the slaves are usually doctored by slaves, who either run round the town or wait in their surgeries; and not one of these doctors either gives or receives any account of the several ailments of the various domestics, but prescribes for each what he deems right from experience, just as though he had exact knowledge, and with the assurance of an autocrat; then up he jumps and off he rushes to another sick domestic, and thus he relieves his master in his attendance on the sick. [720d] But the free-born doctor is mainly engaged in visiting and treating the ailments of free men, and he does so by investigating them from the commencement and according to the course of nature; he talks with the patient himself and with his friends, and thus both learns himself from the sufferers and imparts instruction to them, so far as possible; and he gives no prescription until he has gained the patient's consent, and only then, while securing the patient's continued… |
Microsoft Windows after 25 years: A visual history
Windows 1.0: Where it begins
Release date: Nov. 20, 1985
An outgrowth of MS-DOS, Microsoft announced Windows in 1983 and finally released it on Nov. 20, 1985. ( See related story. ) System requirements for the 16-bit Windows 1.0 included MS-DOS version 2.0, two double-sided disk drives or a hard disk, a graphics-adapter card, and at least 256K of memory. Although this first version was a little-used alternative to Apple's Macintosh, Microsoft actually continued to offer support for Windows 1.0 until Dec. 31, 2001, a few months after the release of Windows XP.
Windows 2.0: Overlapping windows, better graphics, expanded memory
Release date: November 1987
"Windows 2.0 took advantage of the improved processing speed of the Intel 286 processor, expanded memory, and inter-application communication capabilities made possible through Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE)," Microsoft says in a history of Windows. "With improved graphics support, users could now overlap windows, control screen layout, and use keyboard combinations to move rapidly through Windows operations." Windows 2.0 was later updated to harness the protected mode and memory advantages in the Intel 386 processor.
Windows 3.0: Popularity begins to rise
Release date: May 22, 1990
Windows gained popularity with version 3.0, which had an overhauled graphical user interface with an improved set of Windows icons and graphics in 16 colors. In addition to improving memory management, Microsoft completely rewrote the application development environment. "The popularity of Windows 3.0 grew with the release of a new Windows software development kit (SDK), which helped software developers focus more on writing applications and less on writing device drivers," Microsoft says. Windows 3.0 also included that classic time-waster, Solitaire, and September 1990 saw the release of Microsoft Office for Windows, a bundle including Word, Excel and PowerPoint. (Microsoft Office for Macintosh had been announced a year earlier).
Windows NT 3.1: Bill Gates hails "fundamental change"
Release date: July 27, 1993
NT stood for "new technology," and Bill Gates called the updated OS "a fundamental change in the way that companies can address their business computing requirements." NT 3.1 was a 32-bit operating system that "included a preemptive multitasking scheduler for Windows–based applications, integrated networking, domain server security, OS/2 and POSIX subsystems, support for multiple processor architectures, and the NTFS file system," Microsoft says. The NT generation also saw the release of Windows NT Advanced Server, which later gave way to Microsoft's lucrative Windows Server business. Another advancement: Windows for Workgroups, which made Windows-based PCs network-aware for the first time.
Windows 95: MS-DOS fades away
Release date: Aug. 24, 1995
MS-DOS was pushed further under the covers in Windows 95 as the graphical user interface became even more prominent. Microsoft, in fact, calls Windows 95 the "successor" to MS-DOS and Windows 3.1, although MS-DOS was still there as an underlying component of the operating system. With built-in Internet capabilities, state-of-the-art dial-up networking, "and new plug and play capabilities that made it easy for users to install hardware and software," Windows 95 sold a whopping 1 million copies in just four days and 7 million in one year. Apple's market share began to decline. Internet Explorer 1, by the way, was released in August 1995.
Windows 98: Microsoft targets consumers, releases Internet Explorer
Release date: June 25, 1998
Windows 2000 Professional: Advanced security?
Release date: Feb. 17, 2000
Targeted at business users, Windows 2000 supported mobile computing and "simplified hardware installation by adding support for a wide variety of new Plug and Play hardware, including advanced networking and wireless products, USB devices, IEEE 1394 devices, and infrared devices," Microsoft says. Microsoft touted Windows 2000 security features at the time of release, but the rise of the Internet led to a new wave of attacks and Windows 2000 was frequently patched until Microsoft killed support for the OS in July 2010.
Windows Millennium Edition (Me): Media and movies
Release date: Sept. 14, 2000
The last OS to rely on the Windows 95 code base, Windows Me targeted home users with music, video and home networking improvements, while providing a System Restore function making it possible to roll PC software back to a previous configuration when a problem occurs. Windows Me was the first version to include Windows Media Player and Windows Movie Maker software for basic video editing. Windows Me was not a replacement for Windows 2000 -- rather, it was a consumer-focused counterpart to Windows 2000 Professional.
Windows XP: The market share behemoth
Release date: Oct. 25, 2001
Windows Vista: The marketing flop
Release date: Jan. 30, 2007
Vista was a marketing flop, with even Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer admitting that it "was just not executed well." Vista was widely criticized for privacy, security and performance issues, as well as media copyright restrictions, and most businesses opted to stick with XP. But Microsoft managed to sell more than 100 million Vista licenses in its first year of availability. Most vendors would kill for that kind of failure. Microsoft, for its part, boasts that Vista featured "an updated graphical user interface, a redesigned search function, multimedia tools including Windows DVD Maker, and redesigned networking, audio, print and display subsystems," and support diagnostics.
Windows 7: Microsoft gets it right
Release date: Oct. 22, 2009
With Windows 7, Microsoft seems to have nailed it. Two-hundred-forty-million licenses were sold in the first year of availability, making it the fastest selling OS in history. Although Windows XP still has the highest market share, Windows 7 has already surpassed Vista and IT pros surveyed by Forrester Research say that within one year 83% of new corporate PCs will be powered by Windows 7. Windows 7 has been described by reviewers as more user-friendly than Vista, and perhaps more secure with new features such as AppLocker to control which applications run on a corporate network, BitLocker To Go, which encrypts USB flash drives and portable storage devices, and wider use of fingerprint logins. It's available in 32-bit and 64-bit versions.
Windows 8 and beyond
To succeed another 25 years, Microsoft Windows will have to contend with immediate threats such as Apple's iPad, and long-term trends such as the rise of cloud services that replace some aspects of desktop computing, and virtualization software that could potentially reduce the importance of the operating system. But Microsoft is already planning Windows 8, with a possible release in 2012. Windows 8 will likely be optimized for iPad-like tablets, be portable across devices, include access to an app store, and take advantage of PC advances such as microphones, cameras, GPS, accelerometers, and temperature and magnetic sensors. Facial recognition, anyone? Stay tuned. |
The Art of Breaking and Designing CAPTCHAS
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CAPTCHAs--the squiggly-word or noisy-audio puzzles that everyone encounters on the Web-- are used to thwart automated attacks because they are supposed to be much easier for people to solve than computers. But are they, really? Come to this talk to hear how our techniques broke real world CAPTCHAs from Microsoft, Yahoo, Slashdot, Recaptcha and Ebay, and learn how to design secure CAPTCHAs.
This document was retrieved from on Sat, 20 Oct 2018 16:05:01 -0400. |
History of Classification
Beginning to Now
350 BC Aristotle
Divided the organisms into 2 groups: plants and animals.
Divided animals into blood and bloodless.
Divided animals into walking, flying, and swimming
350 BC Theophrastus
Continued Aristotle’s work by classifying plants into trees, shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and herbs.
1570 Andrea Cesalpino
Classified plants by their fruits and seeds
1580 Gaspard Bauhin
Described six thousands species
Grouped them into genus and species
First scientist to use binomial nomenclature in classification of species
1750 Carl (Carolus) Linnaeus
Divided living things into two kingdoms: plants and animals
Divided each kingdom into genera
Divided each genus into species
1969 Thomas Whittaker
Developed the five kingdom system
Divided into animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, and protista
1980 Carl Woese
Altered the five kingdoms into three domains: bacteria, archea, and eukaryote |
Ancient Rome The Golden Age
Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome was an italic civilization that began in the eighth century of B.C. Which grew into a small town on central Italy's Tiber River into an empire. It peaked encompassed most of continental Europe,Britain,much of Western Asia,North Africa,and the Mediterranean islands.
