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Beneficial Ownership and Networks of Incorporation 1. Introduction The theory of beneficial ownership is simple. The owners or shareholders of companies are those who retain their profits. In private companies, shareholders are identified in foundation documents which are submitted to a country’s business register (as in the UK) or via provincial and territorial registries (as in Canada). Public companies, usually larger in size, are listed on stock exchanges, which means their shares can be bought and sold freely by the public. However, the reality can be a lot more complex. Many other parties can exercise control over, and benefit from, commercial activity than the shareholders recorded in public documentation. This is outlined at the beginning of the topic overview where the key terms and definitions are outlined. Under this topic overview, networks of incorporation are also covered. Put most simply, this is the situation where one company is owned by another, which is then owned by another. These networks are a significant feature of business in the modern world. However, the scale and complexity of networks of incorporation have increased significantly in the last few decades, as economic liberalisation and the digital economy has become more important. It is not uncommon for multinationals to have several thousand affiliates. The question of how these networks of ownership are structured is controversial. Since the global financial crisis of 2008/2009, governments have become more focused on how corporate networks may be used to reduce tax payments. In the United States, for example, President Barack Obama has criticised US corporations who engineered “reverse takeovers” in Ireland to take advantage of lower tax rates there. There were outcries in the UK after it emerged that corporates such as Amazon and Google paid less taxes in the UK than expected, because the affiliate vehicles in those countries were not recording profits. These issues also affect the extractives sector. Countries such as Guinea, the Democratic Republic of Congo or Angola have all seen cases in recent years where ownership structures were partly or wholly hidden, resulting in the corrupt transfer of funds to unknown parties. Likewise, incorporation networks in the oil and mining industries have frequently been responsible for unexpectedly low tax outcomes. In 2011, for example, Mongolia decided to cancel a double taxation treaty with the Netherlands, in reaction to the reduction of tax liability for Rio Tinto in the large-scale Oyu Tolgoi gold and copper mine.
Definition of Bell the cat 1. Verb. Take a risk; perform a daring act. "Who is going to bell the cat?" Definition of Bell the cat 1. Verb. (idiomatic) To undertake a dangerous action in the service of a group. ¹ ¹ Source: Bell The Cat Pictures Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Bell The Cat Images Lexicographical Neighbors of Bell The Cat bell morel bell out bell pepper bell peppers bell push bell ringer bell ringers bell ringing bell rope bell ropes bell seat bell shape bell sound bell stage bell tent bell the cat (current term) bell toad bell tower bell towers bella sombra belladonna alkaloid belladonna alkaloids belladonna extract belladonna lily belladonna ophthalmologic belladonna tincture Literary usage of Bell the cat "Bell the Cat The sobriquet of Archibald Douglas, the " great " Earl of Angus, which he earned by undertaking to take the lead in removing James III of ..." "But when he asked, " Who will bell the cat ? ... Afterwards he was always known as Bell-the-Cat. Cat, To whip the, an old English synonyme for practical ..." 3. An Explanatory and Pronouncing Dictionary of the Noted Names of Fiction by William Adolphus Wheeler (1872) "Bell-the-Cat. A by-name given to *S, - Archibald Douglas (d. 1514), a Scottish nobleman, from an incident that occurred at Lauder, where the great barons of ..." 4. The Complete Poetical Works of Sir Walter Scott by Walter Scott (1900) "Of Archibald Bell-the- Cat. Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus, a man remarkable for strength of body and mind, acquired the popular name of Bell-the-Cat upon ..." 5. The Fables of Aesop by Aesop (1902) "In a conspiracy against James III. of Scotland, Lord Grey narrated the fable, when Archibald Earl of Angus exclaimed : " I am he who will bell the cat. ..." 6. A History of the House of Douglas from the Earliest Times Down to the by Herbert Maxwell (1902) "Archibald " Bell-the-Cat," PACE 36 His renewed treason, 1489. ... ARCHIBALD DOUGLAS, 5th Earl of Angus, popularly known as " Bell-the-Cat," was no exception ..." Other Resources Relating to: Bell the cat Search for Bell the cat on!Search for Bell the cat on!Search for Bell the cat on Google!Search for Bell the cat on Wikipedia!
Home Was ist ot ? Regeln Mitglieder Maintainer Impressum FAQ/Hilfe Different types of thinking about different things - Part I - Maintainer: Annette Schlemm, Version 1, 18.11.2002 Projekt-Typ: halboffen Status: Archiv (1) For Hegelian thinking it is typical that each word each sentence gets its meaning by its connection with other words and sentences, by its place in the whole. Please read the whole article at first, before your comments. (2) 1. Introduction 2. The Onto-Epistemic precondition 3. Hegel’s System 4. The three logics of Hegel 4.1.I Logic of Being 4.2.I Logic of Essence 4.3.I Logic of Notion 4.1.II Logic of Being 4.2.II Logic of Essence 4.3.II Logic of Notion 1. Introduction (3) I have worked with the problem of self-organization for more than 15 years. I came from the philosophy of physics and found that the concept of self-organization could be useful for the philosophy of society, too. I found that the abstract form of the conceptions of self-organization allows finding many parallels between different real objects and their connections and evolution. But I also found that such a parallel, such an analogy is not enough to explain something in its own connections. I saw that the abstract thinking in concept of self-organization helps to find new ideas. But I know that the meaning of philosophy is not to find more and more abstract concepts. (4) It took a long time for me to get a sense, in which way philosophy differs from other abstract theories. I began to get an idea of the special quality of philosophy by reading Fichte, Schelling and Hegel. (5) Now I know that it is a philosophical tradition to differentiate between several types of thinking (abstract and concrete, understanding="Verstand" and reason="Vernunft" and so on) and I would like to represent typical types which may be useful for our project. 2. The Onto-Epistemic precondition (6) We are parts of an infinite totality. We can’t grasp it in its infinity; we can’t even grasp the whole totality of one thing. Therefore our cognition depends on abstractions. We have the ability to abstract in several forms (Schlemm 2000). We can take out something which is invariant in changes, we can go from Particular to Universals, and we can take out essential characteristics and so on. Therefore all our cognition is not a "copy of the whole world", it differs from the world, because it is OUR cognition. The philosophy of science has known the active role of the subject since Hume and Kant. (7) But I think, radical constructivists carry this role too far. If all reality would be only an individual subjective construction, we couldn’t live in the same world. Today a modern, maybe better post-modern tolerance wants to prevent us from searching such a "totalitarian" thing like truth. Yes, there is no "absolute truth", the absolute identity of thoughts and world. But we are not imprisoned in a "brain in a tank", we have the possibility to recognize the world, to see its phenomena, to interact with its processes and to understand their structures and laws better and better. Because there is no reliable ground for a conditionless beginning, neither in an external world itself nor in our thinking, we have to use a system of concepts, which justify themselves in a specific way. 3. Hegel’s System (8) Hegel determines all the concepts, the notions by their relations to each other. Therefore there are no "first definitions", "first axioms" or so on. No concept is the basis – all concepts need all the other concepts to understand their meaning. If we begin with the concept "Being" like Hegel in its Logic, we need to know the whole system to understand, why the development of the concept "Being" goes further through "Nothing" to "Becoming" and so on. Each concept turns out to be the whole process of its development. It is very hard to grasp, but we can make some hints for understanding. I found such a hint in the Websites www.hegel-system.de and will use it in this essay. Simple Identity We can look at the development of one concept (or notion, or category): It begins with the simple identity of a thought. This simple identity will be the number "1" in our triangle. We will get the determination of "1" if we ask: "What is it?". (10) But when we want to ask "Why is it?" we get the answer: Its characteristics are given by other things in its environment – Or: Its characteristics are given by the parts (or the relations of the parts) of the whole. Or: At first we see the immediate appearances (what?) and search the essence (why?) of them. Now we have the Identity and the Others – and the Others are in difference or contradiction to the simple identity. Now we get the difference, the "Other" in the inner triangle number "2". It is the negation of "1". (10.1) Re: Negation, 21.11.2002, 14:47, Benni Bärmann: Das Andere ist doch aber alles Mögliche. Eben der ganze Rest der Welt. Das ist wohl der Punkt an dem die (poststrukturalistische?) Kritik an der Dialektik ansetzt. Die Dynamik der Vielfältigkeiten (Differenz) geht verloren. Mich würde mal interessieren, was eine "Hegelianerin" wie Du zum Konzept der Bedeutungswirbel http://co-forum.de/index.php4?BedeutungsWirbel sagt. (10.1.1) Re: Negation, 29.11.2002, 13:11, Annette Schlemm: 1. Zur Kritik an der Dialektik: Wenn man das Andere durch kontradiktorische (formal logische) Negation des Etwas erhält, hast Du auf jeden Fall Recht, es trifft aber eben nicht die Dialektik. Wie sich die dialektische Negation von den formalen unterscheidet, habe ich genauer aufgeschrieben unter: http://www.thur.de/philo/hegel/hegel8.htm 2. zu den Bedeutungswirbeln Bedeutungswirbel als "wirbelige, wilde Annäherung an ein Bedeutungsfeld durch das Umkreisen mittels mehrerer Begriffe und der Untersuchung ihrer Beziehung untereinander". Und was bedeutet "wirbelig" und "wild"? Wie soll ich das wild umwirbeln? Spaß beiseite: so ähnlich klingt es schon. Die Frage ist nur, ob ich mich und mein Problem und meine Frage dabei in den unendlichen Weiten verliere, oder ob ich irgendwann zu einer Art Ergebnis komme, mit dem ich was anfangen kann, mit dem ich praktisch umgehen kann, das mit hilft, mein Leben zu meistern, mit dem ich Probleme lösen kann, usw. usf. Nicht umsonst hat das wort Be-Greifen was mit dem Anfassen zu tun, was mit der Verbindung zur Praxis. Unendliche Wirbel kann ich nicht anfassen... (10.2) Re: Negation, 22.12.2002, 12:07, Andy Blunden: I like your introductory paragraphs are put very well and I think that self-organisation is a fruitful approach to Hegel. However, I question whether an abstract exposition of the eternal triangle is the best way to go from here. Firstly, Hegel himself never does this, and he seems to deliberately include 'imperfections' in the structure of the system so that it defies this triangular model. Secondly, you begin with a very high level abstraction and ask people to accept propositions about relations between abstractions which you clearly intend to go on to apply to any* abstraction. I think this defies Hegel's own thinking, which began with problems of Germany's path to modernity, not logic in reality. Thirdly, I don't think this is true to your own thesis of self-organisation. Nevertheless, you do a good job of this explanation, and I am sure that there are many other people who will sympathise with your approach. I have placed a link to your site on http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/index.htm Andy Negation of Negation (11) But the "1" and the "2" cannot stay in eternal contradiction. The contradiction means, that they have something common (otherwise the "2" would not be the Other of the "1" – they would have nothing to do with each other). There is some unity of 1 and 2 – it is their Identity 3. In Identity 3 the Identity 1 founds itself negated twice (Negation of Negation). The identiy (3) contains its contradiction now and is more developed, more concrete then the simple identity. It is the famous "Identity of the Identity and Difference". It is typical for the state "3", that it never is a static thing, but it is always a developing process. Two types of grounds (12) There is an interesting difference between 2 and 3. 2 and 3 are different answers of the question "Why is 1?". They are different types of "grounds" of 1. One ground is the stable essence (its "laws") and the other, the deeper and more concrete ground is its evolution-coherence (the connection/Context of its evolution). 1,2 and 3 are now moments of a higher process. The transition to 3 can be justified only by solving contradictions in a right way (whatever this "right" means) and the possibility to deduce all determinations of 2 and 1 from 3 (this is related with the problem of validity in philosophy of science). Example: Intelligence (13) I want to show one example of such a development: If we analyse the concept "intelligence" (=theoretical mind), we have to take into consideration the three moments "Intuition /Intelligent Perception" (="Anschauung"), "Representation /Mental Idea" (="Vorstellung") and "Thinking" (=Denken). Intelligent Perception is the immediate feeling mind, the cognition of forms like the mind perceives them in their objective form. (14) In our Mental Idea we can imagine several connections between the forms, but they are only subjective imaginations. If the mind recognises the "right" connections, the real inner connections of the object, it reaches the Thought. (We know that Hegel’s objects were only "Sachen", and "Sachen" are objects, which are not differing from their notions.) In thoughts objectivity and subjectivity are united. Onto-epistemic circularity (15) Hegel said: "Only by education the mind attention will gain strength and fulfilment… A highly educated person immediately has a complete notion of anything presented…" (Hegel Enc.III, S. 250, § 448 n). ("Erst durch die Bildung des Geistes bekommt die Aufmerksamkeit Stärke und Erfüllung... Ein Mensch von ... großer Bildung hat sogleich eine vollständige Anschauung des Vorliegenden...") (16) Or: "In Experience everything depends upon the mind we bring to bear upon actuality. A great mind is great in its experience; and in the motley play of phenomena at once perceives the point of real significance. The genius of a Goethe, for example, looking into nature or history, has great experiences, catches sight of the living principle, and gives expression to it." (Bei der Erfahrung kommt es darauf an, mit welchem Sinn man an die Wirklichkeit geht. Ein großer Sinn macht große Erfahrungen und erblickt in dem bunten Spiel der Erscheinung das, worauf es ankommt. Die Idee ist vorhanden und wirklich, nicht etwas da drüben und hinten. Der große Sinn, wie z. B. der eines Goethe, der in die Natur oder in die Geschichte blickt, macht große Erfahrungen, erblickt das Vernünftige und spricht es aus. (Enz. I, § 24, Zusatz 3, 3. Satz)) This onto-epistemic circularity is never abolished (although Hegel’s linear writing needs a beginning point). (16.1) http://www.opentheory.org/types_of_though/, 01.02.2006, 15:39, yeshwant sane: Indian Hindu vedic epistemology stipulates that Human mind cannot cognize absolute reality by itself.It would require extrnal help by a direct correspondenc with the enrgy that created this world /Universe.This key knowledge is provided by "Vedas"(Spiritual Scriptures).This is in the form of "Shruti" Even a western trained Aurobindo Ghosh of Pondicherry India submits to this theory and has written a book "Secrets in Vedas"You must read this .-I have difficulty in German language.Excuse me.But Kindly see my "Open theory Project "Hindu Spirituality presents a Real World View" Y.R.Sane e-mail:yrsane@eth.net 1-2-2006 (16.2) http://www.opentheory.org/types_of_though/, 01.02.2006, 15:42, yeshwant sane: Indian Hindu vedic epistemology stipulates that Human mind cannot cognize absolute reality by itself.It would require external help by a direct correspondenc with the enrgy that created this world /Universe.This key knowledge is provided by "Vedas"(Spiritual Scriptures).This is in the form of "Shruti" Even a western trained Aurobindo Ghosh of Pondicherry India submits to this theory and has written a book "Secrets in Vedas"You must read this .-I have difficulty in German language.Excuse me.But Kindly see my "Open theory Project "Hindu Spirituality presents a Real World View" Y.R.Sane e-mail:yrsane@eth.net 1-2-2006 (17) In this way (determined negation and negation of negation) Hegel develops all concepts of philosophy. Hegel speaks about the "rhythm" of the spirit (Hegel VLRel, S. 65). And as we know: If one used one simple rule to develop her/his thing in a non-linear process- she/he will get a fractal. Therefore the system of Hegelian categories looks like fractals: (19) Hegel himself used the figure of a triangle and therefore I will use it to explain one of the most important aspects of Hegelian thinking. Hegel himself spoke about "circle of circles" (Hegel, WdL II, S. 570-571; Enz. I S. 59, § 15) and a "diamond-like net" (Hegel Enz.II, S. 20, § 246 Zusatz). Bloch spoke about a "World-net", a "weaved-weavening plan of the world" (SO, S. 173). Bloch also remarked, that Hegel’s System is an En-kyklo-paidia ("In-Kreis-Lehre" / "within-circle-doctrine") it its best sense (SO, S. 184). This System is an "In-one-another (Ineinander) of dynamics and static at least", which is grounded in the "In-one-another of capitalism and feudal standstill" in the days of Hegel (ebd.). Incidentally: Hegel wasn’t successful in doing the system. With his fire he could not built a sphere – as Bloch said (ebd., S. 187)… 4. The three logics of Hegel If we look at the first triangle in his whole system, we will find the "Logic". Here Hegel models a theory of recognition; he makes models of typical forms of thinking. (It is not fully correct: Hegel himself worked out that the development of thinking is identical with the process of the things, of the "Sachen" their selves). (22) I think, to know the forms if thinking is useful for us to access in which form of "logic" we are in certain moments of our work. Sometimes we misinterpret each other, because one’s thinking is located in one logic but the other in another logic. Hegel distinguished three types of logical objects: Objects of Being, Objects of Essence and Objects of Notion. These objects require different types of thinking: the Logic of Being, the Logic of Essence and the Logic of Notion. A Story (23) At first I will tell you a story I think, you might already know: 4.1.I Logic of Being (24) Some blind people meet and speak about their perceptions. One of them says: I feel a long hose with grooves. The other says: But I feel a cord with tassels. But the third insists that he feels a wall. They are within the logic of Being. • single, isolated phenomenon • simple identity in its immediacy Quarrell of opinions (25) In this logic the object is given as a single, isolated phenomenon. We see its simple identity in its immediacy. We get the answer of the question: "What is it?"- but the answer will not be a qualitative determination yet. In our immediate perception we merely feel an "It" without enough qualitative determination. Many people can exchange their opinions (doxa) about their perceptions in this logic. But it is a meaningless quarrel. The best way within this logic is the tolerant indifference… But our thinking doesn’t want do stay at this point. We ask, in which way the perceptions are connected. This is a first form of asking, "Why is it?" (26) (I want to remark that the relation between "What" and "Why" in this sense is kindred with the relation of "daß" and "was" in Bloch’s Experimentum Mundi.) 