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Who is a heathen? The Hebrew word for heathen in the Old Testament (gojim) means "nations". They were people who worshipped idols, while Israel worshipped the true, living God. Heathens do not know or serve the true God. The difference between those that serve God and the heathens is clearly written down in Psalm 115. In other words, a heathen is a person who does not serve the Lord, but serves other idols and things. Heathens can of course become converted if the true Gospel is preached to them. Naaman, the Syrian Military commander who had leprosy, was a heathen before he was healed (220Kings 5). Ruth, the Moabite was a heathen who became a believer in God. She even became an ancestor of David and Jesus the Messiah (Ruth 1:16; 4:18-22). Heathenism has nothing to do with the colour of a person's skin. A heathen is not a religious person in the true sense of the word, and can be a human being of any skin colour: White, coloured, brown, yellow, black and red. If he does not know God and serve Him, he is a heathen. But the good news is that Jesus cares about heathen. Therefor he commanded his disciples to share the good news with all nations (Luke 24:47). And one day representatives of every nation will gather around His throne to praise Him, because they have become children of God (Revelation 7:9-10). Make sure that you are not left behind!
Temporal range: Late Jurassic An artist's illustration of Epanterias amplexus Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Superorder: Theropoda Family: Allosauridae Genus: Epanterias Cope, 1878 Species: E. amplexus Binomial name Epanterias amplexus Cope, 1878 Epanterias was the largest therpod on the Jurassic Period. It lived at North-America. it hunted huge prey unlike any other therpod at this time and was bigger and stronger than allosaurus, but they can be synonymous. Epanterias was huge 43 ft long (13 meters long). It was colossus, and large, but later researches shows that it is fully synonymous to Allosaurus. Which proves that Allosaurus could have grown up to 13 meters.
Moon In ‘Top 100’ But Not on the Billboard Chart According to The Whitburn Project, a spreadsheet of music data, more than 37 thousand songs have been on the Billboard Chart since the late 1800s and “moon” made the list of “Top 100” words. Although the number of titles is well into five digits, less than nine thousand words are used in those titles, which means “moon” is in about 24 percent of them. The Whitburn Project, named after Billboard historian Joel Whitburn, was officially created in 1998. The project began among record record collectors in 1978 and was taken to Usenet at its inception in the late 1970s. Usenet started at least a decade before the current iteration of the internet and was originally used by university students and faculty, along with the “tech geeks” of the day. One of those Usenet forums consisted of fifteen music collectors who joined together to create an MP3 collection of all the Billboard Chart Top 40 songs, an act that is now a criminal offense. Eventually that list of song titles became The Whitburn Project. The database includes each song’s title, weekly chart position, label, songwriters and duration. There is even a column for the number of beats per minute in each song. The Project’s database tracks everything from “One Hit Wonders” to the 100 most popular words in song titles (shown below). From this data, it has been extrapolated that although the 1960s had more original song one-hit wonders than all other decades, the three decades that were dominated by these single-hit groups were the 50s, 90s and 2000s. NASA has an entire page devoted to “Moon Songs,” created by Dr. Steven Williams. The infographic lists everything from Beethoven’s Moonlight Sonata in 1801 to Roger Daultry’s Under a Raging Moon in 1985. Some Billboard Chart favorites on this list were Frank Sinatra’s Fly Me to the Moon in 1954 and Audrey Hepburn singing Moon River in 1961, athough it is not certain whether they made the Top 100 list. NASAs “Moon Song” page also lists ten songs about Project Apollo, “colorful” moon songs, geographical ones such as Neil Diamond’s Tennessee Moon, and finally, an index of lunar songs from A to Z. A copy of the infographic can be downloaded at the site. This July 19 marks the forty-fifth anniversary of man’s landing on the moon. Scientists have long studied the moon and its phases, which are detailed at sites like The site lists the dates of all the full moons in the current year and at least the five years prior. This site also shares definitions of all the moon types with tidbits like: “in months with two full moons, the second is called a Blue Moon.” Last year the Billboard Chart listed their Top 100 number one hits of all time, but “moon” was not in the title of any of the songs on that list. The closest “moon song” is the Credence Clearwater Revival (CCR) song Bad Moon Rising, which sat at number two for a number of weeks in 1969. By Jenny Hansen Music Thing [Blog]
NOVA \| What Are Dreams? Schedules Watch Video Donate Shop PBS Search PBS Support provided by · Boeing · Ancient · Body + · Evolution · Military + · Nature · Physics + · Planet · Space + · Tech + Close Accessing Video · Search NOVA Beta TV Schedule NOVA Education Shop Nova What Are Dreams? Psychologists and brain scientists have new answers to an age-old question. Airing June 29, 2011 at 9 pm on PBS Aired June 29, 2011 on PBS Program Description (Program not available for streaming.) What are dreams and why do we have them? NOVA joins leading dream researchers as they embark on a variety of neurological and psychological experiments to investigate the world of sleep and dreams. Delving deep into the thoughts and brains of a variety of dreamers, scientists are asking important questions about the purpose of this mysterious realm we escape to at night. Do dreams allow us to get a good night's sleep? Do they improve memory? Do they allow us to be more creative? Can they solve our problems or even help us survive the hazards of everyday life? NOVA follows a number of scientists, including Matthew Wilson of MIT, who is literally "eavesdropping" on the dreams of rats, and other investigators who are systematically analyzing the content of thousands of human dreams. From people who violently act out their dreams to those who can't stop their nightmares, from sleepwalking cats to the rare instances of individuals who don't seem to ever dream, each fascinating case study contains a vital clue to the age-old question: What Are Dreams? what are dreams Dream - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Dream From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Dream (disambiguation). "The Knight's Dream", 1655, by Antonio de Pereda Dreams are successions of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that occur involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep.^[1] The content and purpose of dreams are not definitively understood, though they have been a topic of scientific speculation and a subject of philosophical and religious interest throughout recorded history. The scientific study of dreams is called oneirology. Scientists believe that other mammals, birds and reptiles, also dream.^[2] sleepâwhen brain activity is high and resembles that of being awake. REM sleep is revealed by continuous movements of the eyes during sleep. At times, dreams may occur during other stages of sleep. However, these dreams tend to be much less vivid or memorable.^[3] Dreams can last for a few seconds, or as long as 20 minutes. People are phase. The average person has three to five dreams per night, but some may have up to seven dreams in one night. The dreams tend to last longer as the night progresses. During a full eight-hour night sleep, two hours of it is spent dreaming.^[4] In modern times, dreams have been seen as a connection to the unconscious. They range from normal and ordinary to overly surreal and bizarre. Dreams melancholic, adventurous, or sexual. The events in dreams are generally outside the control of the dreamer, with the exception of lucid dreaming, where the dreamer is self-aware. Dreams can at times make a creative © 2005-2018
Orpheus. Orpheus was a great musician. He was awesome. Like many great musicians—who can name me a great musician that died young? Yes? Poser? Who? Okay. Who else? Okay, who else was a great musician? Poser Download 30.62 Kb. Date conversion26.05.2018 Size30.62 Kb. Lecture 15 Good morning and welcome to class. It figures, now that we’re all happy and smiley, I have to start out with a really depressing myth. But it carries on with the theme of music. The greatest musician of antiquity was this fellow named Orpheus. Orpheus was a great musician. He was awesome. Like many great musicians—who can name me a great musician that died young? Yes? Poser? Who? Okay. Who else? Okay, who else was a great musician? Poser. I’m saying that to irritate people. I don’t approve of anybody dying young. But you see the paradigm. Jimi Hendrix, right? Jim Morrison, except for he’s not dead. Elvis. Well, here’s what they did with Orpheus. They made him the star of a philosophical religion. The old story begins with the wedding of Orpheus and Eurydice. The story is told to us by Ovid. When Ovid tells a story you can count on one thing; you’re going to react to it. It’ll make you cry. It’ll make you laugh. It’ll make you ill. This one, you can hear the world’s smallest violin off in the background playing the world’s saddest song as Ovid launches into the story of Orpheus and Eurydice. They got married one day and they had a big wedding party and all of that. Just as they were about to break up the festival and go and do what married people do, a snake sneaked up and bit Eurydice on the ankle, right by her Guns and Roses tattoo. She died. I pause for a question. Since Orpheus was such a great musician, and since he loved his wife so much, and out of extreme frustration, he went down to the underworld with his lyre—the ancient equivalent of a guitar—to, hopefully, to ask to allow his wife to come back to him. Orpheus went down to the underworld with his lyre. He played for Hades and Persephone. He played “I Want My Baby Back,” and stuff like that. Moved by the beauty of Orpheus’s music, Hades allowed Orpheus to bring back his dead bride, Eurydice. Okay? That’s what a wonderful musician Orpheus was. There is only one condition. Orpheus, while bringing his wife, Eurydice, back to the world of human beings, must not look back at her until they come back to the real world, if you will. Okay, you know the drill folks. The temptation to look back at his beloved wife was awesome. He could hear her footsteps. He could hear her musical voice. He could only think of how beautiful she looked right before she died of the snakebite. They were just about there. “Eurydice, my true love, can it really be you?” Just before they make it all the way back, he looks back. He sees Eurydice waving bye-bye to him. Ovid tells us that he, Ovid, wouldn’t blame Eurydice for feeling angry. “Couldn’t you wait just two more minutes, you bum?” But Ovid tells us that Eurydice was really just touched and moved by the whole thing, that he loved her so much that he couldn’t help from looking back at her. I don’t know about that last one. The bottom line is Eurydice is dead, dead, dead, gone and Orpheus is stuck alone. Lonely. So lonely, in fact, that he supposedly invents something called pederasty, which is the love of little boys. Huh. Yeah. Now, allow me, if you will for a second, to debunk a couple of lies. Number one, the ancient Greeks were not all gay. They couldn’t be. How would we get modern Greeks? Also, the ancient Greeks didn’t encourage bisexuality, necessarily. They were more tolerant of homosexuality and bisexuality than is our society today. That said, the ancient Greeks still made jokes about gay people, the same way they made jokes about foreign people, the same way they made jokes about women, or whoever wasn’t from their little town. Okay? We’ll get into this later when we talk about the goddess of beauty and love. Please keep in mind. as a general rule, homosexuality, bisexuality, gay folks in general were tolerated. It would be most accurate to say they were tolerated a lot more than they are here and now. Orpheus’s invention of pederasty didn’t really impress a lot of people. One particular group of people who weren’t impressed were women. The local women were all taken by poor, suffering musician Orpheus. They besieged him with various offers to do unspeakable things with him. He was into the pederasty thing. He was not interested. He literally wanted no part of the women. So, one day a group of Bacchic women came up, dressed in their skintight purple leopard skin things, and they tore him to bits. They tried to kill him by throwing rocks at him, but he played the lyre. The rocks would stop in mid-air. They would shoot arrows at him. The arrows would fall hopelessly to the ground. They wheeled up a 155 millimeter Howitzer and shot it at him point blank. So they tore him to bits. No, although, because it’s Ovid telling us the story, we get lots of gory details like they tore his head off but the tongue was still singing. The fingers of the severed hand were still playing the lyre in the dust and stuff like that. That’s Ovid, that’s Ovid, pure Ovid. What this is, folks, is a good old-fashioned Bacchic, Dionysian sparigmos. These Bacchic women tore the late Orpheus into shreds. Just like Pentheus’s mom and his aunts tore Pentheus into shreds at the end of the Bacchae. Orpheus was so famous that he spawned a quote/unquote mystery religion. Before you guffaw at this, I don’t think I’m dating myself or anyone else when I say to this day I see college students wearing tee-shirts with pictures of Jimi Hendrix and Jim Morrison on them. These are people who were born five, six years after Hendrix and Morrison were dead. I’m sure that there will be kids, fifteen years from now, wearing Kurt Cobain tee-shirts and stuff, because this idea of a star who died young, a musical entertainment star who died young—a musical entertainment star who died young, preferably through a life of excess—exerts a pull on humans. For some reason I don’t really understand, Elvis is everywhere, isn’t he? He’s everything. He’s still alive, isn’t he? He is still the King, absolutely. People go to Graceland every year, right? On the anniversary of his birth or death. To do what? My mom and dad went down there this year to go and pay homage to Elvis. I mean, my dad, I don’t think, even likes Elvis. Why? Who knows. But, for better or worse, the so-called teachings of Orpheus were collected, put together into something called the Orphic Bible. Now, on these grounds alone, you see that we’re veering off from the concept of a mystery religion, because a bible—not the Bible—not to all Christian denominations, but certainly to very many of them is like God’s handbook for how to live. Just so, the so-called Orphic Bible supposedly contained the teachings of Orpheus, and how Orpheus wanted people to live. They were almost certainly not written by Orpheus. For what it’s worth, the Orphic Bible instructed its devotees, the people who read it and stuff like that, to do certain things, to live a certain lifestyle. It didn’t have any ritual. It didn’t have any great emotional satisfaction. It did have a birth, rebirth myth. Orpheus comes back, dies, comes back, and re-dies. It has a katabasis story. But alone among the mystery religions, the Orphic religion, the Orphic religion, told people how to live. For example, you’re not supposed to lie. You are not supposed to eat meat. You are not supposed to drink wine. You are not supposed to eat beans. You know, Mark, every time you make the wise-butt remarks, then you follow it up with something so brilliant I want to make you stand behind here and teach the class. Yeah, we have two diametrically opposed value systems at work here. The Bacchics, the Dionysian worshipper, here is saying when the elevator gets you down, go crazy. Experience enthousiasmos: having the god inside you. Experience ekstasis; stand out of your body. Experience sparagmos, rip it to shreds. Experience homophagia, eat it, just eat it. As opposed to Orpheus who seems to be directing his followers to get a grip. Okay? Don’t slip the rails. Don’t eat these foods. Don’t behave this way. Don’t, don’t, don’t, don’t and you just might be revived. Yeah. No wonder the Bacchic women tore poor old Orpheus apart. That was brilliant. Thank you for that brilliant question, Mark. Okay, other questions? Mediocre questions? Well, that one was a hard one to follow. I couldn’t even figure out a question to ask after that one. I would make that case that Orphism became, in effect, more of a philosophy than a religion. It had a big, guidebook, the Orphic Bible. Okay, it did tell you what to do, what not to do. It did not have much ritual. Jeez, I’m still reeling from that brilliant question. Back in the ancient Greek mind and probably in the minds of all of us according to one Friedrich Neitzsch, the fellow who said God is dead. I don’t know whether God is dead or not, really, but I know for a fact that Neitzsch is dead. So will we all be. Neitzsch tried to set everything up, the Greek mind and our minds, too, up in the conflict between Dionysus and Apollo, the god who commands you to get a grip. Dionysus the god who commands you to just get crazy. Okay. Apollo says, Reverence the god, you shmuck, or die. Dionysus says, “Have the god inside you and party down.” Two flipped sides that each of us has operating, two sides of our psyche. “Go for it. Party. Yeah. Yeah. Feel the breeze.” Or, “Why Joseph, you will be very, very sad and sorry if you do that.” Mark, what you’re looking at here, Orpheus versus Dionysus, is another manifestation of that. Dionysus versus Pentheus in the Bacchae is a manifestation of that. That fine Rush album, Hemispheres, is an extension expressly of the conflict between Dionysus and Apollo. Finally Geddie Lee changes into this creature named Signus and brings balance to them all, if you’ve ever listened to that fine album. Are there questions up to this point or arguments or something like that? If not.... yes Mark? Just in their weltanschauung, get a grip. Oh yeah, Apollo was a musician and stuff like that, but he’s the sort of guy who thinks that music should be socially redeeming. He’d play, This Land is Your Land, This Land is My Land, or, It’s a Small World After All, or, The Battle Hymn of the Republic. He probably would not play, you know, a Nirvana thing or he probably wouldn’t cover songs by Frank Zapa. Ray? Yes, I think the Moody Blues found it right after they found the lost chord. Enough said, enough said. The Moody Blues. Okay, let me begin—we’ve got a couple minutes left—by saying the goddess on a mountaintop, shining like a silver flame. The goddess of beauty of love and Venus was her name. What was her name in ancient Greek? Aphrodite, you got it. Yeah, baby you got it. Another song that I remember from second grade. Then, in the year of our Lord 1986, no fooling, I was sitting on the Spanish steps in beautiful downtown Rome at about three o’clock in the morning just watching the interesting people. This guy started playing it. You know, You Got It, that song about Venus? Apparently it had made a comeback by a fine group called Bananarama, one of the culminating musical achievements of the 1980s. I think one of them got married to that guy from the Eurhythmics. I want briefly cause I’ve only got five minutes. I don’t have enough time to say anything that fits in the outline. I want to ask you—and I’m sure the answer is yes in all of these cases. Have you ever been in love? I don’t ask for a show of hands. I’ve been in love. I am in love with my wife. She’s wonderful. She doesn’t make me do stupid stuff that much anymore. You are perhaps familiar with somebody you knew, maybe, who used to be a rational human being and, all of a sudden, they fell in love. They lost their brains. You couldn’t talk to them anymore. They just started doing stupid things, like walking after midnight, hoping that somewhere they may be somewhere they’re walking or stuff like that. Or maybe it was you doing all sorts of pathetic things to let the object of your affection. The worst thing I ever did was leave one of my cigarettes in this chic’s bicycle basket at three o’clock in the morning. I mean, oh, oh, oh, she didn’t love me! I’m glad she didn’t love me now. I could have been married to her, and that’s really scary. I mean she turned me into an idiot. She turned me into this pathetic goop. I got better. Have you ever seen that or caught yourself feeling that way? Has someone who’s fallen in love with you doing all sorts of pathetic wimpy things. I know it happens to you all the time, Snakehead. I know how that goes. You know, like, “Hi. I was just calling you up to let you know I was wondering what you are thinking right now.” “You caught me on the toilet, honey.” You say to yourself, “Oh no, what has happened to this person?” To this day not even the greatest psychologist or psychiatrist can define what love is. Neither can that woman who draws those horrible cartoons with those fat ass kids. “Love is when she fries you three pounds of bacon.” She doesn’t know the answer, either. Randy Newman doesn’t know what the answer is, but the ancient Greeks said it obviously must be a form of possession by a goddess. Why not a god? Obviously, to the Greeks, men were irrational, but women were even less rational than men because you have wombs and give birth to kids and all that. So the deity who makes people fall in love and do these weird things is, obviously, a goddess. Moreover, she is also a very promiscuous goddess and can get away with it, because, I mean, really, who would believe a goddess of love who dressed up, you know, in dress suits all the time, with power skirts, and wore pince-nez glasses, and carried a little briefcase and made people fall in love. Like in that Jackson Brown video, Lawyers in Love, right? It doesn’t happen. We’re going to find out that the goddess of love, Aphrodite, is very promiscuous. We’re going to find out that she does it with guys all the time. She does it with a lot of guys, constantly. She has to; she’s the goddess of love. If I ever ask you who’s the most powerful deity in the ancient Greek pantheon, the answer is Aphrodite. You know why? You think Zeus is powerful? Let me ask you who made Zeus change himself into a swan? Who made Zeus change Io into a cow? Who made Zeus change himself into an eagle? I rest my case. You’ve been a good class. I’ll see you next time. Supplemental: State & Religion in Ancient Greece Now that we’ve encountered the ancient Greeks’ earliest attested views of the afterlife, that is to say the Homeric afterlife, in which Odysseus goes down into the underworld and finds out just how depressing the afterlife is. We’ve encountered that. And, now that we’ve encountered the various reactions to it— the mystery religions, the philosophical beliefs, the philosophical sects—it’s time to focus on something a little bit perhaps nearer and dearer to our own situation, that is to say, the role of state and religion in ancient Greece. I realize the concept of state and religion in ancient Greece is a pretty big one. Books have been and will continue to be published on the topic. But what I hope to open up to you in these few remarks is to offer you the Eleusinian mysteries of Demeter and the Bacchic mysteries of Dionysus as an avenue, as a vehicle, perhaps toward examining your own attitudes to the relationship of the state and the religion. We’ve read the stories. I’ll give you a little bit more, perhaps, of the ancient Greek context and, hopefully, it will inform your own inquires as to, well, what is the relationship of religion and the state? Do we really need one nation, under God and the pledge of allegiance? Do we need to have “In God We Trust” on our currency? Is God a part of the state? Is God not a part of the state? The ancient Greeks wrestled with these questions as well. To start from the beginning, at the time that the Odyssey was trying to represent, 1200 BC, the time the Odyssey was written down—750 or 700 BC—the ancient Greek civilization had not progressed an awful lot. Life was still nasty, brutish and short. People were ruled by kings—pretty much exclusively—who could do whatever they wanted because they were, darn it, the king, and Zeus wanted them to be king. But after the Greeks’ rediscovery of literacy right around 750 BC, 700 BC, things started happening. The ancient Greeks made quantum leaps into discovering more about the workings of the universe from 700 BC on. Life became easier due to bettered agricultural techniques and interesting new experiments in government—tyranny, oligarchy, (our favorite) democracy—and, as life became more developed, as the life expectancy grew longer, as government became more responsive in some sense to public needs, as urban centers redeveloped in ancient Greece, you can bet that the weltanschauung changed, that the world view changed. We’ve already, as I suggested, examined in great detail the ancient Greeks’ attempts, by way of mystery religions, by way of philosophy, to address—not explain, necessarily—but to address the shear, just scads of depressing details, the no-god-cares-about-you component of the afterlife. We have talked about how the Homeric view of the afterlife compelled nobody to lead a good life, for example. There was no punishment for sin, no reward for good. This changed. We’ve talked about how it changed. We’ve talked a bit about why it changed, how it addressed the Greeks’ deep-seated emotional and intellectual needs. I would like to talk today about how it related to the needs, the requisites of citizenship in the governments of their cities. We can start out by more or less dismissing the Orphic mysteries—not dismissing them entirely. But the Orphic mysteries, as you will recall, laid a strong emphasis on personal morality, following the quote/unquote the Orphic Bible, doing no wrong to other people and what not. Great stuff, but not very emotionally compelling. Therefore it never did have mass appeal to most ancient Greeks. Moreover, it was almost too intellectually compelling. It was not easily accessible to your average Bubacus or Jethra in the street, even if you are not too inclined to say, “I don’t really need to jump up yelling ‘amen.’ I don’t need to feel my religion.” It’s still a tough haul. The Orphic mysteries survive in the work of political thinkers, all right, such as Plato, the fellow who gave us the Myth of Er in his Republic. The Myth of Er is believed to draw very heavily on Orphic beliefs about the afterlife, punishment and reward. We’re going to find the Orphic mysteries reflected even in the works of Vergil. Political thinkers such as Sir Thomas More, who wrote the Utopia. Philosophers and utopians were naturals for the Orphic mysteries. The two other mystery religions are, of course, the Eleusinian mysteries of Demeter and Persephone and the Bacchic mysteries of Dionysus. Remember, I don’t want you to write down that the Bacchic mysteries are basically a go-with-the-flow party religion, because, I promise you, you are going to fry if you do that. What I do want to focus on here is that the Eleusinian mystery religion was warmly embraced, even supported, by the government of the Greek city-state of Athens, whereas the Bacchic mysteries tended to be persecuted, eradicated, squashed out, everywhere they were encountered. You will recall the play, the Bacchae, or the Bacchic Women of Euripides, the sad tale of law-and-order King Pentheus, who thinks that he’s going to keep that perverted religion out of his town, and winds up paying for his mistake with his own life. Again, by way of contrast, we have the Eleusinian mystery religion which was headquartered near the city of Athens. All Athenian citizens are encouraged to belong—men, women, slaves, Greeks, barbarians, free people, you name it. Why was the Eleusinian mystery religion so popular? You know, we know part of that answer. Okay? It did offer hope for a happier afterlife. It did supply its believers with the belief that there was a goddess—Demeter—who cared for them. But why was it so beloved of states? For one reason, the Eleusinian religion was not perceived as a threat to already-existing religious beliefs. I believe that I’ve stressed this in my remarks earlier that one could be—and often was—initiated into the Eleusinian mystery religion. It didn’t mean you couldn’t sacrifice to Zeus. It did not mean that Hera would not listen to your prayers any more. It was not threatening. Moreover, the Eleusinian mystery religion was viewed—I’m sure, somewhat cynically—but still viewed by the Athenian government—and the Athenians had kings, the Athenians had tyrants, the Athenians had dictators and elected governments. Just about any government you can think of in the world, the Athenians had it at one time or another—but the one constant through all of the changes of government was the sense of community that came from all Athenians being able to say, “I am initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries.” And just about all of them were. If you think about the differences that exist in American society today, if you think about the Democrats and the Republicans, the liberals and the conservatives, the straights and the gays, the fundamentalists and the atheists and the whatnot, and try to imagine if there were one force, one ritual that didn’t threaten what you, yourself, happened to believe at home, but built a sense of community that we are all Americans in this together. This would tend to be valued by the community at large, and no matter what happened to the Athenian government, no matter who happened to rule Athens, the Eleusinian mysteries survived, in large part, because it was a club that made you feel good to feel Athenian. It reinforced the feeling of a wide number of different people that we are all Athenians in this together. As the centuries rolled on and Rome took over the Mediterranean world, by about 147 BC, I believe, Rome was in control for good of just about the entire Greek world. This idea of Athens, per se, Athens, the city, Athens, the government, became less important. Athens, the government, was basically a part of a Roman province, a kind of sleepy university town where Romans like the future Augustus Caesar would come to study and drink and write letters to their dad for more money. The Eleusinian mysteries still retained their importance in the Roman world as, again, a comforting ritual. Even people who didn’t believe in the Eleusinian mysteries were wont to become initiated into the mysteries because of the sense of intellectual community, the sort of philosophical and spiritual community it built among its initiates. It wasn’t until the fourth century AD that the Christian emperor, Theodosius shut it down, shut down the Eleusinian mysteries for good, oddly enough, on the grounds that the Eleusinian mysteries were subversive to the state religion of Christianity. Now, I want to hold off on that note. I want to hold off on the Eleusinian mysteries, and in the remaining few minutes I want to address this wonderfully subversive religion known as the Bacchic mysteries. I can’t help but point out that Christianity, too, was considered wildly subversive by the ancient Romans at one point in their history, more about which in a second. The Bacchic mystery religion was, obviously, against everything that most versions of good government in ancient Greece were for. Remember that the god Dionysus stands for the power of the alcohol within you. When the elevator gets you down, you are supposed to go crazy. But very realistically, the play, the Bacchae, while, sure, it’s very sensationalized, it’s very amped up, if you will, it still represents what was probably the reaction to places where the worship of Dionysus was introduced. “Not in my town. Not this fruity—looking little purple god who is drunk and hangs around with satyrs all the time. Not in my back yard.” This reaction is also attested by the Roman, Livy, who writes in the years 187 and 186 BC, there was a nasty outbreak of the Bacchic religion in ancient Rome, one of these perversions that the ancient Greeks had introduced to win ancient Rome back. That’s the way they presented it. I don’t want to get into the particulars of it, because we have very little time, but basically, the Romans empowered their chief executive officers, the consuls, to do whatever they had to do, whatever they felt necessary, gave them a blank check to do whatever it takes to stamp this religion out. The things and the claims that the Romans made about the Bacchic religion—that it’s a big orgy, there’s massive drinking going on, it corrodes the moral fiber of Roman society, people are having human sacrifices and drinking raw blood—these are all charges that the Romans were later to make against the Christians. Most of these charges were made at various times against the Jews. What was, perhaps, the main problem of the Romans with the Bacchic mystery religion is the same as it was with the Christians and with the Jews. Lack of understanding was a big part of it, but, again, the perception that the beliefs of these people did threaten to tear apart our lovingly constructed society. For what it’s worth, the Romans did successfully stamp out the Bacchic mysteries. People were put to death for believing in the Bacchic mysteries, for having been proven to worship in the Bacchic mysteries. Long after the Bacchic mysteries had been stamped out—oh, let’s say right around the year 33BC, 33AD—the Romans began wrestling with another peculiar mystery religion, that of a renegade group of Jews known as the Christians, the followers of Christ. It’s not my place to talk about the growth of Christianity here. I just want to end my remarks by pointing out that it is hard to keep a really good mystery religion down, that Christianity, once thought of by the ancient Romans, by the Emperor Nero—the Roman emperors used to organize persecutions of the Christians much as poor Pentheus organized the persecution of the god Bacchus in his play, the Bacchae—but the Christians wound up on top. Once the Christians had institutionalized their religion, all of a sudden the Eleusinian mysteries, which, for more than a millennium, had been considered the most politically friendly religion of all time, found itself shut down. It’s a strange world. Thank you. : josephhughes -> myth -> TranscriptsWord TranscriptsWord -> Good afternoon and welcome to llt121. My name is Dr. Pauline Nugent TranscriptsWord -> Good morning and welcome to llt121 Classical Mythology TranscriptsWord -> Good morning and welcome to llt121 Classical Mythology. We resume with the career of Theseus, the greatest hero of the city of Athens TranscriptsWord -> Let me give you a little bit of background. The quote/unquote TranscriptsWord -> Good morning and welcome to llt121 Classical Mythology. In our last class, we were examining the concept of the Ages of Humankind. Hesiod was the first to write it down, circa 750 bc TranscriptsWord -> Sit right back and you’ll hear the tale, the tale of a faithful myth that started one fine Theban day when Zeus stole a fleeting kiss. It proceeded past a kiss, Zeus being the incredible fertile god that he is TranscriptsWord -> Good morning and welcome to llt121 Classical Mythology. I fought the temptation, at the beginning of this class, of saying, Welcome back, my friends, to the show that never ends TranscriptsWord -> Good morning and welcome to llt121 Classical Mythology. When last we left off, we were considering the Eleusinian mystery religion, the mysteries of Demeter and her search for her lost daughter, Persephone TranscriptsWord -> Good morning and welcome to llt121 Classical Mythology, in which we resume our adventures in the city of Thebes, the city that the gods seem to love to hate. The original founder turns into a snake TranscriptsWord -> Good morning and welcome to llt121 Classical Mythology The database is protected by copyright ©hestories.info 2017 send message Main page
study of trees study of trees defined in 1944 year study of trees - Study of Trees; study of trees - Forestry is usually ranked as an applied science, perhaps because the study of trees, as an end in itself, has been much neglected in Britain. The botanist studies trees up to a certain point, but as the scope of his researches embraces the whole vegetable kingdom, his work is usually concerned with the tree as a flowering plant, not with the tree as a seedling, as a log of timber, or as a unit in a great forest. Therefore, whilst precise knowledge concerning the systematic botany or evolutionary classification of all known trees is available, and the general anatomy and physiology of trees is widely understood, there are still gaps in our knowledge which demand the attention of students and research workers. To start at the first stage of the life history, most trees bear seed only at intervals of years. Why? Does this habit assist them, or is it forced upon them? Is it connected with climate, weather, or is it a definite rhythm in the life of the tree? Why, for example, does the oak bear seed one year and the beech the next, seldom if ever in the same year? This is a question that seldom occurs with herbaceous plants; most annuals must seed yearly or perish. Following on the seed, the survival of the seedling next attracts attention. Every forester dealing with the natural regeneration of trees will notice that there are times when, and places where, the seedlings come away from the start freely and unaided; at other times and on other areas they hang back perhaps for years, or fail entirely. The factors governing this, which must have affected the spread or retrogression of trees all over the world, are still but little known. The growing tree may be studied in relation to any of the varied elements of its environment, soil, climate, competing or complementary flora, and animals which attack it or assist it. The geologist, meteorologist, and zoologist must all lend assistance here, but at times the trail can only be followed by the specialist in another field of botany. Thus, symbiosis, or living together of the tree with a fungus or bacterium for their mutual benefit, is found in many trees - how many and how frequently we do not know. Such common trees as alder and laburnum cannot thrive without the aid of the right bacteria; many conifers demand the help of fungi. In all these cases the student is faced with a double problem. Not only must he discover how a fungus affects a tree, but also how the tree affects the fungus. Trees are physically so large that a similar dual problem arises in respect of soil, surrounding flora and fauna, and even, to some extent, climate. Not only does the soil decide which trees will grow, but the trees decide in what way the, soil that supports them shall develop from its parent rock. After the tree is felled, its timber attracts the attention of the wood technologists. They may be interested in it as a biological unit, a source of chemicals, or as a physical entity. The trunk reveals the life history of the tree, and a smaller portion of the wood, when cut into sections along the three chief planes - across the axis, along a radius, or tangentially to the cylinder, will show features under the microscope which enable the parent tree to be identified by this evidence alone. The wood chemist will want to know what substances have been elaborated within the wood, such as gums, oils, or resins. He may wish to extract them because of their value, as with turpentine, or again he may wish to extract them because they impair the useful properties of the timber for some purpose such as paper-making. On the other hand, he may desire to treat the timber chemically with some new substance, to mate it resistant to fire, decay or insect attack. The wood itself yields raw material for chemistry; thus its cellulose may be transformed into the unlikely form of artificial silk. The wood physicist is concerned with the mechanical properties of the timber, its reaction to bending and cutting, the loads needed to crush or break it, and its suitability for constructional work. On his findings depend the utilisation of new timbers in place of old and well-tried ones that may be in short supply. The timber merchant, carpenter, shipwright, and cabinet maker must also take a keen interest in ^rood and ultimately in the tree as the source of its supply. Their demands take financial effect in the import and export of quantities of timber and manufactured goods, which bring in the statistician and economist, who show how the tree's products affect the trade of the country. To return to the living tree, the distribution of each species across the world provides a fascinating study. Why are some genera, such as the pines, found right across the northern hemisphere, whilst others, such as Sequoia, are confined to one continent? Why do certain species vary at different points in their range, - is it due to climate or to evolutionary history? Again, is a given species of tree expanding its range or becoming more restricted in spread? Some of these questions may be solved by the palaeontologist, who studies fossil tree remains in rocks and peat-bogs. Others are the concern of the present day, or even of the future, since they help to decide where trees can be planted anew with prospects of success. Allied to plant geography, the study of forest ecology, or the living tree in relation to its environment, is of first importance to the forester. Vegetation tends to form groups, of which the grasses of the dry plains and the, sedges of the marshland are examples; and of these groups, the high forest is the climax, representing the greatest domination of plant life over its environment. Natural forests are rare in Britain, and such few as remain merit careful study. In few cases is the forest static, either it is expanding by encroachment over the plain or it is being beaten back by grazing animals, or unregulated fellings. Such forests vary widely in composition, and may be made up of one species or several. Often there is a succession of species. Thus, on bare downland, wild roses, brambles, and juniper may appear, followed by spindle tree, blackthorn, and wayfaring tree. Amongst this shrubby growth, birches will spring up, followed and ultimately surpassed by slower- growing oaks. Then, in the shade of the oaks, beech seedlings may take root, outlasting the oaks after many years and, since oak seedlings cannot grow in the dense shade of the beech, ultimately replacing them as the climax form. Such changes take years and centuries, and can only be observed stage by stage. But they clearly show just what conditions are needed by trees to ensure their effective growth, and so provide information of the greatest value in practical forestry. Forestry, considered as a craft, may be concerned with vast natural forests found in the tropics and the less developed countries of the temperate zones, or, as in Britain, with artificially established plantations. It is concerned with the ordered growth at all stages of all trees providing timbers useful to man, and with their utilisation as soon as they have attained their most profitable stage of development. The forester sows what he cannot hope to reap, and must foresee the needs of the future whenever he plants a tree or carries out a thinning. In return, he has the privilege of reaping what he has not sown, and the duty of utilising what others before him have planted, to the best advantage at the present day. Moreover, he can see his work persisting and growing on throughout his lifetime and beyond. Long after the farmer has forgotten the crops of his boyhood, the forester finds that the trees he planted in his youth are growing still, becoming every year of greater value, and furnishing each season products of utility from their thinnings, such as the humble but essential pitprop, to enrich the life of himself and his neighbours. This work has mainly been concerned with the identification of trees at all stages, and with the essential facts governing their growth and utilisation; it deals only with the trees of one country. The study of trees leads on into broader fields, into other lands, back into history, and on into the future. It reaches wide as the world, and longer than the life of man. near study of trees in Knolik letter "S" start from "ST" stuffed animals cleansing definition of word "study of trees" was readed 798 times Legal info
An essay in modern c programming the ansi standard c language The c programming language by dennis m ritchie and brian w as an aside , also on the topic of modern c, the book 21st century c (but not for someone learning c) it's organized differently, more a collection of topics/essays i wanted a new book for the new standards and found this awesome. This new edition of practical c programming teaches users not only the chapter 19 describes the old, pre-ansi c language and associated compilers examples have been updated to conform to the ansi standard the modern age. C is a general-purpose language which has been closely associated with the unix operating since the system and most of the programs that run it are written in c standards institute (ansi) established a committee to provide a modern,. Today, the programming methods of the past must be adapted to a world in which the c language is definitely not type safe, and only by applying many good even though they finally compile the code, modern compilers are always it would be much better to -- on a system with standard c library. C is a middle level programming language developed by dennis ritchie during they established the standard definition ansi c further in 1990, ansi c was. C is a general-purpose, imperative computer programming language, supporting structured a standards-compliant c program that is written with portability in mind can be compiled for even after the publication of the 1989 ansi standard , for many years k&r c was still c programming: a modern approach (2nd ed). An essay in modern c programming the ansi standard c language The authors present the complete guide to ansi standard c language programming written c programming: a modern approach / edition 2. This document discusses recommended practices and style for programmers using the c language in the flight dynamics division environment guidelines are based on follow ansi c standards, when available 21 encapsulation and. This is an introductory essay on c programming it assumes that you know varying amounts about computers and programming in general first, i recommend. • The gnu coding standards, last updated august 26, 2018 contribution to a program must sign some sort of legal papers in order for us to have clear language to extend programs written in c/c++, and also a fine language for a a modern compiler such as gcc will generate exactly the same code in both cases, and. • In contrast, int in most programming languages is the quintessential it was commonplace even before the ansi c standard for compilers to structs in modern c are almost first class types, but they still lack white papers. C language - learn c programming language covering basics of c, history of c language, c a modern, comprehensive definition of c the resulting definition, the ansi standard, c11 standard adds new features to c programming language and library like type reference c language e-books & research papers. C11 – iso/iec 9899:2011: $30 $60 from ansiorg / wg14 draft version working draft, standard for programming language c++ other interesting papers. An essay in modern c programming the ansi standard c language Rated 5/5 based on 14 review
Beyond reasonable doubt essay The law makes the middle ground—the ground we do not know—a buffer. And because of that, it is a terrible mistake to send the signal that you actually think your client is guilty. Suppose that you take a mouse and put him in a box. Here are two cases. If you can choose between the two just on what they said, you either have an unusual gift or you are prone to jumping to conclusions. He knew they made sense, but he worried that they might actually be hurting the case instead of helping it. So if the jury is listening carefully to see if you will give some sign of what you secretly know, the argument that the case is not proven may sound like you are admitting the possibility of guilt and hiding behind the technicality. The young lawyer was right to be concerned. The only difference is in how the accused responds. There is no mouse, but there is one happy cat. Take a simple example. It gives the defendant the benefit of the doubt. It is designed to protect the defendant, to guard against the possibility of the innocent being convicted. There is a hole, just big enough for a mouse. But telling the jury to give the defendant that benefit of the doubt implies that he needs its protection—and suggests he might well be guilty. Yours has a broken lace. Everything had been going along just fine when all of a sudden he felt the rush of blood to his face and became exquisitely aware that he was standing in front of the jury, talking to them, and that they were listening to what he had to say. Put the cat in the box with the mouse. How can it be a trap for the defense? Jurors also are suspicious of lawyers; they feel that what we say and do does not represent all that we know about the case. Leave the room for half an hour. Go to a school yard and see if you can take sides in an argument just on the basis of what two young boys are saying to each other. It was used by the late Peter M. That is when he started listening to his own words. Come back into the room. To see how this works, step outside the law for just a minute. You can look at it, you can circle it, you can describe it, you can crawl all over the outside of it. Put the mouse in the box. The Burden of Reasonable Doubt: When a Standard Designed to Protect Defendants Actually Hurts Them You can take my word for it: Then take the lid and cover the box. Now take a cat and put him in the box with the mouse. It also suggests that you ought to be careful in how you present your argument on reasonable doubt. Does that mean you should not argue reasonable doubt when you are for the defense? You cannot simply tell the jury not to take your argument the wrong way. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt recognizes three different conclusions:Beyond a Reasonable Doubt Essay Words \| 5 Pages As surely as the possibility of God’s existence is self-evident to mankind, so it seems is the possibility of His non-existence. Beyond reasonable doubt, however, does not mean that those who have assessed the evidence at hand should be absolutely certain of the guilt of the accused as this would create a bizarre and inconvenient situation by leaving out circumstantial evidence completely. Presumption of Innocence Burden of Proof (in cases without an affirmative defense) burden of proof, and the requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.1 Throughout these proceedings, the defendant is presumed to be in noc ent. 2 As a result, you must find the defendant not guilty. Order instructions Give abrief explanation of the burden of proof, which is proof beyond a reasonable doubt in a criminal prosecution. Give a brief explanationof prima facie. Give a brief explanationof the applicable code the prosecution was brought under. Give a brief explanation of why the Simpson trial was so pivotal to the prosecution of crimes in the United. Ross Essay Contest; When a Standard Designed to Protect Defendants Actually Hurts Them. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is a heavy burden that the prosecution has to bear throughout the. This essay has been submitted by a law student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. Criminal or civil standard of proof. Beyond reasonable doubt essay Rated 0/5 based on 39 review
5 Facts of Hyperbaric Chamber Treatment Hyperbaric Oxygenation Therapy (HBOT) is a treatment that contributes to the reduction, rehabilitation or reversal of symptoms of a large number of pathologies. Hyperbaric medicine has more than 200 years of history, although the equipment used to make this therapy effective is modern and meets high quality standards endorsed by international certifications. These are five irrefutable truths about the positive effects of HBOT in the body. 1. It is a non-invasive method: in the hyperbaric chamber oxygen is breathed in high concentrations at a higher atmospheric pressure than the ambient one. This has no adverse effects to the body. In addition, sessions in the hyperbaric chamber should be relaxing and comfortable for the patient. 2. Raises Oxygen several times in the tissues: this is called Hyperoxia and produces a long chain of physiological effects in the body. 3. Increases blood supply to the brain: Oxygen reaches the brain and also cartilage, bone and tissues that do not receive it properly. 4. It has antibacterial effects: The high level of oxygen in the blood increases the bactericidal activity of the white blood cells. 5. It stimulates bone repair: Hyperbaric oxygen is essential in the repair of injuries and increases the blood perfusion of the bone favoring osteogenesis. Comments are closed.
What is dynaactionform, JAVA Programming A specialized subclass of ActionForm that permits the creation of form beans with dynamic sets of properties (configured in configuration file), without requiring the developer to make a Java class for every type of form bean. Posted Date: 4/22/2013 1:51:21 AM \| Location : United States Related Discussions:- What is dynaactionform, Assignment Help, Ask Question on What is dynaactionform, Get Answer, Expert's Help, What is dynaactionform Discussions Write discussion on What is dynaactionform Your posts are moderated Related Questions The IncludeAction class is useful when you require to integrate Struts into an application that uses Servlets. Use the IncludeAction class to contain another resource in the respon EJB 2.x is broadly adopted server side component architecture for J2EE. 1. EJB is a remote, distributed multi-tier system and allows protocols like IIOP, JRMP, and HTTP etc. how do I use constructors in java and how do I apply them EJB elements operate inside a container environment and rely heavily on the container to give security. The four key services needed for the security are: 1. Identification : How can I convert Dijkstra''s algorithm to do max flow instead of min flow, and how can I implement it into Ford Fulkerson algorithm? what are the steps of object oriented programming language? Describe advantage of the event-delegation model over the earlier event-inheritance model ? Project Description: Modules of software: 1 - Serial RS232 comm port comunication 2 - NanoHTTPD serving some processed pages 3 - System tray application to indicate sta This assignment is intended to write a simple program in Java and to use the concept of Object Oriented Technology. Open a project named "MyProject" in NetBean. Under this proje
BarH1 and BarH2 Embryonic and Larval Early expression is found in anterior segments, the labrium, maxilla and procephalic lobes at 5.5 to 6.5 hours into development. Other staining is seen in the mandible and procephalic lobe [Image]. Later, BarH1 and BarH2 are coexpressed in cells of the embryonic central and peripheral nervous systems. Positive cells are found in the procephalic lobe, antenna-maxillary complex, labium, hypopharynx and clypeolabrum [Images]. Expression in the brain is apparent. In each case the Bar proteins are expressed in a subset of neurons. In external sensory organs, their expression is marked in thecogens (glial cells) and neurons late in development (Higashijima, 1992b). BarH1 and BarH2 are not only specifically coexpressed in the developing eye, but are also functionally required in R1/R6 prephotoreceptors and primary pigment cells in developing ommatidia (see The Drosophila Adult Ommatidium: Illustration and explanation with Quicktime animation). They are also essential for normal lens and pigment cell formation, and for the elimination of excess cells from mature ommatidia (Higashijima, 1992a). Transient overexpression of BarH1 or BarH2 in the morphogenetic furrow of the developing eye produces a characteristic Bar-like eye malformation. It is suggested that Bar overexpression results in suppression of the anterior progression of the morphogenetic furrow and inhibition of reinitiation of normal ommatidial differentiation (Kojima, 1993). Mutation of roughex perturbs cell fate determination. Many rux mutant clusters contain multiple boss-expressing cells. In some of these clusters, R8 cells are missing. There is also a reduction in the number of cells expressing bar and Seven-up. This may be due to errors in cell fate determination. Alternatively, the reduced number of cells expressing these markers may reflect cell death. Extensive cell death is seen in rux mutants beginning with the MF and extending to the posterior edge of the disc. In rux mutant discs, neuronal differentiation is delayed by approximately 6 hours of development (Thomas, 1994). The simplest external sensory organ (es) found in the thorax and abdomen consists of a neuron and a set of two support cells. The glial cell (or thecogen) forms a sheath around the tip of a dendrite, whereas the outer support cells, the trichogen and tormogen, secrete cuticule structures. It is the thecogen cell (a glial type) that specifically expresses BarH1. The es neurons express both BarH1 and BarH2. These cells also produce Prospero and Cut, but not under control of Bar (Higashijima, 1992b). Expression of Drosophila BarH1-H2 homeoproteins in developing dopaminergic cells and segmental nerve a (SNa) motoneurons Barh1/h2 genes encode two related homeobox transcription factors (B-H1 and B-H2) previously shown to play essential roles in the formation and specification of the distal leg segments and in retinal neurogenesis. This study describes the restricted expression pattern of the B-H1/-H2 homeoprotein within the embryonic ventral nerve cord of Drosophila. B-H1/-H2 are specifically expressed in a subset of dopaminergic neurons, namely the unpaired ventral midline dopaminergic neuron, and in a subpopulation of laterally projecting motoneurons, i.e. the five motoneurons forming the segmental nerve a (SNa) branch. Using the GAL4-UAS system it is shown that B-H1/-H2Gal4 in combination with a membrane-targeted enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter line provides a powerful genetic tool reproducibly to label SNa motoneuron projections and terminals at the periphery, and their dendritic tree in the ventral nerve cord. Thus, the highly restricted expression pattern of the B-H1/-H2 homeoproteins and notably the related Gal4 driver represent powerful genetic tools to identify and study genes that control axon guidance, synaptogenesis or dendritic arborization within a small subpopulation of motoneurons identifiable from embryogenesis to late larval stages (Garces, 2006). One line that showed highly restricted expression in subsets of cells in the VNC is an insertion in the Barh1 gene (denoted Barh1lacZ). Barh1/h2 genes encode two related homeobox transcription factors (B-H1 and B-H2) previously shown to play essential roles in the formation and specification of the distal leg segments. In the embryo, B-H1 and B-H2 co-expression was described in intersegmental, dorsal epidermal cells and in some CNS cells. In the peripheral nervous system, they are expressed in es (external sensory) neurons and a fraction of their support cells where they are required for the correct subtype specification of es organs. In the VNC, Barh1 expression is first detected during late stage 12. The position and morphology of Barh1lacZ-expressing cells suggested a neuronal identity. Using an antibody that recognizes both B-H1 and B-H2 it was found that the expression of B-H1/-H2 closely matches the Barh1lacZ reporter expression in these cells. B-H1/-H2 expression in the VNC peaks at stage 14, when it is strongly expressed in exactly eight neurons per hemisegment, including the well-characterized ventral midline unpaired dopamine neuron [tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive]. At this level in each hemisegment another TH- and Barh1- (and B-H1/-H2) positive cell was detected that lies more laterally. More dorsally, in the intermediate region of the VNC, a pair of cells expresses B-H1/-H2 within each hemisegment. Using the Barh1lacZ reporter it was noted that Barh1 expression within this pair of cells varies considerably from hemisegment to hemisegment, frequently labeling only one cell or none at all. Finally, in the dorsal part of the VNC a group of three Barh1-positive (and B-H1/-H2) cells can be detected that lie at the lateral edge of the CNS. The possibility that one of these cells could be the dorsal lateral dopamine neuron was ruled out because no overlap between TH and Barh1 could be observed. Thus, in the VNC, Barh1 is expressed in a very small subset of post-mitotic cells including a subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons (Garces, 2006). A key distinguishing trait of neurons is their axonal trajectory. To trace the trajectory of Barh1-positive neurons an available composite B-H1Gal4 driver [denoted B-H1-GAL4.B4.5 or BN-GAL4 was used to express a membrane-targeted GFP [UAS-mEGFPF]. In the VNC it was possible to detect B-H1Gal4 expression starting at stage 13. It was first confirmed that the EGFP expression faithfully recapitulates the B-H1/-H2 expression pattern with the exception that the ventral unpaired dopaminergic neuron and the two other TH-positive cells described previously express B-H1/-H2 but not B-H1Gal4. Another difference was that in some hemisegments, three cells located in the intermediate region of the VNC express B-H1Gal4 whereas only two of three are consistently B-H1/-H2-positive. Since this difference is more prominent in early stage 14 embryos and tends to disappear in late stage 16 embryos, the presence of this ectopic cell (which lies in close proximity of the two other) could be due to the persistence of transgene expression and stability of the EGFP and thus reflects a transient expression of endogenous B-H1/-H2 in a common ganglion mother cell (Garces, 2006). Using the B-H1Gal4 driver the trajectory of B-H1/-H2-positive neurons was traced in late stage 16 and it was found that five of these cells are in fact motoneurons that fasciculate together before projecting into the periphery and specifically populate a same motor axon branch. In Drosophila abdominal hemisegments A2-A7, motor axons exit the CNS and project into the periphery along six nerves: the TN, the ISN and two SN branches. The main branch of the ISN innervates the dorsal and lateral body wall musculature. Axons in two branches of the ISN, ISNb and ISNd, defasciculate from the ISN to innervate distinct groups of ventral body wall muscles. Similarly, the primary branch of the SN, SNa, innervates a lateral muscle group, and axons on its minor branch, SNc, extend along SNa until a point at which they defasciculate and innervate ventral muscles. B-H1Gal4-positive motor axons only extend in the SNa nerves and they can be visualized projecting onto muscles 21-24 (lateral transverse 1-4, LT1-4) and muscle 8 (segment border muscle, SBM ) and/or 5 (lateral oblique 1, LO1). Interestingly, no other cells in the CNS, whether glia or interneuron, express B-H1Gal4. Together these data demonstrate that B-H1Gal4-positive motor axons exclusively populate the SNa branch (Garces, 2006). B-H1Gal4 expression in the SNa nerve is maintained until the third larval stage when target muscle specificity and synaptic terminal morphology allow a precise identification of motoneurons. By comparing the GFP staining (from B-H1Gal4::UAS-CD8-GFP) with anti-HRP immunofluorescence it was possible to visualize B-H1Gal4-positive motor-axon projections on the field of muscles 21-24 but not toward muscles 5 and 8. Further comparison of the GFP and DLG [the predominantly post-synaptic structural protein mainly found in type Ib boutons] staining reveals that type Ib boutons are seen on each individual muscle 21-24 and were B-H1Gal4-positive. HRP staining revealed that type II motoneuron extensions were not B-H1Gal4-positive. In summary, these observations underline that the B-H1Gal4 expression in late larval stages allows the visualization of a subset of SNa motoneurons supplying type Ib innervation to the 21-24 muscle field (Garces, 2006). The SN has previously been defined as a nerve consisting exclusively of axons from motoneurons located in the same segment as the muscles they innervate. The precise mapping of motoneurons has shown, however, that only SNa and SNc are truly segmental nerves in that only these branches exclusively contain the axons of motoneurons from the same segment. It is these axons that exit the CNS through the segmental nerve root. Experiments combining the retrograde labeling of motoneurons with the analysis of clones generated by individual neuroblasts have provided solid evidence for grouping of motoneuron cell bodies in the CNS, often consisting of neurons that innervate operationally related muscles. It has been suggested that morphologically similar motoneurons arise from a common neuroblast, but that a single neuroblast may give rise to more than one morphological type. For example NB 2-2 produces two similar motoneurons. The cell bodies of these motoneurons lie in close vicinity in the VNC and their axons project to related muscles target, in this case muscles LT1-2. By contrast, NB 3-2 gives rise to two morphologically different sets of motoneurons. The first set of 3-4 motoneurons innervates the dorsal muscles DO3-4, DT1 and probably also muscle DO5. The second set of two motoneurons derived from NB 3-2 innervates muscle LT3 and probably also muscle. The detailed analysis of motoneurons expressing B-H1Gal4 in combination with an anti B-H1/-H2 antibody has allowed identification of a group of three dorsal motoneurons located at the lateral edge of the VNC and a group of two motoneurons located more ventrally and medially. According to the previous tracing and mapping of motoneurons it can be hypothesized that (1) within the dorso-lateral group of SNa motoneurons two are in fact the motoneurons derived from NB 3-2 plus the motoneuron innervating SBM and/or LO1 (of unknown origin), and that (2) the two ventro-median SNa motoneurons are derived from NB 2-2. These observations underline that both subgroups of SNa motoneurons derived from two different neuroblasts specifically express B-H1Gal4 and are B-H1/-H2 positive. As noted above, the lack of B-H1Gal4 expression within the dopaminergic cells proved advantagous because only motoneurons projections can be unambiguously followed (Garces, 2006). Motoneurons that innervate neighboring muscles have overlapping dendritic trees and this is even true for related motoneurons that are derived from different neuroblasts. Using the B-H1Gal4 driver to express a membrane-targeted EGFP, it was observed that SNa motoneurons elaborate their dendrites in a specific region of the dorsal neuropile which lies lateral to the anterior commissure, as previously described by others using retrograde labeling of motoneurons. Because no other cells in the VNC - either interneurons or glia - express B-H1Gal4, this Gal4 driver in combination with the membrane-targeted EGFP reporter line used [UAS-mEGFPF] provides a powerful genetic tool to label SNa motoneurons reproducibly and to visualize their morphology. To illustrate that this Gal4 can be used for experiments aiming to manipulate SNa motoneurons genetically, a constitutively active form of the small GTPase RhoA [RhoA(V14)] was misexpressed in SNa motoneurons. Misexpression of RhoA(V14) using the UAS/Gal4 system in mushroom body neurons results in a reduction of the Calyx volume and dendritic complexity of these neurons. When UASRhoA(V14) is misexpressed (together with UAS-EGFPF) using the B-H1Gal4 as a driver, SNa motoneurons display a less elaborate dendritic arborization compared with controls. Furthermore, the position of SNa motoneuron cell bodies within the VNC is reproducibly affected (48 hemisegments analysed), as they appear as a single medial cluster in close apposition to the most lateral longitudinal interneuronal fascicule. This result shows that the B-H1Gal4 line represents an efficient tool to functionally manipulate the SNa motononeuron population (Garces, 2006). Moreover, as no other transcription factor or molecular marker has been previously reported to be specifically expressed within the SNa motoneuron subpopulation, the Bar-H1/-H2 genes will be very useful markers for further characterization of these neurons. Furthermore, the restricted expression pattern of both genes allows distinguishing molecularly between SNa and SNc motoneurons, which represent two related subpopulations of segmental motoneurons that innervate, respectively, a set of lateral and ventral somatic muscles. The Barh1lacZ and notably the composite B-H1Gal4 driver are thus powerful genetic tools in studies aiming to identify and investigate genes that control axon guidance, synaptogenesis and dendritic arborization within a very small subpopulation of motoneurons. As a standardized system for mapping neurons and their related neurites in the Drosophila embryonic VNC is emerging, the present work complements understanding of the partitioning of the neuropile and extends previous work which aims to investigate circuit formation in the CNS of Drosophila embryos and larvae (Garces, 2006). Effects of Mutation or Deletion Simultaneous deletion of Bar genes leads to irregularly fused, bulging ommatidia, greatly differing in the number of rhabdomeres. Thus Bar genes are required for proper eye morphogenesis (Higashijima, 1992a and Kojima, 1993). A new segment polarity gene of Drosophila melanogaster, oroshigane (oro) was identified as a dominant enhancer of Bar (B). The B1 allele of the Bar locus is associated with a tandem duplication of the division 16A of the X chromosome and causes the overexpression of the Bar (B) gene. decapentaplegic expression in the morphogenetic furrow is abolished in the B background, and therefore morphogenetic furrow progression prematurely ceases resulting in the characteristic bar-shapped compound eye. hedgehog expression also fades 8 hours after heat induction of the Bar protein, indicating that hh is another target for inhibition by B. Since the Bar protein is required for R1, R6 and primary pigment cell differentiion behind the furrow, the overexpressed B protein apparently interferes with furrow progression by inhibiting dpp expression in the furrow and hedgehog expression just behind the furrow. Overexpression of the Bar protein has little deleterious effect on differentiation of photoreceptor clusters that have already started to develop behind the morphogenetic furrow. Failure of morphogenetic furrow progression likely triggers programmed cell death in the undifferentiated cells ahead of the morphogenetic furrow (Epps, 1997). oro is a recessive embryonic lethal, and homozygous oro embryos show variable substitution of denticles for naked cuticle. These patterns are distinctly similar to those of hedgehog and wingless mutant embryos, which indicates that oro functions in determining embryonic segment polarity. oro works downstream of hedgehog but upstream of dpp to enhance the Bar phenotypes. Although dpp expression is reduced in oro heterozygotes, hh expression remains the same as that found in wild-type discs. Evidence that oro function is involved in Hh signal transduction during embryogenesis is provided by its genetic interactions with the segment polarity genes patched and fused. ptcIN is a dominant suppressor of the oro embryonic lethal phenotype, suggesting a close and dose-dependent relationship between oro and ptc in Hh signal transduction. oro function is also required in imaginal development. The oro1 allele significantly reduces decapentaplegic (but not hh) expression in the eye imaginal disc. oro enhances the fused1 wing phenotype in a dominant manner. Based upon the interactions of oro with hh, ptc, and fu, it is proposed that the oro gene plays important roles in Hh signal transduction (Epps, 1997). In the developing Drosophila eye, BarH1 and BarH2, paired homeobox genes expressed in R1/R6 outer photoreceptors and primary pigment cells, are essential for normal eye morphogenesis. BarH1 was ectopically expressed under the control of the sevenless enhancer (sev-BarH1). The sev enhancer drives gene expression strongly, not only in R7 precursors but also in R3/R5 and cone cell precursors. Evidence is presented that sev-BarH1 causes two types of cone cell transformation: transformation of anterior/posterior cone cells into outer photoreceptors and transformation of equatorial/polar cone cells into primary pigment cells. The ectopic primary pigment cells are partially similar in morphology to cone cells. sev-BarH1 represses the endogenous expression of the rough homeobox gene in R3/R4 photoreceptors, while the BarH2 homeobox gene is activated by sev-BarH1 in an appreciable fraction of extra outer photoreceptors. In primary pigment cells generated by cone cell transformation, the expression of cut, a homeobox gene specific to cone cells, is completely replaced with that of Bar homeobox genes. Extra outer photoreceptor formation is either suppressed or enhanced, respectively, by reducing the activity of Ras/MAPK signaling or by dosage reduction of yan, a negative regulator of the pathway, suggesting interactions between Bar homeobox genes (cell fate determinants) and Ras/MAPK signaling in eye development. It is concluded that cone cell precursors may adopt four different cell fates: an outer photoreceptor fate, a primary pigment cell fate, a cone cell fate, or the fate of disappearance f from ommatidia (X-cell fate). Cone cell precursors appear to be divided into two subgroups with respect to sensitivity to sev-BarH1: either anterior/posterior or equatorial/polar cone cell precursors. sev-BarH1 causes transformation of a fraction of anterior/posterior cone cells into outer photoreceptors partially expressing R1/R6-specific genes and also causes the transformation of a fraction of equatorial/polar cone cells into primary pigment cells; this suggests that BarH1 serves as a determinant of R1/R6 and primary pigment cell fates in normal eye development (Hayashi, 1998). The progression of the morphogenetic furrow in the developing Drosophila eye is an early metamorphic, ecdysteroid-dependent event. Although Ecdysone receptor-encoded nuclear receptor isoforms are the only known ecdysteroid receptors, it has been shown that the Ecdysone receptor gene is not required for furrow function. DHR78, which encodes another candidate ecdysteroid receptor, is also not required. In contrast, zinc finger-containing isoforms encoded by the early ecdysone response gene Broad-complex regulate furrow progression and photoreceptor specification. br-encoded Broad-complex subfunctions are required for furrow progression and proper R8 specification, and are antagonized by other subfunctions of Broad-complex. There is a switch from Broad complex Z2 to Z1 zinc-finger isoform expression at the furrow that requires Z2 expression and responds to Hedgehog signals. These results suggest that a novel hormone transduction hierarchy involving an uncharacterized receptor operates in the eye disc (Brennan, 2001). Bar is a dominant mutation causing premature arrest of the furrow, which results in the deep anterior nick in the adult eye. Since Bar has the dominant effect of stopping the furrow early, one might expect loss-of-function mutations at other loci that normally act to promote furrow progression to be genetic enhancers of Bar and loss-of-function mutations in genes that normally antagonize the furrow to act as genetic suppressors of Bar. Thus, genetic interactions between BR-C sub loci and Bar were examined. Mutants defective for different BR-C subfunctions display unexpected heterogeneity in their genetic interactions with Bar, suggesting that the role of the BR-C in the regulation of furrow function might be complex. BR-C has several recessive lethal complementation groups that correspond to mutations that remove the function of all or individual zinc finger-containing isoforms subgroups. npr1 mutations lack all function, whereas rbp, br and 2Bc mutant groups correspond to the loss of Z1-, Z2-, and Z3-containing isoforms, respectively. Both npr1/Bar and br/Bar eyes are significantly smaller than +/Bar, indicating a dominant enhancement of the Bar furrow-stop phenotype, consistent with the earlier reports that the BR-C is required for furrow progression. However, br/Bar eyes are smaller than npr1/Bar, suggesting that the BR-C might encode isoforms that act antagonistically during furrow progression, so that the effect of losing isoforms that positively regulate furrow progression is more severe than losing all isoforms. This idea is supported by the observation that rbp/Bar and 2Bc/Bar eyes are larger than +/Bar, suppressing the phenotype, and possibly representing furrow-antagonistic functions of rbp- or br-encoded BR-C isoforms (Brennan, 2001). Hemizygous males of all BR-C mutant groups survived through the third instar: the eye discs of these males displayed defects consistent with the genetic interactions with Bar. npr1/Y discs show ommatidial disorganization, and signs of furrow failure, including mature ommatidial clusters at the furrow. br/Y discs show a much more dramatic failure of furrow progression, as well as ommatidial disorganization. rbp/Y and 2Bc/Y discs do not show any defects. While rbp does interact strongly with Bar it shows no eye disc defect alone -- it may be that rbp is a redundant function (Brennan, 2001). Brennan, C. A., et al. (2001). Broad-complex, but not Ecdysone receptor, is required for progression of the morphogenetic furrow in the Drosophila eye. Development 128: 1-11. PubMed ID: 11092806 Bulfone, A., Menguzzato, E., Broccoli, V., Marchitiello, A., Gattuso, C., Mariani, M., Consalez, G. G. Martinez, S., Ballabio, A. and Banfi, S. (2000). Barhl1, a gene belonging to a new subfamily of mammalian homeobox genes, is expressed in migrating neurons of the CNS. Hum. Mol. Genet. 9: 1443-1452. PubMed ID: 10814725 Campbell, G. (2002). Distalization of the Drosophila leg by graded EGF-receptor activity. Nature 418: 781-785. PubMed ID: 12181568 Campbell, G. (2005). Regulation of gene expression in the distal region of the Drosophila leg by the Hox11 homolog, C15. Dev. Biol. 278(2): 607-18. PubMed ID: 15680373 Crew, J. R., Batterham, P. and Pollock, J. A. (1997). Developing compound eye in lozenge mutants of Drosophila: lozenge expression in the R7 equivalence group. Dev. Genes and Evol. 206(8): 481-493 Daga, A., et al. (1996). Patterning of cells in the Drosophila eye by Lozenge, which shares homologous domains with AML1. Genes Dev 10: 1194-1205. PubMed ID: 8675007 Del Signore, S. J., Hayashi, T. and Hatini, V. (2012). odd-skipped genes and lines organize the notum anterior-posterior axis using autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms. Mech Dev 129: 147-161. PubMed ID: 22613630 Edelman, D. B., Meech, R. and Jones, F. S. (2000). The homeodomain protein Barx2 contains activator and repressor domains and interacts with members of the CREB family. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 21737-21745. PubMed ID: 10781615 Epps, J. L., Jones, J. B. and Tanda, S. (1997). oroshigane, a new segment polarity gene of Drosophila melanogaster, functions in Hedgehog signal transduction. Genetics 145 (4): 1041-1052. PubMed ID: 9093856 Fu, W. and Noll, M. (1997). The Pax2 homolog sparkling is required for development of cone and pigment cells in the Drosophila eye. Genes Dev. 11(16): 2066-2078. PubMed ID: 9284046 Garces, A., Bogdanik, L., Thor, S. and Carroll, P. (2006). Expression of Drosophila BarH1-H2 homeoproteins in developing dopaminergic cells and segmental nerve a (SNa) motoneurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 24(1): 37-44. PubMed ID: 16882006 Gauchat, D., et al. (2000). Evolution of Antp-class genes and differential expression of Hydra Hox/paraHox genes in anterior patterning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97: 4493-4498. PubMed ID: 10781050 Goldstein, R. E., et al. (2005). An eh1-like motif in Odd-skipped mediates recruitment of Groucho and repression in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25(24): 10711-20. PubMed ID: 16314497 Hayashi, T., Kojima, T. and Saigo, K. (1998). Specification of primary pigment cell and outer photoreceptor fates by BarH1 homeobox gene in the developing Drosophila eye. Dev. Biol. 200(2): 131-145. PubMed ID: 9705222 Higashijima, S., Kojima, T., Michiue, T., Ishimaru, S., Emori, Y. and Saigo, K. (1992a). Dual Bar homeo box genes of Drosophila required in two photoreceptor cells, R1 and R6, and primary pigment cells for normal eye development. Genes & Dev. 6(1): 50-60. PubMed ID: 1346120 Higashijima, S., Michiue, T., Emori, Y. and Saigo, K. (1992b). Subtype determination of Drosophila embryonic external sensory organs by redundant homeo box genes BarH1 and BarH2. Genes and Development 6(6): 1005-18 . PubMed ID: 1350558 Hjalt, T. A. and Murray, J. C. (1999). The human BARX2 gene: genomic structure, chromosomal localization, and single nucleotide polymorphisms. Genomics 62: 456-459. PubMed ID: 10644443 Jones, F. S., et al (1997). Barx2, a new homeobox gene of the Bar class, is expressed in neural and craniofacial structures during development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94 (6): 2632-2637. PubMed ID: 9122247 Kim, B. M., Buchner, G., Miletich, I., Sharpe, P. T., Shivdasani, R. A. (2005). The stomach mesenchymal transcription factor Barx1 specifies gastric epithelial identity through inhibition of transient Wnt signaling. Dev. Cell 8(4): 611-22. PubMed ID: 15809042 Kojima, T., Ishimaru, S., Higashijima, S., Takayama, E., Akimaru, H., Sone, M., Emori, Y. and Saigo, K. (1991). Identification of a different-type homeobox gene, BarH1, possible causing Bar (B) and Om(1D) mutations in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88(10): 4343-7. PubMed ID: 1674606 Kojima, T., Sone, M., Michiue, T and Saigo, K. (1993). Mechanism of induction of Bar-like eye malformation by transient overexpression of Bar homeobox genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 88: 85-91. PubMed ID: 7901124 Kojima, T., Sato, M. and Saigo, K. (2000). Formation and specification of distal leg segments in Drosophila by dual Bar homeobox genes, BarH1 and BarH2. Development 127: 769-778. PubMed ID: 10648235 Kojima, T., Tsuji, T. and Saigo, K. (2005). A concerted action of a paired-type homeobox gene, aristaless, and a homolog of Hox11/tlx homeobox gene, clawless, is essential for the distal tip development of the Drosophila leg. Dev. Biol. 279(2): 434-45. PubMed ID: 15733670 Li, S., et al. (2002). Hearing loss caused by progressive degeneration of cochlear hair cells in mice deficient for the Barhl1 homeobox gene. Development 129: 3523-3532. PubMed ID: 12091321 Lim, J. and Choi, K. W., et al. (2003). Bar homeodomain proteins are anti-proneural in the Drosophila eye: transcriptional repression of atonal by Bar prevents ectopic retinal neurogenesis. Development 130: 5965-5974. PubMed ID: 14573515 Lim, J. and Choi, K.-W. (2004). Induction and autoregulation of the anti-proneural gene Bar during retinal neurogenesis in Drosophila. Development 131: 5573-5580. PubMed ID: 15496446 Lopes, C., et al. (2006). BARHL1 homeogene, the human ortholog of the mouse Barhl1 involved in cerebellum development, shows regional and cellular specificities in restricted domains of developing human central nervous system Biochem. Biophy. Res. Comm. 339: 296-304. PubMed ID: 16307728 Meech, R., et al. (2005). The homeobox transcription factor Barx2 regulates chondrogenesis during limb development. Development 132: 2135-2146. PubMed ID: 1580000 Meech, R., Edelman, D. B., Jones, F. S. Makarenkova, H. P. (2005). The homeobox transcription factor Barx2 regulates chondrogenesis during limb development. Development 132(9): 2135-46. PubMed ID: 15800003 Mo, A., Li, S., Yang, X. and Xiang, M. (2004). Role of the Barhl2 homeobox gene in the specification of glycinergic amacrine cells. Development 131: 1607-1618. PubMed ID: 14998930 Nusinow, D., Greenberg, L. and Hatini, V. (2008). Reciprocal roles for bowl and lines in specifying the peripodial epithelium and the disc proper of the Drosophila wing primordium. Development 135: 3031-3041. PubMed ID: 18701548 Offner, N., et al. (2005). The pro-apoptotic activity of a vertebrate Bar-like homeobox gene plays a key role in patterning the Xenopus neural plate by limiting the number of chordin- and shh-expressing cells. Development 132: 1807-1818. PubMed ID: 15772136 Patterson, K. D., et al. (2000). Distinct expression patterns for two Xenopus Bar homeobox genes. Dev. Genes Evol. 210: 140-144. PubMed ID: 11180814 Peden, E., et al. (2007). Control of sex-specific apoptosis in C. elegans by the BarH homeodomain protein CEH-30 and the transcriptional repressor UNC-37/Groucho. Genes Dev 21: 3195-3207. PubMed ID: 18056429 Poggi, L., et al. (2004). The homeobox gene Xbh1 cooperates with proneural genes to specify ganglion cell fate within the Xenopus neural retina. Development 131: 2305-2315. PubMed ID: 15102701 Pueyo, J. I., et al. (2000). Proximal-distal leg development in Drosophila requires the apterous gene and the Lim1 homologue dlim1 Development 127: 5391-5402. PubMed ID: 11076760 Pueyo, J. I. and Couso, J. P. (2004). Chip-mediated partnerships of the homeodomain proteins Bar and Aristaless with the LIM-HOM proteins Apterous and Lim1 regulate distal leg development. Development 131: 3107-3120. PubMed ID: 15175252 Saba, R., Johnson, J. E. and Saito, T. (2005). Commissural neuron identity is specified by a homeodomain protein, Mbh1, that is directly downstream of Math1. Development 132: 2147-2155. PubMed ID: 15788459 Saito, T., Sawamoto, K., Okano, H., Anderson, D. J. and Mikoshiba, K. (1998). Mammalian BarH homologue is potential regulator of neural bHLH genes. Dev. Biol. 199: 216-225. PubMed ID: 9698441 Sato, A., et al. (1999). Dfrizzled-3, a new Drosophila Wnt receptor, acting as an attenuator of Wingless signaling in wingless hypomorphic mutants. Development 126: 4421-4430. PubMed ID: 10498678 Sato, M, et al. (1999). Bar homeobox genes are latitudinal prepattern genes in the developing Drosophila notum whose expression is regulated by the concerted functions of decapentaplegic and wingless. Development 126: 1457-1466. PubMed ID: 10068639 Stevens, T. A., Iacovoni, J. S., Edelman, D. B. and Meech, R. (2004). Identification of novel binding elements and gene targets for the homeodomain protein BARX2. J. Biol. Chem. 279(15): 14520-30. PubMed ID: 14744868 Thomas, B. J., et al. (1994). Cell cycle progression in the developing Drosophila eye: roughex encodes a novel protein required for the establishment of G1. Cell 77: 1003-1014. PubMed ID: 8020091 Tissier-Seta, J.-P., et al. (1995). Barx1, a new mouse homeodomain transcription factor expressed in cranio-facial ectomesenchyme and the stomach. Mech. Dev. 51: 3-15. PubMed ID: 7669690 Tsuji, T., et al. (2000). Requirements of Lim1, a Drosophila LIM-homeobox gene, for normal leg and antennal development. Development 127: 4315-4323. PubMed ID: 11003832 Tucker, A. S, Matthews, K.L. and Sharpe, P. T. (1998). Transformation of tooth type induced by inhibition of BMP signaling. Science 282(5391): 1136-8. PubMed ID: 9804553 BarH1 and BarH2 : Biological Overview \| Evolutionary Homologs \| Regulation \| Developmental Biology \| Effects of Mutation date revised: 30 May 2008 The Interactive Fly resides on the Society for Developmental Biology's Web server.