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The Battle of Cannae
The Battle of Cannae
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Directions when it comes to execution for the thesis (task): framework, demands, tasks
Framework of composing a thesis
1. 1. These guidelines determine the primary provisions of academic activities into the context for the introduction of credit trained in advanced schooling.
2. 2. Thesis work (project) is a written graduation work this is certainly performed during the last phase of training, if it’s stipulated by their state compulsory education standard and specialty curriculum.
3. 3. The goal of the thesis work (task) is:
1) systematization, consolidation and expansion of theoretical knowledge and skills that are practical the specialty and their application in solving certain medical, technical, financial and production tasks, in addition to social tasks;
2) developing the relevant skills of conducting separate work and perfecting the methodology of clinical research and experimentation in re solving dilemmas and concerns which can be being developed;
3) simplify the preparedness associated with learning pupil for separate work with the conditions of modern manufacturing, technology, technology, culture, along with the degree of his expert competence.
1. 4. Thesis work (project) presents a directory of the outcome of separate research and research regarding the actual dilemma of a certain specialty of this appropriate industry of technology.
2. 5. Thesis work (task) is completed beneath the supervision of the manager and must satisfy one of many following requirements:
3. 1) summarize the total outcomes of studies, design solutions conducted by experts, analysts, practitioners: engineers, developers, managers, economists;
2) contain scientifically grounded conclusions that are theoretical the object under study;
3) have scientifically valid outcomes, the usage which guarantees the answer of the problem that is specific.
Requirements for the subject associated with the thesis (task)
1. 6. Theme regarding the thesis (project) must certanly be relevant, prior to the present state and leads regarding the development of science, technology and tradition, with its content it will meet up with the demands lay out in paragraph.
2. 5. Whenever determining the subject of theses (projects), it is suggested to take into consideration the true problems of manufacturing, education, culture and science.
3. 7. Theme of thesis ongoing work(project) should match to your specialty as well as the profile of training specialists.
4. 8. The topic of the thesis works (tasks) is produced by the issuing department, the works are evaluated and authorized by the faculty council.
5. 9. The total variety of subjects for theses (tasks) must certanly be updated yearly by at the very least 30%.
6. 10. You’ll be able to change the thesis project for technical specialties. At exactly the same time, the thesis work should really be of an investigation and developmental nature, and also have a calculated and graphical part.
7. 11. The theme associated with the thesis (task) is assigned towards the student at the beginning of the graduate course and it is approved by the purchase associated with the rector of this higher academic institution.
8. Upon conclusion of pre-diploma training, the main topics the thesis (task), if required, could be changed, refined, corrected based on the presentation regarding the graduating department.
Requirements for the purchase of writing a thesis (task)
Professors, associate professors, the essential teachers that are experienced systematic workers associated with the college, or clinical workers and highly qualified specialists of other organizations are appointed systematic supervisors for the thesis works (projects), the world of clinical research and scientific magazines of which corresponds to the profile associated with specialty of this pupil.
The tasks associated with the scientific supervisor of this thesis
The scientific manager of this thesis (task):
1. 1) dilemmas an activity when it comes to execution associated with the thesis (project);
2. 2) help the student into the growth of a calendar work schedule when it comes to period that is entire of graduation work (thesis design);
3. 3) advises the student the required basic literary works, reference and archival materials, model projects as well as other sources on the subject;
4. 4) set up a routine of consultations, during that the monitoring that is current of student’s compliance using the routine for the completion of the thesis;
5. 5) establishes the amount of all of the sections of the thesis (task) and coordinates the work associated with the graduate student and professionals.
6. The calendar routine of tasks are drafted for your duration, indicating your order of execution of specific sections and is coordinated using the systematic manager.
From the proposal associated with scientific manager associated with the diploma work (task), if necessary, the department can ask consultants for specific parts of the thesis (project) at the expense of the time allotted to your management that is scientific.
Experts may be teachers, associate professors, teachers and academics of advanced schooling institutions, as well as highly qualified experts and research workers of other companies. Consultants check the relevant chapters of the student’s completed work and indication it.
Graduating departments prior to the start of the thesis work (project) must develop and offer pupils with methodical guidelines, which set certain requirements for the thesis work (project) prior to educational and programs that are professional the specialty and these tips.
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Intro activities
Sometimes we don’t have access to a computer or to an internet connection, but there are still ways to learn Computer science. These are some activities we will do in class to introduce you to computer science.
1. These are some activities to introduce SEQUENCING (including programming and algorithms).
1a. Create simple algorithms (sets of instructions) to move a character through a maze using a single command. Some of these activities are unplugged and some use Code Studio.
1. Happy maps.
2. Move it, move it.
3. Maze (1)
4. Debugging
5. The artist (1)
6. The artist (2)
7. Speeling bee
8. Maze (2)
1b. Learn about pair programming
1. Jigsaw
1c. Algorithms in real life:
1. Plant a seed
2. Bee level
3. Build a foundation
4. Paper planes
1d. Programing
1. Graph paper programming (binary system 0,1 drawing)
2. The next activities are to introduce LOOPS.
1. Loops with the Artist (3)
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Kidney Disease News and Events read more
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Causes and Symptoms of FSGS
2013-10-09 17:43
Causes and Symptoms of FSGSFSGS is the common primary cause of Nephrotic Syndrome in both children and adults. Characterized by scarring in glomeruli, most patients have many symptoms. Finding out the causes and well management of symptoms can help treat FSGS correctly.
Causes of FSGS
According to different causes, FSGS is classified as either primary or secondary FSGS. Primary FSGS usually results from autoimmune disorders. The changes of humoral immunity and cellular immunity can cause damage to capillary walls so that large molecular protein accumulates in body. The immunoglobulin combing with C1q and C3 can cause the formation of immune complexes so as to attack kidney inherent cells. When scarring appears in glomeruli, tiny kidney filters, it indicates the onset of FSGS.
Some symptoms can remind us of FSGS
Because FSGS mainly affects the normal function of glomeruli, FSGS symptoms are usually related to damaged glomeruli. If you have FSGS, you may suffer from the following symptoms:
● Swelling: Some FSGS patients find swelling of their eyelids in the morning or swelling in legs, ankles, feet and other regions, because of fluid and sodium retention.
● Proteinuria: If there is foam in your urine persistently, it is more likely to indicate protein in urine, also known as proteinuria.
● Hematuria: When glomeruli are damaged severely, it can’t play its barrier function normally. In this case, many red blood cells leak from the kidney to form hematuria.
● High blood pressure: It isn’t as common as the above symptoms. With the progression of FSGS, patients may suffer from the increase of blood pressure. What’s worse, hypertension may reveal bad prognosis.
If you have been diagnosed with FSGS or you have one or more the above symptoms, email to kidneyabc@hotmail.com, so doctors here can help you analyze your illness condition and give some advices.
What else you want to know:
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Slave trade in africa itibyrud701900669
Property brokers new zealand - Software platform diagram
Slaves from Africa offered the solution The slave trade between Western Africa , the America s reached its peak in the mid 18th century when it is estimated that over 80 000 Africans annually crossed the Atlantic to spend the rest of their lives in chains. Who are we looking for, who are we lookings Equiano we re looking for Has he gone to the stream Let him come back Has he gone to the farm Let him return.
TRANS ATLANTIC SLAVE VOYAGES Over the period of the Atlantic Slave Trade, from approximately 1526 to 1867, 10 7 million had arrived in the Americas The Atlantic Slave Trade was likely the most costly in human life of all of long distance global migrations., some 12 5 million slaves had been shipped from Africa,
The Libyan Slave Trade Has 400 has shocked the world , refugees the north African., focused international attention on the exploitation of migrants
The Arab slave trade was the practice of slavery in the Arab world, Southeast Africa , Europe This barter., the Horn of Africa, North Africa, mainly in Western Asia
This article discusses systems, Slavery in., , , history, Maafa, Atlantic slave trade, effects of slavery within e Arab slave trade
Slavery in Africa, , , societies As in most of the world, the institution of slavery as it existed in Africa, involuntary human servitude, was practiced across., slavery, the effects of world slave trade systems on African people
Slaves for the Trans Atlantic slave trade were initially sourced in Senegambia , neighboring Angola., the Windward ound 1650 the trade moved to west central Africathe Kingdom of the Kongo The Atlantic slave trade , transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly from Africa to the Americas, , existed from the 16th to the 19th centuries., , its Middle Passage, then their sale there The slave trade used mainly the triangular trade route Slave trade in africa.