4.2.I Logic of Essence (27) The question about the connection of the perceptions leads us to the next type of logic, the logic of essence. The simple identity is situated among other objects and within relations to them. It turns out to have an inner structure. In our example the three people find out, that the hose and the cord are located always in a distance of 5.50 to 7.5 metres. Other people tell them, that their hoses and cords have other distances. And our people notice, that much things change – the location of their objects and so on, but the distance is always the same. They recognise, that the distance of 5.5 to 7.5 metres is essentially for their object and the connection of their object. • abstract laws of essential connections (29) It depends on an inner structure of their connection. Maybe they invent a new science of hoses and cords and walls and they are able to find laws. If the law will be: "The distance of cord and hose is always 5.5 to 7.5 metres" and if they know the location of one object, they can explain it and predict the location of the other object. Problem of Laws (30) The philosophy of sciences has a problem now: How can such laws be justified? Are laws the sum of all immediate perceptions (within the Logic of Being)? If we assume, that laws are simple generalisations of "facts", we get the problem of induction. We know, that the generalisation of scientific laws need a type of necessity, but no philosopher of science knows, what type of necessity it is. Formal necessity is not enough, now they are speaking about: "natural necessity", but this doesn’t solve the problem. I think, we can understand what a scientific law is only, if we understand the distinction between the logic of being and the logic of essence. Essence is not only "more inductive generalisation", it is another qualitative level of cognition. And essence has no own existence outside the appearances – it is a special (namely a necessary) universal within the things of the world. (31) We have to remember that essence in Hegel’s Logic is not the stable, eternal "substance" ore the middle-age-"essence". Essence is determined as "ground for existence" and in relation to its appearance. In comparison to the "concrete phenomenon" as appearance the essence is a very abstract entity. (32) Okay, now we have reached the most important content of science. Maybe this is the end. Is it the end of cognition, when we know the abstract laws of essential connections? 4.3.I Logic of Notion (33) It is very useful, to go from the abstract "back" to the concrete. We have now to understand the concrete object in its necessary connections and to build upon this knowledge its right notion. The three blind people detect, that they spoke about an "elephant" all the time. The Notion unites the essence and the appearance. We can’t grasp the notion abstractly! We need an other form of concreteness, we can’t speak about "animals", but a concrete-universal "Elephant". "I am an elephant!" (35) If we got the notion, we understand the phenomena’s in a new way. We know the meaning of them. We know, that the hose is the trunk of the elephant, that the wall is its body and the cord is the tail. The knowledge of the right notion allows us to explain the function of the parts of the whole, to deduce more about them. We get a new type of answer to our question: "Why is it?". The answer is not an abstract law, but the understanding of concrete connections. Concrete totality (36) We get a new "concrete", which is different from the fist concrete isolated appearances in the logic of Being. It is a universal-concrete, a totality. (37) Okay, this was our first circle through the rhythm of Hegel’s Logic. The next circle uses the given explanations and goes deeper in our understanding. 4.1.II Logic of Being (38) The Logic of Being is the dominant logic in all positivistic models of science. The positivistic science tries to begin with immediate given particulars and to stay within the Logic of Being. Positivist scientists refuse the "metaphysics of essence". Also in positive political economy and in "vulgar Marxism" dominates the "simple acceptation of the immediately given (that is to say: empirical) social structure" (Lukács 1923/2000, S. 176). Other scientists try to criticise such a "dogma of the given" and remind of Kant’s emphasizing of the spontaneity of the mind (Mc Dowell 2000). But they have no notion of the logic of essence. (39) Hegel resolves (sublates) this logic in the further argumentation, but it is also preserved. He discusses this phase of cognition in his work "Phenomenology of Mind" it its transition to the understanding of the essence. At first the perception gets abstract information about sensation. The perception doesn’t know, "what" was the cause of the sensations. It is an abstract "It" ("Es", see Bloch EM, S. 39). But we can distinguish several things (Ding) with several characteristics. Such a thing contains a contradiction: The thing is an Identity against its environment or against its parts. But in its characteristics it is diversity at the same time. One thing has many qualitative determinations. What is the identity of them? (40) We can see now, how the essence of the thing produces all appearing characteristics - No, we can not "see" it !- this identity in the essence only can be thought, the essence is not an object of perception. 4.2.II Logic of Essence (41) At a deeper level of cognition we find the logic of essence. This level is connected with the activity of the understanding (Verstand). The understanding (Verstand) is able to abstract from appearances and to reconstruct the essential inner relations of the object in a way that no formal contradiction obstructs the scientific work. Within different qualities some qualities, which can be taken as equivalent, are selected. In physics Newton defined mass, velocity and other measuring values ("Meßgrößen") in such a way that the dialectic contradiction of motion is prevented (Wahsner 1993/1996). Different moments of motion have to be separated in such a way that measurement and physical experience become possible. The understanding (Verstand) has the tendency to make things from relations (reification ="Verdinglichung") and to separate the abstract essence and their appearances. Understanding (Verstand) tries to imagine the connections. We remember: In Logic of being the Intelligent Perception (Anschauung) dominates, in Logic of essence the Representation (or Mental Idea) (Vorstellung) dominates. Thinking in this logic is mainly positing and external reflection. This two forms are within the Logic of Essence – they have an relationship of exteriority (Äußerlichkeit), not yet mediation (Vermittlung). Therefore in this logic there are interchangeable models from different perspectives. One emphasizes the relation of the distance of trunk and tail, the other emphasizes the girth of the body and others the length of the legs and other laws. But they don't speak about the foundation of all their laws. (43) If we want to understand the logic of essence in a better way, it may be useful to look at the logic of notion. Later we will see the differences and understand both in a better way. 4.3.II Logic of Notion I read Ernst Bloch's Experimentum Mundi and compared it with Hegel's Logic of notion. In Hegels Logic the "notion" exists twice. At first it exists as the "notion as such" (Hegel WdL II, S. 345) or the "abstract notion" (Blunden 2001) and secondly as the whole notion. I think the first "notion" corresponds to Bloch's precept ("Ergriff"). Such a notion is a single determined notion (WdL II, S. 273). The "notion as such" is not yet the whole notion! (45) Maybe the translation "comprehension" for this "whole notion" is better – I found it in on translation of Hegel into English in the Internet. (46) Hegel wrote: "Now although it is true that the Notion is to be regarded, not merely as a subjective presupposition but as the absolute foundation, yet it can be so only in so far as it has made itself the foundation. Abstract immediacy is no doubt a first; yet in so far as it is abstract it is, on the contrary mediated, and therefore if it is to be grasped in its truth its foundation must be first sought." (German: WdL II, S. 245, Translation from Internet) (Ob nun wohl der Begriff nicht nur als eine subjektive Voraussetzung, sondern als absolute Grundlage anzusehen ist, so kann er dies doch nicht sein, als insofern er sich zur Grundlage gemacht hat. Das abstrakt Unmittelbare ist wohl ein Erstes; als dies Abstrakte ist es aber vielmehr ein Vermitteltes, von dem also, wenn es in seiner Wahrheit gefasst werden soll, seine Grundlage erst zu suchen ist." ) (47) This foundation will be the whole Notion. The first, single determined notion turns out to be merely an issue of the Logic of notion, the part "subjective notion", in which judgements and conclusions take place. The "whole" Notion is the Totality, which results from the interactions (through mediation) from the sphere of essence (WdL II, S. 251). The Essence turns out to be the (relative stable) manifestation of the Notion and the notion generates its own logic, which differs form the logic of the essence. "notion as such" (Logic of) notion A single determined notion (within subjective logic) Totality, which results from the interactions from the sphere of essence and sets its own moments (49) Because Hegel took the way through his circles before he wrote his books, he knew the way. In principle the way can be thought as open. (50) Now to some characteristics of a whole notion, of the logic of notion. The most important difference to the logic of essence is the The "highest notion" (51) Here the famous "ascending from the abstract to the historical-concrete whole/universal"; has to take place. The highest notion it the system of Hegel is the absolute spirit, given in the philosophy of Hegel. I think, this doesn’t say that all development is ready, the system is closed. If we pay enough attention to the notion of the notion we know that each notion is development itself. But it is not a random development, it needs relative destinations like "Heimat", "Utopia" or "hope" and I think that the meaning of an Hegelian notion can be understood as equivalent to draft ("Entwurf"). To think the notion as an evolving concrete-universal totality we need our reason (Vernunft), which is not identical with understanding (Verstand). I want to say more about these characteristics later (Part II). Logic of Essence Logic of Notion stable selfreproductionof systems evolution of systems Autopoiesis Self-Organization with Emergence (53) I think this is enough for today. I will continue with the distinction of different types of systems (within the three logics) and some application in several sciences. (54) Bloch, Ernst (SO): Subjekt – Objekt. Erläuterungen zu Hegel. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp 1985 Bloch, Ernst (EM): Experimentum Mundi. Frage, Kategorien des Herausbringens, Praxis. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp 1985 Blunden, Andy (2001): Webprojekt: Hegel by Hypertext. http://www.marxist.org/reference/archive/hegel/triads/subjectivity.htm Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (WdLII): Wissenschaft der Logik II. Auf d. Grdl. der Werke von 1832-1845 neu ed. Ausg. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp Verlag (is equ. to G.W.F. Hegel: Werke in 20 Bänden. Band 6. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp Verlag 1970) Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (Enz.I): Enzyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse. Erster Teil. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp Verlag (is equ. to G.W.F. Hegel: Werke in 20 Bänden. Band 8. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp Verlag 1970). Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (Enz.II): Enzyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse. Zweiter Teil. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp Verlag (is equ. to G.W.F. Hegel: Werke in 20 Bänden. Band 9. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp Verlag 1970). Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (Enz.III): Enzyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse. Dritter Teil. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp Verlag (is equ. to G.W.F. Hegel: Werke in 20 Bänden. Band 10. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp Verlag 1970). Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (Ge.d.Ph.I): Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Philosophie. Erster Band. Nach der Ausgabe von Michelet (1833) überarb. und hrsg. v. G. Irrlitz und K. Gurst. Leipzig: Verlag Philipp Reclam 1982. Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (VLRel): Vorlesungen über die Philosophie der Religion. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp Verlag (is equ. to G.W.F. Hegel: Werke in 20 Bänden. Band 16 Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp Verlag 1970). Lukács (1923/2000): Geschichte und Klassenbewusstsein. London: Red Star Press. (Reprint der Erstausgabe von 1923.) McDowell, John (2001): Geist und Welt. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp Schlemm, Annette (2000): Die Abstraktion. In: Internet http://www.thur.de/philo/abstrakt.htm Schlemm, Annette (2002): Das Problem des Verhältnisses Logisches-Historisches. In: Internet: http://www.thur.de/philo/hegel/hegel4.htm Wahsner, Renate (1993/1996): Gott arbeitet nicht. Zur Notwendigkeit, Karl Marx einer optimalen Messung zu unterziehen. In: Wahsner, Renate (1996): Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Naturphilosophie. Über ihren Sinn im Lichte der heutigen Naturerkenntnis. Frankfurt a.M., Berlin, Bern, New York, Paris, Wien: Lang (Hegeliania, Studien und Quellen zu Hegel und zum Hegelianismus. Hrsg.v. H. Schneider, Bd. 7), S. 175-202. Zimmermann, Rainer E. (2002): Principles of Blochian Approach. 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Conformity In Society Essay Questions Essay on Conformity Conformity: the state of having changed yourself to match the appearances and/or personalities of those around you. In many cases, people feel the need to conform because they wish to feel a part of something bigger than them. This is unfortunate however, because it robs people of their individuality and their free will. Without individual creativity and self-expression, a lack of ideas results, leaving a dull and uncultured society, and possibly a group of people making bad decisions because a few people who appear to be “hip” are making them. In the following essay, I will discuss the negative impact that conformity has on society. I will use examples from my own experience, as well as the experiences and ideas documented by others in essays and film. Our Service Can Write a Custom Essay on Conformity for You! To ride the bandwagon or live without friends, those were the two choices I was given as a child growing up in elementary school. By the time I hit third grade, there were no cliques like there are in high school and college; you were either part of the “in” crowd or you weren’t. If you weren’t wearing the same designer clothing and an all-star in sports, then you weren’t cool enough to associate with. Because I did not bend soon enough to the whims of the “in” crowd, I was teased mercilessly and left friendless. I did want to be cool and have friends, but since I was labeled “uncool” early, I was never given that second chance. I felt so pressured to be liked that I would do anything that I was told to do, just to have someone to play with, only to be left alone and laughed at anyway. This ceaseless taunting left me dejected and with low self-esteem, and stunted the maturity of my social skills. I was afraid to express myself in school for fear of being laughed at, so I would keep to myself. Because of the pressure of others to conform, my individuality was suppressed. Conformity Essay Examples Conformity CourseworkIn this research Conformity Conformity is when a person alters their behaviour so that it is similar to that of other people. There are two motives for conformity (also known as majority social influence): Normative social influence: emulating the behaviour of others to fit into a group. People may conform if they want people to like them. Informational… View Article Evaluate Research on Conformity Making Reference to 2 Studies Conformity is the tendency to adjust one’s thoughts, feelings or behaviour in ways that are in agreement with those of a particular individual or group, or with accepted standards about how a person should behave in specific situations (social norms). It is also the key ways that a society or culture passes down its values… View Article Conformity and Obedience Comprehending the essence of obedience and disobedience has been an interest for many researchers, psychologists and scientists. Multiple observations have been administered to assist in understanding such issues and the impact employed by outside factors on individuals within the decision making channels. Neglecting obedience can be as hazardous as neglecting revolution in any society; neither… View Article The Asch Phenomenon and Consumer Behavior Imagine yourself sitting in a room with seven of your peers. You are asked a question and given a choice of three different answers: A, B, or C. You know the answer is C, yet every single person before you confidently states that the answer is B. Do you stick with your answer, or eliminate… View Article Conformity in Psychology Introduction Imagine yourself in the following situation: You sign up for a psychology experiment, and on a specified date you and seven others whom you think are also subjects arrive and are seated at a table in a small room. You don’t know it at the time, but the others are actually associates of the… View Article An Absolutely Ordinary Rainbow What significant ideas relating to belonging are explored in your related text? In the 1969 poem “An Absolutely Ordinary Rainbow” by influential Australian poet Les Murray many key themes are explored, for example belonging. Significant ideas such as acceptance and fear of both individuality and conformity are intensely critiqued in this poem by using a… View Article The chrysalids Battle of Conformity and Non-conformity Fight Club Conformity Analysis Conformity is a major theme in Fight Club, and there are a number of specific scenes that display the rejection of it and characters falling victim to it, sometimes unbeknownst to them. The Narrator, our main character, is a complex individual. He fits into almost every textbook example of social psychology. He is a complete… View Article Observation Paper Conformity is behavior change designed to match the actions of others. During my research, I found many examples of conformitive behavior. I often related conformity to adolescents due to the fact that they usually do their best to try and fit in when it comes to group settings. This type of behavior can be seen… View Article Conformity Vs individuality Opinions and Social Pressure Response Summary: In the article, “Opinions and Social Pressure” by Solomon E. Asch, he states that social pressure from a majority group could influence a person to conform. Asch and his research team wanted to find out how and how much social forces constrain people’s opinions and attitudes. The researchers also wanted to find out whether… View Article Outline and evaluate explanations of conformity Normative social influence occurs when a person desires to be liked and accepted by a group. They will publicly conform and change their behaviour but they will still privately reject their views. This change in behaviour is often temporary as this type of social influence leads to compliance. Informational social influence is where someone conforms… View Article Peer pressure पीयर प्रेशर’ जहां अधिकतर नकारात्मक ढंग से तुम्हें प्रभावित करता है, वहीं यह सकारात्मक भी हो सकता है यानी हमउम्र दोस्तों द्वारा डाला जाने वाला यह दबाव जैसे गलत कामों के लिए हो सकता है, उसी तरह यह कई बार तुम पर या तुम्हारे दोस्तों पर अच्छा प्रभाव भी डाल सकता है। ‘पीयर प्रेशर’ यानी… View Article “Raw” by Scott Monk and “Hero of War” by Rise Against Extended response ‘Institutions can change one for better or worse’ this quote is proven in the novel ‘raw’ by Scott Monk and ‘Hero of War’ by Rise Against. Through the contrasting ideas of rebellion and conformity, the responders are able to see how institutions can manipulate one and have a negative or positive impact. In ‘Raw’ by… View Article 0 Replies to “Conformity In Society Essay Questions” Lascia un Commento L'indirizzo email non verrà pubblicato. I campi obbligatori sono contrassegnati *