Home Energy Nuclear Electricity Climate Change Lighting Control Contacts Links By Charles Rhodes, P.Eng., Ph.D. Electricity is electromagnetic field energy that flows in close proximity to guiding conductors. The energy propagation velocity is a large fraction of the speed of light. Due to climate change constraints on use of fossil fuels electricity should be used for long distance transmission of energy. This website section examines practical aspects of the Ontario electricity system including: generation, energy storage, transmission, distribution, measurement, control, reliability and rates. This website section includes synthetic hydrocarbon synthesis for energy storage and hydrocarbon fuel transport via pipe lines. In order for non-fossil electricity to economically displace fossil fuels there must be a retail electricity rate that will enable increasing the average power delivered to electricity customers via the existing transmission-distribution system and the cost of marginal electrical energy outside of grid peak load periods must be sufficiently low to enable energy storage and fossil fuel displacement. The retail electricity rate and metering must allow both "uninterruptible" and "interruptible" electricity usage by each electricity customer. "Uninterruptible" electricity is highly reliable electricity that is instantly available at any time on user demand. "Uninterruptible" electricity is intended for applications where continuous electricity availability and reliability are more important than the electricity cost. In Ontario most consumers are supplied "uninterruptible" electricity. "Discount" electricity is lower cost electricity that is reliably available except on a few days per year of extreme weather when the customer contracts to reduce its demand in exchange for a discounted electricity rate for the balance of the year. In Ontario "discount" electricity is currently supplied via demand response programs. "Interruptible" electricity is low cost but unreliable non-fossil electrical energy that is surplus to the immediate "uninterruptible" and "discount" electricity supply requirements. "Interruptible" electricity is primarily intended for displacement of fossil fuels in hydrogen generation and in hybrid heating systems. In Ontario there is usually "interruptible" electricity available at night when fossil fueled electricity generation is shut down. At times of non-fossil electricity surplus the Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) can broadcast signals to disable selected smart meter peak demand calculations and to enable corresponding "interruptible" electricity loads. At times of non-fossil electricity deficiency the IESO can broadcast signals to re-enable peak demand calculations and to disable "interruptible" electricity loads. Thus in terms of power system reliability "interruptible" loads can replace reserve generation. To meet electricity system total revenue requirements the blended price of "uninterruptible" electricity must be much higher than the price of "interruptible" electricity. To prevent gaming of the electricity system the cost / kWh must be the same for both "uninterruptible" and "interruptible" electricity. Hence practical implementation of the contemplated new retail electricity rate involves use of the smart meters to levy a charge per measured monthly peak kW or peak kVA as well as a charge per kWh. The price per marginal kWh must be sufficiently low (~ $0.02 / kWh) to financially enable use of available off-peak non-fossil electricity for economic displacement of fossil fuels. The price per measured monthly peak kW or peak kVA must be set sufficiently high ($30.00 / kW to $70.00 / kW depending on demand diversity) to meet the electricity system gross revenue requirement including the Global Adjustment. The price per monthly peak kW should be initially chosen so that the uninterruptible electricity cost of an average consumer is unaffected by the rate structure change. The 90% step response time of the kW or kVA metering should be chosen as 4.2 hours to enable easy metering and to reasonably reflect demand diversity and hence the actual cost of meeting the provincial peak load with peaking generation. Implementation of this new electricity rate structure will eventually lead to installation of energy storage (eg an electric DHW storage tank, electric vehicle, hybrid heating) and load control in almost every building in Ontario. However, after spending over $2 billion on smart electricity meters the Ontario government has failed to offer an "interruptible" electricity rate to encourage use of low cost renewable energy when it is available. That failure is presently costing the Ontario electricity rate payers over one billion dollars per year in combined lost electricity revenue and excess fossil fuel costs and is causing major unnecessary emission of fossil CO2. To implement the contemplated new electricity rate there must be an Ontario legislative change that allows Global Adjustment recovery via a charge per measured monthly peak kW or peak kVA instead of via a charge per measured kWh consumed. This rate concept is not new. During the early 1990s similar electricity rates were provided by Toronto Hydro and Scarborough Hydro to owners of major buildings. During the late 1990s these rates were terminated by politicians who thought that they were smarter than power system engineers. As a result today Ontario wastes large amounts of non-fossil generation capacity and has one of the highest retail electricity rates in continental North America. In recent years multiple tens of billions of dollars of Ontario ratepayers money have been squandered on wind and solar electricity generation which, absent sufficient energy storage, are incapable of reliably meeting the non-fossil power needs of Ontario. More billions of dollars are currently being squandered by both federal and provincial governments through failure to authorize construction of additional nuclear reactor capacity for displacement of fossil fuels in the transportation and heating sectors and through failure to adopt a much more efficient and much less polluting nuclear fuel cycle. A related issue is that efficient use of surplus non-fossil electricity to displace natural gas causes the blended price of natural gas to increase because the fixed costs of natural gas pipeline network depreciation and maintenance must be borne by decreasing amounts of natural gas consumed. In an attempt to retain market share the fossil fuel industry has lobbied governments to prevent adoption of electricity rate structures that enable efficient use of surplus non-fossil electricity for displacement of fossil fuels. In this author's view it is essential for governments to prevent further expanison of the natural gas distribution network except as a means for distributing electrolytic hydrogen. All new buildings, new vehicles and major energy retrofits must function without use of fossil fuels. Even so it will take many years to fully amortize the existing dedicated fossil fuel infrastructure. The fossil fuel industry rightly regards nuclear energy production as an existential threat and, in spite of the CO2 emission consequences, has conducted a misinformation campaign to prevent widespread adoption of nuclear power. There are many web pages, so please scroll down. 1. Electricity Introduction 2. Ontario Electricity System 3. Electricity System Expansion 4. Displacement of Fossil Fuels 5. Electricity Regulatory Bodies 1. Electricity Generation 2. Electricity Generation Constraints 3. Environmental Considerations 4. Distributed Electricity Generation 5. Wind Energy 6. Equipment Financing 7. OPA Feed-in Tariff 8. Generation Valuation, Grid Stability and Black Start 1. Energy Storage 2. Seasonal Hydraulic Energy Storage 3. Na-S-NiCl2 Energy Storage 4. Electrolytic Hydrogen 5. Synthetic Liquid Fuel 6. Nitrogen Fertilizers 1. Electricity Transmission 2. Energy Transmission Planning 3. Distribution and Distributed Generation 4. Pipeline Basics 5. Pipeline Corrosion 6. Letter To Premier Wynne 7. Electrically Accelerated Pipeline Corrosion 8. Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Setback 1. Electricity Services 2. Electricity Rate Issues 3. Historical Electricity Rates and Introduction of Smart Meters 4. Existing Electricity Rate Problems 5. Interruptible Electricity Service (IES) Implementation 6. Variable Electricity Rate 7. Transmission/Distribution Cost Apportioning 8. Capacity Factor 9. Electricity Regulatory Hurdles 10. Electricity Market Problems 11. Electricity Rate Mitigation Letter 12. Interruptible Electricity Ripoff 13. InterruptibleElectricity.com 1. Electricity Metering 2. Electricity Power Transducer 3. Electricity-Three Phase Metering 4. Electricity Meter Program 1. Smart Grid 2. OPA Integrated Power System Plan (IPSP) 3. Energy Vision 4. Letter to Ontario Minister of Environment and Climate Change 5. Letter to Mininster of Environment and Climate Change, Canada 6. U of T 17-02-09 Slide Presentation 7. U of T Presentation 8. Energy Policy This web page last updated August 10, 2018. Home Energy Nuclear Electricity Climate Change Lighting Control Contacts Links
This video demonstrating the power of superconductivity has been making the rounds this week and is an example of how video is really the best way to capture and share with thousands of viewers the amazing power of science! You will notice that the video is a demonstration without the science explained live. It was a missed opportunity in my opinion. Thankfully, Tel-Aviv University, who is responsible for the demonstration, has posted an explanation of the Meissner Effect as demonstrated by a liquid nitrogen cooled disc composed of a sapphire wafer coated thinly with yttrium barium copper oxide. Supercondutivity and magnetism are usually in opposition to each other. In this case, where the disc is extremely thin, it's possible for the magnetic field to penetrate the disc via tiny flux tubes which somehow (biologist hand-waving here) are what's responsible for the levitation we see over the track. Jump below the video to read their explanation and catch a Quicktime video of the physics. The video is courtesy of the Association of Science-Technology Centers (ASTC), representing the science center and museum field worldwide. You can follow them on Twitter at @ScienceCenters. The explanation from Tel -Aviv University's website: "Superconductivity and magnetic field do not like each other. When possible, the superconductor will expel all the magnetic field from inside. This is the Meissner effect. In our case, since the superconductor is extremely thin, the magnetic field DOES penetrates. However, it does that in discrete quantities (this is quantum physics after all! ) called flux tubes. View the Quicktime link to what is happening: Magnetic field expulsion Inside each magnetic flux tube superconductivity is locally destroyed. The superconductor will try to keep the magnetic tubes pinned in weak areas (e.g. grain boundaries). Any spatial movement of the superconductor will cause the flux tubes to move. In order to prevent that the superconductor remains “trapped” in midair." Even if the explanation opportunity was missed in the video, the awe inducing wonder of the demonstration will hopefully capture the attention of non-scientific viewers and intrigue them enough to explore further! Levitation and Field Lines Image is courtesy of Tel-Aviv Univeristy
Food plating preferences of children: the importance of presentation on desire for diversity loading Checking for direct PDF access through Ovid Given the importance of food presentation and childhood nutrition, we aimed to test the degree to which adults and children might demonstrate different preferences for various ways in which food can be presented on plates. Twenty-three pre-teen children and 46 adults were individually presented full-size photos of 48 different combinations of food on plates. The photos varied according to seven dimensions (e.g. number of items, placement of entrée and organization of the food). Contrary to the default assumption that parents and children share preferences for the ways in which food is presented on plates, we find that children have notably different preferences than adults. Most remarkably, we show that children tended to prefer seven different items and six different colours on their ideal plates, while adults tended to prefer three different colours and three different items. The assumption that children prefer food presentations that match adult preferences appears to be unjustified. Future research and interventions that are designed to improve childhood nutrition should test for the impact of diverse presentations on actual food consumption among a variety of populations across institutional settings. Related Topics loading Loading Related Articles
Emerging countries frequently afflicted by waterborne diseases require safe and cost-efficient production of drinking water, a task that is becoming more challenging as many rivers carry a high degree of pollution. A study was conducted on the banks of the Yamuna River, Delhi, India, to ascertain if riverbank filtration (RBF) can significantly improve the quality of the highly polluted surface water in terms of virus removal (coliphages, enteric viruses). Human adenoviruses and noroviruses, both present in the Yamuna River in the range of 105 genomes/100 mL, were undetectable after 50 m infiltration and approximately 119 days of underground passage. Indigenous somatic coliphages, used as surrogates of human pathogenic viruses, underwent approximately 5 log10 removal after only 3.8 m of RBF. The initial removal after 1 m was 3.3 log10, and the removal between 1 and 2.4 m and between 2.4 and 3.8 m was 0.7 log10 each. RBF is therefore an excellent candidate to improve the water situation in emerging countries with respect to virus removal.
I wanna make a DICE ROLL!! • How do i do a dice roll?? For example: i wanna dice to roll from 1-110 if it rolls 1-49 -Action 1 happens If it rolls 50-99 -Action 2 happens and if it rolls 100-110 -Action 3 happens! • When you say "dice roll," I am guessing you mean you want the computer to choose a random value. Take a look in the manual at the random() system expression: Since random returns a float (or floating point number), the return will be a decimal. You will want to get the integer value from it. Something like this would get what you want: *note: random returns the a number below the high value so to get 110, the high needs to be 111. • Try Construct 3 Try Now Construct 3 users don't see these ads • To add to above. To get actions to happen when you do your dice role you will want to make a function. When action calls for the dice to be thrown do function "dice roll" Then in another event you will have On function "roll dice" set a var to int(random(1-111) then in sub events you will want the use the compare value event. in the first one you will want to compare var dice roll = range(1-49) then do action 1. the same for the other sub events but make sure they are on the same level as the first one • That helped a lot. Thank you ! • I'm a noob and I dont understand how do make a random dice roll still....Any more help would be appreciated • If you could first explain what you expect with a dice roll, it might be easier to tell you how to do it.. The above comments explain how to get a random number. Once you get the random number you can compare it and attach the actions you'd like to set. What part are you having trouble with or was your initial question misunderstood? • My question was understood perfectly, but I have trouble executing it in construct. I want every random 1-3 seconds that program throws a dice and a random number between 1-110. and for numbers between : 1-49 executes animation 1 50-99 executes animation 2 100-110 animation 3 Step by step instructions would be great • Should be something like this: Create a global variable DiceRoll Add the function object to your game triggered event (on sprite clicked?) • system set variable DiceRoll = int(random(1,111)) • Function call "DiceAction" with parameter0 DiceRoll on function "DiceAction" • Function if parameter0 is < 50 > (add the action you'd like) • Function if parameter0 > 49 • Function if parameter0 < 100 > (add the action you'd like) • Function if parameter0 > 100 > (add the action you'd like) Jump to: Active Users
Posted on Russian Nesting Dolls Nesting DollsRussian nesting dolls, also called matryoshka, are a collectible art form dating back more than 100 years. The first Russian nesting dolls were carved in 1890 by Vasily Zvyozdochkin and contained 8 pieces. Nesting dolls are made from a single block of wood, leaving very little waste. The dolls are then hand pointed and nested inside one another. The figures separate in half to reveal smaller and smaller dolls inside. Nesting DollsIn a traditional set of nesting dolls, each doll looks almost identical, but modern versions tend to have more of a unifying theme (such as animals) with each doll a different component to that theme. Matryoshka have become one of the most enduring symbols of Russian culture.
Catalonia’s Political Problems Dvdgmz / Wikimedia Commons Recent years have seen a political fracture across the West. With the independence referendum in Scotland, the Brexit vote, the rise of Trump in America and the growing momentum of right wing reactionary groups across Europe, it appears that countries are moving inward rather than creating working coalitions. Spain is no different. The residue of the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939, the following dictatorship and then eventual reform left Spain, like many of its European counterparts, a part of a union that aimed to keep peace, freedom of movement and trade. Recently, the turbulent and self-indulgent politics of the U.K. have distracted us from Spain’s underlying issues, for Spain is a country that perhaps has never fully recovered from the violence of the previous century. Catalonia was famously Republican during the Civil War. The spirit and ardent support of the Catalans was immortalised by George Orwell’s Homage to Catalonia. The victory of Franco’s Nationalists, the decimation of socialism and the Pact of Forgetfulness explain the alienation felt in Catalonia, but Catalonia’s bid for independence existed for centuries before the Civil War. The question is how has this come to fruition in 2017? Economic disparity is clearly an issue. Catalonia is quoted by the BBC as one of the richest regions of Spain, “Proud of its own identity and language, Catalonia is one of Spain’s richest and most highly industrialised regions, and also one of the most independent-minded”. With only 16% of Spain’s 46.5 million population, Catalonia contributes 19% of Spain’s GDP and a further 25% of its foreign exports. Tourism is also a key source of income for Spain and Barcelona is one of the most sought after destinations in Europe. Catalonia, therefore, is integral to the Spanish economy. However, other Spanish regions receive more government spending whilst Catalans pay more taxes. Again, according to the BBC, the Catalans paid £8.9 billion more in taxes than the central government’s public spending in the area. Nonetheless, Catalonia is still in debt to the Spanish government. Money has tied them to Madrid and the Catalans want their own economic determination. Furthermore, Catalonia is culturally separate from Spain. Language has always been an essentially important means of unifying a country under one national banner. In Spain, the Catalan language remains. This barrier in language separates the Catalonian region from the rest. Its culture has seen the rise of artists such as Salvador Dali and Antoni Gaudi whose architecture has irreplaceably moulded the world’s view of the city of Barcelona. Following the Civil War, Franco’s fascist government suppressed culture, language and even Catalan names. However, Catalonia’s own identity, constitution and government have endured. Participation is key to legitimacy. This harks true of Brexit also. Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy now enjoys direct rule over Catalonia due to Article 155 of the Spanish Constitution. It screams of 1984. As a result, Carles Puigdemont – the deposed Catalan president – is now residing in Belgium. He is essentially a political refugee. The establishment is against him as the European courts remain on side with Spain and there appears to be little resolution. The dangerous rhetoric expressed by the Spanish government that they hope the Catalans have “learned a lesson” does not bode well for future relationships though. There is also great suspicion around the regional party which won the most seats in the recent election on 22nd December, the Ciudadanos (Citizen’s Party). It has been called “the Podemos of the right,” despite its seemingly liberal policies. This is just another facet of the highly fractured political establishment that is cracking before our eyes. In this, our hope must lie with the Spanish people themselves. In a postcolonial world, the Spanish government had an opportunity to undo some of their wrongs. In this, they have failed miserably. Instead, the Spanish people must come together to defend Catalonia and, in that, democracy itself. Supporting Catalonia is not supporting a divided Spain but rather defending against a potentially totalitarian government. Global Seven News Catherine McNaughton maintained by offthepegdesign.com
Defining Ideas Trump Buries The Old-World Order Wednesday, September 19, 2018 Image credit: The once grand bipartisan visions of American diplomats such as Dean Acheson, George Kennan, George Marshall and others long ago more than fulfilled their enlightened promises. The U.S. in 1945, unlike in 1918, rightly stayed engaged in Europe after another world war. America helped to rebuild what the old Axis powers had destroyed in Asia and Europe. At great cost, and at times in both folly and wisdom, the U.S. and its allies faced down 300 Soviet and Warsaw Pact divisions. America contained communist aggression through messy surrogate wars, avoided a nuclear exchange, bankrupted an evil communist empire, and gave Eastern Europe and much of Asia the opportunity for self-determination. New postwar protocols enforced by the U.S. Navy made the idea of global free trade, commerce, travel, and communications a reality in a way never seen since the early Roman Empire. The original postwar order was recalibrated after 1989, as the Soviet Union vanished and the United States became the world’s sole superpower. On the eve of the First Gulf War, President George H.W. Bush, in a September 11, 1990 address to Congress introduced “the new world order” (the 9/11 date would prove eerie). The Bush administration’s ideal was an American-led, global, and ecumenical community founded on shared devotion to perpetual peace, and pledged to democratic nation-building. The 1990s were certainly heady times. A year after the fall of the wall, Germany was reunited. A UN-sanctioned global coalition in 1991 forced Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait. Francis Fukuyama published The End of History in 1992, suggesting that all the ancient political, economics and military controversies of the past were coalescing into a Western, and mostly American, consensus that was sweeping the globe. The ensuing world confluence might well make war and other age-old calamities obsolete. The transformation of the once loosely organized and pragmatic European Common Market into a utopian European Union was institutionalized by the Maastricht Treaty of 1993. Fossilized European notions such as borders and nationalism would supposedly give way to a continental-wide shared currency, citizenship, and identity. For a while these utopian ambitions seemed attainable. America, under the guise of NATO multilateral action, bombed Slobadan Milosevic out of power in 2000. Calm seemed to return to the Balkans at the price of less than 10 American combat deaths. The UN grandly declared no-fly zones in Iraq to stymie a resurgent Saddam Hussein. President Bill Clinton ushered in a supposedly lasting Middle East peace with the allegedly re-invented old terrorist Yasser Arafat in 1993 at Oslo. Palestinians and Israelis would live side-by-side in adjoining independent nations. Wars would soon give way to economic prosperity that in turn would render their ancient differences obsolete. Boris Yeltsin’s post-Soviet Russia seemed on the preordained pathway to Western-style consumer capitalism and constitutional government. Hosts of Western intellectuals, academics, and “investors” swarmed into Russia to help speed the inevitable process along. The former Warsaw Pact nations went from Russian satellites to NATO partners as magnanimous Western statesmen talked glibly of welcoming in Russia to the alliance as well. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 were considered only a temporary setback for Chinese democracy. Certainly, the commercial arc of retiring reformist Chinese strongman Deng Xiaoping would ultimately bend toward the moral embrace of American ideas like constitutional government and unfettered expression. Everyone just knew that democracy followed capitalism, as day did night. Western intellectuals bragged of “soft power”. They went so far as to suggest that the moral superiority of Europe’s democratic socialism and its economic clout, fueled by state-aided industries, had overshadowed calcified American ideas of unfettered free enterprise, carrier battle groups, and the resort to military force. In short, never had the Western world seemed so self-satisfied. The brief calm from 1989 to 2001 was often compared to the legendary 96 years of the so-called “Five Good Emperors” of imperial Rome, the Nerva–Antonine dynasty that the historian Edward Gibbon had canonized as “the period in the history of the world during which the condition of the human race was most happy and prosperous”. In the absence of a cold war, and global chaos, the only crisis that the West seemed to be worried about was “Y2K”, a fanciful notion of a worldwide, computer shutdown at the start of the new millennium. Globalization had delivered 2 billion people out of poverty. Then the mirage blew away on September 11, 2001, with terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon, followed by messy wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, and Syria, the spread of radical Islamic terrorism, the 2008 global financial meltdown and decade-long anemic recovery, institutionalized near-zero interest rates and stagnant economic growth, and massive waves of illegal immigration across the Mediterranean into Europe and freely across the U.S. southern border. There were more wars in the Middle East between Israel and a coalition of Hamas, Hezbollah and radical Islamists. Russia made a mockery of the Obama administration reset-button outreach. It annexed the Crimea, absorbed Eastern Ukraine, and in 2012 went back into the Middle East to adjudicate events after a hiatus of nearly 40 years. North Korea ended up with nuclear missiles pointed at Portland and San Francisco. The United States increasingly found itself isolated and unable to control much of anything. The Obama administration had declared its lethargy a preplanned “lead from behind” new strategy, and contextualized American indifference through the so-called apology tour and the postmodern Cairo Speech of 2009. Certainly, all the old postwar referents were now either impotent or irrelevant. An increasingly anti-democratic and anti-American European Union started to resemble a neo-Napoleonic “Continental System,” with Germany now playing the imperious role of 19th-century France. Indeed, the EU was soon drawn and quartered. Southern nations resented what they saw as a Prussian financial diktat. Eastern European nations of the EU balked at Berlin’s orders to open their borders to illegal immigrants arriving from the Middle East. The United Kingdom fought Germany over the conditions of Brexit. Its elites soon learned why the people of England wanted free from the German-controlled league. But it was in the United States that the erosion of the costly postwar order of adjudicating commerce and keeping the peace proved most controversial. An increasing number of Americans no longer bought into the accepted wisdom that an omnipotent, omnipresent U.S., could always easily afford, for the supposed greater good, to underwrite free, but not fair, global trade, police the world, and subsidize the trajectories of new nations into the world democratic community. In truth, globalization had hollowed out the American interior and created two nations, one of elite coastal corridors where enormous profits accrued from global markets, outsourcing, and offshoring, juxtaposed with a red-state, deindustrialized interior where any muscular job that could be xeroxed abroad more cheaply, eventually was. Wars were fought at great cost in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Libya, but not won—and often waged at the expense of those Americans often dubbed “losers”. Most NATO members followed Germany’s lead and reneged on their defense spending commitments, despite their greater proximity to the dangers of a resurgent Russia and radical Islam. Germany itself ran up a $65-billion trade surplus with the U.S. It warped global trade with the world’s largest account surplus, insisted on asymmetrical tariffs in its trade with the US and usually polled the most anti-American nation in Europe—all in the era when the century-old, proverbial “German problem” of Europe was supposedly a long-distant nightmare. In sum, by 2016 Americans saw the postwar order as a sort of a naked global emperor, about whom all were ordered to lie that he was splendidly clothed. Then came along the abrasive Donald Trump, who screamed that it was all pretense. What was the worth to America of a postwar order with a $20 trillion national debt, huge trade deficits, and soldiers deployed expensively all over the world—especially when Detroit of 2016 looked like Hiroshima in 1945, and the Hiroshima of today like the Detroit of 1945. Without regard to the Council on Foreign Relations, the Brookings Institution, or Ivy League government departments, Trump abruptly pulled out of the multilateral Iran Deal. He quit the Paris Climate Accord, bragging that U.S. natural gas did far more in reducing global emissions than the redistributive dreams of Davos grandees. He took up Sarah Palin’s reductive call to “drill, baby, drill,” as the U.S., now the world largest producer of natural gas and oil, made OPEC seem irrelevant. Trump jawboned NATO members to pony up their long promised, but even longer delinquent, dues—or else. He renegotiated NAFTA and asked why Mexico City had sent 11 to 20 million of its poorest citizens illegally across the border, ran up a $71 billion trade surplus, and garnered $30 billion in remittances from the U.S. Trump moved the U.S. embassy to Jerusalem, declared the Palestinians no longer refugees after 70 years and thus no more in need of U.S. largess. Likewise, he dissolved US participation with the International Criminal Court, and questioned why the U.S. subsidized a UN that so often derided America. Both the U.S. and global establishments screamed that Trump had destroyed an ossified postwar order. In its place, Trump’s advisors talked of “principled realism”, a sort of don’t-tread-on-me Jacksonism that did not seek wars, but, if forced, would win them. In a world of multilateral bureaucracies, Trump adopted the of spirit of the Roman general Sulla: allies would find in the U.S. “no better friend”, as enemies learned there was “no worse enemy”. Both trade and war would be now adjudicated through bilateral relations, not international organizations. In sum, the late 20-century global order of grand illusions had long ago gone comatose, but only now has been taken off life support. What is next? Perhaps in the 21st century we are returning to the old 19th-century notions of balance of power, reciprocal trade, bilateral alliances, and military deterrence in keeping the peace rather than soft power and UN resolutions. Trump is blamed for ending the postwar order. But all he did was bury its corpse—very loudly and bigly.
18th October 2018: PostgreSQL 11 Released! Unsupported versions: 6.4 In the following documentation, site may be interpreted as the host machine on which Postgres is installed. Since it is possible to install more than one set of Postgres databases on a single host, this term more precisely denotes any particular set of installed Postgres binaries and databases. The Postgres superuser is the user named postgres who owns the Postgres binaries and database files. As the database superuser, all protection mechanisms may be bypassed and any data accessed arbitrarily. In addition, the Postgres superuser is allowed to execute some support programs which are generally not available to all users. Note that the Postgres superuser is not the same as the Unix superuser (which will be referred to as root). The superuser should have a non-zero user identifier (UID) for security reasons. The database administrator or DBA, is the person who is responsible for installing Postgres with mechanisms to enforce a security policy for a site. The DBA can add new users by the method described below and maintain a set of template databases for use by createdb. The postmaster is the process that acts as a clearing-house for requests to the Postgres system. Frontend applications connect to the postmaster, which keeps tracks of any system errors and communication between the backend processes. The postmaster can take several command-line arguments to tune its behavior. However, supplying arguments is necessary only if you intend to run multiple sites or a non-default site. The Postgres backend (the actual executable program postgres) may be executed directly from the user shell by the Postgres super-user (with the database name as an argument). However, doing this bypasses the shared buffer pool and lock table associated with a postmaster/site, therefore this is not recommended in a multiuser site.
President Trump and the Republican Congress have engaged in a broad regulatory rollback, hitting everything from internet privacy standards to workplace safety rules and environmental regulations. So it is more notable than usual that one worthwhile federal regulatory initiative got through recently: The rusty patched bumblebee is being added to the endangered species list after all. Not only is it remarkable that the Trump administration allowed the listing to proceed over objections from fossil-fuel and other business interests, it also highlights the ongoing importance of caring for at-risk pollinators, which, free of charge, play a crucial role in growing the nation’s food and powering its agricultural economy. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reports that insects, mostly bees, contribute about $3 billion of economic value to the United States every year. Citing “a swift and dramatic decline since the late 1990s,” the service had moved to list the species as endangered just before Trump’s inauguration. “Abundance of the rusty patched bumble bee has plummeted by 87 percent, leaving small, scattered populations in 13 states and one (Canadian) province,” the service warned in a Jan. 10 announcement. But the Trump administration froze all new regulations when Trump entered office, so the listing did not come into effect on Feb. 10, as planned. Fortunately, the delay was not a long one: The first bumblebee and first bee of any type in the continental United States is now officially protected under the Endangered Species Act.
Take Care of the Environment It is vital for everyone to do this. Change will continue through this century and beyond Global climate is projected to continue to change over this century and beyond. The magnitude of climate change beyond the next few decades depends primarily on the amount of heat-trapping gases emitted globally, and how sensitive the Earth’s climate is to those emissions. According to the IPCC, the extent of climate change effects on individual regions will vary over time and with the ability of different societal and environmental systems to mitigate or adapt to change. The IPCC predicts that increases in global mean temperature of less than 1.8 to 5.4 degrees Fahrenheit (1 to 3 degrees Celsius) above 1990 levels will produce beneficial impacts in some regions and harmful ones in others. Net annual costs will increase over time as global temperatures increase. "Taken as a whole," the IPCC states, "the range of published evidence indicates that the net damage costs of climate change are likely to be significant and to increase over time." 1 The consequences of climate change. Global climate change has already had observable effects on the environment. Glaciers have shrunk, ice on rivers and lakes is breaking up earlier, plant and animal ranges have shifted and trees are flowering sooner. Climate Change: Present and Future Ten Indicators of a Warming WorldDetails/Download Hurricanes will become stronger and more intense The intensity, frequency and duration of North Atlantic hurricanes, as well as the frequency of the strongest (Category 4 and 5) hurricanes, have all increased since the early 1980s. The relative contributions of human and natural causes to these increases are still uncertain. Hurricane-associated storm intensity and rainfall rates are projected to increase as the climate continues to warm. Global Warming and its Effect on Wildlife Our Future \| Narrated by Morgan Freeman More droughts and heat waves Droughts in the Southwest and heat waves (periods of abnormally hot weather lasting days to weeks) everywhere are projected to become more intense, and cold waves less intense everywhere. Summer temperatures are projected to continue rising, and a reduction of soil moisture, which exacerbates heat waves, is projected for much of the western and central U.S. in summer. By the end of this century, what have been once-in-20-year extreme heat days (one-day events) are projected to occur every two or three years over most of the nation. Big image During 2011, a total of 820 natural catastrophes were documented, a decrease of 15 percent from the 970 events registered in 2010. But the 2011 figure is in line with the average of 790 events during 2001–10 and is considerably above the average of 630 events during 1981–2010 Save Our World
Albert Speer - Do Events Shape People or Do People Shape Events? Topics: Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler, Albert Speer Pages: 4 (1178 words) Published: August 2, 2010 The Nuremburg Trial outcome is our vital evidence that Albert Speer was a man who was corrupted by the events at the time. He is the epitome of the saying “events shape people more than people shape events” as he merely rode the wave of Nazism. As German historian Joachim Fest stated, “He [Hitler] drew Speer to him like no one else, he singles him out and made him great” (Fest, The Face of Third Reich, pg 340). In any other situation it is inconceivable that an architect could have come to hold the title of Minister of Armaments and War Production. The event of Nazi Germany transformed an architect, whose destiny seemingly lay in continuing the family business, to a man answerable only to the ‘Fuhrer’. Albert Speer did not shape Nazi Germany: Nazi Germany shaped Speer. Nazism was the facilitator of Speer’s success throughout his life. His membership with the party opened the doors of selective employment. He later stated, “For the commission to do a great building I would have sold my soul” (Van Der Vat, The Good Nazi, 1977). He did exactly this. Speer welcomed Nazism into his life for greater architectural opportunities. Speer’s study and training under Professor Heinrich Tessenow led him to develop a liking for the classic simplicity of the Doric style from ancient Greece. Hitler similarly, preferred the neoclassical style. Speer records that Hitler stated, “No one will have particular loyalty to a city that lacks any individuality at all, that voids anything resembling art…all the glory and the treasure of our cities are the inheritance of the past…our cities today lack a towering symbol of community.” (Albert Speer, The Fuhrers Buildings, pg 1) Hitler and Speer’s shared liking of traditional design, coupled with their contempt for modern styles provided Speer with the opportunity to make the type of impression that would result in an enormous boost to his career prospects in the Nazi regimes. An ongoing association with Hitler was developed;... Continue Reading Please join StudyMode to read the full document You May Also Find These Documents Helpful • Essay about People and Events of World War Ii • CPR Important People and Events Essay • Albert Speer Essay • Do blind people dream Essay • Why do people conform? Essay • Why Do People Lie Essay • Why Do People Conform? Essay • Why Do People Migrate? Essay Become a StudyMode Member Sign Up - It's Free
Waves: still invaded by plastic beads and chemicals \| Photo: White Waves Inka Reichert filmed "White Waves," a documentary about surfers fighting against unseen pollution in the waters of the Old Continent. Litter, wastewater, plastic beads, industrial products and chemicals are invading the European seas and beaches. You simply can't ride waves without experiencing water pollution in your skin. "Surfers want to surf 'White Waves' again. In some cases they reach their goal; in others, the polluters win. The documentary does not only show the contaminated waters of our seas, and why it is happening - it also aims to display the consequences and how to avoid pollution," explains Reichert. "We are strongly aware of the complexity of every single kind of pollution and the diversity and interests of the people and groups involved." Non-governmental surfing organizations such as the Surfers Against Sewage and Surfrider Foundation Europe are working to keep waves clean and beaches free from various forms of pollution.
Lose weight sleeping, is it possible? Health NewsNot only is it possible, it is scientifically proven that sleeping less than six hours severely impact our bodies, and especially in the processes that regulate weight control, making our efforts to control or lose weight vanish. According to a study by Dr. Julie D. Shlisky and other researchers Pennsylavania State University, published in the Journal of the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics) there is an inverse relationship between sleep and obesity. A more sleep, less obesity. The doctor and her team point out, through the analysis of the scientific literature, which have a reduced sleep (less than 6 hours) could increase the production of ghrelin (also called appetite hormone) and reduce the production of leptin (which regulates satiety) processes influencing consumption and energy expenditure, which significantly impact on weight control. Also, this hormonal imbalance influences the type of food you select, including diet processes. Basically, what the study says is that little sleep (less than 6 hours) as normal from a physiological standpoint is waking up hungry and feeling empty, regardless of what is eaten and hunger and emptiness ago sobrealimentemos we needlessly with unhealthy foods. Looking at it from the opposite side, when we sleep the hours we have to sleep, got up without overeating and feeling of satiety. Therefore, we can say in the light of these data adequate sleep (quality and quantity) allows us to control our weight better, keeping or losing if our purpose. It is therefore important to ensure the quality and quantity of sleep. Some strategies that can help us to do this are: Avoid demanding exercise, it decreases the ability to fall asleep, but exercise as meditation or yoga can help relax. Eat moderately, avoiding heavy dinners with indigestion. No caffeine or alcohol, it is obvious that stimulants such as coffee, tea or caffeinated beverages are not to be taken 4-6 hours before bedtime. The consumption of alcohol, which has a short-term effect adormilante can wake at midnight. Turn off the television, computer or mobile phone to avoid distractions that keep us from sleeping. Read a book, since it has been found that a few minutes of reading before bed help slow brain waves, making it easier to round down. Listen to soothing music, it helps to calm our thoughts, de-stress and close the day harmoniously.
How can cultural tourism become a real tool for development in Africa? tourism Africa The countries of Africa have a very rich culture and diversify, these cultural values allow each to identify. Many African cities have cultural places and monuments that should attract tourists from around the world. However, the sectors of culture and tourism are not generally as a priority because they are not perceived as engines of development. The fact that the cultural sector and the tourism sector do not work in collaboration means that cultural activities will not be a wealth for the countries of Africa. Culture in Africa is perceived as a tool for asserting identity or as a producer of cultural goods and services, while tourism is seen as an axis of development. This lack of cohesion between the two results in disintegrated vision and poor planning. As a result, African countries derive little economic benefit, of their cultural wealth. If the government could plan good development policies by putting in place a relationship between culture and tourism. In addition, the development of national and sub-regional tourism is low That this sector could offer lasting alternatives to the seasonality of international tourism, whose activity is limited to a limited number of months. Leave a Reply
You are here Home > Technology > Why should duplication of CDs be made eco-friendly? Why should duplication of CDs be made eco-friendly? Duplication of compact discs have become a profitable business especially for the optical media firm. These firms generally buy low priced CDs for duplication purpose. The task is complete only once the data is burned on the CDs and turnover it for the clients. However, there are a few contributing factors which the disc duplication companies should keep in mind in order to make duplication environment friendly. What are the factors contributing in making duplication of CDs eco-friendly? Trend change: The environment pollution awareness is rapidly growing with the passage of time. This has an impact on the business of the compact disc duplication. This trend change in the process of duplication of CDs is conspicuous. Various creative guidelines and instructions have been set for the packaging and duplication of CDs in order to keep the quality and to handle the pollution level on trashed CDs and DVDs.The majority of the media firms prefers ecological CD packaging and printing as one of the major aspects of the disc duplication business. Environmental friendly CD packaging: Earlier the CDs and the DVDs are commonly stored in jewel cases post their duplication. But gradually due to the environmental issues it is recommendable to use those packaging materials which can be recycled. Most of the CD duplication firms present the CDs and the DVDs that are intelligently developed. CD sleeves and CD jackets that are made from papers and cardboards are manufactured from recycled fibres. Now the question arises, many people will not be satisfied with the durability and the sturdiness of the paper and cardboard. But a good compact disc duplication firm will always make an effort to improvise appropriate ideas to make cardboard CD sleeves and cases to protect the data stored in the CD and provide a long shelf life. Therefore recycled materials used for packaging CDs will never lose its utility and beauty. Another advantage of eco-friendly CD sleeves is that they are less heavy than the jewel cases which in turn save money on shipping bulk orders. Sustainable CD printing: Duplication of CDs remain incomplete if there are no labels on it.Customary label printing requires ink that contains petrol based chemicals.But today, the CD duplication companies prefer to use ink that is made from soy and vegetable extracts. Printing is not a difficult task nowadays as there are printers that use vegetable based inks for printing CDs. These eco-friendly printers are equally effective in maintaining the high quality prints provided from the distinctive CD label printers. Therefore it is always advisable to use recycled materials for CD duplication.Appreciations to the technical inputs, new machinery and replication services facilitates the manufacturers to get their job done in no time. The services of the CD duplication are sought by local musicians, media enterprises, amateursingers. Music companies and even students for different projects and requirements. They offer both short run as well as long run CD duplication services. Short run duplication of CDs means projects demanding CDs upto500 or less and long run Duplication demand CDs more than 500. Author Bio Mia Jones is a technology geek, a gadget expert and a web analyst. She is associated with software development, software testing tool design and QC (Quality Check). Mia also writes for technology sites on a part-time basis. In her latest articles on CD replication she shares some interesting ideas and helpful resources. Mia suggests her readers to consult Nationwide Disc for disc duplication related information. Leave a Reply
Monday, 31 October 2011 Topics Covered • Physics 'n' Energy • Chemistry 'n' Energy • Enthalpy • Heat and Temperature • Hess's Law • Standard Enthalpies of Formation Physics 'n' Energy Thermochemistry is really all about energy. But first we've got to know what the hell energy is. The way that is used to describe it is mostly helpful in Physics. Therefore, I'm gonna describe it in physics first, and then the next section will be energy as it relates to our subject, chemistry. Heh... Energy is the ability to do work. We've all heard that before. In actuality, it's sort of hard to define energy exactly. Even my normally adequate book admits that. Even though that's sorta fuzzy, you've used the term 'energy' before in everyday speech. It's... well... energy!!! There are two flavors of energy; kinetic and potential. Let's start with kinetic energy. All matter that is moving has a certain amount of kinetic energy. In fact, if you actually visit my pages, I gave the formula for kinetic energy before: It is dependant on mass and velocity. Note that it is proportional to the mass and the square of velocity. So if Ball A of some mass and velocity has a certain energy, and you have Ball B, with twice the velocity but only half the mass of Ball A, Ball B will still have twice as much kinetic energy, because velocity is squared. Kinetic energy can be changed, usually by a change in velocity (objects don't just change their mass, they're more likely to drop or gain in speed. Always exceptions, like if a rocket is losing fuel, then it's dropping in mass.) This change in kinetic energy is what is work. Like if a rocket is speeding up, then work is being done on it, because it's gaining kinetic energy. Likewise, if a rocket is slowing down, then the rocket is doing work, because it's losing kinetic energy. Yep, kinetic energy is some good stuff to have. And then there's potential energy. It's harder to see, because it's the energy you can't see. You can 'see' the energy of a ball being thrown, you feel the energy transfer as you catch a ball. Potential energy is the energy available to the ball to convert to kinetic. In physics, the potential energy you talk about the most in mechanics is gravitational potential energy. This is simply the potential energy caused by gravity. Like if we take that same ball, and hold it off the side of the Empire State Building, it has the "potential" of gaining a lot of kinetic energy (by dropping it). It has a lot of potential energy, but no kinetic (it's not moving...yet.) But once you do, all that potential energy will be converted to kinetic, not all at once, but gradually. The ball speeds up faster and faster as it falls. A rule; the higher an object is, the more gravitational potential energy it has. Now you don't have to know anything I have just said to do good in chemistry, just take away with you the Law of Energy Conservation. When you add the kinetic and potential energies of that ball at any time during its fall, they will be the same. Energy can't be gained or lost; it is always converted. Even when that ball hits the ground, and has lost all its kinetic and potential energy, that energy didn't really die, it just got converted to something else. The pavement (or car, wherever it landed doesn't matter) will have gained a slight increase in temperature, and that's where the energy went. It was dissipated as heat. The energy in a closed system always remains constant. I say closed system because if you considered the Earth a closed system, and then an outside source of energy (such as the falling of a great meteorite) came in, then the closed system will have more energy. Energy comes in all sorts of shapes and sizes. There's heat (probably most important energy in chemistry), light, sound, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, matter/anti-matter reactions, the list goes on... Let's talk chemistry. Chemistry 'n' Energy Finally, back to chemistry. In chemistry, reactions can give off heat, or absorb heat. Those that give off heat are called exothermic, and those that take in heat are called endothermic. In exothermic reactions, heat is a product (it's being formed), so a reaction of this kind might look like this: A + B ---> C + D + heat And similarly, if a reaction is endo, then it acts like a reactant (goes on the left side): A + B + heat ---> C + D Where does this heat flow from and to? In chem, you consider the entire Universe to be divided into two parts: the system, and the surroundings. The reaction is the system, and the surroundings is everything else. For the sake of pictures, pretty pictures, let's say the system is pink and the surroundings are purple. Here are illustrations of an exothermic and endothermic reaction. Where is this heat coming from? I said that the energy in a closed system is constant, so in an exothermic reaction, how come this heat is coming from nowhere? It's not really. Before the reaction, there was some potential energy stored in the bonds that made up the chemicals. When the bonds were broken and new bonds were formed to make new things, the energy of the new bonds was less than the energy they had previously. So that potential energy that was 'lost' was actually converted into heat, and that's where the heat came from. So the total energy level of the system and surroundings has in fact remained equal. This is in fact the first law of thermodynamics. In chemistry, you always look at the system's point-of-view. The energy of the system can be changed in two ways: either change the heat of the system, or make it do work or work done on it. The energy change of the system is equal to the amount of heat added to it, plus the amount of work done on it. In other words (or symbols): DE is the change of energy that happens to the system. q is the heat added, and w is the work done to it. In thermodynamics, there is the concept of + and - signs. Since we are talking about point-of-view of the system, let's see how a + or - q/w means. If q is positive, that means the system will gain heat. If it's minus, then heat is being removed. That's simple enough. If w is positive, then work must be done on something as to make the energy of the system gain. If you do work on the system, then w will be positive. If you are expending energy, doing work, to make the system happy, then the system will gain energy. Similarly, if you're tired of doing work for this system that has done nothing for you, you can let the system do work for you. In which case w is negative, since it will be losing energy. The unit of energy is the joule (Symbol: J). It is equal to the amount of kinetic energy a 2 kilogram ball has when traveling at 1 m/s. If bigger units are needed, the kilojoule (kJ) is used, and it's obviously 1000 joules. I think we can do a problem or two here. Calculate the change in energy of a system if it did 14.3 kJ of work, while giving off 34.5 kJ of heat. Answer The most important part of this problem is to figure out the sign of w and q. It's giving off heat, therefore losing energy, so you can expect q to be negative. If it is doing work, then it is also losing energy in that way too, so w is negative as well. All you gotta do is add them up (-14.3 kJ + -34.5 kJ) and you will learn that the system has lost a total of 48.8 kJ. So the change of energy of a system is only dependant on the work a system does and the heat flow. Note the difference between heat and temperature: THEY ARE NOT THE SAME!!! Heat is energy. Temperature, is... well... how hot something is. It is the heat flow that causes a change in the temperature. If you add heat (energy), then the object's temperature will go up; by how much, you cannot tell by just knowing the heat involved. You'll learn more of this later. Let's talk about a way some system can do work. There's many ways, so we'll just cover one; gases. Think about what you do if you squeeze a balloon. Aren't you doing work to it? You are using your hard-earned energy to push this balloon in, and since energy is always transferred, it has to go somewhere, so it goes into the system of the gas in the balloon. So, if a gas is being crushed (volume is getting smaller), then work is being done to it, and w in that case is positive. And if the volume is getting bigger, then w is negative. Why? Because the gas is pushing against the walls of the container, to give itself more room. So it's doing work, or losing energy. The work being done is the pressure times the change of volume, like this: w = PDV This equation is not done yet. If volume is increasing (DV is positive) , then by equation it says that w is positive. But we just said that the system will be expending work in increasing its volume, so w should be negative when the change in volume is positive. A simple negative sign should fix that. And your final equation for the work done by a gas changing volume is: You can see how I could incorporate this into a problem involving the first and second equations, but I won't. You get the idea. Aaah, yes, enthalpy. If you've just heard of enthalpy, you will have no idea what it is. When you're done with enthalpy, you'll still not have a clear good idea of what it is, but you will know how to do problems with it, and that's what is important. The enthalpy of a system, H, is simply defined as: H = E + PV Enthalpy is equal to the total energy of the system, plus the pressure of the system times the volume of the system. It's sort of hard to grasp what enthalpy is, from that definition. Instead of enthalpy (H) itself, you will usually deal with a change of enthalpy (DH). And if pressure is constant, and the only work allowed to work on the system is through volume, then: DH = q Yep, you should think of enthalpy as sort of like heat. It's not heat exactly, but if those two conditions are met, then it is heat. So if the change of enthalpy is increasing, that means it is gaining an increase of energy, and therefore is endothermic. If the change of enthalpy is decreasing, that means it is losing heat to the surroundings, or exothermic. Final thought: +DH = Endo, -DH = Exo. How do you find the change of H? It's the enthalpy of the final products, minus the enthalpy of the reactants. Or... DH = Hproducts - Hreactants So if the products have less energy than reactants, then DH will be negative, indicating energy was lost. And vice versa. Heat and Temperature I hope by now you realize the difference between heat and temperature. If you add heat (energy) to something, it will eventually start getting hotter and hotter. But the difference is, some substances will get hotter than others, if given the same energy. For example, on a hot summer day, everything around you might seem very hot (like the pavement, or your car), but if you go into a pool of water, it will be much cooler. Both the pavement and the water have received about the same amount of energy from the sun, but the pavement has gone through a much bigger temperature change than the water. Water is resistant to a change of temperature, in comparison to the pavement. Let's assume the temperature change is proportional to the energy it has received, so we can come up with an equation relating temperature and energy. C is called the heat capacity and is different for different substances. This number C will tell you how hard is it for this substance to get hot. As you can figure, the bigger C is for some substance, the more energy is needed to get it hot. We are forgetting one important factor; how much of the substance there is. The more there is, the more energy is needed to change its temperature. Putting all three things into account, we can come up with a more useful equation. This is the same equation as the one before, but notice there's an m in the bottom. This is the definition for specific heat capacity. It's equal to the heat added divided by the mass of it and the change in temperature. As with the normal heat capacity, the bigger this number for some substancee, the harder it is to change its temperature. Water's specific heat capacity (or simply specific heat) is around 4.18 J/oC g. Important! The mass in the above equation must be in grams. Well, if you use kilograms consistently, I guess it doesn't matter, but since specific heats in tables in books are given with grams, you should use grams. Rearranging the above equation, you can solve for energy, since you can figure out the other three by measuring but not always energy. This starts a whole new area called constant-pressure calorimetry. You can figure out how much energy is given off by certain reactions, as long as the pressure is constant. Otherwise, some of the energy would be lost/gained by changing the pressure and your results would be off. You will do a lab with this, probably doing the reaction with styrofoam cups. Why? Because you don't want the energy escaping into the atmosphere or to the walls of the container; you want accurate results. Styrofoam is an insulator, doesn't absorb much energy. The basic setup is as follows: You use two styrofoam cups to make sure all the energy involved in the reaction is directly related to the temperature change of the chemicals, not the container/air. The cover on top is to make sure energy isn't leaving from the top. The thermometer is to measure the temp change. How exactly do you do this? Let's say you're going to measure the energy given off by adding 50.0 mL of Chemical A and 20.0 mL of Chemical B. You can start with either one, let's start with A. Measure the weight of the cups beforehand. Put the 50.0 mL of A into the cup. Measure the temperature before. And then add B to it, and cover it and mix periodically. Keep on look at the temp, it should be changing. When it's done changing and stays the same, record the new temp. That's all there is to it. (And then measure the mass after the two things were put together.) Then in q = s x m x T, you can subtract the masses to find the mass of the chemicals (in grams!). You can subtract the final temp minus the initial temp to change delta-T. But what about s? You can use water's specific temp, 4.18 J / K m. Why? Because most chemicals you'll be using won't be pure chemicals, but rather solutions. In case u forgot, that means they're dissolved in water, and it's not enough to significantly change the 4.18. So now you can find out how much heat is gained or lost. There is one more concept here. Since pressure is constant, we can figure that the heat lost/gained is directly related to the enthalpy change. You could say that q = DH, but you'd be WRONG! In actuality, q = -DH. Why? Remember that enthalpy looks at energy from the point of the system. If heat was released (indicated by positive q), that means the system itself has lost it. Or if heat was absorbed (negative q), that means the system has gained it. So heat evolved and enthalpy change are just opposite of each other. We've talked about constant-pressure cal. in detail; I'll just touch on constant-volume calorimetry here. Instead of keeping constant pressure, it tries to keep volume constant. That means you need a container that won't change volume. They're usually big strong metal cubes called a bomb calorimeter. I won't go through the specifics, because you probably won't be doing a lab with it; just be aware. One last thing; in addition to specific heat capacity, there's the molar heat capacity. Instead of using grams to measure amount of substance, it uses moles. I won't give you equation, or any examples, because using specific heat is by far what everyone uses. Of course it has different units; instead of J/ K g, it's J/K mol. Hess's Law This has to do with enthalpy again. Yay. Remember that reactions have a certain enthalpy change with it: if it's positive, then the reaction will absorb energy; if negative, the reaction will give off energy. We can write the equation, and then the delta-H associated with it to the right of that. Like for example, to show the enthalpy change for the boiling of one mole of water to water vapor, you can write like this: H2O (l) ---> H2O (g) DH = 44 kJ So before one mole of water evaporates, 44 kJ of energy must be given to it. I had to look up the 44 kJ in a table or something; there's no way anyone can just look at the equation and come up with it. But how about reactions that can't be found in a table? There are tons of reactions; you just can't carry a 30 pound book with you and look them all up. Hess's Law exists to make this easier for you. Technically, it means that the enthalpy change between two states is not dependant on the pathway it takes to get there. At first, this doesn't seem to help you one bit; but it means if you can add two or more equations to get the desired equation, then you can add their respective enthalpy changes to get the enthalpy change of this equation. There are two rules you will need to use in these problems. We'll use the equation above to illustrate these two rules: • If you have to multiply each side of a reaction by some number X, then multiply the respective enthalpy change of that reaction by X also. So, if we needed to use not H2O (l) ---> H2O (g), but twice that: 2H2O (l) ---> 2H2O (g) Then we just multiply the delta-H of the original reaction by the same factor, two. Therefore the enthalpy change of 2 moles of water evaporating is 88 kJ. • If you have to flip the equation around (the right side on the left and the left side on the right; switching the products and reactants; you get the idea) then just take the negative of the delta-H to get the delta-H of your new reaction. So if we wanted to find the enthalpy change of one mole of water vapor condensing to liquid water, like this: H2O (g) ---> H2O (l) Then you just take the negative of the original delta-H, so the enthalpy change of the above equation is -44 kJ. So now we can find enthalpies of certain reactions without a table. For example, if we needed to know the enthalpy change when 3 moles of water vapor condenses to water, all you do is flip the original equation and multiply by 3, or -132 kJ. This is all you're going to learn in this section. But there are more involved problems. For the sake of simplicity, I'm not going to use real chemicals and enthalpies, because I don't know them. I'll just use chemicals "A", "B", and so forth. Have fun! Please find the enthalpy change of A + 2B ---> C using the following information: #1: E ---> D + 2A, DH = 43.22 kJ #2: B ---> F + [1/4]D, DH = 342 kJ #3: 4F + E ---> 2C, DH = 2.2 kJ This is about the hardest problem you might get. They can get harder, but I think they're past the scope of this course (I hope!) You have to add the equations below it to get the final equation. Where do we start? It's actually quite simple if you start with the beginning equation. We need a single A on the left. Well, look at the first given equation. It has a 2A in it, and no where else will you find an A. So you KNOW that the A on the left hand side MUST come from Equation #1. You have to modify this equation so that the A's here look like what you want it to (the beginning equation). There's 2A's on the right. You want it to look like a single A on the left. So we can divide by two, and flip the equation. A + [1/2]D ---> [1/2]E Good! Now we have 1 A on the left. But remember that if we modify the equation, we have to modify the delta-H on this one too. You flipped it, so you can take the negative. So delta-H = -43.22 kJ. But we also divided by two, so divide this by two, and our new delta-H for #1 is -21.61 kJ. Keep this number in mind. Let's move on to the next figure in the beginning equation: 2B on the left. Well, out of the three givens, only #2 has a B anywhere. So that's where we must get our B's from. Problem is, the B is on the left like we want it, but there's only one. So multiply by two: 2B ---> 2F + [1/2]D Coolio. Now we got 2B on the left. That's it. But remember to multiply original delta-H by 2, so the new one is 684 kJ. And finally, we need one C on the right. Since we used #1 and #2, we might suspect that C lies in #3. And of course, there it is, on the right of #3 like we want it. But there are 2 instead of one. What to do? Of course you divide by 2: 2F + [1/2]E ---> C And then divide 2.2 kJ by 2, or 1.1 kJ for the new reaction. Now what? Add the three new equations together (put all lefts on left, and all rights on right): A + [1/2]D + 2B + 2F + [1/2]E ---> [1/2]E + 2F + [1/2]D + C It looks like it's more fukt up than before, but look carefully and something magical happens; don't you have a [1/2]D on left and [1/2]D on right? You can subtract [1/2]D from both sides and cancel them. Same with 2F, and [1/2]E! So cancelling them, you have: A + 2B ---> C Wow, it's amazing, it's the beginning equation! Since all you did was add the modified equations to get the desired equation, all you have to do to find the desired enthalpy change is add the modified enthalpy changes: DH = -21.61 kJ + 684 kJ + 1.1 kJ = 663 kJ. Woohoo! That's the enthalpy change for A + 2B ---> C. It's strange how the given equations just coincidentally cancelled out to make exactly the equation we were looking for. It's not coincidence; these type of problems must be planned out. It's a LOT harder making one of these problems than it is to solve them! Standard Enthalpies of Formation This has to do with enthalpy once again, as you might have brilliantly deduced from the title. Basically, the standard enthalpy change of formation of something is the enthalpy change of the reaction of the elements in their natural state coming together to form it under standard conditions. For example, the reaction of the formation of water is: H2 (g) + [1/2]O2 (g) ---> H2O (l) Note that hydrogen and oxygen must be in diatomic form and gaseous, because that is how they exist in a standard state. What is this standard state? In thermodynamics, the standard state is at 1 atmosphere and 25 oC (about room temperature). The standard enthalpies of formation for many substances can be found in a table. What is so useful about this? Let's say you have a reaction that you have to find the enthalpy change in the standard state. But instead of before where we had all those given equations to mess around with, you are just given a table of standard enthalpies of formation. How will you do this? Here's the equation: DHo = SnpDHof p - SnrDHof r You might be staring at this mess and wondering what the hell it means, but basically it says that you add up the standard enthalpies of formation on the right side (multiplying with respective coefficients) and subtracting the standard enthalpies of formation on the left side (ditto.) You know, it just might be easier if you saw this one in an example. Once again, I am using A's, B's, C's, and D's, but in a real problem you'll get real things to use. Find the change of enthalpy of the following equation (under standard conditions): A + 2B ---> 2C + 3D Using the following standard enthalpies of each substance: A: 34 kJ/mol B: 45 kJ/mol C: 22.3 kJ/mol D: 56 kJ/mol Firstly, I should explain the kJ/mol. Enthalpies are supposed to be in joules, or kilo joules, right? But for formation, the enthalpy depends on how much you are forming. So, for A, it takes 34 kJ to form one mole of A. So if you were forming 2 moles of A, the enthalpy would be twice as much, or 68 kJ. If you were making 3.45 moles of B, the enthalpy of formation would be 155.25 kJ (3.45 mol x 45 kJ/mol). Ok, let's start. The formula says to take the stuff on the right, and subtract the stuff on the left. So start with the first thing on the right, 2C. The standard enthalpy for C is 22.3 kJ/mol, but we have 2 of them. So the enthalpy for 2C is 44.6 kJ. Next up on right; 3D. D's enthalpy of formation is 56 kJ/mol, and 3 of them makes 168 kJ. So you add up to get total enthalpy on right, which is 44.6 kJ + 168 kJ = 212.6 kJ. Keep this in mind. Now we go to the left. First thing on left: A. There's only one of A, so total enthalpy is 34 kJ. Lastly, there are 2 B's. Enthalpy of 1 B: 45 kJ, but there are two, so total is 90 kJ. Now you add up all the enthalpies on the left. So that is 34 kJ + 90 kJ = 124 kJ. Last step: Subtract total of left from total on right. 212.6 kJ - 124 kJ = 88.6 kJ. And there's your answer! One note: You can only do this if the reaction is to take place in standard conditions. I don't know if I mentioned this before, but enthalpy is dependant on temperature and pressure. So if the reaction above took place at 10 degrees Celsius and at 30 atm's, you couldn't do it this way. Of course, if they gave you enthalpies of formation at those conditions, then go right ahead. (They have to match.) No comments: Post a Comment
Sunday, March 14, 2010 What are eco-evolutionary dynamics? Evolution is obviously driven by ecological differences: think of the adaptive radiation of Darwin’s finches. Just as obviously, ecological processes are influenced by evolution: ecosystems depend on the oxygen produced following the evolution of photosynthesis. Less obvious is how these interactions play out on the short time scales most relevant to conservation and management. Do ecological changes (e.g., invasive species, climate change) drive appreciably evolutionary change over years or decades (i.e., “contemporary evolution”)? Does any such evolution influence ecological variables (population dynamics, community composition, ecosystem function) on similar time scale? These potential interactions between ecology and evolution, as shown in the figure, represent the growing field of eco-evolutionary dynamics. Many studies have shown that ecological changes cause phenotypic changes in natural populations (eco-to-evo). Examples include species introduced to new environments, native species responding to introduced species, populations exposed to harvesting or pollution, and populations facing climate change. Existing work has shown that the phenotypic changes can be substantial, particularly when humans are involved. What isn’t known generally is just how much of this phenotypic change is the result of evolutionary change versus phenotypic plasticity. Even less is known about how these contemporary phenotypic changes then influence ecological variables on similar time frames (evo-to-eco) – but some nice examples can be provided. Populations: Phenotypic changes from one year to the next clearly influence population size in ungulates. The genetic contribution to this phenotypic change is not known, whereas a study of butterflies has documented effects of genetic change on population sizes. What remains to be determined is just how common these effects are, and how important they are relative to traditional “ecological” effects (e.g., rainfall or temperature). In addition, it isn’t clear under which conditions these population dynamical effects of evolution can actually save natural populations from extinction (i.e., evolutionary rescue). Communities: Genetic and phenotypic differences between individual plants have been shown to have noteworthy effects on arthropod communities. Similarly, genetically-based phenotypic differences between fish populations have strong influences on aquatic macro-invertebrate communities. What remains to be determined is, again, how common these effects are and, also, how year-to-year changes in these genes and traits (as opposed to the currently-studied static differences) influence those communities. Ecosystems: In the same plants and fish studied for community effects (above), genetic and phenotypic differences have been shown to influence ecosystem variables such as decomposition rates, dissolved organic material, light attenuation, and primary productivity. Since the study systems are the same as above, what remains to be discovered is also the same. It will also be interesting to know how often these ecosystem effects of evolution fall into the category of “ecosystem services” that have become so integral to conservation efforts. The above listing highlights a few specific examples of how evolutionary change might influence ecological variables on short time scales. In addition to the specific uncertainties listed above, some additional general ones come to mind. How often do evolutionary effects on communities and ecosystems flow through the effects of evolution on population dynamics (indirect effects – red to black arrows in the figure) versus changes in the traits themselves (direct effects – red arrows only)? Do the effects of evolutionary change on ecological processes decrease from population to community to ecosystem variables? How often do true feedbacks occur – that is an ecological process drives evolution (green arrows) that then alters that same ecological process (red arrows) and so on? Eco-evolutionary dynamics is an area ripe for future work. A special journal issue on eco-evolutionary dynamics: 1. Could zoothanthelle be an ancestor or relative of the cells that make up coral? I am thinking that if choanoflagellates may be a predecessor of choanocytes in sponges, can zoothanthelle be a predecessor of coral cells? However sponges do not have tissues. Corals are made of tissues. Maybe zoothanthelle was a predecessor of something before the current coral body form? Can mutualistic or symbiotic relationships be an indicator of evolutionary ancestry? If they are linked, maybe there was some reason for the divergence of the dinoflagellate cells from the coral cells? What caused them to form an ecological relationship versus a biological one? There is a proposed biological relationship between a sponges choanocytes and the choanoflagellates..protists. However there doesnt seem to be an ecological one...mutualistic or symbiotic. What forces cause an organisms to shift their body plan from an ecological one to a biological one? Or vice versa? Is it chemical signaling, genetic, what? I am also wondering if an organisms ecology and biology are on some kind of continuum? If so, what causes shifts in the continuum? I sense that there is some math involved here and some kind of model????? What do you think about the field eco evo devo? Mistakes were made
Importance Of Computer Skills Today Essay Definition Free sample essay on Computer Technology: Since the beginning of time technology has helped us out as a human race. From the invention of the wheel to the Internet, technology has been a great factor on the way our civilization has grown. With more and more technological advances just around the corner, our civilization will continue to grow faster and faster than ever before. Computers make life easier for people everyday. They help us to do tasks quicker and communicate with friends and family with the click on a button. Computers play a significant role in the school system as well. They help students to learn more efficiently and help them do their work. Computers offer the Internet which helps students research information for projects they may have. School computers also offer programs which can help anyone learn. An example of this is the program All The Right Type. This program helps students as well as teachers, to learn how to type faster and more efficiently. Also there are other programs which younger students can go on to help them with developing and reinforcing their math skills and reading skills. Programs like Math Circus and matching the word with the picture. Programs like these make it easy to understand and use computers, yet it also makes learning fun. Computers also make writing and doing homework easier to complete. With spell check and other spelling tools, it makes it easier and faster to complete work. This is because you are not spending all your time going through your homework looking for spelling mistakes, because the computer automatically does it for you, making your life easier. Further, Computers also benefit the development of fundamental skills. Good educational software enables children to practice and develop a broad range skills. It can help them learn, for example, about shapes, letters, numbers, rhythm, and colors. Good educational software can also help children develop their understanding of cause and effect, procedural thinking, higher order problem solving and creative expression. ( Many students have become to reliable on computers however. Many children come to libraries to access the computers and CD-ROM’s rather than to read. Though such computer activities are purported to be educational, there is a fundamental difference between the skills used in reading versus those used to engage in an interactive CD-ROM. Librarians as well as teachers, should guide as many children as possible towards the text books rather than the computer. Emotional skills are also enhanced by using a computer. Children develop self-confidence and self-esteem as they master computer skills and use the computer to make things happen. Computers also develop social skills. In a classroom setting with many other students, or in a home when the students friends or parents are available, children often prefer working with one or two partners over working alone, which leads to the development of social skills. Lastly, computers benefit children with special needs in the school system. Computers have proven extremely beneficial to students with certain speech, audio, and motor limitations. Students with special needs can use alternative input and output devices to interact with computers and do things that they normally could not accomplish independently. What they can do through using a computer boosts their self-esteem and provides them with a greater sense of control with the world around them and their own individual lives. The Internet– or the information highway — provides them with the best of knowledge for their treatments and they can keep in touch with doctors or friends through out the world with the Internet. ( Computer technology will continue to assist special needs students far into the future. In conclusion, technology only benefits those who can afford it, and not those who can’t. What are poor people or third world countries supposed to do when it comes to technological advances and they have no money? Does it really seem fair that poor people or third world countries get left behind, while other countries move forward in the technology world? You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Computer Technology at our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with custom papers written by highly qualified academic writers. High quality and no plagiarism guarantee! Get professional essay writing help at an affordable cost. 3.38 avg. rating (68% score) - 13 votes Article by Shynee D’souza We live in a fast-moving world where almost everything must come instantly to us. In this computer era, we depend on the computer to help us complete tasks, and to solve problems. Computers are used in various fields like business, pharmacy, music, education, engineering, defense, transportation, and cooking as they help to ease certain tasks, provide information faster, and speed up the work. Wherever you go whether it is a mechanic’s shop or a fast food restaurant, some form of technology and computers are being used. It may be a computerized cash register or the machine that cleans out your engine but it is a computer and everyone needs basic computer skills to function in today’s job market. By computer education, we mean learning how the basic concepts related to a computer works, gaining the basic knowledge of computer operation, knowing about the basic components of a computer, the basic concepts behind the use of computers and knowing how some of the elementary computer applications constitute computer education. Learning about the computer basics followed by a practical experience of using a computer is the key to computer education. As computers are widely used today, acquiring computer education is the need of the day today. The basic computer skills that every person regardless of age should know include common application programs such as Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Power point and Notepad. They should know how to go online, check their email account, and send mail with an attachment and how to use simple email features. The use of email and familiarity with the internet are becoming basic requirements for almost every job. Most jobs are posted online, and how can a person respond to an online advertisement without knowing how an email works? We use this technology wonder to balance our check, entertain ourselves, keep in touch with our friends, and find information on a particular subject. With the Internet, we can obtain information, exchange messages, and perform other important tasks. In most places of business, a computer is standard. In the bank they use computers to look up your account information. They use computers in the auto repair shop to assess your car. You can’t find books in the library by looking in a card catalog you must use a computerized database. Doctors’ utilize computers to store patient information. The point is this, no matter where you find employment, there is a good chance a computer will be a basic tool you will have to use. It is in your best interests to start off computer literate. It will help you get a job and it will help you advance in your career. Computer literacy does not mean you need to know how use every single piece of software you may encounter. It does not mean you need to know how to write programs or network computers. You just need to know some basics, how to save and open a file, how to use a word processing program, and how to send and receive email for starters. It means having some sort of level of comfort around computers rather than a look of fear and a feeling of foreboding. As computers are used daily, they have gained immense importance in day-to-day life. Their increasing utility has made computer education the need of the day. Computers are not only storage devices and processing units, but also are excellent communication media. They are the means to access the Internet and get connected to the world. A small minority of people may have managed to avoid computers for the last several years, but even jobs behind a fast food counter are entering the age of computer machinery. I remember taking my first classes in basic computers and I marveled at people who left the class the first day because they were already effortlessly creating error-free and complex Microsoft Word documents. I did not reach that level of comfort around computers until after I was forced to learn more if I wanted a better job and a career. I am still shocked and disappointed when I hear of kids and adults who have very little or no computer skills at all. I’ve met teenagers who could create beautiful complex websites by the age of 15, so how is it possible that some people have stayed in the unplugged dark ages? Hadn’t computers been a standard part of their education? Hadn’t they learned reading, writing, and computing? No… It is still up to each and every one of us to learn why the public school administration haven’t stubbornly provided Computer Literacy. Computer education helps one manage one’s own business assets and personal finances. Computers serve as efficient means for management of information. Personal financial assets, medical records and important documents can be stored in an electronic format in a computer system. Today, banking transactions and payments of bills can be done over the Internet. Similarly, online shopping is becoming widely popular. To be in the race, it is very important to take computer education. The word processing applications of a computer serve as an effective means of documentation. The database management software that is a part of computer systems serves as the means of managing large amounts of data. The networking capabilities of a computer facilitate connecting to the Internet to reach out to the world. Gaming applications and media players are some of the popular computer software, which are widely used across the world. We give lot of priority to our school education then why not to computer education? Computer education is also equally important to build up a strong career. It is a technical knowledge which helps us to choose a good career. In today’s world it is difficult to acquire appropriate job only with regular education, we also need computer knowledge. Today we have lot of computer courses like Accounting, Software courses, Multimedia courses, Hardware & Networking, Cad courses etc. And also along with computer knowledge one should also excel in communication skills, body language, eye contact, appropriate attitude, time management, English language, resume or CV writing skills etc. Those with knowledge of computers are considered hirable for many kinds of jobs. As most of the jobs involve the use of computers, computer education is an eligibility criterion for almost all the modern-day jobs. Higher education involving network administration, hardware maintenance or software skills, open doors for brighter job opportunities. Computers, which have such a wide variety of applications, are indeed ruling society. To keep up the pace in this fast life of today, computer education is extremely important. Computers are an integral part of life and so is computer education! At least now let us understand the true need of computer education and support our children, youths as well as all regardless of age to pursue computer education. Leave a Comment
An overview of the palestinian crisis and the origin of the conflict On the israeli-palestinian crisis: on the arab-israeli conflict palestinian borders origin of the palestine-israel conflict - published by. The israeli -palestinian conflict: a lesson in perspective a quick note: this lesson came about as a result of my participation in a 2007 fulbright- hays. Our latest report illustrates why the refugee crisis is the humanitarian challenge of our time. Chapter 11: the rise and fall of the oslo peace process avi shlaim in louise fawcett ed, international relations of the middle east, oxford, oxford university. Israeli authorities also arbitrarily detained peaceful palestinian for children and armed conflict recommended adding israel on israel/palestine. Sinai crisis 1956 : the israel reinvades most major palestinian cities on west bank in order to destroy terrorist infrastructure. Overview palestinian israeli conflict a this part of the globalissuesorg web site looks at the ensuing crisis the origin of the palestine israel conflict. Learn about the history of the israeli-palestinian conflict over the decades a dose of inspiration 3 appreciate the bravery of israel's modern day heroes and heroines. An overview of the palestinian crisis and the origin of the conflict pages 13 words 3,479 view full essay more essays like this: not sure what i'd do without @kibin. The palestinian refugees overview that the arab palestinian refugees left because arab radio broadcasts and news history israeli-palestinian conflict. Origins of israel palestinian conflict caspianreport loading europe's refugee crisis explained - duration: 22:53 caspianreport 143,913 views. Israeli-palestinian conflict palestinian claims to the land zionist claims to the land palestinians’ claims to the land are based on continuous. Algeria continued to participate in the department of state's overview: the palestinian another man of algerian origin was arrested for. A new roadmap to make us sudan sanctions relief work table of the palestinian islamic especially limiting conflict in south sudan [fn] crisis group. Ongoing israeli-palestinian conflict in populated areas of the west bank and gaza strip to the palestinian origin): 809,738 (palestinian. A brief history of zionism and the creation of origins of the arab-israeli conflict, arabs refused to participate in a palestinian local government which. An overview of relations between israel and palestine as a part of the larger international conflict between israelis and arabs, the palestinian situation has. Arab-israeli conflict essay the israeli and palestinian conflict the current conflict there has an origin in tensions that began to brew during the late 19th. Armed conflict and military occupation are the primary causes of palestinian displacement from and within the west bank and gaza strip. Watch jvp’s short, historically accurate intro to the israel palestine conflict and browse our faq to understand what’s going on in israel/palestine. • The middle east: the origins of arab-israeli to this conflict: the israeli-palestinian dimension and the 1967 was the result of a crisis. • Since the creation of israel in 1948, the middle east has been embroiled in a bitter conflict daily telegraph diplomatic editor anton la guardia traces the origins. • A brief history of the key events and people that shaped the arab-israeli conflict skip to main content the guardian 1964 the palestinian liberation. That piece, entitled 10 simple points to help you understand the syria conflict, that’s one reason why the world’s attention has swung to the refugee crisis. A synopsis of the israel/palestine conflict the following is a very short synopsis of the history of this conflict we recommend that you also read the much more. A brief history of israel, palestine and the arab-israeli conflict (israeli-palestinian conflict) the israeli-palestinian conflict peace plans-an overview. an overview of the palestinian crisis and the origin of the conflict Conflict background the syrian civil war is arguably the worst humanitarian crisis since the second world conflict background conflict timeline refugee crisis. An overview of the palestinian crisis and the origin of the conflict Rated 5/5 based on 11 review
page 1 next page This text is meant to accompany class discussions. It is not everything there is to know about the basics of torque and the two conditions of equilibrium. It is meant as a prep for class. More detailed notes and examples are given in the class notes, presentations, and demonstrations (click here.) Questions Click for the questions that go with this reading Thermal Energy The energy associated with a collection of unorganized molecules. If you push on one molecule in a collection and the whole collection moves then it is called an organized collections of molecules. All solids are organized collections of molecules. oragnixed collection If you push on one molecule in a collection and only the molecule(s) you touch move,then collection is called an unorganized collection of molecules. All fluids and gasses are unorganized collections of molecules. Temperature can be defined many ways. We will define it as, "The tendency to spontaneously release energy." The higher the temperature, the more energy that is released. We feel this and interprets it as "hotness" of the body. When two bodies touch each other and exchange thermal energy, it is called thermal contact. When two or more bodies are in thermal contact with each other and the energy given off and received is equal, then the bodies are said to be at the same temperature. This is called thermal equilibrium. Temperature Scales A temperature scale is a way of dividing up increments of energy. There are several scales: Centigrade, Celsius, Kelvin, Farinheight, Rankine. Centigrade and Celsius are the same. Centigrade is no longer used by the scientific community. Although there are several scales we will only use two scales, Celsius and Kelvin. The Celsius and Kelvin scale have the same increments. Celsius temperatures are reported as "Degrees Celsius," °C. But Kelvin temperatures are reported as Kelvin -without the degree symbol. As you will see proved later, 2 Kelvin corresponds to an level of energy. Kelvins are a energy scale like Joules. You would not say, "the energy of that car is 500 Joules." Simularly when using Kelvins, you would say, "the temperature of that car is 500 Kelvin. If the temperature changes from 100K to 200 K, then the energy of the body with these temperatures doubles since the Kelvins are a energy scale they double. If a body's temperature changes from 100 °C to 200 °C, then this does not correspond to doubling the temperature. This is because °C does not correspond to an energy level of zero. A temperature difference of 1 degree Celsius is equal to the temperature difference of 1 degree Kelvin. Temperature Scales Comparison Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Zeroth Law Image Place thermometer in a beaker of room temperature water. Eventually the "mercury" will stabilize and be at the same temperature as the water. The thermometer and water are said to be in thermal equilibrium. The water is the same temperature as the air because it has sat around long enough in the air. Therefore the thermometer is in thermal equilibrium with the air. This is the zeroth law of thermodynamics. If body "A" is in thermal equilibrium with body "B," and body "B" is in thermal equilibrium with body "C," then "A" is in thermal equilibrium with "C." This law like the transitive property of mathematics. Previous page First Page
Other Tobacco Products Evidence-based tobacco controls have delivered meaningful public health gains through declining rates of cigarette use and decreasing the social acceptability of tobacco use. Yet, sales and use of non-cigarette tobacco products such as smokeless tobacco, hookah, and electronic cigarettes have remained constant or even increased. All tobacco products are harmful to health and use of any tobacco product subverts a community’s tobacco-free norm. Unfortunately, many users (including youth) incorrectly perceive non-cigarette tobacco products as low-risk, which increases their willingness to experiment with these toxic, addictive products. “Other Tobacco Products” are often sold in smaller, cheaper packages, and feature youth-appealing flavors. By no coincidence, youth and young adults use these products at higher rates than adults, with many becoming unwittingly addicted to nicotine, and ultimately migrating to cigarette use. Visit our resources below to learn more about other tobacco products and how to include these products in local tobacco controls. Local Regulation of E-Cigarettes Technical report describing the growing e-cigarette industry and the public health rationale for regulating these products. Includes model regulating e-cigarette use, illustrating how to incorporate these products into proposed and existing tobacco regulation. Incorporating E-cigarettes into Existing or Proposed Tobacco Controls: An Example Model ordinance showcasing how to successfully incorporate e-cigarettes in existing local tobacco controls (using the example of indoor and outdoor use restrictions), including a comprehensive model definition for e-cigarettes that can be used in other policies such as sales regulations. Why Regulate the Sale of E-cigarettes? Fact sheet briefly describing the rationale for regulating Electronic Aerosol Delivery Systems (e.g., e-cigarettes) alongside conventional tobacco products. Why Regulate the Sale of Flavored Tobacco Products? Fact sheet briefly describing the public health rationale for regulating the sale of flavored tobacco products. Why Regulate the Sale of Hookah Tobacco? Fact sheet briefly describing the public health rationale for regulating the sale of hookah/shisha. Hookah Bars and New York's Clean Indoor Air Act Guide providing an overview of the health harms of hookah use and New York regulation of hookah bars (including the Clean Indoor Air Act).