Slave trade routes from Africa to the Americas during the periodare shown There were additional routes to the New World from Mozambique, Madagascar on the east side of Africa, Zanzibar
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Why We Celebrate Passover
By Mr. Jack E. Rahmey Apr 07, 2017 12:00 AM
Monday night begins our holiday of Pesah, which must not become routine, because we are celebrating our redemption from slavery. We celebrate becoming a free nation on Pesah and when we began serving Hashem as we received the Torah at Har Sinai.
The first mention of this obligation is in Parashat Shemot (12:23): "And it shall be when your children say to you, what is this service to you? You shall say, it is a Pesah feast offering to Hashem, Who passed over the homes of the children of Israel when He killed the first born of the Egyptians, but saved our households." This is repeated in the next Perek (13:14): "And it shall be when your son will ask you at some future time, what is this? You shall say to him, With a strong hand Hashem removed us from Egypt, from the house of bondage."
We celebrate the holiday of Pesah by having a Seder to thank Hashem from saving us, and predominantly to relate the story to our children. The Zohar says that those who recite the words of the Hagadah with joy, will merit to participate with the Shekinah in Olam Habah! Hashem gathers the angels and tells them, "Go and listen to My children relating My praises and see how joyful they are over the fact that I delivered them from slavery."
The Torah brings up the four progressive stages of our redemption from Pharoah and Egypt that correspond to the four cups of wine that we are obligated to drink on the Sedar nights. These four expressions from the Torah as explained by Rav Bahya are:
1) "Vehotzeti"- "I shall take you out," Hashem will remove the Jewish people from the burdens of Slavery even before they were allowed to leave.
2) "Vehitzalti"-I shall rescue you. Hashem will take the Jewish people out of Egypt.
3) "Vegaalti"- "I shall redeem you" which alludes to the splitting of the Red Sea, when Hashem's outstretched arm literally saved B'nei Yisrael while crushing Egypts army in front of a demoralized Pharoah.
4) "Velakahti"- "I shall take you". Hashem took the Jews as His people when He gave them the Torah at Har Sinai. That was the ultimate climax to our redemption and the purpose of the Exodus!
At the time of the eighth plague of locusts, Pharoah only gave permission to the parents to leave, thereby creating a division between father and son. Pharaoh tried to disconnect the generations so that the sons would not carry on their fathers’ beliefs and traditions. Once that connection was severed, it would be quite simple to assimilate the sons, causing the Jewish Nation to become extinct.
We read in the Hagadah: Ve’Hee She’amdah la-votenu velanu! "He (Hashem) stood firm for our fathers and for us." Ve Hee She’amda continues: "In every generation from that time on there were those who would try and annihilate us, but the Holy one, Blessed be He, saved us from their hand!" So for all that Hashem has done for us and continues to do for us, we have these two special nights from the whole year to show our gratitude (Hakarat Hatov)! How can we not take advantage of this opportunity to thank Hashem for all that He has given us?
During the rest of the year we can eat hametz which is flour and water thats left alone to rise. This, as opposed to Matzah that we eat on Pesah that's also flower and water but must be watched and hands on, which exemplifies how Hashem is "Hands on" guiding us every moment of our lives!
A question that we must ask ourselves is..."Do we really feel the redemption that our ancestors experienced so many years ago, living as we do in the lap of luxury with every imaginable convenience?"
Rabbi Diamond suggests that in order to recapture the feeling, we must think back to when we were young, and consider how Hashem carried us along every step of the way. We have to be thankful for everything we went through in our lives and feel confident that Hashem will continue to guide us for the rest of our lives.
The Hagadah presents Four Sons who represent four different types of Jews. The four sons are Hacham (wise), Rasha (wicked), Tam (simple) and “V’she-eno' Yodea' Lish-al” (and he who does not know how to ask). The first letter of each one, put together, spells Herut, or freedom, which is the central theme of the holiday and another name for Pesah: Hag Herut. The four sons remind us that we have an obligation to teach our children each in their own way and at their appropriate level.
There's a famous story that took place in Jaffa Israel about a very famous Arab Bakery called the Abulafia Bakery. This bakery is world renown for its Za' atar bread and all the best Arab delicacies. Every year on Passover they have lines out the door for that week because unfortunately all the non-religious Jews buy their bread there, since of course all the kosher bakery's are closed during Pesah.
One year the Rabbi in Jaffa couldn't take it anymore and asked the grandfather and owner of the bakery to close that week. The Rabbi offered to raise the money that he makes on that week and give it to him so that he would close on Pesah. This way it would stop Jews in Jaffa from transgressing the sin of buying bread on Pesah.
The grandfather Saiid Abulafia said "Do you know how much money I make on that one week alone? I make enough on that one week to buy an apartment in Jaffa! I would never close on that week". So the Rabbi said, "What if I were to raise that amount of money and give it to you, would you close then?" he said "Yes, I would close if you did that". So that's what happened, the Abulafia Bakery closed on Pesah and the following year the Rabbi went to him again and said we have the same deal again and he said, "Yes".
This continued for three years and on the fourth year, Abulafia told the Rabbi that he doesn't have to pay him the money and he will close his bakery on Pesah anyway! He said, since he's been closing the last few years on Pesah, he was making so much more now over the course of the year for not opening during Pesach (that was causing Jews to sin) it was overshadowing what he would get from opening that one week of Pesah. From this story, we can even learn how a non-Jew can benefit from respecting our Holiday by closing and helping to protect Jews from eating bread on Pesah!
May we all keep the flame of our enthusiasm for the Sedar nights burning as strong as the Fire offering did in the Bet Hamikdash. May we use the opportunity of the Sedar nights to convey the story of the redemption of our nation and the story of our own personal redemption to our children and grandchildren, so that they may grow up and continue to convey it to their children, in order to link the generations until the coming of the Mashiah in our days! Amen! |
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Role of money market in economic
Role of stock exchanges are varied and they have very important role to play in the economy of an investor who buys them will be lending money to. The role of business in the economy or money between two from the products and services produced by businesses in the economy concepts 1 market 2 commerce.
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Modern market economies almost every economy in the modern world falls although the market economy is clearly the check out the role of central bank. Market trends allow traders and investors to capture profits find out what's behind them. Impact of money market on economic growth of nigeria - the term financial market that deals with stocks and bonds, but omits the money market. Economics online store market are bought and sold in primary and secondary financial markets financial products and securities money markets involve the.
role of money market in economic Economic unit (business the table summarizes the instruments of the money market and €€€€€€ a second important role of banks in the money market.
Role of money market in economic
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What does the word supine mean?
Part of speech: noun
• Supineness.
• Part of speech: adverb
• Supinely.
• Part of speech: adjective
• Lying on the back.
• Part of speech: adjective
• Inactive; indolent.
Usage examples for supine
1. In the haze over bay and river enough rose and purple remained to veil the awakening glitter of the monstrous city sprawling supine between river, sound, and sea. – Quick Action by Robert W. Chambers
2. He liked women to be strong- having long since abandoned his earlier ideal of the supine adorant- but not too strong. – Black Oxen by Gertrude Franklin Horn Atherton
3. The reckless stone entirely crushed both tendons and bones; supine in the dust he fell, stretching forth both hands to his dear companions, and breathing forth his soul. – The Iliad of Homer (1873) by Homer |
Sediment along the Queensland Coast
Sediment along the Queensland Coast
Sediment remained suspended in the waters off the Queensland coast of Australia in the wake of Tropical Cyclone Yasi. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite captured this natural-color image on February 5, 2011.
Ocean water that would normally appear navy, instead sports shades of peacock blue. Nearer the coast, the water appears green, especially north of Townsville. The water nearest the shore has likely acquired its sediment load from river runoff, while water farther out to sea probably holds sediment churned up from the sea floor. The sediment is suspended around the Great Barrier Reef.