Friday, October 31, 2014 ...and then there were two The tephritid fruit fly genus Bactrocera is very large and contains about 500 described species. One of those, the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is considered a very destructive pest of fruit in all areas it occurs. It is established in numerous regions in Asia, and is often intercepted in the United States, sometimes reestablishing infestations that were previously eradicated. The species belongs to a species complex that contains almost 100 morphologically very similar taxa. Most species in this complex are of no economic concern; however, the oriental fruit fly and four of its closely related species, namely the Asian Papaya fruit fly, Bactrocera papayae , the Philippine fruit fly, Bactrocera philippinensis , the Carambola fruit fly, Bactrocera carambolae, and the Invasive fruit fly, Bactrocera invadens, belong to the world's most important horticultural pests. The high morphological and even genetic similarity between all these species makes identification notoriously difficult and species boundaries were hotly debated. Reason enough to start a multidisciplinary approach to solidify taxonomic reassignments. Such an integrative taxonomic study has now been published by a large group of researchers. They provide multiple lines of evidence across a range of disciplines (morphology, molecular genetics, cytogenetics, sexual compatibility, chemoecology) undertaken by independent research groups spanning a period of 20 years. Based on their evidence they actually propose the synonymy of Bactrocera papayaeBactrocera invadens, and Bactrocera philippinensis under the senior name Bactrocera dorsalis. Bactrocera carambolae on the other hand is still considered a valid species. That leaves us with the question on the actually impact of these results. The authors have a lot to say about that as they think the impact of the name changes are significant: Currently, the distributions of B. dorsalis complex species dealt with in this paper are almost entirely disjunct, with most countries having only one of the species (Thailand is unique in having three – B. dorsalis, B. papayae and B. carambolae). Under the rules of the International Plant Protection Convention, a country with one of the species but not another has a sovereign right to impose risk reduction treatments on commodity imports from a country with another pest member of the B. dorsalis complex species; this reality severally restricts trade for many nations. Recognition that B. dorsalis, B. invadens, B. papayae and B. philippinensis are one species will ease restrictions to fresh commodity trade between countries where these are native or nonregulated invasive taxa. A key element of quarantine is risk assessment. As demonstrated by Hill & Terblanche (2014), basic quarantine issues such as enhanced predictive power to determine the likely spread, and ultimate distribution, of invasive members of the B. dorsalis complex are greatly improved by accurately recognizing species boundaries. Pest management Many pest management tools will be improved by resolving the species limits, of which application of the SIT [Sterile Insect Technique] is one. The SIT requires mass release of sterilized male flies to mate with, and so make infertile, wild conspecific females. A great body of SIT knowledge exists for B. dorsalis, but much less so for the other members of the complex. The recognition of conspecificity among key pest taxa within the complex will allow B. dorsalis SIT to be applied in new countires and regions. No comments: Post a Comment
Why Do All My Friends Like the Same Music? Music has chemistry, both in maintaining friendships and helping us forge new ones. But science is still pretty far behind in understanding music’s power to create social bonds. “To this day, it hasn’t struck people that there must have been tremendous evolutionary pressure for music,” said Petr Janata, a psychologist who studies music and the brain at UC Davis. But this doesn’t mean we are completely without answers. Since at least the late ’80s, researchers have been studying how music affects peoples’ social lives. Other studies have found people readily make assumptions about someone else’s identity based solely on their musical preferences. Several studies asked people to describe personality aspects of fans of various music genres. It turns out there’s a lot of agreement about the various stereotypes of music fans. One study showed that many people described top 40 fans as outgoing. In another, most subjects agreed that heavy metal fans have bad moods. Yet another showed people believe classical music listeners as more likely to enjoy a glass of wine than a doobie. People project their personalities through music, and make assumptions about other peoples’ personalities based on their playlists. But, how does this equate to friendship and romance? Is it reasonable to assume that music is a shorthand for compatibility? Studies like these show strong indications that people use compatible musical tastes to help them choose their friends, but a lot more research is needed before we know for sure. But there’s no doubt that music is a powerful force in many people’s lives. Whether you turn it up loudly and sing along, wearing the music’s emotion like garlands of your own inner feelings, or just use it as nonintrusive background noise while you work, your choice of music may be telling the people around you more than you realize about your personality and values. Scientists still have a lot to learn about the role music plays in our social lives, Janata says. “It is something that engages the brain so strongly that the brain wants it and is willing to put energy into it, therefore it’s a significant phenomena to be understood.” Reposted from Wired This Is What Your Favorite Music Does To Your Brain Your Ideal Beat Your Workout Playlist Music and Your Health Reposted from Shape Top 10 Composers by Anthony Tommasini Johann Sebastian Bach Anthony Tommasini explores what makes these classical composers great. Watch Videos Here What Would Beethoven Do? What Would Beethoven Do? This is not your grandparents’ classical music. This is classical music for everyone. For decades, this has been the story: classical music is at death’s door. With the advent of a technologically brave new world, who could be interested in this stodgy art form? Yet, classical music has enduring significance. It still stands as a pillar—if a somewhat wobbly one—of our culture today. Although financial difficulties and declining attendance rates plague many orchestras, new technology and shifting audience demographics have inspired some artists to think creatively and step outside the box. Classical music lives. “What Would Beethoven Do?” highlights recent innovations that are breaking down the genre’s highbrow perception and introducing classical music to a broader audience. Despite some institutional reluctance about maintaining the “purity” of the genre, many musicians and artists are taking risks to reinvent classical music for a new age. The classical music world is at an exciting crossroads “What Would Beethoven Do?” focuses on individuals and organizations that are taking classical music to the next level and paving the way for future success. Lang Lang Rocks Toy Piano During a Visit to Classic FM, London The Instrument Lang Lang was in the studio to tell Charlotte Green about his new Lang Lang Piano Academy and accompanying books, 'Mastering The Piano'. He was only too happy to play a snippet from the first book in the series for them NPR Field Recording: Yuja Wang "On A Chilly Factory Floor, Yuja Wang's Piano Sizzles" Chinese-born pianist Yuja Wang isn't one to do anything in half measures. So when NPR invited her to record a performance in a room at the Steinway & Sons piano factory, she showed up in Queens that frigid morning with her A game. See more at Field Recordings
logo ELT Concourse teacher training Concourse 2 The following applies to both adjectives and adverbs because the considerations are the same. Before we start, mark the following right or wrong in your head and then click on the table for an answer. gradability task If you have ticked a bit uniquely and crossed very blue, don't worry. You are in good company. The distinction here is that freezing, marvellously and uniquely are examples of ungradable adjectives or adverbs but tall, warm, blue and humid are usually considered gradable. Most adjectives and most adverbs are gradable By some estimates (probably wild guesses, in fact) there are some 100,000 adjectives and adverbs in English and the overwhelming majority will be gradable in the normal way. We are, therefore, dealing with exceptions. A matter of scales Some adjectives aren't Ungradable adjectives and adverbs are variously called, strong, extreme or superlative adjectives and adverbs. They either: 1. cannot be scaled. So, for example, the adjective original (as in the original book) is not gradable because it does not represent a point on a scale. The same applies to perfectly, for example. 1. already represent the limits of a scale. The adjective cool (gradable) represents a point on a scale from freezing (ungradable) to boiling (ungradable)The same applies to fantastically, for example. Tests for gradability Ungradable adjectives and adverbs are often distinguished by these tests: • They cannot be modified by very, slightly, a bit, a little, extremely, terribly, hugely, immensely, somewhat, reasonably, incredibly etcWe can't have: very amazingly, extremely complete, slightly wonderfully, somewhat ghastly, hugely stunning and so on. • When we do modify them, we use an intensifying adverb such as absolutely, completely, utterly, totally etc. So we get absolutely terrifying, utterly wonderful, totally unfeasibly etc. • They are not usually used in the comparative or superlative forms so we don't have, e.g., more priceless, less dead, the most unique etc. (Microsoft Outlook users will by now have become inured to the admonition: To see the most complete, up-date content, open the file.) There are problems with these tests, as we shall see. 3 classes of ungradable adjectives and adverbs The normal way to analyse the issue is to identify three basic classes of ungradable adjectives and adverbs: 1. Those whose meaning is in some way absolute. These include words such as ultimate(ly), total(ly), entire(ly), unique(ly), absolute(ly), utter(ly), perfect(ly) where it is logically impossible to conceive of a grade. Terms like more unique, very perfectly and so on are, therefore, often considered wrong although you will find plenty of examples of their use: more average, less uniquely, very complete, more extreme, more total etc. Or even: most unique What one is prepared to accept is often a matter of formality and personal preference. 2. Words which refer to a specific on-off quality. These are usually adjectives and adverbs such as metal, pregnant, unlocked, French, fatally, justly etc. The reason these are not gradable is that one is either pregnant or not, something is either metal or it isn't, locked or unlocked and you are either fatally wounded or not (there's no intermediate stage). Again, this is often a rule flouted in colloquial speech and terms such as She's very French to refer to an attitude rather than a nationality are common. Note, too, that we can have less full, half empty and so on but not very empty although very full is heard. In the Daily Telegraph (a British national newspaper), we find, e.g.: We're just very grateful that he's survived this incident because it could have turned out to be quite fatal (The Daily Telegraph website) 3. Words which in themselves include the concept of very or extremely. It is often averred (and it is often told to learners) that some 'extreme' adjectives and adverbs can only be modified with words like utterly, completely, really etc. The commonest lists include items such as: Gradable form Ungradable form hot boiling cold freezing beautiful stunning surprisingly amazingly good wonderful badly awfully rudely obnoxiously nice delicious and so on. Problems with the tests and classification Problem 1 Expressions such as: the most delicious meal I've ever eaten the most objectionable person she met the hotel was more awful he behaved very obnoxiously very amazingly, he came on time etc. are really quite common. One person's ungradable term is another's gradable one. Will you accept more amazing? Many would. The insertion of even before more makes the expression usually (even more) acceptable. Problem 2 Some purportedly ungradable adjectives and adverbs occur commonly in superlative and comparative structures. For example the most stunning performance of the evening the most incredibly stupid thing he's ever done it is hard to imagine a more amazingly constructed plot Problem 3 Language changes. Once, for example, the words incredible and awesome were clearly superlatives in themselves and only gradable with intensifying adverbs such as utterly, perfectly, absolutely etc. Now, however, both words often mean something like good and have become gradable in expressions very incredible, very awesome etc. The distinction is, however, still a useful one for some teaching purposes if it's handled with care. It is true that some adjectives and adverbs can only generally be modified with intensifying adverbs such as utterly, completely etc. but there are many exceptions and matters of personal choice to take into account. What is also true is that wholly gradable forms cannot usually be modified with these intensifiers: I am completely cold, it is utterly hot etc. are not allowed but even in this case there are questionable examples. Will you accept they are perfectly bad, she spoke utterly rudely, we were absolutely well? A different way to look at gradability We can consider what classes of adjectives and adverbs truly are ungradable. Here's a short list: 1. Adverbs which act to join ideas (conjuncts): we can't have more however, for example. 2. Intensifiers and downtoners such as really and slightly: we can't have more really, or a bit somewhat (although very slightly occurs). 3. Adjectives which are only used attributively (see the guide to adjectives for more) such as main, principle etc.: we can't have the very main reason, for example. 4. Additive adverbs: we can't have more additionally, most furthermore etc. 5. Adjectives describing origin: more German, less Italian, fully Martian are all wrong unless they describe behaviour rather than provenance. 6. Classifiers: these are not true adjectives but serve to tell us what class of object we are dealing with rather than what it's like. For example, you cannot have a more medical doctor, a hugely economic problem, a very racing car, a hugely oak tree etc. Classifiers may also be called noun adjuncts. 7. Temporal and spatial adjectives and adverbs: more soon, extremely present, less daily, most annual, more here, most above etc. are not allowed. (Although we can have extreme left, further east etc.) Modifiers used with both types A small range of modifiers can be used with both gradable and ungradable adverbs and adjectives: fairly, really, pretty although pretty is somewhat informal all three of these modifiers can be used with gradable and ungradable words. We can have, therefore, fairly amazing, fairly cool, pretty stunningly, pretty warm, really super, really poorly etc. quite and rather these modifiers take on different senses with gradable and ungradable words. quite interesting(ly) = fairly interesting(ly) quite fascinating(ly) = absolutely fascinating(ly) rather cold(ly) = fairly cold(ly) rather wonderful(ly) = exceptionally wonderful The words are usually stressed with ungradable words and often used in combination with really. For example, it was really rather stunning. Meaning changes Some adjectives and adverbs are homonyms (words which look and sound the same but have different meanings). Compare these: He is originally from London (ungradable: provenance) He writes very originally (gradable: inventively) She's my old English teacher (ungradable: former) She's an old lady (gradable: elderly) They have common concerns (ungradable: shared) It's a common problem (gradable: not rare) So beware. Gradability is not at all a simple matter of telling people that some words are or are not gradable. Another cautionary note is that what are gradable adjectives and adverbs in English are treated differently in other languages and vice versa. Teaching gradability It's easy enough to write tests and exercises focusing on gradability but less easy to teach the forms and variability. The best advice may simply be to consider the issue of (un)gradability as and when it arises. What is not really arguable is that any attempt to learn lists of ungradable words is likely to end in failure. There are just too many and they come with too many exceptions. However, if you do want to centre a teaching routine on the topic, here are some ideas. Any topic which is likely to require the deployment of a range of adjectives and adverbs is suitable as a lesson theme aimed at gradability awareness. wet hot wet hot Focus on a limited number of notions at once. For example, you could plan a teaching sequence around notions of: moisture: soaking [ungradable], wet [gradable], dry [gradable], damp [gradable], parched [ungradable] etc. heat: hot [gradable], cool [gradable], chilly [gradable], boiling [ungradable], freezing [ungradable], scorching [ungradable], warm [gradable] etc. Both the above sets of notionally related terms could be easily incorporated in a lesson with a focus on the weather or the environment. forgetful furious worried furious Equally, you could focus on emotional states: cool [gradable], enthusiastic [gradable], angry [gradable], furious [ungradable], livid [ungradable], calm [gradable], serene [ungradable], excitable [gradable], frantic [ungradable] etc. Such lessons could concern the topics of relationships, job suitability or personality characteristics. rich comfortable are rich sources of both kinds of adjectives (sumptuous, spacious, cramped, slummy, palatial, magnificent etc.) as are topics such as life styles, consumerism and so on. Presenting gradable and ungradable items together and seeing if the learners can sort one from the other also encourages the acquisition of a ‘feel’ for these things. What, for example, is the difference between my old teacher and an old woman? Why can I say a very old woman but not my very old teacher? What’s the difference between a very old friend and my friend is very old? etc. books resort of books, holidays and so on are also a rich source of adverb and adjective use. For example, It is the cheapest, most inexpensive, most readable etc. vs. it is an absolutely wonderful hotel, was an utterly disastrous experience etc. ski swim may include lessons centred on people’s behaviour and activities. For example, he skied adventurously, he climbed carefully, she swam endlessly and so on. It is not desperately difficult to think of other topics which will evince the use of gradable and ungradable adjectives and adverbs. The devil is, however, in the detail. You need to be quite clear (gradable or ungradable use of clear?) in your own mind how the adjectives and adverbs should be used. Related guides adjective: essentials for an essential guide to adjectives adjectives for the in-service guide which is much more detailed (and difficult) adverb modifiers for the in-service guide how adverbs function to emphasise, amplify and tone down The Daily Telegraph website, at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/03/19/australian-teenager-almost-mauled-death-jumping-crocodile-infested/