New pest of concern - Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (PSHB) The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries wishes to inform the farming community and members of the public about the detection of a new pest of concern Euwallacea sp. nr fornicates, commonly known as the Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (PSHB) that affects ornamental, indigenous and urban forest trees. This pest was detected in South Africa for the first time in 2017, in Pietermaritzburg (Botanical Gardens), KwaZulu - Natal province, by the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI) of the University of Pretoria. It was detected again in early 2018 in Gauteng province near the Sandton suburb of Johannesburg. There are also reports of infestation on pecan trees in Hartswater, Northern Cape province. The department has since established a working committee with other relevant stakeholders to do more research on the pest on how it can be effectively controlled and/or managed. The Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer has a wide host range that includes important crop tree species such as avocado, macadamia, peach, orange, grapevine and pecan trees, as well as forest trees such as the cabbage tree, monkey plum, common coral tree and honey flower. The PSHB is associated with a fungal pathogen species, Fusarium euwallacea. This pathogen is a symbiont of this beetle (i.e. they live in close association) and can eventually kill an infested tree. The pest bores into the wood, transmitting the fungal pathogen in the process and the entire tree may die because of the fungal rot. The PSHB is a tiny beetle of about 2,0 to 2,8mm long in size. Matured females are very dark brown to black in colour and are larger than their male counterparts. Chemical control (injecting infested trees with fungicides and insecticides) may prove to be effective to control this tiny beetle and its fungus, but may be expensive. Plant materials showing similar symptoms, or infested trees, should be reported to the relevant authorities or alternatively cut down and chipped. In terms of the Sub-control measure 7(2) of the Control Measures R. 110 of 27 January 1984 as amended, “Any individual or organisation or institution that has for the first time identified or recorded a new pest to be present in the Republic, shall immediately report it to the relevant executive officer”.
Construct Hamster Cages So you'd like to construct your own hamster cage? There several ways to construct one, depending on whether you want your cage to be made "from scratch" or converted from a pre-existing container. Basically, there are two requirements for a hamster cage: to keep the hamsters from escaping, and to let the owner (you) watch what they're doing. A solid wood or metal box with a lid on it would meet the first purpose well, but you'd need to open the lid to see what your pets are doing. A better solution is to have one or more sides of the cage made of some transparent material: a solid piece of glass or plastic, or a wire mesh. The easiest, and the most economical, way to construct a hamster cage from another container is to convert a see-through plastic storage. The minimum size for the common Syrian hamster is 24 inches by 12 inches in floor space. But bigger is always better -- use the best one you can find or can afford. The minimum furnishings for a hamster cage are bedding material and a water source. The most common bedding material is wood shavings which you can buy at a pet store. With a plastic container, you'll probably need to use a water bottle that has a freestanding stand, since it may be difficult to attach a water bottle to the sides of some plastic containers. Another option is to use Velcro to attach the water bottle to the side of the container. If you've got an old aquarium sitting around it will work well as a hamster cage too. (Aquariums can be made of glass or of plastic; plastic is lighter, but scratches more easily.) DO NOT put a clear aquarium hamster cage near a windowsill that gets a lot of sun, because the cage may act as a heat trap. There aren't many conversions that can be made here: if it wasn't made as a cage, it probably can't be used as a cage. If you have some skills and experience with building things, though, building your own wire mesh cage is an option. Go to your local public library, used bookstore, or poke around on the internet, and look for hobby and craft books that were originally published over 40 years ago. Many of these books will have detailed instructions for constructing inexpensive, sturdy and attractive hamster cages from various materials. Share this article! Follow us! Find more helpful articles:
• Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month How does Graham Greene explore gender representation in Brighton Rock? Extracts from this document... How does Greene explore gender representation in Brighton Rock? In Brighton Rock, Graham Greene demonstrates aspects of the archetypal masculine and feminine characters. Prominent matriarchal themes which he explores include leadership, criminality and mob mentality, typifying the image of the contextual audience; what was perceived of 'the 1938 man'. However, Green also depicts contrasting images of gender representation. We gain knowledge of this through the portrayal of the novels anti-hero Pinkie, his name alone contradicts any masculine traits and his physical appearance also contrasts his criminal lifestyle which entails violence. Similarly, Ida is a vehicle of feminine strength; shown through her endurance and determination in the hostility of a murder. Yet more stereotypical characteristics are presented in Ida's polar opposite: Rose displays more familiar actions associated with a pre-war female, the expectancy to provide and to serve a husband. Themes of masculinity and femininity are equally challenged throughout the novel; Green challenges many typical images of men and women, specifically those of a pre-war society. There is consistent evidence throughout Brighton Rock to suggest that Greene presents the males in the forefront of the plot to conform to the archetypal images of men. Under this umbrella of masculinity, includes the male violence and intimidation. ...read more. Firstly, the name Pinkie is paradoxical of his illegitimate, pernicious ways. The colour Pink springs to mind which is associated with delicate, feminine and pure traits in a person; yet Pinkie himself appears to show male characteristics completely opposing his title. Perhaps Greene is commenting on the superficial toughness males conveyed in that era, whereby men feel that it is more important for other to believe you are masculine in order to strike fear in whom they come across. Additionally, his name could be seen as satirical; what appears to be a hardened outer shell of Pinkie, what lies within is a more sensitive and ultimately a more morally aligned person. Pinkies age, coupled with his appearance, is also Greene's comment on masculinity, particularly in gang culture. Seventeen, at the period of time the novel was written, was considered very much an age of immaturity, and teenagers still remained relatively innocent and child-like. The leader and protagonist, Pinkie's role is associated with age and what comes with it; Greene thrusts the character into a role requiring experience and wisdom and credentials, yet obviously presents him as a character seemingly unprepared for a more experienced male. This suggests that Pinkie clearly is still a young boy, attempting to fill significantly larger shoes; he desires to be more masculine through leadership of the gang but ultimately his twisted fate came down to his lack of rational thought, associated with more practical, aged men. ...read more. Her strength in times of hostility is also highly commendable: "I want justice", Ida remains persistent throughout the novel, hunting down members of the mob, apparently fearless of any encounter. Although she embarks on a moral crusade, her quest can also be seen as an adrenaline rush; the boost of finding danger and lurching into it. However, her tenaciousness and toughness is respected, what is considered flamboyant of the time, she carries on trying to solve a murder. Presenting femininity in a different, perhaps stronger, light, indicates that Green believes that the typical female representations are inaccurate, and that women can certainly be a beacon of strength and not conform to what society expects. Graham Greene delves into gender representation throughout Brighton Rock and severely challenges the typical images of both sexes. Where Pinkie shows the qualities of innocence and immaturity, Greene comments on the masculine desire for power and leadership in society; feeling the necessity to provide and achieve control by whatever means possible. Similar contradictions are made in the feminine characters; whilst there exists more traditional stereotypes in the novel, Ida Arnold represents more uncharacteristic representations of what it is to be a woman; standing on her own two feet whilst remaining strong in the face of wild adversity. In both genders, Greene defies the norm; he analyses alternate representations of the genders to criticise pre-war society and highlight possibilities of masculine weakness and feminine strength. Nathan Wilgoss ...read more. The above preview is unformatted text Found what you're looking for? • Start learning 29% faster today • 150,000+ documents available • Just £6.99 a month Not the one? Search for your essay title... • Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month See related essaysSee related essays Related AS and A Level Other Authors essays 1. Discuss Hosseinis exploration of the parent/ child relationship in the Kite Runner. ... As just like 'Sohrab', Amir similarly is desperate for his father's love but lacks the much sought after love; of his father, which Hassan is aware of because as Amir pointed out 'Hassan always understood about [him]', which could be argued is the reason why Hassan names his son Sohrab as a sign of forgiveness towards Amir. be one of these houses in the Avenue' but Keith doesn't comment and just murmurs something. Stephen tried so hard to please him and come up with brilliant ideas or plans or suggestions but Keith either contradicted him or ignored him. 1. &quot;Strange Meeting&quot; by Susan Hill. Explore and evaluate the ways in which ... Barton is then ordered to the front line. Hilliard shouts "Jesus God, don't let him be killed, don't let him be killed". From this point onwards Hilliard's feelings for Barton become deeper and his need for him to survive is now overpowering, the affection he received from Barton's family was 2. English Literature Assessment Lucy Honeychurch and Stevens are two characters who represent the ... She lacks the self-confidence to make her own judgments about art. In Santa Croce, she longs for her Baedeker guide so that she can know "good art" from bad. The Remains of the Day also introduces a theme of emotional repression in the immediate first chapter through Steven's very proper and fine English language. 1. London, Jack: The Call of the Wild The men treat them very bad: At first they increase the dog's food rations to cope with their tiredness which could only be cured by a long rest. Later they have not enough dog food left and the dogs have to starve. 2. What would you say is the role of the reader in Umberto Ecos The ... Adso resembles Holmes' faithful and not overly bright historian, Dr Watson. The blind Spaniard, Jorge of Burgos bears the features of the Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges, who also created labyrinths and imaginary libraries. Characters may thus be read allegorically, each figure in the book corresponding to another in a different book or in life. 1. How does Mansfield explore ideas on marriage in two of her stories The food is also symbolic of appetite therefore when Herr has satisfied his physical need he 'he looked up at her, grinning' the verb 'grinning' suggests that he is now wanting to satisfy his sexual appetite. Therefore Mansfield uses his treatment of his wife to convey to the reader how into visualising and hearing the event when read aloud due to powerful visual and auditory imagery. Onomatopoeia is used in addition to imagery to create a sense of immediacy by allowing the reader to hear the sound just as the characters heard it. • Over 160,000 pieces of student written work • Annotated by experienced teachers • Ideas and feedback to improve your own work
Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Encyclopedia. click for a larger image anterior view of a knee joint n. pl. me·nis·ci (-nĭs′ī, -kī, -kē) or me·nis·cus·es 1. A crescent-shaped body. 2. A concavo-convex lens. 3. The curved upper surface of a nonturbulent liquid in a container that is concave if the liquid wets the container walls and convex if it does not. 4. A cartilage disk that acts as a cushion between the ends of bones that meet in a joint. [New Latin, from Greek mēniskos, diminutive of mēnē, moon, month; see mē- in Indo-European roots.] me·nis′cal (-kəl), me·nis′cate′ (-kăt′), me·nis′coid′ (-koid′), men′is·coi′dal (mĕn′ĭs-koid′l) adj. resembling a meniscus References in periodicals archive ? Because no single specimen preserves both the external longitudinal ornament and the internal meniscate infill, these burrows are assigned to cf. 1984) and Buatois and Mangano (1995, 2004) it is characterized by "horizontal meniscate backfilled traces Scoyenia, Beaconites, Taenidium, produced by feeders, Arthropod trackways such as Umfolozia, Merostomichnites, Diplichnites, Hexapodichnus, Permichnium and Acripes, horizontal trails: Cruziana and Rusophycus with also "simple forms (Planolites and Palaeophycus) sinuous crawling traces (Cochlichnus) and banana-shaped traces (Fuersichnus); vertical burrows are Skolithos, Cylindricum and Macanopsis. The Scoyenia ichnofacies is emended to consist primarily of bilobate or striate pits and trails, trackways, meniscate burrows, (sparse coverage) simple burrows and, if present, subordinate vertical burrows.
The Full Wiki Group velocity: Wikis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Frequency dispersion in groups of gravity waves on the surface of deep water. The red dot moves with the phase velocity, and the green dots propagate with the group velocity. In this deep-water case, the phase velocity is twice the group velocity. The red dot overtakes two green dots, when moving from the left to the right of the figure. New waves seem to emerge at the back of a wave group, grow in amplitude until they are at the center of the group, and vanish at the wave group front. For surface gravity waves, the water particle velocities are much smaller than the phase velocity, in most cases. The group velocity of a wave is the velocity with which the overall shape of the wave's amplitudes — known as the modulation or envelope of the wave — propagates through space. Definition and interpretation The group velocity vg is defined by the equation v_g \ \equiv\ \frac{\partial \omega}{\partial k}\, ω is the wave's angular frequency; k is the wave number. The function ω(k), which gives ω as a function of k, is known as the dispersion relation. If ω is directly proportional to k, then the group velocity is exactly equal to the phase velocity. Otherwise, the envelope of the wave will become distorted as it propagates. This "group velocity dispersion" is an important effect in the propagation of signals through optical fibers and in the design of high-power, short-pulse lasers. Note: The above definition of group velocity is only useful for wavepackets, which is a pulse that is localized in both real space and frequency space. Because waves at different frequencies propagate at differing phase velocities in dispersive media, for a large frequency range (a narrow envelope in space) the observed pulse would change shape while traveling, making group velocity an unclear or useless quantity. Physical interpretation The group velocity is often thought of as the velocity at which energy or information is conveyed along a wave. In most cases this is accurate, and the group velocity can be thought of as the signal velocity of the waveform. However, if the wave is travelling through an absorptive medium, this does not always hold. Since the 1980s, various experiments have verified that it is possible for the group velocity of laser light pulses sent through specially prepared materials to significantly exceed the speed of light in vacuum. However, superluminal communication is not possible in this case, since the signal velocity remains less than the speed of light. It is also possible to reduce the group velocity to zero, stopping the pulse, or have negative group velocity, making the pulse appear to propagate backwards. However, in all these cases, photons continue to propagate at the expected speed of light in the medium.[1][2][3][4] Anomalous dispersion happens in areas of rapid spectral variation with respect to the refractive index. Therefore, negative values of the group velocity will occur in these areas. Anomalous dispersion plays a fundamental role in achieving backward propagating and superluminal light. Anomalous dispersion can also be used to produce group and phase velocities that are in different directions.[2] Materials that exhibit large anomalous dispersion allow the group velocity of the light to exceed c and/or become negative.[4] The idea of a group velocity distinct from a wave's phase velocity was first proposed by W.R. Hamilton in 1839, and the first full treatment was by Rayleigh in his "Theory of Sound" in 1877.[5] Matter-wave group velocity Albert Einstein first explained the wave–particle duality of light in 1905. Louis de Broglie hypothesized that any particle should also exhibit such a duality. The velocity of a particle, he concluded then (but may be questioned today, see above), should always equal the group velocity of the corresponding wave. De Broglie deduced that if the duality equations already known for light were the same for any particle, then his hypothesis would hold. This means that v_g = \frac{\partial \omega}{\partial k} = \frac{\partial (E/\hbar)}{\partial (p/\hbar)} = \frac{\partial E}{\partial p} E is the total energy of the particle, p is its momentum, \hbar is the reduced Planck constant. For a free non-relativistic particle it follows that \begin{align} v_g &= \frac{\partial E}{\partial p} = \frac{\partial}{\partial p} \left( \frac{1}{2}\frac{p^2}{m} \right)\ &= \frac{p}{m}\ &= v. \end{align} m is the mass of the particle and v its velocity. Also in special relativity we find that \begin{align} v_g &= \frac{\partial E}{\partial p} = \frac{\partial}{\partial p} \left( \sqrt{p^2c^2+m^2c^4} \right)\ &= \frac{pc^2}{\sqrt{p^2c^2 + m^2c^4}}\ &= \frac{p}{m\sqrt{(p/(mc))^2+1}}\ &= \frac{p}{m\gamma}\ &= \frac{mv\gamma}{m\gamma}\ &= v. \end{align} m is the rest mass of the particle, c is the speed of light in a vacuum, γ is the Lorentz factor. and v is the velocity of the particle regardless of wave behavior. Group velocity (equal to an electron's speed) should not be confused with phase velocity (equal to the product of the electron's frequency multiplied by its wavelength). Both in relativistic and non-relativistic quantum physics, we can identify the group velocity of a particle's wave function with the particle velocity. Quantum mechanics has very accurately demonstrated this hypothesis, and the relation has been shown explicitly for particles as large as molecules.[citation needed] See also 1. ^ George M. Gehring, Aaron Schweinsberg, Christopher Barsi, Natalie Kostinski, Robert W. Boyd, “Observation of a Backward Pulse Propagation Through a Medium with a Negative Group Velocity”, Science. 312, 895-897 (2006). 2. ^ a b Gunnar Dolling, Christian Enkrich, Martin Wegener, Costas M. Soukoulis, Stefan Linden, “Simultaneous Negative Phase and Group Velocity of Light in a Metamaterial”, Science. 312, 892-894 (2006). 3. ^ A. Schweinsberg, N. N. Lepeshkin, M.S. Bigelow, R.W. Boyd, S. Jarabo, “Observation of superluminal and slow light propagation in erbium-doped optical fiber”, Europhysics Letters. 73, 218-224 (2005). 4. ^ a b Matthew S Bigelow, Nick N Lepeshkin, Heedeuk Shin, Robert W Boyd, “Propagation of a smooth and discontinuous pulses through materials with very large or very small group velocities”, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 18, 3117-3126 (2006) 5. ^ Brillouin, Léon. Wave Propagation and Group Velocity. Academic Press Inc., New York (1960) • Tipler, Paul A. and Ralph A. Llewellyn (2003). Modern Physics. 4th ed. New York; W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-4345-0. 223 p. External links Velocities of Waves 2006-01-14 Surface waves.jpg Phase velocity \| Group velocity \| Front velocity \| Signal velocity Simple English Group velocity is often considered to be the wave velocity at which information travels. Often, this can be seen as the speed at which the envelope of the wave travels. Got something to say? Make a comment. 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Saturday, 20th October 2018 BEAUTY Article This Month's Magazine Influenza - The Vaccine Influenza - The Vaccine Influenza, "the flu" which belongs to the orthomixovirus family, is transmitted though the air, by sneezing and coughing and through direct contact on the hands, eyes and face. It is an acute respiratory illness which affects the upper and lower respiratory tracts due to viral infection. Although sporadic cases occur in general, more severe cases appear during the autumn and winter periods. There are 3 types of influenza virus: Virus A is responsible for most influenza epidemics each year. It is the most dangerous one, which mutates most easily. Virus B is the less common form. It causes less severe forms of influenza. Generally the influenza epidemics due to this virus occur every five years. Virus C causes infections that may lack symptoms, are very light and resemble heavy versions of common colds. They occur frequently in children. Influenza viruses are mainly of Asian origin, the local environmental conditions favour the development and the mutation of the virus. Because influenza viruses constantly evolve, our immune systems recognize a virus if we have already been infected once by the same type of virus, but if the virus changes, recognition is no longer possible. Thus, every year new vaccines must be developed. The morbidity and mortality caused by influenza outbreaks continue to be substantial mainly because individuals, who die of this, are already suffering from other underlying illnesses that weakens their system and places them in the high risk area. Persons suffering from chronic cardiac and pulmonary diseases are under the greatest threat, as well as old people. The incubation period is between 1 to 4 days and the on set is usually quite sudden and can show the following symptoms: 1. Fever 2. Chills 3. Muscular Pains 4. Headaches 5. Nasal stuffiness 6. Substernal Soreness 7. Occasional nausea 8. General indisposition 9. Sore throat 10. Hot flushes 11. Eye redness Influenza can cause "Necrosis of the respiratory epithelium" which predisposes to a secondary bacterial infection. The interaction is bilateral and sometimes bacteria cause the influenza virus to activate. Complications may frequently occur: Acute Sinusitis Otitis Bronchitis Pneumonia Pneumonia is the most common complication and can progress with persistent fever, dyspnoea (difficult or laboured breathing) and eventual cyanosis (lack of oxygen in the blood). Many patients with influenza prefer to rest in bed, analgesic and cough medicines can be used, however sometimes the symptoms need antibiotic treatment which must be prescribed by a doctor to ensure that the correct type of antibiotic is taken. The influenza vaccine provides partial cover (85% circa efficacy) for a period of a few months up to a year. The vaccine's configuration changes yearly and it is based on prevalent strains from preceding years. The time for vaccination is between October through to the end of November. The vaccine is highly recommended to all people who normally contract the flu easily, the over 50's, children and teenagers receiving chronic aspirin therapy, health care workers as well as sufferers from asthma, chronic lung disease, heart disease. Side effects from the vaccine are rare; at most there might be a little redness and tenderness where it was injected. Fever is quite rare too. In recent years a new kind of vaccine was developed, intended to protect from pneumonia. This pneumococcal vaccine is strongly recommended to anyone over 55 years of age or any one on the high risk list because it provides partial cover up to 95% of efficacy for a period of three years. Adequate immunity is attained about 2 weeks after taking both vaccines, so it is suggested that you have your vaccine now. Add Your Comments: Other related businesses
Ce diaporama a bien été signalé. Webquest Ivan Mikel 747 vues Publié le Publié dans : Formation, Technologie • Soyez le premier à commenter Webquest Ivan Mikel 1. 1. Colour Mikel Sampedro nº24 Iván Rodríguez nº21 The webquest 2. 2. 1.- What is the difference between value and a hue's pure value? Value describes the lightness or darkness of a colour. And hue’s pure value is a value where only appears pure colours. 3. 3. 2.- Write a definition of primary and secondary colours. List each and describe how we obtain them. Primary colours : are the colours that don’t come from a mix of colour but all other colours come from them. These colours are: magenta, yellow and cyan. Secondary colours : we can obtain these colours misting 2 primary colours. For example: yellow + magenta= red. cyan magenta yellow blue red 4. 4. 3.- What are the warm colours? Why are they called this? Warm colours are yellows, oranges and reds with more than 50% of yellow in their mixture. Warm colour transmit the idea of heat, like the colour of sun, fire...etc 5. 5. 4.- Give one example of how we can contrast colours in a composition. We can contrast colours in a composition choosing colours of different degrees of tone, value and saturation. For example in this picture: 6. 6. 5.- Choose a work of art from the links and analyse the meaning of its colours This picture transmit the sensation of distance because the light tones and warm colours seem closer. Sam Gilliam: Green Web , 1967 7. 7. 6.- Look for Claude Monet's "Notre Dame Cathedral" and Henri Matisse's "Sorrow of the king" or "The king's sadness"1952. In one of the paintings there is analogy of colours and in the other one, there is contrast. Explain what you find in each one. This picture is analogy because have’s combined colour harmoniously. This picture is contrast because the picture have’s different degrees of tone, value and saturation.
European Sections Videos, pictures and texts in English and from the English speaking world to implement your history and geography lessons and presentations! History of the Americas The Spanish Conquest Find out what Mesoamerican codices tell us about the Spanish conquest of the Americas on the website of the University of Arizona Library. Discover Spanish conquest through the architecture of the biggest cathedral in the Americas. Read the Wikipedia articles about the Metropolitan Cathedral in Mexico City (in English and in Spanish) and learn about baroque architecture. Visit the website of the Templo Mayor Museum (in English or in Spanish). Read the article in Wikipedia about Montezuma's palace (also called Casas Nuevas) and learn about the latest archeological discoveries from NBC News. Coastal Geography Zeebruge, a Leading Hyper-modern Port in Europe Ancient History Ancient Mesopotamia: the City of Ur. The Ziggurat of Ur. By M. Lubinski, Août 2010 (Flickr) [CC BY-SA-2.0 The Royal Tombs of Ur, on the website of the British Museum. Learn about Leonard Woolley's trip to Irak and his archeological works on the ancient site of IVth and IIIrd m. B-C Ur. Visit the royal tombs and play the Ur royal game. Ancient Athens. The Parthenon Sculptures. By M. Chohan (2005)/Wikimedia [CC BY-SA 3.0] Why are the Parthenon sculptures displayed in the Brtisih Museum instead of Athens? Visit the website of the British Museum to find the answer.
ap biology photosynthesis essay answer AP BIOLOGY. ESSAY QUESTIONS. 1. Discuss the lock-and-key theory of enzyme-substrate interaction giving a specific example to illustrate the theory. Include in your ... of aerobic respiration and photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells. Include in your ... Describe the following mechanisms of response to foreign material in the. AP BIOLOGY EXAM ESSAY (FREE RESPONSE) QUESTIONS. General directions: ... It is important that you read each question completely, and answer each section of the question. When giving .... Describe the roles of membranes in the synthesis of ATP in either cellular respiration or photosynthesis. #9 (2007) - also body AP Bio Possible Essay Questions Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis There are several review sheets for you to use that can be found on Weebly. www.loydbiology.weebly.com The following essay questions are examples of the kinds of questions that you can expect to have to answer for your unit test essay as well The following is a comprehensive list of essay questions that have been asked on past AP exams. ... Draw a graph of these data and answer the following questions. What is the initial ... Describe the similarities and differences between the biochemical pathways of aerobic respiration and photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells. Start studying AP Bio Unit 3 Packet - Respiration and Photosynthesis Essay Questions. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Explain and justify your answer. (3 points maximum) ... photosynthesis. 550 nm. (2nd Group). Lowest rate. The lowest level of absorption occurs at 550 nm; therefore, the least amount of energy is available to drive ... Question 2 was written to the following Learning Objectives in the AP Biology Curriculum Framework: 1.2,. AP Biology: 2013 Exam Review. AP BIOLOGY EXAM REVIEW .... Chloroplast- double membrane; site of photosynthesis (glucose synthesis). • Cell wall- middle lamella- pectin; ..... What does the presence of lactic acid in a sample indicate about what process is occurring in each cell fraction? b. Explain why lactic acid was Tips For Writing AP Biology Exam Essays (Free Response Questions). DO's. 1. ... Before writing an answer, the second thing you should do is read the question, and the third thing you should do is read the question. This is ... Most points are given for the basics anyway (for example, "light is necessary for photosynthesis”). antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants full thesis andy warhol campbell soup essay abstract examples for scientific research papers an essay concerning human understanding the epistle to the reader summary angry men character essay an essay on beowulf being a hero accounting professional ethics essay anthem essay contest winners academic argument essay model an essay on bargaining anti oppressive practice essay antagonist antigone an example of a classification essay alexander pope an essay on criticism part ii analysis annual catholic appeal essay contest 2012 althusser essays in self-criticism abstract and outline for research paper and essayist and analitical essays on an essay concerning human understanding pursuit of happiness ap argument essay 2012 answers to wiley plus homework andreas schrenk dissertation american realism new essays affirmative action research paper thesis Maecenas aliquet accumsan Or visit this link or this one
Hidden Discount on FingerTec Products Stemming from Inflation ( by Batyr Komurzoev, Sales Manager, CIS Countries ) Inflation is an economic factor that is very close to each individual since almost everyone is affected by it. Other economic factors are less noticed by average people, like the unemployment rate (unless you or your family member is not the one who looses the job), an increase in GDP (since the benefits are not shared equally) or changes in the Balance of Payment (which has completely nothing to do with individual person). An increase in inflation should however worry everyone since inflation is like someone is stealing from your pocket and yet you cannot blame anyone. When inflation is low, the effect of inflation is largely ignored. However, if the inflation, say 10%, like in many less developed countries today, your savings of 100,000 in the beginning of the year will be equal to only 90,000 in terms of purchasing power at the end of the year (loss of 10,000, although in nominal terms you still have that 100,000). Those who deposit can get interest which is often less than the loss due to inflation. Returns from investment can be higher than the loss from inflation, but investment is at the same time they are riskier and if not selected carefully, can lead to even bigger losses. Those who have a fixed payment obligation can benefit from inflation. For example, if you are paying a fixed amount of installments on your loan, what you pay will be less and less in real terms throughout the repayment period by the rate of the ongoing inflation. This is because the value of installment sum in terms of what it can buy is getting less and less due to increase in general price level. For those, however, whose income does not grow at least at the rate of inflation, the burden of installment will not be eased. Governments also gain from inflation by borrowing at low interest rates (government bonds usually pay the lowest interest in the bond market) and paying back with cheaper money. This is partially the reason why US Government runs at huge budget deficit whereby it gains by borrowing internationally (largest lender being Japan) at the current dollar value and pay back with cheaper dollars in the future. However, not all the governments are able to borrow internationally at low interest rate like US does because, historically, UD dollar became an international currency, while its economy is considered strong enough to back its money supply (in contrast, prior to 1971, US currency was backed by gold, while today the currency of each country is backed by the economy and the belief that its value will not disappear). When we talk about inflation in the economy, we refer not to a particular product, but to the general price level measured by index called Consumer Price Index (CPI). CPI is calculated by gathering price information of sample goods and services in the economy and taking their weighted average using estimates of the shares of the different types of expenditure as fractions of the total expenditure covered by the index. Since CPI represents average prices, it is possible that during inflation, even if the prices of majority goods are going up, some products maybe actually having constant or even falling prices. FingerTec products are in this category with constant or falling prices. For example, AC900 models was selling at $ 310 two years ago, compared to the current price of $ 240. Similarly, the nominal prices of other FingerTec models are also lower compared to the prices in 2007. In addition to the normal discount, FingerTec products have a “hidden discount” which is due to inflation. Just like the fixed payments in earlier example were becoming less and less burden in real terms, the products of FingerTec are also becoming cheaper in real terms due to continuous inflation. Even if the currency keeps depreciating, FingerTec is able to sustain low prices by continuously improving efficiency of its operations that reduces cost and by improving its products and after sale support that allows expanding market and gaining on economies of scale.
We’ve found older dog remains. Some dating back more than 36,000 years. But scientists say a perfectly mummified 12,450-year-old puppy found in the ice in East Russia is the oldest intact find ever recovered. Discovered in 2011 on the Syallakh River, the holy grail of ancient canine bodies has spent the last three years being analyzed before researchers at the North-Eastern Federal University, who finally performed an autopsy this April. Thanks to the wonders of mummification, all the organs were present and undamaged. The results could be key to understanding the evolutionary line of man’s best friend. It’s possible the puppy was there picking up scraps and co-existing near a regional tribe, or — and this is the speculation bit — proto-Spot could be an early example of humans domesticating dogs. Scientists are still unsure how the pooch ended up frozen, but that’s not really what’s at stake here. There is reason to believe that our canine brothers helped early humans and the humanoid become a dominant species over a relatively short period of time. The mummy dog might give us a window into how that period affected canine biology and what initially facilitated the creation of the dog/human tag team. The thinking now is that, in exchange for a share of the meat, semi-domesticated animals help humans track prey they could kill from a distance. Dogs limited their own risks and humans were able to take advantage of the dogs natural tracking abilities. Can one frozen dog prove this theory? No, but knowing what was inside him can go a long way in explaining his role in making us into us and wolves into chihuahuas.
The first European visitor to Western Australia was the Dutch explorer Dirk Hartog, who visited the Western Australian coast in 1616. The first European settlement of Western Australia occurred following the landing by Major Edmund Lockyer formally took possession of the western third of the continent for the British Crown. This was followed by the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829, including the site of the presentday capital, Perth.Western Australia achieved responsible government in 1890, and federated with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901. Today its economy mainly relies on mining, agriculture and tourism. The state produces 46% of Australia's exports. Western Australia is the secondlargest iron ore producer in the world.Western Australia is bounded to the east by longitude 129E, the meridian 129 degrees east of Greenwich, which defines the border with South Australia and the Northern Territory, and bounded by the Indian Ocean to the west and north. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) designates the body of water south of the continent as part of the Indian Ocean in Australia it is officially gazetted as the Southern Ocean.The bulk of Western Australia consists of the extremely old Yilgarn craton and Pilbara craton which merged with the Deccan Plateau of India, Madagascar and the Karoo and Zimbabwe cratons of Southern Africa, in the Archean Eon to form Ur, one of the oldest supercontinents on Earth (3 3.2 &160billion years ago).Because the only mountainbuilding since then has been of the Stirling Range with the rifting from Antarctica, the land is extremely eroded and ancient, with no part of the state above 1,245 metres (4,085&160ft) AHD (at Mount Meharry in the Hamersley Range of the Pilbara region). Most of the state is a low plateau with an average elevation of about 400 metres (1,200&160ft), very low relief, and no surface runoff. This descends relatively sharply to the coastal plains, in some cases forming a sharp escarpment (as with the Darling Range/Darling Scarp near Perth). Western Australia Job Portal Jobisite, a free job board for Western Australia, Australia. Easy ways for recruiters from Western Australia to post jobs and search Western Australia resumes. Western Australia Jobs Free Western Australia Job board. Free Western Australia professional networking. Find all Western Australia full time, part time and contract Jobs. Find Western Australia freelance jobs and post gigs. Join interesting Western Australia groups. Free Western Australia resume access. Register! (It takes 10 seconds) By clicking Create Account, you agree to our Terms. Create Account Login Here Keep me logged in The extreme age of the landscape has meant that the soils are remarkably infertile and frequently laterised. Even soils derived from granitic bedrock contain an order of magnitude less available phosphorus and only half as much nitrogen as soils in comparable climates in other continents. Soils derived from extensive sandplains or ironstone are even less fertile, nearly devoid of soluble phosphate and also deficient in zinc, copper, molybdenum and sometimes potassium and calcium.The infertility of most of the soils has required heavy application by farmers of chemical fertilisers, particularly superphosphate, insecticides and herbicides. These have resulted in damage to invertebrate and bacterial populations. The grazing and use of hoofed mammals and, later, heavy machinery through the years have resulted in compaction of soils and great damage to the fragile soils.Largescale land clearing for agriculture has damaged habitats for native flora and fauna. As a result, the South West region of the state has a higher concentration of rare, threatened or endangered flora and fauna than many areas of Australia, making it one of the world's biodiversity 'hot spots'. Large areas of the state's wheatbelt region have problems with dryland salinity and the loss of fresh water.The southwest coastal area has a Mediterranean climate. It was originally heavily forested, including large stands of karri, one of the tallest trees in the world. This agricultural region is one of the nine most biodiverse terrestrial habitats, with a higher proportion of endemic species than most other equivalent regions. Thanks to the offshore Leeuwin Current, the area is one of the top six regions for marine biodiversity and contains the most southerly coral reefs in the world.