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berzelia rock, _columbia_county, _georgia_4, I_AMC7764
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© Copyright Alan Cressler 2011
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The rock that forms this flatrock outcrops is most often referred to as indurated flint kaolin. In reality it looks like there is actually very little flint kaolin in the outcrop. The rock is very sandy in places but does contain some flint kaolin. Until last weekend I had never heard of such. I did some investigating and didn't come up with much. I finally called my geologist friend David Prowell (retired USGS) and got a great explanation. It is assigned to the middle Eocene age Huber/Congaree Formation:
"Since you asked for clarification, let me give you a detailed picture. During the early middle to middle middle Eocene (nanno Zones NP12-NP14), large deltas (sediment laden rivers) spread across Georgia from Augusta to just west of Macon. If you look at sediment from these rivers, you will see crossbedded, poorly sorted, angular, kaolinitic sand. At some point these deltas entered a shallow sea where the sediment became well sorted, sub-angular, sand with beds of silty clay. The inner edge of this sea was down towards Americus and curves around to Aiken, SC. Check out a map of the Mississippi delta.
The people mapping within the fluvial environment named the stuff (upper) Huber Formation whereas the people mapping in the marine environment named the stuff Congaree Formation. The two formations intertongue with each other and can't really be mapped separately. Therefore, in a regional sense they are just one (allostratigraphic) formation.
If that weren't confusing enough, the sea cycled two times within the Huber/Congaree event making separate NP12, NP13, and NP14 depositional packages separated by unconformities. Each time, the sea transgressed a little further inland. Therefore, your deposit is probably not NP12, possibly NP13, but most likely NP14, because it is way updip and at the top of the Huber/Congaree section.
You can see your same layer all around eastern Georgia but it's only "flint kaolin" in the correct weathering environment. If you look closely at your layer, it probably has a lot of poorly sorted sand in with the kaolin. The "true" flint kaolins are predominately clay/silt particles and the stuff does resemble flint from a distance."
title berzelia rock, columbia county, georgia 4
date yyyymmdd hr:mn 2009:10:04 11:18:04
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Algebra 1: Common Core (15th Edition)
Published by Prentice Hall
ISBN 10: 0133281140
ISBN 13: 978-0-13328-114-9
Chapter 1 - Foundations for Algebra - 1-8 An Introduction to Equations - Practice and Problem-Solving Exercises - Page 57: 53
$x=-6$ (this is not between two integers).
Work Step by Step
In order to solve this algebraic expression, we must isolate the variable. A variable is the letter in the problem (for instance, in the equation x+2=10, x is the variable). Because addition and subtraction are inverse operations (they cancel each other out), we know we must add when a number is being subtracted from the variable and subtract when a number is being added to the variable. In the equation $x+4=-2$, we subtract 4 on both sides of the equation to find that $x=-6. $
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Want to know about distance from Sun and temperature of Planet
1. Jun 21, 2004 #1
Seeing "The Chronicles of Riddick" there is described a planet subject to melting distruction should one be caught out in the sunlight during its sun-star passover. Apparently things are O.K. if one stays in the shade. This has been thought not too scientific even by Ebert, a movie critic, since the planet has a breathable atmospher.
But, it does bring up the question of just how the distance from the Sun effects a planet's temperature. I found these figures: Mercury, mean temp=179 C, .3871 distance of Earth from Sun. Venus: mean temp =482C, distance .7273 of Earth. Earth: distance 1, mean temp 15C. Mars, mean temp -63C, distance 1.5273 of Earth. Mars -63C, distance 1.5273 of Earth.
Disregarding axes tilt and atmospher, would we expect as a general rule that the planet temperature would fall by the square of the distance from the Sun?
Certainly it does not work very well with Venus and Mercury. Now for Mars I calculated that we should take the absolute temperature of 273C and add it to the 15C Earth temperature and then divide by the square of the distance from the Sun getting: 288/(1.5273)^2 = 123.46 above absolute 0, or -149.5C. Which is more than twice as cold as the figure given: -63C.
Anyway, I wondered if there was any kind of sense in this?
2. jcsd
3. Jun 21, 2004 #2
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You should employ:
where Ts=average sun temperature. I don't remember it, but it is calculated of Steffan law, aprox 6000K using Black Body hypothesis and the Abbot Constant. You can search it in books as equivalent sun temperature. This means at this temperature a black body emites the same spectrum of the sun.
Rs=sun radius
D=average distance sun-planet
T=average planet temperature.
If you want to know of where surges this formula, I will explain you, although you can consider an energy balance of radiation between sun and planet. But first please check it's a good aproximation.
4. Jun 21, 2004 #3
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Ideally, yes. However, the key to your question is that we disregard atmosphere. In reality, atmosphere is what makes the huge difference between mercury, Venus, earth and Mars. Other factors that could affect surface temperature on the planet might include internal heating.
5. Jun 21, 2004 #4
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Albedo, don't forget the amount of radiation reflected back into space by the surface!
If the surface of the planet - with no atmosphere - were perfectly reflective (all incident photons reflected back the way they came), how hot would you be if you were in a room (with a proper atmosphere, heating and aircon and so on) that was 1m below the surface? What about 1cm, 1mm??
If the surface reflected merely 99.99% of the incident energy, how hot would it get? (enter: thermal intertia!) What assumptions do you need to make about the rotation rate to get any decent answers?
6. Jun 21, 2004 #5
Checking this out with regards to the Earth temperature
Well, we have Ts = 6000K, Rs = 695,000 km, Distance of Earth = 149,600,000 km, so when I work this out we get Te =289.18K = 16.18C, which is very good approximation!
7. Jun 22, 2004 #6
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Allright: (s=steffan constant)
Watts per surface unit that reach an imaginary sphere at distance D:
Watts absorbed by the Earth:
note that I suppose an earth exposed area of pi*Rt^2 (1/4 of total area).
Supposing that the Earth emits like a Black Body:
watts emited by the Earth qe=4*pi*Rt^2*s*T^4
in the thermal equilibrium we have q=qe
You can realise we made large amount of aproximations. I think we had to take into account geometrical factors to obtain better aproximation. It would be a very interesting problem playing with shape factors and emisivities different of 1.
8. Jul 10, 2004 #7
Does that model have such good approximations for all the planets? It seems like it wont, considering that the atmospheres of all the planets are so different. Especailly how Venus has a much higher temp. than Mercury even though Mercury is closer. Since Venus has the strongest greenhouse effect in the solar system, that makes it much hotter than Mercury. In other words, i think that model would work very well if all the planets had an atmosphere similar to earth, in which case the only factor in the temp. variations would be the amount of light gets there. Thats my thought. :D
9. Jul 10, 2004 #8
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I am agree with you. It likely does not work for all planets. But I was not pretending it. If you watch the formulae derivation I have not had into account scattering effects into a particular atmosphere, its composition, emisivities and reflectivities. Although Mercury is nearer sun than Venus, Perhaps this one has an atmosphere very absorbantly, and average temperature could be greater.
It is embarrasing to try to explain temperature distributions in the Solar System with this simple model. Anyway, it works if you want a first aproximated number.
10. Jul 10, 2004 #9
robert Ihnot: I dont know if this helps but, basicly the amount of light that gets to a planet is what makes it heat up in the first place. Depending on the planet and atmosphere, more or less is reflected. But if you had a uniform atmosphere that stretches from near the sun, to the end of the solar sytem, the amount of light that hit the air molecules would have the influence of the variation of temperatures in diffrent parts of the atmosphere. Since light from the sun is emitted in all directions, less light will get to farther places.
11. Jul 11, 2004 #10
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What the f .. are you saying??? :surprise:
That is just what I had into account in order to derive the equation!!.
Please, decide yourself and your answers before posting, unless you want me to think you only write to criticize people.
12. Jul 11, 2004 #11
no no no, i was just kind of summing up everything for him. I didnt mean to take your work, lol. :D |
By Jake Royster
What is it?
Progeria is a fatal genetic disorder that is very rare. It causes young children to appear really old. The name Progeria comes from the Greek, meaning 'prematurely old', which is basically Progeria.
Big image
Progeria Heredity and Genotype
Progeria is an autosomal dominant trait, and is found on chromosome one. Due to Progeria patients dying early, all cases are caused by random mutations.
Big image
Progeria Diagnosis & Frequency
With mutations as the sole cause of Progeria, there are very few people diagnosed with it, and there is only about one hundred living Progeria patients on the earth at the same time. To truly considered having Progeria, you have to take a DNA test, but a doctor can easily note irregularities in their appearance that are similar symptoms of Progeria.