New tech turns leather waste into fertilizer - China Leather Web You are here: > Text New tech turns leather waste into fertilizer 2017/9/28 13:40:11 Source: Xinhua Author：点击率： JINAN, Sept. 26 (Xinhua) -- A Chinese research team has developed a way to convert leather solid waste into fertilizer and other products, solving a problem that has troubled leather companies for years. Led by Wang Quanjie, a professor with Yantai University, the team can liquify leather waste and turn it into organic fertilizer or construction materials such as adhesives, after researchers remove the heavy metal chromium from the leather sludge. Wang said that leather waste was rich in protein. In Shandong Province, companies have to pay around 1,000 yuan (150 U.S. dollars) to dispose of one tonne of waste produced during the leather making process. The new method has just passed review by the Shandong provincial department of science and technology. China is the world's leading leather producer and consumer. The country produces more than 4.5 billion pairs of leather shoes each year, which generates 1.4 million tonnes of leather solid waste, including 280,000 tonnes containing chromium. In 2016, China added waste containing chromium to its hazardous waste list, prohibiting it from being disposed through landfill and incineration. "The new method to recycle or reuse the waste not only alleviates pollution caused by leather solid waste, but also brings economic benefits to companies," said Dan Weihua, an evaluation expert. Printing Forwarding Related News
Quality potatoes require early damage control Kiara Jack The economic loss from damaged tubers can be very high. Protecting tubers against damage is a challenge for all potato growers. A damaged tuber can not only become diseased, but it can also spread disease to other tubers, even in cold storage, and that can make an entire harvest hard if not impossible to market. Disease can enter a tuber through skinning, bruising or cutting. These wounds encourage the spread of serious and common storage diseases like bacterial soft rot (Erwinia carotovora), late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Fusarium dry rot (Fusarium spp.), Pythium leak (Pythium spp.), pink rot (Phytophtora erythroseptica) and silver scurf (Helminthosporium solani). The economic loss from damaged tubers can be very high. For example, if potatoes are selling at $15 per 50lb. unit or $600 per ton, and you have 1,000 tons of potatoes, you could lose $60,000 if 10% of them are unmarketable. From what I have seen, 10% damage is not uncommon, and damage has certainly been much higher from some fields. Besides the unmarketability of damaged tubers, there is the added labour cost for sorting to ensure that shipments aren’t rejected. People like perfect looking potatoes and if tubers are damaged or diseased you can lose consumer trust. Fortunately, there are a number of ways to mitigate bruising, even before planting. As much as possible, growers should choose fields with minimal compaction, suitable water holding capacity, and consistent planting depth and drill profile. The soil should be managed carefully throughout the season to ensure 60% to 65% moisture at harvest. Ideally, appropriate machine cultivation should occur in the fall to break up hard pan and in the spring when the soil has sufficiently dried out to stop clods from forming. Also, traffic in the field should be minimized to reduce clod formation. Sandy soil will often cause damage to susceptible varieties because of roll back on the primary chains, so planting less susceptible varieties in those fields may reduce damage. These include Dakota Pearl, GemStar Russet, Red La Soda and Agata. Seed tubers need to be handled carefully because any bruises created during cutting, transporting or seeding will make the tubers susceptible to diseases, which can lead to poor emergence or growth. There are a number of ways to mitigate bruising, even before planting. Potato plants need sufficient amounts of potassium and calcium, as some studies have shown that deficiencies in these nutrients can make tubers susceptible to bruising. Care must also be taken with nitrogen levels because too little can cause plant stress and minimize growth, whereas too much can lead to delayed maturity, poor skin set and susceptibility to bruising. At planting, soil temperature at seeding depth should be at least 9°C (48°F), and tuber pulp temperature at harvest should minimally be 7°C (45°F) but ideally between 10°C to 16°C (50°F to 61°F). Guarantee vine kill 10 to 14 days prior to harvest, but keep in mind that in wet, clay soils, skins may take longer than two weeks to set. At harvest, growers want to align rollers and digging blades so that they do not crush or cut tubers. Belts should be adjusted based on ground speed and to optimize soil flow up the primary chains to reduce roll back and minimize soil entry into the truck. When storing, tubers should be put into a pit in a step like fashion, and tubers should ideally be warmed to 7°C (45°F) before handling for grading or processing. For equipment-handling tubers, drops should be kept below 15 cm (6 inches), equipment should be padded where necessary and run at full capacity, and all staff should understand the importance of minimizing bruising. By carefully following best management practices and learning where specific operational improvements can be made, damage to tubers and subsequent problems can be minimized. Previous post Never too early to protect against late blight Next post The Silver Scurf
Structure of why essay All essays share the same basic structure, although they may differ in content and style the essence of an essay is an opinion, expressed as a thesis statement or proposition, and a logical sequence of arguments and information. Writing a scholarship essay making the essay work for you reasons why students don‟t write scholarship essays (and lose out why is the scholarship essay. Structure of a general expository essay the following maps a commonly used structure for many academic essays think about why you chose to include it. How to construct an essay let’s look at the standard structure of an essay starting with the most general you can divide your paper into three main sections: 1. Introductory essay often thought of as the father of modern neuroscience through his extensive and beautiful studies of the microscopic structure of the. A key stage 3 revision and recap resource for english, covering writing, structure and paragraphs. Institute for writing and give you some things to think about that will help you as you consider how to structure but when you read this essay back. The following structure is a very good, step-by-step method you can use on any tok essay to get very high marks here are the main things to keep in mind when you're using this method: your #1 priority is answering the prescribed title. There are two basic types of summaries: a reader summary, that you compose to develop a better understanding of what you have read, or a summary essay, which is written for others and is an overview of an original text. Writing a research paper build your essay around points you want to make sentence structure, word choices, punctuation, spelling. Structure of a research paper navigation and spaces in the health sciences libraries and advances learning and research throughout the academic health center. The introductory paragraph the paragraph that begins an essay causes students the most trouble, yet carries the most importance although its precise construction varies from genre to genre (and from essay to essay), good introductory paragraphs generally accomplish the same tasks and follow a few basic patterns. This page gives information on what a compare and contrast essay is, how to structure this type of essay, what are compare & contrast essays. Essays many assignments need to be written in the form of an essay the structure of essay-style assignments is very open but generally includes an introduction, a main body and a conclusion. The five-paragraph essay is a format of essay having five paragraphs: one introductory paragraph, three body paragraphs with support and development, and. Stage 45 a basic essay structure and present examples and evidence to show why it is important and how it links to the essay title. Prompts for structuring an ib extended essay why is there so much emphasis on structure when it comes to academic writing of all kinds,. 1 introduction 2 what is an essay 3 structure of an essay 4 writing takes practice 5 related information introduction as an undergraduate or graduate student at university, you will probably be expected to do some writing (essays, dissertations) in most of your courses. Essay structure essay structure essay structure the most basic skill that is needed in academic life is that of writing a good essay and a fundamental part of that is essay structure. Even though supplemental essays usually are short—usually a paragraph or two—many students are stumped on how to structure outlines for “why essay. Writing help browse tips and guides to help spark new ideas for your next paper type of essays expository essay guide how to outline and structure an essay. Your body paragraphs should contain ample textual the body is the meat and potatoes of your essay the above structure can. In the body of the essay, each body paragraph will have the same basic structure start by writing down one of your main ideas, in sentence form. A classic format for compositions is the five-paragraph essay it is not the only format for writing an essay, of course, but it is a useful model for you to keep in mind, especially as you begin to develop your composition skills. One way to form your analytical essay outline there are quite a few ways to organize your analytical essay, but no matter how you choose to write it, your essay should always have three main parts. Advice with an example on how to structure ielts essays top tips for ielts i really do do this using my essay structure plan above i ended up with this. Your essay plan is the skeleton of your essay, and includes your argument, main points and conclusion structure your plan around the different parts of an essay. Structure of an essay: introduction, body paragraphs, conclusion the creation of a professional essay requires a lot of knowledge form the writer, but the first thing to know and to remember is the peculiarity of the essay’s structure. 5 find a creative angle katherine, a college freshman, had to describe why she would make a good reed college student for that school's essay. An essay has been defined in a variety of ways one definition is a prose composition with a focused subject of discussion or a long, systematic discourse. structure of why essay Amazon´s organizational structure - organizational culture is a reflective view of the inner workings john locke wrote in an essay concerning human. structure of why essay Amazon´s organizational structure - organizational culture is a reflective view of the inner workings john locke wrote in an essay concerning human. Download Structure of why essay Rated 4/5 based on 24 review 2018. Education database.
The Giver Chapters 13 - 16 Summary In chapter thirteen Jonas bemoans the fact that the community has taken away colors. He likes the different colors, and he thinks he would enjoy having choices in clothing, for example. However, the Giver points out that making choices means people could make wrong ones in decisions such as jobs or spouses. Jonas agrees that it's safer to take away the choices. The Giver then shares a memory where Jonas witnesses elephants being shot with guns. He tries to tell Lily that her comfort object actually existed long ago, but she doesn't believe him. Jonas even attempts to pass on memories to other people, such as Asher, but it doesn't work. Sometimes the Giver sends Jonas away instead of training him because the Giver is in too much pain. One day Jonas asks the Giver to share some of that pain with him, so the Giver chooses a painful memory to share. The painful memory that the Giver shares begins on the sled once again, but this time Jonas falls off and badly hurts his leg, causing him to bleed. He cries out and the pain stays with him even after he opens his eyes. He asks for pain medication but receives none, and he can't tell his parents about it when they ask what's wrong. From then on, Jonas always receives painful memories along with pleasant ones to end each day. The Giver tells him he must have memories, such as those of extreme hunger, to help advise the elders. Once the Giver was asked whether they should allow birthmothers to each have four children to help increase the number or laborers, but the Giver advised against it because he didn't want anyone to experience hunger. Jonas wishes they could spread the burden of painful memories throughout the population, but the Giver says that's not what the community wants. At home Jonas's father mentions that a birthmother is due to have twins, and it will be his turn to decide which one is released. Jonas asks if Gabriel can sleep in his room, so he can help comfort him in the night. When he does, Jonas accidentally passes on a pleasant memory to Gabriel, which helps lull him back to sleep. The next time Gabe wakes up, Jonas shares another peaceful memory. He worries that he shouldn't be giving away his memories, but he decides not to tell the Giver about it. In chapter fifteen Jonas enters and sees that the Giver is in pain. He thinks that he will be sent away, but then Jonas decides to offer to help by relieving some of the pain. The Giver gives Jonas a terrible memory of war with boys asking for water, in great pain, and dying all around him. When Jonas opens his eyes, the Giver apologizes for having to share such horror with him. Chapter sixteen has Jonas receiving many happy memories to make up for the painful ones. Jonas learns about grandparents and the true meaning of the word love. He goes home and asks his parents if they love him, and they laugh. They tell him to use more precise language because that word has ceased to have any real meaning. Gabriel continues to do well when he sleeps with Jonas, but when they take him away, he cries. He has two more months until the next ceremony to improve and be given to a family. Jonas whispers to Gabriel about love and the way things he used to be. Then Jonas makes the decision to stop taking his morning pills. Somehow he knows that they are connected to the concept of love. Related Links: The Giver Chapters 13 - 16 Quiz The Giver Chapters 17 - 20 Summary The Giver Chapters 21 - 23 Summary The Giver Summary The Giver Quotes The Giver Important Characters The Giver Quiz Literature Summaries To link to this The Giver Chapters 13 - 16 Summary page, copy the following code to your site: Educational Videos
Bad breath cures Since the most common cause of bad breath is the odorous waste product created by anaerobic oral bacteria, the most important step a person can take toward improving the quality of their breath is to clean their mouth in a manner that helps to minimize the amount of food available for these bacteria, minimize the total number of these bacteria that exist, minimize the availability of the types of environments in which these bacteria prefer to live, make any environment in which these bacteria do live less hospitable. Minimizing the food supply for bacteria that cause bad breath The volatile sulfur compounds that cause bad breath are created as a waste product by anaerobic oral bacteria when they digest proteins. This would imply that those persons who maintain a vegetarian diet would most likely have fewer chronic breath problems than those people who have diets that are high in protein rich foods such as meat. It is important for a person to clean their mouth thoroughly after eating, and especially after eating foods that are high in protein content. This is because even after we have finished meal minute particles of food still remain in our mouth. Much of this food debris ends up lodged between our teeth and incorporated into the coating found on the posterior part of our tongue. Since these are precisely the same locations in which the anaerobic bacteria that cause bad breath live, if a person does not clean their mouth thoroughly a food supply is provided for these bacteria over an extended period of time. Take proper care of the teethes Of the oral bacteria that create the waste products that are responsible for causing bad breath live in the dental plaque that accumulates on and around a person's teeth, both at and below the gum line. A thorough brushing and flossing technique is needed in order to remove this plaque and also remove any food debris that is left in the person's mouth after eating that could be used as a food supply by these bacteria. Take notice of the fact that we have used the term brushing and flossing here. It is not realistic to think that a mouth odor emanating from the areas around the teeth can be diminished unless flossing is an integral part of a person's daily cleaning routine. Bad breath sinus Sinus conditions can have an effect on the quality of a person's breath. Upper respiratory infections and allergies can both promote the flow of postnasal drip onto the back portion of a person's tongue by way of an opening in the area of a person's... Bad breath treatment Most adults suffer from bad breath intermittently, although it may affect up to a quarter of adults on a regular basis. Bad breath is usually brought on by the breakdown of proteins by bacteria somewhere in the mouth. However, there are several... Stop bad breath Bad Breathe © bad-breathe.tdrbizl.com 2006
Here Lawrence (far left) sits with a group of marakate (plural) around a ritual fire. Tradition is a word that points to a broader context for the healing work that Lawrence offers. As a marakame or healer and ritual leader in the Huichol tradition, Lawrence is part of an ancestral path that has existed for many generations. He is also affiliated with the Sacred Fire Community, an international organization that exists to bring more heart and connection in the world. The Huichol people still carry the “original instructions” about how to live a joyful life in harmony and balance with the living world. This kind of wisdom is not just the product of individuals; rather, it is possible because a whole people have been following in the footsteps of their ancestors in conducting rituals, doing healing work and living in community over a very long period of time. Being part of a tradition means learning from, and being accountable to elders. Elders are those who have walked the path before and who demonstrate their wisdom and willingness to make personal sacrifices for the benefit of their people. These elders include Tsaurirrikate (elder shamans) Eliot Cowan, David C. Wiley, and Don José Sandoval. Lawrence receives ongoing support from these elders and he follows a strict code of ethics like all healers and ritual leaders who are recognized by the Sacred Fire Community. In a Huichol village, community is a given: No one is anonymous, and there are always opportunities to come together for projects like harvesting the corn or engaging in frequent ritual to give thanks to the gods and maintain the well-being of the community as a whole. This is in stark contrast to the modern western world where we tend to live in isolation. The purpose of the Sacred Fire Community is to once again foster connection and the sense of deep community in the modern world no matter what spiritual affiliation a person may have. Following an ancestral path and being part of the Sacred Fire Community provides Lawrence with a framework of support for the work that he offers. Tending fire is about maintaining the flame of ancestral wisdom in a way that anchors community and healing. Whereas our prevailing western culture values what is new and different, ancestral traditions point to the timeless quality of creation. This encompasses our essential identity as human beings as well as the exquisite beauty of the world around us. Tending fire means creating a healthy space for individuals and this necessarily includes a sense of a connection to a broader community.