How humans develop echolocation skills is revealed in new research Published Sep 07, 2017 Ongoing research at KTH reveals that when navigating by echolocation, as blind people do, our powers of hearing can be used in ways we never realized. Your web browser can not show this movie Your browser has javascript disabled. You can not se movies inside the editor To see the movie, use the page preview. Like our fellow mammals, dolphins and bats, humans can find their way through an environment by making sounds and listening for the echoes. With practice, we can learn to use the volume, pitch and timbre of echoes from a tapping cane, or one’s own voice, to navigate an environment without relying on sight, says Bo Schenkman, an associate professor at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Unlike with dolphins and bats, echolocation is a byproduct of human hearing, not a sense in itself. However, people who are blind from an early age are better at echolocation, says Schenkman, who is doing research that explores how people can be trained to use this ability even later in life. While the ability to detect volume and pitch shifts is known, Schenkman reports that preliminary research shows people are able to also detect the timbre of an echo, that is, the characteristics that give a sound its distinctness. Timbre, for example, is the quality that enables us to tell a violin from a cymbal, even if they are in the same volume and pitch. Schenkman’s research shows that visually impaired people are on average better at perceiving the quality of two sounds that are close together in time. He also finds that blind people can more easily counteract the "precedence effect," a phenomenon that occurs when sounds overlap, and a person judges the location of the sounds to be from the location of the first arriving sound, rather than from the ones that arrive later. Previously a lecturer in the subjects of human-computer interaction and psychology, Schenkman works in the Department of . He presented his findings recently at the Acoustical Society of America and the European Acoustics Association, in Boston, Massachusetts. David Callahan Top page top
Results from Search: "patient" Results in Skin Conditions: Heat Exhaustion, First Aid Heat exhaustion is the moderate form of heat illness. Heat illness occurs when a person's core body temperature rises above a safe level of the body's internal temperature range. Heat cramps are the earliest sign of heat illness. If precautions to cool off and rehydrate at this point are not made, the more severe stage of heat illness, heat exhaustion, can occur in a rapid progression. The progression from the early stage of heat illness to heat exhaustion and subsequently to heatstroke can be very quick and can result in a potentially life-threatening situation.See the Heat Cramps or Heatstroke texts via the Disease List for information specific to the other stages of heat illness.First Aid GuideUse a combination of the following measures depending on the circumstances and means available:Have the person rest, legs slightly elevated, in a shaded area or cool or air-conditioned building, room, or car. Remove or loosen the person's clothes. Give the person an electrolyte drink, such as Gatorade® or Pedialyte®, or water if not available. Do not give beverages that contain caffeine or alcohol. Note: You can make a salted drink by adding 1 teaspoon of salt to one quart of water. Pour water over the person or spray with a hose. Note: Do not do this if the person is disoriented. Wrap the person in wet cloth, and position a fan toward him/her. Evaporation of water on the skin aids in cooling. Apply cold compresses (eg, to neck, armpits, groin).If possible, take the person's temperature while starting cooling measures and continue to check the temperature every few minutes. Once it has gone down to 100° F, you can discontinue cooling measures, but continue to check the person's temperature every 30 minutes for 3–4 hours to ensure it stays down. Show all 72 results Results in Health Topics: Show all 55 results
Korea: Glory That Is, Can Be September 23, 1988 South Korea didn't show its best side Wednesday when a Korean trainer pummeled a referee over a boxing decision. But despite such rough spots, the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul are unfolding magnificently. By being a superb host to the Games, the Koreans have come full circle from the days when their land was known as the Hermit Kingdom. Moreover, this world-class bash is also a celebration of their economic triumphs, though Korea must nurture its young democracy to achieve a similar miracle politically. Already the 1988 Games have set records. Security is the tightest ever. But it's an appropriate precaution to help keep the Olympics safe. The game plan has worked so far. Also, a record number of nations -- 161 -- agreed to send athletes, although Madagascar pulled out. That makes the handful of non-participating countries especially conspicuous. Only two, North Korea and Cuba, stayed away for ideological reasons. Nicaragua said it couldn't come because of its civil war. A few others, including Albania, didn't even reply to invitations. More important, countries such as China and the Soviet Union -- historic adversaries of Korea -- are competing enthusiastically. They also seem eager to buy into Korea's miracle. For example, the Soviet Union is seeking Korean help in developing Siberia; the Chinese already have set up joint ventures with Seoul. Thirty-five years ago Korea was a poor country devastated by war. Today, by borrowing money, concentrating on heavy industry for exports -- such as cars -- and working extremely hard, Koreans have built an economic dynamo. In 1986, it exported more than it imported for the first time. To keep Korea's progress in perspective, however, it's important to remember that less than a year ago the military ran the government and the economy. Although Korea's new president -- who as it happened was the ruling party's candidate -- was fairly elected, respect for human rights is recent. Once the international spotlight of the Olympics passes, there will be pressure from big business to return to heavyhanded tactics, such as smashing labor protests. The government needs to resist such regression. In addition, it can do more to ensure that the fruits of Korea's economic success are well-distributed. Too many people have been left behind, despite an expanding middle class. At least the government has placed some restrictions on conglomerates. As a result, small businesses have a chance to compete. Korea is a stunning debutante and an exceptional host. But it can exceed the glory of the Games by emphasizing human rights and spreading the benefits of economic growth more equitably. Orlando Sentinel Articles
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An analysis of the crime in the modern world and the advocates of capital punishment in the united s Capital punishment is the execution of a person by the state as punishment for a crime crimes that can result in the death penalty are known as capital crimes or capital offenses capital punishment has been used in societies throughout history as a way to punish crime and suppress political dissent. The united states now has the world's highest imprisonment rate, with one in nine prisoners serving life sentences racial perceptions of crime, combined with other factors, have led to the. After the execution of kim jong-un's uncle, the brutality of north korea's regime has once again come under the international spotlight in a broader context, is the attention warranted find out who. In a country that often aims to be a champion of human rights in the modern world, the issue of capital punishment has routinely faced great opposition. As more states consider joining nebraska in abolishing capital punishment, they may create a momentum that will, in time, sway the us supreme court reason 5 the justices. Why the death penalty is still necessary particular murderer deserves to die for his crime(s) that the capital punishment system in the united states results in the execution of the. And now the magisterium, the teaching office of the church, affirms the doctrine against capital punishment, and the fact that the church works with determination for its abolition worldwide. National catholic journals unite: 'capital punishment must end' advocates of the death penalty often claim that it brings closure to a victim's family some crimes are so heinous. Lethal injection is the most prevalent form of capital punishment in the united states today, but this does not necessarily mean that it's the most civilized history in 1982, the united states became the first country to perform executions by lethal injection. Sociology - ch 5: crime / deviance the real world 3e study play capital punishment the death penalty (page 176) an official measure of crime in the united. Advocates say it deters crime while abolitionists say it is unconstitutional capital punishment in the united states - our modern society has a very. How the death penalty saves lives capital punishment curbs criminal behavior and promotes a safer country 20 percent reduction in rates of these crimes in short, capital punishment does, in. Un secretary-general ban ki-moon's remark reflects the global trend away from capital punishment more and more member states from all regions acknowledge that the death penalty undermines human dignity, and that its abolition, or at least a moratorium on its use, contributes to the enhancement and progressive development of human rights. Encyclopedia of capital punishment in the united statespdf - ebook download as pdf file (pdf), text file (txt) or read book online scribd is the world's. Does capital punishment deter murder how do advocates of capital punishment reply to all this net deterrent effect from capital punishment under modern us. Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a government-sanctioned practice whereby a person is killed by the state as a punishment for a crime the sentence that someone be punished in such a manner is referred to as a death sentence, whereas the act of carrying out the sentence is. This sample essay on the death penalty gives a series of as that of capital punishment in the modern world leader, the united states has an obligation to set. The argument of a biblical mandate for capital punishment is also contradicted by the fact that many of the capital crimes in the old testament are considered relatively minor today very few people in the christian world would support capital punishment for such things as doing work on the sabbath, false prophecy or making false statements. A catholic defense of capital punishment by james jacobs, august 17, 2017 defending himself against the accusation of capital crimes, socrates famously asserted that the main concern should not be the value of a man's life, but the value of his life insofar as it is good and just. Death penalty essays (examples) that modern society and some of the world's greatest powers continue to uphold such practices s analysis of the capital. Capital punishment and dna testing united states supreme court on the following four grounds: clients of the world's great defense attorneys (and even. Two examples: punishment and the death penalty, baird, robert & rosenbaum, stuart, prometheus, 1996 and capital punishment: the death penalty debate, gottfried, ted, enslow, 1997 both still claim that 23 innocents have been executed. The use of the death penalty in the united states has increasingly isolated the country from european nations prior to the 1970s, the usa and its western european counterparts allowed capital punishment in both law and practice. Criminal punishment's morality rests upon the concepts of retribution, deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation these ideas are employed to validate society's imposition of punishment on offenders. an analysis of the crime in the modern world and the advocates of capital punishment in the united s Among all penalties, capital punishment is considered to be the most severe and cruelest one which takes away criminal's most valuable right in the world, that is, right to live it is a heated debate for centuries whether capital punishment should be completely abolished world widely. Rated 4/5 based on 24 review Download now
The Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B. Du Bois Herein Is Written Table of Contents The Forethought I. Of Our Spiritual Strivings II. Of the Dawn of Freedom III. Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others IV. Of the Meaning of Progress V. Of the Wings of Atalanta VI. Of the Training of Black Men VII. Of the Black Belt VIII. Of the Quest of the Golden Fleece IX. Of the Sons of Master and Man X. Of the Faith of the Fathers XI. Of the Passing of the FirstBorn XII. Of Alexander Crummell XIII. Of the Coming of John XIV. Of the Sorrow Songs The Afterthought To Burghardt and Yolande The Lost and the Found The Forethought W.E.B Du B. ATLANTA, GA., FEB. 1, 1903. Of Our Spiritual Strivings Unresting water, there shall never be rest Till the last moon droop and the last tide fail, And the fire of the end begin to burn in the west; And the heart shall be weary and wonder and cry like the sea, All life long crying without avail, As the water all night long is crying to me. This, then, is the end of his striving: to be a coworker in the kingdom of culture, to escape both death and isolation, to husband and use his best powers and his latent genius. These powers of body and mind have in the past been strangely wasted, dispersed, or forgotten. The shadow of a mighty Negro past flits through the tale of the Shadowy Ethiopia and of Egypt the Sphinx. Through history, the powers of single black men flash here and there like falling stars, and die sometimes before the world has rightly gauged their brightness. Here in America, in the few days since Emancipation, the black man's turning hither and thither in hesitant and doubtful striving has often made his very strength to lose effectiveness, to seem like absence of power, like weakness. And yet it is not weakness,it is the contradiction of double aims. The double aimed struggle of the black artisan on the one hand to escape white contempt for a nation of mere hewers of wood and drawers of water, and on the other hand to plough and nail and dig for a poverty stricken horde could only result in making him a poor craftsman, for he had but half a heart in either cause. By the poverty and ignorance of his people, the Negro minister or doctor was tempted toward quackery and demagogy; and by the criticism of the other world, toward ideals that made him ashamed of his lowly tasks. The would be black savant was confronted by the paradox that the knowledge his people needed was a twice told tale to his white neighbors, while the knowledge which would teach the white world was Greek to his own flesh and blood. The innate love of harmony and beauty that set the ruder souls of his people adancing and asinging raised but confusion and doubt in the soul of the black artist; for the beauty revealed to him was the soul beauty of a race which his larger audience despised, and he could not articulate the message of another people. This waste of double aims, this seeking to satisfy two unreconciled ideals, has wrought sad havoc with the courage and faith and deeds of ten thousand thousand people, has sent them often wooing false gods and invoking false means of salvation, and at times has even seemed about to make them ashamed of themselves. The Nation has not yet found peace from its sins; the freedman has not yet found in freedom his promised land. Whatever of good may have come in these years of change, the shadow of a deep disappointment rests upon the Negro people, a disappointment all the more bitter because the unattained ideal was unbounded save by the simple ignorance of a lowly people. The first decade was merely a prolongation of the vain search for freedom, the boon that seemed ever barely to elude their grasp, like a tantalizing willo' the wisp, maddening and misleading the headless host. The holocaust of war, the terrors of the Ku Klux Klan, the lies of carpetbaggers, the disorganization of industry, and the contradictory advice of friends and foes, left the bewildered serf with no new watchword beyond the old cry for freedom. As the time flew, however, he began to grasp a new idea. The ideal of liberty demanded for its attainment powerful means, and these the Fifteenth Amendment gave him. The ballot, which before he had looked upon as a visible sign of freedom, he now regarded as the chief means of gaining and perfecting the liberty with which war had partially endowed him. And why not? Had not votes made war and emancipated millions? Had not votes enfranchised the freedmen? Was anything impossible to a power that had done all this? A million black men started with renewed zeal to vote themselves into the kingdom. So the decade flew away, the revolution of 1876 came, and left the half free serf weary, wondering, but still inspired. Slowly but steadily, in the following years, a new vision began gradually to replace the dream of political power,a powerful movement, the rise of another ideal to guide the unguided, another pillar of fire by night after a clouded day. It was the ideal of "book learning"; the curiosity, born of compulsory ignorance, to know and test the power of the cabalistic letters of the white man, the longing to know. Here at last seemed to have been discovered the mountain path to Canaan; longer than the highway of Emancipation and law, steep and rugged, but straight, leading to heights high enough to overlook life. But the facing of so vast a prejudice could not but bring the inevitable self questioning, self disparagement, and lowering of ideals which ever accompany repression and breed in an atmosphere of contempt and hate. Whisperings and portents came home upon the four winds: Lo! we are diseased and dying, cried the dark hosts; we cannot write, our voting is vain; what need of education, since we must always cook and serve? And the Nation echoed and enforced this selfcriticism, saying: Be content to be servants, and nothing more; what need of higher culture for halfmen? Away with the black man's ballot, by force or fraud,and behold the suicide of a race! Nevertheless, out of the evil came something of good, the more careful adjustment of education to real life, the clearer perception of the Negroes' social responsibilities, and the sobering realization of the meaning of progress. So dawned the time of Sturm und Drang: storm and stress today rocks our little boat on the mad waters of the world sea; there is within and without the sound of conflict, the burning of body and rending of soul; inspiration strives with doubt, and faith with vain questionings. The bright ideals of the past, physical freedom, political power, the training of brains and the training of hands, all these in turn have waxed and waned, until even the last grows dim and overcast. Are they all wrong, all false? No, not that, but each alone was over simple and incomplete,the dreams of a credulous race childhood, or the fond imaginings of the other world which does not know and does not want to know our power. To be really true, all these ideals must be melted and welded into one. The training of the schools we need today more than ever, the training of deft hands, quick eyes and ears, and above all the broader, deeper, higher culture of gifted minds and pure hearts. The power of the ballot we need in sheer self defence, else what shall save us from a second slavery? Freedom, too, the long sought, we still seek, the freedom of life and limb, the freedom to work and think, the freedom to love and aspire. Work, culture, liberty, all these we need, not singly but together, not successively but together, each growing and aiding each, and all striving toward that vaster ideal that swims before the Negro people, the ideal of human brotherhood, gained through the unifying ideal of Race; the ideal of fostering and developing the traits and talents of the Negro, not in opposition to or contempt for other races, but rather in large conformity to the greater ideals of the American Republic, in order that some day on American soil two world races may give each to each those characteristics both so sadly lack. We the darker ones come even now not altogether empty handed: there are today no truer exponents of the pure human spirit of the Declaration of Independence than the American Negroes; there is no true American music but the wild sweet melodies of the Negro slave; the American fairy tales and folklore are Indian and African; and, all in all, we black men seem the sole oasis of simple faith and reverence in a dusty desert of dollars and smartness. Will America be poorer if she replace her brutal dyspeptic blundering with lighthearted but determined Negro humility? or her coarse and cruel wit with loving jovial goodhumor? or her vulgar music with the soul of the Sorrow Songs? Of the Dawn of Freedom Careless seems the great Avenger; History's lessons but record One deathgrapple in the darkness 'Twixt old systems and the Word; Truth forever on the scaffold, Wrong forever on the throne; Yet that scaffold sways the future, And behind the dim unknown Standeth God within the shadow Keeping watch above His own. Then came the Freedmen's Aid societies, born of the touching appeals from Pierce and from these other centres of distress. There was the American Missionary Association, sprung from the Amistad, and now fullgrown for work; the various church organizations, the National Freedmen's Relief Association, the American Freedmen's Union, the Western Freedmen's Aid Commission,in all fifty or more active organizations, which sent clothes, money, schoolbooks, and teachers southward. All they did was needed, for the destitution of the freedmen was often reported as "too appalling for belief," and the situation was daily growing worse rather than better. Less than a month after the weary Emancipator passed to his rest, his successor assigned MajorGen. Oliver O. Howard to duty as Commissioner of the new Bureau. He was a Maine man, then only thirtyfive years of age. He had marched with Sherman to the sea, had fought well at Gettysburg, and but the year before had been assigned to the command of the Department of Tennessee. An honest man, with too much faith in human nature, little aptitude for business and intricate detail, he had had large opportunity of becoming acquainted at first hand with much of the work before him. And of that work it has been truly said that "no approximately correct history of civilization can ever be written which does not throw out in bold relief, as one of the great landmarks of political and social progress, the organization and administration of the Freedmen's Bureau." To understand and criticise intelligently so vast a work, one must not forget an instant the drift of things in the later sixties. Lee had surrendered, Lincoln was dead, and Johnson and Congress were at loggerheads; the Thirteenth Amendment was adopted, the Fourteenth pending, and the Fifteenth declared in force in 1870. Guerrilla raiding, the everpresent flickering afterflame of war, was spending its forces against the Negroes, and all the Southern land was awakening as from some wild dream to poverty and social revolution. In a time of perfect calm, amid willing neighbors and streaming wealth, the social uplifting of four million slaves to an assured and selfsustaining place in the body politic and economic would have been a herculean task; but when to the inherent difficulties of so delicate and nice a social operation were added the spite and hate of conflict, the hell of war; when suspicion and cruelty were rife, and gaunt Hunger wept beside Bereavement,in such a case, the work of any instrument of social regeneration was in large part foredoomed to failure. The very name of the Bureau stood for a thing in the South which for two centuries and better men had refused even to argue,that life amid free Negroes was simply unthinkable, the maddest of experiments. The agents that the Bureau could command varied all the way from unselfish philanthropists to narrowminded busybodies and thieves; and even though it be true that the average was far better than the worst, it was the occasional fly that helped spoil the ointment. Then amid all crouched the freed slave, bewildered between friend and foe. He had emerged from slavery,not the worst slavery in the world, not a slavery that made all life unbearable, rather a slavery that had here and there something of kindliness, fidelity, and happiness,but withal slavery, which, so far as human aspiration and desert were concerned, classed the black man and the ox together. And the Negro knew full well that, whatever their deeper convictions may have been, Southern men had fought with desperate energy to perpetuate this slavery under which the black masses, with halfarticulate thought, had writhed and shivered. They wel comed freedom with a cry. They shrank from the master who still strove for their chains; they fled to the friends that had freed them, even though those friends stood ready to use them as a club for driving the recalcitrant South back into loyalty. So the cleft between the white and black South grew. Idle to say it never should have been; it was as inevitable as its results were pitiable. Curiously incongruous elements were left arrayed against each other,the North, the government, the carpetbagger, and the slave, here; and there, all the South that was white, whether gentleman or vagabond, honest man or rascal, lawless murderer or martyr to duty. Thus it is doubly difficult to write of this period calmly, so intense was the feeling, so mighty the human passions that swayed and blinded men. Amid it all, two figures ever stand to typify that day to coming ages,the one, a grayhaired gentleman, whose fathers had quit themselves like men, whose sons lay in nameless graves; who bowed to the evil of slavery because its abolition threatened untold ill to all; who stood at last, in the evening of life, a blighted, ruined form, with hate in his eyes;and the other, a form hovering dark and motherlike, her awful face black with the mists of centuries, had aforetime quailed at that white master's command, had bent in love over the cradles of his sons and daughters, and closed in death the sunken eyes of his wife,aye, too, at his behest had laid herself low to his lust, and borne a tawny manchild to the world, only to see her dark boy's limbs scattered to the winds by midnight marauders riding after "damned Niggers." These were the saddest sights of that woful day; and no man clasped the hands of these two passing figures of the presentpast; but, hating, they went to their long home, and, hating, their children's children live today. Up to June, 1869, over half a million patients had been treated by Bureau physicians and surgeons, and sixty hospitals and asylums had been in operation. In fifty months twentyone million free rations were distributed at a cost of over four million dollars. Next came the difficult question of labor. First, thirty thousand black men were transported from the refuges and relief stations back to the farms, back to the critical trial of a new way of working. Plain instructions went out from Washington: the laborers must be free to choose their employers, no fixed rate of wages was prescribed, and there was to be no peonage or forced labor. So far, so good; but where local agents differed toto caelo in capacity and character, where the personnel was continually changing, the outcome was necessarily varied. The largest element of success lay in the fact that the majority of the freedmen were willing, even eager, to work. So labor contracts were written, fifty thousand in a single State,laborers advised, wages guaranteed, and employers supplied. In truth, the organization became a vast labor bureau,not perfect, indeed, notably defective here and there, but on the whole successful beyond the dreams of thoughtful men. The two great obstacles which confronted the officials were the tyrant and the idler,the slaveholder who was determined to perpetuate slavery under another name; and, the freedman who regarded freedom as perpetual rest,the Devil and the Deep Sea. Such an institution, from its wide powers, great responsibilities, large control of moneys, and generally conspicuous position, was naturally open to repeated and bitter attack. It sustained a searching Congressional investigation at the instance of Fernando Wood in 1870. Its archives and few remaining functions were with blunt discourtesy transferred from Howard's control, in his absence, to the supervision of Secretary of War Belknap in 1872, on the Secretary's rec ommendation. Finally, in consequence of grave intimations of wrongdoing made by the Secretary and his subordinates, General Howard was courtmartialed in 1874. In both of these trials the Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau was officially exonerated from any wilful misdoing, and his work commended. Nevertheless, many unpleasant things were brought to light,the methods of transacting the business of the Bureau were faulty; several cases of defalcation were proved, and other frauds strongly suspected; there were some business transactions which savored of dangerous speculation, if not dishonesty; and around it all lay the smirch of the Freedmen's Bank. Had political exigencies been less pressing, the opposition to government guardianship of Negroes less bitter, and the attachment to the slave system less strong, the social seer can well imagine a far better policy,a permanent Freedmen's Bureau, with a national system of Negro schools; a carefully supervised employment and labor office; a system of impartial protection before the regular courts; and such institutions for social betterment as savingsbanks, land and building associations, and social settlements. All this vast expenditure of money and brains might have formed a great school of prospective citizenship, and solved in a way we have not yet solved the most perplexing and persistent of the Negro problems. Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others From birth till death enslaved; in word, in deed, unmanned! * * * * * * * * * Hereditary bondsmen! Know ye not Who would be free themselves must strike the blow? To gain the sympathy and cooperation of the various elements comprising the white South was Mr. Washington's first task; and this, at the time Tuskegee was founded, seemed, for a black man, wellnigh impossible. And yet ten years later it was done in the word spoken at Atlanta: "In all things purely social we can be as separate as the five fingers, and yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress." This "Atlanta Compromise" is by all odds the most notable thing in Mr. Washington's career. The South interpreted it in different ways: the radicals received it as a complete surrender of the demand for civil and political equality; the conservatives, as a generously conceived working basis for mutual understanding. So both approved it, and today its author is certainly the most distinguished Southerner since Jefferson Davis, and the one with the largest personal following. And yet this very singleness of vision and thorough oneness with his age is a mark of the successful man. It is as though Nature must needs make men narrow in order to give them force. So Mr. Washington's cult has gained unquestioning followers, his work has wonderfully prospered, his friends are legion, and his enemies are confounded. Today he stands as the one recognized spokesman of his ten million fellows, and one of the most notable figures in a nation of seventy millions. One hesitates, therefore, to criticise a life which, beginning with so little, has done so much. And yet the time is come when one may speak in all sincerity and utter cour tesy of the mistakes and shortcomings of Mr. Washington's career, as well as of his triumphs, without being thought captious or envious, and without forgetting that it is easier to do ill than well in the world. The criticism that has hitherto met Mr. Washington has not always been of this broad character. In the South especially has he had to walk warily to avoid the harshest judgments, and naturally so, for he is dealing with the one subject of deepest sensitiveness to that section. Twiceonce when at the Chicago celebration of the SpanishAmerican War he alluded to the colorprejudice that is "eating away the vitals of the South," and once when he dined with President Roosevelthas the resulting Southern criticism been violent enough to threaten seriously his popularity. In the North the feeling has several times forced itself into words, that Mr. Washington's counsels of submission overlooked certain elements of true manhood, and that his educational programme was unnecessarily narrow. Usually, however, such criticism has not found open expression, although, too, the spiritual sons of the Abolitionists have not been prepared to acknowledge that the schools founded before Tuskegee, by men of broad ideals and selfsacrificing spirit, were wholly failures or worthy of ridicule. While, then, criticism has not failed to follow Mr. Washington, yet the prevailing public opinion of the land has been but too willing to deliver the solution of a wearisome problem into his hands, and say, "If that is all you and your race ask, take it." But the hushing of the criticism of honest opponents is a dangerous thing. It leads some of the best of the critics to unfortunate silence and paralysis of effort, and others to burst into speech so passionately and intemperately as to lose listeners. Honest and earnest criticism from those whose interests are most nearly touched,criticism of writers by readers, this is the soul of democracy and the safeguard of modern society. If the best of the American Negroes receive by outer pressure a leader whom they had not recognized before, manifestly there is here a certain palpable gain. Yet there is also irreparable loss,a loss of that peculiarly valuable education which a group receives when by search and criticism it finds and commissions its own leaders. The way in which this is done is at once the most elementary and the nicest problem of social growth. History is but the record of such groupleadership; and yet how infinitely changeful is its type and character! And of all types and kinds, what can be more instructive than the leadership of a group within a group?that curious double movement where real progress may be negative and actual advance be relative retrogression. All this is the social student's inspiration and despair. Now in the past the American Negro has had instructive experience in the choosing of group leaders, founding thus a peculiar dynasty which in the light of present conditions is worth while studying. When sticks and stones and beasts form the sole environment of a people, their attitude is largely one of determined opposition to and conquest of natural forces. But when to earth and brute is added an environment of men and ideas, then the attitude of the imprisoned group may take three main forms,a feeling of revolt and revenge; an attempt to adjust all thought and action to the will of the greater group; or, finally, a determined effort at selfrealization and selfdevelopment despite environing opinion. The influence of all of these attitudes at various times can be traced in the history of the American Negro, and in the evolution of his successive leaders. Stern financial and social stress after the war cooled much of the previous humanitarian ardor. The disappointment and impatience of the Negroes at the persistence of slavery and serfdom voiced itself in two movements. The slaves in the South, aroused undoubtedly by vague rumors of the Haytian revolt, made three fierce attempts at insurrection,in 1800 under Gabriel in Virginia, in 1822 under Vesey in Carolina, and in 1831 again in Virginia under the terrible Nat Turner. In the Free States, on the other hand, a new and curious attempt at selfdevelopment was made. In Philadelphia and New York colorprescription led to a withdrawal of Negro communicants from white churches and the formation of a peculiar socioreligious institution among the Negroes known as the African Church,an organization still living and controlling in its various branches over a million of men. Here, led by Remond, Nell, WellsBrown, and Douglass, a new period of selfassertion and selfdevelopment dawned. To be sure, ultimate freedom and assimilation was the ideal before the leaders, but the assertion of the manhood rights of the Negro by himself was the main reliance, and John Brown's raid was the extreme of its logic. After the war and emancipation, the great form of Frederick Douglass, the greatest of American Negro leaders, still led the host. Selfassertion, especially in political lines, was the main programme, and behind Douglass came Elliot, Bruce, and Langston, and the Reconstruction politicians, and, less conspicuous but of greater social significance, Alexander Crummell and Bishop Daniel Payne. Then came the Revolution of 1876, the suppression of the Negro votes, the changing and shifting of ideals, and the seeking of new lights in the great night. Douglass, in his old age, still bravely stood for the ideals of his early manhood, ultimate assimilation through selfassertion, and on no other terms. For a time Price arose as a new leader, destined, it seemed, not to give up, but to restate the old ideals in a form less repugnant to the white South. But he passed away in his prime. Then came the new leader. Nearly all the former ones had become leaders by the silent suffrage of their fellows, had sought to lead their own people alone, and were usually, save Douglass, little known outside their race. But Booker T. Washington arose as essentially the leader not of one race but of two,a compromiser between the South, the North, and the Negro. Naturally the Negroes resented, at first bitterly, signs of compromise which surrendered their civil and political rights, even though this was to be exchanged for larger chances of economic development. The rich and dominating North, however, was not only weary of the race problem, but was investing largely in Southern enterprises, and welcomed any method of peaceful cooperation. Thus, by national opinion, the Negroes began to recognize Mr. Washington's leadership; and the voice of criticism was hushed. Mr. Washington represents in Negro thought the old attitude of adjustment and submission; but adjustment at such a peculiar time as to make his programme unique. This is an age of unusual economic development, and Mr. Washington's programme naturally takes an economic cast, becoming a gospel of Work and Money to such an extent as apparently almost completely to overshadow the higher aims of life. Moreover, this is an age when the more advanced races are coming in closer contact with the less developed races, and the racefeeling is therefore intensified; and Mr. Washington's programme practically accepts the alleged inferiority of the Negro races. Again, in our own land, the reaction from the sentiment of war time has given impetus to raceprejudice against Negroes, and Mr. Washington withdraws many of the high demands of Negroes as men and American citizens. In other periods of intensified prejudice all the Negro's tendency to selfassertion has been called forth; at this period a policy of submission is advocated. In the history of nearly all other races and peoples the doctrine preached at such crises has been that manly selfrespect is worth more than lands and houses, and that a people who voluntarily surrender such respect, or cease striving for it, are not worth civilizing. First, political power, Second, insistence on civil rights, Third, higher education of Negro youth,and concentrate all their energies on industrial education, and accumulation of wealth, and the conciliation of the South. This policy has been courageously and insistently advocated for over fifteen years, and has been triumphant for perhaps ten years. As a result of this tender of the palmbranch, what has been the return? In these years there have occurred: 1. The disfranchisement of the Negro. 1. He is striving nobly to make Negro artisans business men and propertyowners; but it is utterly impossible, under modern competitive methods, for workingmen and propertyowners to defend their rights and exist without the right of suffrage. 2. He insists on thrift and selfrespect, but at the same time counsels a silent submission to civic inferiority such as is bound to sap the manhood of any race in the long run. 3. He advocates commonschool and industrial training, and depreciates institutions of higher learning; but neither the Negro commonschools, nor Tuskegee itself, could remain open a day were it not for teachers trained in Negro colleges, or trained by their graduates. 1. The right to vote. 2. Civic equality. Today even the attitude of the Southern whites toward the blacks is not, as so many assume, in all cases the same; the ignorant Southerner hates the Negro, the workingmen fear his competition, the moneymakers wish to use him as a laborer, some of the educated see a menace in his upward development, while othersusually the sons of the masterswish to help him to rise. National opinion has enabled this last class to maintain the Negro common schools, and to protect the Negro partially in property, life, and limb. Through the pressure of the moneymakers, the Negro is in danger of being reduced to semislavery, especially in the country districts; the workingmen, and those of the educated who fear the Negro, have united to disfranchise him, and some have urged his deportation; while the passions of the ignorant are easily aroused to lynch and abuse any black man. To praise this intricate whirl of thought and prejudice is nonsense; to inveigh indiscriminately against "the South" is unjust; but to use the same breath in praising Governor Aycock, exposing Senator Morgan, arguing with Mr. Thomas Nelson Page, and denouncing Senator Ben Tillman, is not only sane, but the imperative duty of thinking black men. It would be unjust to Mr. Washington not to acknowledge that in several instances he has opposed movements in the South which were unjust to the Negro; he sent memorials to the Louisiana and Alabama constitutional conventions, he has spoken against lynching, and in other ways has openly or silently set his influence against sinister schemes and unfortunate happenings. Notwithstanding this, it is equally true to assert that on the whole the distinct impression left by Mr. Washington's propaganda is, first, that the South is justified in its present attitude toward the Negro because of the Negro's degradation; secondly, that the prime cause of the Negro's failure to rise more quickly is his wrong education in the past; and, thirdly, that his future rise depends primarily on his own efforts. Each of these propositions is a dangerous halftruth. The supplementary truths must never be lost sight of: first, slavery and raceprejudice are potent if not sufficient causes of the Negro's position; second, industrial and commonschool training were necessarily slow in planting because they had to await the black teachers trained by higher institutions,it being extremely doubtful if any essentially different development was possible, and certainly a Tuskegee was unthinkable before 1880; and, third, while it is a great truth to say that the Negro must strive and strive mightily to help himself, it is equally true that unless his striving be not simply seconded, but rather aroused and encouraged, by the initiative of the richer and wiser environing group, he cannot hope for great success. The South ought to be led, by candid and honest criticism, to assert her better self and do her full duty to the race she has cruelly wronged and is still wronging. The northerner copartner in guiltcannot salve her conscience by plastering it with gold. We cannot settle this problem by diplomacy and suaveness, by "policy" alone. If worse come to worst, can the moral fibre of this country survive the slow throttling and murder of nine millions of men? The black men of America have a duty to perform, a duty stern and delicate,a forward movement to oppose a part of the work of their greatest leader. So far as Mr. Washington preaches Thrift, Patience, and Industrial Training for the masses, we must hold up his hands and strive with him, rejoicing in his honors and glorying in the strength of this Joshua called of God and of man to lead the headless host. But so far as Mr. Washington apologizes for injustice, North or South, does not rightly value the privilege and duty of voting, belittles the emasculating effects of caste distinctions, and opposes the higher training and ambition of our brighter minds,so far as he, the South, or the Nation, does this,we must unceasingly and firmly oppose them. By every civilized and peaceful method we must strive for the rights which the world accords to men, clinging unwaveringly to those great words which the sons of the Fathers would fain forget: "We hold these truths to be selfevident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Of the Meaning of Progress Willst Du Deine Macht verkunden, Wahle sie die frei von Sunden, Steh'n in Deinem ew'gen Haus! Deine Geister sende aus! Die Unsterblichen, die Reinen, Die nicht fuhlen, die nicht weinen! Nicht die zarte Jungfrau wahle, Nicht der Hirtin weiche Seele! Once upon a time I taught school in the hills of Tennessee, where the broad dark vale of the Mississippi begins to roll and crumple to greet the Alleghanies. I was a Fisk student then, and all Fisk men thought that Tennesseebeyond the Veilwas theirs alone, and in vacation time they sallied forth in lusty bands to meet the county schoolcommissioners. Young and happy, I too went, and I shall not soon forget that summer, seventeen years ago. First, there was a Teachers' Institute at the countyseat; and there distinguished guests of the superintendent taught the teachers fractions and spelling and other mysteries,white teachers in the morning, Negroes at night. A picnic now and then, and a supper, and the rough world was softened by laughter and song. I remember howBut I wander. It was a hot morning late in July when the school opened. I trembled when I heard the patter of little feet down the dusty road, and saw the growing row of dark solemn faces and bright eager eyes facing me. First came Josie and her brothers and sisters. The longing to know, to be a student in the great school at Nashville, hovered like a star above this childwoman amid her work and worry, and she studied doggedly. There were the Dowells from their farm over toward Alexandria,Fanny, with her smooth black face and wondering eyes; Martha, brown and dull; the pretty girlwife of a brother, and the younger brood. There were the Burkes,two brown and yellow lads, and a tiny haughtyeyed girl. Fat Reuben's little chubby girl came, with golden face and oldgold hair, faithful and solemn. 'Thenie was on hand early,a jolly, ugly, goodhearted girl, who slyly dipped snuff and looked after her little bowlegged brother. When her mother could spare her, 'Tildy came,a midnight beauty, with starry eyes and tapering limbs; and her brother, correspondingly homely. And then the big boys,the hulking Lawrences; the lazy Neills, unfathered sons of mother and daughter; Hickman, with a stoop in his shoulders; and the rest. There they sat, nearly thirty of them, on the rough benches, their faces shading from a pale cream to a deep brown, the little feet bare and swinging, the eyes full of expectation, with here and there a twinkle of mischief, and the hands grasping Webster's blueblack spellingbook. I loved my school, and the fine faith the children had in the wisdom of their teacher was truly marvellous. We read and spelled together, wrote a little, picked flowers, sang, and listened to stories of the world beyond the hill. At times the school would dwindle away, and I would start out. I would visit Mun Eddings, who lived in two very dirty rooms, and ask why little Lugene, whose flaming face seemed ever ablaze with the darkred hair uncombed, was absent all last week, or why I missed so often the inimitable rags of Mack and Ed. Then the father, who worked Colonel Wheeler's farm on shares, would tell me how the crops needed the boys; and the thin, slovenly mother, whose face was pretty when washed, assured me that Lugene must mind the baby. "But we'll start them again next week." When the Lawrences stopped, I knew that the doubts of the old folks about booklearning had conquered again, and so, toiling up the hill, and getting as far into the cabin as possible, I put Cicero "pro Archia Poeta" into the simplest En glish with local applications, and usually convinced themfor a week or so. On Friday nights I often went home with some of the children,sometimes to Doc Burke's farm. He was a great, loud, thin Black, ever working, and trying to buy the seventyfive acres of hill and dale where he lived; but people said that he would surely fail, and the "white folks would get it all." His wife was a magnificent Amazon, with saffron face and shining hair, uncorseted and barefooted, and the children were strong and beautiful. They lived in a oneandahalfroom cabin in the hollow of the farm, near the spring. The front room was full of great fat white beds, scrupulously neat; and there were bad chromos on the walls, and a tired centretable. In the tiny back kitchen I was often invited to "take out and help" myself to fried chicken and wheat biscuit, "meat" and corn pone, stringbeans and berries. At first I used to be a little alarmed at the approach of bedtime in the one lone bedroom, but embarrassment was very deftly avoided. First, all the children nodded and slept, and were stowed away in one great pile of goose feathers; next, the mother and the father discreetly slipped away to the kitchen while I went to bed; then, blowing out the dim light, they retired in the dark. In the morning all were up and away before I thought of awaking. Across the road, where fat Reuben lived, they all went outdoors while the teacher retired, because they did not boast the luxury of a kitchen. For two summers I lived in this little world; it was dull and humdrum. The girls looked at the hill in wistful longing, and the boys fretted and haunted Alexandria. Alexandria was "town,"a straggling, lazy village of houses, churches, and shops, and an aristocracy of Toms, Dicks, and Captains. Cuddled on the hill to the north was the village of the colored folks, who lived in threeor fourroom unpainted cottages, some neat and homelike, and some dirty. The dwellings were scattered rather aimlessly, but they centred about the twin temples of the hamlet, the Methodist, and the HardShell Baptist churches. These, in turn, leaned gingerly on a sad colored schoolhouse. Hither my little world wended its crooked way on Sunday to meet other worlds, and gossip, and wonder, and make the weekly sacrifice with frenzied priest at the altar of the "oldtime religion." Then the soft melody and mighty cadences of Negro song fluttered and thundered. I have called my tiny community a world, and so its isolation made it; and yet there was among us but a halfawakened common consciousness, sprung from common joy and grief, at burial, birth, or wedding; from a common hardship in poverty, poor land, and low wages; and, above all, from the sight of the Veil that hung between us and Opportunity. All this caused us to think some thoughts together; but these, when ripe for speech, were spoken in various languages. Those whose eyes twentyfive and more years before had seen "the glory of the coming of the Lord," saw in every present hindrance or help a dark fatalism bound to bring all things right in His own good time. The mass of those to whom slavery was a dim recollection of childhood found the world a puzzling thing: it asked little of them, and they answered with little, and yet it ridiculed their offering. Such a paradox they could not understand, and therefore sank into listless indifference, or shiftlessness, or reckless bravado. There were, however, somesuch as Josie, Jim, and Bento whom War, Hell, and Slavery were but childhood tales, whose young appetites had been whetted to an edge by school and story and halfawakened thought. Ill could they be content, born without and beyond the World. And their weak wings beat against their barriers,barriers of caste, of youth, of life; at last, in dangerous moments, against everything that opposed even a whim. The ten years that follow youth, the years when first the realization comes that life is leading somewhere,these were the years that passed after I left my little school. When they were past, I came by chance once more to the walls of Fisk University, to the halls of the chapel of melody. As I lingered there in the joy and pain of meeting old schoolfriends, there swept over me a sudden longing to pass again beyond the blue hill, and to see the homes and the school of other days, and to learn how life had gone with my schoolchildren; and I went. When the spring came, and the birds twittered, and the stream ran proud and full, little sister Lizzie, bold and thoughtless, flushed with the passion of youth, bestowed herself on the tempter, and brought home a nameless child. Josie shivered and worked on, with the vision of schooldays all fled, with a face wan and tired,worked until, on a summer's day, some one married another; then Josie crept to her mother like a hurt child, and sleptand sleeps. The story reminded me again of the Burkes, and an impatience seized me to know who won in the battle, Doc or the seventyfive acres. For it is a hard thing to make a farm out of nothing, even in fifteen years. So I hurried on, thinking of the Burkes. They used to have a certain magnificent barbarism about them that I liked. They were never vulgar, never immoral, but rather rough and primitive, with an unconventionality that spent itself in loud guffaws, slaps on the back, and naps in the corner. I hurried by the cottage of the misborn Neill boys. It was empty, and they were grown into fat, lazy farmhands. I saw the home of the Hickmans, but Albert, with his stooping shoulders, had passed from the world. Then I came to the Burkes' gate and peered through; the enclosure looked rough and untrimmed, and yet there were the same fences around the old farm save to the left, where lay twentyfive other acres. And lo! the cabin in the hollow had climbed the hill and swollen to a halffinished sixroom cottage. My journey was done, and behind me lay hill and dale, and Life and Death. How shall man measure Progress there where the darkfaced Josie lies? How many heartfuls of sorrow shall balance a bushel of wheat? How hard a thing is life to the lowly, and yet how human and real! And all this life and love and strife and failure,is it the twilight of nightfall or the flush of some faintdawning day? Of the Wings of Atalanta O black boy of Atlanta! But half was spoken; The slave's chains and the master's Alike are broken; The one curse of the races Held both in tether; They are risingall are risingThe black and white together. Once, they say, even Atlanta slept dull and drowsy at the foothills of the Alleghanies, until the iron baptism of war awakened her with its sullen waters, aroused and maddened her, and left her listening to the sea. And the sea cried to the hills and the hills answered the sea, till the city rose like a widow and cast away her weeds, and toiled for her daily bread; toiled steadily, toiled cunningly,perhaps with some bitterness, with a touch, of reclame,and yet with real ear nestness, and real sweat. It was no maiden's idle whim that started this hard racing; a fearful wilderness lay about the feet of that city after the War,feudalism, poverty, the rise of the Third Estate, serfdom, the rebirth of Law and Order, and above and between all, the Veil of Race. How heavy a journey for weary feet! what wings must Atalanta have to flit over all this hollow and hill, through sour wood and sullen water, and by the red waste of sunbaked clay! How fleet must Atalanta be if she will not be tempted by gold to profane the Sanctuary! The Sanctuary of our fathers has, to be sure, few Gods,some sneer, "all too few." There is the thrifty Mercury of New England, Pluto of the North, and Ceres of the West; and there, too, is the halfforgotten Apollo of the South, under whose aegis the maiden ran,and as she ran she forgot him, even as there in Boeotia Venus was forgot. She forgot the old ideal of the Southern gentleman,that newworld heir of the grace and courtliness of patrician, knight, and noble; forgot his honor with his foibles, his kindliness with his carelessness, and stooped to apples of gold,to men busier and sharper, thriftier and more unscrupulous. Golden apples are beautifulI remember the lawless days of boyhood, when orchards in crimson and gold tempted me over fence and fieldand, too, the merchant who has dethroned the planter is no despicable parvenu. Work and wealth are the mighty levers to lift this old new land; thrift and toil and saving are the highways to new hopes and new possibilities; and yet the warning is needed lest the wily Hippomenes tempt Atalanta to thinking that golden apples are the goal of racing, and not mere incidents by the way. Not only is this true in the world which Atlanta typifies, but it is threatening to be true of a world beneath and beyond that world,the Black World beyond the Veil. Today it makes little difference to Atlanta, to the South, what the Negro thinks or dreams or wills. In the soullife of the land he is today, and naturally will long remain, unthought of, half forgotten; and yet when he does come to think and will and do for himself,and let no man dream that day will never come,then the part he plays will not be one of sudden learning, but words and thoughts he has been taught to lisp in his racechildhood. Today the ferment of his striving toward selfrealization is to the strife of the white world like a wheel within a wheel: beyond the Veil are smaller but like problems of ideals, of leaders and the led, of serfdom, of poverty, of order and subordination, and, through all, the Veil of Race. Few know of these problems, few who know notice them; and yet there they are, awaiting student, artist, and seer,a field for somebody sometime to discover. Hither has the temptation of Hippomenes penetrated; already in this smaller world, which now indirectly and anon directly must influence the larger for good or ill, the habit is forming of interpreting the world in dollars. The old leaders of Negro opinion, in the little groups where there is a Negro social consciousness, are being replaced by new; neither the black preacher nor the black teacher leads as he did two decades ago. Into their places are pushing the farmers and gardeners, the wellpaid porters and artisans, the businessmen,all those with property and money. And with all this change, so curiously parallel to that of the Otherworld, goes too the same inevitable change in ideals. The South laments today the slow, steady disappearance of a certain type of Negro, the faithful, courteous slave of other days, with his incorruptible honesty and dignified humility. He is passing away just as surely as the old type of Southern gentleman is passing, and from not dissimilar causes,the sudden transformation of a fair faroff ideal of Freedom into the hard reality of breadwinning and the consequent deification of Bread. In the Black World, the Preacher and Teacher embodied once the ideals of this peoplethe strife for another and a juster world, the vague dream of righteousness, the mystery of knowing; but today the danger is that these ideals, with their simple beauty and weird inspiration, will suddenly sink to a question of cash and a lust for gold. Here stands this black young Atalanta, girding herself for the race that must be run; and if her eyes be still toward the hills and sky as in the days of old, then we may look for noble running; but what if some ruthless or wily or even thoughtless Hippomenes lay golden apples before her? What if the Negro people be wooed from a strife for righteousness, from a love of knowing, to regard dollars as the beall and endall of life? What if to the Mammonism of America be added the rising Mammonism of the reborn South, and the Mammonism of this South be reinforced by the budding Mammonism of its half wakened black millions? Whither, then, is the newworld quest of Goodness and Beauty and Truth gone glimmering? Must this, and that fair flower of Freedom which, despite the jeers of latterday striplings, sprung from our fathers' blood, must that too degenerate into a dusty quest of gold,into lawless lust with Hippomenes? The hundred hills of Atlanta are not all crowned with factories. On one, toward the west, the setting sun throws three buildings in bold relief against the sky. The beauty of the group lies in its simple unity:a broad lawn of green rising from the red street and mingled roses and peaches; north and south, two plain and stately halls; and in the midst, half hidden in ivy, a larger building, boldly graceful, sparingly decorated, and with one low spire. It is a restful group, one never looks for more; it is all here, all intelligible. There I live, and there I hear from day to day the low hum of restful life. In winter's twilight, when the red sun glows, I can see the dark figures pass between the halls to the music of the nightbell. In the morning, when the sun is golden, the clang of the daybell brings the hurry and laughter of three hundred young hearts from hall and street, and from the busy city below,children all dark and heavyhaired,to join their clear young voices in the music of the morning sacrifice. In a halfdozen classrooms they gather then,here to follow the lovesong of Dido, here to listen to the tale of Troy divine; there to wander among the stars, there to wander among men and nations,and elsewhere other wellworn ways of knowing this queer world. Nothing new, no timesaving devices,simply old timeglorified methods of delving for Truth, and searching out the hidden beauties of life, and learning the good of living. The riddle of existence is the college curriculum that was laid before the Pharaohs, that was taught in the groves by Plato, that formed the trivium and quadrivium, and is today laid before the freedmen's sons by Atlanta University. And this course of study will not change; its methods will grow more deft and effectual, its content richer by toil of scholar and sight of seer; but the true college will ever have one goal,not to earn meat, but to know the end and aim of that life which meat nourishes. The vision of life that rises before these dark eyes has in it nothing mean or selfish. Not at Oxford or at Leipsic, not at Yale or Columbia, is there an air of higher resolve or more unfettered striving; the determination to realize for men, both black and white, the broadest possibilities of life, to seek the better and the best, to spread with their own hands the Gospel of Sacrifice,all this is the burden of their talk and dream. Here, amid a wide desert of caste and proscription, amid the hearthurting slights and jars and vagaries of a deep racedislike, lies this green oasis, where hot anger cools, and the bitterness of disappointment is sweetened by the springs and breezes of Parnassus; and here men may lie and listen, and learn of a future fuller than the past, and hear the voice of Time: "Entbehren sollst du, sollst entbehren." The function of the university is not simply to teach breadwinning, or to furnish teachers for the public schools or to be a centre of polite society; it is, above all, to be the organ of that fine adjustment between real life and the growing knowledge of life, an adjustment which forms the secret of civilization. Such an institution the South of today sorely needs. She has religion, earnest, bigoted:religion that on both sides the Veil often omits the sixth, seventh, and eighth commandments, but substitutes a dozen supplementary ones. She has, as Atlanta shows, growing thrift and love of toil; but she lacks that broad knowledge of what the world knows and knew of human living and doing, which she may apply to the thousand problems of real life today confronting her. The need of the South is knowledge and culture,not in dainty limited quantity, as before the war, but in broad busy abundance in the world of work; and until she has this, not all the Apples of Hesperides, be they golden and bejewelled, can save her from the curse of the Boeotian lovers. Patience, Humility, Manners, and Taste, common schools and kindergartens, industrial and technical schools, literature and tolerance,all these spring from knowledge and culture, the children of the university. So must men and nations build, not otherwise, not upside down. Of the Training of Black Men Why, if the Soul can fling the Dust aside, And naked on the Air of Heaven ride, Were't not a Shamewere't not a Shame for him In this clay carcase crippled to abide? From the shimmering swirl of waters where many, many thoughts ago the slaveship first saw the square tower of Jamestown, have flowed down to our day three streams of thinking: one swollen from the larger world here and overseas, saying, the multiplying of human wants in culturelands calls for the worldwide cooperation of men in satisfying them. Hence arises a new human unity, pulling the ends of earth nearer, and all men, black, yellow, and white. The larger humanity strives to feel in this contact of living Nations and sleeping hordes a thrill of new life in the world, crying, "If the contact of Life and Sleep be Death, shame on such Life." To be sure, behind this thought lurks the afterthought of force and dominion,the making of brown men to delve when the temptation of beads and red calico cloys. The second thought streaming from the deathship and the curving river is the thought of the older South,the sincere and passionate belief that somewhere between men and cattle, God created a tertium quid, and called it a Negro,a clownish, simple creature, at times even lovable within its limitations, but straitly foreordained to walk within the Veil. To be sure, behind the thought lurks the afterthought,some of them with favoring chance might become men, but in sheer selfdefence we dare not let them, and we build about them walls so high, and hang between them and the light a veil so thick, that they shall not even think of breaking through. And last of all there trickles down that third and darker thought,the thought of the things themselves, the confused, halfconscious mutter of men who are black and whitened, crying "Liberty, Freedom, Opportunityvouchsafe to us, O boastful World, the chance of living men!" To be sure, behind the thought lurks the afterthought,suppose, after all, the World is right and we are less than men? Suppose this mad impulse within is all wrong, some mock mirage from the untrue? Behind all its curiousness, so attractive alike to sage and dilettante, lie its dim dangers, throwing across us shadows at once grotesque and awful. Plain it is to us that what the world seeks through desert and wild we have within our threshold,a stalwart laboring force, suited to the semitropics; if, deaf to the voice of the Zeitgeist, we refuse to use and develop these men, we risk poverty and loss. If, on the other hand, seized by the brutal afterthought, we debauch the race thus caught in our talons, selfishly sucking their blood and brains in the future as in the past, what shall save us from national decadence? Only that saner selfishness, which Education teaches, can find the rights of all in the whirl of work. Yet after all they are but gates, and when turning our eyes from the temporary and the contingent in the Negro problem to the broader question of the permanent uplifting and civilization of black men in America, we have a right to inquire, as this enthusiasm for material advancement mounts to its height, if after all the industrial school is the final and sufficient answer in the training of the Negro race; and to ask gently, but in all sincerity, the everrecurring query of the ages, Is not life more than meat, and the body more than raiment? And men ask this today all the more eagerly because of sinister signs in recent educational movements. The tendency is here, born of slavery and quickened to renewed life by the crazy imperialism of the day, to regard human beings as among the material resources of a land to be trained with an eye single to future dividends. Raceprejudices, which keep brown and black men in their "places," we are coming to regard as useful allies with such a theory, no matter how much they may dull the ambition and sicken the hearts of struggling human beings. And above all, we daily hear that an education that encourages aspiration, that sets the loftiest of ideals and seeks as an end culture and character rather than breadwinning, is the privilege of white men and the danger and delusion of black. That a system logically so complete was historically impossible, it needs but a little thought to prove. Progress in human affairs is more often a pull than a push, a surging forward of the exceptional man, and the lifting of his duller brethren slowly and painfully to his vantageground. Thus it was no accident that gave birth to universities centuries before the common schools, that made fair Harvard the first flower of our wilderness. So in the South: the mass of the freedmen at the end of the war lacked the intelligence so necessary to modern workingmen. They must first have the common school to teach them to read, write, and cipher; and they must have higher schools to teach teachers for the common schools. The white teachers who flocked South went to establish such a commonschool system. Few held the idea of founding col leges; most of them at first would have laughed at the idea. But they faced, as all men since them have faced, that central paradox of the South,the social separation of the races. At that time it was the sudden volcanic rupture of nearly all relations between black and white, in work and government and family life. Since then a new adjustment of relations in economic and political affairs has grown up,an adjustment subtle and difficult to grasp, yet singularly ingenious, which leaves still that frightful chasm at the colorline across which men pass at their peril. Thus, then and now, there stand in the South two separate worlds; and separate not simply in the higher realms of social intercourse, but also in church and school, on railway and streetcar, in hotels and theatres, in streets and city sections, in books and newspapers, in asylums and jails, in hospitals and graveyards. There is still enough of contact for large economic and group cooperation, but the separation is so thorough and deep that it absolutely precludes for the present between the races anything like that sympathetic and effective grouptraining and leadership of the one by the other, such as the American Negro and all backward peoples must have for effectual progress. The advocates of the higher education of the Negro would be the last to deny the incompleteness and glaring defects of the present system: too many institutions have attempted to do college work, the work in some cases has not been thoroughly done, and quantity rather than quality has sometimes been sought. But all this can be said of higher education throughout the land; it is the almost inevitable incident of educational growth, and leaves the deeper question of the legitimate demand for the higher training of Negroes untouched. And this latter question can be settled in but one way,by a firsthand study of the facts. If we leave out of view all institutions which have not actually graduated students from a course higher than that of a New England high school, even though they be called colleges; if then we take the thirtyfour remaining institutions, we may clear up many misapprehensions by asking searchingly, What kind of institutions are they? what do they teach? and what sort of men do they graduate? Fifty years ago the ability of Negro students in any appreciable numbers to master a modern college course would have been difficult to prove. Today it is proved by the fact that four hundred Negroes, many of whom have been reported as brilliant students, have received the bachelor's degree from Harvard, Yale, Oberlin, and seventy other leading colleges. Here we have, then, nearly twentyfive hundred Negro graduates, of whom the crucial query must be made, How far did their training fit them for life? It is of course extremely difficult to collect satisfactory data on such a point,difficult to reach the men, to get trustworthy testimony, and to gauge that testimony by any generally acceptable criterion of success. In 1900, the Conference at Atlanta University undertook to study these graduates, and published the results. First they sought to know what these graduates were doing, and succeeded in getting answers from nearly twothirds of the living. The direct testimony was in almost all cases corroborated by the reports of the colleges where they graduated, so that in the main the reports were worthy of credence. Fiftythree per cent of these graduates were teachers,presidents of institutions, heads of normal schools, principals of city schoolsystems, and the like. Seventeen per cent were clergymen; another seventeen per cent were in the professions, chiefly as physicians. Over six per cent were merchants, farmers, and artisans, and four per cent were in the government civilservice. Granting even that a considerable proportion of the third unheard from are unsuccessful, this is a record of usefulness. Personally I know many hundreds of these graduates, and have corresponded with more than a thousand; through others I have followed carefully the lifework of scores; I have taught some of them and some of the pupils whom they have taught, lived in homes which they have builded, and looked at life through their eyes. Comparing them as a class with my fellow students in New England and in Europe, I cannot hesitate in saying that nowhere have I met men and women with a broader spirit of helpfulness, with deeper devotion to their lifework, or with more consecrated determination to succeed in the face of bitter difficulties than among Negro collegebred men. They have, to be sure, their proportion of ne'erdowells, their pedants and lettered fools, but they have a surprisingly small proportion of them; they have not that culture of manner which we instinctively associate with university men, forgetting that in reality it is the heritage from cultured homes, and that no people a generation removed from slavery can escape a certain unpleasant rawness and gaucherie, despite the best of training. If it is true that there are an appreciable number of Negro youth in the land capable by character and talent to receive that higher training, the end of which is culture, and if the two and a half thousand who have had something of this training in the past have in the main proved themselves useful to their race and generation, the question then comes, What place in the future development of the South ought the Negro college and collegebred man to occupy? That the present social separation and acute racesensitiveness must eventually yield to the influences of culture, as the South grows civilized, is clear. But such transformation calls for singular wisdom and patience. If, while the healing of this vast sore is progressing, the races are to live for many years side by side, united in economic effort, obeying a common government, sensitive to mutual thought and feeling, yet subtly and silently separate in many matters of deeper human intimacy,if this unusual and dangerous development is to progress amid peace and order, mutual respect and growing intelligence, it will call for social surgery at once the delicatest and nicest in modern history. It will demand broadminded, upright men, both white and black, and in its final accomplishment American civilization will triumph. So far as white men are con cerned, this fact is today being recognized in the South, and a happy renaissance of university education seems imminent. But the very voices that cry hail to this good work are, strange to relate, largely silent or antagonistic to the higher education of the Negro. I will not say such arguments are wholly justified,I will not insist that there is no other side to the shield; but I do say that of the nine millions of Negroes in this nation, there is scarcely one out of the cradle to whom these arguments do not daily present themselves in the guise of terrible truth. I insist that the question of the future is how best to keep these millions from brooding over the wrongs of the past and the difficulties of the present, so that all their energies may be bent toward a cheerful striving and cooperation with their white neighbors toward a larger, juster, and fuller future. That one wise method of doing this lies in the closer knitting of the Negro to the great industrial possibilities of the South is a great truth. And this the common schools and the manual training and trade schools are working to accomplish. But these alone are not enough. The foundations of knowledge in this race, as in others, must be sunk deep in the college and university if we would build a solid, permanent structure. Internal problems of social advance must inevitably come, problems of work and wages, of families and homes, of morals and the true valuing of the things of life; and all these and other inevitable problems of civilization the Negro must meet and solve largely for himself, by reason of his isolation; and can there be any possible solution other than by study and thought and an appeal to the rich experience of the past? Is there not, with such a group and in such a crisis, infinitely more danger to be apprehended from halftrained minds and shallow thinking than from overeducation and overrefinement? Surely we have wit enough to found a Negro college so manned and equipped as to steer successfully between the dilettante and the fool. We shall hardly induce black men to believe that if their stomachs be full, it matters little about their brains. They already dimly perceive that the paths of peace winding between honest toil and dignified manhood call for the guidance of skilled thinkers, the loving, reverent comradeship between the black lowly and the black men emancipated by training and culture. Of the Black Belt Out of the North the train thundered, and we woke to see the crimson soil of Georgia stretching away bare and monotonous right and left. Here and there lay straggling, unlovely villages, and lean men loafed leisurely at the depots; then again came the stretch of pines and clay. Yet we did not nod, nor weary of the scene; for this is historic ground. Right across our track, three hundred and sixty years ago, wandered the cavalcade of Hernando de Soto, looking for gold and the Great Sea; and he and his footsore captives disappeared yonder in the grim forests to the west. Here sits Atlanta, the city of a hundred hills, with something Western, something Southern, and something quite its own, in its busy life. Just this side Atlanta is the land of the Cherokees and to the southwest, not far from where Sam Hose was crucified, you may stand on a spot which is today the centre of the Negro problem,the centre of those nine million men who are America's dark heritage from slavery and the slavetrade. Not only is Georgia thus the geographical focus of our Negro population, but in many other respects, both now and yesterday, the Negro problems have seemed to be centered in this State. No other State in the Union can count a million Negroes among its citizens,a population as large as the slave population of the whole Union in 1800; no other State fought so long and strenuously to gather this host of Africans. Oglethorpe thought slavery against law and gospel; but the circumstances which gave Georgia its first inhabitants were not calculated to furnish citizens overnice in their ideas about rum and slaves. Despite the prohibitions of the trustees, these Georgians, like some of their descendants, proceeded to take the law into their own hands; and so pliant were the judges, and so flagrant the smuggling, and so earnest were the prayers of Whitefield, that by the middle of the eighteenth century all restrictions were swept away, and the slavetrade went merrily on for fifty years and more. Down in Darien, where the Delegal riots took place some summers ago, there used to come a strong protest against slavery from the Scotch Highlanders; and the Moravians of Ebenezer did not like the system. But not till the Haytian Terror of Toussaint was the trade in men even checked; while the national statute of 1808 did not suffice to stop it. How the Africans poured in!fifty thousand between 1790 and 1810, and then, from Virginia and from smugglers, two thousand a year for many years more. So the thirty thousand Negroes of Georgia in 1790 doubled in a decade,were over a hundred thousand in 1810, had reached two hundred thou sand in 1820, and half a million at the time of the war. Thus like a snake the black population writhed upward. But we must hasten on our journey. This that we pass as we near Atlanta is the ancient land of the Cherokees,that brave Indian nation which strove so long for its fatherland, until Fate and the United States Government drove them beyond the Mississippi. If you wish to ride with me you must come into the "Jim Crow Car." There will be no objection, already four other white men, and a little white girl with her nurse, are in there. Usually the races are mixed in there; but the white coach is all white. Of course this car is not so good as the other, but it is fairly clean and comfortable. The discomfort lies chiefly in the hearts of those four black men yonderand in mine. We rumble south in quite a businesslike way. The bare red clay and pines of Northern Georgia begin to disappear, and in their place appears a rich rolling land, luxuriant, and here and there well tilled. This is the land of the Creek Indians; and a hard time the Georgians had to seize it. The towns grow more frequent and more interesting, and brandnew cotton mills rise on every side. Below Macon the world grows darker; for now we approach the Black Belt,that strange land of shadows, at which even slaves paled in the past, and whence come now only faint and halfintelligible murmurs to the world beyond. The "Jim Crow Car" grows larger and a shade better; three rough fieldhands and two or three white loafers accompany us, and the newsboy still spreads his wares at one end. The sun is setting, but we can see the great cotton country as we enter it,the soil now dark and fertile, now thin and gray, with fruittrees and dilapidated buildings, all the way to Albany. Albany is today a widestreeted, placid, Southern town, with a broad sweep of stores and saloons, and flanking rows of homes,whites usually to the north, and blacks to the south. Six days in the week the town looks decidedly too small for itself, and takes frequent and prolonged naps. But on Saturday suddenly the whole county disgorges itself upon the place, and a perfect flood of black peasantry pours through the streets, fills the stores, blocks the sidewalks, chokes the thoroughfares, and takes full possession of the town. They are black, sturdy, uncouth country folk, goodnatured and simple, talkative to a degree, and yet far more silent and brooding than the crowds of the Rhinepfalz, or Naples, or Cracow. They drink considerable quantities of whiskey, but do not get very drunk; they talk and laugh loudly at times, but seldom quarrel or fight. They walk up and down the streets, meet and gossip with friends, stare at the shop windows, buy coffee, cheap candy, and clothes, and at dusk drive homehappy? well no, not exactly happy, but much happier than as though they had not come. It gets pretty hot in Southern Georgia in July,a sort of dull, determined heat that seems quite independent of the sun; so it took us some days to muster courage enough to leave the porch and venture out on the long country roads, that we might see this unknown world. Finally we started. It was about ten in the morning, bright with a faint breeze, and we jogged leisurely southward in the valley of the Flint. We passed the scattered boxlike cabins of the brickyard hands, and the long tenementrow facetiously called "The Ark," and were soon in the open country, and on the confines of the great plantations of other days. There is the "Joe Fields place"; a rough old fellow was he, and had killed many a "nigger" in his day. Twelve miles his plantation used to run,a regular barony. It is nearly all gone now; only straggling bits belong to the family, and the rest has passed to Jews and Negroes. Even the bits which are left are heavily mortgaged, and, like the rest of the land, tilled by tenants. Here is one of them now,a tall brown man, a hard worker and a hard drinker, illiterate, but versed in farmlore, as his nodding crops declare. This distressingly new board house is his, and he has just moved out of yonder mossgrown cabin with its one square room. From the curtains in Benton's house, down the road, a dark comely face is staring at the strangers; for passing carriages are not everyday occurrences here. Benton is an intelligent yellow man with a goodsized family, and manages a plantation blasted by the war and now the broken staff of the widow. He might be welltodo, they say; but he carouses too much in Albany. And the halfdesolate spirit of neglect born of the very soil seems to have settled on these acres. In times past there were cottongins and machinery here; but they have rotted away. The whole land seems forlorn and forsaken. Here are the remnants of the vast plantations of the Sheldons, the Pellots, and the Rensons; but the souls of them are passed. The houses lie in half ruin, or have wholly disappeared; the fences have flown, and the families are wandering in the world. Strange vicissitudes have met these whilom masters. Yonder stretch the wide acres of Bildad Reasor; he died in wartime, but the upstart overseer hastened to wed the widow. Then he went, and his neighbors too, and now only the black tenant remains; but the shadowhand of the master's grandnephew or cousin or creditor stretches out of the gray distance to collect the rackrent remorselessly, and so the land is uncaredfor and poor. Only black tenants can stand such a system, and they only because they must. Ten miles we have ridden today and have seen no white face. A resistless feeling of depression falls slowly upon us, despite the gaudy sunshine and the green cottonfields. This, then, is the Cotton Kingdom,the shadow of a marvellous dream. And where is the King? Perhaps this is he,the sweating ploughman, tilling his eighty acres with two lean mules, and fighting a hard battle with debt. So we sit musing, until, as we turn a corner on the sandy road, there comes a fairer scene suddenly in view,a neat cottage snugly ensconced by the road, and near it a little store. A tall bronzed man rises from the porch as we hail him, and comes out to our carriage. He is six feet in height, with a sober face that smiles gravely. He walks too straight to be a tenant,yes, he owns two hundred and forty acres. "The land is run down since the boomdays of eighteen hundred and fifty," he explains, and cotton is low. Three black tenants live on his place, and in his little store he keeps a small stock of tobacco, snuff, soap, and soda, for the neighborhood. Here is his ginhouse with new machinery just installed. Three hundred bales of cotton went through it last year. Two children he has sent away to school. Yes, he says sadly, he is getting on, but cotton is down to four cents; I know how Debt sits staring at him. Wherever the King may be, the parks and palaces of the Cotton Kingdom have not wholly disappeared. We plunge even now into great groves of oak and towering pine, with an undergrowth of myrtle and shrubbery. This was the "homehouse" of the Thompsons,slavebarons who drove their coach and four in the merry past. All is silence now, and ashes, and tangled weeds. The owner put his whole fortune into the rising cotton industry of the fifties, and with the falling prices of the eighties he packed up and stole away. Yonder is another grove, with unkempt lawn, great magnolias, and grassgrown paths. The Big House stands in half ruin, its great front door staring blankly at the street, and the back part grotesquely restored for its black tenant. A shabby, wellbuilt Negro he is, unlucky and irresolute. He digs hard to pay rent to the white girl who owns the remnant of the place. She married a policeman, and lives in Savannah. Now and again we come to churches. Here is one now, Shepherd's, they call it,a great whitewashed barn of a thing, perched on stilts of stone, and looking for all the world as though it were just resting here a moment and might be expected to waddle off down the road at almost any time. And yet it is the centre of a hundred cabin homes; and sometimes, of a Sunday, five hundred persons from far and near gather here and talk and eat and sing. There is a school house near,a very airy, empty shed; but even this is an improvement, for usually the school is held in the church. The churches vary from loghuts to those like Shepherd's, and the schools from nothing to this little house that sits demurely on the county line. It is a tiny plankhouse, perhaps ten by twenty, and has within a double row of rough unplaned benches, resting mostly on legs, sometimes on boxes. Opposite the door is a square homemade desk. In one corner are the ruins of a stove, and in the other a dim blackboard. It is the cheerfulest schoolhouse I have seen in Dougherty, save in town. Back of the schoolhouse is a lodgehouse two stories high and not quite finished. Societies meet there,societies "to care for the sick and bury the dead"; and these societies grow and flourish. We had come to the boundaries of Dougherty, and were about to turn west along the countyline, when all these sights were pointed out to us by a kindly old man, black, whitehaired, and seventy. Fortyfive years he had lived here, and now supports himself and his old wife by the help of the steer tethered yonder and the charity of his black neighbors. He shows us the farm of the Hills just across the county line in Baker,a widow and two strapping sons, who raised ten bales (one need not add "cotton" down here) last year. There are fences and pigs and cows, and the softvoiced, velvetskinned young Memnon, who sauntered halfbashfully over to greet the strangers, is proud of his home. We turn now to the west along the county line. Great dismantled trunks of pines tower above the green cottonfields, cracking their naked gnarled fingers toward the border of living forest beyond. There is little beauty in this region, only a sort of crude abandon that suggests power,a naked grandeur, as it were. The houses are bare and straight; there are no hammocks or easychairs, and few flowers. So when, as here at Rawdon's, one sees a vine clinging to a little porch, and homelike windows peeping over the fences, one takes a long breath. I think I never before quite realized the place of the Fence in civilization. This is the Land of the Unfenced, where crouch on either hand scores of ugly oneroom cabins, cheerless and dirty. Here lies the Negro problem in its naked dirt and penury. And here are no fences. But now and then the crisscross rails or straight palings break into view, and then we know a touch of culture is near. Of course Harrison Gohagen,a quiet yellow man, young, smoothfaced, and diligent,of course he is lord of some hundred acres, and we expect to see a vision of wellkept rooms and fat beds and laughing children. For has he not fine fences? And those over yonder, why should they build fences on the rackrented land? It will only increase their rent. On we wind, through sand and pines and glimpses of old plantations, till there creeps into sight a cluster of buildings, wood and brick, mills and houses, and scattered cabins. It seemed quite a village. As it came nearer and nearer, however, the aspect changed: the buildings were rotten, the bricks were falling out, the mills were silent, and the store was closed. Only in the cabins appeared now and then a bit of lazy life. I could imagine the place under some weird spell, and was halfminded to search out the princess. An old ragged black man, honest, simple, and improvident, told us the tale. The Wizard of the Norththe Capitalisthad rushed down in the seventies to woo this coy dark soil. He bought a square mile or more, and for a time the fieldhands sang, the gins groaned, and the mills buzzed. Then came a change. The agent's son embezzled the funds and ran off with them. Then the agent himself disappeared. Finally the new agent stole even the books, and the company in wrath closed its business and its houses, refused to sell, and let houses and furniture and machinery rust and rot. So the WatersLoring plantation was stilled by the spell of dishonesty, and stands like some gaunt rebuke to a scarred land. Somehow that plantation ended our day's journey; for I could not shake off the influence of that silent scene. Back toward town we glided, past the straight and threadlike pines, past a dark treedotted pond where the air was heavy with a dead sweet perfume. White slenderlegged curlews flitted by us, and the garnet blooms of the cotton looked gay against the green and purple stalks. A peasant girl was hoeing in the field, whiteturbaned and blacklimbed. All this we saw, but the spell still lay upon us. How curious a land is this,how full of untold story, of tragedy and laughter, and the rich legacy of human life; shadowed with a tragic past, and big with future promise! This is the Black Belt of Georgia. Dougherty County is the west end of the Black Belt, and men once called it the Egypt of the Confederacy. It is full of historic interest. First there is the Swamp, to the west, where the Chickasawhatchee flows sullenly southward. The shadow of an old plantation lies at its edge, forlorn and dark. Then comes the pool; pendent gray moss and brackish waters appear, and forests filled with wildfowl. In one place the wood is on fire, smouldering in dull red anger; but nobody minds. Then the swamp grows beautiful; a raised road, built by chained Negro convicts, dips down into it, and forms a way walled and almost covered in living green. Spreading trees spring from a prodigal luxuriance of undergrowth; great dark green shadows fade into the black background, until all is one mass of tangled semitropical foliage, marvellous in its weird savage splendor. Once we crossed a black silent stream, where the sad trees and writhing creepers, all glinting fiery yellow and green, seemed like some vast cathedral,some green Milan builded of wildwood. And as I crossed, I seemed to see again that fierce tragedy of seventy years ago. Osceola, the IndianNegro chieftain, had risen in the swamps of Florida, vowing vengeance. His warcry reached the red Creeks of Dougherty, and their warcry rang from the Chattahoochee to the sea. Men and women and children fled and fell before them as they swept into Dougherty. In yonder shadows a dark and hideously painted warrior glided stealthily on,another and another, until three hundred had crept into the treacherous swamp. Then the false slime closing about them called the white men from the east. Waistdeep, they fought beneath the tall trees, until the warcry was hushed and the Indians glided back into the west. Small wonder the wood is red. And yet with all this there was something sordid, something forced,a certain feverish unrest and recklessness; for was not all this show and tinsel built upon a groan? "This land was a little Hell," said a ragged, brown, and gravefaced man to me. We were seated near a roadside blacksmith shop, and behind was the bare ruin of some master's home. "I've seen niggers drop dead in the furrow, but they were kicked aside, and the plough never stopped. Down in the guardhouse, there's where the blood ran." With such foundations a kingdom must in time sway and fall. The masters moved to Macon and Augusta, and left only the irresponsible overseers on the land. And the result is such ruin as this, the Lloyd "homeplace":great waving oaks, a spread of lawn, myrtles and chestnuts, all ragged and wild; a solitary gatepost standing where once was a castle entrance; an old rusty anvil lying amid rotting bellows and wood in the ruins of a blacksmith shop; a wide rambling old mansion, brown and dingy, filled now with the grandchildren of the slaves who once waited on its tables; while the family of the master has dwindled to two lone women, who live in Macon and feed hungrily off the remnants of an earldom. So we ride on, past phantom gates and falling homes,past the once flourishing farms of the Smiths, the Gandys, and the Lagores, and find all dilapidated and half ruined, even there where a solitary white woman, a relic of other days, sits alone in state among miles of Negroes and rides to town in her ancient coach each day. This was indeed the Egypt of the Confederacy,the rich granary whence potatoes and corn and cotton poured out to the famished and ragged Confederate troops as they battled for a cause lost long before 1861. Sheltered and secure, it became the place of refuge for families, wealth, and slaves. Yet even then the hard ruthless rape of the land began to tell. The redclay subsoil already had begun to peer above the loam. The harder the slaves were driven the more careless and fatal was their farming. Then came the revolution of war and Emancipation, the bewilderment of Reconstruction,and now, what is the Egypt of