Symptoms of Progeria
Common symptoms of Progeria are baldness, swollen veins, absence of eyebrows and eyelashes, shrunken chin, premature heart disease, narrow chest, swollen and stiff joints, and age spots.
Progeria Cure and Treatment
Sadly, there is no cure to Progeria, but patients may take pain relievers to take off pain, and regular checkups to make sure nothing too severe is wrong. (Think about it like old age. There is no cure for it, but there are treatments that might prolong life, but doesn't necessarily cure it.) The person on the left is the oldest person ever with Progeria- he lived to the whopping age of 26.
Progeria Prognosis
Life is very hard for children with Progeria, and most of them die at an average age of fourteen do to their arteries clogging up, or dying of 'old age'. Life with Progeria is very hard, kids are in constant pain and have the dreadful thought that they could die today. However, most Progeria patients have above average intelligence. |
Green Technology
This bike doesn’t just help the environment by cutting down on automobile pollution, it also helps reduce pollution from others as well. While the bike is in motion, the polluted air passes through a filter which removes harmful particulates. The frame of the bike will collect energy from the sun and convert it into fresh oxygen to be released back into the environment.
Source: The Science World
Visualization of Earth’s Next 100 Years
Scientists use climate models to predict how Earth’s climate will change. Climate models are computer programs with mathematical equations. They are programmed to simulate past climate as accurately as possible. This gives scientists some confidence in a climate model’s ability to predict the future.
Climate models predict that Earth’s average temperature will keep rising over the next 100 years or so. There may be a year or years where Earth’s average temperature is steady or even falls. But the overall trend is expected to be up.
Now you can create your own Street View
Above this Street View experience from photo spheres have been created with both Android phone (Nexus 4) and DSLR camera. Now everyone can virtually explore this beautiful location visited on user’s last vacation.
And, just like with Street View, you can embed Google’s interactive viewer on your own website or build applications with it using the Google Maps API. You can learn more about solutions for developers.
Detecting Forest Cover Change by High Resolution Space Imageries
Dr. Matthew Hansen at the University of Maryland, we’ve built the first detailed maps of the world’s forests, from 2000-2012, documenting and quantifying forest landscape changes such as fires, tornadoes, disease and logging.
The most significant findings were that the overall rate of tropical deforestation is increasing, and global forests have experienced a net loss of 1.5M sq km during 2000-2012 due to both natural (disturbance) and human causes. That’s a loss of forested land comparable in size to the entire state of Alaska.
10 ArcMap Productivity Tips You Can Use Now
Working with Maps
1. To activate a data frame, hold down the Alt key and click the data frame name.
2. To create a copy of a layer within the same data frame, hold down the Ctrl key and drag the layer up or down. If multiple layers are selected, you can copy all of them at the same time by Ctrl-dragging. (When dragging a layer into a different data frame, the layer is copied by default. If you want to move a layer to a different data frame, hold down Ctrl while you drag it to the new data frame.)
3. Hold down the Alt key and click a layer name to zoom to the extent of that layer.
4. Select (click) a layer and press Enter to open its layer properties dialog box. Map and table open in ArcMap 10
5. Hold down the C key while any tool is active to pan the map. Hold down X to zoom out, and Z to zoom in. This shortcut is especially useful when you need to select features that are geographically disbursed.
Working with Tables
1. To quickly open a table, hold down the Ctrl key and double-click a layer or table in the Table of Contents; alternatively, select the layer or table and press Ctrl+T.
2. Outside of an edit session, press the spacebar to select or unselect a row.
3. Press Ctrl+U to switch (reverse) a selection.
4. Double-click a field name to sort the field in ascending order. Double-click the field name again to sort in descending order.
5. Click a field name and press Ctrl+H to turn off (hide) the field. (To display the field again, go to the layer properties dialog box > Fields tab, check the field name, and click OK.)
You can find these tips and many others in the ArcGIS for Desktop Help. |
| Last Updated:: 06/02/2016
My Assam My Culture
My Assam My Culture
The most important social and cultural celebrations are the three Bihu festivals observed with great enthusiasm irrespective of caste, creed and religious affinity.
From time immemorial, the people of Assam have traditionally been craftsmen. Artists, sculptors, masons, weavers, spinners, potters, goldsmiths, artisans of ivory, wood, bamboo, cane and hide have flourished in Assam from ancient times. Weaving is one traditional craft that every Assamese woman takes pride in. The Assamese women produce silk and cotton clothes of exquisite designs in their looms. Assam is renowned for its exquisite silks namely Eri, Pat and the world famous Muga silk. Gandhiji complimented the Assamese weavers as artists who could weave dreams in their looms. |
(Greek - carrying across) In metaphoric language the comparison being made between one thing and another is not made explicit. Rather something is talked about as if it were something else: "Oh, you pig!"
Biblical Hebrew usage does not seem to make a strong distinction between metaphor and simile, though the lesser precision of what part of the meaning is being transferred may give metaphor greater power over the imagination. While the meaning of: "I have gone astray like a lost sheep" (Ps 119:176) is fairly straightforward, to imagine what it means to be "the sheep of his pasture" (Ps 100:3) engages our imagination and different readers will give differing content to the image.
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What is Chiropractic?
Dr. Brenon providing a demonstrationLet’s keep it simple! – There is nothing mysterious about the basis of chiropractic. It’s a natural method of healing by removing any interference in your body that is keeping the nerves from working properly. This could include, joints, muscles, or inflammation.
Nerves control everything in your body! They are the “telephone wires that allow your body to communicate with itself. Proper communication is necessary for healing!
Chiropractic focuses on finding and correcting the cause of conditions, rather than just treating the symptoms. In our current health care system, most people wait until they have symptoms before they go to the doctor. If you wait until you have symptoms the disease or dis-ease has been in your body for some time. Symptoms are a very poor way to measure someone’s health.
Doctors of chiropractic practice wellness and prevention care. Chiropractors focus on building your health by educating you on all aspects of health such as nutrition, exercise, and your nervous System. |
Ep. 7 – Dedication to Education
In this episode, we’re going to school with some eggs. The unbelievably nutrient dense food that offers a massive bang for it’s buck.
As an athlete, this is most likely your ‘go to’ breakfast protein hit. But, is it wise to have eggs all the time? You know, because of the cholesterol found in the yolk and the possible interaction with blood cholesterol and subsequently cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Fast forward 60 years and a bucket load of debate, a lot of name calling and a tonne of research.
We can answer the questions to ‘are eggs bad?’ as… Probably ‘no’.
Sixty years of research for a ‘probably’ – mega, thanks Chris. When looking at all the data available, meta analyses has reached the general consensus suggesting that dietary cholesterol, chiefly from eggs, exerts a relatively small effect on serum LDL-cholesterol, LDL/HDL ratio and CVD risk, in comparison with other diet and lifestyle factors. Perhaps this is because eggs are a mega source of essential amino acids, folate and other B vitamins, unsaturated fatty acids and α-tocopherol, which may offset any harmful effects of the cholesterol provided
But, like most things there are always caveats. In this case, you have hyper and hypo-responders to dietary cholesterol. Therefore giving exact guidelines is always going to be unwise as a small minority (~30%) will adversely respond to dietary cholesterol where the majority (~70%) will be absolutely fine when challenged with a high amount of dietary cholesterol.
You can thank your ethnicity, hormonal status, obesity, lipoprotein disorders, diabetes and genetic predisposition for how dietary cholesterol impacts your blood cholesterol. As always, we cannot yet give definitive statements as eggs are conclusively good or conclusively bad. In some people and circumstances yes. In some people and circumstances, probably not. I.e. 3-4 eggs per day in overweight people following a calorie restricted, low carb diet improved their HDL-C ‘good cholesterol’ whilst those who have followed a higher calorie obesogenic diet did very few favours for their blood cholesterol.
What we can take away from this is that research has not clearly established a link between egg consumption and cardiovascular risk in healthy individuals. Assuming that other areas of your diet, i.e. food quality and portion sizes are correct and that you do some exercise, you have very little to worry about.
So guy’s, lets get cracking.
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满分5 > 初中英语试题【答案带解析】
1.每个人多天生具有学习的能力。 Everybody is _________...
Everybody is _________ ________ the ability to learn.
2.乘地铁虽然很方便， 但是常常很拥挤。
Taking the subway is ________， but it's often very ________.
He often ______ _______ grammar.