1. [ noun ] (linguistics) a Semitic alphabet used since the 5th century BC for writing the Hebrew language (and later for writing Yiddish and Ladino) Synonyms: Aramaic_alphabet hebrew_script Hebraic_alphabet Related terms: alphabet zayin aleph teth beth mem samekh gimel daleth yodh he lamedh nun waw kaph ayin heth resh sin qoph sadhe shin taw pe
- Capitalism and Alternatives - Skill: The Middle Class Distinction (better) Posted by: Barry Stoller on December 23, 1999 at 10:41:17: The difference between a proletarian and a capitalist can be quantitatively determined. As a general rule, a proletarian buys items that are consumed completely. For example: groceries, rent, heat, clothes, and medical care are all things that, once consumed, are gone and must be purchased again in order to reproduce those items' use-value. A capitalist, on the other hand, buys items that are consumed productively.* For example: plant facilities, raw materials, machines, and labor are all things that, once consumed (in the production process), become items retaining their previous value as well as possessing added value (if not, why bother to be a capitalist?). The statistical breakdown of these two classes are: proletarians 90%, capitalists 10% (of the American population).(1) Nevertheless, there is a perceived world of difference between the 'working class' and the 'middle class'---although by the above criteria they are both proletarians. One difference is that the middle class has higher wages (usually salaries) than the working class. Another difference is that the middle class has more education (skill*) than the working class. And, importantly, yet another difference is that the middle class has more commitment to the capitalist order of things than the working class. Unlike the working class proletarian, the middle class proletarian does possess some items that are NOT consumed completely. Indeed, the middle class proletarian possesses 'working capital' of a sort (which can be consumed productively). This 'working capital' includes education, stock holdings, and basic savings. The statistical verification of a middle class proletarian (in America), so characterized: 25% with a B.A. degree or higher (2); 25% owning stock (above $2,000) (3); and 25% possessing savings sufficient enough to retire at the age of 65.(4) Thus it is evident that only a quarter of the American people are college educated, own stock, and earn enough to retire. This percentage INCLUDES the previously cited 10% who are capitalists. Therefore we may deduce that the middle class comprises (only) 15% of the American people. Whereas the working class comprises the remaining 75%. There is another distinction that deserves attention, however. As I mentioned before, some work occurs in the production sphere and other work occurs in the circulation sphere. Production is primarily characterized by raw material retrieval & processing and commodity manufacture & assembly. Circulation, by contrast, is characterized by book-keeping, transportation, packaging, advertising, and---especially---retailing. These are two VERY DIFFERENT parts of the overall circuit of capital (m - c - m). While the production process creates value, all the circulation process does is realize value. Marx makes this distinction explicit: The general law is that all costs of circulation which arise only from changes in the forms of commodities do not add to their value. They are merely expenses incurred in the realization of the value or in its conversion from one form into another.(5) Analyzing book-keeping, Marx stated: [I]t is palpably clear that this function and the instruments of labor consumed by it represent additional consumption of labor-time and instruments which are necessary, but constitute a deduction from the time available for productive consumption as well as from the instruments of labor which function in the real process of production, enter into the creation of products and value.(6) Of course, book-keeping is but one example of the circulation process (as defined by Marx). Another, more pertinent example is the ENTIRE computer infrastructure of capitalist intercourse. What Marx posited was not only does circulation NOT add value to products, but it DEDUCTS from productive capital itself. This means that additional circulation costs (such as extended computer technology) acts as a DRAIN upon profits. In turn, to continue realizing profits at the same rate, capital must offset its increasing circulation expenses by increasing productivity (which is another way of reducing labor costs per constituent commodity) or by simply squeezing labor (in the form intensified work or reduced wages---or both). The continual trend toward overseas manufacturing AND the 'computer revolution' evinces that capital is indeed squeezing labor as its circulation costs increase. Returning to the subject of the middle class distinction, I think it is useful to point out that the circulation sphere comprises many levels of worker skill required. The circulation sphere is the workplace for the web designer for Amazon.com AS WELL AS the zombie standing behind the cash register. Neither add value to the product ultimately sold; both simply assist that product in meeting its buyer. But the difference TO THE WORKER is paramount. The web designer is high-wage and high-status; the cashier is but an anonymous poverty-level drone. Ultimately the distinction is SKILL. America and similarily 'advanced' capitalist nations are primarily service economies (i.e. circulation sphere)---while Asia and 'Third World' nations are outposts for raw material extraction & processing as well as (increasingly) manufacturing locations. While some circulation sphere workers are skilled, many are not. While some production process workers are skilled, most are not. That is the proletariat's international intersection of solidarity. Job Rotation = The End of Capitalism! The capitalist also purchases and consumes completely like the proletarian, i.e. caviar, summer mansions, a night at the opera, etc. However, what characterizes the capitalist qua capitalist is productive consumption ('making' money). ** Recently Nikhil Jaikumar stated: '[I]n Barry's argument, both the 'experienced' man and the college educated one are skilled workers. (I think).' This is correct. Some workers do receive education in apprenticeship situations---either formally or informally 'on the job.' These workers are statistically anomalous (and often learn skills so specific that job possibilities outside the apprenticeship situation are as rare as the opportunity afforded them). Needless to say, capital publicizes these exceptional opportunities to the utmost using the media it controls. 1. Business Week, 28 November 1994, p. 34. 2. Statistical Abstract of the United States 1996, table 243, p. 160. 3. Business Week, 1 September 1997, p. 67. 4. Forbes,16 June 1997, p. 159. 5. Marx, Capital, vol. 2, International 1967, p. 149. 6. Ibid., pp. 133-4, emphasis added. Follow Ups: The Debating Room Post a Followup
Posted: May 17, 2012 9:15 pm by Thommo amkerman wrote:Classical logic requires that each term denotes an existing object. If square circles are defined as things which can't exist, the statement "if God(exists) then God is a square circle" is false, and the argument is invalid in classical logic from the start. The important thing to notice here is that "God" is not a constant symbol, variable or function symbol of the language and nor is "square circle", they are formulae. They would be constructed from terms which do not have empty domains. This is simply not a problem. You have just confused the technical meanings of "term" and "formula".
7.3 Prototypes and Criticisms A prototype is a data instance that is representative of all the data. Prototypes can improve the interpretability of complex data distributions, but they may not be sufficient to explain the data. They are only sufficient if the data distribution within the classes is very homogeneous. A criticism is a data instance that is not well represented by the set of prototypes. The purpose of criticisms is to provide insights together with prototypes, especially for data points which the prototypes don’t represent well. Prototypes and criticisms can be used independently from a machine learning model to describe the data, but they can also be used to create an interpretable model or to make a black box model interpretable. In this chapter I use the word ‘(data) point’ to refer to a single instance, to emphasize the interpretation that an instance is also a point in a coordinate system where each feature is a dimension. The following figure shows an artificial data distribution, with some of the instances chosen as prototypes and some as criticisms. The small points are the data, the large points the prototypes and the large triangles are the criticisms. The prototypes are selected (manually) to cover the centers of the data distribution and the criticisms are points in a cluster without a prototype. Prototypes and criticisms are always actual instances from the data. Prototypes and criticisms. FIGURE 7.8: Prototypes and criticisms. I selected the prototypes manually, which doesn’t scale well and probably leads to poor results. There are many approaches to find prototypes in the data. One of these is k-medoids, a clustering algorithm related to the k-means algorithm. Any clustering algorithm that returns actual data points as cluster centers would qualify for selecting prototypes. But most of these methods find only prototypes, but no criticisms. This chapter presents MMD-critic by Kim et. al (2016)48, an approach that combines finding prototypes and criticisms in a single framework. MMD-critic compares the distribution of the data and the distribution of the selected prototypes. This is the central concept for understanding the MMD-critic method. MMD-critic selects prototypes that minimize the discrepancy between the two distributions. Data points in areas with high data density are good prototypes, especially when points are selected from different ‘data clusters’. Data points from regions that are not well explained by the prototypes are selected as criticisms. Let’s delve deeper into the theory. 7.3.1 Theory 1. Set the number of prototypes and criticisms you want to find. 2. Select prototypes with greedy search. Prototypes are selected so that the distribution of the prototypes is close to the data distribution. 3. Select criticisms with greedy search. Points are selected as criticisms where the distribution of prototypes differs from the distribution of the data. Let’s start with the maximum mean discrepancy (MMD), which measures the discrepancy between two distributions. The selection of prototypes creates a density distribution of prototypes. The aim of MMD-critic is to minimize the discrepancy between the distribution of the selected prototypes and the data distribution. We want to evaluate whether the distributions are different, based on their empirical distributions which are estimated with the help of the kernel densities. The maximum mean discrepancy measures the difference between two distributions, which is the supremum over a function space of differences between the expectations according to the two distributions. All clear? Personally, I understand these concepts much better when I see how something is calculated with data. The following formula shows how to calculate the squared MMD measure (MMD2): The following graphic illustrates the MMD2 measure. The first plot shows the data points with two features, whereby the estimation of the data density is displayed with a shaded background. Each of the other plots shows different selections of prototypes, along with the MMD2 measure in the plot titles. The prototypes are the large red dots and their distribution is shown as contour lines. The selection of the prototypes that best cover the data in these scenarios (bottom left) has the lowest discrepancy value. A choice for the kernel is the radial basis function kernel: \[k(x,x^\prime)=exp\left(\gamma\|\|x-x^\prime\|\|^2\right)\] where \|\|x-x’\|\| is the Euclidean distance between two points and $\gamma$ is a scaling parameter. The value of the kernel decreases with the distance between the two points and ranges between zero and one: Zero when the two points are infinitely far apart; One when the two points are equal. • Start with an empty list of prototypes. • Return the list of prototypes. \[witness(x)=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^nk(x,x_i)-\frac{1}{m}\sum_{j=1}^mk(x,z_j)\] For two datasets (with the same features), the witness function gives you the means of evaluating in which empirical distribution the point x fits more. To find criticisms, we look for extreme values of the witness function in both negative and positive directions. The first term in the witness function is the average proximity between point x and the prototypes, and, respectively, the second term is the average proximity between point x and the data. If the witness function for a point x is close to zero, the density function of the data and the prototypes are close together, which means that the distribution of prototypes resembles the distribution of the data at point x. A positive witness function at point x means that the prototype distribution overestimates the data distribution (for example if we select a prototype but there are only few data points nearby); a negative witness function at point x means that the prototype distribution underestimates the data distribution (for example if there are many data points around x but we haven’t selected any prototypes nearby). Evaluations of the witness function at different points. FIGURE 7.10: Evaluations of the witness function at different points. MMD-critic can add interpretability in three ways: By helping to better understand the data distribution; By building an interpretable model; By making a black box model interpretable. For example, you can create an interpretable prediction model: a so-called ‘nearest prototype model’. The prediction function is defined as: 1. Find prototypes and criticisms with MMD-critic. 2. Train a machine learning model as usual. How does that help? Remember when Google’s image classifier identified black people as gorillas? Perhaps they should have used the procedure described here before deploying their image recognition model It is not enough just to check the performance of the model, because if it were 99% correct, this issue could still be in the 1%. And labels can also be wrong! Going through all the training data and performing a sanity check if the prediction is problematic might have revealed the problem, but would be infeasible. But the selection of - say a few thousand - prototypes and criticisms is feasible and could have revealed a problem with the data: It might have shown that there is a lack of people with dark skin in the human class, which indicates a problem with the diversity in the dataset. Or it could have shown one or more images of a person with dark skin as a prototype or (probably) as a criticism with the notorious ‘gorilla’ model prediction. I do not promise that MMD-critic would certainly intercept these kind of mistakes, but it’s a good sanity check. 7.3.2 Examples I have taken the examples from the MMD-critic paper. Both applications are based on image datasets. Each image was represented by image embeddings with 2048 dimensions. An image embedding is a vector with numbers which capture abstract attributes of an image. Embedding vectors are usually extracted from neural networks which are trained to solve an image recognition task, in this case the ImageNet challenge. The kernel distances between the images were calculated using these embedding vectors. The first dataset contains different dog breeds from the ImageNet dataset. MMD-critic is applied on data from two dog breed classes. With the dogs on the left, the prototypes usually show the face of the dog, while the criticisms are images without the dog faces or in different colors (like black and white). On the right side, the prototypes contain outdoor images of dogs. The criticisms contain dogs in costumes and other unusual cases. Prototypes and criticisms for two types of dog breeds from the ImageNet dataset. FIGURE 7.11: Prototypes and criticisms for two types of dog breeds from the ImageNet dataset. Another application of MMD-critic features a handwritten digit dataset. Each image shows a handwritten digit. Looking at the actual prototypes and criticisms, you might notice that the number of images per digit is different. This is because a fixed number of prototypes and criticisms were searched across the entire dataset and not with a fixed number per class. As expected, the prototypes show different ways of writing the digits. The criticisms include examples with unusually thick or thin lines, but also unrecognizable digits. Prototypes and criticisms for a handwritten digits dataset. FIGURE 7.12: Prototypes and criticisms for a handwritten digits dataset. 7.3.3 Advantages • In a user study the authors of MMD-critic gave the test persons images, which they had to visually match to one of two sets of images, each representing one of two classes (e.g. two dog breed). The participants performed best when the sets showed prototypes and criticisms instead of random images of a class. • You are free to choose the number of prototypes and criticisms. • The algorithm is easy to implement. • MMD-critic is very flexible in the way it is used to increase interpretability: It can be used to understand complex data distributions; It can be used to build an interpretable machine learning model; Or it can shed light on the decision making of a black box machine learning model. 7.3.4 Disadvantages • You have to choose the number of prototypes and criticisms. As much as this can be nice-to-have, it’s also a disadvantage. How many prototypes and criticisms do we actually need? The more the better? The less the better? The number of prototypes and criticisms has to be determined by the user. One solution is to choose the number of protototypes and criticisms by seeing how much time humans have to look at them, which depends on the particular application. Only when using MMD-critic to build a classifier do we have a way to optimize it directly. One solution could be a screeplot showing the number of prototypes on the x-axis and the MMD2 measure on the y-axis. We would choose the number of prototypes where the MMD2 curve flattens. 7.3.5 Code and Alternatives 1. Kim, Been, Rajiv Khanna, and Oluwasanmi O. Koyejo. “Examples are not enough, learn to criticize! criticism for interpretability.” Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 2016. 2. Kaufman, Leonard, and Peter Rousseeuw. Clustering by means of medoids. North-Holland, 1987.