the Confederacy, and what meaning has it for the nation's weal or woe? It is a land of rapid contrasts and of curiously mingled hope and pain. Here sits a pretty blueeyed quadroon hiding her bare feet; she was married only last week, and yonder in the field is her dark young husband, hoeing to support her, at thirty cents a day without board. Across the way is Gatesby, brown and tall, lord of two thousand acres shrewdly won and held. There is a store conducted by his black son, a blacksmith shop, and a ginnery. Five miles below here is a town owned and controlled by one white New Englander. He owns almost a Rhode Island county, with thousands of acres and hundreds of black laborers. Their cabins look better than most, and the farm, with machinery and fertilizers, is much more businesslike than any in the county, although the manager drives hard bargains in wages. When now we turn and look five miles above, there on the edge of town are five houses of prostitutes,two of blacks and three of whites; and in one of the houses of the whites a worthless black boy was harbored too openly two years ago; so he was hanged for rape. And here, too, is the high whitewashed fence of the "stockade," as the county prison is called; the white folks say it is ever full of black criminals,the black folks say that only colored boys are sent to jail, and they not because they are guilty, but because the State needs criminals to eke out its income by their forced labor. Immigrants are heirs of the slave baron in Dougherty; and as we ride westward, by wide stretching cornfields and stubby orchards of peach and pear, we see on all sides within the circle of dark forest a Land of Canaan. Here and there are tales of projects for moneygetting, born in the swift days of Reconstruction,"improvement" companies, wine companies, mills and factories; most failed, and foreigners fell heir. It is a beautiful land, this Dougherty, west of the Flint. The forests are wonderful, the solemn pines have disappeared, and this is the "Oakey Woods," with its wealth of hickories, beeches, oaks and palmettos. But a pall of debt hangs over the beautiful land; the merchants are in debt to the wholesalers, the planters are in debt to the merchants, the tenants owe the planters, and laborers bow and bend beneath the burden of it all. Here and there a man has raised his head above these murky waters. We passed one fenced stockfarm with grass and grazing cattle, that looked very homelike after endless corn and cotton. Here and there are black freeholders: there is the gaunt dullblack Jackson, with his hundred acres. "I says, 'Look up! If you don't look up you can't get up,'" remarks Jackson, philosophically. And he's gotten up. Dark Carter's neat barns would do credit to New England. His master helped him to get a start, but when the black man died last fall the master's sons immediately laid claim to the estate. "And them white folks will get it, too," said my yellow gossip. I turn from these welltended acres with a comfortable feeling that the Negro is rising. Even then, however, the fields, as we proceed, begin to redden and the trees disappear. Rows of old cabins appear filled with renters and laborers,cheerless, bare, and dirty, for the most part, al though here and there the very age and decay makes the scene picturesque. A young black fellow greets us. He is twentytwo, and just married. Until last year he had good luck renting; then cotton fell, and the sheriff seized and sold all he had. So he moved here, where the rent is higher, the land poorer, and the owner inflexible; he rents a fortydollar mule for twenty dollars a year. Poor lad!a slave at twentytwo. This plantation, owned now by a foreigner, was a part of the famous Bolton estate. After the war it was for many years worked by gangs of Negro convicts,and black convicts then were even more plentiful than now; it was a way of making Negroes work, and the question of guilt was a minor one. Hard tales of cruelty and mistreatment of the chained freemen are told, but the county authorities were deaf until the freelabor market was nearly ruined by wholesale migration. Then they took the convicts from the plantations, but not until one of the fairest regions of the "Oakey Woods" had been ruined and ravished into a red waste, out of which only a Yankee or an immigrant could squeeze more blood from debtcursed tenants. No wonder that Luke Black, slow, dull, and discouraged, shuffles to our carriage and talks hopelessly. Why should he strive? Every year finds him deeper in debt. How strange that Georgia, the worldheralded refuge of poor debtors, should bind her own to sloth and misfortune as ruthlessly as ever England did! The poor land groans with its birthpains, and brings forth scarcely a hundred pounds of cotton to the acre, where fifty years ago it yielded eight times as much. Of his meagre yield the tenant pays from a quarter to a third in rent, and most of the rest in interest on food and supplies bought on credit. Twenty years yonder sunkencheeked, old black man has labored under that system, and now, turned daylaborer, is supporting his wife and boarding himself on his wages of a dollar and a half a week, received only part of the year. The Bolton convict farm formerly included the neighboring plantation. Here it was that the convicts were lodged in the great log prison still standing. A dismal place it still remains, with rows of ugly huts filled with surly ignorant tenants. "What rent do you pay here?" I inquired. "I don't know, what is it, Sam?" "All we make," answered Sam. It is a depressing place,bare, unshaded, with no charm of past association, only a memory of forced human toil,now, then, and before the war. They are not happy, these black men whom we meet throughout this region. There is little of the joyous abandon and playfulness which we are wont to associate with the plantation Negro. At best, the natural goodnature is edged with complaint or has changed into sullenness and gloom. And now and then it blazes forth in veiled but hot anger. I remember one big redeyed black whom we met by the roadside. Fortyfive years he had labored on this farm, beginning with nothing, and still having nothing. To be sure, he had given four children a commonschool training, and perhaps if the new fencelaw had not allowed unfenced crops in West Dougherty he might have raised a little stock and kept ahead. As it is, he is hopelessly in debt, disappointed, and embittered. He stopped us to inquire after the black boy in Albany, whom it was said a policeman had shot and killed for loud talking on the sidewalk. And then he said slowly: "Let a white man touch me, and he dies; I don't boast this,I don't say it around loud, or before the children,but I mean it. I've seen them whip my father and my old mother in them cottonrows till the blood ran; by" and we passed on. Now Sears, whom we met next lolling under the chubby oaktrees, was of quite different fibre. Happy?Well, yes; he laughed and flipped pebbles, and thought the world was as it was. He had worked here twelve years and has nothing but a mortgaged mule. Children? Yes, seven; but they hadn't been to school this year,couldn't afford books and clothes, and couldn't spare their work. There go part of them to the fields now,three big boys astride mules, and a strapping girl with bare brown legs. Careless ignorance and laziness here, fierce hate and vindictiveness there;these are the extremes of the Negro problem which we met that day, and we scarce knew which we preferred. Here and there we meet distinct characters quite out of the ordinary. One came out of a piece of newly cleared ground, making a wide detour to avoid the snakes. He was an old, hollowcheeked man, with a drawn and characterful brown face. He had a sort of selfcontained quaintness and rough humor impossible to describe; a certain cynical earnestness that puzzled one. "The niggers were jealous of me over on the other place," he said, "and so me and the old woman begged this piece of woods, and I cleared it up myself. Made nothing for two years, but I reckon I've got a crop now." The cotton looked tall and rich, and we praised it. He curtsied low, and then bowed almost to the ground, with an imperturbable gravity that seemed almost suspicious. Then he continued, "My mule died last week,"a calamity in this land equal to a devastating fire in town,"but a white man loaned me another." Then he added, eyeing us, "Oh, I gets along with white folks." We turned the conversation. "Bears? deer?" he answered, "well, I should say there were," and he let fly a string of brave oaths, as he told huntingtales of the swamp. We left him standing still in the middle of the road looking after us, and yet apparently not noticing us. The Whistle place, which includes his bit of land, was bought soon after the war by an English syndicate, the "Dixie Cotton and Corn Company." A marvellous deal of style their factor put on, with his servants and coachandsix; so much so that the concern soon landed in inextricable bankruptcy. Nobody lives in the old house now, but a man comes each winter out of the North and collects his high rents. I know not which are the more touching,such old empty houses, or the homes of the masters' sons. Sad and bitter tales lie hidden back of those white doors,tales of poverty, of struggle, of disappointment. A revolution such as that of '63 is a terrible thing; they that rose rich in the morning often slept in paupers' beds. Beggars and vulgar speculators rose to rule over them, and their children went astray. See yonder sadcolored house, with its cabins and fences and glad crops! It is not glad within; last month the prodigal son of the struggling father wrote home from the city for money. Money! Where was it to come from? And so the son rose in the night and killed his baby, and killed his wife, and shot himself dead. And the world passed on. I remember wheeling around a bend in the road beside a graceful bit of forest and a singing brook. A long low house faced us, with porch and flying pillars, great oaken door, and a broad lawn shining in the evening sun. But the windowpanes were gone, the pillars were wormeaten, and the mossgrown roof was falling in. Half curiously I peered through the unhinged door, and saw where, on the wall across the hall, was written in once gay letters a faded "Welcome." Quite a contrast to the southwestern part of Dougherty County is the northwest. Soberly timbered in oak and pine, it has none of that halftropical luxuriance of the southwest. Then, too, there are fewer signs of a romantic past, and more of systematic modern landgrabbing and moneygetting. White people are more in evidence here, and farmer and hired labor replace to some extent the absentee landlord and rackrented tenant. The crops have neither the luxuriance of the richer land nor the signs of neglect so often seen, and there were fences and meadows here and there. Most of this land was poor, and beneath the notice of the slavebaron, before the war. Since then his poor relations and foreign immigrants have seized it. The returns of the farmer are too small to allow much for wages, and yet he will not sell off small farms. There is the Negro Sanford; he has worked fourteen years as overseer on the Ladson place, and "paid out enough for fertilizers to have bought a farm," but the owner will not sell off a few acres. Two childrena boy and a girlare hoeing sturdily in the fields on the farm where Corliss works. He is smoothfaced and brown, and is fencing up his pigs. He used to run a successful cottongin, but the Cotton Seed Oil Trust has forced the price of ginning so low that he says it hardly pays him. He points out a stately old house over the way as the home of "Pa Willis." We eagerly ride over, for "Pa Willis" was the tall and powerful black Moses who led the Negroes for a generation, and led them well. He was a Baptist preacher, and when he died, two thousand black people followed him to the grave; and now they preach his funeral sermon each year. His widow lives here,a weazened, sharpfeatured little woman, who curtsied quaintly as we greeted her. Further on lives Jack Delson, the most prosperous Negro farmer in the county. It is a joy to meet him,a great broadshouldered, handsome black man, intelligent and jovial. Six hun dred and fifty acres he owns, and has eleven black tenants. A neat and tidy home nestled in a flowergarden, and a little store stands beside it. We pass the Munson place, where a plucky white widow is renting and struggling; and the eleven hundred acres of the Sennet plantation, with its Negro overseer. Then the character of the farms begins to change. Nearly all the lands belong to Russian Jews; the overseers are white, and the cabins are bare boardhouses scattered here and there. The rents are high, and daylaborers and "contract" hands abound. It is a keen, hard struggle for living here, and few have time to talk. Tired with the long ride, we gladly drive into Gillonsville. It is a silent cluster of farmhouses standing on the crossroads, with one of its stores closed and the other kept by a Negro preacher. They tell great tales of busy times at Gillonsville before all the railroads came to Albany; now it is chiefly a memory. Riding down the street, we stop at the preacher's and seat ourselves before the door. It was one of those scenes one cannot soon forget:a wide, low, little house, whose motherly roof reached over and sheltered a snug little porch. There we sat, after the long hot drive, drinking cool water,the talkative little storekeeper who is my daily companion; the silent old black woman patching pantaloons and saying never a word; the ragged picture of helpless misfortune who called in just to see the preacher; and finally the neat matronly preacher's wife, plump, yellow, and intelligent. "Own land?" said the wife; "well, only this house." Then she added quietly. "We did buy seven hundred acres across up yonder, and paid for it; but they cheated us out of it. Sells was the owner." "Sells!" echoed the ragged misfortune, who was leaning against the balustrade and listening, "he's a regular cheat. I worked for him thirtyseven days this spring, and he paid me in cardboard checks which were to be cashed at the end of the month. But he never cashed them,kept putting me off. Then the sheriff came and took my mule and corn and furniture" "Furniture? But furniture is exempt from seizure by law." "Well, he took it just the same," said the hardfaced man. Of the Quest of the Golden Fleece "On the strong and cunning few From the patient and the low I will take the joys they know; They shall hunger after vanities and still anhungered go. Madness shall be on the people, ghastly jealousies arise; Brother's blood shall cry on brother up the dead and empty skies. Have you ever seen a cottonfield white with harvest,its golden fleece hovering above the black earth like a silvery cloud edged with dark green, its bold white signals waving like the foam of billows from Carolina to Texas across that Black and human Sea? I have sometimes half suspected that here the winged ram Chrysomallus left that Fleece after which Jason and his Argonauts went vaguely wandering into the shadowy East three thousand years ago; and certainly one might frame a pretty and not farfetched analogy of witchery and dragons' teeth, and blood and armed men, between the ancient and the modern quest of the Golden Fleece in the Black Sea. And now the golden fleece is found; not only found, but, in its birthplace, woven. For the hum of the cottonmills is the newest and most significant thing in the New South today. All through the Carolinas and Georgia, away down to Mexico, rise these gaunt red buildings, bare and homely, and yet so busy and noisy withal that they scarce seem to belong to the slow and sleepy land. Perhaps they sprang from dragons' teeth. So the Cotton Kingdom still lives; the world still bows beneath her sceptre. Even the markets that once defied the parvenu have crept one by one across the seas, and then slowly and reluctantly, but surely, have started toward the Black Belt. To be sure, there are those who wag their heads knowingly and tell us that the capital of the Cotton Kingdom has moved from the Black to the White Belt,that the Negro of today raises not more than half of the cotton crop. Such men forget that the cotton crop has doubled, and more than doubled, since the era of slavery, and that, even granting their contention, the Negro is still supreme in a Cotton Kingdom larger than that on which the Confederacy builded its hopes. So the Negro forms today one of the chief figures in a great worldindustry; and this, for its own sake, and in the light of historic interest, makes the fieldhands of the cotton country worth studying. We seldom study the condition of the Negro today honestly and carefully. It is so much easier to assume that we know it all. Or perhaps, having already reached conclusions in our own minds, we are loth to have them disturbed by facts. And yet how little we really know of these millions,of their daily lives and longings, of their homely joys and sorrows, of their real shortcomings and the meaning of their crimes! All this we can only learn by intimate contact with the masses, and not by wholesale arguments covering millions separate in time and space, and differing widely in training and culture. Today, then, my reader, let us turn our faces to the Black Belt of Georgia and seek simply to know the condition of the black farmlaborers of one county there. The plantations of Dougherty County in slavery days were not as imposing and aristocratic as those of Virginia. The Big House was smaller and usually onestoried, and sat very near the slave cabins. Sometimes these cabins stretched off on either side like wings; sometimes only on one side, forming a double row, or edging the road that turned into the plantation from the main thoroughfare. The form and disposition of the laborers' cabins throughout the Black Belt is today the same as in slavery days. Some live in the selfsame cabins, others in cabins rebuilt on the sites of the old. All are sprinkled in little groups over the face of the land, centering about some dilapidated Big House where the headtenant or agent lives. The general character and arrangement of these dwellings remains on the whole unaltered. There were in the county, outside the corporate town of Albany, about fifteen hundred Negro families in 1898. Out of all these, only a single family occupied a house with seven rooms; only fourteen have five rooms or more. The mass live in oneand tworoom homes. Looking now at the county black population as a whole, it is fair to characterize it as poor and ignorant. Perhaps ten per cent compose the welltodo and the best of the laborers, while at least nine per cent are thoroughly lewd and vicious. The rest, over eighty per cent, are poor and ignorant, fairly honest and well meaning, plodding, and to a degree shiftless, with some but not great sexual looseness. Such class lines are by no means fixed; they vary, one might almost say, with the price of cotton. The degree of ignorance cannot easily be expressed. We may say, for instance, that nearly twothirds of them cannot read or write. This but partially expresses the fact. They are ignorant of the world about them, of modern economic organization, of the function of government, of individual worth and possibilities,of nearly all those things which slavery in selfdefence had to keep them from learning. Much that the white boy imbibes from his earliest social atmosphere forms the puzzling problems of the black boy's mature years. America is not another word for Opportunity to all her sons. It is easy for us to lose ourselves in details in endeavoring to grasp and comprehend the real condition of a mass of human beings. We often forget that each unit in the mass is a throbbing human soul. Ignorant it may be, and poverty stricken, black and curious in limb and ways and thought; and yet it loves and hates, it toils and tires, it laughs and weeps its bitter tears, and looks in vague and awful longing at the grim horizon of its life,all this, even as you and I. These black thousands are not in reality lazy; they are improvident and careless; they insist on breaking the monotony of toil with a glimpse at the great townworld on Saturday; they have their loafers and their rascals; but the great mass of them work continuously and faithfully for a return, and under circumstances that would call forth equal voluntary effort from few if any other modern laboring class. Over eightyeight per cent of themmen, women, and childrenare farmers. Indeed, this is almost the only industry. Most of the children get their schooling after the "crops are laid by," and very few there are that stay in school after the spring work has begun. Childlabor is to be found here in some of its worst phases, as fostering ignorance and stunting physical development. With the grown men of the county there is little variety in work: thirteen hundred are farmers, and two hundred are laborers, teamsters, etc., including twentyfour artisans, ten merchants, twentyone preachers, and four teachers. This narrowness of life reaches its maximum among the women: thirteen hundred and fifty of these are farm laborers, one hundred are servants and washerwomen, leaving sixtyfive housewives, eight teachers, and six seamstresses. Away down the Baysan road, where the broad flat fields are flanked by great oak forests, is a plantation; many thousands of acres it used to run, here and there, and beyond the great wood. Thirteen hundred human beings here obeyed the call of one,were his in body, and largely in soul. One of them lives there yet,a short, stocky man, his dullbrown face seamed and drawn, and his tightly curled hair graywhite. The crops? Just tolerable, he said; just tolerable. Get ting on? Nohe wasn't getting on at all. Smith of Albany "furnishes" him, and his rent is eight hundred pounds of cotton. Can't make anything at that. Why didn't he buy land! Humph! Takes money to buy land. And he turns away. Free! The most piteous thing amid all the black ruin of wartime, amid the broken fortunes of the masters, the blighted hopes of mothers and maidens, and the fall of an empire,the most piteous thing amid all this was the black freedman who threw down his hoe because the world called him free. What did such a mockery of freedom mean? Not a cent of money, not an inch of land, not a mouthful of victuals,not even owner ship of the rags on his back. Free! On Saturday, once or twice a month, the old master, before the war, used to dole out bacon and meal to his Negroes. And after the first flush of freedom wore off, and his true helplessness dawned on the freedman, he came back and picked up his hoe, and old master still doled out his bacon and meal. The legal form of service was theoretically far different; in practice, taskwork or "cropping" was substituted for daily toil in gangs; and the slave gradually became a metayer, or tenant on shares, in name, but a laborer with indeterminate wages in fact. Still the price of cotton fell, and gradually the landlords deserted their plantations, and the reign of the merchant began. The merchant of the Black Belt is a curious institution,part banker, part landlord, part banker, and part despot. His store, which used most frequently to stand at the crossroads and become the centre of a weekly village, has now moved to town; and thither the Negro tenant follows him. The merchant keeps everything,clothes and shoes, coffee and sugar, pork and meal, canned and dried goods, wagons and ploughs, seed and fertilizer,and what he has not in stock he can give you an order for at the store across the way. Here, then, comes the tenant, Sam Scott, after he has contracted with some absent landlord's agent for hiring forty acres of land; he fingers his hat nervously until the merchant finishes his morning chat with Colonel Saunders, and calls out, "Well, Sam, what do you want?" Sam wants him to "furnish" him,i.e., to advance him food and clothing for the year, and perhaps seed and tools, until his crop is raised and sold. If Sam seems a favorable subject, he and the merchant go to a lawyer, and Sam executes a chattel mortgage on his mule and wagon in return for seed and a week's rations. As soon as the green cottonleaves appear above the ground, another mortgage is given on the "crop." Every Saturday, or at longer intervals, Sam calls upon the merchant for his "rations"; a family of five usually gets about thirty pounds of fat sidepork and a couple of bushels of cornmeal a month. Besides this, clothing and shoes must be furnished; if Sam or his family is sick, there are orders on the druggist and doctor; if the mule wants shoeing, an order on the blacksmith, etc. If Sam is a hard worker and crops promise well, he is often encouraged to buy more,sugar, extra clothes, perhaps a buggy. But he is seldom encouraged to save. When cotton rose to ten cents last fall, the shrewd merchants of Dougherty County sold a thousand buggies in one season, mostly to black men. The direct result of this system is an allcotton scheme of agriculture and the continued bankruptcy of the tenant. The currency of the Black Belt is cotton. It is a crop always salable for ready money, not usually subject to great yearly fluctuations in price, and one which the Negroes know how to raise. The landlord therefore demands his rent in cotton, and the merchant will accept mortgages on no other crop. There is no use asking the black tenant, then, to diversify his crops,he cannot under this system. Moreover, the system is bound to bankrupt the tenant. I remember once meeting a little onemule wagon on the River road. A young black fellow sat in it driving listlessly, his elbows on his knees. His darkfaced wife sat beside him, stolid, silent. "Hello!" cried my driver,he has a most imprudent way of addressing these people, though they seem used to it, "what have you got there?" "Meat and meal," answered the man, stopping. The meat lay uncovered in the bottom of the wagon,a great thin side of fat pork covered with salt; the meal was in a white bushel bag. "What did you pay for that meat?" "And the meal?" Yet it is not wholly his fault. The Negro farmer started behind,started in debt. This was not his choosing, but the crime of this happygolucky nation which goes blundering along with its Reconstruction tragedies, its Spanish war interludes and Philippine matinees, just as though God really were dead. Once in debt, it is no easy matter for a whole race to emerge. In the year of lowpriced cotton, 1898, out of three hundred tenant families one hundred and seventyfive ended their year's work in debt to the extent of fourteen thousand dollars; fifty cleared nothing, and the remaining seventyfive made a total profit of sixteen hundred dollars. The net indebtedness of the black tenant families of the whole county must have been at least sixty thousand dollars. In a more prosperous year the situation is far better; but on the average the majority of tenants end the year even, or in debt, which means that they work for board and clothes. Such an economic organization is radically wrong. Whose is the blame? Even in the betterordered country districts of the South the free movement of agricultural laborers is hindered by the migrationagent laws. The "Associated Press" recently informed the world of the arrest of a young white man in Southern Georgia who represented the "Atlantic Naval Supplies Company," and who "was caught in the act of enticing hands from the turpentine farm of Mr. John Greer." The crime for which this young man was arrested is taxed five hundred dollars for each county in which the employment agent proposes to gather laborers for work outside the State. Thus the Negroes' ignorance of the labormarket outside his own vicinity is increased rather than diminished by the laws of nearly every Southern State. To the carwindow sociologist, to the man who seeks to understand and know the South by devoting the few leisure hours of a holiday trip to unravelling the snarl of centuries,to such men very often the whole trouble with the black fieldhand may be summed up by Aunt Ophelia's word, "Shiftless!" They have noted repeatedly scenes like one I saw last summer. We were riding along the highroad to town at the close of a long hot day. A couple of young black fellows passed us in a muleteam, with several bushels of loose corn in the ear. One was driving, listlessly bent forward, his elbows on his knees,a happygolucky, careless picture of irresponsibility. The other was fast asleep in the bottom of the wagon. As we passed we noticed an ear of corn fall from the wagon. They never saw it,not they. A rod farther on we noted another ear on the ground; and between that creeping mule and town we counted twentysix ears of corn. Shiftless? Yes, the personification of shiftlessness. And yet follow those boys: they are not lazy; tomorrow morning they'll be up with the sun; they work hard when they do work, and they work willingly. They have no sordid, selfish, moneygetting ways, but rather a fine disdain for mere cash. They'll loaf before your face and work behind your back with goodnatured honesty. They'll steal a watermelon, and hand you back your lost purse intact. Their great defect as laborers lies in their lack of incentive beyond the mere pleasure of physical exer tion. They are careless because they have not found that it pays to be careful; they are improvident because the improvident ones of their acquaintance get on about as well as the provident. Above all, they cannot see why they should take unusual pains to make the white man's land better, or to fatten his mule, or save his corn. On the other hand, the white landowner argues that any attempt to improve these laborers by increased responsibility, or higher wages, or better homes, or land of their own, would be sure to result in failure. He shows his Northern visitor the scarred and wretched land; the ruined mansions, the wornout soil and mortgaged acres, and says, This is Negro freedom! Taking, then, the dissatisfied and shiftless fieldhand as a startingpoint, let us inquire how the black thousands of Dougherty have struggled from him up toward their ideal, and what that ideal is. All social struggle is evidenced by the rise, first of economic, then of social classes, among a homogeneous population. Today the following economic classes are plainly differentiated among these Negroes. A "submerged tenth" of croppers, with a few paupers; forty per cent who are metayers and thirtynine per cent of semimetayers and wagelaborers. There are left five per cent of moneyrenters and six per cent of freeholders,the "Upper Ten" of the land. The croppers are entirely without capital, even in the limited sense of food or money to keep them from seedtime to harvest. All they furnish is their labor; the landowner furnishes land, stock, tools, seed, and house; and at the end of the year the laborer gets from a third to a half of the crop. Out of his share, however, comes pay and interest for food and clothing advanced him during the year. Thus we have a laborer without capital and without wages, and an employer whose capital is largely his employ ees' wages. It is an unsatisfactory arrangement, both for hirer and hired, and is usually in vogue on poor land with hardpressed owners. Above the croppers come the great mass of the black population who work the land on their own responsibility, paying rent in cotton and supported by the cropmortgage system. After the war this system was attractive to the freedmen on account of its larger freedom and its possibility for making a surplus. But with the carrying out of the croplien system, the deterioration of the land, and the slavery of debt, the position of the metayers has sunk to a dead level of practically unrewarded toil. Formerly all tenants had some capital, and often considerable; but absentee landlordism, rising rackrent, and failing cotton have stripped them wellnigh of all, and probably not over half of them today own their mules. The change from cropper to tenant was accomplished by fixing the rent. If, now, the rent fixed was reasonable, this was an incentive to the tenant to strive. On the other hand, if the rent was too high, or if the land deteriorated, the result was to discourage and check the efforts of the black peasantry. There is no doubt that the latter case is true; that in Dougherty County every economic advantage of the price of cotton in market and of the strivings of the tenant has been taken advantage of by the landlords and merchants, and swallowed up in rent and interest. If cotton rose in price, the rent rose even higher; if cotton fell, the rent remained or followed reluctantly. If the tenant worked hard and raised a large crop, his rent was raised the next year; if that year the crop failed, his corn was confiscated and his mule sold for debt. There were, of course, exceptions to this,cases of personal kindness and forbearance; but in the vast majority of cases the rule was to extract the uttermost farthing from the mass of the black farm laborers. The average metayer pays from twenty to thirty per cent of his crop in rent. The result of such rackrent can only be evil,abuse and neglect of the soil, deterioration in the character of the laborers, and a widespread sense of injustice. "Wherever the country is poor," cried Arthur Young, "it is in the hands of metayers," and "their condition is more wretched than that of daylaborers." He was talking of Italy a century ago; but he might have been talking of Dougherty County today. And especially is that true today which he declares was true in France before the Revolution: "The metayers are considered as little better than menial servants, removable at pleasure, and obliged to conform in all things to the will of the landlords." On this low plane half the black population of Dougherty Countyperhaps more than half the black millions of this landare today struggling. A degree above these we may place those laborers who receive money wages for their work. Some receive a house with perhaps a gardenspot; then supplies of food and clothing are advanced, and certain fixed wages are given at the end of the year, varying from thirty to sixty dollars, out of which the supplies must be paid for, with interest. About eighteen per cent of the population belong to this class of semimetayers, while twentytwo per cent are laborers paid by the month or year, and are either "furnished" by their own savings or perhaps more usually by some merchant who takes his chances of payment. Such laborers receive from thirtyfive to fifty cents a day during the working season. They are usually young unmarried persons, some being women; and when they marry they sink to the class of metayers, or, more seldom, become renters. In 1870 the taxbooks of Dougherty report no Negroes as landholders. If there were any such at that time,and there may have been a few,their land was probably held in the name of some white patron,a method not uncommon during slavery. In 1875 ownership of land had begun with seven hundred and fifty acres; ten years later this had increased to over sixtyfive hundred acres, to nine thousand acres in 1890 and ten thousand in 1900. The total assessed property has in this same period risen from eighty thousand dollars in 1875 to two hundred and forty thousand dollars in 1900. Two circumstances complicate this development and make it in some respects difficult to be sure of the real tendencies; they are the panic of 1893, and the low price of cotton in 1898. Besides this, the system of assessing property in the country districts of Georgia is somewhat antiquated and of uncertain statistical value; there are no assessors, and each man makes a sworn return to a taxreceiver. Thus public opinion plays a large part, and the returns vary strangely from year to year. Certainly these figures show the small amount of accumulated capital among the Negroes, and the consequent large dependence of their property on temporary prosperity. They have little to tide over a few years of economic depression, and are at the mercy of the cottonmarket far more than the whites. And thus the landowners, despite their marvellous efforts, are really a transient class, continually being depleted by those who fall back into the class of renters or metayers, and augmented by newcomers from the masses. Of one hundred landowners in 1898, half had bought their land since 1893, a fourth between 1890 and 1893, a fifth between 1884 and 1890, and the rest between 1870 and 1884. In all, one hundred and eightyfive Negroes have owned land in this county since 1875. If all the black landowners who had ever held land here had kept it or left it in the hands of black men, the Negroes would have owned nearer thirty thousand acres than the fifteen thousand they now hold. And yet these fifteen thousand acres are a creditable showing,a proof of no little weight of the worth and ability of the Negro people. If they had been given an economic start at Emancipation, if they had been in an enlightened and rich community which really desired their best good, then we might perhaps call such a result small or even insignificant. But for a few thousand poor ignorant fieldhands, in the face of poverty, a falling market, and social stress, to save and capitalize two hundred thousand dollars in a generation has meant a tremendous effort. The rise of a nation, the pressing forward of a social class, means a bitter struggle, a hard and soulsickening battle with the world such as few of the more favored classes know or appreciate. Out of the hard economic conditions of this portion of the Black Belt, only six per cent of the population have succeeded in emerging into peasant proprietorship; and these are not all firmly fixed, but grow and shrink in number with the wavering of the cottonmarket. Fully ninetyfour per cent have struggled for land and failed, and half of them sit in hopeless serfdom. For these there is one other avenue of escape toward which they have turned in increasing numbers, namely, migration to town. A glance at the distribution of land among the black owners curiously reveals this fact. In 1898 the holdings were as follows: Under forty acres, fortynine families; forty to two hundred and fifty acres, seventeen families; two hundred and fifty to one thousand acres, thirteen families; one thousand or more acres, two families. Now in 1890 there were fortyfour holdings, but only nine of these were under forty acres. The great increase of holdings, then, has come in the buying of small homesteads near town, where their owners really share in the town life; this is a part of the rush to town. And for every landowner who has thus hurried away from the narrow and hard conditions of country life, how many fieldhands, how many tenants, how many ruined renters, have joined that long procession? Is it not strange compensation? The sin of the country districts is visited on the town, and the social sores of city life today may, here in Dougherty County, and perhaps in many places near and far, look for their final healing without the city walls. Of the Sons of Master and Man Life treads on life, and heart on heart; We press too close in church and mart To keep a dream or grave apart. First, as to physical dwelling. It is usually possible to draw in nearly every Southern community a physical colorline on the map, on the one side of which whites dwell and on the other Negroes. The winding and intricacy of the geographical colorline varies, of course, in different communities. I know some towns where a straight line drawn through the middle of the main street separates ninetenths of the whites from ninetenths of the blacks. In other towns the older settlement of whites has been encircled by a broad band of blacks; in still other cases little settlements or nuclei of blacks have sprung up amid surrounding whites. Usually in cities each street has its distinctive color, and only now and then do the colors meet in close proximity. Even in the country something of this segregation is manifest in the smaller areas, and of course in the larger phenomena of the Black Belt. But the chief problem in any community cursed with crime is not the punishment of the criminals, but the preventing of the young from being trained to crime. And here again the peculiar conditions of the South have prevented proper precautions. I have seen twelveyearold boys working in chains on the public streets of Atlanta, directly in front of the schools, in company with old and hardened criminals; and this indiscriminate mingling of men and women and children makes the chaingangs perfect schools of crime and debauchery. The struggle for reformatories, which has gone on in Virginia, Georgia, and other States, is the one encouraging sign of the awakening of some communities to the suicidal results of this policy. It is the public schools, however, which can be made, outside the homes, the greatest means of training decent selfrespecting citizens. We have been so hotly engaged recently in discussing tradeschools and the higher education that the pitiable plight of the publicschool system in the South has almost dropped from view. Of every five dollars spent for public education in the State of Georgia, the white schools get four dollars and the Negro one dollar; and even then the white publicschool system, save in the cities, is bad and cries for reform. If this is true of the whites, what of the blacks? I am becoming more and more convinced, as I look upon the system of commonschool training in the South, that the national government must soon step in and aid popular education in some way. Today it has been only by the most strenuous efforts on the part of the thinking men of the South that the Negro's share of the school fund has not been cut down to a pittance in some halfdozen States; and that movement not only is not dead, but in many communities is gaining strength. What in the name of reason does this nation expect of a people, poorly trained and hard pressed in severe economic competition, without political rights, and with ludicrously inadequate commonschool facilities? What can it expect but crime and listlessness, offset here and there by the dogged struggles of the fortunate and more determined who are themselves buoyed by the hope that in due time the country will come to its senses? And yet this does not touch the kernel of the problem. Human advancement is not a mere question of almsgiving, but rather of sympathy and cooperation among classes who would scorn charity. And here is a land where, in the higher walks of life, in all the higher striving for the good and noble and true, the colorline comes to separate natural friends and coworkers; while at the bottom of the social group, in the saloon, the gamblinghell, and the brothel, that same line wavers and disappears. Nor does the paradox and danger of this situation fail to interest and perplex the best conscience of the South. Deeply religious and intensely democratic as are the mass of the whites, they feel acutely the false position in which the Negro problems place them. Such an essentially honesthearted and generous people cannot cite the castelevelling precepts of Christianity, or believe in equality of opportunity for all men, without coming to feel more and more with each generation that the present drawing of the colorline is a flat contradiction to their beliefs and professions. But just as often as they come to this point, the present social condition of the Negro stands as a menace and a portent before even the most openminded: if there were nothing to charge against the Negro but his blackness or other physical peculiarities, they argue, the problem would be comparatively simple; but what can we say to his ignorance, shiftlessness, poverty, and crime? can a selfrespecting group hold anything but the least possible fellowship with such persons and survive? and shall we let a mawkish sentiment sweep away the culture of our fathers or the hope of our children? The argument so put is of great strength, but it is not a whit stronger than the argument of thinking Negroes: granted, they reply, that the condition of our masses is bad; there is certainly on the one hand adequate historical cause for this, and unmistakable evidence that no small number have, in spite of tremendous disadvantages, risen to the level of American civilization. And when, by proscription and prejudice, these same Negroes are classed with and treated like the lowest of their people, simply because they are Negroes, such a policy not only discourages thrift and intelligence among black men, but puts a direct premium on the very things you complain of,inefficiency and crime. Draw lines of crime, of incompetency, of vice, as tightly and uncompromisingly as you will, for these things must be proscribed; but a colorline not only does not accomplish this purpose, but thwarts it. In the face of two such arguments, the future of the South depends on the ability of the representatives of these opposing views to see and appreciate and sympathize with each other's position,for the Negro to realize more deeply than he does at present the need of uplifting the masses of his people, for the white people to realize more vividly than they have yet done the deadening and disastrous effect of a colorprejudice that classes Phillis Wheatley and Sam Hose in the same despised class. It is not enough for the Negroes to declare that colorprejudice is the sole cause of their social condition, nor for the white South to reply that their social condition is the main cause of prejudice. They both act as reciprocal cause and effect, and a change in neither alone will bring the desired effect. Both must change, or neither can improve to any great extent. The Negro cannot stand the present reactionary tendencies and unreasoning drawing of the colorline indefinitely without discouragement and retrogression. And the condition of the Negro is ever the excuse for further discrimination. Only by a union of intelligence and sympathy across the colorline in this critical period of the Republic shall justice and right triumph, Of the Faith of the Fathers Dim face of Beauty haunting all the world, Fair face of Beauty all too fair to see, Where the lost stars adown the heavens are hurled, There, there alone for thee May white peace be. Beauty, sad face of Beauty, Mystery, Wonder, What are these dreams to foolish babbling men Who cry with little noises 'neath the thunder Of Ages ground to sand, To a little sand. Those who have not thus witnessed the frenzy of a Negro revival in the untouched backwoods of the South can but dimly realize the religious feeling of the slave; as described, such scenes appear grotesque and funny, but as seen they are awful. Three things characterized this religion of the slave, the Preacher, the Music, and the Frenzy. The Preacher is the most unique personality developed by the Negro on American soil. A leader, a politician, an orator, a "boss," an intriguer, an idealist,all these he is, and ever, too, the centre of a group of men, now twenty, now a thousand in number. The combination of a certain adroitness with deepseated earnestness, of tact with consummate ability, gave him his preeminence, and helps him maintain it. The type, of course, varies according to time and place, from the West Indies in the sixteenth century to New England in the nineteenth, and from the Mississippi bottoms to cities like New Orleans or New York. The Negro church of today is the social centre of Negro life in the United States, and the most characteristic expression of African character. Take a typical church in a small Virginia town: it is the "First Baptist"a roomy brick edifice seating five hundred or more persons, tastefully finished in Georgia pine, with a carpet, a small organ, and stainedglass windows. Underneath is a large assembly room with benches. This building is the central clubhouse of a community of a thousand or more Negroes. Various organizations meet here,the church proper, the Sundayschool, two or three insurance societies, women's societies, secret societies, and mass meetings of various kinds. Entertainments, suppers, and lectures are held beside the five or six regular weekly religious services. Considerable sums of money are collected and expended here, employment is found for the idle, strangers are introduced, news is disseminated and charity distributed. At the same time this social, intellectual, and economic centre is a religious centre of great power. Depravity, Sin, Redemption, Heaven, Hell, and Damnation are preached twice a Sunday after the crops are laid by; and few indeed of the community have the hardihood to withstand conversion. Back of this more formal religion, the Church often stands as a real conserver of morals, a strengthener of family life, and the final authority on what is Good and Right. Thus one can see in the Negro church today, reproduced in microcosm, all the great world from which the Negro is cut off by colorprejudice and social condition. In the great city churches the same tendency is noticeable and in many respects emphasized. A great church like the Bethel of Philadelphia has over eleven hundred members, an edifice seating fifteen hundred persons and valued at one hundred thousand dollars, an annual budget of five thousand dollars, and a government consisting of a pastor with several assisting local preachers, an executive and legislative board, financial boards and tax collectors; general church meetings for making laws; subdivided groups led by class leaders, a company of militia, and twentyfour auxiliary societies. The activity of a church like this is immense and farreaching, and the bishops who preside over these organizations throughout the land are among the most powerful Negro rulers in the world. Such churches are really governments of men, and consequently a little investigation reveals the curious fact that, in the South, at least, practically every American Negro is a church member. Some, to be sure, are not regularly enrolled, and a few do not habitually attend services; but, practically, a proscribed people must have a social centre, and that centre for this people is the Negro church. The census of 1890 showed nearly twentyfour thousand Negro churches in the country, with a total enrolled membership of over two and a half millions, or ten actual church members to every twentyeight persons, and in some Southern States one in every two persons. Besides these there is the large number who, while not enrolled as members, attend and take part in many of the activities of the church. There is an organized Negro church for every sixty black families in the nation, and in some States for every forty families, owning, on an average, a thousand dollars' worth of property each, or nearly twentysix million dollars in all. The second fact noted, namely, that the Negro church antedates the Negro home, leads to an explanation of much that is paradoxical in this communistic institution and in the morals of its members. But especially it leads us to regard this institution as peculiarly the expression of the inner ethical life of a people in a sense seldom true elsewhere. Let us turn, then, from the outer physical development of the church to the more important inner ethical life of the people who compose it. The Negro has already been pointed out many times as a religious animal,a being of that deep emotional nature which turns instinctively toward the supernatural. Endowed with a rich tropical imagination and a keen, delicate appreciation of Nature, the transplanted African lived in a world animate with gods and devils, elves and witches; full of strange influences,of Good to be implored, of Evil to be propitiated. Slavery, then, was to him the dark triumph of Evil over him. All the hateful powers of the Underworld were striving against him, and a spirit of revolt and revenge filled his heart. He called up all the resources of heathenism to aid,exorcism and witchcraft, the mysterious Obi worship with its barbarious rites, spells, and bloodsacrifice even, now and then, of human victims. Weird midnight orgies and mystic conjurations were invoked, the witchwoman and the voodoopriest became the centre of Negro group life, and that vein of vague superstition which characterizes the unlettered Negro even today was deepened and strengthened. It is difficult to explain clearly the present critical stage of Negro religion. First, we must remember that living as the blacks do in close contact with a great modern nation, and sharing, although imperfectly, the soullife of that nation, they must necessarily be affected more or less directly by all the religious and ethical forces that are today moving the United States. These questions and movements are, however, overshadowed and dwarfed by the (to them) allimportant question of their civil, political, and economic status. They must perpetually discuss the "Negro Problem,"must live, move, and have their being in it, and interpret all else in its light or darkness. With this come, too, peculiar problems of their inner life,of the status of women, the maintenance of Home, the training of children, the accumulation of wealth, and the prevention of crime. All this must mean a time of intense ethical ferment, of religious heartsearching and intellectual unrest. From the double life every American Negro must live, as a Negro and as an American, as swept on by the current of the nineteenth while yet struggling in the eddies of the fifteenth century,from this must arise a painful selfconsciousness, an almost morbid sense of personality and a moral hesitancy which is fatal to selfconfidence. The worlds within and without the Veil of Color are changing, and changing rapidly, but not at the same rate, not in the same way; and this must produce a peculiar wrenching of the soul, a peculiar sense of doubt and bewilderment. Such a double life, with double thoughts, double duties, and double social classes, must give rise to double words and double ideals, and tempt the mind to pretence or revolt, to hypocrisy or radicalism. Today the two groups of Negroes, the one in the North, the other in the South, represent these divergent ethical tendencies, the first tending toward radicalism, the other toward hypocritical compromise. It is no idle regret with which the white South mourns the loss of the oldtime Negro,the frank, honest, simple old servant who stood for the earlier religious age of submission and humility. With all his laziness and lack of many elements of true manhood, he was at least openhearted, faithful, and sincere. Today he is gone, but who is to blame for his going? Is it not those very persons who mourn for him? Is it not the tendency, born of Recon struction and Reaction, to found a society on lawlessness and deception, to tamper with the moral fibre of a naturally honest and straightforward people until the whites threaten to become ungovernable tyrants and the blacks criminals and hypocrites? Deception is the natural defence of the weak against the strong, and the South used it for many years against its conquerors; today it must be prepared to see its black proletariat turn that same twoedged weapon against itself. And how natural this is! The death of Denmark Vesey and Nat Turner proved long since to the Negro the present hopelessness of physical defence. Political defence is becoming less and less available, and economic defence is still only partially effective. But there is a patent defence at hand,the defence of deception and flattery, of cajoling and lying. It is the same defence which peasants of the Middle Age used and which left its stamp on their character for centuries. Today the young Negro of the South who would succeed cannot be frank and outspoken, honest and selfassertive, but rather he is daily tempted to be silent and wary, politic and sly; he must flatter and be pleasant, endure petty insults with a smile, shut his eyes to wrong; in too many cases he sees positive personal advantage in deception and lying. His real thoughts, his real aspirations, must be guarded in whispers; he must not criticise, he must not complain. Patience, humility, and adroitness must, in these growing black youth, replace impulse, manliness, and courage. With this sacrifice there is an economic opening, and perhaps peace and some prosperity. Without this there is riot, migration, or crime. Nor is this situation peculiar to the Southern United States, is it not rather the only method by which undeveloped races have gained the right to share modern culture? The price of culture is a Lie. On the other hand, in the North the tendency is to emphasize the radicalism of the Negro. Driven from his birthright in the South by a situation at which every fibre of his more outspoken and assertive nature revolts, he finds himself in a land where he can scarcely earn a decent living amid the harsh competition and the color discrimination. At the same time, through schools and periodicals, discussions and lectures, he is intellectually quickened and awakened. The soul, long pent up and dwarfed, suddenly expands in newfound freedom. What wonder that every tendency is to excess,radical complaint, radical remedies, bitter denunciation or angry silence. Some sink, some rise. The criminal and the sensualist leave the church for the gamblinghell and the brothel, and fill the slums of Chicago and Baltimore; the better classes segregate themselves from the grouplife of both white and black, and form an aristocracy, cultured but pessimistic, whose bitter criticism stings while it points out no way of escape. They despise the submission and subserviency of the Southern Negroes, but offer no other means by which a poor and oppressed minority can exist side by side with its masters. Feeling deeply and keenly the tendencies and opportunities of the age in which they live, their souls are bitter at the fate which drops the Veil between; and the very fact that this bitterness is natural and justifiable only serves to intensify it and make it more maddening. But back of this still broods silently the deep religious feeling of the real Negro heart, the stirring, unguided might of powerful human souls who have lost the guiding star of the past and seek in the great night a new religious ideal. Some day the Awakening will come, when the pentup vigor of ten million souls shall sweep irresistibly toward the Goal, out of the Valley of the Shadow of Death, where all that makes life worth livingLiberty, Justice, and Rightis marked "For White People Only." Of the Passing of the FirstBorn O sister, sister, thy firstbegotten, The hands that cling and the feet that follow, The voice of the child's blood crying yet, WHO HATH REMEMBERED ME? WHO HATH FORGOTTEN? Thou hast forgotten, O summer swallow, But the world shall end when I forget. "Unto you a child is born," sang the bit of yellow paper that fluttered into my room one brown October morning. Then the fear of fatherhood mingled wildly with the joy of creation; I wondered how it looked and how it feltwhat were its eyes, and how its hair curled and crumpled itself. And I thought in awe of her,she who had slept with Death to tear a manchild from underneath her heart, while I was unconsciously wandering. I fled to my wife and child, repeating the while to myself half wonderingly, "Wife and child? Wife and child?"fled fast and faster than boat and steamcar, and yet must ever impatiently await them; away from the hardvoiced city, away from the flickering sea into my own Berkshire Hills that sit all sadly guarding the gates of Massachusetts. Up the stairs I ran to the wan mother and whimpering babe, to the sanctuary on whose altar a life at my bidding had offered itself to win a life, and won. What is this tiny formless thing, this newborn wail from an unknown world, all head and voice? I handle it curiously, and watch perplexed its winking, breathing, and sneezing. I did not love it then; it seemed a ludicrous thing to love; but her I loved, my girlmother, she whom now I saw unfolding like the glory of the morningthe transfigured woman. Through her I came to love the wee thing, as it grew strong; as its little soul unfolded itself in twitter and cry and halfformed word, and as its eyes caught the gleam and flash of life. How beautiful he was, with his olivetinted flesh and dark gold ringlets, his eyes of mingled blue and brown, his perfect little limbs, and the soft voluptuous roll which the blood of Africa had moulded into his features! I held him in my arms, after we had sped far away from our Southern home,held him, and glanced at the hot red soil of Georgia and the breathless city of a hundred hills, and felt a vague unrest. Why was his hair tinted with gold? An evil omen was golden hair in my life. Why had not the brown of his eyes crushed out and killed the blue?for brown were his father's eyes, and his father's father's. And thus in the Land of the Colorline I saw, as it fell across my baby, the shadow of the Veil. Within the Veil was he born, said I; and there within shall he live,a Negro and a Negro's son. Holding in that little headah, bitterly!he unbowed pride of a hunted race, clinging with that tiny dimpled handah, wearily!to a hope not hopeless but unhopeful, and seeing with those bright wondering eyes that peer into my soul a land whose freedom is to us a mockery and whose liberty a lie. I saw the shadow of the Veil as it passed over my baby, I saw the cold city towering above the bloodred land. I held my face beside his little cheek, showed him the starchildren and the twinkling lights as they began to flash, and stilled with an evensong the unvoiced terror of my life. Then the day ended not, and night was a dreamless terror, and joy and sleep slipped away. I hear now that Voice at midnight calling me from dull and dreamless trance,crying, "The Shadow of Death! The Shadow of Death!" Out into the starlight I crept, to rouse the gray physician,the Shadow of Death, the Shadow of Death. The hours trembled on; the night listened; the ghastly dawn glided like a tired thing across the lamplight. Then we two alone looked upon the child as he turned toward us with great eyes, and stretched his stringlike hands,the Shadow of Death! And we spoke no word, and turned away. I shirk not. I long for work. I pant for a life full of striving. I am no coward, to shrink before the rugged rush of the storm, nor even quail before the awful shadow of the Veil. But hearken, O Death! Is not this my life hard enough,is not that dull land that stretches its sneering web about me cold enough,is not all the world beyond these four little walls pitiless enough, but that thou must needs enter here, thou, O Death? About my head the thundering storm beat like a heartless voice, and the crazy forest pulsed with the curses of the weak; but what cared I, within my home beside my wife and baby boy? Wast thou so jealous of one little coign of happiness that thou must needs enter there,thou, O Death? A perfect life was his, all joy and love, with tears to make it brighter,sweet as a summer's day beside the Housatonic. The world loved him; the women kissed his curls, the men looked gravely into his wonderful eyes, and the children hovered and fluttered about him. I can see him now, changing like the sky from sparkling laughter to darkening frowns, and then to wondering thoughtfulness as he watched the world. He knew no colorline, poor dearand the Veil, though it shadowed him, had not yet darkened half his sun. He loved the white matron, he loved his black nurse; and in his little world walked souls alone, uncolored and unclothed. Iyea, all menare larger and purer by the infinite breadth of that one little life. She who in simple clearness of vision sees beyond the stars said when he had flown, "He will be happy There; he ever loved beautiful things." And I, far more ignorant, and blind by the web of mine own weaving, sit alone winding words and muttering, "If still he be, and he be There, and there be a There, let him be happy, O Fate!" Blithe was the morning of his burial, with bird and song and sweetsmelling flowers. The trees whispered to the grass, but the children sat with hushed faces. And yet it seemed a ghostly unreal day,the wraith of Life. We seemed to rumble down an unknown street behind a little white bundle of posies, with the shadow of a song in our ears. The busy city dinned about us; they did not say much, those palefaced hurrying men and women; they did not say much,they only glanced and said, "Niggers!" We could not lay him in the ground there in Georgia, for the earth there is strangely red; so we bore him away to the northward, with his flowers and his little folded hands. In vain, in vain!for where, O God! beneath thy broad blue sky shall my dark baby rest in peace,where Reverence dwells, and Goodness, and a Freedom that is free? Idle words; he might have borne his burden more bravely than we,aye, and found it lighter too, some day; for surely, surely this is not the end. Surely there shall yet dawn some mighty morning to lift the Veil and set the prisoned free. Not for me,I shall die in my bonds,but for fresh young souls who have not known the night and waken to the morning; a morning when men ask of the workman, not "Is he white?" but "Can he work?" When men ask artists, not "Are they black?" but "Do they know?" Some morning this may be, long, long years to come. But now there wails, on that dark shore within the Veil, the same deep voice, THOU SHALT FOREGO! And all have I foregone at that command, and with small complaint,all save that fair young form that lies so coldly wed with death in the nest I had builded. If one must have gone, why not I? Why may I not rest me from this restlessness and sleep from this wide waking? Was not the world's alembic, Time, in his young hands, and is not my time waning? Are there so many workers in the vineyard that the fair promise of this little body could lightly be tossed away? The wretched of my race that line the alleys of the nation sit fatherless and unmothered; but Love sat beside his cradle, and in his ear Wisdom waited to speak. Perhaps now he knows the Alllove, and needs not to be wise. Sleep, then, child,sleep till I sleep and waken to a baby voice and the ceaseless patter of little feetabove the Veil. Of Alexander Crummell This is the story of a human heart,the tale of a black boy who many long years ago began to struggle with life that he might know the world and know himself. Three temptations he met on those dark dunes that lay gray and dismal before the wondereyes of the child: the temptation of Hate, that stood out against the red dawn; the temptation of Despair, that darkened noonday; and the temptation of Doubt, that ever steals along with twilight. Above all, you must hear of the vales he crossed,the Valley of Humiliation and the Valley of the Shadow of Death. He was born with the Missouri Compromise and lay adying amid the echoes of Manila and El Caney: stirring times for living, times dark to look back upon, darker to look forward to. The blackfaced lad that paused over his mud and marbles seventy years ago saw puzzling vistas as he looked down the world. The slaveship still groaned across the Atlantic, faint cries burdened the Southern breeze, and the great black father whispered mad tales of cruelty into those young ears. From the low doorway the mother silently watched her boy at play, and at nightfall sought him eagerly lest the shadows bear him away to the land of slaves. So his young mind worked and winced and shaped curiously a vision of Life; and in the midst of that vision ever stood one dark figure alone,ever with the hard, thick countenance of that bitter father, and a form that fell in vast and shapeless folds. Thus the temptation of Hate grew and shadowed the growing child,gliding stealthily into his laughter, fading into his play, and seizing his dreams by day and night with rough, rude turbulence. So the black boy asked of sky and sun and flower the neveranswered Why? and loved, as he grew, neither the world nor the world's rough ways. Strange temptation for a child, you may think; and yet in this wide land today a thousand thousand dark children brood before this same temptation, and feel its cold and shuddering arms. For them, perhaps, some one will some day lift the Veil,will come tenderly and cheerily into those sad little lives and brush the brooding hate away, just as Beriah Green strode in upon the life of Alexander Crummell. And before the bluff, kindhearted man the shadow seemed less dark. Beriah Green had a school in Oneida County, New York, with a score of mischievous boys. "I'm going to bring a black boy here to educate," said Beriah Green, as only a crank and an abolitionist would have dared to say. "Oho!" laughed the boys. "Yees," said his wife; and Alexander came. Once before, the black boy had sought a school, had travelled, cold and hungry, four hundred miles up into free New Hampshire, to Canaan. But the godly farmers hitched ninety yoke of oxen to the abolition schoolhouse and dragged it into the middle of the swamp. The black boy trudged away. The nineteenth was the first century of human sympathy,the age when half wonderingly we began to descry in others that transfigured spark of divinity which we call Myself; when clodhoppers and peasants, and tramps and thieves, and millionaires andsometimesNegroes, became throbbing souls whose warm pulsing life touched us so nearly that we half gasped with surprise, crying, "Thou too! Hast Thou seen Sorrow and the dull waters of Hopelessness? Hast Thou known Life?" And then all helplessly we peered into those Otherworlds, and wailed, "O World of Worlds, how shall man make you one?" So in that little Oneida school there came to those schoolboys a revelation of thought and longing beneath one black skin, of which they had not dreamed before. And to the lonely boy came a new dawn of sympathy and inspiration. The shadowy, formless thingthe temptation of Hate, that hovered between him and the worldgrew fainter and less sinister. It did not wholly fade away, but diffused itself and lingered thick at the edges. Through it the child now first saw the blue and gold of life,the sunswept road that ran 'twixt heaven and earth until in one faroff wan wavering line they met and kissed. A vision of life came to the growing boy, mystic, wonderful. He raised his head, stretched himself, breathed deep of the fresh new air. Yonder, behind the forests, he heard strange sounds; then glinting through the trees he saw, far, far away, the bronzed hosts of a nation calling,calling faintly, calling loudly. He heard the hateful clank of their chains; he felt them cringe and grovel, and there rose within him a protest and a prophecy. And he girded himself to walk down the world. A voice and vision called him to be a priest,a seer to lead the uncalled out of the house of bondage. He saw the headless host turn toward him like the whirling of mad waters,he stretched forth his hands eagerly, and then, even as he stretched them, suddenly there swept across the vision the temptation of Despair. They were not wicked men,the problem of life is not the problem of the wicked,they were calm, good men, Bishops of the Apostolic Church of God, and strove toward righteousness. They said slowly, "It is all very naturalit is even commendable; but the General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church cannot admit a Negro." And when that thin, halfgrotesque figure still haunted their doors, they put their hands kindly, half sorrowfully, on his shoulders, and said, "Now,of course, wewe know how YOU feel about it; but you see it is impossible,that iswellit is premature. Sometime, we trustsincerely trustall such distinctions will fade away; but now the world is as it is." And yet the fire through which Alexander Crummell went did not burn in vain. Slowly and more soberly he took up again his plan of life. More critically he studied the situation. Deep down below the slavery and servitude of the Negro people he saw their fatal weaknesses, which long years of mistreatment had emphasized. The dearth of strong moral character, of unbending righteousness, he felt, was their great shortcoming, and here he would begin. He would gather the best of his people into some little Episcopal chapel and there lead, teach, and inspire them, till the leaven spread, till the children grew, till the world hearkened, tilltilland then across his dream gleamed some faint afterglow of that first fair vision of youthonly an afterglow, for there had passed a glory from the earth. One dayit was in 1842, and the springtide was struggling merrily with the May winds of New Englandhe stood at last in his own chapel in Providence, a priest of the Church. The days sped by, and the dark young clergyman labored; he wrote his sermons carefully; he intoned his prayers with a soft, earnest voice; he haunted the streets and accosted the wayfarers; he visited the sick, and knelt beside the dying. He worked and toiled, week by week, day by day, month by month. And yet month by month the congregation dwindled, week by week the hollow walls echoed more sharply, day by day the calls came fewer and fewer, and day by day the third temptation sat clearer and still more clearly within the Veil; a temptation, as it were, bland and smiling, with just a shade of mockery in its smooth tones. First it came casually, in the cadence of a voice: "Oh, colored folks? Yes." Or perhaps more definitely: "What do you EXPECT?" In voice and gesture lay the doubtthe temptation of Doubt. How he hated it, and stormed at it furiously! "Of course they are capable," he cried; "of course they can learn and strive and achieve" and "Of course," added the temptation softly, "they do nothing of the sort." Of all the three temptations, this one struck the deepest. Hate? He had outgrown so childish a thing. Despair? He had steeled his right arm against it, and fought it with the vigor of determination. But to doubt the worth of his lifework,to doubt the destiny and capability of the race his soul loved because it was his; to find listless squalor instead of eager endeavor; to hear his own lips whispering, "They do not care; they cannot know; they are dumb driven cattle,why cast your pearls before swine?"this, this seemed more than man could bear; and he closed the door, and sank upon the steps of the chancel, and cast his robe upon the floor and writhed. Then the full weight of his burden fell upon him. The rich walls wheeled away, and before him lay the cold rough moor winding on through life, cut in twain by one thick granite ridge,here, the Valley of Humiliation; yonder, the Valley of the Shadow of Death. And I know not which be darker,no, not I. But this I know: in yonder Vale of the Humble stand today a million swarthy men, who willingly would all this and more would they bear did they but know that this were sacrifice and not a meaner thing. So surged the thought within that lone black breast. The Bishop cleared his throat suggestively; then, recollecting that there was really nothing to say, considerately said nothing, only sat tapping his foot impatiently. But Alexander Crummell said, slowly and heavily: "I will never enter your diocese on such terms." And saying this, he turned and passed into the Valley of the Shadow of Death. You might have noted only the physical dying, the shattered frame and hacking cough; but in that soul lay deeper death than that. He found a chapel in New York,the church of his father; he labored for it in poverty and starvation, scorned by his fellow priests. Half in despair, he wandered across the sea, a beggar with outstretched hands. Englishmen clasped them,Wilberforce and Stanley, Thirwell and Ingles, and even Froude and Macaulay; Sir Benjamin Brodie bade him rest awhile at Queen's College in Cambridge, and there he lingered, struggling for health of body and mind, until he took his degree in '53. Restless still, and unsatisfied, he turned toward Africa, and for long years, amid the spawn of the slavesmugglers, sought a new heaven and a new earth. So the man groped for light; all this was not Life,it was the worldwandering of a soul in search of itself, the striving of one who vainly sought his place in the world, ever haunted by the shadow of a death that is more than death,the passing of a soul that has missed its duty. Twenty years he wandered,twenty years and more; and yet the hard rasping question kept gnawing within him, "What, in God's name, am I on earth for?" In the narrow New York parish his soul seemed cramped and smothered. In the fine old air of the English University he heard the millions wailing over the sea. In the wild fevercursed swamps of West Africa he stood helpless and alone. He did his work,he did it nobly and well; and yet I sorrow that here he worked alone, with so little human sympathy. His name today, in this broad land, means little, and comes to fifty million ears laden with no incense of memory or emulation. And herein lies the tragedy of the age: not that men are poor,all men know something of poverty; not that men are wicked,who is good? not that men are ignorant,what is Truth? Nay, but that men know so little of men. He sat one morning gazing toward the sea. He smiled and said, "The gate is rusty on the hinges." That night at starrise a wind came moaning out of the west to blow the gate ajar, and then the soul I loved fled like a flame across the Seas, and in its seat sat Death. I wonder where he is today? I wonder if in that dim world beyond, as he came gliding in, there rose on some wan throne a King,a dark and pierced Jew, who knows the writhings of the earthly damned, saying, as he laid those heartwrung talents down, "Well done!" while round about the morning stars sat singing. Of the Coming of John What bring they 'neath the midnight, Beside the Riversea? They bring the human heart wherein No nightly calm can be; That droppeth never with the wind, Nor drieth with the dew; O calm it, God; thy calm is broad To cover spirits too. The river floweth on. And if you will notice, night after night, there is one dark form that ever hurries last and late toward the twinkling lights of Swain Hall,for Jones is never on time. A long, straggling fellow he is, brown and hardhaired, who seems to be growing straight out of his clothes, and walks with a halfapologetic roll. He used perpetually to set the quiet diningroom into waves of merriment, as he stole to his place after the bell had tapped for prayers; he seemed so perfectly awkward. And yet one glance at his face made one forgive him much,that broad, goodnatured smile in which lay no bit of art or artifice, but seemed just bubbling goodnature and genuine satisfaction with the world. He came to us from Altamaha, away down there beneath the gnarled oaks of Southeastern Georgia, where the sea croons to the sands and the sands listen till they sink half drowned beneath the waters, rising only here and there in long, low islands. The white folk of Altamaha voted John a good boy,fine ploughhand, good in the ricefields, handy everywhere, and always goodnatured and respectful. But they shook their heads when his mother wanted to send him off to school. "It'll spoil him,ruin him," they said; and they talked as though they knew. But full half the black folk followed him proudly to the station, and carried his queer little trunk and many bundles. And there they shook and shook hands, and the girls kissed him shyly and the boys clapped him on the back. So the train came, and he pinched his little sister lovingly, and put his great arms about his mother's neck, and then was away with a puff and a roar into the great yellow world that flamed and flared about the doubtful pilgrim. Up the coast they hurried, past the squares and palmettos of Savannah, through the cottonfields and through the weary night, to Millville, and came with the morning to the noise and bustle of Johnstown. And they that stood behind, that morning in Altamaha, and watched the train as it noisily bore playmate and brother and son away to the world, had thereafter one everrecurring word,"When John comes." Then what parties were to be, and what speakings in the churches; what new furniture in the front room,perhaps even a new front room; and there would be a new schoolhouse, with John as teacher; and then perhaps a big wedding; all this and morewhen John comes. But the white people shook their heads. At first he was coming at Christmastime,but the vacation proved too short; and then, the next summer,but times were hard and schooling costly, and so, instead, he worked in Johnstown. And so it drifted to the next summer, and the next,till playmates scattered, and mother grew gray, and sister went up to the Judge's kitchen to work. And still the legend lingered,"When John comes." Up at the Judge's they rather liked this refrain; for they too had a Johna fairhaired, smoothfaced boy, who had played many a long summer's day to its close with his darker namesake. "Yes, sir! John is at Princeton, sir," said the broadshouldered grayhaired Judge every morning as he marched down to the postoffice. "Showing the Yankees what a Southern gentleman can do," he added; and strode home again with his letters and papers. Up at the great pillared house they lingered long over the Princeton letter,the Judge and his frail wife, his sister and growing daughters. "It'll make a man of him," said the Judge, "college is the place." And then he asked the shy little waitress, "Well, Jennie, how's your John?" and added reflectively, "Too bad, too bad your mother sent him offit will spoil him." And the waitress wondered. Up in Johnstown, at the Institute, we were long puzzled at the case of John Jones. For a long time the clay seemed unfit for any sort of moulding. He was loud and boisterous, always laughing and singing, and never able to work consecutively at anything. He did not know how to study; he had no idea of thoroughness; and with his tardiness, carelessness, and appalling goodhumor, we were sore perplexed. One night we sat in facultymeeting, worried and serious; for Jones was in trouble again. This last escapade was too much, and so we solemnly voted "that Jones, on account of repeated disorder and inattention to work, be suspended for the rest of the term." It seemed to us that the first time life ever struck Jones as a really serious thing was when the Dean told him he must leave school. He stared at the grayhaired man blankly, with great eyes. "Why,why," he faltered, "butI haven't graduated!" Then the Dean slowly and clearly explained, reminding him of the tardiness and the carelessness, of the poor lessons and neglected work, of the noise and disorder, until the fellow hung his head in confusion. Then he said quickly, "But you won't tell mammy and sister,you won't write mammy, now will you? For if you won't I'll go out into the city and work, and come back next term and show you something." So the Dean promised faithfully, and John shouldered his little trunk, giving neither word nor look to the giggling boys, and walked down Carlisle Street to the great city, with sober eyes and a set and serious face. Then the movement changed, and fuller, mightier harmony swelled away. He looked thoughtfully across the hall, and wondered why the beautiful grayhaired woman looked so listless, and what the little man could be whispering about. He would not like to be listless and idle, he thought, for he felt with the music the movement of power within him. If he but had some masterwork, some lifeservice, hard,aye, bitter hard, but without the cringing and sickening servility, without the cruel hurt that hardened his heart and soul. When at last a soft sorrow crept across the violins, there came to him the vision of a faroff home, the great eyes of his sister, and the dark drawn face of his mother. And his heart sank below the waters, even as the seasand sinks by the shores of Altamaha, only to be lifted aloft again with that last ethereal wail of the swan that quivered and faded away into the sky. It left John sitting so silent and rapt that he did not for some time notice the usher tapping him lightly on the shoulder and saying politely, "Will you step this way, please, sir?" A little surprised, he arose quickly at the last tap, and, turning to leave his seat, looked full into the face of the fairhaired young man. For the first time the young man recognized his dark boyhood playmate, and John knew that it was the Judge's son. The White John started, lifted his hand, and then froze into his chair; the black John smiled lightly, then grimly, and followed the usher down the aisle. The manager was sorry, very, very sorry,but he explained that some mistake had been made in selling the gentleman a seat already disposed of; he would refund the money, of course,and indeed felt the matter keenly, and so forth, andbefore he had finished John was gone, walking hurriedly across the square and down the broad streets, and as he passed the park he buttoned his coat and said, "John Jones, you're a naturalborn fool." Then he went to his lodgings and wrote a letter, and tore it up; he wrote another, and threw it in the fire. Then he seized a scrap of paper and wrote: "Dear Mother and SisterI am comingJohn." "Perhaps," said John, as he settled himself on the train, "perhaps I am to blame myself in struggling against my manifest destiny simply because it looks hard and unpleasant. Here is my duty to Altamaha plain before me; perhaps they'll let me help settle the Negro problems there,perhaps they won't. 'I will go in to the King, which is not according to the law; and if I perish, I perish.'" And then he mused and dreamed, and planned a lifework; and the train flew south. Down in Altamaha, after seven long years, all the world knew John was coming. The homes were scrubbed and scoured, above all, one; the gardens and yards had an unwonted trimness, and Jennie bought a new gingham. With some finesse and negotiation, all the dark Methodists and Presbyterians were induced to join in a monster welcome at the Baptist Church; and as the day drew near, warm discussions arose on every corner as to the exact extent and nature of John's accomplishments. It was noontide on a gray and cloudy day when he came. The black town flocked to the depot, with a little of the white at the edges,a happy throng, with "Good mawnings" and "Howdys" and laughing and joking and jostling. Mother sat yonder in the window watching; but sister Jennie stood on the platform, nervously fingering her dress, tall and lithe, with soft brown skin and loving eyes peering from out a tangled wilderness of hair. John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of the "Jim Crow" car; he stepped to the platform, and paused: a little dingy station, a black crowd gaudy and dirty, a halfmile of dilapidated shanties along a straggling ditch of mud. An overwhelming sense of the sordidness and narrowness of it all seized him; he looked in vain for his mother, kissed coldly the tall, strange girl who called him brother, spoke a short, dry word here and there; then, lingering neither for handshaking nor gossip, started silently up the street, raising his hat merely to the last eager old aunty, to her openmouthed astonishment. The people were distinctly bewildered. This silent, cold man,was this John? Where was his smile and hearty handgrasp? "'Peared kind o' down in the mouf," said the Methodist preacher thoughtfully. "Seemed monstus stuck up," complained a Baptist sister. But the white postmaster from the edge of the crowd expressed the opinion of his folks plainly. "That damn Nigger," said he, as he shouldered the mail and arranged his tobacco, "has gone North and got plum full o' fool notions; but they won't work in Altamaha." And the crowd melted away. Long they stood together, peering over the gray unresting water. "John," she said, "does it make every oneunhappy when they study and learn lots of things?" "And, John, are you glad you studied?" "Yes," came the answer, slowly but positively. She watched the flickering lights upon the sea, and said thoughtfully, "I wish I was unhappy,andand," putting both arms about his neck, "I think I am, a little, John." "I am going to accept the situation, Judge Henderson," answered John, with a brevity that did not escape the keen old man. He hesitated a moment, and then said shortly, "Very well,we'll try you awhile. Goodmorning." "What now?" asked the Judge, sharply. "Oh, nothin' in particulah,just his almighty air and uppish ways. B'lieve I did heah somethin' about his givin' talks on the French Revolution, equality, and such like. He's what I call a dangerous Nigger." "Who is this John?" interrupted the son. "Why, it's little black John, Peggy's son,your old playfellow." The young man's face flushed angrily, and then he laughed. But Judge Henderson waited to hear no more. He had been nettled all day, and now at this he rose with a halfsmothered oath, took his hat and cane, and walked straight to the schoolhouse. "Now, Mandy," he said cheerfully, "that's better; but you mustn't chop your words up so: 'Ifthemangoes.' Why, your little brother even wouldn't tell a story that way, now would he?" "Naw, suh, he cain't talk." "All right; now let's try again: 'If the man' He said not a word, but, seizing a fallen limb, struck him with all the pentup hatred of his great black arm, and the body lay white and still beneath the pines, all bathed in sunshine and in blood. John looked at it dreamily, then walked back to the house briskly, and said in a soft voice, "Mammy, I'm going awayI'm going to be free." He looked out where the North Star glistened pale above the waters, and said, "Yes, mammy, I'm goingNorth." "Freudig gefuhrt, ziehet dahin." Amid the trees in the dim morning twilight he watched their shadows dancing and heard their horses thundering toward him, until at last they came sweeping like a storm, and he saw in front that haggard whitehaired man, whose eyes flashed red with fury. Oh, how he pitied him,pitied him, and wondered if he had the coiling twisted rope. Then, as the storm burst round him, he rose slowly to his feet and turned his closed eyes toward the Sea. And the world whistled in his ears. Of the Sorrow Songs I walk through the churchyard To lay this body down; I know moonrise, I know starrise; I walk in the moonlight, I walk in the starlight; I'll lie in the grave and stretch out my arms, I'll go to judgment in the evening of the day, And my soul and thy soul shall meet that day, When I lay this body down. Since their day they have been imitatedsometimes well, by the singers of Hampton and Atlanta, sometimes ill, by straggling quartettes. Caricature has sought again to spoil the quaint beauty of the music, and has filled the air with many debased melodies which vulgar ears scarce know from the real. But the true Negro folksong still lives in the hearts of those who have heard them truly sung and in the hearts of the Negro people. Do bana coba, gene me, gene me! Do bana coba, gene me, gene me! Ben d' nuli, nuli, nuli, ben d' le. "You may bury me in the East, You may bury me in the West, But I'll hear the trumpet sound in that morning," the voice of exile. Ten master songs, more or less, one may pluck from the forest of melodysongs of undoubted Negro origin and wide popular currency, and songs peculiarly characteristic of the slave. One of these I have just mentioned. Another whose strains begin this book is "Nobody knows the trouble I've seen." When, struck with a sudden poverty, the United States refused to fulfill its promises of land to the freedmen, a brigadiergeneral went down to the Sea Islands to carry the news. An old woman on the outskirts of the throng began singing this song; all the mass joined with her, swaying. And the soldier wept. The third song is the cradlesong of death which all men know,"Swing low, sweet chariot,"whose bars begin the life story of "Alexander Crummell." Then there is the song of many waters, "Roll, Jordan, roll," a mighty chorus with minor cadences. There were many songs of the fugitive like that which opens "The Wings of Atalanta," and the more familiar "Been alistening." The seventh is the song of the End and the Beginning"My Lord, what a mourning! when the stars begin to fall"; a strain of this is placed before "The Dawn of Freedom." The song of groping"My way's cloudy"begins "The Meaning of Progress"; the ninth is the song of this chapter"Wrestlin' Jacob, the day is abreaking,"a paean of hopeful strife. The last master song is the song of songs"Steal away,"sprung from "The Faith of the Fathers." There are many others of the Negro folksongs as striking and characteristic as these, as, for instance, the three strains in the third, eighth, and ninth chapters; and others I am sure could easily make a selection on more scientific principles. There are, too, songs that seem to be a step removed from the more primitive types: there is the mazelike medley, "Bright sparkles," one phrase of which heads "The Black Belt"; the Easter carol, "Dust, dust and ashes"; the dirge, "My mother's took her flight and gone home"; and that burst of melody hovering over "The Passing of the FirstBorn""I hope my mother will be there in that beautiful world on high." "My Lord calls me, He calls me by the thunder, The trumpet sounds it in my soul." "Dere's no rain to wet you, Dere's no sun to burn you, Oh, push along, believer, I want to go home." The bowed and bent old man cries, with thricerepeated wail: "O Lord, keep me from sinking down," and he rebukes the devil of doubt who can whisper: "Jesus is dead and God's gone away." My soul wants something that's new, that's new "Yonder's my ole mudder, Been waggin' at de hill so long; 'Bout time she cross over, Git home bimeby." Lovesongs are scarce and fall into two categoriesthe frivolous and light, and the sad. Of deep successful love there is ominous silence, and in one of the oldest of these songs there is a depth of history and meaning: Poor Rosy, poor gal; Poor Rosy, poor gal; Rosy break my poor heart, Heav'n shallabe my home. Of death the Negro showed little fear, but talked of it familiarly and even fondly as simply a crossing of the waters, perhapswho knows?back to his ancient forests again. Later days transfigured his fatalism, and amid the dust and dirt the toiler sang: "Dust, dust and ashes, fly over my grave, But the Lord shall bear my spirit home." The things evidently borrowed from the surrounding world undergo characteristic change when they enter the mouth of the slave. Especially is this true of Bible phrases. "Weep, O captive daughter of Zion," is quaintly turned into "Zion, weepalow," and the wheels of Ezekiel are turned every way in the mystic dreaming of the slave, till he says: "There's a little wheel aturnin' inamy heart." As in olden time, the words of these hymns were improvised by some leading minstrel of the religious band. The circumstances of the gathering, however, the rhythm of the songs, and the limitations of allowable thought, confined the poetry for the most part to single or double lines, and they seldom were expanded to quatrains or longer tales, although there are some few examples of sustained efforts, chiefly paraphrases of the Bible. Three short series of verses have always attracted me,the one that heads this chapter, of one line of which Thomas Wentworth Higginson has fittingly said, "Never, it seems to me, since man first lived and suffered was his infinite longing for peace uttered more plaintively." The second and third are descriptions of the Last Judgment,the one a late improvisation, with some traces of outside influence: "Oh, the stars in the elements are falling, And the moon drips away into blood, And the ransomed of the Lord are returning unto God, Blessed be the name of the Lord." "Michael, haul the boat ashore, Then you'll hear the horn they blow, Then you'll hear the trumpet sound, Trumpet sound the world around, Trumpet sound for rich and poor, Trumpet sound the Jubilee, Trumpet sound for you and me." Your country? How came it yours? Before the Pilgrims landed we were here. Here we have brought our three gifts and mingled them with yours: a gift of story and songsoft, stirring melody in an illharmonized and unmelodious land; the gift of sweat and brawn to beat back the wilderness, conquer the soil, and lay the foundations of this vast economic empire two hundred years earlier than your weak hands could have done it; the third, a gift of the Spirit. Around us the history of the land has centred for thrice a hundred years; out of the nation's heart we have called all that was best to throttle and subdue all that was worst; fire and blood, prayer and sacri fice, have billowed over this people, and they have found peace only in the altars of the God of Right. Nor has our gift of the Spirit been merely passive. Actively we have woven ourselves with the very warp and woof of this nation,we fought their battles, shared their sorrow, mingled our blood with theirs, and generation after generation have pleaded with a headstrong, careless people to despise not Justice, Mercy, and Truth, lest the nation be smitten with a curse. Our song, our toil, our cheer, and warning have been given to this nation in bloodbrotherhood. Are not these gifts worth the giving? Is not this work and striving? Would America have been America without her Negro people? The Afterthought
What Scientists Have Learned From 'Spying On Whales' 8/1/2018, 10:00:19 PM , duration(0:0:2) Arts TV & Film Literature Society & Culture Smithsonian paleobiologist Nick Pyenson says about 40 to 50 million years ago whales had four legs and walked on land. Pyenson notes that the largest whales alive today are the biggest that have ever existed: "They are absolutely the largest vertebrate animals to have ever evolved in the history of life on Earth. No dinosaur was heavier." He'll explain how echolocation works, how they hold their breath for hours, and why we're in the "golden age" of whale science. Pyenson's new book is 'Spying on Whales.' <br/><br/>Also, book critic Maureen Corrigan reviews 'The Incendiaries: A Novel' by R.O. Kwon.