Once you ________ ________ ,you should keep it.
You can ________ the word __________ something interesting.
The local government ______ _______ _______ some measures to fight against air pollution.
1.bron with 2.convenient crowed 3.makes mistakes 4.make promise 5.connect with 6.have already taken 【解析】 1.be born出生。be born with与生俱来。根据句意和英文提示，可知填(1)bron (2)with。 2.be conveni...
Plant bring interest mix call famer mean
There are 24 solar terms (节气) in China, and the Grain Rain(谷雨) is one of them. It falls on April 19 this year.
This solar term is 1. the Grain Rain because it is known for “rain” that helps the grain grow. From its name, we can guess it 2. a time of more rain. So if you go out in the next two weeks, you may need to bring an umbrella with you.
But this is a great time for 3. crops. If you miss the time for planting during the Grain Rain, you will feel sorry later. So maybe you can try to plant some flowers or vegetables in your garden. When the spring rain falls, 4. begin to grow crops (庄稼). Farmers often say, “Spring rain is as precious (珍贵的) as oil.” It 5. farmers hope for a good year ahead.
There are also many interesting 6. during the Grain Rain. In the northern part of China , people like to eat
Chinese toon7.with eggs. The food made during the Grain Rain tastes wonderful and is good for your stomach. In the southern part of China, the tea leaves are picked during the time. They are called Grain Rain tea, which is famous for its freshness and sweet smell.
If you spend some time in an English-speaking country，you might hear the term etiquette”. It means normal and polite social behavior. This may seem like a difficult word at first，but it can be very useful to understand.
Etiquette is not the same in every culture or in every situation. For example，standing very close to the person you are talking with is quite common in some Asian countries. However，if you do this in Europe，some people might feel uncomfortable. Even in China，we all know that etiquette is not the same in all situations. Perhaps we think that talking loudly in our own homes is fine，but there are other places where talking loudly is not allowed. For example，most people would agree that talking loudly in a library，a museum or a movie theater is impolite. Even if you are with your friends，it is better to keep your voice down in public places.
If we see someone breaking the rules of etiquette，we may politely give them some suggestions. One of the most polite ways is to ask someone，Would you mind doing this or Would you mind not doing that. People don’t usually like to be criticized，so we have to be careful how we do this.
Although rules of etiquette can often be different，some rules are the same almost everywhere in the world！For example，dropping litter is almost never allowed. If you see someone you know doing this，you can ask him，“Would you mind picking it up？”
1. What does the word “etiquette” mean？
2. Find out the key sentence of Paragraph 2. （找出第二段的中心句）
3. If your friend talks loudly in the library, what would you say to him/her?（根据你对短文的理解，写出一个委婉的建议）
4. 请将最后一段中的画线句子译成汉语。
We all know that the British people love their manners. They are part of their national identity (特性), as well as having fish and chips and complaining about the weather. Recently I read online that they said “sorry” up to eight times a day.
After some research I have not been able to find any specific reasons why they are like this. I suppose, for centuries, manners, including how they behave at table and talk to other people have been one of the differences between the lower and upper classes and those manners show their social classes. Britain has traditionally been a quite conservative (保守的) country. There are many articles suggesting that their seemingly polite attitude of always saying “please” and “thank you” is quite false because it is impossible for a person to always feel that he or she wants to thank someone or say “please”.
Maybe it is for this reason that people are going one of two ways:they are too polite and hold back their feelings or they are not polite at all and express their true feelings directly. Some British people are tired of pretending that they are always happy and having to please others. But sometimes because they feel they have to be polite, they are prevented from saying what they truly think.
1.What don't the British people often do?
A. Eat fish and chips. B. Have no quite good manners.
C. Be polite to others. D. Talk about the weather.
2.What do the British people say up to eight times every day?
A. Hello. B. Thank you. C. I don't know. D. Sorry.
3.What does the writer think are the reasons why the British people are so polite?
The upper classes should have good manners.
They have learned much about politeness at school.
They like to hold back their true feelings.
They are not honest at all.
A. ①② B. ③④ C. ①③ D. ②④
4.What does the underlined word “pretending” mean in Chinese?
A. 打算 B. 假装 C. 想象 D. 体验
5.What is the best title of this passage?
A. British people are too polite B. British people should not be so polite
C. How to learn the British manners D. It's time to change our manners
Newspaper Carrier Day happens on September 4 to celebrate Barney Flaherty and all past and present newspaper carriers.
Every day，thousands of newspaper carriers get up early and carry newspapers around the streets. They deliver(递送)our newspapers before we wake up but few people think about their hard work. In the USA，10－year－old Barney Flaherty became the first newspaper boy. He started working for The New York Sun on September 10，1833.Today，many young people make their pocket money by delivering newspapers.
Perhaps millions of people have been a newspaper deliverer. Delivering newspapers used to be a part－time(兼职的)job for the children aged(……岁的)between 13 and 16.But now many adults often deliver newspapers by car. It has become dangerous for children to be on the streets alone before six in the morning. The newspaper carriers in the world are paid differently. For example，the newspaper carriers in Britain can make about $25 every day. And they usually work seven days a week. When you see your newspapers next time，think about the persons who delivered them.
1.Barney Flaherty，the first newspaper boy in the USA was born in ________.
A. 1843 B. 1833 C. 1823 D. 1820
2.Who used to deliver newspapers as a part-time worker?
A. The young people under the age of 16. B. The children between the ages of 13 and 16.
C. The people of all ages. D. The children over the age of 10.
3.How do adults usually deliver newspapers now?
A. By bike. B. On foot. C. By bus. D. By car.
4.How much money can a newspaper carrier make every week in Britain?
A. About $175. B. About $125. C. About $100. D. About $25.
5.From the passage，we can know that ________.
A. all the newspaper earners in the world are boys aged between 13 and 16
B. it isn't safe for children to walk on the streets alone before 6：00 a.m.
C. newspaper carriers must have all kinds of skills besides driving
D. the writer used to deliver newspapers on foot
Are you learning English and do you need help with grammar? Do you want to learn new vocabulary or slang (俚语)? Well, you can find help online with these top 5 free English as a Second Language websites.
Dave’s ESL Café
This is a complete website that can help you learn and practice English. You can read many stories and do a lot of exercises to test your self. You c an also post questions and answers onto the help center.
You can get free English courses from About.com and you’ll get regular e-mails that will help you learn English.
The Classroom by Voice of America
You can watch videos and listen to news stories to improve your listening and vocabulary skills. You can also hear English words and their meanings.
Heinle’s Newbury House Dictionary of American English
Do you need to find the definition of a word? Use this online dictionary to find simple and clear definitions, as well as example sentences and idioms (习语). You can also find different cultural facts.
Perso nal English Portal (门户网站) on YouTube
You can watch this series of videos on YouTube to develop your listening skills. You can also do a search for “learn English” on YouTube to find other videos. This is a good way to practice English and have fun.
1.If you want to do English exercises and test yourself, you can go to .
A. About.com B. YouTube
C. Dave’s ESL Cafe D. the Classroom by Voice of America
2.You can at the help center on the website Dave’s ESL Cafe.
A. watch videos and pictures
B. listen to news and music
C. watch movies and matches
D. read questions and answers
3.About.com often sends e-mails to its visitors to help them .
A. get relaxed B. have fun
C. become famous D. learn English
4.The underlined word definition means in Chinese.
A. 来源 B. 释义
C. 意图 D. 背景
5.From Heinle’s Newbury House Dictionary of American English, you can find .
A. cultural information B. online libraries
C. interesting news D. many storybooks
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Steve’s Blog
Just another compsci weblog
Recently, a SecurID came under my acquisition. For those unfamiliar, SecurID is a small device that fits on any key chain and displays a six digit number that changes once per minute. The six digit number it displays is based on a seed number that is created when the device is deployed and known only by the device (hopefully) and the party deploying the technology. The deploying party then keeps a big database of each person’s user name, SecurID serial number, SecurID seed number, and SecurID pin, which can be modified via an 800 number. When you want to authenticate to certain services, you provide your pin number, followed by the currently displayed six digit number on the SecurID. The authenticating party then uses the seed to calculate the number that should be on the SecurID at that time and compares it to the PIN and SecurID number you submit.