Alcohol Extraction: The process of stripping the essential oils and trichomes from the marijuana plant by using either ethyl or isopropyl alcohol. Bud is a synonym for the flower of the mature marijuana plant. They are the actual nuggets that you smoke. Buds are the part of the marijuana plant that contain the cannabinoids. A marijuana concentrate that is similar to wax but softer and more pliable. Butter contain 70%+ THC. A budtender is dispensary employee, similar to a pharmacist, who works behind the counter and showcases the stores different products. The process of creating hash oil(s) by pushing a solvent through plant material. One of the most popular solvents used in earlier concentrate extraction. Indigenous to Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent, cannabis is a genus of flowering plants that includes Cannabis ruderalis, Cannabis sativa, and Cannabis indica. Cannabidiol is one of over 60 molecules called cannabinoids found in marijuana. A clone is a marijuana plant clipping that can be planted and grown, creating a genetic copy of the plant. CO2 Extraction: CO2 extraction is the process of pressurizing liquid or gas CO2 to its Critical State, (over 1078 PSI), and passing it through marijuana. Cotton mouth is one of the harmless side effects of marijuana. When high, the mouth becomes abnormally dry. Crossbreeding is when multiple cannabis plants are bred to produce a new strain. Crystals or trichomes, are the part of the marijuana plant that hold the most THC and are specifically used to make concentrates like kief or hash. Dabbing is the latest method used to consume potent cannabis concentrates like butane hash oil. Edibles are marijuana-infused products that are consumed orally. Endo or “indo” is a word used to describe cannabis that is grown indoors, usually hydroponically. Flowering Time: Flowering time references the period in which a plant produces flowers, after the vegetative stage when it’s been actively growing. Green Out: A green out is like an alcohol-induced blackout, but in reference to consuming too much cannabis, usually through edibles or potent dabs. A grinder is a circular metal, steel or wood device used to breakdown marijuana to make using the flower easier. An heirloom strain is a virgin breed of cannabis that hasn’t been mixed or crossbred with another, therefore maintaining its original genetics. Kief is a result of separating trichomes from the marijuana plant. Live Resin: Licensed Facility: Refers to a MIP that is fully licensed and compliant in its state/province of operation. Is a broad word for a plant and its flowers that contain several psychoactive ingredients like THC or CBD. Being “medicated” is a term similar to being stoned or high. Phenotype is a word used to successfully identify a plant’s inherent traits. The process of removing residual solvent from a concentrate. Resin refers to the trichomes that are used to create hash. Ruderalis is one of the three main variations of cannabis. A cannabis strain is a particular kind of plant species, either in a pure or hybrid variety like sativa or indica found in both the recreational and medical arenas. Single source concentrates that have been created from a company that grows its own flower from seed. Tetrahydrocannabinol is the most recognized cannabinoid in the marijuana plant, its well-known psychoactive effects, effectively causes someone to feel high. A cannabis-infused cream, oil, or lotion that is to be applied to the skin. Trichomes are crystallized glands that produce resin on a marijuana plant. Terpene Distillation: The process of isolating and extracting terpenes directly from cannabis flowers through distillation. Vape Pen: A vaporizer pen (or vape pen) is a smaller version of a regular vaporizer. It’s portable and typically uses pre-filled cartridges available in varying sizes and types of cannabis. Vaporizers help a user consume marijuana differently than most other methods like a joint or pipe, which often combusts the product. A process in concentrate consumption that uses moderate heat to chemically change a solid-form concentrate into an inhalable vapor. Whole Plant: A term describing using the whole plant during extraction.
Adjective "genius" definition and examples Definitions and examples Exceptional intellectual or creative power or other natural ability. 1. in singular 'that woman has a genius for organization' 2. 'But to do so is to undermine the writer's genius for tapping into quirky, funny human nature, which regardless of history remains pretty much the same.' 3. 'The auteur's true genius lies in his ability to combine high art with popular culture.' 4. 'No small part of Joyce's genius was his ability to use cliches creatively, imaginatively, knowingly.' 5. 'Even if you aren't a fan of the man's music, Charles' life story is a captivating look at the battle between drugs and creative genius.' 6. 'There was something captivating about this man, who dedicated much of his time to his artistic talents, his creative genius, and photographic exhibits.' 7. 'Although he had no actual plans, he knew that his road would be made dear and so he waited, getting by on talent and saving his genius for when his name would be called.' 8. 'Lyndon Johnson's political genius was creative not merely in the lower, technical aspects of politics but on much higher levels.' 9. 'Their affiliation does not spring from supposed gifts of natural genius.' 10. 'These characteristics are helping further psychiatric research into the links between creative genius and mental disorders.' 11. 'Throughout that career, he has shown such genius for dividing opinion and pouring lemon into wounds that he has made himself a fortune.' An exceptionally intelligent person or one with exceptional skill in a particular area of activity. 1. 'It was indeed the activity of the geniuses, of the masters of their craft, that made the rules.' 2. 'It is hugely comforting to know that we have local geniuses able to deliver quality work at such modest cost.' 3. 'It is, after all, the biggest country on earth with a colossal roll-call of intellectual and artistic geniuses.' 4. 'Ultimately, this is just one of the pitfalls of working with eccentric artistic geniuses.' 5. 'How this tiny fact escaped the minds of the planning geniuses is beyond all comprehension.' 6. 'Often described as a modern writer, Dostoevsky is - like all geniuses - timeless.' 7. 'They resented the fact that the First Family was full of geniuses and prodigies.' 8. 'Even the most brilliant of mathematical geniuses will never be able to tell us what the future holds.' 9. 'The competition tests basic computing skills as well as challenging the computer geniuses.' 10. 'This Valentine's Day, for the first time, the two musical geniuses are coming together.' A person regarded as exerting a powerful influence over another for good or evil. 1. 'this young man is my good genius, my guardian angel' 2. 'Twice within eight months the film studio was sold, both times to firms headed by disciples of its former executive, the Street's reigning evil genius.' 3. 'The evil genii at the helm in fact want Dean to be the man they run against.' 4. 'He correctly characterized the motivation of the organization's leader, the presumed evil genius of terrorism.' 5. 'In some instances, a place, a city, or an institution had its genius.' 6. 'Though the name Fred Segal is well known, Herman is in fact the genius behind the institution.' 7. 'The niches perhaps also recall Roman lararia, and the snakes the protective genii associated with such household shrines.' The prevailing character or spirit of something. 1. 'Progressive democracy is the genius of our people.' 2. 'Few people today would have difficulty recognizing in Haydon the outlines of a new social character - the romantic genius.' 3. 'Does democracy suit the genius of our two peoples, where votes are cast/obtained for considerations other than merit and manifestos?' 4. 'Now my compositions reflect the genius and potential of mankind.' Very clever or ingenious. 1. 'this book was absolutely genius in parts' 2. 'Another genius move came in releasing the songs on iTunes as the episodes aired.' 4. 'The opening is the same kind of slow music as the "New World" largo, without the genius touches (like the opening chordal passage) that distinguish the Dvorak.' 6. 'Of the major three inspirational sources for this film, only one of them is in my top ten list, and that is Eyes Wide Shut, which I think is a genius piece of filmmaking in more ways than one.' 7. 'We need a real genius marketing campaign, something that will put Signature Loans on the map and into the minds of millions of Missourians.' 8. 'Their logo is a genius piece of graphic simplicity, two colours, four buildings, three of which are instantly recognisable.' 9. 'The genius idea in Shrek 2 is Shrek turning into a handsome hero.' 10. 'I hope some genius record producer takes up Hawkins's work.' 11. 'Whoever had the 'genius' idea to make Cole Porter 'hip with the kids' needs a brain transplant.' noun, plural geniuses for 2, 3, 8, genii[jee-nee-ahy]/ˈdʒi niˌaɪ/(Show IPA), for 6, 7, 9, 10. Synonyms: intelligence, ingenuity, wit; brains. 2. a person having such capacity. 3. a person having an extraordinarily high intelligence rating on a psychological test, as an IQ above 140.Synonyms: mental giant, master, expert; whiz, brain, brain Late Middle English: from Latin, ‘attendant spirit present from one's birth, innate ability or inclination’, from the root of gignere ‘beget’. The original sense ‘spirit attendant on a person’ gave rise to a sense ‘a person's characteristic disposition’ (late 16th century), which led to a sense ‘a person's natural ability’, and finally ‘exceptional natural ability’ (mid 17th century).
History of poison gas leaves little to inspire confidence By Tom Baxter The history of poison gas is, you might say, a rather vaporous subject. So much so, that a substantial portion of that history has been made in the past few months. In 1899, an international conference was held at The Hague to set the ground rules for “civilized warfare” in the coming century. Much of what it ratified came from the code the Union Army had used in the American Civil War, but the conference also attempted to anticipate future problems, such as the used of balloons in combat, and projectiles “the sole object of which is the diffusion of asphyxiating or deleterious gases.” The United States was the only country which didn’t ratify the provision banning these projectiles. UNSPECIFIED – : World War I 1914-1918: The blind leading the blind. Men of the 55th British Division, casualties of a poison gas attack walking in single file with hand on shoulder of man in front, 10 April 1918. Chemical Warfare Military Soldier (Photo by Universal History Archive/Getty Images) The Hague Convention was violated in World War One, but not directly, at first. Because they resulted in blindness or extreme pain or disorientation more often than they killed, the first use of poison gas in combat was portrayed as within the bounds of the convention. One point in the favor of this very long stretch in logic was that poison gas soon proved very problematic as a weapon. A change in wind direction could wreak havoc, and a dip in the temperature could render the liquified gas harmless. When the air was still, troops which took new territory risked running into clouds of their own gas. The impact of poison gas on the outcome of the war was so limited that serious histories of the war have been written with scant mention of it. But public horror over the gas attacks — perhaps in part because they produced so many victims who lived to tell of them — was far greater. That has been the decisive element in its evolution as a weapon. In “Mein Kampf,” Hitler wrote of being blinded the month before the 1918 Armistice by British gas, which turned his eyes into “burning coals” — a phrase later used to describe his impact on others — and suffering a second bout of blindness when he learned of Germany’s surrender. Like many of Hitler’s stories, this may not have been true, but it reflects the abhorrence and terror which the memory of poison gas evoked in those who had come through the war. This horror resulted in the 1925 Geneva Protocol, which unequivocally banned all chemical and biological weapons. What this really did was to relegate poison gas to the colonial wars and the odd corners of international conflict. And of course, genocide. The Italians used it against the Ethiopians and the Japanese used it against the Chinese, but the Allies and the Axis abstained from using it on each other. They were prepared to do so if necessary. In December 1943, a German air raid on the Italian port of Bari sank the SS John Harvey, an American ship loaded with mustard gas. Hundreds were killed in a disaster made all the more ghastly because the crew and their rescuers were unaware they were being poisoned. (In a curious twist, the disaster became a milestone in the development of chemotherapy cancer drugs.) Saddam Hussein was a fan of poison gas, using it on the Iranians and his own people, but its benefit to him was again vaporous. His use of poison gas added heft to the argument that he also possessed weapons he didn’t have, and led to his downfall. This very cursory review of the modern era’s early experience with poison gas suggests how a situation that seems as morally clear as the Assad regime’s use of chemical weapons on its own citizens can become a practical problem of splintering complexity. It’s a history with few clean hands or clear outcomes. The reliability of poison gas as anything but an instrument of terror has long since been discredited, but the terror remains as a potent rationale for its use. The development in our time of super-powerful chemical nerve agents, like those used in the attacks on Kim Jong-un’s half-brother and Sergei and Yulia Skripal, adds even more terror. But these precious assets are only used to send a message. When the difficulties of confirming the use of chemical weapons and fashioning an appropriate response to them are combined with a multi-sided civil war and two leaders (don’t forget Putin) desperate to change the subject, what can possibly go wrong? 0 replies Leave a Reply Want to join the discussion? Feel free to contribute! What are your thoughts?
Blepharitis (5042) Blepharitis (5042) - Clinical Hub, Patient Education, Health and Nutrition Facts For You, Ophthalmology What is Blepharitis? Blepharitis is a common inflammation of the eyelids. Symptoms include irritation, itching, and sometimes a red eye. This often occurs in people who have oily skin, dandruff, or dry eyes. Blepharitis can begin in early childhood, and last throughout life, or it can occur later in life as an adult. All of us have bacteria on the surface of our skin and when it starts thriving in the eyelids, the eyelids can become irritated or itchy. Some people can form an allergy to the scales and bacteria around their lashes which can lead to more serious inflammation of other eye tissues like the cornea. Blepharitis may not be cured, but it can be controlled by the measures listed below. 1. Wash your hands. 2. Place a warm, moist compress over each eyelid for a minute or two each day to soften or loosen the scales. 3. Scrub the eyelids at least once a day in this manner. ξ Fill a small glass with warm water. ξ Add three drops of baby shampoo. ξ Take a clean cotton swab or ball and soak it in the liquid. ξ Gently scrub the margin of both eyelids at the base of the eyelashes to loosen any scales. ξ Rinse the lid with a cotton ball soaked with cool tap water. ξ Gently dry with a clean towel. ξ If told to do so, apply antibiotic ointment to the base of the lashes with a cotton swab or your finger. 4. Artificial tears may be used to decrease the itchy feeling of the eye. Keep in mind, the best prevention is lid compresses and scrubs twice a day. If symptoms last and none of the above treatments help, see your eye doctor. In blepharitis, both upper and lower eyelids become coated with oily debris and bacteria near the base of the eyelashes. The eye feels sore and may become inflamed. Routine, thorough cleaning of the lid edge helps control the Phone Numbers (608) 263-7171 above number. Please call if you have any questions or concerns.