The importance of the boston massacre as the first battle of the revolutionary war Dalrymple and other civilian leaders were fortunately able to meet quickly in the Town House and bring things back from the brink. Boston in the American Revolution The historic events that took place in Boston during the American Revolution were a direct result of the various acts that Parliament passed during this time period. The other two defendants had their conviction charges reduced from murder to manslaughter. Their concern was that Preston would be found innocent of giving the order to fire on the civilians. Finally, there is a musket pointing out of the Custom House window toward the civilians. Captain John Goldfinch and other officers urged the junior officers to hurry the soldiers into the barracks before a riot ensued. The Soldiers and the Boys of Boston, illustration, published in Our Country, circa The following is an overview of events that happened in Boston during the American Revolution: This would be an act of murder and the punishment was death. One job in particular that existed in abundance was making rope for sailing ships. These acts were designed to give the British government more control of the American colonies trade industry in an effort make money off of them and help pay down the debt occurred during the French and Indian War. The jury found Preston innocent of the charges on the basis of "reasonable doubt," a term that had never been used before, but would turn into the standard by which criminal convictions are judged in the American legal system. The crowd, however, began to swell as outraged citizens came out of their homes to challenge the soldiers. Massachusetts in the American Revolution The fatal incident happened on March 5 of The last reason would be the revolt of the Townshend Acts. The group of Colonists began to throw bottles and snowballs at the growing number of British soldiers. The Boston Massacre One of the men killed was Crispus Attucks, a runaway slave who had become a sailor. Many people got drunk at this party so a British soldier was doing his duty on patrolensuring no one got violent. In addition to citizens looking for a fight, the bruised and embarrassed soldiers and their comrades had finally come to the breaking point as well. Things were getting to the boiling point. Although five years passed between the massacre and outright revolution, and direct connections between the massacre and the later war are according to historian Neil Langley York somewhat tenuous, [75] [ clarification needed ] it is widely perceived as a significant event leading to the violent rebellion that followed. Gage ordered his soldiers not to confront the crowd and a judge quickly released the prisoners. The soldiers did nothing until they began throwing their clubs and chanting, "Fire, fire; damn you, fire. The image was published in the Boston Gazette, circulating widely, and became an effective piece of anti-British propaganda. A standard rope of the day would have been from to feet long and ropewalks could be up to a quarter mile in length. Port cities like Boston were a vital part of the social, economic and political fabric of the British colonies. Eyewitness accounts say the soldiers came running with their bayonets drawn, pushing through the crowd to get to White. If the soldiers fired on the crowd for no good reason, they were guilty of murder and should be convicted. The colonists were attacking the soldiers with sticks, clubs, lumps of coal, mud, ice, oyster shells and anything else they could find, but there is not a trace of these things in the engraving. When Montgomery arose, he fired the first shot, hitting Attucks in the chest. Officials requested military assistance and protection from Parliament, which was granted by Wills Hill, the Colonial Secretary, a position created to deal with the growing tensions in the colonies. Understanding the fight that broke out at the ropewalks, the response of the soldiers over the next few days and the response of the working class laborers and seamen is, however, key to understanding why the Boston Massacre took place. Crispus Attucks Bowdoin was assisted in the writing by Samuel Pemberton and Dr. It looks like a modern day crime scene report. Accompanied by Preston, they pushed their way through the crowd. Why Was The Boston Massacre Important It was not uncommon during the British occupation of Boston to hear soldiers make derogatory comments about the colonists, accusing them of being disloyal to Britain, being brutish, unsophisticated and the like. Did you see any of them press on the soldiers with a cordwood stick?Oct 27, · The Boston Massacre was a deadly riot that occurred on March 5,on King Street in Boston. It began as a street brawl between American colonists and a lone British soldier, but quickly escalated to a chaotic, bloody slaughter. The Boston Massacre was a confrontation between Colonists and British soldiers. On March 5,a collection of Colonists from different narratives gathered around the Customs House in Boston. This event was known as the Boston Massacre and is seen as an important event in American history because it united the colonists against Britain, which would eventually lead to the Revolutionary War. Boston in the American Revolution Rebecca Beatrice Brooks June 5, July 29, No Comments on Boston in the American Revolution Boston, Massachusetts is known as “the birthplace of the American Revolution” because many historic events took place there during the revolution. The Boston Massacre was important because it helped reignite calls for ending the relationship between the American colonists and the British. It was also crucial in galvanizing colonial society against the British, which ultimately led to. Boston's Revolutionary War The Boston Massacre, known as the abolitionist who saw the death of Crispus Attucks as an opportunity to demonstrate the role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War the massacre site, and the Granary Burying Ground are all part of Boston's Freedom Trail, connecting sites important in the city's revolutionary-era history. Rated 0/5 based on 87 review
Food for Mankind Forests can play key role to end global hunger Trees offer a multitude of ecological services. For instance, they support bees and other pollinators, which are essential for crop production including on farmland. They also provide animal fodder that enables communities to produce meat and milk, and protect streams… read more Farmers Urge Return of Jaguars to Protect Crops Cerrado corn crop with peccaries (Photo by Brendan Borrell) Margie Peixoto was driving her pickup across her farm in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul one February afternoon when she spotted some broken corn stalks and a trio… read more Nectar Helps Bees’ Medicine Go Down In addition to fuel, nectar from various plant species contains chemical compounds that reduce the numbers of a common gut parasite in bumblebees. Home-based bird watchers might have mixed up a batch of ‘nectar’ to attract the feathered objects of… read more Bees and malnutrition Loss of pollinators increases risk of malnutrition and disease A new study shows that more than half the people in some developing countries could become newly at risk for malnutrition if crop-pollinating animals — like bees — continue to decline.… read more Evolution in our time (the lesson) Thinking of evolution people mostly think of processes of millions of years and exotic and extinct animals like dinosaurs. But evolution happens all the time, maybe even more than before. There are more and more cases showing that we humans… read more
Pet first aid kit : A good first aid kit is very necessary for emergencies. There should be a first aid kit in your car, at your job site, and at home. The more complete your first aid kit is the better you can deal with emergencies as they come up. One should keep the first aid kit ready for emergency. It will be very late if we wait for emergencies. The main objectives of first aid is to relieve suffering, to save a life and to prevent further physical or psychological injuries until you can reach or be reached by qualified health care personnel. Consider all the possible emergencies which can happen. If you do not want to prepare your own kits, there are very good prepackaged kits in the market. Go thoroughly their contents carefully so that you know whether or not the kit is appropriate as there are also kits which are nothing more than band aids. You will need to know whether the kit you are purchasing has perishables such as aspirin in it so that they can be replaced when they expire. If you decide to prepare your own kits, you will find that many supplies will come packed in larger quantities than you find in a single prepared kit. Divide the packages into different kits you are making. First aid kits should be kept in containers that are labeled. One should keep the box in a single location in your house, car and work place. Everyone in the house should know where it is. What a first aid kit should contain? Some basic items that all first aid kits should contain are a Rectal Thermometer which can be the glass kind or the newer electronic kind. The electronic ones beep when they finish registering the temperature and they are slightly smaller than the glass kind. They also do not break as easily. They have a battery which will need replacing and they are more expensive then the glass ones. A lubricating jelly to lubricate thermometer, instant hot and cold compresses, adhesive tape to secure bandages - both non-stick tape (i.e. Dermicel or another brand of paper tape) and water proof tape, blunt tipped scissors, bandage scissors etc. Before you give any animal any medication, please consult your veterinarian about the dosage and the side effects. You should call your veterinarian for your animal's dosages. That way you can place a list in your first aid kit with specifics for your pets before any emergency happens. First aid for burns: Burns are caused by dry heat, acidic substances and friction. Burns can also be produced by extreme cold, and by heat, including the sun's rays. Burns may be linked to, or a result of, a more life-threatening condition. Fire may start accidentally... First aid safety: Military first aid during providing first aid for military purposes are opening the airway and restore breathing, stop the bleeding, Dress and bandage the wounds to prevent infection and Prevent shock. Stopping the bleeding is also one of the important steps that... First Aid © first-aid.tdrbizl.com 2006
Color Range Lab Report Create Image by Including/Excluding Range of R, G, B, H, S, V values Shown above are the pixels from a tulip image that have 10 <= Hue <= 60 and 128 <= Value <= 255 The purpose of this program is to show how to include (or exclude) a color cube of RGB values, or a range of HSV values, from an image. When working with a picture of a real-world object, changing one color to another might seem like a trivial bitmap manipulation. But a single image can have thousands of colors (unique RGB triples). For example, the original tulip picture above has over 42,000 colors in it, with the "yellow" part (shown above) of the tulip containing over 26,000 colors! Instead of selecting a single R-G-B triple, often a small color cube with a range of R-G-B values must be selected for change. In addition to working with RGB color space, other color spaces, such as HSV (Hue-Saturation-Value), are useful. With HSV color space, a Hue of 0 degrees is red, 60 is yellow, 120 is green, 180 is cyan, 240 is blue and 300 degrees is magenta. Saturation and Value range from 0 to 255. The "dark yellow" pixels are rejected above by only selecting "Values" above 128. Materials and Equipment Software Requirements Windows 95/98/NT Delphi 3/4 (to recompile) Test Images: Tulip1, Mandrill or Parrots BMPs Hardware Requirements 1024-by-768 display in High Color or True Color Mode 1. Double click on the ColorRange.Exe icon to start the program. 2. Press the Load button and select a sample bitmap such as Tulip1.BMP. (BMPs or JPGs can be used.) 3. If the image is smaller than, or larger than, the 640-by-480 area on the screen, select the Stretch Checkbox so the image fills the area. 4. Move the cursor over the image to observe the R, G, B or H, S, V values. 5. Select ranges of R, G, B, H, S, V by first selecting the corresponding Checkbox and then using the SpinEdit boxes to specify minimum and maximum values. (Note: Hue minimum values can be negative. For example a Hue range from -20 to +20 can be specified for a broader range of "red" colors.) 6. Select the Exclude Color by clicking on the TShape area and selecting a color from the TColorDialog 7. Select the Include or Exclude radio button, if desired. 8. After the R, G, B, H, S and V ranges and the Exclude Color have been specified, click on the Update button to see the resulting image. 9. If desired, save the resulting image by pressing the Save Button. Compare the Tulip image shown above with the one from specifying only a range of Red from 125-255. The two images are very similar. Since Yellow = Red + Green, a high value of red alone is fairly useful here. Experiment with the "famous" Mandrill monkey picture. In particular, the "red" nose can be extracted with Hue from -20 - +20 and Value from 200-255. The "blue" cheeks can be extracted with Hue from 190-280 and Value from 128-255. ScreenColorRangeMandrillNose.jpg (16087 bytes) ScreenColorRangeMandrillCheeks.jpg (22781 bytes) At present ColorRange only loads BMP or JPG files. With some minor changes, WMF and EMF files could also be loaded. For GIF support you will need a GIF component such as TGIFImage from Anders Melander. Change the conditional compilation value to GIF and extend the file types allowed by OpenPictureDialog's filter. A ColorRange.INI file "remembers" the last directory used by this program. Instead of using a TImage, FormCreate creates a TSensitiveImage object using Bevel1 to define its size and position. The main feature of TSensitiveImage is that it "knows" when a cursor is over it (based on cm_MouseEnter and cm_MouseLeave events) so the spatial coordinates and RGB and HSV values can be displayed. TSensitiveImage can also blank these values automatically when a cm_MouseLeave event occurs. The use of TSensitiveImage was an experiment to avoid the use of a slightly modified VCL component that required being installed on the component palette. Adding countless components to the component palette, and keeping them configured the same way on multiple machines, seems to be a poor design and practice from a software engineering standpoint. However, as this experiment with TSensitiveImage showed, modifying an existing VCL component programmatically doesn't seem to be a good practice either. Extending an existing VCL object for a one-time special purpose shouldn't clutter the component palette, yet there doesn't seem to be good alternatives at present. Changing a "single color" in an image of a real-world object usually doesn't make any sense. A range of values must be changed, which can be represented by a small color "cube" (or box) in RGB space, or a range of HSV values. RGB, HSV, TSensitiveImage (modified TImage), cm_MouseEnter, cm_MouseLeave, LoadGraphicsFile (loads BMP, JPG, WMF, EMF, or GIF), TColorDialog, TOpenPictureDialog, TSavePictureDialog, TIniFile, RGBTripleToHSV, TBevel Delphi 3/4 Source and EXE (219 KB): ColorRange.ZIP (D3 EXE is 368 KB, D4 EXE is 466 KB) 24-bit color BMP test images: Mandrill.ZIP (737 KB) Parrots.ZIP (200 KB) Updated 26 Feb 2005 since 8 Nov 1998
• Share to Facebook • Twitter • Email • Print What to Do If Your Cat Is Aggressive with People It's distressing to have an animal you lavish with love show their appreciation with bites and scratches. Here are several reasons why cats can be aggressive toward people, along with solutions to keep you from visiting the first-aid kit. Play aggression Petting aggression Redirected aggression Territorial aggression Other explanations Play aggression To a cat, play is all about prey. Body postures of play aggression are the behaviors a cat shows when searching for and catching prey. They stalk their target from behind a door or under a chair, crouch, twitch their tail, flick their ears back and forth, then pounce, wrapping their front feet around the prey, chewing it and kicking it with the back feet. We enjoy watching these cat antics, but kittens don't know when to stop. Their rough play can result in scratches and little bites that don't break the skin. You must teach your cat when enough is enough; otherwise, as they get older, the scratches may get deeper and the bites harder. (Note: In cases where a cat's bite has broken the skin, seek medical advice; a cat bite can be a serious matter.) • Use a fishing pole type of toy to keep your cat away from your body when playing. • If they start chewing or scratching any part of your body, immediately say "uh-uh," and redirect them to a toy. If your cat continues to chew or scratch after you say, "uh-uh," stop playing immediately. Never hit her or yell, or they'll become afraid of you. • Don’t resume playing until she has calmed down; then use the toy. Some cats are easily overstimulated, and their play can escalate into true aggression. Pay close attention to your cat's body language; if they're getting too intense, stop playing immediately and give them time to cool off. Petting aggression Sometimes when you're petting your purring cat, they might bite you out of the blue. This behavior isn't well understood even by experienced animal behaviorists, but it's thought that some cats just have very sensitive spots or a very limited tolerance for being touched. Cats vary in how much they'll tolerate letting you pet or hold them. There are usually warning signs that they're reaching their limit, but their signals can be subtle and hard to detect. Look for: • Restlessness • Tail twitching • Ears turning back or flicking back and forth • Turning or moving their head toward your hand • A sharp meow, low growl, or a hiss • They may even put their teeth on you lightly to tell you to stop. When you see any of these signals, it's time to stop petting the cat immediately and let them decide if they still want to sit on your lap, or go their own way. Never yell or hit; any kind of physical punishment almost always makes the problem worse, as it makes the cat more likely to bite. Plus, they might fear you and/or associate petting with punishment. If you have a cat who doesn't like being petted, you could try to win them over with food rewards. Before your cat shows any of the behaviors described above, offer them a special tidbit of food. Pet them lightly for a short time while, offering treats. The cat will come to associate being stroked with more pleasant things. Stop petting before you see the signs of irritation. If you keep petting until the cat reacts badly, you've defeated the purpose. Each time you work with your cat, try to pet them for slightly longer periods using the food. Redirected aggression Redirected aggression occurs when a cat is stimulated by an animal or person, but has no outlet for their naturally aggressive feelings. The cat gazing out the window may have seen another cat outside, which makes them want to defend their territory. When they can't get to that cat, they attack the first thing that crosses her path. They're so worked up about that strange cat that they're not aware that they have redirected their aggression toward you. Observe your cat closely before approaching her. Are they: • Staring so hard out the window that they don't know you're there? • Not respond when you call them? • Jerking their tail back and forth? • Growling, hissing, or meowing loudly? Don't mess with them! Clap your hands loudly to break their fixation, or just walk away and let your cat calm down alone. You may also be attacked if you try to interfere with two cats fighting. Don't get in the middle of it. Use a squirt bottle or pillow to break up the fight and distract the cats. Territorial aggression Cats are by nature very territorial, but usually cats only feel the need to defend their territory from other cats. Once in a while you'll come across an extremely dominant cat who thinks they own the house. Such a cat may, for example, try to prevent you from entering or leaving a room. If you're visiting a friend with a cat like this and notice that the cat is displaying the signs of aggression listed above, steer clear. If your cat becomes territorially aggressive and tries to control your access to places in your home, give them a squirt with the water bottle to let them know who's boss. Other explanations If your cat's behavior has started suddenly, there could be a medical issue causing it. Take them to the vet for a check-up; if they get a clean bill of health, you should seek behavior modification. If their behavior improves when they're confined to one room, their aggression may be due to stress in the environment (loud kids, other cats or pets). When nothing works If you've tried everything to resolve your cat's aggression, but they'r not responding, consult your vet and the animal behaviorist to see what your options are. If the aggression is stress-induced (caused by loud noises, young children, other cats or pets, etc.) and you can't find ways to relieve that stress, it may be time to reevaluate their presence in your home. They might be better off in a calm home with no other pets. However, you should be extremely cautious about placing them in a new home; you don't want to pass a problem on to someone else without hope of resolution. • Sign Up • Take Action • Shop Looking for a pet? Find your perfect match at a local shelter. Shelter Pet Project can help. Button reading donate now
Protected by Copyscape Online Plagiarism Software Taking Sleep Apnea Medicine: Harmful or Not? Many people who have been diagnosed with sleep apnea are sick of suffering from poor sleep and are looking for sleep apnea medicine to help them get a better night’s sleep. The problem is that there is really no effective medication to treat sleep apnea, although a few sleep apnea medications are currently in the development and testing stages. Still, it is unclear whether or not these drugs will effectively treat sleep apnea or if they will receive FDA approval. A lot of people are quite surprised to find out that there is currently no FDA approved sleep apnea medicine on the market, but there are actually quite good reasons behind the lack of sleep apnea medication. Due to the lack of approved sleep apnea medicine on the market, many people who have been diagnosed with this sleeping disorder feel that they can combat their sleeping problems by simply taking an over the counter sleeping aid. But this can actually be incredibly dangerous and even potentially fatal if the person has a more severe form of the disorder. The main reason that doctors will not prescribe medicine for sleep apnea is that most sleeping aids contain sedatives which slow down the body, including breathing function, which can cause serious problems for those who already have trouble breathing during sleep. People who suffer from sleep apnea already have a lowered rate of breathing, and any further reduction in breathing rate could cause their blood oxygen saturation levels to drop to a dangerous level. This is why your doctor will recommend a sleep apnea device such as an apnea mouth guard or a CPAP machine if you have been diagnosed with sleep apnea. Medicine to Promote Wakefulness in Sleep Apnea Patients sleep apnea medicationWhile there are no medications which can successfully treat sleep apnea, some doctors will still prescribe certain medications for sleep apnea patients which can help reduce sleepiness. Some people with sleep apnea still report being extremely tired despite the use of a CPAP machine. In these cases, your doctor may prescribe pills which will help you feel more energetic during the day. These pills are almost never prescribed until CPAP has been tried for at least several months or even a year or more, and even then only in conjunction with continued CPAP therapy. The most commonly used medicines are modafinil (brand name Provigil) and armodafinil (Nuvigil), both of which work to reduce tiredness by affecting certain chemicals in the brain. Many sleep apnea patients who take this type of medication also report having improved memory function and concentration. sleep apnea medicationBoth of these medications are usually quite successful in promoting wakefulness in sleep apnea patients, and generally considered quite safe for prolonged daily use. However, there are a few side effects to be aware of, including headaches, dizziness, and anxiety, as well as difficulty falling to sleep or even insomnia. There are also a few side effects which can make the sleep apnea much worse, including inflammation of the nasal passages. If this occurs, you will need to stop using the medicine immediately as it will be counterproductive to your CPAP therapy. These medications are also not recommended for pregnant women or those who are breast feeding. In addition, they may also interfere and reduce or even completely eliminate the effect of certain birth control medications. Research into Potential Sleep Apnea Medications Many pharmaceutical companies and research institutes have long been searching for effective sleep apnea medications, and some believe that they may be getting close. Most of the studies revolve around medications which have already been approved by the FDA to treat other conditions, although none have been proven to be completely effective at treating sleep apnea as of yet. Still, there is hope that an effective sleep apnea medication could be found at some point in the near future, as lots of time and money is being invested into research in this area. Most of the drug therapy treatments being tested use either one or several existing medications to affect chemical changes in the brain in an effort to reduce or eliminate sleep apnea. One of the most promising medications seems to be mirtazapine, which is an antidepressant that works by increasing the levels of serotonin produced by the brain. This drug has been shown to reduce the number of apneas a person experiences during the night and also keep them from feeling as tired in the morning. However, this drug has only been tested in very limited studies, and much more large scale testing will be required before it is ever approved as a sleep apnea treatment. Medications for Sleep Apnea Sufferers to Avoid As stated earlier, certain types of medications, specifically sedatives and narcotics, should be avoided by anyone with sleep apnea. Some of the most dangerous medications for sleep apnea sufferers to take are: • Opiates Opiates are typically used as pain killers and include a wide group of medications including hydrocodone, morphine, methadone, and oxycontin. They have the effect of causing shallow breathing, pauses in breathing, and irregular breathing and heartbeat, all of which can be very dangerous for those with sleep apnea. • sleep apnea medicationBenzodiazepines This group of medications is typically used as anti depressants, to relieve anxiety, as muscle relaxants and even to prevent seizures, and they include such medicines as Valium (diazepam). In the past, they were used to treat some forms of insomnia, but they have mostly been discontinued in this area due to their highly addictive nature. In general, they should not be used by anyone with sleep apnea, especially within a few hours of going to sleep. • Barbiturates These medications are typically used to treat seizures among many other conditions. However their use has been drastically reduced in the past few decades as safer medications have been developed. If you have sleep apnea and are on one of the medications, you should ask your doctor for alternatives. 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Milestone Recordings in American Music Hi-De-Ho (1931) Whether the jive of Cab Calloway, the tight swing of Duke Ellington, or the re-interpreted pop songs of Louis Armstrong, big band music in 1931 was all about entertainment. Fortunately for us, these bandleaders were not just entertainers but exceptional artists, creating timeless works that we can still enjoy today. Cab Calloway and His Orchestra Minnie the Moocher (Brunswick 6074, 1931) When Duke Ellington’s orchestra ended its tenure as the house band of New York’s famed Cotton Club, they were replaced by a group led by Cabell Calloway III, who would soon become one of the most popular and commercially successful bandleaders of his day. Calloway’s orchestra was talented (though perhaps not at the level of Ellington’s), but what really made them so successful was the innovative singing and oversized personality of their leader. Calloway pioneered what was known as “jive” music: bluesy lyrics filled with slang words and scat singing (“hi-de-hi-de-ho”) set to swinging big band jazz. “Minnie the Moocher” is Calloway’s undeniable masterpiece and the song that rocketed him to stardom. To mainstream audiences, the song told a slightly shady sounding story filled with a lot of silly nonsense. In reality, a lot of that nonsense was slang terminology that concealed references to illicit drug use: for example, “kicking the gong around” was a slang term for smoking opium. Either way it is viewed, the song is incredibly entertaining. Against some solid, “jungle” style instrumentation, Calloway’s voice rises and falls expressively as he tells Minnie’s tale, and he gets help from the band on some incredible call-and-response scat singing. ~ You may also like: Cab Calloway and His Orchestra, “Reefer Man” (Brunswick 6340, 1932) Cab Calloway and His Orchestra St. James Infirmary(Brunswick 6105, 1931) There are many excellent versions of “St. James Infirmary,” including a famous 1928 recording by Louis Armstrong, but this Cab Calloway record may be the best of all. The song relates the story of a man whose love has just died and is “stretched out on a long, white table” at St. James Infirmary. Given the morbid nature of the song, Calloway’s version is surprisingly upbeat. It starts with an exotic sounding trumpet introduction, which is followed some wonderfully expressive baritone sax playing. Then Calloway begins singing, and his timing and timbre are amazing; at times he sings very fast in a high register and his voice sounds remarkably like a muted trumpet. The song then ends on a high note with some more excellent, exotic trumpet playing. ~ You may also like: Cab Calloway and His Orchestra, “(Hep-Hep!) The Jumpin’ Jive” (Vocalion v5005, 1939) Louis Armstrong and His Orchestra Star Dust” (take 1) (Okeh 41530, 1931) (Note: multiple takes of this song were recorded on November 4, 1931 and at least two were released as Okeh 41530. The fourth take is very good, but the essential version is the less common, slightly longer first take, Okeh master W.405061-1. On it, Armstrong repeats “Oh, memory” three times at the end of the vocal.) In the 1930s, Louis Armstrong ceased making the kind of ground-breaking, small-band records that had redefined jazz during the previous decade. Instead, he focused on making jazzy, big band versions of popular songs, such as Hoagy Carmichael’s immortal “Star Dust.” Although this decision made him a huge star, it continues to disappoint some jazz fans who consider the move a sell out. However, while his 1930s output is nowhere near as innovative as his ‘20s “Hot Five” records, looked at from another angle, it could be argued that Armstrong made the most compelling mainstream pop of the decade. On “Star Dust,” his trumpet playing is strong as ever, with a tone that has matured like a fine wine into something utterly intoxicating. The band playing behind him may be unremarkable, but that trumpet is still unmatched. And Armstrong’s voice has similarly matured, the gruff edges blending smoothly into the sweet melody. Just listen to the sentimental way he repeats “Oh, memory / Oh, memory / Oh, memory” at the end. Simply amazing. ~ You may also like: Louis Armstrong and His Orchestra, “Lazy River” (Okeh 41541, 1932) Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra Casa Loma Stomp(Okeh 41492, 1931) The Casa Loma Orchestra, a collective led by saxophonist Glen Gray, was one of the top big bands of its day and a major trendsetter in swing music. Although they are not as well remembered as some of the other top bands of the early swing period, records like “Casa Loma Stomp” prove that them deserving of respect. The complex arrangement by Gene Gifford is played with incredible poise and proficiency. That they make it sound so light and effortless only makes it that much more impressive. The entire record is fantastic, but pay special attention to two particularly good passages: the first solo (a fast-paced revelry by trombonist Pee Wee Hunt) and the quiet but kinetic call-and-response by the entire band before they launch into the big finish. ~ You may also like: Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra, “San Sue Strut” (Okeh 41403, 1930) The Jungle Band Rockin’ in Rhythm(Brunswick 6038, 1931) This “Jungle Band” recording of Duke Ellington’s classic composition “Rockin’ in Rhythm” was one of two Ellington versions released in 1931, and to my ears is the definitive take on the song. (It should be noted that Okeh 8869, credited to the Harlem Footwarmers, is nearly as good, though.) The track begins with some discordant piano by Ellington, and a humorous wah-wah by the trombone. Next, the reeds state the wonderful, bright melody and Cootie Williams takes a playful, swinging solo on trumpet. The mood becomes a little edgier as Johnny Hodges soars in on alto sax . Then we get some more piano from Ellington, another trombone flourish, and some muted, jungle-style trumpet from Williams before the reeds regain control, restate the main melody and bring the record to a close. The recording is filled with high-spirited, feel-good energy throughout. ~ You may also like an incredible later recording of this song: Duke Ellington, “Medley: Kinda Dukish / Rockin’ in Rhythm” (Piano in the Background, Columbia CL 1546, 1960) Search This Blog
the Gilded Pearl Gothic Period Jewelry by Lady Elwisia Mouche de Voujeaucourt [mka Michelle M. B. Beale] The culture of the Gothic period was enthralled with concept of chivalry, which focused on the chaste worship of women. This ideology effected many of the arts including the design of jewelry. Gifts of jewelry, exchanged by lovers, assumed a new sentimental value and a highly personal significance for the wearer. Finger rings and ring brooches are frequently enriched with amatory inscriptions and mottoes, praising a woman's beauty as a divine gift and acknowledging the quality of pure love (Heiniger & Heiniger, pp 146-7.) Brooches, rings, pendants, hat badges or ornaments and decorative belt clasps were worn by men and women in the Gothic era (Tait, p 140.) Necklaces and pendants were popular ornaments worn by women as the neckline began to fall during the second half of the 15th century, despite laws forbidding the showing of the neck and shoulders (Heiniger & Heiniger, p 148.) Beautiful representations of necklaces can be seen in the portraits of the Duchesses of Burgundy - Isabella of Bourbon, Isabella of Portugal, and Margaret of Bavaria. Earrings do not appear to have been popular during this period, most likely due to the elaborately decorated head gear worn by the ladies. Chains worn around the neck or over the shoulders could be a sign of allegiance to a brotherhood, political faction, or symbol of office. Through the 15th and early part of the 16th century it was common for a prince to reward faithful service with the present of a gold chain, which was easily convertible into cash (Somers-Cocks, p9.) This can be seen in the portraits of the Duke Philip the Good and his son Charles the Bold by Roger Van der Weyden, each wearing a chain with a pendant of the Order of the Golden Fleece, an order of knighthood, which was conceived and created as a counterpart to the English Order of the Garter. Devotional jewels became increasingly fashionable during the 14th century and before the end of the century most countries in Europe had introduced sumptuary laws regulating what private citizens spent on luxury goods including restricting the wearing of jewels, which had become a clear sign of rank. For example, in England, Edward III's Statute of 1363, forbid craftsmen and yeoman (and their wives and children) to wear gold or silver jewelry and also denied knights the right to wear rings and brooches made of gold or studded with precious stones. The law not only provided a list of different sorts of jewelry worn at the time, but it was a reminder that jewelry was much more than an optional personal adornment - it was a sign of the wearer's place in society. This also upholds the upper class' desire to maintain a social hierarchy in terms of ornamental display (Somers-Cocks, p 5.) The sumptuary law also suggests that by the mid 14th century much more jewelry was being made and worn by more citizens than in previous centuries. This is supported by the fact that more pieces survived from this time than previous periods and confirmed by the prominent appearance of jewelry in contemporary portraits (Somers-Cocks, p 6.) Elaborate gifts of brooches, necklaces and rings were exchanged at New Year by members of court in a princely house, and every diplomatic encounter also involved exchanges of goldsmiths' work and jewelry. For example, the accounts of the Duke of Burgundy for 1396-7 show a payment to three Italian merchants from Genoa, Florence and Lucca for jewels, among which was a gold hind (female deer) with the device of the King of England, decorated with stones which "our Lord gave at St. Omer to the Earl of Derby, when the King, our liege, and the Queen of England dined with him" (Somers-Cocks, p 5.) The ever-growing luxury of 14th century European courtly society reached its pinnacle at the French courts of Charles VI (1380-1422) and of his uncle Duc de Berry, though for sheer opulence the Burgundian courts of the Netherlands under Philip the Good (1419-67) and Charles the Bold (1467-77) were unrivaled. Quality of craftsmanship and originality of design in the use of gold and precious stones was never more appreciated or encouraged than by these courtly princes. In 1454, at a pageant in Lille, the Duke of Burgundy wore jewelry valued at over 1 million Thalers, but Burgundy was by then the wealthiest country in the world and this princely treasury of jewels could be converted into a form of capital in times of emergency (Heiniger & Heiniger p 147.) By the end of the 13th century, French and Italian goldsmiths were again using enamel to decorate their jewels, but in a very different way with a completely different result. The new technique known as bassetaille (bas- relief) enameling, consisted of cutting away a design or figural composition in low relief on a sheet of silver or gold and flooding the area with colored translucent enamel. Because the highest point of the relief is below the surface of the surrounding metal, the enamel lies in varying thicknesses over the whole area and because the enamel is translucent not only does the composition of the low relief show through, but the light is reflected back from the silver or gold through the varying thicknesses of the enamel - thereby adding a brilliant tonal quality to the enamels and creating an impression of three dimensional modeling ranging from the bright highlights of thin enameling to the rich tones of the deep recesses of the engraved relief (Heiniger & Heiniger, p 147.) Medallions to be worn as pendants or sewn on the dress, as well as small pendant reliquaries (saintly mementoes), designed to be worn around the neck, were enameled in this technique with both secular and religious scenes. Great use was made of a new enameling technique developed by French and Burgundian goldsmiths in the late 14th century known as email en ronde bosse ( in the round), or encrusted enameling, which consisted of creating a miniature sculpture in gold, either in the round or in very high relief and covering it with layers of differently colored enamel. This meant that jewelry could almost be as multicolored as painted sculpture (Heiniger & Heiniger, p 148.) Stones were beginning to add great brilliance to jewelry. Near the end of the 14th century, Parisian lapidaries developed improved methods for diamond and stone cutting, they could do more than merely table-cut the natural diamond and polish colored stones (Somers-Cocks, p 15.) Table cutting consisted of grinding off the tip of a natural octahedron, one of the shapes in which diamond crystals occur. Lapidaries began to discover how faceting of diamonds and other precious stones caused light to be captured within the stone making them more appealing to the eye and increased their popularity, especially that of diamonds (Mason & Packer, pp 106-108.) Gold and precious stones became essential ingredients of the new fashion. The increased supply and demand for precious stones led to laws forbidding the use of paste gems and false pearls. In 1355 French jewelers were forbidden to use river pearls mixed with Oriental pearls or to put tinted foil under amethysts and carbuncles to enhance their color (Heiniger & Heiniger, pp 147-8.) A diamond with as many as six facets appears in the jewelry worn by the Madonna in Jan Van Eyck's Ghent altarpiece (completed in 1432.) As the fire and brilliance of the stones was released, they came to occupy a larger part in the overall design of jewels. Diamonds had a sudden rise in popularity in the 15th century. Skilled stone cutters of the Netherlands began to lay the foundations of their future eminence in gem cutting around this time (Heiniger & Heiniger, p 148.) Rings were very popular during the Gothic period ranging from simple bands to very elaborate works. Several were worn on each hand with usually more than one on a finger having one or two at the base and one between the first and second knuckle. Occasionally rings were also worn on the thumb. Styles ranged from round bands, polygon-shaped hoops, prominent bezels, Gothic lettered inscriptions worked in niello, to precious stones. One beautiful example is the ring of John the Fearless, the second Duke of Burgundy. The Duke's ring has a bezel in high relief flanked by two dragons arising out of fleurs-de-lys crowns and on the top part of the ring is his likeness carved from different stones making up his face, hat, collar, and shoulder then set in gold (Gregorietti, pp84-85.) Seal-rings were by far the most common form of jewelry since they were an essential mean of identification and were worn by more than just the upper classes - such as non-armigerous owners often engraved with a so-called merchant's mark which was an abstract symbol of a geometric nature (Somers- Cocks, p 15.) Another more specialized aspect of the lapidary's craft was also flourishing at this period, in the French and Burgundian territories, and in Italy; the art of cutting intaglios and cameos on precious and semi-precious stones. In the course of the 15th century, the art of cutting cameos and intaglios flourished because of an important change which was taking place in European culture - the revival of interest in the literature and art of Greece and Rome. As the movement spread across Europe - the decorative arts were effected. The vocabulary of ornament changed from the naturalism, the architectural elements, and black letter inscriptions of late Gothic to the acanthus leaf in all its forms, to Cupids, grotesques, gods and goddesses, Roman lettering and all the elements of classical architecture. Many new techniques and styles flourished during the Gothic period to embellish the fashion of the age. Enameling once again became popular and has survived through our present day, still allowing us to appreciate its beauty. Jewelry served many purposes during this era - appreciation and honor towards a lady, religious devotion, reward of service, represent a person's station in society, political tendencies, and the symbol of office. The beauty of the Gothic era has been captured in these works of jeweled art. 1. Calmette, Joseph. The Golden Age of Burgundy. W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., New York 1963 2. Gregorietti, Guido. Jewelry, History & Technique from the Egyptians to the Present. Chartwell Books, Inc., Secaucus, New Jersey 1979. 3. Heiniger, Ernst A. & Jean Heiniger. The Great Book of Jewels. New York Graphic Society, Boston, Massachusetts 1974. 4. Mason, Anita & Diane Packer. An Illustrated Dictionary of Jewellery. Osprey Publishing Ltd., Reading, Berkshire, Great Britian 1973. 5. Somers-Cocks, Anna. An Introduction to Courtly Jewellry. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England 1982. 6. Tait, Hugh. Jewelry, 7,000 Years. Abradale Press, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York, New York 1991. 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Monitoring Air Quality in the Grand Valley DEAR has provided funding for Citizens for Clean Air (CCA) to purchase a dozen low cost air quality monitors ($200-$300 each). The primary goal of the project is to identify the types of air pollution and their sources in the Grand Valley. A secondary goal is to develop scientifically acceptable methods that can be applied in other regions. Potential sources of air pollution in the valley include road dust from vehicles, tailpipe and smokestack emissions, leaks from oil and gas operations, wood burning stoves, and biogenic emissions. Currently, each of several key pollutants is measured at only a single location in the valley. The high cost of purchase, maintenance and data collection with the existing EPA-approved monitors makes it financially prohibitive to increase their numbers. CCA’s project is intended to supplement existing air quality data with additional locations and gasses. When combined with air flow modeling, the combined data sets will make it easier to identify sources. Wicked Device, LLC, manufactures the air quality sensors, called Air Quality Eggs, used in the project. Data from the eggs will gradually become available at By the end of the year, the pollutants monitored will include carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, PM 2.5, and VOCs.
Implications of Financial Ratios by Cindy Beck ; Updated July 27, 2017 Ratio analysis provides indications of liquidity and profitability. Financial ratios provide quick clues about the health of a company. Do not look at ratios in isolation, however. Comparison of a company’s ratios over time is crucial to gauging its prospects. It is also vital to look at ratios averages for companies in similar industries. Business news media provide ratio data and industry averages. Ratio analysis is an effective tool for selecting stocks to study further. Before investing money, conduct a thorough examination of a company’s financial statements. Also, read the notes to the financial statements, which provide supplementary information needed for sound investment decisions. Ratios that provide a picture of a company’s cash compared to its debt indicate whether the company is financially sound. The quick and current ratios are two examples. To compute the quick ratio, first add cash and cash equivalents, such as stocks or bonds. Then divide this number by current liabilities, defined as liabilities due within one year. If the result is greater than one, this ratio implies that the company has adequate cash to pay its bills. Compute the current ratio in the same way, but add inventory to the asset amount. Investors should also examine ratios for long- term debt. Long- term liabilities extend beyond the one-year period used for current liabilities. The debt-to-assets ratio is a basic ratio that provides a snapshot of a company’s indebtedness. Calculate it by dividing total assets by total liabilities. If the result is greater than one, this ratio indicates a company has a positive net worth. Video of the Day Brought to you by Sapling Brought to you by Sapling Earnings per share, or EPS, is a well-known financial ratio. Companies typically report earnings per share quarterly and annually. To compute earnings per share, divide the earnings for the reporting period by the number of shares of stock the company has issued. A company may have several EPS ratios. If the company has issued bonds or other securities that could be converted to stock, investors should also look at fully diluted EPS. Compute fully diluted EPS using the total potential number of shares outstanding. Profit ratios are calculated on a before- and after-tax basis. Calculate the gross profit ratio by subtracting the cost of goods sold from sales, and then dividing this number by sales. Tracking the gross profit ratio over several reporting periods can alert investors to profitability concerns. For example, lower gross profit ratios could indicate price increases for raw materials, or conversely, that sales prices are decreasing. Perform further analysis before investing to determine if profit ratios indicate problems for the company’s profitability outlook. About the Author Photo Credits • Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images
Planning expert Jim Johnsone concludes his series looking at what should be considered in the design and planning of our new homes. EVERYONE benefits from well-designed buildings, spaces and places. The built environment contributes a great deal to our quality of life and economic success, and delivers enormous value to society. Yet we often take it for granted without appreciating its effect on our daily lives. The Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment – CABE – and the Home Builders’ Federation combined to produce Building for Life, which poses 20 questions to help define whether new housing has achieved quality design. This week we will look at the impact of “design and construction” and “environment and community”. Design and construction THE design of individual homes and entire neighbourhoods should be based on an understanding of the way an area looks and works. Successful places have character, variety and identity. New housing should promote or reinforce local distinctiveness without stifling innovation. The best schemes create original architecture for that site. Development should be able to provide some public open space. If it’s a well-designed children’s play space or an amenity area, it can bring economic, social, environmental and cultural benefits. Well-designed lighting, street furniture, careful detailing and attractive planting can improve the quality of public open space. Generous space, good natural light, energy efficiency and good sound insulation can greatly improve the popularity of a home and the quality of life for the people who live in it. Good space standards are needed to ensure that homes can be adapted to changing lifestyle demands. Good sound insulation is essential, especially where houses are close together. Advanced building technology can help improve quality and reduce defects in construction and improve the environmental performance of a home. Housing should be able to respond to changing social, technological and economic conditions. A downstairs toilet, wider doorways, level entrances and the potential to be extended backwards or upwards, or to alter internally for open-plan living between rooms and the potential for a conservatory to be added, are all assets. Environment and community IN 2004, 26% of households in Britain did not have access to a car. Proximity to public transport is, therefore, essential for those households. It is also necessary to reduce the number of car journeys. For smaller developments, public transport connections within a 400 metre radius or five minute walk will be sufficient. Climate change dictates that building for sustainability is taking on an increasing importance. Developments should use alternative and renewable energy sources, promote recycling, use sustainable drainage systems; reduce construction waste, prioritise brownfield development and increase biodiversity. Mixed-income communities can be created, by having a mix of owner occupied, shared-ownership and rented properties. Mix creates a more balanced community. Layouts should aim to reduce tensions between families, older people and students, for example, by considering the different activities of these groups and maintaining privacy between them. Appropriate community facilities and services such as open spaces, creches, day-care and health services and pubs are important features in new housing developments. And a key factor is consulting the community, to help to ensure that plans reflect community needs and aspirations. Jim Johnsone is a North East representative for the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. He can be contacted on For further information, go to and Building for Life criteria Does the scheme feel like a place with a distinctive character? Do buildings exhibit architectural quality? Are streets defined by a well-structured building layout? Do the buildings and layout make it easy to find your way around? Does the scheme exploit existing buildings, landscape or topography? Roads, parking and pedestrianisation Does the building layout take priority over the roads and car parking, so that the highways do not dominate? Are the streets pedestrian, cycle and vehicle friendly? Is the car parking well integrated and situated so it supports the street scene? Does the scheme integrate with existing roads, paths and surrounding development? Are public spaces and pedestrian routes overlooked and do they feel safe? Design and construction Is the design specific to the scheme? Is public space well designed? Do buildings or spaces outperform statutory minima, such as Building Regulations? Has the scheme made use of advances in construction or technology that enhance its performance and quality ? Do internal spaces and layout allow for adaptation, conversion or extension? Environment and community Does the development have easy access to public transport? Does the development have features that reduce its environmental impact? Is there a tenure mix that reflects the needs of the local community? Is there an accommodation mix that reflects the needs of the local community? Does the development provide community facilities, such as a school, parks, shops, pubs or cafes?
What To Know About Bad Sunburn and Wrinkles on the Face? Sunburn Wrinkles What are Bad Sunburn and Wrinkles on the Face? Erythema, better known as sunburn, is the most obvious sign of UV exposure. When a person gets bad sunburn on their face, the damaged skin becomes red, dry and often feels tight. The sunburn will peel as it begins to heal. Sunburn is actually a form of short-term skin damage. Extremely bad sunburns can cause temporary wrinkling and sagging of the skin. The reason people sunburn is because their immune system increases* blood flow in response to damaged cells in the epidermis. The increased blood flow is why your skin turns red. A signal is sent to the brain telling it that the affected skin is painful and burning. Sunburned patients also complain of feeling a continuous heat in the affected areas. What are the Different Types of Sunburn? There are different stages of sunburn. Like with any burn, there are varying degrees. • Stage 1: Skin becomes golden during the first stage. During this stage, your skin may adapt itself to the UV exposure by thickening and darkening. During this stage, your skin is tanning. • Stage 2: During this stage, your skin starts to redden. Some people do not notice this at first. Skin will be sensitive to the touch. • Stage 3: Red skin darkens or may become a purplish red color. This stage of sunburn is painful. Skin becomes swollen and sore. Color will be quite vivid in comparison with your other skin. • Stage 4: This is the final stage of sunburn. The damaged skin forms blisters and starts to peel. Skin is painful to the touch and even when it is not being touched. Depending on the severity of the burn, you may need to seek medical attention. People also ask What is the difference between fine lines and wrinkles? Why do we have wrinkles? What is stemuderm? Do wrinkle creams really work What is the main ingredient in Instantly Ageless? What is Hydra Claire Cream? What is the best wrinkle repair cream? What is the #1 cause of wrinkles? Does Sunburn Cause Wrinkles? In a sense, sunburn can cause wrinkles. With severe sunburn, wrinkles are only temporary, however, since your skin is being exposed to the harmful rays of the sun, you are damaging your skin, which will also accelerate the aging process. It is important to know that you can also damage your skin by using a tanning bed. You can also get sunburned while using a tanning bed. The more sun you get, the more likely you are to develop wrinkles and cancer. Are Sunburn Wrinkles Permanent? Aloe-Vera For Sunburn Wrinkles Sunburn wrinkles are typically not permanent, but they are a sign that your skin is in a great deal of distress. Sunburns dry out your skin, so keep your skin well-moisturized. Aloe Vera gel can help reduce* discomfort levels of sunburn. You should also use a gentle moisturizer. Some lotions contain Aloe Vera. Plexaderm Review supports to overcome wrinkles and crow’s feet as well as making your damage skin firmer and smoother around the eyes. Some doctors recommend Noxema, which will not only moisturize the skin, but also provide cooling relief. Wrinkles should fade when the sunburn heals. To avoid sunburn, wear SPF 15 or higher and reapply ever two hours. What are the Signs and Symptoms of Sunburn? Sunburned skin starts to become red at first. This often goes unnoticed at first. The redder it becomes, the more painful it is and eventually skin will start to peel and could ultimately blister. Once someone has sunburn, the skin may continue feeling heated, even when the person is no longer in the sun. Sunburns itch as they heel and the damaged area will peel from the burn. Treatment is dependent on what stage of sunburn you have. What are the Symptoms of Severe Sunburn (Sun Poisoning)? According to WebMD, severe sunburn is called sun poisoning. It does not actually mean that the person has been poisoned. It occurs when ultraviolet radiation inflames the skin. Most people don’t realize this, but you can get sunburned within 15 minutes of continuous sun exposure. Redness and discomfort sometimes takes hours to show. People who spend a good amount of time in the sun without protection can become severely burned. Sun poisoning causes skin redness and blistering, pain and tingling, swelling, headache, fever and chills, nausea, dizziness and dehydration. What is the Treatment for Sunburn? There are several things you can do to treat* your skin after sunburn. The first and most obvious move is to get out of the sun. Taking a cool (not cold) shower or bath and/or applying cool compresses can provide some amount of relief. Since you are likely to be dehydrated, you should also drink additional liquids (preferably water) throughout the day. Over-the-counter pain relievers can help ease the pain. Aloe gel and moisturizers will also help. Be sure to completely cover sunburned areas when going outside in the future throughout the healing process. External application of Bellaire Skin may also help you to protect from sun damage & gives wrinkle-free skin. Sunburn Wrinkles Info What are Experts Saying? Sunburns can be serious, although many people laugh them off. Your skin is damaged and it is burned. If you have any of the following symptoms, you should seek medical attention immediately. One sign of severe sunburn is when your skin forms blisters or if it becomes extremely painful. Facial swelling and fever and chills is also serious. If you have an upset stomach, headache, confusion, faintness or are showing other signs of dehydration, you should see your doctor immediately. Home Remedies for Sunburn Add baking soda to bathwater for additional relief. Oatmeal powder is another option. You can also create your own cool compress by soaking a washcloth in cool water and directly applying it to the affected areas. Finally, wash two potatoes, cut them into small chunks and blend them until they are in liquid form. If they look dry, add water. Pat burned areas with the pulverized potato mixture and allow to dry. To remove*, take a cool shower. You can also peep into Jeunesse Instantly Ageless Review, which may help you to overcome fine lines & wrinkles. Permalink to this article: Reprinting this article: Non-commercial use OK, cite ConsumerHealthDigest.com with clickable link. Contributor : Aneeca Younas (Consumer Health Digest) This Article Has Been Published on October 30, 2013 and Last Modified on August 28, 2018 View All
Long Term No-Till Case Study Geen reacties op Long Term No-Till Case Study This family run farm is the pioneer of no-tillage farming in the Parana state in Brazil. The Uemura family started with soybean cultivation applying conventional farming methods. However, they realised that the yield was decreasing due to soil erosion while the cost for agricultural inputs were rising, making farming in there area more unfeasible. Because of this they decided to implement the no-tillage system in the late of 1970. The initial challenges were based around a lack of the proper equipment, however they were able to reach stable production after the soil biological processes were restored. This farm has implemented EM technology on their farm for the past 3 years with the goal of finding an alternative to fight disease and improve the soil to withstand the variable weather in the region. Business Overview Farm Scale: 2000 ha Products: Wheat, soybeans, beans, corn Production: Wheat crops average 4.5 tonnes/ha Workforce: 9 Staff The major problems on the farm are: • White mold – most critical disease • Resistance against herbicides and insecticides which cause a decrease in production and increase costs • Variable weather including a very dry winter with almost no rain in 2016 followed by extreme rain in 2017 • High expenses in agricultural inputs EM Application • They use EM on rotation crops of wheat, soybean, bean and corn alternating crops per season. • Usually, they apply EM directly to soil. • After harvest, they leave crop residues on the land to protect the soil from the rain and then, before planting, they spray EM again to promote decomposition process. • In order to maximise the effect of EM, the distribute the dosage throughout the crop season in a little and often approach. Applications rate: • 1st Year: (2015) 80L/ha • 2nd Year: (2016) 60L/ha Effects and Results 1. During winter of 2016 they did not have much rain so neighboring farmers had production decreases and poor quality crops. However, Mr. Uemura’s wheat had the same production and high quality of previous years 2. Mr. Uemura won a competition for best quality wheat in the region. 3. Wheat grows homogeneously. 4. Better root growth, as a result, improved establishment of plants into the soil, preventing them from getting washed away in rainy season. 5. Improved growth has helped plants to be resistant against drought and disease. 6. Using EM Technology in soil, promoted soil recovery and loosened soil structure. 7. Using EM, grains grow larger, are more densely packed, and heavier, so they are sold at a premium price on the market Bron: https://www.emnz.com/article/no-till 8 of the most powerful probiotic-rich foods (that aren’t yogurt) Many foods are beneficial for the gut, but some reign supreme in terms of their abundance of live microorganisms. Eating foods rich in probiotic microorganisms can help your digestive system function more efficiently and may contribute to a healthier immune system, along with many other health benefits. Chances are, yogurt is the first food that comes to mind when you think of probiotics. While it certainly is an amazing source of good bacteria, it’s not the only one! There are a wide variety of other fermented, probiotic foods you can include in your diet to get the gut-boosting benefits you seek. Kefir is a cultured beverage similar to yogurt, but it’s thinner and drinkable. It can be made from many types of dairy or non-dairy milk, including cow, goat, sheep, or coconut. Unlike yogurt, which is fermented using heat, kefir is fermented at room temperature. Kefir is made by adding “kefir grains,” a microbial symbiotic mixture of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria, to milk. Kefir has a slightly acidic and tart flavor, and is full of helpful microbes; it can contain anywhere from 10 to 34 strains of probiotics and beneficial yeasts. Kimchi is a traditional Korean dish of pickled vegetables, most commonly a mix of napa cabbage and Korean radishes and sometimes other veggies and spices. Kimchi is made by lacto-fermentation, a preservation process in which food is fermented by beneficial Lactobacillus bacteria. First, the vegetables are soaked in a salty brine that kills off any harmful bacteria. Then, the probioticLactobacillus bacteria convert sugars in the vegetables into lactic acid – preserving them, increasing their shelf-life, and giving them that tangy flavor that people love. Kimchi is regarded as a rich source of beneficial bacteria. In fact, one of the bacterial species found in kimchi is named after it: Lactobacillus kimchii. Like kimchi, sauerkraut is also shredded cabbage that has been fermented by lactic acid. Sauerkraut, however, usually ferments at a higher temperature than kimchi, resulting in a higher concentration of lactic acid bacteria and a bit of a tangier flavor. When you’re shopping for this delicious veggie at your local market, look for fresh sauerkraut in the refrigerated section. If the kraut has undergone pasteurization, all bacteria strains have been killed – even the probiotic ones. Like kimchi, sauerkraut and other fermented veggies contain several bacteria of the Lactobacillus genus, such as Lactobacillus plantarumL. pentosusL. brevisL. acidophilusL. fermentumLeuconostoc fallax, and L. mesenteroides. Kombucha has recently become very popular in health-food scene as both a delicious and probiotic-packed beverage. Kombucha is a fermented tea, and most types also include the addition of a little sugar or fruit juice. Think of kombucha as a fizzy, healthier alternative to soda, as it has far fewer calories and less added sugar. Kombucha is created through fermentation with what is known as a “SCOBY,” which is a symbiotic colony of bacteria and yeast. During the fermentation process, kombucha obtains a small amount of alcohol, so consult with your doctor about whether it’s safe for you to drink during pregnancy. It’s easy to forget that these beloved, salty snacks are one of the most commonly eaten and widely fermented foods in the world. In addition to their antioxidant properties and healthy unsaturated fats, olives also give you a burst of beneficial bacteria. After olives are placed in brine, Lactobacillus bacteria cause them to ferment. After the fermentation process, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus pentosus are the predominant species of probiotic bacteria found in olives. Miso, a staple of Japanese cuisine, is yet another probiotic powerhouse. It is made from soybeans, water, and koji (cooked grains or soybeans inoculated with a mold, Aspergillus oryzae, which begins the fermentation process). As the koji enzymes break down the soybeans, the simple sugars created become fodder for bacteria such as Pediococcus halophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii. These bacteria break down the sugar into lactic acids that contribute to the flavor of the miso. There are many varieties of miso, and each variety uniquely reflects the microorganisms native to the area in which it is made. This gives the miso an individualized flavor and sometimes a unique appearance. Depending on the type of miso, the aging process may range between two months and three years. Before you go off to make your own miso soup, there is one important thing to note: the probiotic bacteria in miso can be killed at high heat. You can avoid destroying the beneficial bacteria by adding miso to foods when their temperatures are below boiling. Coconut yogurt Bron: https://ubiome.com/blog/post/8-powerful-probiotic-rich-foods-arent-yogurt/ Nitraten in bewerkt vlees oorzaak van manisch gedrag Het eten van veel bewerkt vlees (=vleeswaren) is al in verband gebracht met kanker. Maar nu blijkt dit ook oorzaak te zijn van manisch gedrag: stemmingsstoornissen, gekenmerkt door hyperactiviteit, euforie en slapeloosheid. Deze stemmingswisselingen zijn bekend van ‘bipolaire stoornis’ (psychiatrische stoornis), waar ze afwisselen met periodes van depressie. En ze kunnen ernstig zijn omdat tijdens een ‘manische episode’ de persoon het contact met de werkelijkheid verliest, onmogelijke dingen start, maar nooit afwerkt, veel geld gaat uitgeven, enz… Onderzoekers (John Hopkins universiteit, VS) ontdekten dit verband na screening van ruim duizend mensen, waarbij ze merkten dat diegenen die veel bewerkt vlees aten, een 3,5 maal hoger risico liepen op een psychiatrische stoornis. Via onderzoek bij ratten kwamen ze tot de conclusie dat de nitraten in bewerkt vlees de boosdoener zijn, omdat ze de darmflora veranderen, en dit beïnvloedt ook de hersenen. En dit verklaart waarom mensen met bipolaire stoornis merkelijk verbeteren met probiotica Bron: https://www.abcgezondheid.be/nl/news/nitraten_in_bewerkt_vlees_oorzaak_van_manisch_gedrag/ Local composting gets a fillip Geen reacties op Local composting gets a fillip dit artikel kwamen tegen, uit het archief van de Hindu (21-12-2017): Facilities to be opened in Avadi, Thiruverkadu and Poonamallee replicating Tiruchi and Vellore models By February, a portion of the bio-degradable waste generated at Avadi, Thiruverkadu and Poonamallee municipalities may not reach the dump yards. As part of an effort towards decentralised solid waste management, the Commissionerate of Municipal Administration (CMA) is opening micro-compost processing centres in these local bodies. Transportation and finding space for dumping the garbage are major challenges faced by these local bodies now. To find a solution, the CMA plans to set up 33 decentralised compost processing plants. Each centre would have the capacity to convert 4 tonnes of bio-degradable waste into manure and would be operational by February. The CMA had recently signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, which would fund the ₹10.96 crore project under its corporate social responsibility initiative. CMA officials said while 17 centres would come up, the remaining plants would be operated in Poonamallee and Thiruverkadu following the success of the initiative in Tiruchi and Vellore. While welcoming the project, residents of Avadi said the local body must put an end to the erratic collection and transportation of garbage. Besides launching a helpline to register complaints, the municipalities must ensure that these are not short-lived projects, they said. At Avadi, the sanitary workers were allowed to collect non-biodegradable waste on Wednesdays and sell the recyclable waste. Nearly 25 tonnes of the 140 tonnes of garbage generated was prevented from going to the dump yard, officials said. “These compost processing plants will be located about two km from the collection points in 28 wards and reduce the garbage by one-third of its actual volume. We plan to use the effective microbes (EM) solution to convert waste into manure. As of now, there are plans to use the manure in municipality parks and also provide it to residents free of cost,” said an official. Besides aiming at reducing the volume transported to the dump yard, the initiative also aims at lowering transportation cost and reclaiming a 15-acre space in Sekkadu now serving as a dump yard and putting it to better use. At present, the collected waste is being dumped at transit points from where it is removed to dump yard. “We plan to use battery-operated vehicles to transport collected waste to the facility. In the long run, user charges may be levied,” said an official of the Avadi municipality. BRON: https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/local-composting-gets-a-fillip/article22105695.ece Volgend jaar tóch EM bessenpluk festijn! Geen reacties op Volgend jaar tóch EM bessenpluk festijn! In de uitnodiging van juli dit jaar hebben we aangekondigd dat we er een tweede EM Bessenpluk zou komen in de nazomer, zoals u dat van ons gewend bent. Helaas hebben we dit vanwege de aanhoudende droogte niet kunnen doen. De irrigatie was niet opgewassen tegen de droogte, waardoor de meer dan 5000 blauwe bessen struiken zijn verdord. Er waren slechts enkele bramen die weerstand wisten te bieden tegen deze aanhoudende droogte. Het leek erop dat dit deze nazomer EM Bessenpluk de laatste zou zijn, vanwege een onoverkomelijke pachtverhoging van het land waar de EM Weldaadbessen gaarde zich op bevindt. Maar we hebben goed nieuws! Auke Vonk heeft met zekerheid kunnen zeggen dat er volgend jaar toch nog een EM Bessenpluk komt! Het is zelfs goed mogelijk dat de Weldaadbessen gaarde zal blijven bestaan. Het wordt dan een reintegratieproject waar de familie Vonk nog wel zal helpen het land te voorzien van EM en de bijen. Ondanks de gemiste nazomer Bessenpluk zijn we erg blij dit heugelijke nieuws te brengen! We zien jullie graag volgend jaar weer in Wilhelminaoord! There are more microbial species on Earth than stars in the galaxy Jay T Lennon , is professor of biology at Indiana University, Bloomington. Kenneth J Locey, is a faculty member at Diné College, of the Navajo Nation, in Arizona. Edited by Pam Weintraub Bron: https://aeon.co/ideas/there-are-more-microbial-species-on-earth-than-stars-in-the-sky
Can therapy help survivors overcome the horrors of the war in Syria? M sat for hours, waiting until the other women had finished telling their stories. When they had all left, she began to tell hers. “We could hear the cries of the women in the room next door. They would shout and shout! I remember that the interrogations were held in Room Number Two. We would hear the women in that room shouting: ‘Oh my God, my God! They’re going to come and rape us.’ And I would say: ‘For the love of God, when are they going to let us get some rest?’”. As we sit in the now half-empty building, in Reyhanli close to the border with Syria, the young Syrian woman, aged 30, bursts into tears on recalling how she was tortured and raped day after day, in 2012, by the Fourth Armoured Division in Hama. She takes a deep breath and murmurs ‘Allah, Allah!’. She is one of over 76,000 people, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), who have received psychological support for sexual violence, in Turkey, since the start of the war in Syria in 2011. Around 64 per cent of them are women, the rest are men, and most of them are activists or related to members of the opposition. Around 90 per cent of this violence was carried out in the regime’s jails, according to Amnesty International, based on data from the Syrian Network for Human Rights, and a small percentage of radical opposition groups, such as the so-called Islamic State (IS) or Jabhat Al-Nusra, which is linked to Al-Qaeda. In March, the United Nations published a report based on the testimonies of 454 survivors and witnesses of the gender-based violence perpetrated largely by the Assad regime, in prisons, homes and at checkpoints, and, to a lesser extent, by opposition groups such as Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (formerly Jabhat Al-Nusra) and IS. The Chamber of Horrors pales in comparison with the details of the report: gang rapes, rape with objects, electric shocks on the genitals, childbirths that end in deaths, and bodies piled up in cells. According to the United Nations Human Rights Council, these atrocities constitute war crimes and crimes against humanity. In 2013, Women Under Siege published, during the early years of the conflict, statistics regarding these crimes against humanity: 83 per cent of women and 43 per cent of men were raped. The victims of gender-based violence, or the “survivors”, to use the therapeutic term, explain in clinical detail the torture and violations suffered, the days, the hours, the torture suffered by others. Every so often, one of them bursts into tears, and the others follow, stifling the sobs at first, then crying out loud. They are reliving a horror that seems to have no end. Some of them say they do not need therapy, that they are fine. But M has made several suicide attempts since she was released. “Sometimes I call my therapist and tell him I want to die. I have nightmares, panic attacks, sometimes I can’t breathe.” Having listened to the stories it is hard to imagine how their lives can be rebuilt. This is the task taken on by Jalal Nofal, a 55-year-old Syrian psychiatrist who was also imprisoned by the regime on four occasions until 2014. Nofal is now working in the border city of Gaziantep (in the south-west of Turkey) on a joint project led by Syrian civil society organisations and the Red Crescent, aimed at systematising access to psychosocial support for displaced Syrians. “The first thing I can say, is that we don’t have enough support for everyone,” says Nofal, who forged his skills as a psychiatrist between 2002 and 2007 in a UN team giving psychological support to the Iraqi refugees who were arriving from Syria at the time. Veiled therapies, to protect the survivors Providing psychological support in conservative Sunni areas is a huge challenge. Rape is considered to be a dishonour for the entire family. That is why the regime uses it as a weapon of war. Some of the NGOs providing support for women in opposition-controlled Idlib, in the north of Syria, have seen their premises destroyed by Salafist groups. Sources from these organisations explain how they have had to disguise their support services as sewing workshops, for instance, for safety reasons. Nofal approaches the victims indirectly. “We don’t have a specialised centre for men and women who have suffered rapes and torture, because it would be a stigma. No one would come to a specialised centre for former prisoners because it would imply they were weak. They always say they are fine. Our approach is confidential. People trust me because they know I also took part in the revolution and that their secrets are safe with me.” The victims present symptoms of depression, anxiety, somatic pain, withdrawal, paranoia and psychotic thoughts. “They think they are being spied on. They sometimes think I’m an intelligence agent when I approach them,” says the therapist. Nofal has trained around ten professionals to provide psychological support to the hundreds of survivors in Damascus, Hama, Latakia and southern Turkey. No distinction is made between rape and humiliation. “A man who is humiliated by soldiers in front of his wife and daughters, or a woman who is made to walk naked in front of her neighbours present the same symptoms as those who are raped.” The project on which Nofal is working combines psychological support and medication (antidepressants, antipsychotics, sleeping pills and vitamins), aimed at strengthening the victims’ psyche. “The first thing we have to do is to believe everything they say. We work with an approach that focuses on building resilience rather than on the traumas experienced. The trauma-informed approach sees people as victims, and that is very destructive. Under the resilience approach, they are seen as survivors. Survivors need to rebuild their strength, whilst victims always need more and more help,” explains Nofal. The questions in this type of therapy focus on the person’s bravery and strength rather than their suffering. “How did you overcome this, that and the other? What support did you have? When we talk about torture, we don’t talk about how the person suffered, but how they coped. You are not just a former prisoner or a person who has been raped, you are a man or a woman, and now you are free. But you have been affected by a traumatic experience.” In the case of physiologically inexplicable somatic pain, the therapists invite the survivors to express themselves verbally or emotionally, safe in the knowledge that they are in control, “because most of them feel they lost control of the situation as of the moment they were taken captive. Simply blindfolding people makes them feel they are no longer in control of the situation.” Although Islam condemns suicide, the rate is high amongst former captives. According to the data gathered by Women Under Siege until 2013, 40 women committed suicide out of the 204 women documented as having been raped. In Nofal’s experience, the suicide figures are lower but he has witnessed many cases of self-destructive behaviour such as heavy smoking, drug abuse, reckless behaviour and self-mutilation. “This sometimes manifests itself as ‘adventurous’ behaviour, such as taking up arms and joining the Free Syrian Army. They go because they want to die in battle.” Nofal explains that one of the signs that his patients have improved is that they gather the strength to go and start a new life in another country. Talking doesn’t help Part of the therapy is based on the same approach as that promoted by the Trauma Resource Institute of Claremont in California. Its executive director, Elaine Miller-Karas, is one of the creators of a model that has proved to be more effective in dealing with trauma than traditional therapy based on recollection and verbalisation. The daughter of a member of the US Navy, Miller-Karas has devoted 30 years of her working life to de-stigmatising and overcoming trauma. “A natural disaster is not a malicious attack on a fellow human being. But war and its atrocities are committed by human beings. Many Western approaches focus on the importance of retelling the story. But on doing so, the women often suffer severe biological reactions. Even though they’re safe now. It’s the ongoing horror of post-traumatic stress wounds.” Her Trauma Resiliency Model (TRM) has been used with the victims of conflicts and disasters in countries such as the US, Tanzania, South Africa, Nepal, China, Ukraine, Northern Ireland, Mexico, Rwanda, Darfur, Congo and Turkey, and on the border with Syria. Miller-Karas says the aim is to grow, which is why they identify community leaders and provide them with training in their Community Resiliency Model (CRM). The model is based on understanding how the nervous system responds, and particularly the amygdala, in cases of sustained stress and attack. “The survival brain continues to respond as if there were no end to the trauma. “When you learn to read your nervous system and the difference between feelings of anxiety and wellbeing, you open yourself up to a whole world of decisions. These skills can be used to direct your attention to a part of the body that is not stressed, in such a way that our prefrontal cortex takes back control, we come back to the present and we feel safe,” explains Miller-Karas, who prefers to speak of wellbeing skills rather than therapy. Similar therapies such as Somatic Experiencing or Sensorimotor Psychotherapy are based on the same approach. According to the research of the TRI, a 75 per cent reduction was seen in the negative symptoms suffered by war veterans. Both Nofal and Miller-Karas describe recovery in the same terms: a reduction in anxiety and hostility, better sleep, less anguish and greater wellbeing. Nofal recalls the case of one of his patients from Homs who lost a daughter in the war. She was depressed, anxious and he referred her to the psychosocial support services, for two to three months, in Gaziantep. “She worked so hard to get better. Now she is working and has become a great support for the rest of the community. Psychotherapy worked so well in her case. She is so resilient. I am very proud of her.” This article has been translated from Spanish.