By doing this you are (theoretically) proving to the authenticating party that you are who you claim to be with two factors of authentication: something you know (your PIN) and something you have (your SecurID). This makes it more secure than only a single factor of authentication, such as a password. Since the SecurID is physical, a hacker would need to steal or tamper with the device to beat the additional authentication method.
In this case, however, the line between something you have and something you know is, in my opinion, a bit blurry. Because the device holds some information that makes it unique – it’s random seed – one could extract this information from the device where it can be emulated in software. Fortunately for SecurID, it’s never connected to a computer, ensuring that an attacker must have physical access to bypass this security measure. (There is however, the issue of the seed being stored in the authenticating server, which is a potential target of attack)
But once an attacker does get physical access, there is little stopping him, in my opinion, from fraudulently authenticating himself. Let’s say, for example, that an attacker acquires another user’s SecurID and username. If the deploying party requires a four digit PIN then there are 10,000 possible codes that can be entered. Lets assume that the deploying party has only allowed one incorrect login per generation cycle. This means that to brute force the PIN number, the maximum amount of time it would take is 10,000 minutes. 10,000 minutes * 1 hour / 60 minutes = 166.7 hours. 166.7 hours * 1 day / 24 hours = 6.94 days. Which means that at most you would need to wait for a week to successfully brute force a SecurID login, assuming you have the device and username with a one minute code generation interval on the device.
But what if I have to enter a six digit PIN? That’s 1,000,000 possible combinations. 1,000,000 minutes * 1 hour / 60 minutes = 16,666.7 hours. 16,666.7 * 1 day / 24 hours = 694.4 days. Hmm, that’s much better. However, the longer you make the required PIN, the harder time the average user is going to have trying to remember it. It’s also been shown that people remember words better than remember a string of numbers, which is why I think SecurID should use passwords rather than a PIN. However, the more characters that need to be entered during authentication, the more time an average user needs to input this information, so there’s a balance that needs to be achieved. Four digit PINs are good because it’s the same size as a bank PIN, and similar brute force deterrent mechanisms can be used, such as disabling login after n failed attempts.
It’s not that I think SecurID is a bad technology; quite the opposite. Instead, I think that ‘something you have’ is almost invariably ‘something you know’ (whether you know it, or the device does, it’s somewhere). This also goes for the third factor of authentication, which is ‘something you are’. What is a thumb print but information? (And something you are is immutable – if someone makes a copy of your thumb print and masquerades as you, what are you going to do? Get a new thumb print?)
That said, I think SecurID is a great technology with a slim chance of being exploited. RSA did a good job of making it unable to be connected to a computer, which eliminates the possibility of being able to remotely discover the device’s seed number.
3 Comments so far
1. Amal Graafstra August 21st, 2008 10:39 am
Very interesting post. I totally agree with the “something you know” really being the only real factor. Perhaps it should be changed to “Something Known”. Even the tumblers of a lock “know” the ridges of its key.
2. Matthew Tom-Wolverton October 3rd, 2008 9:08 am
Interesting post! When you calculated that it would take about 7 days to try all the possible 4-digit PINs, though you’re forgetting two important things…
1. In a typical setup, the auth. servers probably have something in place to protect against brute force attacks like the one you mentioned.
2. If someone were to lose their secureID, it’s typically reported soon after (before the 7 days) and a new one is deployed, making the old one invalid. Though I guess this could be circumvented by obtaining the seed and ‘copying’ the secureID via software emulation…
3. Anonymous October 26th, 2009 10:17 am
by default RSA servers are configured to disable token after 10 bad authentication…
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HUAWEI Y5 2017 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) information
Body worn operation
Certification information (SAR)
The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is the unit of measurement for the amount of radio frequency energy absorbed by the body when using a device. The SAR value is determined at the highest certified power level in labouratory conditions, but the actual SAR level during operation can be well below that value. This is because the device is designed to use the minimum power required to reach the network.
The highest SAR value reported for this device type when tested at the ear is 1.37 W/kg, and when properly worn on the body is 1.45 W/kg, well within the European SAR limit.
Certification information (SAR) |
List of rare flora of the Esperance Plains region
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The endangered Banksia brownii (Feather-leaved Banksia) occurs in the Esperance Plains region
This is a list of endangered flora of the Esperance Plains region, a biogeographic region in southern Western Australia. It includes all taxa that occur in the region, and that have been classified as "R: Declared Rare Flora - Extant Taxa" or "X: Declared Rare Flora - Presumed Extinct Taxa" under the Department of Environment and Conservation's Declared Rare and Priority Flora List, and are hence gazetted as endangered extant flora under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950.[1]
There are 72 endangered taxa. Acacia prismifolia is presumed extinct. The other 71 are believed extant:[2]
Rhizanthella gardneri (Underground Orchid)
1. ^ "Wildlife Conservation (Rare Flora) Notice 2006(2)" (PDF). Western Australian Government Gazette. Government of Western Australia. 1 December 2006. pp. 5311–5317. Retrieved 2007-01-17.
2. ^ "Florabase". Retrieved 2007-01-31. |
Top tips for improving sleep in older people
Sleep patterns change as you age, because the body produces lower levels of growth hormone, which reduces the amount of slow wave or deep sleep people tend to get.
With age, we also produce less melatonin, leading people to wake up more often during the night. Older people also find that they want to go to sleep earlier at night and wake up earlier in the morning.
Despite these biological changes, there are other causes of insomnia and sleep problems in older people, such as:
• Poor sleeping environment, which can include a poor sleeping routine (going to be at irregular hours), drinking alcohol before bed and falling asleep in front of the television.
• Pain, which can interrupt sleep. Other issues, such as the need to urinate during the night, arthritis or rheumatism, asthma, indigestion, and dementia/Alzheimer’s can affect sleep.
• Medicine can impair sleep and older people often take more medicine than the young.
• No exercise. If your elderly relative is too sedentary, they might never feel sleepy, or alternatively, they might feel tired all the time. Regular exercise during the day can help older people to sleep well, but make sure your older relative does not exercise just before bedtim, as this can have the opposite effect
• Stress, from major events, such as the death of a loved one, or moving house, can cause stress, which can lead to poor sleep patterns, which can often lead to further stress, so it becomes a vicious circle.
• Sleep disorders, such as snoring, can significantly affect elderly people’s sleep.
So how can you get a better night’s sleep?
• Try to be less anxious. Get your elderly relative to chat to someone about their problems and put their worries into perspective. This will reduce the amount of time they lie awake at night worrying.
• Exercise regularly, as it produces endorphins that can improve mood and can reduce stress, anxiety and depression. Swimming, walking, dancing, bowling, golf or cycling are all good exercises to consider.
• Get out into the sunshine. Sunshine regulates melatonin levels and hence affects sleep cycles. Try to encourage your elderly parent to get outside for an hour or so every day. When they are at home, open the curtains during the day and move their chair into a sunny spot of the room
• Beware caffeine, alcohol and smoking. All of these are stimulants and will interfere with sleep quality.
• Keep your relative’s bedroom dark cool and peaceful and obviously, it helps if their bed is comfortable. Noise, light and heat pollution can all have negative effects on sleep. A sleep mask can help block out light.
• Keep a regular bedtime where possible. Encourage your older relative to go to bed and wake up at similar times every day, including weekends.
• Does their partner snore? Use earplugs, or separate rooms!
• Create bedtime rituals, such as having a bath, reading a good book, or listening to music. Deep breathing and meditation techniques can also be a big help in getting off to sleep.
• Try to encourage your older relative not to take sleeping pills. Many are addictive, have other side effects and should not be used regularly.
• Have a snack before bed to stave off hunger pangs, but don’t eat spicy food or big meals. A biscuit, or some warm milk or cocoa will help with sleep. A large curry probably won’t!
• Try not to drink too much. As you age, you need to urinate more frequently, so try not to drink too much before bed
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Dog Persons Versus Cat Persons
Find Your Personality Traits: Dog Person Vs. Cat Person Analysis
Do you like dogs or do you prefer cats? This may very well reveal your main personality traits! Read more about what psychologists discovered in this regard!
PsycholoGenie Staff
Last Updated: Jun 3, 2018
The Ph. D. professor of psychology at the University of Texas at Austin named Sam Gosling has been appearing largely in the media, for instance in "Good Morning America", NPR, Psychology Today, The New York Times. Thanks to his accomplishments and to his being a brilliant psychologist, he received the American Psychological Association's Distinguished Scientific Award for Early Career Contribution. He currently lives in Austin, Texas.