12/18/2015 04:00 pm ET Updated Jan 16, 2017 Why Pediatricians Are So Alarmed By The Lead In Flint's Water "Our community has been traumatized." Jim Young / Reuters In early 2014, residents in Flint, Michigan, started noticing something odd about their water. It looked different and had a foul odor. People reported problems. The state confirmed and addressed an E. coli contamination and said the water was fine, but parents were worried. Many started buying bottled water, even for cooking and showering. A Virginia Tech researcher tested the water and said it was corrosive. Finally, in September of this year, researchers confirmed Flint residents' worst fear: lead had leached into the municipal drinking supply from old piping, and city water-lead levels were the highest they'd been in 20 years. In that time, adults and children of every age were unknowingly exposed, including formula-drinking babies and the unborn children of pregnant mothers. Even though Flint changed its water source back after the lead was discovered, the corroded pipes have lost their protective seal, meaning the water is still unsafe and much of the system will have to be replaced. On Monday, new mayor Karen Weaver declared a state of emergency in Flint. "We started hearing in late August of elevated water lead levels. Pediatricians freaked out," Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha, the director of the pediatric residency program at the Hurley Medical Center in Flint, told The Huffington Post. "That’s really when we got mobilized." The long-term consequences of lead poisoning are dire for children, according to the World Health Organization. While a lead-poisoned infant or toddler might not show any outward physical or mental signs of damage, their developing brains are already damaged. "Your development is progressing so rapidly at those early ages," Hanna-Attisha said. "You’re going to be carrying that exposure forever." What happened to blood-lead levels in Flint When Hanna-Attisha heard about the Flint River's corrosive water chemistry, she tried to get her hands on county-wide blood samples, but a county health officer told her that the data "couldn't be easily analyzed," according to the Detroit Free Press. Undeterred, Hanna-Attisha turned to the Hurley Medical Center's own records. When she compared kids' blood-lead levels in Flint before and after the city switched its water source from Lake Huron to the Flint River, she was shocked. The number of children with elevated blood-lead levels (≥5 micrograms per deciliter) had nearly doubled in Flint. Even worse, more than 6 percent of children in zip codes with high levels of lead in the water reported these elevated levels. Officially, more than 10 micrograms per deciliter of lead in blood constitutes lead poisoning, but increasingly, expert groups like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention agree that there's no safe level of lead in blood. "We know lead and we know the life-altering, multigenerational impact of lead," Hanna-Attisha said. "If you detect lead in a child, there’s a public health, environmental problem." Hanna-Attisha's research isn't complete, she said, because it didn't include blood samples from infants. Lead paint is the primary source of poisoning in the U.S., where water is generally safe. Because of this, kids typically don't get screened for lead until they turn 1 or 2, when they are more likely to be crawling around a home and putting objects in their mouths. In the case of Flint, a city of just under 100,000 people, infants who drank powdered formula mixed with lead-tainted water and unborn babies whose mothers drank tap water are also at risk. "Our research completely underestimated that risk," Hanna-Attisha said. Her findings will be published in the American Journal of Public Health this month. How Flint and other state or government agencies will ultimately respond to the situation is yet to be determined. Weaver, who was elected in November, said the city will need to increase its budgets for special education and mental health services "We need funding and we need resources," she told NPR, speaking about the state of emergency. "It's an infrastructure crisis for us, so we know that's going to be a tremendous cost and burden on the city of Flint that we can't handle by ourselves." What parents can do While lead poisoning is essentially irreversible, there are a few steps parents can take to buffer the impact if their child has been exposed. Removing the source of lead should be of primary concern, but nutrition is important, too. Children who are iron-deficient or have empty stomachs absorb lead more easily, which puts low-income kids, who can't control their housing stock and are more likely to be poorly nourished, at the highest risk, Hanna-Attisha explained. Parents who think their kids have been exposed should see their doctor. The sooner experts can pick up on a developmental delay, the better the child's long-term outcomes will be. "Our community has been traumatized," Hanna-Attisha said. Still, she cautioned that city residents shouldn't panic. "This terrible thing happened, but it doesn’t mean every kid is going to have all these problems," she added. "If we can advocate in a state of emergency, and in the future for additional resources, great schools, parenting programs, great nutrition and access to foods, hopefully we don't have to see the full impact of this exposure." Listen to HuffPost Politics' interview with Hanna-Attisha below: Also on HuffPost: 10 Health Findings From 2015 Every Parent Should Know About
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Homework Help: A bullet and a block (Momentum) 1. Dec 11, 2009 #1 A bullet of mass 7.00 g is fired horizontally into a wooden block of mass 1.29 kg resting on a horizontal surface. The coefficient of kinetic friction between block and surface is 0.180. The bullet remains embedded in the block, which is observed to slide a distance 0.230 m along the surface before stopping. What was the initial speed of the bullet? Okay, first off, I know the block is sliding after the collision so that is internal energy. [tex]\Delta[/tex]Uinternal = Friction Force* Distance =(12.7106N)(.180)(.230m) = 0.52621884J From here, i do not know what to do. Here was what I attempted: .5(1.297kg)v^2 = 0.52621884J Velocity of the block was 0.9007m/s Then I used Conservation of Momentum Pi = Pf .007kgV = (1.297kg)(.9007m/s) I don't know, seems slow for a bullet. 2. jcsd 3. Dec 11, 2009 #2 User Avatar Yes, it seems slow for a bullet, but then 23 cm doesn't seem very far for the block to slide. Your approach looks correct to me.
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Homework Help: Projectile Motion assignment - Building a projectile launcher 1. Nov 11, 2006 #1 I need help/advice on building a simple projectile launcher, for a tennis ball or smaller object. I need to calculate the angle so it must be something that shoots fairly straight (ballista?). Any links or advice on this would be much appreciated 2. jcsd 3. Nov 12, 2006 #2 User Avatar Staff Emeritus Science Advisor One could search Google with "ballista". Is the device supposed to be mechanical, e.g. spring (bow) or lever (catapault, trebuchet)? The alternative would be a propellant such as compressed gas or explosive chemcial reaction (which is hazardous). 4. Nov 12, 2006 #3 User Avatar Homework Helper Use a vacuum cleaner connected to the front of a long PVC pipe. The pipe from the vc connets via a T piece to the barrel that launches the ball. Seal the front of the pipe with a piece of paper and insert the ball in the other end. The vc will then create a low pressure in front of the ball when it is inserted at the other end. Air pressure then pushes it along the barrel (although I like to think that it is carried along by the air stream). The ball will fly pass the section where the vacuum cleaner is connected to the pipe and push the piece of paper out of the way. With a setup like this one might introduce some spin on the ball as it passes through the barrel. This will then cause it to deflect a bit (usually downwards) due to the Magnus force. 5. Oct 21, 2009 #4 I don't know about you, but I'm probably building a trebuchet. One, because they are supposedly very accurate. Two, I can't find anything else on the Internet. Three, the air launcher would take too much time to set up in between launches. Four, I don't think my teacher would appreciate it if I brought a vacuum cleaner into class.
Yikes! An asteroid's coming that'll get closer than Earth's satellites Contributed by Feb 1, 2013 We may not be headed for a Deep Impact-style global disaster yet, but this month an asteroid will come very, very, scarily close to hitting us. On Feb. 15 (which, if you're keeping score, is two weeks from today), Asteroid 2012 DA14 will pass by Earth and come within 17,200 miles of the planet's surface. As you can see from the above diagram, 2012 DA14 will actually pass within the Geosynchronous Ring, which means that it will briefly be closer to Earth than many communications satellites that are in either geosynchronous or geostationary orbits. "This is a record-setting close approach," said planetary scientist Don Yeomans of NASA's Near Earth Object Program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena. "Since regular sky surveys began in the 1990s, we've never seen an object this big get so close to Earth." Yeah, it sounds like a setup for an emergency mission on a secret space shuttle, but according to Yeomans we don't need to send up Bruce Willis. Though it will come very close to the planet, 2012 DA14 is "definitely" not hitting Earth. So, no need to duck and cover, but if you have a telescope you can try to catch a glimpse of the asteroid as it passes - if you're quick. (Via Huffington Post)
Home » Caribbean News » Charleston’s ‘Mother Emanuel’ Caribbean Link Charleston’s ‘Mother Emanuel’ Caribbean Link The 2014 statue of Denmark Vesey in Hampton Park, South Carolina. By NAN Staff Writer News Americas, CHARLESTON, SA, Mon. June 22, 2015: Hundreds flocked into the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina Sunday as Sunday service resumed for the first time since the June 17th killings of nine congregants by a 21-year-old man apparently driven by hate. But as the focus shifted to speeches of forgiveness and calls for change, lost in the mix was the Caribbean link of this 199-year-old ‘Mother Emanuel’ Church. Much is spoken of one of the church’s founders Denmark ‘Telemaque’ Vesey but missing from the news reports is the fact that he was born in the Caribbean. Vesey was born Telemaque into slavery about 1767 in St. Thomas, U.S.V.I. at the time the island was a colony of Denmark. Telemaque was purchased at about age 14, historians say, by Joseph Vesey, a Bermudian sea captain and slave merchant. He was then sold to a planter in French Saint-Domingue or modern-day Haiti. After Telemaque was found to suffer from epileptic fits, Vesey took him back and returned his purchase price to the former master. Telemaque then worked as a personal assistant and interpreter in slave trading to Joseph Vesey, including periods spent in Bermuda, and was known to speak French and Spanish in addition to English. Following the American Revolution, the captain retired from the sea and slave trade, settling in Charleston, South Carolina. Telamaque had learned to read and write by the time he arrived in Charleston, and was already fluent in French and English. Vesey “hired out” Telemaque as a skilled carpenter, and he joined other artisans in the city, many of them free people of color who had their own community in the city. On November 9, 1799, Telemaque won $1,500 in a city lottery. At the age of 32, he bought his freedom for $600 from Vesey. He took the surname Vesey and the given name of Denmark, after the nation ruling his birthplace. He then began working as an independent carpenter and built up his own business and married an enslaved woman. Vesey worked to gain freedom for his family, and tried to buy the freedom of his wife but her master would not sell her. This meant their future children would also be born into slavery. Vesey went on to help start Hampstead AME Church downtown and agitate for others’ education and freedom. The violence perpetrated by whites against blacks – attacks both legal and physical, including assaults on the church – convinced him that rebellion was justified. Vesey and his co-conspirators plotted insurrection but were exposed by informants. The rebellion struck such fear into the hearts of the white minority at the time, they insisted on answering it with brutality and newly organized militias to keep the city’s blacks under control. Vesey and five other alleged organizers were executed after a secret trial, and the original church was burned down by white supremacists. In 1834 all-black churches were outlawed in Charleston, and the congregation had to meet in secret until the end of the Civil War in 1865. In the 1990s, African-American activists in Charleston proposed erecting a memorial to Denmark Vesey, to honor his effort to overturn slavery in the city. The proposal caused much controversy, as some people did not want to memorialize him; others believed a memorial to him not only marked his leadership but would demonstrate that slaves were not happy with their lot. But in February 15, 2014, a statue representing him as a carpenter was finally erected in Hampton Park, at some distance from the main tourist areas. At the time of the statue’s unveiling, the New York Times ran an op-ed under a headline that read: ‘Abolitionist or Terrorist?’
Needleleaf forests grow mainly in regions that have long, cold winters. These forests, which are also called softwood forests, stretch across Canada, northern Europe, and Siberia. Many firs, larches, and spruces grow in these northern forests, along with a few broadleaf trees, such as birches and willows. Some willows grow even farther north than needleleaf trees do. But they seldom reach more than shrub size. Needleleaf forests also blanket slopes in such mountain ranges as the Alps and the Rocky Mountains. The Canadian needleleaf forests extend southward into the Western United States, where they include many of the world's largest trees. Many California redwoods tower over 300 feet (91 meters). Tall Douglas-firs also grow in the Western United States. A few needleleaf forests grow in warmer regions. For example, the Southeastern United States has large forests of pines, such as loblolly pines and longleaf pines. These forests provide great quantities of wood for lumber and wood pulp. Related Posts Plugin for WordPress, Blogger... Entri Populer
Skip to content Take The Lead To Warn The Society About Environmental Pollution The environment we live in is very sensitive. What we humans give the Mother Nature, it returns back. We do well and keep the environment clean and unpolluted, the environment in return provides us with clean oxygen to breath, which is fresh air. However, if one questions ‘ what really is an environment?’, the most simple answer would be that ‘ an environment is everything around us including us human beings and also animals living it’ . It includes all living and non-living organisms, plants, trees, waterfalls and everything around us. It is therefore our responsibility to protect the environment we live in. However, human beings seem to ignore the importance and value of maintaining a healthy environment. They have started to pollute the environment massively to such an extent, that it cannot be irreversible. Pollution occurs through energy or by the use and the reactions of chemicals. These play adverse effects on the health of human beings causing various diseases such as Asthma and other respiratory diseases, various skin allergies and at times would even cause death. Few major categories of pollution are Air pollution, Light pollution, Visual pollution, Water pollution, Visual contamination, and Noise pollution. It is therefore the time for us to stand against these pollutions and warn the society of the hazards that we may face if we don’t stop polluting the environment now. It is however a difficult task to stop pollution completely. But the least one can do is to take measures to reduce pollution. The first step therefore needs to be taken from our homes. There should be a proper method of disposing sewage, and other waste materials in the house. Garden rubbish removal in Auckland should be done every now and then and those dirt should be disposed in a proper method, and not just dump those in the road or the rivers or streams close to where we live. Always get rid of those materials that can be recycled separately. Have a compost pit in the backyard of your house and you can dispose the materials that can be composed later into that pit. This would make the soil you live in rich for plantation. As a society in whole, there are various measures and steps taken by the government of various countries to protect the environment from pollution. In some countries honking unnecessarily is a crime that can be fined for. There are various recycling methods provided by the government to get rid of the garbage that is collected from households. There are proper sewage systems constructed and various dust collection systems have been installed. However, all these methods would only work if the perspective of man changes. It is us who need to take the leading step to protect the environment we live in and thereby, ensure our existence. Copyright © 2018 \| Kitchen Remodel Ideas \| All Rights Reserved.
LOCK(10.2) LOCK(10.2) lock, canlock, ilock, iunlock, unlock - spin locks void lock(Lock l) int canlock(Lock l) void unlock(Lock l) void ilock(Lock l) void iunlock(Lock *l) These primitives control access to shared resources using spin locks. They in turn are used to build higher-level synchronisation mechanisms such as those described in sleep(10.2), qlock(10.2) and qio(10.2). They should be used only to protect short critical sections that update shared data structures. Lock loops repeatedly attempting acquire the spin lock l until it succeeds. Lock should not be used to lock a struc- ture shared with an interrupt handler unless interrupts are disabled by splhi(10.2) before attempting the lock; it is better to use ilock, below. Canlock is non-blocking. Only one attempt is made for the lock. It returns non-zero if the lock was successfully acquired; 0 otherwise. Unlock releases the lock l. A lock must be unlocked only by the locking process. When called by a process, the functions above temporarily boost its priority to the highest priority, PriLock; its original priority is restored at the end of the critical section by unlock. On a uniprocessor, if l is unavailable, lock can reschedule unless interrupts are disabled before entering lock or there is no current process (eg, when exe- cuting the scheduler). Ilock disables interrupts before attempting to acquire the lock. It should be used to lock a resource shared between a process and an interrupt handler. On a uniprocessor, dis- abling interrupts is sufficient to exclude an interrupt han- dler from the critical section, and on a multiprocessor the spin lock excludes an interrupt handler running on another processor. Ilock never reschedules the caller, nor must a LOCK(10.2) LOCK(10.2) caller allow itself to be rescheduled (eg, by calling sleep(10.2)) before releasing the lock. Iunlock releases a lock previously got by ilock. The lock functions guard against the possibility of never acquiring the lock by capping the number of lock attempts. If the limit is reached, a message of the following form is written on the console: lock loop on lock-address key key-value pc caller-pc held by pc lock-pc Most lock loops represent deadlocks caused by failing to unlock a resource, attempting to lock (eg, by recursive call) a resource already held by the process, inconsistent locking and unlocking of nested resources, using a spin-lock to guard code that reschedules, using lock not ilock to interlock with an interrupt routine, and similar blunders.
St. John's wort (Known as Hypericum perforatum, Klamathweed) tickAids health tickMood enhancer How does it work? St. John's wort has a history of medicinal use dating back to ancient Greece, where it was used to treat a range of illnesses. Recent research shows that St. John's wort helps to reduce depressive symptoms in people with mild to moderate (but not severe or major) depression. Who is it used for? Studies show that St. John's wort is most valuable for people with mild to moderate, rather than severe depression. How does it work? St. John's wort grows wild in many different parts of the world. Its name comes from the herb's tendency to flower around the feast of St. John, while a "wort" is the Old English term for a plant. St. John's wort has a long history of use in treating emotional disorders. During the Middle Ages, St. John's wort was popular for "casting out demons," conceivably an archaic description of curing mental illness. St. John's wort is a prescription antidepressant in Germany, and is more popular than many synthetic drugs as a treatment for depression. When compared with anti-depressants such as imipramine, amitriptyline, doxepin, desipramine, and nortriptyline, St. John's wort works almost as well, but has fewer side effects [1, 3]. In one six-week trial of people with mild to moderate depression comparing St. John's wort to Prozac, St. John's wort was found to be as effective as Prozac, with fewer and less severe side effects [4]. An eight-week study of 263 individuals with moderate depression compared St. John's wort with the antidepressant imipramine [5]. The results show that imipramine and St. John's wort worked equally as well, and both were more effective than placebo. Although scientists are still unsure what the active compound is in St. John's wort that's responsible for its antidepressant effects, studies suggest that it works by inhibiting the reuptake of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine [2]. Most studies of St. John's wort shows that it works well for depression of a mild to moderate intensity. St. John's wort should never be relied to treat severe depression. Typical symptoms of mild depression include fatigue and lack of energy, insomnia, feelings of anxiety, appetite disturbance, irritability, difficulty concentrating and an inability to deal with stress. How do I use it? The usual dose for mild to moderate depression is 150 to 175 milligrams (standardised to 0.3% hypericin extract) three times per day, with meals. We recommend the Solgar brand of St. John's Wort. What results can I expect? Improvements in mood are often noted as early as two weeks, although it can take up to six weeks for some people to experience a significant benefit. What can it be combined with? St. John's wort interacts with a wide variety of medications, and should be used under the guidance of a suitably qualified health professional. 1. Ernst E, Rand JI, Barnes J, Stevinson C. (1998). Adverse effects profile of the herbal antidepressant St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 54, 589-594 2. Muller WE, Rolli M, Schafer C, Hafner U. (1997). Effects of hypericum extract (LI 160) in biochemical models of antidepressant activity. Pharmacopsychiatry, S30,102-107 3. Woelk H (2000). Comparison of St John's wort and imipramine for treating depression: randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 321, 536-539 4. Schrader E. (2000). Equivalence of St John's wort extract (Ze 117) and fluoxetine: a randomized, controlled study in mild-moderate depression. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 61-68 5. Philipp M, Kohnen R, Hiller KO. (1999). Hypericum extract versus imipramine or placebo in patients with moderate depression: randomised multicentre study of treatment for eight weeks. British Medical Journal, 319, 1534-1539 Buy Related Products from a Trusted Seller Testofen Fenugreek Extract<br />$14.99Polycose Glucose Powder (Pack of 6)<br />$44.70Natural Max Super Chitosan (120)<br />$22.64L-Citrulline Testofen Fenugreek Extract Polycose Glucose Powder (Pack of 6) Natural Max Super Chitosan (120) This article is protected by international copyright protection ©2018. Do not use this copy without reading this first Click here to see the references for this article Download FREE eBooks The Secrets of Getting Into Shape The Easy Way to Achieving Awesome abs...