The History of Skydiving The History of Skydiving Published: May 11, 2018 So you're considering trying out skydiving. You may wonder: how did it all start? What is the history of skydiving? Who invented skydiving? And who was the first person to ever skydive? Read on and wonder no more! What Is The History of Skydiving? Origin stories are captivating, and our wondering minds like to be satisfied by the backstory of how certain things began and came to be. Most histories are found in the dry pages of books, soft with a layer of aged dust. As an evolving sport, the history of skydiving is really a more active story - one that is still being written. No one person invented skydiving with a conscious purpose. Rather, it manifested in many forms across Europe and Asia. Who Invented Skydiving? In 90 BC, the Chinese historian Sima Qian reported the first recorded use of a "parachute" as taking place in the 23rd century BC. The young destined-to-be emperor Shun was lured to the roof of a seven story grain silo by his power-hungry stepbrother Xiang. Xiang set fire to the granary, leaving Shun trapped at the top. The saying of "necessity is the mother of invention" was proven true as the flames licked ever closer. Shun noticed that the day was particularly windy, fashioned a "parachute" out of his clothing and bamboo hat, took a leap - and safely descended to the ground below. This first idea of increasing air resistance to reduce falling speed is one that appears again a bit later in Europe. The "parachute" shows up around 1470 with a design from Italian architect Francesco di Giorgio Martini for a conical parachute. Leonardo da Vinci later used di Giorgio's model when he began to develop his version of a parachute. So, now that we have established where the design came from - who was the first person to actually put something like this to use for pleasure rather than necessity? Who Was The First Person To Skydive? To tell the story of the first person to actually make a skydive, we have to country hop to France and introduce a man named Andre-Jacques Garnerin. In the 18th century, ballooning began to grow in popularity. Monsieur Garnerin figured out just what a spectacle of aviation aerial stunts could be, and began devising a means to safely descend from the balloon to the ground with the use of a parachute. It was a mesmerizing aerial act, and people loved it. Garnerin's dramatic display is a close relative of the sport skydiving we enjoy today. Curious who the first woman was to attempt a skydive? Read all about Tiny Broadwick and other famous female skydivers. From Balloons to Military to Sport As technology developed and borders expanded, various militaries around the world realized parachuting was an effective means of getting behind enemy lines to deliver supplies and soldiers. The parachutes being used for these exploits in the 1900s were safer than those rigid glider types utilized back in the day in France. For starters, they were fabric and flexible. Not to mention - they were deployed after a clean exit from an aircraft rather than a bulky mess of sail you were trying to wrangle out of a balloon. After WWII, the soldiers who were part of those paratrooper insertions into foreign territories, weren't ready or willing to give up the freedom and rush they felt from parachuting. Here is where hobby parachuting begins to gain traction. You see - these men realized something about skydiving: It is a way for man to satisfy the need to expand into his/her surroundings. As a species, humans are uniquely equipped to thrive in many environments. While most other species are relegated to either land, sea or sky almost exclusively, we are able to dabble in all three. For men and women - then and now - skydiving is an expression of freedom. Why not honor the colorful history of skydiving AND your forefathers by stepping into their shoes and booking your tandem jump today? From everyone at the main office to our jump masters, it was an incredible and professional experience. I would reccomend this place to anyone looking to skydive in the area. Amazing! » Alex Williams \| Read More Testimonials Book Your Skydive!
QS Study Nucleotide: A nucleotide is formed when one molecule of nucleoside unites with one molecule of phosphate. Adenosine monophosphatc is united with a phosphate to form an adenosine diphosphate. Again, an adenosine diphosphate being united with one molecule phosphate to form one molecule of adesine triphosphate. Guanosine tri phosphate (GMP, GNIP+P- GDP, GDP+P- GTP) Cytidine tri-phosphate (CMP, CMP+P- CDP, CDP+P- CTP) Functions of Nucleotide: 1. it creates the main frame work of DNA and RNA. 2. It plays the key role in protein synthesis, intermediate metabolism, respiration and phospholipids synthesis.
Revolutionary Fashion American vs British Uniforms (British) The British wore a red coat (hence the nickname red coats) and a white under shirt, also white pants and a white sash. These were the uniforms that were used specifically for the British soldiers. Uniforms (Americans) The Americans wore more of a stylish uniform, including: a red and blue jacket with two white sashes in an x shape, and all white clothing underneath. Big image American vs British General War attire Women of the revolutionary war The women's fashion Women mainly wore large corsets, and big dresses. They looked very lady like, with large wigs and a lot of makeup. Women's dresses were very extravagant Why were the uniforms made in this fashion? According to the dressing styles of 18th century clothing, the uniforms were made according to these styles. The coats and shirts and even their shoes and hats were all the same, and following the proper dressing code of the 18tg century. Without such clothing, a man would be considered naked. What was the style in the 18th century? The styles mainly included these components: (without some of these, a man would be considered naked) Kneck coverings, Knee breeches, Coats and jackets, Great coats and surrots, Stockings and socks, And shoes.
Murphy's Law: December 1, 2003 The U.S. Air Force's new enthusiasm for using UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) had created some unwanted side effects. First, there was the problem getting pilots to willingly serve as ground based controllers for the UAVs. Fighter and freighter pilots saw this as a demotion, even though the air force continued to provide flight pay and promises of real flying assignments after two years of driving UAVs. Pilots also complained that it was actually more difficult to fly a UAV because they could not "feel" what was going on. There was also a debate over the wisdom of using pilots at all, when it was pointed out that enlisted troops could do this, and do it cheaper (they were paid less) and probably better (because many of these young guys had spent years playing video games.) For the moment, officer pilots, who cost millions of dollars to train to fly occupied aircraft, will continue to be used. But now there's another problem; too much data coming from the UAV sensors. Much of the data is video, and users want to see this in real time and use it immediately. But what causes the air force problems is the other types of data that requires people to analyze it and determine if there is anything worth passing on. Hundreds of UAVs, which can stay in the air for 12-24 hours at a time, provide a lot more data on enemy electronic transmissions, or detailed photos of enemy territory. Even before UAVs came along, more capable recon satellites and sensors on manned reconnaissance aircraft were producing more data than could be examined, especially in a timely fashion. One solution proposed is to use more software to examine the data, and let the user decide which is relevant and which is not. This approach would lead to some things being missed, as an experienced human analyst has, so far, proved more capable than software in digging out meaningful information from high resolution photos or masses of electronic data. The air force does not have enough analysts to handle the flood, and is unlikely to get enough money to hire thousands of additional analysts. As a result, the growing number of UAVs is going to change the way intelligence data is analyzed, who gets it, and when. Article Archive Help Keep Us Flying! Subscribe Contribute Close
Technical > Clearing Cookies and Cache > Why clear cookies and cache? Your browsers retain information such as usernames or passwords when you login to your emails or Facebook, using cookies and cache. Over time this could cause problems when trying to load or log into a website. Your privacy will be more secure, and your browser will work more efficiently if you clear your cache and cookies on a regular basis. What is Cache? It’s a part of a computer's memory that temporarily stores data, enabling your websites to load more quickly. What are Cookies? Cookies are small files on your computer that store information about your activities on the websites you’re visiting. Last updated on February 14, 2018 by FCC AgExpert
The origins of the number zero Numbers play a major part in pretty much everything we do these days. Even if you aren’t a fan of maths, or you work a job that is more creative, numbers still play a part. Our lifestyles and economies all revolve around numbers, and we use them every day. When we pay for something, tell the time, or load up our computers, we are using numbers, even if it’s indirectly. And we all know that numbers play a massive part in cultures and customs. Consider the superstitions behind the number ‘8’ in Chinese culture, or the Biblical reference of the number ‘7’ in Western and Christian cultures. There are a lot of origins to numbers, and meanings behind those origins. Today we’re going to look at the number zero, and the origins behind it. It may be more interesting than you once thought… The history There are many civilizations that could be credited with the use of the first zero. Indeed, the Babylonians had a symbol that denoted the concept of nothing. The Ancient Greeks had nothing, while it is believed that the Chinese had a 0 in 690 AD. But, it is the Indians who are considered to have produced the oldest known use of the number zero. Indeed, a Bakhshali manuscript, dated around 224 and 383 AD are thought to include the oldest known use of the number zero. Debate rages In spite of this discovery, there are some who claim that the first ever zero should not be credited to the Indians necessarily. The reason behind this way of thinking is that, at the time, there was a lot of trade going on with the Arabic Empire, and, as such, the number could have originated from anywhere. However, there are plenty of scholars and historians who feel comfortable crediting this to India. This discovery changed the world and became the cornerstone of mathematics. Heading West Over the next few centuries, the usage of the number zero became significantly more widespread. China and the Middle East adopted it and began to implement it into their number systems. When the Moors conquered Spain, the number zero found its way to European shores, and by the 1600s, it was widely used throughout Europe. People like Isaac Newton made great use of the number zero in his work, specifically for the development of modern calculus. Of course, this had a massive impact on many of the amazing industries we have today. Zero was (and still is) instrumental in the fields of science, engineering, computers, economics, and the financial world. There is absolutely no doubt that the number zero has irrevocably changed our world, and had a huge bearing on the economy and industry of the world. Without it, we would not have had many of the advancements we do, and the world would not have progressed as much as it has. It’s plain to see that zero is perhaps the most important number in the world, and arguably the single greatest discovery of all time. Who knew that little 0 meant so much?
Because of his "heretical" teachings, which threatened the Catholic Church's power, Galileo was brought before a church court, called the Inquisition. These Inquisitions were infamous for their lack of interest in searching for the truth and their propensity to resort to torture to extract confessions. Fortunately, Galileo had been so deeply respected for his great mind that he managed to retain some friends in the Catholic Church. Although he could easily have been put into prison, or burned at the stake as many had been before him, his friends convinced the Inquisition to convert his sentence to life imprisonment in his own home.
Why Culture is Important A person can be easily identified because of his practices. One way to tell the nationality of a person is by checking out his cultural beliefs. Culture is anything that you do on a daily basis that describes you as a person. In short, it’s a way of life that is established on beliefs and values. It can be anything from religion, cuisine, to music. It’s always associated with a country or a group of people. The importance of culture was recognized since the early centuries. Our forefathers developed practices that would later on differentiate or define them from other societies. As a person, we have our own differences and similarities based on our culture. As Americans, we share the same practices and likes in music with the other Americans. The same thing goes with the people in the East. Japanese and Chinese somehow have similar cultures. Although they aren’t exactly the same, Japan and China have some similarities with their practices. They both use chop sticks while sharing almost the same type of music. This is why they are included in the Eastern culture. Culture is important because of many reasons. As a person, you have to live your social life to your advantage. It’s quite difficult for any person to succeed in life without sharing similarities with other people. In fact, a successful career can be elusive if you don’t know how to live within a culture. Serves as a Reminder Culture is essential as it serves as a reminder to us on where we are from. Without culture, it would be difficult to define a person’s roots. Individuals and groups of people will always remember their origins as long as they have culture. Anyone who’s happy about his culture will definitely love bringing it with him even if he goes abroad. Culture allows people to remember his country and practices even if he has been living in foreign lands. It doesn’t matter how long you’ve been to another country as long as you value your culture. Normally, it will allow you to trace back yourself to your roots. Any person who has forgotten things about his origin should look at his practices. Culture has many ways of reminding a person of his roots. Food and religion are the best reminders. People who are in other countries can still practice their usual habits by eating the same foods and going to a church of the same religion. It doesn’t really matter where you are as long as you still do your practices and beliefs. The same thing goes with social habits. You can still practice them with the people you know. It may look or feel quite awkward, but people will understand. It’s because it’s been your practice for a long period of time. After all, every one of us has his own social habits and practices. People who are in other countries will feel at home when they practice their culture. Isn’t it heart warming every time you hear people talking in your language? Normally, it makes people feel at home. The same thing is true with cuisine, music, arts, literature, and other common cultural practices. Overall, anything you do that is practiced in your culture serves as a reminder to who you are and where you are from. Doing so will make you value your origin regardless of your new location. Allows People to Live in Harmony People who live in a society with different practices and opinions would find it difficult to live peacefully. However, individuals or groups of people who share the similar views and practices in life can live in harmony. A peaceful community can only be attained if the people share the same practices and beliefs. One way to do so is to have one culture. If not, then there will be chaos all over the place. Culture allows people to live together and build their own community. Unlike with animals, humans need culture to help them prepare and live for group life. As mentioned above, it’s difficult for any person to live a solitary life. Aside from the fact that it’s quite difficult to become successful with your career, it’s important in regulating his conduct when it comes to living within a group of people. Without culture, it would even be difficult to live in harmony with your brothers and sisters. The mere fact that you can’t agree with something can cause problems within the family. According to research, culture plays an important role to the stability of a nation. Its religious belief and other common practices make it well-established. Without it, you can expect bickering and misunderstanding within the community. Keeps Social Relationship Intact Culture is also responsible for keeping social relationship intact. As mentioned above, it helps people live in harmony by means of developing the same practices. Aside from that, it also keeps the social relationship within the community intact. One way to keep it in place is by providing a number of checklists on which is allowed and which is not allowed in a community. One country has different checklists compared to another. Men and women should follow these lists in order to be accepted by the society. If not, then certain punishments will be given to those who do not follow the rules. Countries have set rules based on their own culture. These rules allow people to cooperate in a group. In doing so, group life becomes a lot easier especially if there are less disobedient individuals within the community. Rules are usually made based on the practices of a country. However, some make innovations when needed. Culture plays an important role in teaching individuals how to think, act, and live as a part of a large group of people. A good community can always be traced back to a solid culture. Any community that has a wavering culture will easily fade away and be gone easily in an instant. On the other hand, one that is established is difficult to dismantle. Any culture that has been strengthened can withstand anything that would plan to destroy the social relationship of its society. Makes Us Feel Accepted In case you’ve felt like an outcast if you’ve been living in another country, then this is what culture provides to its locals. Culture makes people feel welcome, loved, and united. It allows people to live together without confusion or bickering with each other. In addition, it prevents mutual interference which is somehow the root cause of misunderstandings. Culture should be valued not only for what it provides to the community, but also for what it prevents. As a person, we should value it as it is one of the discerning factors of who we are and how we live our lives. No matter where life brings us, we should always trace ourselves back to our roots. Doing so will give meaning to our life, especially if we are the type who value our history. Overall, culture is important for a person to live a harmonious, fun, and exciting life. There’s nothing more exciting than living your practices and beliefs. A culture also brings out the best in people, especially those who are required to mingle with a large group of individuals. Categories: Culture
Introducing Cartographica 1.4: Overlay Operations New to Cartographica 1.4 is the ability to perform Overlay Operations. Overlay Operations are useful in many contexts when working with spatial data as they make limiting or expanding datasets via spatial location simpler and more efficient. Below are descriptions of the various Overlay Operations that Cartographica has in place for version 1.4. Each serve a specific purpose that you may encounter while working with spatial data. Clip Function: Clips all target layers to the Clip layer. The Clip layer can be thought of as a cookie cutter. The boundary of the Clip layer is the outline of the cookie cutter. The Target Layer is the rolled out cookie batter. The output of the Clip function is a new layer that includes only the area that was contained within the boundary of the Clip layer. Erase Function: The Erase function works opposite of the Clip function. The idea with the cookie cutter is the same, except that rather than clipping a cookie from a large batter and then focusing on the cookie, it erases the cookie and focuses on what’s left of the batter. Intersection Function: The intersection function creates a new layer based on the intersection of multiple polygon layers. The intersection function is also commonly referred to as the "and" function. The intersection is the area where both polygon A "and" polygon B are located. The intersection function creates an empty layer when the polygons do not share common space (i.e. layers that are mutually exclusive).The output of the intersection function is a new layer that contains only the areas the fit the definition provided above. Union Function: The union function creates a new layer based on the combination of multiple polygon layers. The union function is commonly referred to as the "or" function. The union function can operate on polygons that are either mutually exclusive or non-mutually exclusive. In both cases the resulting layer will include all space occupied by both layers. Unlike the union operation in probability theory, the spatial union does not have to deal with issues of double counting non-mutually exclusive areas. The areas that overlap are simply added to the final layer. Difference Function: Creates a new layer that includes areas of two polygons that do not overlap. Areas that occur in both layers are not present in the resulting layer. The idea is that the non-overlapping areas are removed, not the polygons. Sometimes the area is just one polygon, but it might also be all of one polygon and parts of 2 others. Update Function: The update function updates a target layer with features found in another layer. For example, if you have a new and an old street file the new street file can be used to update the missing streets on the old street file. Identify: Identifies features in target layers with operation layer features. For example, the identify function can be used when one of two spatially identical layers is missing attribute data. The layer with attribute data (the operation layer) can be used to identify the unidentified features on the layer without attribute data (the target layer). To highlight a few of the new Overlay Operations we can use an example. In the example you will be using Cartographica’s new overlay functions to select features based on their spatial location. Download the Lexington Census Tracts and Urban Growth Boundary. Import the Lexington Census Tracts layer and the Lexington Urban Growth Boundary Layer by using File > Import Vector Data. The Urban Growth boundary layer is a feature unique to Lexington that represents a politically defined limit on urban sprawl. The main reason behind the boundary is to limit urban sprawl from encroaching on to Lexington’s valuable horse farms that surround the city. A key problem with this situation in Lexington is that the county that Lexington is within (Fayette County) is made up of distinctly rural and urban areas. In some cases this feature of Lexington and Fayette county presents problems when conducting various spatial and statistical analyses. As a result, you want to isolate urban and rural counties into separate layers. You can do this using Cartographica’s new Overlay Operations. Below is a map highlighting Lexington-Fayette County with the red-region representing the urban-growth area. All Areas outside of the red space are rural areas within the county. We want to create a new layer that contains only urban areas in the city by cutting out the rural parts of the census tract layer. To do this choose Tools > Perform Overlay Operation. To identify only the rural areas within Lexington you need to use the Clip Function. The Clip function clips all target layers to the operation layer. You can identify which layer is the target and operation layer within the Overlay Operation window. In this case the LandUse_Sector layer is the operation layer that will be used to clip out the rural census tracts. To select the Clip layer click and drag the LandUse_Sector layer to the Clip with box. Below is an example of the appropriate set up to perform the clip operation. After you set up the window like shown below click Perform. Below is an example of the map of urban areas within Lexington. Note that when the new clip layer is created it will be at the bottom of the layer stack. You need to move the layer to the top of the layer stack and check the box to view the layer’s features. The new layer contains all of the Census tracts that are within the urban growth boundary. This is advantageous because the urban and rural areas in Lexington are distinctly different and may be studied and and understood differently in specific contexts, which requires separate data layers. Now you want to create a new layer that contains only rural areas within Lexington by erasing the parts of Fayette County that are within the Urban Growhth Boundary. To do this choose Tools > Perform Overlay Operation. To create a new layer that contains only rural areas you need to use the Erase function. Use the LandUse_Sector (urban growth layer) as the erase layer and the Census tract layer as the target layer. When set up, click perform. Below is a map of the rural areas in Lexington. Like before, when the new erase layer is created it will be at the bottom of the layer stack. Move the layer to the top of the layer stack and change the layer styles so that it is more easily visible against the other layers. Notice that all of the census tracts that were within the Urban Growth Boundary are now removed from the new layer. View the map below for an example.
Do You Know How to Make Research? The Tips of How To Make Research Sometimes professors give academic tasks for students to write different types of essays. It means that the students should make a research and write an essay based on it. So, when students start writing their papers, they become researchers who construct their knowledge through reading, analyzing and making conclusions; but in most cases students face difficulties and some of them absolutely do not know how to make research.
Consciousness on-off switch discovered deep in brain We don’t yet know how consciousness really works, but we can do some very interesting things with it by interacting with the brain. For example, we can reliably make people unconscious with drugs. One of the drugs anesthesiologists use to put people under during surgery, propofol, synchronizes parts of the brain, making different areas fire at the same time. When administered for general anesthesia or sedation, the electroencephalogram (EEG) under propofol shows highly structured, rhythmic activity that is strongly associated with changes in the patient’s level of arousal. Another fascinating thing we can do is cause someone to feel they have left their body (triggering an out of body experience or OBE) by stimulating a certain area of the brain, specifically the temporoparietal junction. In neurologically normal subjects, Blanke and colleagues then showed that the conscious experience of the self and body being in the same location depends on multisensory integration in the TPJ. … after stimulus onset … healthy volunteers imagined themselves in the position and visual perspective that generally are reported by people experiencing spontaneous OBEs. Now there’s even evidence of a specific brain on/off switch for consciousness. The area was identified by the scientists who determined the structure of DNA. Consciousness seems to be the work of one part of the brain in integrating input from the others. If that area is disrupted, you’re gone. Mind blowing, right? The hidden key Awake but unconscious This article appeared in print under the headline “Consciousness – we hit its sweet spot” Here’s another thought. If the claustrum creates consciousness in the brain, we could reasonably suspect that other animals have consciousness. The claustrum is a thin, irregular, sheet of neurons that is attached to the underside of the neocortex in the center of the brain. It is suspected to be present in the brains of all mammals. … Consciousness, as people who meditate usually know, does not necessarily include language. Try stopping your internal dialogue for just five seconds. It’s not easy, but it can’t be done. (Hint: If you hear your inner voice saying “I’m doing it!” you’re not doing it.) When you do stop your internal dialogue, all of your senses still work. You are still conscious, and interestingly, you can still react to things. In fact, if you’ve ever accidentally dropped something and had your body respond with lightning speed to stop it from hitting the floor before you even had a chance to think about what just happened or what you should do, you’ll realize that language is not required for complex intelligent action. Stopping your internal dialogue is not a goal of meditation. Some people think it is, but the brain gets good at what it practices. Unless you want to blank out during conversations, stopping your is not productive to practice. Instead, practice letting your thoughts flow, observing them while keeping your focus (for example on your breath) and being present. Know yourself. Mindfulness is my recommendation for the best kind of meditation. It creates an internal objective observer. By observing how your thoughts react, by noticing your patterns, you can break habits and behave intelligently. Mindfulness meditation is called a practice because you never really get it. You get wiser, sure, but you don’t achieve an overall enlightenment. It’s a process, something you always work on. What do you think about when you hear that your brain has an on/off switch? Leave a comment. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Convert waste to energy with improved fuel efficiency Where extra power is the goal, the ETC system is a proven way to increase the total power output of a generator. Renewable power producers, using biogas (anaerobic digestion, landfill gas, wood gas etc) and liquid bio-fuels, can generate more power from the same renewable resources by converting waste to energy, something that is especially important in incentivised green power markets. Schnell Motoren AG significantly increased its market share by integrating ETC technology with the company’s dual-fuel CHP units. With ETC, the Schnell CHP unit achieved in excess of 48% electrical efficiency, enabling end-users to generate additional power and claim a higher feed-in tariff, which was triggered by genset efficiency performance of over 45%. In many countries around the world, the levels of incentives available for renewable energy make a compelling economic case for using ETC technology to generate additional energy from waste. Generator packagers serving renewable power sector customers with a higher efficiency genset with ETC technology, enable power producers and end-users to increase their revenues. The extra power from the ETC technology can also be used to achieve a higher power density from the same generator package, something that is highly valued by rental companies and others looking to reduce logistical and other operating costs. Net power increase with ETC technology on a Cummins KTA50-G3, with no change in fuelling from baseline: waste to energy case study See how a renewable power producer adopted ETC technology to enhance customer offering and competitive advantage.
Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Lentiginosis refers to groups of diseases marked by the presence of pigmented spots on the skin. These conditions are most commonly associated with multiple tumors and changes in hormone producing glands. The cause of these diseases is unknown, but researchers suggest there may be a level of inheritance involved in their development. Meaning to say that some of these diseases may "run in the family" and be passed down form generation to generation. Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) is a pituitary-independent, primary adrenal form of hypercortisolism characterized by; 1. Resistance to suppression by the drug dexamethasone 2. The body is unable to secrete cortisol in a normal rhythm 3. Distinct microscopic changes of both adrenal glands PPNAD can be associated with tumors (myxomas) of the skin, heart, breast, tumors (swannomas) of the nerve sheaths, pigmented spots (nevi and lentigines) of the skin, growth hormone (GH) producing tumors of the pituitary gland, and tumors of the testicles, ovaries, and thyroid gland. In the presence of these associations the condition is referred to as the Carney Complex. Presently there are no tests for screening of PPNAD and the Carney Complex. In addition, it is unknown how these conditions are genetically transferred from generation to generation. This study proposes to use standard methods of clinical testing for endocrine and nonendocrine diseases and genetic testing in order to; 1. Define the genetic basis for PPNAD and/or the Carney Complex. 2. Determine the molecular changes associated with the development of the tumors. 3. Identify carriers of the disease. 4. Determine the prognosis for carriers and affected individuals. 5. Provide sufficient data for genetic counseling of families with PPNAD and/or Carney Complex.<TAB>... Study summary: - INCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. All patients with PPNAD and/or Carney Complex by history and their siblings, children and parents. Additional relatives and their families that are suspected to have the same disorder on clinical grounds will be recruited: 1. PPNAD patients will be included if their diagnosis is fully documented. First-degree relatives of patients with the disease will be accepted also for evaluation, or if already conclusively evaluated elsewhere, for DNA linkage analysis only. 2. Patients with suspected Carney complex will be accepted for evaluation and/or DNA analysis for linkage, if they have at least two of the following: 1. cardiac myxoma 2. cutaneous myxoma 3. breast myxoma 4. oral myxoma 5. myxoma of the external ear 6. spotty mucocutaneous pigmentation (lentigines) 7. testicular tumor 8. pituitary growth hormone secreting adenoma 9. nerve tumor, such as psammomatous melanotic schwannoma 10. first-, second-, or third-degree relatives with Carney complex (c) Patients with one of the familial lentiginosis syndromes: Peutz-Jeghers and LEOPARD syndrome, other forms of familial lentiginosis. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. For DNA analysis and linkage study: 1. Unwillingness to participate. 2. For clinical evaluation and DNA analysis/linkage study: 1. Patients with major illnesses, such as severe renal failure, restrictive or obstructive lung disease, cardiac disease, anemia and/or terminal cancer that will not be able to undergo appropriate testing or the stress of hospitalization. Also, patients with Carney complex and a known heart tumor (heart myxoma) will not be able to enter the clinical part of the study until after surgical treatment of their tumor. These patients, however, will be asked to participate in the DNA analysis study. Primary Contact: Principal Investigator Constantine A Stratakis, M.D. Constantine A Stratakis, M.D. Phone: (301) 594-5984 Backup Contact: Location Contact: Bethesda, Maryland 20892 United States Phone: 800-411-1222 Site Status: Recruiting Data Source: Date Processed: October 18, 2018 Click to view Full Listing
American invasions Canada to Afghanistan 1775 to 2014 by Dr. Rocky M. Mirza Benjamin Franklin • After a career as an academic economist, I decided in 2004 that I would devote an increasing part of my time to write about American foreign policy. This choice of topic was inspired by the re-election of George W. Bush as president and commander-in-chief of the American Empire. The fact that the American people could re-elect Bush, after there was overwhelming evidence that he had lied to them about the existence of WMDs in Iraq, opened my eyes to the truth. As a young person, I, like so many others, believed that the American Empire was a force for good in the World. After the re-election of George W. Bush, I began to question my long-held belief that Western civilization was indeed civilized, caring, open, free and democratic. I have written two deeply researched books on American military invasions and colonizations beginning with the expansion of the US from the initial 13 tiny English colonies along the Atlantic seaboard, across the First Nations lands to Hawaii, other islands in the Pacific, the Middle East, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Philippines, Taiwan, South Korea, China and Russia. The American invasion of Iraq was such a cruel crime against the defenceless people of Iraq, who had already suffered so painfully 10 ten years of intensive bombing by the American and British empires, that I began to seriously question what I had been taught to believe about the West. The careful, objective and unbiased research done while writing Rise and Fall of the American Empire, convinced me, beyond a shadow of a doubt, that the Western colonization and domination of the world for six centuries had severely limited and constrained the expression of freedoms, the creation of true democratic states and the promotion of racial equality and equality of opportunities. At the same time while the West spoke a desire for peace, it squandered the world’s scarce resources on weapons of mass destruction, incessant invasions and wasteful consumption. Many have sacrificed their livelihoods, their families, their freedoms and have been imprisoned for speaking out against Western warmongering. Think of Edward Snowden, Julian Assange, Daniel Ellsberg, John Lennon, just to name a few, as well as the many who have marched for peace. Those efforts have not changed significantly the behaviour of the West. But just think how much worse the West would have behaved if it had not been modestly constrained by these critics. More importantly, think how much worse the West would have behaved if everyone had followed its madness like sheep. I therefore ask of you to be critical and do not be taken in by the extremely powerful and seductive Western propaganda machine we are immersed in. I also ask you to think of the 60 million refugees created by this military policy and actions of the West. These people have lost their families, friends, homes and livelihoods. They never had the desire or the capacity to harm the West. They are the innocent victims of continued Western imperialism. My expertise in economics provides me with the essential tools to explain why American invasions and addiction to warmongering is no longer sustainable for the American Empire. The relative size of the American economy has shrunk from close to 50% of the world’s economy shortly after World War II to about 17% today. When the military costs of imperial expansion exceed the economic gains from imperial expansion, at a time when the American economy is in relative decline and American consumers refuse to save or pay higher taxes, foreign invasions are not sustainable. Non-existing weapons of mass destruction and other pretexts for American in invasions The following excerpts from my book, American Invasions: Canada to Afghanistan: 1775 to 2010, testify to the fact that the deliberate American fabrication that Saddam Hussein had Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) to justify its illegal invasion of Iraq, far from being an isolated deception for US wars, has often been used by the US to get public support for invading countries. The true purpose of such invasions is to colonize and steal the resources of the countries invaded. While there are numerous examples of this in my book I will select just three as illustrations. The first is the little known US invasion of Tripoli, now called Libya, in 1801. We begin with this because it was one of the earliest and also an original example of Regime Change by the US. It resonates with Iraq because once no WMD’s were found the Bush administration fell back on Regime Change as its justification based on Saddam Hussein being such a vicious dictator. The second example is much more well known because it is the US invasion and colonization of Cuba. The third illustration is the most important but also the most complex. Here we show the connexion between the US attempts to colonize China and Japan, dominate the Pacific, successfully invade and colonize the Philippines, Hawaii and other islands in the Pacific, then successfully use the propaganda that the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbour, was an unprovoked attack on the US. The truth of the matter is that Pearl Harbour is Hawaiian territory, and a strategic island for the competing Japanese and American empires over domination of the Pacific. This attack on Hawaii was used by the US as its primary justification for declaring war on Japan and using nuclear weapons on the Japanese people. In reality, the US entered World War II with the main purpose of defeating the Japanese Empire because Japan was its primary competitor in the Pacific. American invasion of Tripoli (Libya): 1801-1805 “The US began its current policy of unilaterally invading sovereign states from its birth. Despite long standing conventions by the major empires of the day, including England and France, Thomas Jefferson, then US minister to France, wrote in a letter to John Adams on July 11, 1786, that the US should wage war on the Barbary states instead of paying the tributes which had historically been paid by England, France and other Christian empires. The US was about to defy international law by attacking a sovereign state for the actions of some of its citizens. This was no different from the US invasion of Afghanistan in retaliation for the actions of some of the citizens of Afghanistan.” “Complementing the birthright of the American Empire for unilateral invasion of sovereign states is the American obsession with warmongering. Jefferson hinted at this American trait in his letter of December 26, 1786 to the president of Yale College. In that letter Jefferson noted that taxing Americans to wage a war against the Barbary States would be more popular politically than taxing them to pay tributes. Other Christian empires recognized that tributes were far cheaper than wars. In 2007, Americans were paying $50 billion each month to wage a war in Iraq, rather than spend a much smaller amount on waging peace.” “Jefferson became president in 1801 and began a policy of intimidating and provoking the North African Muslim states by flexing its military muscle with a US naval presence in the Mediterranean. This had been the standard American tactic against the First Nations. Provoke them into an attack with taunts, intimidation, theft and humiliation and use that attack to justify all out war. Keep these provocations as secret as possible so that you can claim that the attack was unprovoked. That would make it easier to get the support of Congress and the American people. Thus Jefferson made sure that he did not inform Congress prior to sending the US navy to the Mediterranean.” “Jefferson sent four ships, the President, Essex, Philadelphia and Enterprise under the command of Commodore Richard Dale to blockade and bombard Tripoli. Jefferson used as evidence of Tripoli’s “unprovoked” attack the seizure of two American ships by Tripoli. These two American ships had mysteriously wandered from American bases across an entire ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, and blown magically off course into the Mediterranean. How else could they have been seized without provocation by Tripoli since Tripoli had not crossed the Atlantic Ocean to seize them? Does anyone see the emerging American pattern which played out in the Gulf of Tonkin in 1964? As in the case of the two American ships which had mysteriously entered the Mediterranean in 1801, the two US warships, Maddox and Turner Joy, had mysteriously wandered from their bases in the United States all across the Pacific Ocean to land in Vietnamese waters so that the Vietnamese would cause an unprovoked attack on the US. Or is it simply that the American Empire has the god given right to be in every country’s backyard? Jefferson carefully played his hand pushing Tripoli to declare war on the American Empire in May 1801. In response, Jefferson convinced Congress to pass an Act in February 1802 for a permanent US naval presence in the Mediterranean. In May, 1803, the American Empire sent more ships to strengthen the blockade and enhance the bombardment of Tripoli. In October, 1803, Tripoli captured the Philadelphia forcing the US to destroy it rather than have Tripoli add it to its own fleet. In September, 1804, Tripoli destroyed the Intrepid. American reinforcements under Commodore Samuel Barron arrived soon after the loss of the Intrepid. With the war going badly for the Americans they hatched a plot to overthrow Tripoli’s ruler with his older brother who had been exiled in Egypt. This was the birth of the American policy of Regime Change. The original “Dick Cheney” of Regime Change was the American consul to Tunis, William Eaton. Eaton raised a mercenary army of Arabs and Greeks and marched 500 miles overland to Tripoli.” “Jefferson had made up his mind long before he became president that he would convince the American people to wage war on the Barbary States. Western historians, would, of course, claim that this was not a Christian War against Islam, but would make no effort to explain why the US did not criticize Christian States, including itself, for using pirates to expand their empires and spheres of influence. Moreover, in pointing out the inhumane treatment of captured American sailors by the Barbary pirates as a justification for Jefferson’s invasion of North Africa, these American historians conveniently fail to compare such inhumane treatment with the equally inhumane treatment of American privateers captured by England during the War of Independence. The British did not recognize the captured American privateers as prisoners of war just as the US today does not recognize captured al-Qaeda fighters as prisoners of war. They were held in special camps very much like today’s Guantanamo, Abu-Ghraib and other secret US prison camps in Europe. One of the most notorious was the prison ship, Jersey.” The Spanish American War and the American invasion of Cuba: 1898 Map of Cuba“In the late 1890’s Americans were asked to give their lives to fight the “evil” empire of Spain just as they are asked today to give their lives to fight the “axis of evil,” Iraq, Iran and North Korea. President Obama added Pakistan to President Bush’s “axis of evil.” In the 1890s, the American propaganda was that Cubans would greet the Americans as liberators of Cuba from Spanish imperialism. Today the American propaganda is that Iraqis, Afghans, Iranians, Pakistanis and Yemenis will greet the Americans as liberators from their “non-democratic” governments. The reality is that no humane and civilized people want an American “slave-based” warmongering “democracy.” “William Hearst sent one of his reporters, Frederick Remington to Cuba to manufacture a war.” Once the war began Hearst went personally to Cuba to report on the fighting. The competition between Hearst and Pulitzer for war coverage in Cuba quickly expanded to all of the major US newspapers of the day. Two other leading New York newspapers, the Herald and the Sun, joined the fray. Chicago newspapers such as the Times-Herald and the Tribune, joined with the Boston Herald, to add to the competition on the east coast.” “American imperialism in Cuba as in other parts of the globe could never have succeeded without the willing connivance of the American “free” press. It is the American “free” press which stirs the American people to support every new war with false propaganda of atrocities committed by the nation to be invaded combined with the “goodness” of American intervention.” “The intense media competition for newspaper sales by Hearst and Pulitzer which provided the media support for the America invasion of Cuba was so far out and biased that the American media itself coined a new term, yellow journalism, to refer to this kind of biased propaganda unsupported by the facts. “Yellow journalism” by all of the Western media played a significant role in garnering popular support for the criminal US invasion of Iraq in 2003 by President Bush.” US Invasions in China, Japan and the Pacific, 1784-1941, to expand its Pacific empire and defeat Japanese competition was the true reason for its entry in World War II Map of Japan “Most of the American traders also smuggled illegal opium into China from Turkey and India to boost their profits. Prominent Americans who became drug lords in the China trade included FDR’s grandfather, Warren Delano, who was a senior partner with Russel and Company, a Boston company trading with China.” “Illegal imports of opium into China continued its upward spiral after the Treaty of Nanking (1842). By 1858 imports had reached 70,000 chests. Profits from the illegal drug trade sky rocketed. Hong Kong became the drug capital of the world. China was militarily incapable of defending its own country from the Western drug lords.” “The American Empire benefited from the Treaty of Nanking because it forced China to grant similar concessions to it as those granted to the British Empire. These equivalent concessions were forced on China by the Sino-American Treaty of Wanghia of July 3, 1844.” “Sanford Dole became the President of the Hawaiian Republic after its conquest by the American Empire. The American conquest of Hawaii followed the pattern used on the mainland. The missionaries “civilized” the original inhabitants to make it easier for the American politicians and business men to steal their land, their economy and their culture. While Dole senior controlled the church his son, Sanford, controlled the government and together with his cousin, James Dole, also controlled the economy.” “The traitors struck in 1887 shortly after the American Empire instructed the US Navy on January 20, 1887 to lease Pearl Harbor for a naval base. The American Empire had previously used Pearl Harbor as a Coal Depot. Lorrin Thurston, the leader of the traitors, was Hawaii’s Minister of the Interior. He drafted a new constitution for Hawaii on July 6, 1887, and used the Hawaiian militia, which the traitors controlled, to force King David Kalakaua to sign. Since the King was forced to sign it while looking down the bayonets of the armed militia, it was appropriately called the Bayonet Constitution.” “The American Empire formally took possession of the naval base at Pearl Harbor on November 9, 1887. This occupation of Hawaiian territory by the American Empire caused Hawaii to be the central battleground between the American and Japanese empires without a single concern by the international community about the wishes of the Hawaiian people.” “The US fleet in the Pacific was boosted by the US invasions and conquests of Hawaii in 1893 and the Philippines in 1898. It was from naval bases in the Philippines that the American Empire was able to play its crucial role in suppressing the armed rebellion of Chinese patriots against foreign domination. These Philippine bases were only 400 miles from China. The American Empire had deployed large numbers of battleships and marines to fight the insurgency in the Philippines following its invasion of the Philippines. These forces were well positioned to move quickly into China. US economic colonization of the Philippines also provided a springboard for US businesses to rape the rich resources of China. What came to be called the Boxer Rebellion was the armed revolt of Chinese patriots beginning in 1898.” “Aggressive American imperialism would forcibly end two hundred years of self- imposed isolation by Japan. American meddling in the domestic affairs of Japan would lead the Japanese people to rise up against foreign domination. Like Iraq and Afghanistan today the use of superior brute force by the American Empire would bring only temporary conquests for the bully.” “The American Empire forced Japan to open the ports of Hakodate and Shimoda to foreign trade (1854), permit the US to have a consulate in Shimoda and most importantly, forced Japan to allow the US Navy to re-fuel its warships with Japanese coal at coaling stations in Japan. The primary purpose of these coaling stations was to enable the US Navy to dominate the Pacific and thereby expand American trade and colonization of China and the Far East. In the words of US Secretary of State, Daniel Webster, “God had placed coal for steam ships in the depths of the Japanese islands for the benefit of the human family.” It was America’s “manifest destiny” to steal the Japanese coal.” “American naval bases quickly expanded from Hawaii westward to Midway Island, Wake Island, Guam and the Philippines. The Spanish-American War of 1898 was a prelude to war with the Japanese Empire… By the time the Japanese Empire attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, American propaganda regarding the God given right of the American Empire to wage war on all who dared threaten its hegemony had so saturated the minds of world leaders and citizens globally that there has not been a single mention of the people of Hawaii in that so called “Day of Infamy” of December 7, 1941.” Dr. Rocky M. Mirza is the author of The Rise and Fall of the American Empire: A Re-interpretation of History, Economics and Philosophy: 1492-2006. He is also one of the three co-authors of Explorations in Macroeconomics and Explorations in Microeconomics. His latest book, American Invasions: Canada to Afghanistan: 1775 to 2010, is a sequel to The Rise and Fall of the American Empire. Dr. Mirza has a Ph.D. in economics and has written and taught for more than 30 years. He lives in Vancouver and is a faculty member of Thompson Rivers University. Franlin image © Elen / Dreamstime monkey photo © Hauhu / Dreamstime japan map image © Chad Mcdermott cuba map image © Dana Rothstein Leave a comment
How to write a reflection paper assignment How do I write a good personal reflection? It might be a good choice for me. What is the meaning of this event in my life? Compose a mind-map and create an outline which gives a clear direction to your writing. Do not hide behind ideas of well-known persons; let your reader know your personal thoughts. Your work will more likely have a clear through line of thought, making it easier for the reader to understand. We believe this article has brought you relieve, and now you realize that there is nothing to worry about: Specific details and anecdotes from the experience will help to clearly demonstrate your areas of growth. Why did I have the reaction I did to this? You may also be asked to consider your own role in the learning process. Sample Student Reflection Paper 2 had difficulty with online learning In the following paper I will discuss what I have learned during this introductory class to online learning. In these cases, examiners want to gauge how successfully you can interact with a text previously seen and unseen. It is almost like a diary, where you write down your thoughts about a significant happening in your life. While the format of a reflective piece of writing may change, there is one element that will mostly remain the same, and that is the structure. I went to Yahoo and searched for accounting tutorials. Reflective Essay Question What experience is most meaningful for you? I am happy this is my learning style, because on-line classes are almost exclusively visual. Get your points and have good luck in discovering the world of knowledge. While you are thinking about how to write a reflection paper on an interview, keep in mind effective final chord. Print to PDF Reflective Writing A great deal of your time at university will be spent thinking; thinking about what people have said, what you have read, what you yourself are thinking and how your thinking has changed. Suggested Planning Activities The text box below shows you a fast way to plan your paper. It sounds a little bit weird; we will explain everything precisely. Keep your five senses in mind as you do this, and be sure to use adjectives to describe your experience. Reflection Papers Sometimes teachers answer far too many questions easily when they need to let the student search for their own answer. A teacher commonly chooses one topic on a similar subject for all students. That is an example of balancing the story and the judgment. Here we provide you with some helpful examples: I noticed the cool wind on my face and the homes right up against the sand. Sort your ideas in a logical order. Think of the outline as a map — you plan in advance the points you wish to navigate through and discuss in your writing. It stimulates balanced assessments. Revise several times to make your essay concise and brilliant. Your essay should shed light on what the story means and support all ideas with quotes from the text. Reflective Writing Am I dealing with the accompanying challenges successfully?May 19, · How to Write a Reflective Essay With Sample Essays. Updated on August 17, Virginia Kearney. more. Aside from school assignments, reflective essays are used in the professional sphere to help workers learn. Here is how professionals and students use these sorts of mint-body.coms: End of Course Reflection Paper Assignment. Write a two- to three-page reflection paper. A complete guide to writing a reflective essay Discuss what you have learned during the class and how it will assist you in achieving further academic and work related goals. Reflective thinking. Reflection is: a form of personal response to experiences, situations, events or new information. Figure 1 shows that the reflective thinking process starts with you. Before you. How to write a reflective essay 1. How to write a reflective essay 2. How to Write a Reflection Paper: Create an Effective Essay Download How to write a reflection paper assignment Rated 5/5 based on 95 review
Mondrian Composition With Red Yellow And Blue Analysis Essay On By In 1 Composition with Red Blue and Yellow is a 1930 painting by Piet Mondrian. A well-known work of abstraction, Mondrian contributes to the abstract visual language in a large way despite using a relatively small canvas. Thick, black brushwork defines the borders of the different geometric figures. Comparably, the black brushwork on the canvas is very minimal but it is masterfully applied to become one of the defining features of the work. Mondrian's origins and connection with De Stijl[edit] Composition with Red Blue and Yellow is a product of the Dutch De Stijl movement, which translates to “The Style.”[1] The De Stijl foundation can be viewed as an overlapping of individual theoretical and artistic pursuits. Mondrian is widely seen as the prominent artist for the movement and is thus held responsible for bringing popularity to the rather obscure style.[2] Born in the Netherlands in 1872, Mondrian is cited as always having an interest in art. This transformed from a hobby to a passion when his uncle, Fritz Mondrian (a professional painter), helped him move to Amsterdam where he studied for three years at the Academy of Fine Arts under the master August Allebé.[2] When he moved to Paris in 1910, Mondrian began to discover his potential.[2] It was in Paris that he was introduced to Cubism, a major influence to his work. He is quoted as having said “of all the abstraction artists, I felt only the Cubists had found the right path.” .[2] He still found this style too naturalistic however, and began to dive even deeper into abstraction. A short visit back to the Netherlands led to an extended stay for five years due to the outbreak of World War 1 (1914).[2] Although an unexpected turn of events, Mondrian made many important connections during this time that led to establishment of De Stijl. An encounter with fellow Dutch artist Bart van der Leck provided ground for Mondrian to exchange ideas. From van der Leck he received the concept of painting flat areas of pure color; a solution to Mondrian’s problem of coloring - he was then using color in what he considered an Impressionist way, which was too restless and emotional. In return, van der Leck adopted Mondrian’s concept of crossed vertical and horizontal lines as a basis for composition.[2] These two technical elements are consistent throughout all of Mondrian’s work. Shortly after the formation of Mondrian and van der Leck’s working relationship, they were contacted by Theo van Doesburg, a painter who frequently wrote about art for different periodicals and whom is considered the propagandist of the De Stijl movement. He invited Mondrian and van der Leck to join his initiative to start an artistic review periodical. They agreed and the result of this was the journal entitled De Stijl.[2] De Stijl[edit] Together they formed an artistic collective that consisted not only of painters but also architects; the movement was confined to strictly Dutch areas due to war. These artists cannot be considered the same. For example, not all De Stijl artists produced work that mimicked Mondrian. It was more a group of individual artists/architects who applied similar and distinct techniques to their work in hopes of achieving a similar, theoretical goal. Mondrian attempts to define the ambition of De Stijl artists in his personal artistic manifesto, Neo-Plasticist in Painting (1917). To create the essence of life itself through abstraction, which relies on what he refers to as the universal means of expression: straight lines and primary colors. [3] This essence of life can be illustrated by transcending the particular to express the universal. Mondrian claimed the particular to be associated with a Romantic, subjective appeal. Thus, the universal must be something that goes beyond the[3] surface of nature. Mondrian’s art also had a clear spiritual quality to it. He practiced Theosophy, a self-styled universal religion rooted in mystic, oriental interpretation that promoted opposites as a form of unity.[4] Theosophical philosophy informing Mondrian’s art is evident their shared terminology. Nieuwe Beelding, a word used in Theosophical teachings, makes an appearance in Mondrian’s work in a major way: as an alternative title to De Stijl, Nieuwe Beelding translates to Neo-Plasticism, a term used in Mondrian’s personal essays to describe his art. Individual efforts[edit] Examining Composition with Red Blue and Yellow, Mondrian’s De Stijl practices are in full effect. The contrasting horizontal and vertical lines represent to Mondrian an active relationship in which he intended to mimic the rhythm and vibrations of life that transcends symbolic knowledge. The reduced colours of red blue and yellow and accentuated thick, black lines that cross over each other are similarly rendered. His depiction of inner reality (essence of life), is believed to be found through the interplay of contrasting pictorial elements.[2] It is arguable that all elements found within Composition are contrasting and thus indicative of the inner harmony of life that lies beneath the surface. Mondrian theories do not accumulate in Composition; he did not even consider this is a success. He called it “static.” [2] He continued to progress and refine his work, and it is in his final pieces of work before his death (1944) that he achieves some satisfaction. Despite De Stijl being a movement confined to Dutch regions, many credit the movement, and specifically Mondrian, as having played a major role in articulating the abstract landscape and defining the current terms for the art world today. 1. ^"de Stijl". December 28, 2008. Retrieved April 9, 2017. 2. ^ abcdefghiSweeny, James Johnson (Spring 1945). "Piet Mondrian". The Bulletin of the Museum of Modern Art. 12. 3. ^ abBlotkamp, C. (2001). Mondrian: The Art of Destruction. Reaktion Books. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-86189-100-6. Retrieved April 9, 2017. 4. ^Fingesten, Peter. "Spirituality, Mysticism and Non-Objective Art". Art Journal. 21. Mondrian’s painting, Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow was created in 1930 on a 46 x 46 cm canvas.[1]This oil painting consists of geometric figures, in particular, variations of squares and rectangles. Combinations of thick and thin planar lines are used to form the boundaries between the color blocks in the painting. These planar lines can be described as flat and simplistic; they are not detailed and show little brush detail. The planes that are created by these lines are a variety of sizes and colors. In this painting, the lines do not create distinctive borders, but instead the rectangular planes fully extend onto the edges of the canvas. Mondrian uses red, white, blue, and yellow as the colors for the individual planes. Mondrian always began with a white canvas but he did not leave the white planes of his paintings untouched, but rather painted with a white paint instead of leaving the original canvas exposed. The cracks in the paint within the white planes can be seen clearly. Each plane varies in size; the red plane is nearly nine times larger than the blue plane, which is subsequently about nine times as large as the yellow plane. The four individual white planes vary in size as well, however none of the aforementioned planes overlap. Instead, each plane lay adjacent to one another. This piece is an indicative representation of the works that were created by Mondrian during the decline of the de Stijl movement. This piece was erected out of the de Stijl style movement, “one of the major modern movements.”[2] This movement was based off of a Neo-Plastic ideology of art, which Mondrian was extremely influential in the development and exploration of this philosophy. Neo-Plasticism pursued the goal to create new pictorial rhythms through a novel plastic representation of space. Mondrian believed that the “success of a Neo-Plastic painting depends on the inspired intuition of the maker.”[3]This style can be thought of as a somewhat transitional style out of Cubism and into a full-fledged exploration and engagement of de Stijl. De Stijl was not a group of similar artists or stylistic techniques, nor was it a school devoted to art or design, but rather de Stijl was a “collective project or enterprise between 1917 and 1928.”[4]This idea of the collective project can simply be thought of as artist coming together and exploring new ideas in art, literature, architecture, and many other facets while conversing between each other over their work and their colleagues. Even though this was not an established group, the artists associated with this period knew of each other’s works and produced pieces that were stylistically and contextually reminiscent of each other throughout the movement.[5]The basic principles that the de Stijl movement promoted were a “stripping down of the traditional forms…into simple ‘basic’ geometric components or ‘elements’; the composition from these separate ‘elements’ of formal configurations which are perceived as ‘wholes’, while remaining clearly constructed from individual and independent elements; studied and sometimes extreme asymmetry of composition or design; and an exclusive use of intersecting horizontal and vertical lines along with the ‘pigment primary’ colors, plus ‘neutral’ colors or tones.”[6]The artists involved with this movement were profoundly engrossed with novel and progressive ideas about the relationship between the “production and consumption of art and design” and the impact or influence on modern society and social life.[7]The subject matter of these paintings were not the traditional figures, landscapes, and scenes, as had been previously represented by other painters and artists. Instead the de Stijl movement focused on subject matter that was concerned with geometry and form. The most distinctive figure in Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow is the large red square located in the top right corner. This particular square takes up over half of the canvas. This piece also has a very distinctive, thick, and pronounced line separating a large white plane in the upper left corner into two individual planes. These two elements draw the viewer’s eye inward and then force the eye to proceed in a downward manner that allows the viewer to experience the painting first as individual elements and then as a whole. This is one of the most basic tenets of de Stijl; for the “single element, perceived as separate, and the configuration of elements, perceived as a whole.” [8] As mentioned previously, his palette consists of extremely hard primary colors; red, yellow, and blue, as well as neutrals; black and white. The use of these bright distinctive hues yet, nevertheless basic colors, in such a dramatic and dynamic nature emphasizes one of the cornerstones of de Stijl ideology in reference to returning to a state of simplicity. Mondrian praised the use of primary colors and neutrals, this idea of simplicity of form are echoed throughout the white planes; these are “not a neutral background, but a living, vibrant component of the painting: in some areas the white is as much form as the coloured shapes or the lines.”[9] This grid configuration that Mondrian used by implementing a “network of lines” worked well to “increase the cohesion, not only between the colour planes themselves, but also between the coloured and uncoloured portions of the work.”[10] The composition is very repetitious by using the same basic shapes and colors. However, Mondrian would not have perceived his work as repetitive, but instead would have seen this piece as a whole experience made up of individual parts that generates a statement on the relationship between the individual and the collective or universal. The use of horizontal and vertical lines or elements is prevalent in this piece. The horizontal lines signify a sense of rest and repose, while the vertical lines communication a sense of height to the piece. Working together as an overall piece, the lines together create a sense of stability and solidarity. In particular, Mondrian’s use of ninety-degree angles throughout his composition evokes a sense of structural stability that reflects the ideas of permanence and reliability. Mondrian was attempting to portray this sense of stability through his paintings and evoke sentiments of a utopian society rather than face the instability of the world in its current state. Since asymmetry was praised in this style, Mondrian uses juxtaposition, proportion, and location to create an overall harmony in his painting without definitively balancing the elements. Aesthetically speaking, Mondrian used the idea of opposition in his painting to achieve this quality. However, there are slight differences that can be seen in the paintings created towards the end of the de Stijl movement. According to Blotkamp, the “standardization is far from uniform.”[11] She also describes the differences between his former line thicknesses, color palette, and plane proportions. Early Mondrian works from this period have significantly more standardized size proportions when concerning the planes; conversely the later paintings and works exhibit an extreme disproportion of plane size in relation to one another. The use of his lines changes as well. He moves from a routine way of depicting the lines to a drastically more dynamic way that not only enhances, but also highlights the varying thicknesses. In the later paintings, Mondrian also tends to extend the black lines to the very edge of the canvas; like the color fields, the lines could even extend onto the side of the canvas. This work is symbolic of the previous uniformity in Mondrian’s paintings coming to an end. Blotkamp, Carel. Mondrian: The Art of Destruction. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated, 1995. Hunter, Sam, and John Jacobus. Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated, 1985. Mondrian, Piet. Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow, 1930, Kunsthaus Zürich, Overy, Paul. De Stijl. New York, N.Y.: Thames and Hudson, 1991. [1] Piet Mondrian, Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow, 1930, Kunsthaus Zürich, // (Accessed March 2, 2012). [2] Paul Overy, De Stijl (New York, N.Y.: Thames and Hudson, 1991), 7. [3] Carel Blotkamp, Mondrian: The Art of Destruction (New York: Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated, 1995), 163. [4] Paul Overy, De Stijl, 7. [5] Paul Overy, De Stijl, 7. [6] Paul Overy, De Stijl, 11. [7] Paul Overy, De Stijl, 12. [8] Paul Overy, De Stijl, 8. [9] Carel Blotkemp, Mondrian: The Art of Destruction, 100. [10] Carel Blotkemp, Mondrian: The Art of Destruction, 112. [11] Carel Blotkemp, Mondrian: The Art of Destruction, 204. Like this: Leave a Reply
Simple analog clock built in python A clock is a thing that keeps people up to date. Everything would have messy if there was no intention of a clock. Christiaan Huygens is the first man to invent a clock. And later John Harrison modified it. There are lots of invention has been done later and now people usually use smartwatch as the first preferences. But nowadays, every people in the world use smartphone where they have a better digital clock then the usual one. You can get lots of featured clock on the smartphone then the wrist or wall watch. In this project, I have used python as a base language to make this clock. The libraries that are used on it are : 1. Tkinter 2. math 4. string 5. sys Things you need to know before downloading this project: 1. You have to install python or python 3. 2. You have to install pip or pip3 for installing the above libraries. 3. And use sudo pip or pip3 and the library name to install. You can see from the below picture that it looks like an analog clock which was used in the 1990’s but the coolest thing is that it is made up of a programming language that is python. Like you can see that I have used GUI Tkinter and made this all diagram. Even the switch and dots are made. The best part of this is that I have put the second switch to work fast and minute switch after sixty seconds and hours switch after sixty minutes. Click on below button to download this project: Thank you, Leave a Reply
The modern world that we live in tends to be much different from the world that you may have once known. There are various things that have undergone so many changes, and it will be useful for you to look into how you can make the best out of these changes. Globalization happens to be something that is rapidly happening, and it will be necessary for you to know the right steps to take in moving forward with the world that is being globalization. It is true that globalization has impacted many of the aspects of the modern society. Out of the various aspects that it has influenced, it will be possible for you to see that linguistics tend to take a significant place. It would do well for you to gain an understanding about how globalization has impacted languages, and what you can do in making the best out of the changes that are there. Want to know more? Read below to find out! The impact on globalization on linguistics Different people all over the world use various types of languages. But when the world is evolving, and when the world becomes one global village, language, that may have once been a tool to bring people together, might prove to be something that might act as a barrier. You should not allow this to happen. You will be able to gain many advantages from moving past the language barrier, and it will also be possible for you to see that the world can move forward as a civilization through adapting proper linguistic solutions in facing globalization. Effective measures that can be adapted Here, you will be able to identify several effective measures that can be adapted in moving past the language barriers that are there. Linguistics are not the only things that have undergone change through globalization. There are various technologies that have gone through advancements, and such technologies can contribute towards letting you utilize effective translation equipment in communicating with various parties that use a variety of languages. Such equipment can prove to be especially useful when it comes to conferences. Due to features such as simultaneous translation system that are offered through such equipment, they can help you carry out many such functions effectively. The usage of the internet The internet is another platform in which linguistics have undergone much change in the face of globalization. Having a look at the languages that are used across the internet, you will be able to see that a separate linguistic culture of its own surrounding the internet is gradually being built.