Sam Gosling together with Carson Sandy and Jeff Potter have made an online study over 4565 people. This was called the Gosling-Potter Internet Personality Project. According to the results of this study, dogs vs. cats differences are similar to those between dog persons vs. cat persons. Most people believe there is more than mere affection between themselves and their pet. Because cats and dogs are the most popular pets, depending on their preferences, people can be divided into two categories: those who love cats (cat persons), and those who love dogs (or dog persons).
Those who took part in this study have been asked to say what they think of their personality, if they believe their personality is closer to a cat's or to a dog's. If some people found that according to the results, they had both cat person's and dog person's personality traits, it meant they didn't actually belong to any of these two categories. The participants were also tested by a questionnaire which is known under the name of Big Five Model (depending on the five dimensions of personality). These five factors refer to neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness. After this text, 46% of the participants fell into the category of dog persons, 12% into the category of cat persons, 28% as dog and cat persons, and 15% as not belonging to any of the two categories of personality classification.
Dog people are usually extroverts, more sociable and friendlier than cat persons. They could be characterized as competent, responsible, organized, orderly and ambitious people. But they are less spontaneous than the cat people. They don't like to stray from what they've planned to do. They have the capacity to self-discipline themselves, and they usually reach their goals because they are more conservative and conventional than the cat persons.
On the other hand, cat persons are said to be more emotional. So unlike dog persons, they have a more developed emotional instability and therefore are more vulnerable. They are more emotional and often prone to depression, excessive worrying, sometimes even aggressiveness. They open up better than dog persons. Therefore, such people are often curious, flexible, spontaneous, have a lot of sense of adventure, they are open to the idea of beauty, they appreciate art and aesthetics more than dog persons do. They can be more creative because they usually have a wilder imagination than dog persons, and they don't follow usual patterns and are good at avoiding cliches and routine rules. They have a more flexible way of thinking and are less conformist. So they are emotional, open to new things, often capricious and moody.
Vanessa Meachen: "CAT PEOPLE are introverted, self-conscious, secretive, sensitive. They tend to be interested in quieter pursuits like reading, watching movies and videos, music, etc. They are homebodies, or like to go to quiet places. They like their creature comforts and although they expect people to notice them, they tend not to boast, preferring to draw attention to themselves in less direct ways. They tend to have a small circle of close friends rather than a larger group. DOG PEOPLE are extroverted, eager, unembarrassed, open. They tend to be interested in sport, adventuring, exploring and outdoor pursuits, and like to go out a lot. They tease and pick on each other in a friendly way, and like talking and boasting about their accomplishments. They have a large circle of friends and acquaintances and they make friends easily."
The conclusion to all this may be that the good old saying "Birds of a feather flock together" does not apply only to people, or only to birds, it may very well refer to creatures of all sorts. We tend to love what is similar to our very own personality, and be more reserved towards what is different from ourselves and our mentality. |
How Can a Group Outing Change Your Family Dynamic?
How Can a Group Outing Change Your Family Dynamic
Family dynamics are complicated. Busy schedules, differing interests and generational gaps can make it difficult to connect with each other. Instead of avoiding each other in the house, gather everyone up and go on a group outing to see some changes in how your family functions.
Improved Patience
Today's fast-paced world often results in a profound lack of patience in families. People expect things on an instantaneous basis, because their electronic devices provide this. Consider an outing to a slower-paced place, such as a park system or a nature center. Spending time in the great outdoors allows everybody in your family to realize that nature moves at its own place. Take the time to appreciate how a river cuts through the bedrock to create a valley over thousands of years. Consider how a tall tree reached its height after growing for decades or even hundreds of years, such as in the case of California redwood trees. Watch as a bumblebee methodically visits every flower to gather nectar for the hive.
Increased Communication
A group outing can also improve your family's communications skills. Try a visit to a mystery dinner theater or a planetarium where each person can ponder the mysteries of the universe. Ask questions out loud and see what your partner and children think. Try to guess who the villain in the theater is, or make a guess on how many Earth-like planets there might be in the Milky Way galaxy. If you are used to texting each other from across the house instead of speaking face to face, spending time together outside of the house and actually engaging in meaningful conversations can renew your family's sense of togetherness. The improved communication can continue at home by talking about what you did and saw and what you would like to do together on your next family outing.
Appreciation of Each Person's Skills
A visit to a family fun center allows you to develop a deeper appreciation for each family member's unique abilities and skills. Your kids might not have realized that you were quite the ski ball champion in your younger years. Teenagers may appreciate your fast moves in a thrilling game of laser tag. Kids can challenge each other in climbing structures and video games. You could each play the same game in succession and see who is able to achieve the highest score. Seeing each person's skills and strength in a setting such as a family fun center removes some of the pressure and familiarity of home.
More Teamwork
Consider a visit to a challenging place such as a rock climbing wall, outdoor obstacle course or paintball facility as a way of building some teamwork in your family. If you find that at home, it is everyone for himself or herself, it is time to work on things as a team. An outing to a place where you have to learn how to work together to solve a problem or reach a goal allows everybody to see that it can be done. You can take your success on the outing and use it to build upon more teamwork successes at home. This type of an outing will also show your kids how working together helps each person to feel a sense of belonging and contribution. Without each person's input, the goal could not have been reached.
A group outing can renew your family's bonds. The outing does not have to be expensive or fancy. Each of these ideas, from getting outside to having fun indoors at a family center, offers something new to do. Your family may improve its communication, togetherness and patience as a result.
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Adjective or Adverb?
Average: 3.9 (144 votes)
What can you remember about the difference between adjectives and adverbs? Here's a quick reminder:
An adjective describes a noun or pronoun: "That boy is so loud!"
An adverb describes a verb or anything apart from a noun and pronoun: "That boy speaks so loudly!"
Culture Lesson: Colombia - Find the mistakes
Average: 3.8 (32 votes)
Today's English lesson looks at sentence structure. There is a grammar mistake in each of the eight sentences below. Can you find them all? Write the correct sentences in the comments area.
In the past year I've spent quite a lot of time in this country and with my daughter being half Colombian, I imagine I'll be spending a lot more!
Future Continuous Tense with 'Will'
Average: 3.7 (83 votes)
Subject + will + be + base verb + ing
"I will be sleeping at midnight."
Find the Mistakes
Average: 4.3 (35 votes)
Today's lesson tests your knowledge of English grammar and your general knowledge.
People in the UK this year celebrated 60 years of the reign of the current Queen, Elizabeth II. But how much do you know about the Queen?
Task 1 - There is one mistake in each of these eight sentences. Can you find the eight mistakes?
Task 2 - Are the sentences true or false?
Should / Had Better
Average: 4.5 (76 votes)
Should is a modal verb that has more than one meaning. The obvious meaning is that we use to give advice (eg. You should quit smoking), but it could also mean that you expect something to happen in the future
eg. John called and told me he's on his way. He should be here soon.
The past tense of should is should have + past participle.
In The News: Wayne Rooney
Average: 3.6 (28 votes)
Adverbs of Quantity
Average: 3.6 (65 votes)
Countable Nouns
Countable nouns are things which can be counted. That means that when there is more than one of them, you need to add 's'. Also, when a countable noun is singular an article (a/an/the) is often used with it.
e.g. There are too many factories.
Reported Speech for Beginners
Average: 3.3 (17 votes)
E.g. Nancy: The world is beautiful.
Nancy says (that) the world is beautiful.
1. Bobby: Jacob has a lot of friends.
2. Diane: It's time to get ready.
3. Mike: The weather is great today.
4. Drew: Most people are friendly.
5. Stacy: It a beautiful day.
Will and Going To
Average: 4.4 (344 votes)
When talking about the future, we can use will..., going to...or the Present Continuous.
Use will to talk facts or things that we believe are true.
"I'm sure you will love learning English in Malta. It's a great place."
Going to is used with predictions.
Passives for Pre-Intermediate
Average: 3.8 (31 votes)
Passive sentences are used to focus on the object, or when the agent is unknown. The object of the active verb is the subject of the passive verb. Compare:
Active: The boy broke the cup.
Passive: The cup was broken (by the boy).
In passives, the subject does not perform the action in the sentence - the action is performed on it. |
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