The Romanian Front (Romanian: Frontul Românesc) was a Fascist party created in 1935 - being led by Alexandru Vaida-Voevod as a splinter group from the National Peasants' Party. The Front had its roots in the second and third governments of Vaida-Voevod (1932 and 1933), which were characterized by growing levels of antisemitism and discussions regarding the possibility of barring Jews from a number of public posts, to the background Iron Guard agitation. After the collapse of the government and the emergence of Gheorghe Tătărescu as Prime Minister, the Romanian Front was born (in 1935) to pursue a more aggressive policy of anti-Semitism and fascism. The Front failed to prosper however, as the new government introduced some laws against the Jews, whilst also seeking to deliberately contain the new party. They continued to agitate for more stringent anti-Jewish laws, and made speeches accusing the Jewish population of fraud, media control and blood libel. As a result, the Front moved closer to the Nazi position, although despite Romania's support for the Axis Powers during World War II, the Front gained no special treatment. It did not survive 1944, the year Romania switched sides in the conflict, and their remnants were stamped out when a communist regime was established. External linksEdit Historical political parties in Romania (1856-1947) Liberal: National Liberal Party, Free and Independent Faction, National Liberal Party-Brătianu, National Liberal Party-Tătărescu Conservative: Conservative Party, Conservative-Democratic Party, Constitutional Party Agrarian: National Peasants' Party, Bessarabian Peasants' Party, National Agrarian Party, Peasants' Party, Ploughmen's Front, Socialist Peasants' Party Fascist, corporatist, and far right: Iron Guard, Crusade of Romanianism, National-Christian Defense League, National Christian Party, National Fascist Movement, National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement, National Renaissance Front, National Romanian Fascia, National Socialist Party, Romanian Front Communist, socialist, and social democratic: Romanian Communist Party, Romanian Social Democratic Party, Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party, Romanian Social Democratic Party of Bukovina, Social Democratic Party of Transylvania and Banat, Socialist Party of Romania Nationalist: Democratic Nationalist Party, National Party, People's Party, Romanian National Party Ethnic minority: German Party, German People's Party, Hungarian People's Union, Jewish Party, Magyar Party Other: Union of Patriots cs:Šablona:Fašistický pahýl ro:Frontul Românesc
Tuesday, October 18, 2011 Somalia was created on 01 July 1960 following the independence of Italian Somaliland from Italy, which then immediately united with British Somaliland to form the Somali Republic. British Somaliland had gained its independence just five days earlier on 26 June 1960. The British established a protectorate in 1886 over what became known as British Somaliland and the Italians colonized the south in 1889, which became known as Italian Somaliland. Currently Somalia is regarded as a "failed state" with a weak, but recognised central government authority, which is known as the Transitional Federal Government (TFG). The TFG only controls the central region of the country. De facto control of the north of the country resides in local authorities, of which Puntland, Maakhir and Galmudug acknowledge the authority of the TFG, and maintain their declaration of autonomy within a federated Somalia. Southwestern Somalia and Jubaland, in the south, have largely abandoned the idea of autonomy. Somaliland in the north has declared itself independent from Somalia and does not recognize the authority of the TFG. Somaliland's self-declared independence is not recognized. In 2000 clan elders and other senior figures appointed Abdulkassim Salat Hassan president at a conference in Djibouti. A transitional government was set up, with the aim of reconciling warring militias. But as its mandate drew to a close, the administration had made little progress in uniting the country. Since 2006, the country has faced an insurgency led by Al Shabab, one of Africa's most fearsome militant Islamist groups. Al Shabab controls much of southern Somalia and has claimed affiliation with Al Qaeda since 2007. For the first time in years, the Shabab is receding from several areas at once, handing the Transitional Federal Government an enormous opportunity to finally step outside the capital and begin uniting this fractious country after two decades of war. Instead, a messy, violent, clannish scramble is emerging over who will take control. The government is too weak, corrupt, divided and disorganized to mount a claim beyond Mogadishu, the capital, leaving clan warlords, Islamist militias and proxy forces armed by foreign governments to battle it out for the regions the Shabab are losing. Operation Provide Relief, Somalia, 2008 The big difference between Somalia and the rest of East Africa is war. Somalis have been fighting one another and have lived without a central government for 20 years. Perhaps a million people have died. One symptom of this lawlessness is piracy. Another is the rise of Islamists. What began as a fight between clan warlords became, in its second decade, a struggle between warlords and militants demanding the imposition of strict Shari'a. The more extreme Islamists then formed Al Shabab, or "the Youth." For four years, Al Shabab has battled the official Transitional Federal Government. . Humanitarian aid often fails to reach those who need it because of conflict, high inflation, corruption, pirate attacks on sea deliveries, roadblocks and armed attacks on aid convoys. Somalia is one of the most dangerous places in the world to work so aid agencies do not base personnel there. 80% of Somalia’s security forces; soldiers, officers and police have deserted, taking with them weapons, uniforms and vehicles. Piracy is a multi-million dollar industry employing between 1000-1500 pirates and using over 60 small boats and mother ships. Pirates invoke legitimate Somali grievances regarding foreign exploitation of marine resources such as illegal fishing and toxic waste dumping in Somali waters, thus gaining community support. In September, 2008, the pirates seized a Ukrainian freighter loaded with 33 battle tanks and off Kenya in November they seized a Saudi supertanker carrying $100m worth of crude oil. So far they have attacked 100 ships and raked in an estimated $30m in ransoms for ships and crews. The president, Sheik Sharif Sheik Ahmed, seemed to be continuing with his preference for Western-educated technocrats by naming Abdiweli Mohamed Ali as prime minister. Mr. Ali’s résumé reads like the itinerary on a tour of prominent American universities: it says he holds a master’s degree in public administration from Harvard, a master’s degree in economics from Vanderbilt and a Ph.D. in economics from George Mason University. In recent years, he has been teaching economics at Niagara University in upstate New York. He is Somali-American, and his profile is similar to that of Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, the previous prime minister, who also is an American citizen. He was abruptly pushed out of Somalia’s transitional government this month as part of a United Nations-backed deal to resolve an internal political dispute. Mr. Ali was a deputy prime minister and had been the acting prime minister since Mr. Mohamed resigned. The U.S. is the key international player. Since the 1993 battle known as Black Hawk Down, when 18 U.S. troops died during an intervention to support a U.N. mission in an earlier famine and the bodies of two were dragged through the streets, few Americans have set foot in Mogadishu. But Washington pays close attention. Osama bin Laden first shot to the top of the CIA's danger list not on 9/11 but on Aug. 7, 1998, when his Somalia-based unit blew up U.S. embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, killing 230 people. When al-Shabab allied with al-Qaeda, it too found itself in American crosshairs. The U.S. strikes when it can. When Ethiopia invaded Somalia in late 2006 to topple the Islamist government, U.S. Special Operations troops went with them and detained about 20 al-Qaeda suspects. Washington has also assassinated several Islamist leaders in Somalia, using Predator drones, cruise missiles launched from warships in the Indian Ocean and, once, a helicopter gunship. Those efforts are assisted by a CIA station in Mogadishu and U.S.-funded mercenary operations. Also, Washington bankrolls the unelected TFG, which is perhaps best understood as a U.S. attempt to create a Somali leadership whose authority does not depend solely on firepower. In 2008 the U.S. State Department listed Al Shabab as a foreign terrorist organization, making aiding or abetting it a serious crime. Al-Shabab was stealing aid to feed itself and to sell. Theft of aid is a routine occurrence, but when Al Shabab was designated as a terrorist group, it meant that U.S. officials and foreign aid workers whose actions benefited al-Shabab, even unwittingly, would be penalized. By late 2009 the U.S. was withholding about $50 million in food aid from al-Shabab's territory in southern Somalia, saying it had no legal alternative. Al Shabab appears to have consolidated its position as the most powerful insurgent group by driving its main rival, Hizbul Islam, out of the southern port city of Kismayo in October 2009. Since then they have openly declared their alliance with al-Qaeda and have been steadily moving forces up towards Mogadishu. By early 2010 the U.S. was in a standoff with aid workers, requiring them to refuse to pay the tolls al-Shabab demanded if they wanted U.S. funding. For its part, al-Shabab expelled the World Food Programme (WFP) in January 2010, saying food aid created dependence and that the organization was an American proxy: 60% of the WFP's food is from the U.S. Al Shabab also claimed WFP contractors were corrupt; a Western investigator tasked with probing the WFP's operations in southern Somalia tells TIME many contractors were indeed skimming anywhere from 25% to 65% of aid to sell in the market. Refugees fleeing Somalia, 2010 Photo A Fazinna/UNHCR From genevalunch.com Mother and child From Disasters Emergency Committee at dec.org.uk Mother and child From cdn.lightgalleries.net Mother and child 3 From timeglobalspin.files.wordpress.com Mother and child 4 Farah Abdi Warsameh / AP From media.sacbee.com As 13 million in the Horn of Africa seek food assistance, aid workers are facing unique political and logistical challenges in helping an estimated 3.7 Somalis facing the threat of malnutrition and starvation. While international organizations such as UNICEF and UNHCR, the U.N.'s refugee agency, work with local governments to provide aid in Kenya, Ethiopia and Djibouti, Somalia — large tracts of which are lawless, ruled over by warlords and Islamist factions — presents difficulties for distribution and for adequately reaching those in need. In Mogadishu alone, the World Food Programme feeds over 300,000 people each day, but many of the areas in the southern part of the country may never be reachable for aid workers as the Islamist group Al-Shabaab has largely barred humanitarian efforts for the past year and a half. Anti-Western sentiment doesn't simply threaten aid distribution in Al-Shabaab controlled areas, but in the capital Mogadishu as well. The WFP has had to adjust its standard program of providing month-long rations in favor of daily soup kitchen-style "wet feeding centers," Challiss McDonough, the World Food Programme's senior spokesperson for east, central and southern Africa, said . "Sometimes it would be dangerous for people to take food home: someone may try to steal it, or they may even be punished for getting it." But with these feeding centers and more specialized "targeted supplementary feeding" centers (which provide nutrition supplements intended for malnourished children and pregnant and breastfeeding mothers) the WFP is able to reach much of the needy. (Famine in Somalia: How Do You Feed Four Million Hungry People? Posted by Everett Rosenfeld, a TIME contributor Thursday, July 28, 2011 at 2:00 am at gobalspin.blogs.time.com) Somali child from southern Somalia holds his brother Making their way to the internally displaced camps Mogadishu, Somalia Friday, July 08, 2011 Farah Abdi Warsameh / AP From blogs.sacbee.com Women and children from southern Somalia A malnourished child from southern Somalia Shelter in a destroyed building in Mogadishu, Somalia Saturday, July 09, 2011 Farah Abdi Warsameh / AP From blogs.sacbee.com Somali refugees lead their herds of goats home for the night Outside Dagahaley Camp, outside Dadaab, Kenya Sunday, July 10, 2011 Rebecca Blackwell / AP From blogs.sacbee.com The frame for a makeshift shelter Thorny acacia tree On the outskirts of Dagahaley Camp, outside Dadaab, Kenya Sunday, July 10, 2011 Rebecca Blackwell / AP From blogs.sacbee.com A family from southern Somali Making their way to the internally displaced camps Mogadishu, Somalia Sunday, July 10, 2011 Farah Abdi Warsameh / AP From blogs.sacbee.com The head of the U.N. refugee agency said Sunday, July 10, 2011 that drought-ridden Somalia is the "worst humanitarian disaster" in the world after meeting with refugees who endured unspeakable hardship to reach the world's largest refugee camp. Antonio Guterres, the head of UNHCR who visited Dadaab on Sunday, appealed to the world to supply the "massive support" needed by thousands of refugees showing up at this camp every week. More than 380,000 refugees now live there. ( blogs.sacbee.com) The fragmented country of Somalia is no stranger to conflict and the last two years of fighting has increasingly taken a toll on the lives of everyone in the country, especially the children. Somalia is quite literally a raging battle ground, as fighting in the country continues, as insurgents exchange fire with the Somali government, Ethiopian troops and African Union peacekeepers. Not only is Somalia a lawless land of conflict, but it is one of the worlds harshest places to live environmentally, and the countries strong culture of pastoralism (nomadic way of life) on increases the impact on a child’s chances of survival. A Somali child has less chance of living to adulthood than a child in any other part of the world. The high child mortality rates are rooted in a number of causes, mainly due to primarily preventable diseases, dehydration, malnutrition, lack of safe water, and poor sanitation. Not only is a child’s future hindered by health, but only one in five children actually receive any form of education. Many children are left the primary or sole caretakers, and with low literacy rates the future is far from hopeful for most. (UNICEF) (Will we remember by SomaliaCassandra Clifford at children.foreignpolicyblogs.com) No comments:
How to write a block letter How to write a block letter, The main formats for business letters in the us are called full block format and modified block format full block format means that all the elements of the letter. How to write a business letter need to write you should add this person’s initials below the signature block sometimes, the letter. Business letter block style • samples of letters, memos references may be obtained by writing or phoning: placement office. Even the scrooges will smile at 3 free months of ad-free music with youtube red. Holly, an elementary art teacher steps you through how to draw block letters we'll go through the whole alphabet together for your reference ideas for. Modified block business letter layout is one of the most popular, beaten only by the full block format a few words about letter writing in the uk. There is an acceptable structure for writing professional letters as paragraphs can be indented five spaces or block you would write a letter of. The block-style letter uses a minimalist format with no indents every part of the letter starts at the left margin the most formal of the business letters, the. How to write a block style business letter writing review services include the following options standard essay review smarthinkings business block how prioritizes. Block letters (known as printscript, manuscript, print writing or ball and stick in academics) are a sans-serif (or gothic) style of writing latin script in which. Full block format would be a great format to use if you were to write a letter of resignation typing a business letter – full block format. Most formal letters are formatted in what is called a block style when you look at the document as a whole, the text should form blocks on the page different. A semi-block style letter is a less formal version of a block or a full-block letter with the differences being the sender's address, date, reference or attention. Letter generator - readwritethink. A block letter may refer to any of the following: 1 when referring to typing or writing, block letters refers to writing or typing that is printed and not written in. Many job seekers assume writing a cover letter is a waste of their time i've been told, nobody reads it that's actually not true hiring managers. Block format when writing business letters, you must pay special attention to the format and font used the most common layout of a business letter is known as block. This resource covers the parts of the basic business letter and provides three sample business letters letter instead, begin with the date block write city. How to write a block letter Rated 3/5 based on 30 review
英文字典中文字典推到 Twitter! 推到 Plurk! 推到 Facebook! joint 音標拼音: [dʒ'ɔɪnt] n. 接合;關節 a. 連接的,接合的;聯合的,共同的;合辦的 vt. 連接,結合;切斷接頭 JNT 聯合結合或 adj 1: united or combined; "a joint session of Congress"; "joint owners" [ant: {separate}] 2: affecting or involving two or more; "joint income-tax return"; "joint ownership" 3: involving both houses of a legislature; "a joint session of n 1: (anatomy) the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if it allows motion) [synonym: {joint}, {articulation}, {articulatio}] 2: a disreputable place of entertainment 3: the shape or manner in which things come together and a connection is made [synonym: {articulation}, {join}, {joint}, {juncture}, {junction}] 4: a piece of meat roasted or for roasting and of a size for slicing into more than one portion [synonym: {roast}, {joint}] 5: junction by which parts or objects are joined together 6: marijuana leaves rolled into a cigarette for smoking [synonym: {joint}, {marijuana cigarette}, {reefer}, {stick}, {spliff}] v 1: fit as if by joints; "The boards fit neatly" 2: provide with a joint; "the carpenter jointed two pieces of wood" [synonym: {joint}, {articulate}] 3: fasten with a joint 4: separate (meat) at the joint See {Join}.] [1913 Webster] united; the union of two or more smooth or even surfaces [1913 Webster] joint. See {Articulation}. [1913 Webster] A scaly gauntlet now, with joints of steel, Must glove this hand. --Shak. [1913 Webster] To tear thee joint by joint. --Milton. [1913 Webster] stem; a joint of the leg. [1913 Webster] by the butcher for roasting. [1913 Webster] rock transverse to the stratification. [1913 Webster] bodies joined and held together, as by means of cement, mortar, etc.; as, a thin joint. [1913 Webster] 7. The means whereby the meeting surfaces of pieces in a structure are secured together. [1913 Webster] 8. [{Jag} a notch.] A projecting or retreating part in something; any irregularity of line or surface, as in a wall. [Now Chiefly U. S.] [Webster 1913 Suppl.] two flats or wings of an interior setting. [Webster 1913 Suppl.] as for smoking opium; -- also used for a commercial establishment, implying a less than impeccable reputation, but often in jest; as, talking about a high-class joint is an oxymoron. [Slang] [Webster 1913 Suppl. PJC] 11. a marijuana cigarette. [Slang] in the joint." {Coursing joint} (Masonry), the mortar joint between two courses of bricks or stones. {Fish joint}, {Miter joint}, {Universal joint}, etc. See under {Fish}, {Miter}, etc. {Joint bolt}, a bolt for fastening two pieces, as of wood, the pieces. {Joint chair} (Railroad), the chair that supports the ends of abutting rails. {Joint coupling}, a universal joint for coupling shafting. See under {Universal}. {Joint hinge}, a hinge having long leaves; a strap hinge. {Joint splice}, a re["e]nforce at a joint, to sustain the parts in their true relation. {Joint stool}. a joint chair. {Out of joint}, out of place; dislocated, as when the head of a bone slips from its socket; hence, not working well [1913 Webster] Joint \Joint\ (joint), a. [F., p. p. of joindre. See {Join}.] [1913 Webster] 1. Joined; united; combined; concerted; as, joint action. [1913 Webster] 2. Involving the united activity of two or more; done or produced by two or more working together. [1913 Webster] I read this joint effusion twice over. --T. Hook. [1913 Webster] 3. United, joined, or sharing with another or with others; not solitary in interest or action; holding in common with an associate, or with associates; acting together; as, joint heir; joint creditor; a joint bank account; joint debtor, etc. "Joint tenants of the world." --Donne. [1913 Webster] 4. Shared by, or affecting two or more; held in common; as, joint property; a joint bond. [1913 Webster] A joint burden laid upon us all. --Shak. [1913 Webster] {Joint committee} (Parliamentary Practice), a committee composed of members of the two houses of a legislative body, for the appointment of which concurrent resolutions of the two houses are necessary. --Cushing. {Joint meeting}, or {Joint session}, the meeting or session committees representing different corporations; a joint session of both branches of a State legislature to chose a United States senator. "Such joint meeting shall not be dissolved until the electoral votes are all counted and the result declared." --Joint Rules of Congress, U. S. {Joint resolution} (Parliamentary Practice), a resolution adopted concurrently by the two branches of a legislative body. "By the constitution of the United States and the rules of the two houses, no absolute distinction is made between bills and joint resolutions." --Barclay (Digest). {Joint rule} (Parliamentary Practice), a rule of proceeding adopted by the concurrent action of both branches of a legislative assembly. "Resolved, by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), that the sixteenth and seventeenth joint rules be suspended for the remainder of the session." --Journal H. of R., U. S. {Joint and several} (Law), a phrase signifying that the debt, in such a way that the parties in interest are engaged both together and individually thus a joint and several debt is one for which all the debtors may be sued together or either of them individually; used especially in the phrase joint and several liability. {Joint stock}, stock held in company. {Joint-stock company} (Law), a species of partnership, consisting generally of a large number of members, having the shares owned by any member being usually transferable without the consent of the rest. {Joint tenancy} (Law), a tenure by two or more persons of under which the survivor takes the whole. --Blackstone. {Joint tenant} (Law), one who holds an estate by joint tenancy. Contrassted with {tenant in common}. [1913 Webster] Joint \Joint\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Jointed}; p. pr. & vb. n. [1913 Webster] 1. To unite by a joint or joints; to fit together; to prepare so as to fit together; as, to joint boards. [1913 Webster] Pierced through the yielding planks of jointed wood. [1913 Webster] 2. To join; to connect; to unite; to combine. [1913 Webster] Jointing their force 'gainst Caesar. --Shak. [1913 Webster] 3. To provide with a joint or joints; to articulate. [1913 Webster] The fingers are jointed together for motion. --Ray. [1913 Webster] 4. To separate the joints; of; to divide at the joint or joints the neck." --Dryden. [1913 Webster] Quartering, jointing, seething, and roasting. [1913 Webster] Joint \Joint\, v. i. stones joint, neatly. [1913 Webster] 418 Moby Thesaurus words for "joint": Babylon, DET, DMT, Gomorrah, LSD, Mary Jane, STP, Sodom, THC, abutment, abysm, abyss, accessory, accompanying, accordant, accumulated, acid, agglomerate, aggregate, agreeing, amalgamated, amassed, ankle, antidepressant, appendage, arm, arroyo, articulate, articulation, aspic, assembled, assimilated, associate, associated, at one with, ataractic, attendant, attending, bagnio, barbecue, batten, batten down, bawdyhouse, betting house, betting parlor, blended, boiled meat, bolt, bordello, bough, bouilli, boundary, box canyon, branch, breach, break, brothel, buckle, bunched, bundled, butt, button, canyon, casino, cathouse, cavity, cervix, chap, chasm, check, chimney, chink, civet, clasp, cleat, cleft, cleuch, clinch, clip, clip joint, closure, clough, clumped, clustered, coacting, coactive, coadjutant, coadjuvant, coadunate, coefficient, coincident, col, collaborative, collateral, collected, collective, collectivist, collectivistic, collusive, combinative, combinatory, combined, combining, commensal, common, communal, communalist, communalistic, communist, communistic, communitarian, commutual, compact, comprehensive, concerted, concomitant, concordant, concourse, concurrent, concurring, confluence, conglomerate, congregate, congregated, conjoint, conjugate, conjunct, conjunctive, connecting link, connecting rod, connection, connective, conniving, consilient, consolidated, conspiratorial, cooperant, cooperating, cooperative, coordinate, corporate, correlative, coulee, couloir, coupled, coupling, coworking, crack, cranny, crevasse, crevice, crib, crux, cumulate, cut, cwm, defile, dell, den, den of iniquity, den of thieves, den of vice, diethyltryptamine, dike, dimethyltryptamine, disorderly house, ditch, dive, donga, dovetail, draw, dump, eclectic, ecumenic, elbow, embrace, excavation, fascicled, fasciculated, fault, fellow, fissure, flat, flaw, flesh, fleshpots, flume, forcemeat, fracture, furrow, fused, gage, gambling den, gambling hall, gambling hell, gambling house, game, gaming house, ganja, gap, gape, gash, gathered, general, gliding joint, glomerate, gorge, grass, groove, gulch, gulf, gully, gyp joint, hachis, hallucinogen, hand, hangout, harmonious, harmonized, hash, hashish, hasp, hay, heaped, hell, hellhole, hemp, hinge, hinged joint, hip, hitch, hole, honky-tonk, hook, house of assignation, house of joy, house of prostitution, imp, in common, in session, incision, inclusive, incorporated, integrated, interconnection, interface, intersection, jam, jerky, join, joined, joining, jugged hare, junction, juncture, kava, kloof, knee, knotted, knuckle, lair, latch, leagued, leak, leg, limb, link, lobe, lobule, lock, lumped, marijuana, massed, meat, meeting, member, menue viande, merged, mescal, mescal bean, mescal button, mescaline, mince, mind-altering drug, mind-blowing drug, mind-expanding drug, miter, mixed, moat, morning glory seeds, mortise, mutual, nail, neck, noncompetitive, notch, nullah, offshoot, one, opening, organ, packaged, paired, panel den, panel house, parallel, parasitic, pass, passage, peg, pemmican, peyote, piled, pin, pinion, pivot, pivot joint, poolroom, popular, pot, pot roast, psilocin, psilocybin, psychedelic, psychic energizer, psychoactive drug, psychochemical, psychotomimetic, public, rabbet, ramification, ravine, reciprocal, red-light district, reefer, rent, respective, rift, rime, rivet, roach, roast, runner, rupture, saprophytic, sausage meat, scarf, scion, scissure, scrapple, screw, seam, sew, shared, shoulder, simultaneous, sink, sink of corruption, sink of iniquity, skewer, slit, slot, snap, social, socialistic, societal, split, sporting house, spray, sprig, spur, stacked, staple, stew, stews, stick, stitch, suture, switch, symbiotic, symphysis, syncretistic, syncretized, synergetic, synergic, synergistic, synthesized, tack, tail, tea, tenderloin, tendril, tie, tie rod, toggle, toggle joint, tranquilizer, trench, twig, twin, two-way, uncompetitive, union, united, uniting, valley, venison, viande, void, wadi, wedge, weed, weld, whorehouse, wing, wrapped up, wrist, zipper 中文字典-英文字典 2005-2009
what is the use of operating systems Discussion in 'Electronics Forum' started by ece97754, Jul 31, 2006. 1. ece97754 ece97754 Guest AN operating system exploits all the hardware resources of one or more processes and provide services to the system users. the operatingsystem control the application of processes.it is a user friendly computer.we have differnt operating systems like unix,mvs,windowsNt. an operating system will reside in mainmemory.it is kernel or nuclues.it is part of the mainmemory. an operating system is the interface btw a computerhardware and system users.it is a application software. the operatingsystems provide convenience,utility,efficiency to the computer. Share This Page
Sessile organisms Competition in sessile reef organisms takes 3 forms: 1) preemptive, where through its presence one organism prevents another from occupying the same space, 2) overgrowth, where one organism, like a seaweed, grows over or otherwise crowds out and kills another organism like a coral, and 3) chemical, where through release of a toxic material one organism prevents another from settling and surviving. Access each type via the icons. hot button for preemptive competition part of Biology of Caribbean Coral Reefs website hot button for preemptive competition part of Biology of Caribbean Coral Reefs hot button for overgrowth competition part of Biology of Caribbean Coral Reefs hot button for chemical competition part of Biology of Caribbean Coral Reefs Overgrowth competition hot buttons for overgrowth competition hot button for fire-coral overgrowth competition hot button for sponges-overgrowth competition hot button for coral/zoanthid overgrowth competition hot button for tunicate-overgrowth competition hot button for algae/cyanophyte-overgrowth competition Overgrowth by sponges is considered here, while information on other taxa can be accessed via the icons. seahorse dive leader for Biology of Caribbean Coral Reefs website photograph of competition involving sponges taken from a video "This green encrusting sponge takes many forms, but it's a common overgrower of gorgonians. Look how carefully it spaces itself from the other sponge. The pink sponge probably has its own defenses." - Grand Cayman 2001 photograph of sponge/gorgonian competition for space photograph of red sponge overgrowing lace coralSponges readily seem to overwhelm the defenses of most corals and gorgonians. Most often the sponge appears unaffected, but death of the overgrown parts of the affected organism is often inevitable. The brown encrusting sponge Ectoplasia ferox is overgrowing a gorgonian Pseudopterogorgia bipinnata, but is meeting fierce chemical resistance from the gorgonian 0.5X A rose-lace coral Stylaster roseus is being overgrown by a red encrusting sponge Diplastrella sp. 1X photograph of space competition among a red sponge, mound coral, and tunicate Sponge-coral interactions are complex enough, but the complexity is increased even more when other organisms are involved. Based on our knowledge of the aggressiveness of red boring-sponges Cliona sp. the specimen featured here should dominate the mound coral, but another unrelated species, a mat tunicate Trididemnum solidum, appears to be overgrowing both the coral and the sponge. The red boring-sponge Cliona delitrix actually penetrates its coral host through secretion of a dilute acid. The large openings on Cliona are its exhalent siphons or oscula 0.6X photograph of a chicken-liver spong overgrowing some fire coral Chicken-liver sponges Chondrilla nucula are superior overgrowth competitors. In the Florida Keys it is involved in about one-third of all coral-sponge interactions and, in Caribbean reefs in general, in up to one-half of these interactions. Were it not for spongivorous fishes (mainly angelfishes), this sponge species would soon overgrow the majority of corals with which it interacts. Hill 1998 Oecologia 117: 143. NOTE lit. "eater of sponges" The fire coral Millepora sp. is itself a strong overgrowth competitor, but the chicken-liver sponge Chondrilla nucula is making short work of it 1X photo collage showing sponge-competition standoffs Interactions of boulder corals with sponges in Columbia lead often to "standoffs"; that is, ones in which there is no clear winner. Such standoffs may actually be quite dynamic, with repeated reversals of dominance and changing distances between the protagonists. Aerts 2000 Mar Ecol 21: 191. photograph of standoff competition between a boring sponge and a coral In addition to overgrowing corals, certain sponges also parasitise them by boring holes with secreted acid that dissolves the coral's calcareous skeleton. At least 19 species of Caribbean sponges do this. Through their excavating activities, the sponges weaken the structural integrity of the corals and contribute to sedimentation. The sponges are enabled to do this through their superior competitive abilities. Diaz & Rutzler 2001 Bull Mar Sci 69: 535. The exhalent chimney of a boring sponge Siphonodictyon extends from the surface of a coral. Food and oxygen-bearing water enters the sponge via the small pores and leaves via the large exhalent siphon on top. Note the white coloration of the coral, indicating that its defenses against the sponge are mobilised, but to no seeming effect 3X NOTE lit. "siphon-extending coral-eating" photograph of boring sponge infesting a boulder coral In the accompanying photograph, a boring sponge Siphonodictyon coralliphagum is parasitising a boulder coral Montastrea cavernosa. Note the standoff distance maintained by the coral polyps from the siphons of the sponge. Note also that other protagonists are involved, a mat tunicate Trididemnum solidum (see also detail) and some seaweeds, the latter having adventitiously settled and grown on the damaged coral. photo collage of sponge/coral mutualism Finally, orange-icing sponges Mycale laevis envelop entire coral colonies without boring. The relationship is mutualistically beneficial, with the coral being provided protection by the sponge and the sponge being given a place to live above the sea bottom in clean "uncompetitive" sea water. photos and schematic showing interaction between cup-coral Tubastrea coccinea and a potentially overgrowing spongeOrange cup-coral Tubastrea coccinea was introduced into the Curacao area from the Pacific some time in the 1940s and has since spread widely. Part of its success may owe to its propensity to spread via “runners”, thin tissue extensions that grow away from the main colony up to 10cm per year and usually end with production of a terminal new polyp. Growth of such runners is common and, as they have been observed sometimes to be in directions away from encroaching encrusting sponges that tend to overgrow corals, may help explain the overall success of the species in invading Caribbean reefs. Vermeij 2005 Coral Reefs 24: 442. Left: mature polyps of a Tubastrea coccinea colony. Right: a new polyp (at 8 o'clock) senses the presence of an encrusting sponge coming from the Right, extends a tissue path away from the threat, and produces a new polyp. The threatening sponge is the yellow tissue on the Right
MANILA – A knitting factory in Bangladesh brings together the past, present, and future. On one floor, workers knit by hand. On another, people and machines do the work together. And on a third floor, there are only robots. The Year Ahead 2018 text-align: center; Order now This building might seem like an anachronism, given the accepted wisdom that robots will replace humans in textiles and many other industries. But it is actually a savvy response to how the Fourth Industrial Revolution will likely play out in Asia. As is the case elsewhere, technological advances are rapidly transforming industries and economies, by blurring the boundaries between the physical, digital, and biological worlds. And yet much of Asia isn’t ready for robots, for reasons that go beyond fears of mass unemployment. In 2014, China had just 11 robots per 10,000 employees in non-automotive industries, and just 213 per 10,000 employees on automotive assembly lines. That is hundreds fewer than in Japan, the United States, or Germany. Although China is closing the gap by increasing its spending on robots, poorer countries face significant barriers to adopting new technologies. Moreover, the region’s lower wages give firms an incentive to retain human workers. At the factory in Bangladesh, human workers can step in if power outages or equipment failures knock the machines offline. At the same time, having a fully automated section allows production to continue if workers go on strike. Conventional wisdom decrees that this dual-track approach isn’t sustainable, and that low- to middle-skilled workers will eventually make way for robots. A landmark 2013 study by Carl Frey and Michael Osborne of Oxford University suggests that, in the coming decades, 47% of total US employment will be at risk of automation. Similarly, the International Labour Organization (ILO) has warned that 56% of total employment in Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam is “at high risk of displacement due to technology over the next decade or two.” But these grim predictions ignore the fact that most jobs comprise a bundle of tasks, some of which cannot be automated. According to a 2016 OECD study that breaks down occupations by task, only 9% of jobs on average across 21 OECD countries are really at risk. The same logic applies to Asia. In Vietnam, for example, the share of jobs at risk falls from the ILO’s predicted 70% to just 15% when the country’s large informal economy is taken into account. Street sweepers in developing countries are arguably less threatened by automation than their counterparts in developed countries, because their jobs are less mechanized and lower paid. Still, robots are gaining a foothold in the region, particularly in economies such as China and South Korea. In 2015, robot sales in Asia increased by 19% – the fourth record-breaking year in a row. When less-developed Asian countries eventually join the technology bandwagon, layoffs will inevitably ensue. To soften the blow, governments urgently need to pursue labor-market reforms and overhaul their education systems, starting with technical and vocational education and training (TVET). Although TVET is becoming increasingly popular in Asia’s developing economies, its quality is often poor. Governments should ensure that TVET courses focus on more relevant skills, while remaining flexible so that students can study without sacrificing income. One option is to expand the availability of modular short courses, which take less time, train for specific tasks rather than entire jobs, and are more manageable for entrants who need, first and foremost, to earn money. In Myanmar, for example, the government has launched a pilot program to target the country’s “missing million” students who drop out of school each year. The program offers short courses on welding and other skills needed to repair rural machinery. Competency-based assessment systems could also be particularly useful, given Asia’s large informal workforce. Programs offering skilled workers a chance to earn certifications based on their work experience would allow for, say, uncertified electricians to find formal employment in robotics. The private sector can also help produce more graduates with job-ready skills. Asian countries should take a cue from India’s National Skill Development Corporation, which works with private training firms to match skills curricula with industry needs. So far, India’s program has helped train more than 63,000 people. Furthermore, governments should offer subsidies or tax incentives to companies that invest in the skills that humans master better than machines, such as communication and negotiation. They will also have to adopt more flexible labor regulations, because firms won’t hire skilled workers who cost too much. At the end of the day, Asia’s developing countries need policies that support workers, rather than jobs. All parties can benefit from flexible contracts and lifelong learning and retraining opportunities. Retraining is particularly important, because automation will create entirely new industries and occupations. The McKinsey Global Institute estimates that automation could boost global productivity growth by 0.8-1.4% annually, generating large savings and performance gains for businesses. Improving access to training and certification would help countries capitalize on these advances and ensure more equitable growth, by giving workers the skills needed to handle the new jobs. That outcome would be good for workers and for Asian economies. It would mean that businesses like the factory in Bangladesh could operate solely with robots, while its former workers would be gainfully employed elsewhere, most likely in jobs that don’t even exist yet. Let’s block ads! (Why?) Source link Load More By elspoka Load More In Invest Leave a Reply Check Also 4 Reasons Why You Should Take A Social Media Break, Like Ariana Grande Grande isn’t the only high-profile celebrity to go on a social media detox: Selena Gomez a…
A History Lesson on…Gabrielle ‘Coco’ Chanel vs. Elsa Schiaparelli Source: (Left Image) John Phillips/Time LIFE Pictures/Getty Images, (Right Image) Business of Fashion This essay sets out to analyse the comparing and contrasting features of two designers, Gabrielle ‘Coco’ Chanel and Elsa Schiaparelli, during the same period. It will argue that Chanel had an industry-oriented approach towards fashion, whereas Schiaparelli was art-oriented in her designs, yet both were equally innovative in doing so. Through reference to Ingrid Loschek’s theory concerning context crossing and its relation to innovation, this essay will explore how Chanel’s implementation of menswear into womenswear and Schiaparelli’s incorporation of artistic motifs in her designs created innovative fashion. It also considers how both designers’ work closely related to the aesthetic, social and cultural changes of their time. To understand the impact of Chanel and Schiaparelli’s designs during the 1920s to the 1930s it is important to understand the historical context that informed the period. The interwar period – from World War One to World War Two – was a fundamental period of change that consequently influenced women’s dress. Women entered the workforce, as a result of the shortage of men sent to fight in the Great War. Women were undertaking roles from which they were banned previously and considered “outside their physical and mental ability” (Marly 1986, 143). Women’s dress changed significantly in large part by the transformation of women’s traditional role in society (Marly 1986, 143). According to Palomo-Lovinski (2010, 30) a “burgeoning spirit of modernism” fostered changes in women’s status within society. This is reflected in the abandonment of corsets that were associated with the Victorian woman (Palomo-Lovinski 2010, 30). The ‘New Woman’, in contrast to the Victorian woman, emerged at the end of World War One. ‘The New Woman’ defied social norms, wore comfortable and practical clothes, decided when to marry and have children, earned an education and became financially independent (Ferrero-Regis 2016). Their manners and morals were in stark contrast to previous generations (Freedman 1974, 373). It was a result of the liberation women gained in the 1920s (Fisher 2003, 35). In addition, there was “a cultural reversal of attitudes towards sexuality”, whereby the ‘New Woman’ was allowed to sample both a marriage and a career (Fisher 2003, 34). According to Frederick Lewis Allen, “The new woman wanted the same freedom of movement that men had…sexual independence was merely the most sensational aspect of the generally altered status of women.” (Freedman 1974, 373). Their legal and economic position had improved allowing women to become the “social and economic equals of men” (Freedman 1974, 373). This economic autonomy for women led to a measure of personal freedom (Fisher 2003, 34). These factors led to women’s appearance and demeanour being altered during this period, so as to highlight their independence and allure (Fisher 2003, 33). As James Laver noted (Fisher 2003, 33), “A new type of woman had come into existence. The new erotic idea was androgyne: girls strove to look as much like boys as possible”. ‘The New Woman’ and the fashions associated with the concept is directly related to the concept of the ‘la garconne’. The ‘la garconne’ was derived from a 1922 novel where the central character was a flapper. The ‘flapper’ is a woman who is educated, works, plays sports, and has hair cut short like a bob (Ferrero-Regis 2016). ‘La garconne’ influenced a generation of women in their fashion choices and “style became inextricably linked to notions of modernity and emancipation” (Ferrero-Regis 2016). Furthermore, this period was dominated by female couturiers of which included Gabrielle ‘Coco’ Chanel and Elsa Schiaparelli and was called ‘the golden age of the couturier’ (Steele 1992, 122). These female designers used fashion to construct new modern identities (Arnold 2010, 492). Despite vast approaches to fashion during the same period, the social and cultural changes informed both of Chanel and Schiaparelli’s designs similarly. Elsa Schiaparelli evoked the concept of modernity in her designs, similar to that of Chanel, who embodied the ‘modern’ woman and demonstrated this in her designs. Both of their designs were considered innovative because of context crossing – Chanel incorporated the menswear elements that were a direct result of the changing role of women in society, whilst Schiaparelli’s artistic motifs represented the Surrealist and Dadaism movements of the time. During the 1920s Gabrielle ‘Coco’ Chanel approached fashion with an industry-oriented perspective by incorporating menswear elements into womenswear, which can be seen as innovative. Chanel’s implementation of menswear into womenswear is representative of the changing role of women during the 1920s. The impact Chanel had on fashion included the democratisation of dress; appropriation of masculine elements; use of middle class dress and materials; modernist, streamlined aesthetic; and the proposal of the new ‘leisure style’ (Ferrero-Regis 2016). Ingrid Loschek’s (2009) theory explains that innovation is understood as a result of context crossing. Crossing contexts, “represent an ability to construct relations between unconnected idea of structures, that is to see inspiring links between separate phenomena”. This is exemplified through Chanel’s incorporation of menswear into womenswear. Whilst other designers may have used elements of menswear for women, it was not to the largest extent that Chanel did (Palomo-Lovinski 2010, 32). Chanel was innovative in doing for women’s dress what the English aristocrats and dandies had done hundred years previously for men’s dress (Wilson 2011, 40). She adapted sportswear to daily life and capitalized on the ‘feminizing of masculine fashion’ (Wilson 2011, 40). In particular, the use of masculine styles and sportswear in her designs was seen to be influenced by the garments the Duke of Westminster and his aristocratic circle wore (Steele 2010, 139). Moreover, she utilised fabrics that were predominantly used for menswear such as indigenous British fabrics including Scottish tweed and woollens (Fogg and Steele 2013, 223). The most noted innovative use of fabrics was jersey, once only used for men’s underwear (English 2010, 22). A clear example of crossing contexts, Chanel combined jersey with elegant trims and buttons (English 2010, 22), thus creating new meaning. Furthermore, the use of sweaters, jersey dresses, and suits “subverted the idea of fashion as display” (Wilson 2011, 40), which formed the basis of her industry-oriented approach to fashion. Chanel’s jersey fashions were striking in their simplicity and modernity (Steele 2010, 139). Additionally, masculine apparel Chanel used demonstrates intertwining contexts by including berets, reefer jackets, mechanics’ dungarees, stonemasons’ neckerchiefs, and sailor suits in her designs (Steele 2010, 139). The use of menswear elements into womenswear can be said to be reflective of the ‘New Woman’ and its association with liberation and emancipation. This context crossing can be closely aligned with the notion that to “dress like a man in public was the ultimate in liberation” (Cawthorne 1998, 57), something of which women experienced during this period. The androgyny of clothing was “a vogue spurred on by women’s growing role in the American workplace and their demand for comfortable frocks” (Fisher 2003, 69), of which Chanel emphasised in her designs. It is considered that she emancipated women’s dress through comfort and practicality and created a ‘total look’ (English 2010, 22). Her sportswear designs were to complement the active lives wealthy women led (Steele 2010, 139). The understatement of Chanel’s clothes was considered innovative. In addition, androgynous clothing mirrored women’s fight to be equal to those of men (Fisher 2003, 69). The boyish fashion silhouette was nicknamed ‘la garconne’ after a 1922 novel by Victor Margueritte whose heroine “personified the emancipated, uninhibited modern woman” (Troy 2002, 313). Furthermore, Chanel’s aesthetic was to clothe women in modernity (Arnold 2010, 492). According to Cecil Beaton, Chanel was the personification of modernity due to “her marvellous balance between femininity and boyish simplicity…congruent to the latest ideal that women had created for themselves” (Wilson 2011, 168). Furthermore, according to Elizabeth Wilson, “fashion is dress in which the key feature is rapid and continual changing of styles and that fashion in a sense is a change” (Parkins 2012, 11). Indeed, that “change is popularly figured in the fashion world as a constant orientation to the ‘new’, as if fashion were relentlessly innovative” (Parkins 2012, 11). It can be said that by transferring menswear to womenswear and giving it a new concept shows how meaning can be displaced, as exemplified in Chanel’s innovative designs. Whereby Chanel had an industrial-oriented approach, Elsa Schiaparelli approached fashion during the 1920s-1930s with an art-oriented focus which was considered innovative of her time. Whilst the inter-war period compared Gabrielle ‘Coco’ Chanel and Elsa Schiaparelli against each other, their approaches to design were in stark contrast. Chanel viewed dressmaking as a profession, whilst Schiaparelli regarded it as an art (Blum 1947, 10). Schiaparelli’s belief was that designed fashion is an art (Koda, Bolton and Therman 2012, preface). Schiaparelli said, “Dress designing, incidentally, is to me not a profession but an art.” (Gibson 2003, 48). Schiaparelli’s belief was that the garment was the place for artistic expression rather than the medium for the couturier’s craft (Martin 1989, 198). Schiaparelli’s designs highlighted her background as an artist, rather than a dressmaker (English 2010, 24), and were a reflection of the “zeitgeist of the 1930s in Paris, a time of when a number of Surrealist artists were working in and interacting with the world of fashion” (Blum 1947, 121). During the beginning of the 20th century there was a clear link between the fine arts and dress as many leading couturiers associated with artists (Nunn 1984, 174). During this period, fashion design reflected many of the same artistic developments that art and literature focused on (Palomo-Lovinski 2010, 160). These artistic movements in the 1920s and 30s included surrealism and Dadaism. In the 1930s, it was Schiaparelli who linked fine art even more closely to dress (Nunn 1984, 174). The Surrealist movement had begun in the early 20s and its use of fantasy and unexpected juxtaposition impacted Schiaparelli, which resulted in turning to contemporary artists for her designs (Marly 1986, 153). Where Chanel incorporated elements of menswear into womenswear, Schiaparelli implemented elements of surrealism into her designs. She introduced ideas of surrealism into her designs as well as collaborated with artists such as Salvador Dali, Jean Cocteau and Christian Berard. The trompe l’oeil sweater in 1928, for which Schiaparelli became renowned for, marked the start of the designer’s relationship between art and fashion. The “simple, hand knitted garment and its direct, graphic image point to a more relaxed attitude to informal wear for women” (Wilcox and Mendes 2009, 96). The “geometric, ‘stepped’ quality of the bow’s curved outlines is an unavoidable technical feature of hand knitting” (Wilcox and Mendes 2009, 96). The designer’s ‘trompe l’oeil sweater’ hints at her later involvement with the Surrealist movement (Wilcox and Mendes 2009, 96). The sweater was simple in style but at the neck it featured a white bow looking like a tied scarf (Cawthorne 1998, 77). The novel, decorative treatment looked completely new and different and injected an element of humour when everyone was wearing serious, minimalist clothing (Cawthorne 1998, 77). Whilst sportswear played a role early in Schiaparelli’s career (Blum 1947, 15), her relationship with artists and the subsequent work that came of it were what marked the designer’s career and highlighted her innovative work in the 1930s. Yet, even the “most simple and minimalist garments often contained small elements of construction that shared a playful, or even absurd sensibility with the surrealists” (Parkins 2012, 84). Schiaparelli created garments that became Surrealist objects themselves (Blum 1947, 121). Implementing Surrealist art motifs into her designs, Schiaparelli transformed “the mundane and ordinary into the strangely beautiful and contradictory” (Blum 1947, 121). She was successful in identifying and tapping into popular visual culture and exploiting its successes (Gibson 2003, 48), a concept expored in Loschek’s theory of innovation. The results of her collaborations with Salvador Dali were viewed as radical by the fashion press of the 1930s (Gibson 2003, 48). A 1932 profile in Harper’s Bazaar noted that Schiaparelli, “being thoroughly modern, she gives her clothes the essence of modern architecture, modern thought, and modern movement”. This “characterization, like others, connected Schiaparelli’s distinctiveness to her innovative qualities and seized upon her connections with various artistic modernists as proof of her relevance to the now” (Parkins 2012, 87). The evidence for her modernity is her surrealist designs and her relationships with artistic ‘revolutionaries’ (Parkins 2012, 87). There are a large number of Schiaparelli designs that incorporated artistic elements. Namely, her relationship with Salvador Dali, which began in 1936, resulted in a series of garments and accessories that included striking designs such as a chest of drawer suits, an evening dress with a lobster print and a shoe hat and suit from 1937, and an evening dress with a tear design from 1938 (Steele 2010, 620). Dali’s surrealist painting Anthropomorphic Cabinet (Image 1) was exemplified as the drawer-like pockets on a Schiaparelli suit (Image 2) (Blum 1947, 121). Image 2: Salvador Dali’s Anthropomorphic Cabinet, 1936. Image 2: A photograph of Schiaparelli’s drawer jacket inspired by Dali’s Anthropomorphic Cabinet painting. Retrieved from Vogue Archive, September 15, 1936, pg. 70 Lobsters started appearing as a motif in Dali’s work in 1934 (Blum 1947, 135). Schiaparelli created the lobster dress in 1937, a “splendid giant lobster in an organdie field with parsley sprigs” (Martin 1989, 205). Dali’s lobster fully involved Schiaparelli in the Surrealist vocabulary of forms, offering the crustacean as aesthetic and animal surrogate of female sexuality (Martin 1989, 205). Dali designed the textile for Schiaparelli’s tear dress to create an illusion that made it appear it had been torn repeatedly (Martin 1989, 206). The application of the ‘tear’ to couture was considered an “insane and wild premise” (Martin 1989, 206). An additional example of innovation was the use of a zip fastener (Nunn 1984, 174). While other designers were using zippers simply as a fastener, Schiaparelli utilised to create a visual interest in garments (Kellegg et al. 2002, 271). Schiaparelli’s innovation also lay in her ability to marry the familiar with the unexpected and the pretty with the grotesque (Madsen 2015, 282). “Good design is always on a tightrope of bad taste”, she said (Madsen 2015, 282). Schiaparelli’s designs reinforced the silhouette of the 1930s where slim lines replaced the loose, low-waists of the 1920s, bodices became shorter and skirts were lengthened to mid-calf (English 2010, 24). Schiaparelli’s work was spurred by themes that related closely to the changing status of women in the inter-war years, as well as to the avant-garde discourse of the surrealist artists (Steele 2010, 619). As Loschek (2009) states in her theory of context crossing and its relation to innovation, “clothing is convincing when it echoes the zeitgeist and mood of the times”. This is exemplified in Schiaparelli’s art-oriented approach during the 1920s to the 1930s, where she created designs that reflected the Surrealism artistic movement occurring with artists such as Salvador Dali and Jean Cocteau. Schiaparelli was innovative in that she was the first prominent designer to “fuse contradictions to arrive at something new”, as outlined in Loschek’s theory. Therefore, Schiaparelli’s can be seen to have been innovative in approaching fashion with an art-oriented focus in the 1920s to the 1930s. Thus in conclusion, the designs of Schiaparelli and Chanel can be seen as innovative according to the outlines in Loschek’s theory of ‘context crossing’. Both designers took from one context – Chanel with menswear, Schiaparelli with art – and put it into another context, which was fashion. This essay has argued that Elsa Schiaparelli and Gabrielle ‘Coco’ Chanel were both innovative during the same period, yet their approach to fashion differed. Chanel was innovative in context crossing, whereby she applied menswear elements into womenswear giving it a new meaning. In stark contrast, artistic motifs closely associated with the Surrealist and Dadaism movements were utilised by Schiaparelli in her designs. Reference List Koda, Harold, Andrew Bolton, and Judith Therman. 2012. Schiaparelli & Prada: impossible conversations. The Metropolitan Museum of Art: London, New York and New Haven. Blum, Dilys. 1947. Shocking: the art and fashion of Elsa Schiaparelli. Philadelphia Museum of Art: New Haven, London and Philadelphia. Wilson, Elizabeth. 2011. Adorned in Dreams: Fashion and Modernity. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd: London. Arnold, Rebecca. 2010. In The Fashion History Reader: Global Perspectives edited by Riello, Giorgio and Peter McNeil. Nunn, Joan. 1984. Fashion in Costume: 1200-1980. The Herbert Press Ltd: London. Troy, Nancy J. 2002. Couture Culture: A Study in Modern Art and Fashion. n.p.:MIT Press Madsen, Axel. 2015. Chanel. Open Road Distribution: New York. Accessed May 30. Parkins, Ilya. 2012. Poiret, Dior and Schiaparelli: fashion, femininity and modernity. Bloomsbury Publishing: London. Gibson, Robyn. 2003. “Schiaparelli, Surrealism and the Desk Suit.” Dress: The Journal of the Costume Society of American 30 (1): 48-58. Accessed May 30 2016. http://www-tandfonline-com.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/loi/ydre20#.V16W7FekelI English, Bonnie. 2010. Fashion: The 50 Most Influential Designers of all time. Barron’s Educational Series, Inc: London. Wilcox, Claire and Valerie D. Mendes. 2009. Twentieth-Century Fashion in Detail. V&A Publications: London. Kellegg, Ann T., Amy T. Peterson, Stefani Bay and Natalie Swindell. 2002. In an influential fashion: an encyclopaedia of nineteenth- and twentieth-century fashion designers and retailers who transformed dress. Greenwood Press: Wesport. Steele, Valerie. 2010. The Berg Companion to fashion. Berg: Oxford. Marly, Diana de. 1986. The History of Haute Couture 1850-1950. Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc.: New York. Palomo-Lovinski, Noel. 2010. The world’s most influential designers. A&C Black Publishers: London. Cawthorne, Nigel. 1998. Key moments in fashion: the evolution of style. Hamlyn: London. Fogg, Marnie and Valerie Steele. 2013. Fashion: the whole story. Thames & Hudson: London. Freedman, Estelle B. 1974. “The New Woman: Changing Views of Women in the 1920s”. The Journal of American History 61 (2): 372-393. Accessed May 30 2016. http://www.jstor.org.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/stable/1903954?pq-origsite=summon&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Ferrero-Regis, Tiziana. 2016. “Chanel and Vionnet: Week 11 Lecture Notes.” Accessed 17 May 2016. https://blackboard.qut.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-6309852-dt-content-rid-6271521_1/courses/DFB303_16se1/WEEK%2011%20-%20chanel%20and%20vionnet.pdf Fisher, Lucy. 2003. Designing women: Cinema, Art Deco and The Female Form. New York: Columbia University Press. Steele, Valerie. 1992. “Chanel in Context”. In Chic thrills: a fashion reader, 118-126. Berkeley: University of California Press. Loschek, Ingrid. 2009. When clothes become fashion: design and innovation systems. New York: Berg Publishers. Martin, Richard. 1989. Fashion and Surrealism. London: Thames and Hudson. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Critical on Maps Rotating globe Why all maps of the world are wrong. Or in other words: Why do all maps of the world present a wrong, distorted image. Why do we use maps? How can we present the globe in two dimensions? What challenges do we face? Start with the first video and than move on to the second one. The latter is spoken fast and uses a wider, more scientific vocabulary. The only correct representation of the world is a globe. Every projection serves a specific purpose. It’s interesting to explore the different projections and their use and purpose throughout history. It appears that projections and perpectives change over time and place and are culturally bound. To get a good impression use the tool ‘The True Size. This tool makes it possible to drag a chosen country over the world and compare its (true) size with that of other countries. Visit the website This topic can be addressed from many different angles: geography, politics. history, mathematics, ethics…. Simulation: Diversity • When do communities remain diverse? • Can segregated communities be tolerant? • Under what circumstances does segregation happen and why? • How can a segregated community become diverse? Purchase Free Hardware PC, iPad Requirements Browser Technology and Design – Rocking horse Task: design and make a rocking horse for young children and test out it at a kindergarten. Examples of rocking horses from the internet DaVinci Kindergarten DaVinci Kindergarten is a pilot project in which we design, develop and try-out inquiry-based activities for children in the age 4-8. We have worked with children age 4-5 at two kindergartens in Norway. The activities focus on concepts from science, and technology and foster mathematical thinking. We present some of the activities that have been developped. Contact us if you wish a complete description of the activity. This slideshow requires JavaScript. 1. Show-box– sight lines and mirroring. 2. How big is the panther? – measuring, human-based measuring units e.g. foot, thumb(=duym/inch), span (=fathom), step. 3. How do you get the light on? – electricity, battery, light, lightbulb, lamp, electrical wire, curcuit. 4. What weighs most/least? – experimenting with balance scales and different materials with the same volume and different weight. 5. Discover more about your toys. What kind of materials are they made of? – Categorise, recognise, examine the different materials and discover their characteristics. 6. Bee-bot – programming a robot. How big is the panther? Another activity for children age 4-8. This inquiry-based activity involves measuring up a big animal. The children will draw a big animal in its actual size, but the animal is in another room than where the animal must be drawn. Two children are sent to look at the animal and asked to come back and describe the animal. This process is repeated with the question to find out how big the animal is so that it can be drawn on the large sheet of paper. measuring, measuring units, human based measuring units, measuring tools, categorizing, ordering, serializing, relative size, proportionality, counting, member of the ‘cat’ family. size, height, width, big-bigger-biggest, large- larger-largest, small- smaller- smallest, thick, order, position, direction, shape, fur, skin, colour, tail, (girth). The world for young children is primarily three dimensional. Young kids play with three dimensinal toys. A drawing or a picture is a two dimensional representation of objects from the three dimensional world and therefor more difficult to grasp. Measuring starts with the use of measuring units that are available. People have used measuring units related to their own body to measure length or height over many centuries e.g. foot, fathom/span, thumb/inch. Show-box and Sight lines Concepts: sight lines, mirror, reflection. For example: FlaskFiller simulation glazenFlaskFiller, or rather GlassFiller, is a simulation which enables teachers and students to experiment with and reason about the relationship between the shape of a glass, and the change in speed while filling it up (time vs height of the liquid in the glass). The simulation program enables the user to • Select the horizontal axis’ quantity, which is one of height, time, volume, or rising speed. • Select the vertical axis’ quantity, which is one of height, time, volume, or rising speed. Note that you can select the same quantity for both axes, which can make for an interesting topic of discussion. See some screenshots below. This slideshow requires JavaScript. Read the information about the simulation and how to use it on FaskFiller Education. Read the Research done on FlaskFiller software used with grade 5 pupils. The simulation has been used with grade 5 pupils in a one-to-one setting. When using this simulation in class you might want to use a hands-on experiment first, whereby you use a measuring cup to fill up glasses with different shapes. Let the pupils measure, observe and reason about what is happening with the different glasses. Afterwards let the pupils experiment with the simulation based on clear questions/tasks. Students should be encouraged to record their findings and discoveries on a worksheet. Most grade 5 pupils understand the principle of instantaneous speed, but lack the vocabulary. After experimenting in small groups, you could start the simulation on your SmartBoard and discuss the findings. Here the pupils will learn to extend their vocabulary and express what they see and think. Vocabulary: (rising)speed, volume, height, shape, cola-flesjetime, timelap, decrease/increase in speed of height of liquid visible in the graph. After experimenting and discussion, pupils should for example be able to match a glass (or bottle) with a graph and vice versa. The simulation can be used from grade 5 up to grade 10 depending on the tasks given. The simulation program is available online as an HTML file, but can also be downloaded for off-line use. Purchase Free Hardware PC Requirements browser
Open main menu Automated planning and scheduling Automated planning and scheduling, sometimes denoted as simply AI Planning,[1] is a branch of artificial intelligence that concerns the realization of strategies or action sequences, typically for execution by intelligent agents, autonomous robots and unmanned vehicles. Unlike classical control and classification problems, the solutions are complex and must be discovered and optimized in multidimensional space. Planning is also related to decision theory. In known environments with available models, planning can be done offline. Solutions can be found and evaluated prior to execution. In dynamically unknown environments, the strategy often needs to be revised online. Models and policies must be adapted. Solutions usually resort to iterative trial and error processes commonly seen in artificial intelligence. These include dynamic programming, reinforcement learning and combinatorial optimization. Languages used to describe planning and scheduling are often called action languages. Given a description of the possible initial states of the world, a description of the desired goals, and a description of a set of possible actions, the planning problem is to synthesise a plan that is guaranteed (when applied to any of the initial states) to generate a state which contains the desired goals (such a state is called a goal state). The difficulty of planning is dependent on the simplifying assumptions employed. Several classes of planning problems can be identified depending on the properties the problems have in several dimensions. • Are the actions deterministic or nondeterministic? For nondeterministic actions, are the associated probabilities available? • Are the state variables discrete or continuous? If they are discrete, do they have only a finite number of possible values? • Can the current state be observed unambiguously? There can be full observability and partial observability. • How many initial states are there, finite or arbitrarily many? • Do actions have a duration? • Can several actions be taken concurrently, or is only one action possible at a time? • Is the objective of a plan to reach a designated goal state, or to maximize a reward function? • Is there only one agent or are there several agents? Are the agents cooperative or selfish? Do all of the agents construct their own plans separately, or are the plans constructed centrally for all agents? The simplest possible planning problem, known as the Classical Planning Problem, is determined by: • a unique known initial state, • durationless actions, • deterministic actions, • which can be taken only one at a time, • and a single agent. Since the initial state is known unambiguously, and all actions are deterministic, the state of the world after any sequence of actions can be accurately predicted, and the question of observability is irrelevant for classical planning. Further, plans can be defined as sequences of actions, because it is always known in advance which actions will be needed. With nondeterministic actions or other events outside the control of the agent, the possible executions form a tree, and plans have to determine the appropriate actions for every node of the tree. Discrete-time Markov decision processes (MDP) are planning problems with: • durationless actions, • nondeterministic actions with probabilities, • full observability, • maximization of a reward function, • and a single agent. When full observability is replaced by partial observability, planning corresponds to partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP). If there are more than one agent, we have multi-agent planning, which is closely related to game theory. Domain Independent PlanningEdit In AI Planning, planners typically input a domain model (a description of a set of possible actions which model the domain) as well as the specific problem to be solved specified by the initial state and goal, in contrast to those in which there is no input domain specified. Such planners are called "Domain Independent" to emphasis the fact that they can solve planning problems from a wide range of domains. Typical examples of domains are block stacking, logistics, workflow management, and robot task planning. Hence a single domain independent planner can be used to solve planning problems in all these various domains. On the other hand, a route planner is typical of a domain specific planner. Planning Domain Modelling LanguagesEdit The most commonly used languages for representing planning domains and specific planning problems, such as STRIPS and PDDL for Classical Planning, are based on state variables. Each possible state of the world is an assignment of values to the state variables, and actions determine how the values of the state variables change when that action is taken. Since a set of state variables induce a state space that has a size that is exponential in the set, planning, similarly to many other computational problems, suffers from the curse of dimensionality and the combinatorial explosion. An alternative language for describing planning problems is that of hierarchical task networks, in which a set of tasks is given, and each task can be either realized by a primitive action or decomposed into a set of other tasks. This does not necessarily involve state variables, although in more realistic applications state variables simplify the description of task networks. Algorithms for planningEdit Classical planningEdit Reduction to other problemsEdit Temporal planningEdit Temporal planning can be solved with methods similar to classical planning. The main difference is, because of the possibility of several, temporally overlapping actions with a duration being taken concurrently, that the definition of a state has to include information about the current absolute time and how far the execution of each active action has proceeded. Further, in planning with rational or real time, the state space may be infinite, unlike in classical planning or planning with integer time. Temporal planning is closely related to scheduling problems. Temporal planning can also be understood in terms of timed automata. Probabilistic planningEdit Probabilistic planning can be solved with iterative methods such as value iteration and policy iteration, when the state space is sufficiently small. With partial observability, probabilistic planning is similarly solved with iterative methods, but using a representation of the value functions defined for the space of beliefs instead of states. Preference-based planningEdit In preference-based planning, the objective is not only to produce a plan but also to satisfy user-specified preferences. A difference to the more common reward-based planning, for example corresponding to MDPs, preferences don't necessarily have a precise numerical value. Conditional planningEdit Deterministic planning was introduced with the STRIPS planning system, which is a hierarchical planner. Action names are ordered in a sequence and this is a plan for the robot. Hierarchical planning can be compared with an automatic generated behavior tree.[2] The disadvantage is, that a normal behavior tree is not so expressive like a computer program. That means, the notation of a behavior graph contains action commands, but no loops or if-then-statements. Conditional planning overcomes the bottleneck and introduces an elaborated notation which is similar to a control flow, known from other programming languages like Pascal. It is very similar to program synthesis, that means a planner generates sourcecode which can be executed by an interpreter.[3] An early example of a conditional planner is “Warplan-C” which was introduced in the mid 1970s.[4] Until now, the question was not answered what the difference is between a normal sequence and a complicated plan, which contains if-then-statements. It has to do with uncertainty at runtime of a plan. The idea is, that a plan can react to sensor signals which are unknown for the planner. The planner generates two choices in advance. For example, if an object was detected, then action A is executed, if an object is missing, then action B is executed.[5] A major advantage of conditional planning is the ability to handle partial plans.[6] An agent is not forced to plan everything from start to finish but can divide the problem into chunks. This helps to reduce the state space and solves much more complex problems. Deployment of planning systemsEdit See alsoEdit 1. ^ Ghallab, Malik; Nau, Dana S.; Traverso, Paolo (2004), Automated Planning: Theory and Practice, Morgan Kaufmann, ISBN 1-55860-856-7 2. ^ Neufeld, Xenija and Mostaghim, Sanaz and Sancho-Pradel, Dario and Brand, Sandy (2017). "Building a Planner: A Survey of Planning Systems Used in Commercial Video Games". IEEE Transactions on Games. IEEE. 3. ^ Sanelli, Valerio and Cashmore, Michael and Magazzeni, Daniele and Iocchi, Luca (2017). Short-term human robot interaction through conditional planning and execution. Proc. of International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling (ICAPS). 4. ^ Peot, Mark A and Smith, David E (1992). Conditional nonlinear planning. Artificial Intelligence Planning Systems. Elsevier. pp. 189--197. 5. ^ Karlsson, Lars (2001). Conditional progressive planning under uncertainty. IJCAI. pp. 431--438. 6. ^ Liu, Daphne Hao (2008). A survey of planning in intelligent agents: from externally motivated to internally motivated systems (Technical report). Technical Report TR-2008-936, Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester. Further readingEdit External linksEdit
How To Use Undo & Redo Buttons Making mistakes is common. If this happens, don't worry. You can use the Undo and Redo buttons to restore your drawing to its original condition. To undo a mistake, just press the Undo button. If you'd like to undo multiple actions, continue to click the Undo button until you're satisfied with your drawing's appearance. Undo is often more convenient than trying to delete an item that you have accidentally drawn. If you undo too much, then you can click the redo button in order to recover what you accidentally undid. Undo and Redo buttons Note: This video has no sound; it has captions pointing out the relevant steps (program version Related Videos Zoom In/Out & Scale
Sophisticated 'Flame' Computer Virus Shares Programming Roots with Angry Birds It's all fun and games until someone gets hurt, or until someone uses a the same programming language behind one of the most popular mobile games of all time to construct one of the largest cyberweapons the world has ever seen. The folks at Fox News spoke with a number of cyber security experts who said that the sophisticated 'Flame' malware currently wreaking havoc in the Middle East was written in the LUA computer language, which happens to be the same language Rovio used to build Angry Birds. Small world, eh? Roel Schouwenberg, a senior security researcher with Kaspersky Labs, told Fox News that Flame is twenty times larger than previous cyberbombs, and immensely more powerful. So large, in fact, that it contains 250,000 lines of code and is like having a virtual army at your disposal. It's both fascinating and frightening that something like that could be built using gamer code. What does Angry Birds and the one of the world's most volatile cyberweapons have in common? Both were built using the LUA programming language. Once a system is infected, the Flame virus can fire up webcams, microphones, and tap into Bluetooth connections to infiltrate contacts, record conversations, and perform other underhanded tasks, Fox News says. It's unknown what person or organization is responsible for igniting Flame, but it probably comes from the same source as the Stuxnet virus, which was used to burrow into Iran's nuclear power plant. Via: Fox News Show comments blog comments powered by Disqus
College decisions impact financial future This was originally published on Monday, September 11, 2017, in the Pacific Daily News. Click here to subscribe to the PDN. Many college students do not realize that their financial performance in college will impact them long after they graduate. Decisions they make on using their credit cards, financial aid, and over spending can impact their job search, their credit score, and their ability to payback what they borrowed. Failing classes. For many years your child has had a structured learning environment. They go to school and follow a strict schedule. After school, parents enforce homework and studying times. College is very different from what they have been accustomed. Many professors don’t expect students to be in class every session and depending on their course load they may have a lot of time that they may consider free. Socializing is also a big part of the college experience. This new freedom could lead to academic troubles and financial troubles. Retaking a class is expensive and could prolong their time in college. If it becomes a trend, they may be put on academic probation or worse, expelled. There may be fees associated with failing a class and loss of scholarships and/or grants. Being accepted by another college will become difficult. Student loans still must be paid off even though they are not in college. Scholarship and grants. Being a student in college doesn’t mean they cannot continue to look for other scholarships and grants. Most believe that scholarships and grants are just for high school seniors going into college. In fact, there are many scholarship and grants that are targeted to students who are currently in college. Have them speak with their academic adviser or counselor about these opportunities. They can also do some research online. Even if the amount is small or pays for certain expenses such as books, these opportunities can be a huge help. There is no rule to how many scholarships or grants you receive. The more assistance you get the less you will have to pay or borrow. Inappropriate use of assistance. Most scholarships or grants are paid directly to the school. But some are not and many student loans are paid directly to the student. This is very tempting to use unwisely. This money should not be used to fund a spring break trip. Many students do not understand that paying for these loans right out of college is difficult. Most college students won’t be earning six-figure salaries at their first job; many of us don’t reach that level of income during our careers. Large student loans. College tuition has been on the rise for years and it does not look like it will be leveling off any time soon. Many parents can no longer afford college tuition, living expenses, books and other incurred financial education related expenses. Student loans are becoming a more popular way to fund higher education with the students being solely responsible. With that in mind, students should consider the cost of their education. Choosing a more affordable college in an area with lower living costs will certainly lower their debt. Be sure to understand the terms of the loan be for accepting it. Even though your child is still in college, advise them to make monthly payments to keep the accrued interest from growing too large. The sooner they pay on the loan the better. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
1300 361 646 Mosquito Control Mosquitoes are blood-sucking insects that are responsible for the transmission of many diseases. There are more then 300 different species across Australia but only a small number of them are of major concern. The male mosquito is generally harmless feeding off mainly plants, but the female feeds off humans or animal blood, which provides the nutrients needed to develop her fertile eggs. The mosquito strives best in damp and shady habitats, with the female laying her eggs on a large or small surface of water, wether it be on the surface of a bucket of water or on top of a pond. The problem with Mosquitoes Mosquitoes will bite you wherever there is bare skin, but they can also pierce through your light clothing to get through to your blood stream. Besides their bite being unpleasant, these insects have been responsible for the transmission of several diseases such as Dengue fever, Ross River Virus disease, Barmah Forest Virus disease and Malaria. Solution to the problem In order to help eradicate mosquitoes from your property and prevent any further infestation, we suggest getting in touch with your local Pestline team to help provide you with a swift and effective plan. Our mosquito program should help prevent any further infestation of the pest in and around your property site. Call Pestline now for a FREE quote on 1300 361 646. Book Now
Baby's First Year · Parenting Why it’s important to understand your baby’s temperament? Let’s play a game. If I give you the definition, can you guess what word I’m describing? The word is defined as “the usual attitude, mood, or behavior of a person or animal.” That’s right, the word is temperament! Temperament has a huge impact on how people react, behave, deal with emotions and even learn. Very early on you’ll see your child’s natural temperament emerge (oh, and other children’s temperaments too). • Are they calm and easy to soothe or are they stubborn and particular? • What emotions are they going through? • How do they react to new things? Temperament is one thing that has a wide range of what’s considered ‘normal’. What’s important for your baby is that you’re able to adapt to who they are (their temperament) in a loving supportive way! Ummm, pardon? I don’t understand. Basically, you need to think about your own temperament and your child’s. If what you are doing is not supporting who they are, as their parent you need to change your actions to help them learn and grow to their full potential. For example, a child who naturally wants to observe before they play or try something new will need you to be patient and encourage them to try new things. Babies and children don’t know how to change to make the world an easier place to live. As a parent, you have lived longer, are wiser and can adapt to show your baby how to live a happy and settled life. Stay tuned for more temperament tips! Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s

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