Create your own at Storyboard That Concentric Circle Symmetry Concentric Circle String Art Symmetry Connecting circle perimeter line segments Watch it being drawn at parameters: r1=13, r2=8, lines=100, scale to circle 2 then change parameters and watch again by Jay Nick August 26, 2015 Concentric Circle String Art Mr. Waldman's conference Professor Waldman transmits a lot of kindness and openness when he is teaching. That's why I have acquired too much knowledge of modern physics. Ingolstadt University Now that I know everything about modern physics I need to go back my home city. But first... mmm... what about if I do a research about how the origin of life is? Maybe, I can discover something interesting. I acquainted with the anatomy of the human body. I also had to observe the natural decomposition of the human body. However, this was not enough. Suddenly , a light emerged from the darkness where I was. A light that clarified my expectations and gave me a new idea. Perhaps this discovery will help many people in the future. Most of the materials for my project gave me the slaughterhouse and the dissecting room. Often I felt disgusted with my work, but the cravings for achieving my goal motivated me. I will give life to the death. Because of the smallness of the bodies , I have decided to create a creature of gigantic proportions . That is to say, a being eight feet tall. Cow Skull Cow Skull
Create your own at Storyboard That EXPOSITION Conflict Rising Action Climax Falling Action Resolution At the beginning there was just a void with a black winged bird called Nyx. Nyx laid an egg and sat on it till it hatch in to the god of love, Eros, one half of the egg became the sky and the other was the earth. Prometheus gave humans fire which is only supposed to be used by gods so Zues punished Prometheus and the human race, Zues found a bride named Pandora for Epimetheus and they got married. Zues gave Pandora a gift called Pandora,s box and curiosity. He told her never to open it. One day when Epimetheus left the house Pandora got curious and opened the Box that Zues gifted her. When Pandora opened the box, 4 horrible thing came out of the box. Pain, Sickness, Envy, Greed! Epimetheus ran over to see what happened, and he found the horrors that plague the earth today. After the release of sickness, pain, envy, and greed Pandora and Epimetheus went inside to go to sleep. When all of a sudden they heard a voice inside the box. The voice said that it was hope and they opened it. Hope flew out of the box, Pandora released 4 horrors and one good thing. The box Zues gifted her was today called Pandora's box.
activation energy ac·ti·va·tion energy The least amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur. For example, striking a match on the side of a matchbox provides the activation energy, in the form of heat, necessary for the chemicals in the match to catch fire. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun1.activation energy - the energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process (such as an emission or reaction) can occur; "catalysts are said to reduce the energy of activation during the transition phase of a reaction" aktivacijska energija References in periodicals archive ? According to the research of hot deformation data, Sellar and Tegart developed an Arrhenius kinetic rate equation which includes the activation energy and the temperature [13]. 1 500 c enabling high-resolution measurement mode, Allowing modulated tga to determine activation energy and modulated dsc to determine thermal capacity. These three forms put together are termed as kinetic triple [1], Activation energy ([E. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of time, temperature and wheat variety on the hydration of wheat kernels, to examine the capability of Peleg's model to describe the soaking behaviour of wheat kernels, to calculate the activation energy, and to obtain a general empirical equation describing the water hydration of wheat varieties during soaking process as a function of soaking time, temperature and initial moisture content. The authors modeled oil shale devolatilization and char combustion at different oxygen concentrations by using a discrete activation energy model. Considering the importance of the theoretical study of the drying process of agricultural products, this study aimed to fit different mathematical models to the experimental data of the drying kinetics of sunflower grains and determine and evaluate the effective diffusion coefficient, as well as obtain the activation energy for the process during the drying under various air conditions. G] is defined as the activation energy of growth and R is the gas constant. Experts saidhigher-octane fuels have higher activation energy requirements, which means they are less likely to lead to uncontrolled ignition, also called auto-ignition or detonation. The nanocatalyst has advantages, including low price, high UV sorption and low activation energy. From the figure, activation energy have high values for pure polymers which attributed to the existence of free ions in the polymers.
CLLD – Cross-Linguistic Linked Data What open means - a case study posted Wednesday, January 21, 2015 by Robert Forkel Tsammalex, a multilingual lexical database on plants and animals, uses WWF Ecoregions as one facet to navigate species. Thus whenever new species are added to the database, we have to answer the question which ecoregions are populated by this species? As it turns out, this question is relatively easy to answer due to Open Source software and Open Data. The remainder of this post will be a fairly technical description how to use the Open Source software Python, fiona and shapely and Open Data to answer this question. We first download the shapefile containing the GIS data for the WWF Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World (README): curl -O curl -O curl -O curl -O Information about observations of species is available from via their great API. In particular we are going to use the species/match method to find a GBIF identifier for a scientific species name and the occurrence/search method to retrieve a list of occurrences for this species. import requests def gbif_api(path, params): return requests.get('' + path, params=params).json() def occurrences(species): # Note: We limit the occurrences to ones observed by humans # and tagged with geo-coordinates. kw = dict( taxonKey=gbif_api('species/match', name=species)['speciesKey'], return gbif_api('occurrence/search', kw)['results'] A single occurrence record serialized as JSON looks as follows: "basisOfRecord": "HUMAN_OBSERVATION", "catalogNumber": "551402", "country": "United States", "countryCode": "US", "datasetName": "iNaturalist research-grade observations", "decimalLatitude": 26.4395, "decimalLongitude": -82.09795, The ecoregion data in the shapefile when read with fiona is presented as records, with properties looking as follows: "properties": { "AREA": 29.8029417004, "BIOME": 14.0, "ECO_ID": 61404.0, "ECO_NAME": "Northern Mesoamerican Pacific mangroves", "ECO_NUM": 4.0, "ECO_SYM": 119.0, "G200_BIOME": 0.0, "G200_NUM": 0.0, "G200_REGIO": null, "G200_STAT": 0.0, "GBL_STAT": 1.0, "OBJECTID": 1, "PERIMETER": 0.219, "REALM": "NT", "Shape_Area": 0.00276856457255, "Shape_Leng": 0.219475413877, "area_km2": 8174, "eco_code": "NT1404" Now finding ecoregions in which a species has been observed can be done as follows: import fiona from shapely.geometry import shape, Point def get_ecoregions(species): with fiona.collection('wwf_terr_ecos.shp', "r") as source: ecoregions = [ for feature in source if feature['geometry']] eco_codes = {} for oc in occurrences(species): point = Point(oc['decimalLongitude'], oc['decimalLatitude']) for props, er in ecoregions: eco_code = props['eco_code'] if er.contains(point): if eco_code not in eco_codes: eco_codes[eco_code] = props['ECO_NAME'] return eco_codes Putting it all together we get a script which can be run as $ python "Ursus maritimus" PA1101 Arctic desert NA0616 Southern Hudson Bay taiga NA1113 Kalaallit Nunaat low arctic tundra NA1112 Kalaallit Nunaat high arctic tundra Which looks about right considering that Ursus maritimus is also known as Polar Bear.
Electronic Interactions between "Pea" and "Pod": The Case of Oligothiophenes Encapsulated in Carbon Nanotubes One of the most challenging strategies to achieve tunable nanophotonic devices is to build robust nanohybrids with variable emission in the visible spectral range, while keeping the merits of pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). This goal is realized by filling SWNTs ("pods") with a series of oligothiophene molecules ("peas"). The physical properties of these peapods are depicted by using aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and other optical methods including steady-state and time-resolved measurements. Visible photoluminescence with quantum yields up to 30% is observed for all the hybrids. The underlying electronic structure is investigated by density functional theory calculations for a series of peapods with different molecular lengths and tube diameters, which demonstrate that van der Waals interactions are the bonding mechanism between the encapsulated molecule and the tube. Published in: Small, 7, 1807-1815 Rate this document: Rate this document: (Not yet reviewed)
Tesla T1 Rendered Concept Is Wild, But Unrealistic Tesla T1 Concept Imagines An Electric Le Mans Racer Using airfoils in the wheels and another at the rear of the vehicle let the concept harvest the airflow for charging the batteries. Tesla will win the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2030, according to designer Omar Alfarra Zendah. He, along with four other students at IED Barcelona, came up with the T1 – a completely different take on the concept for an electric race car. The students imagine that the T1 would have a pair of tires at each corner of the vehicle, and an airfoil would be between these sets. When speeding down the track, the air moving over the car would turn these devices and generate electricity. In addition, a high-tech airfoil called a Gorlov Helical Turbine sits behind the driver and harvests even more energy. This design can generate power while rotating in either direction and generates less noise and vibration than competing designs. Tesla T1 Concept The T1 Concept would use an electric motor with 335 horsepower (250 kilowatts) at each corner, and the complete system would produce 1,770 pound-feet (2,400 Newton-meters) of torque. A 70 kilowatt-hour battery would store the energy. The students estimate the racer could reach 255 miles per hour (410 kilometers per hour). In addition to the high-tech power generation system, the T1 Concept would be able to speed through the corners by actively steering the wheels at the front and rear axle. Omar Alfarra Zendah and the four other students came up with the original design for the T1 Concept last year. For his personal portfolio as his final year at the design school, Zendah created new renders and sketches of the car (pictured here). Tesla T1 Concept While not running at Le Mans, the Tesla Model S will be hitting the track soon in the inaugural 10-race season of the Electric GT Championship. The vehicles have 778 hp (585 kW) and 734 lb-ft (995 Nm) of torque, and they can reach 60 mph (96 kph) in 2.1 seconds. Source: Behance Categories: Tesla Tags: , Leave a Reply 3 Comments on "Tesla T1 Rendered Concept Is Wild, But Unrealistic" newest oldest most voted Airfoils that generate electricity seem like perpetual motion machines. They would create additional drag that would force the electric motors to use more power to maintain speed than would be gained in power generated by the airfoils. They’d be better off reducing drag and forgetting about the airfoils and electricity generation. There is no reason for this concept to be a Tesla, except that if it wasn’t labelled as such it probably wouldn’t have been published here, so kudos to whoever teaches marketing at IED Barcelona. Of course, whoever teaches scientific literacy at IED Barcelona (if anyone does at all) could do a better job. A race car that restricts the driver’s vision to a couple of wedge-shaped side windows? Unless they plan to put a VR helmet on the driver, I don’t see this ever happening. What race car driver would agree to drive a car in which you can’t look straight ahead? And what point to designing a car that way? I realize that concept cars are about the concept triumphing over practical concerns, but still this seems rather pointless to me.
Methane from garbage to fuel garbage trucks? The Williamsport Sun-Gazette reports Mack Trucks, Acrion Technologies Inc., and Lycoming County, Pennsylvania are working to develop a facility to fuel trucks with landfill-produced methane that burns cleaner than diesel fuel. Garbage trucks would fuel up on the methane, produced by the decomposing waste they deliver to the landfill. The landfill already has a facility uses methane gas to generate electricity. With the new facility, the landfill could generate about 5000 gallons of methane fuel a day for trucks. You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Working to safeguard the public against viruses and antibiotic resistant bacteria Where in our watercourses are viruses and antibiotic resistant bacteria and how long do they survive? Viruses pose one of the biggest threats to human health; it is known that they can be present in the food we eat, but what we don’t know is their exact journey from wastewater to shellfish or fruit and vegetables. Another threat to our health comes from antibiotic resistant bacteria. These do occur naturally within the environment, but can also be found in manure and sewage which originate from humans or animal antibiotics use. The scientists are meeting with a range of government agencies, public bodies and private companies, so that they can not only share their current modelling and findings, but also discuss what the industry and regulators need in order to reduce risk to the public. The two research projects being discussed are part of the NERC’s Environmental Microbiology & Human Health programme to provide the scientific evidence base to support fast and efficient identification of pathogenic microorganisms and biological material in the environment. Based at Bangor and Liverpool universities, VIRAQUA aims to find out how viruses that make us sick get into our food chain (with a special interest in shellfish hygiene), how long this process takes and what happens along the way - are they infectious, if so, how long they do they remain infective and what makes these pathogenic viruses degrade. Dr Kata Farkas, lead VIRAQUA research scientist at Bangor University’s School of Environment, Natural Resources & Geography explains: “We developed ways of finding the viruses in the environment that can make us sick. These methods can now be standardised and used by the authorities for monitoring. This is important as the results can then be compared and checked easily. We discovered that these viruses, such as norovirus also known as winter vomiting bug, persist in water for a long time, during which, they travel with the flow and currents. This contributes to the spread of disease. Using state-of-art molecular technologies (in the area of metagenomics) we are also finding interesting and new viruses and investigating whether those viruses may infect people.” Results from the project have been fed into mathematical models that can predict how the viruses travel through the environment from a wastewater treatment plant source to the sea. Using these visual aids, areas of high risk can be identified which may lead to a changes in bathing or shellfish harvesting areas, resulting in a safer environment in general and protecting human health. The second project, RESERVOIRS, based at the University of Warwick, uses a multidisciplinary approach to understanding how antibiotic and biocide resistance genes in bacteria spread within the Thames river catchment. This will provide a fuller understanding of survival and activity of these resistant bacteria. From this, the researchers want to produce a multiscale model to identify how resistant bacteria enter our rivers and consider their fate and establish potential exposure routes for humans and animals. Emma Green Research Project Support Officer said: “We’re looking forward to bringing researchers and stakeholders together and to see what outcomes result. The overriding aim of this gathering is to show stakeholders how research findings from the NERC-EMHH Environmental Microbiological Risk programme can be implemented and lead discussions to ascertain the next focus for the next generation of research programmes. We are keen to work with companies, statutory bodies and government agencies in order to make our water environments safer for the public, and provide the research to stakeholders and authorities to make sure they can benefit from our findings and implement them in regulations and routine tasks.” Dr Kata Farkas added: “Over the last decade new and emerging viruses, such as the Zika virus, have been described and investigated. Among those viruses, many are human pathogens causing outbreaks in both developing and developed countries, including the UK. Due to global pollution, these viruses are frequently found in the environment, resulting in waterborne and foodborne illnesses and outbreaks.” Dr Evelien Adriaenssens, who lead VIRAQUA research scientist at The University of Liverpool added: “Currently, there is a massive knowledge gap on many groups of viruses, because they are difficult to culture or because we don't have enough information on their diversity. Therefore, we have turned to culture-independent approaches such as metaviromics, the sequence-based analysis of all viruses in an environment. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have produced an unprecedented moment in time where we can use these metaviromics approaches to study viruses in any environment without any prior knowledge of which virus is present. So far, we have been able to demonstrate the presence of multiple potentially pathogenic viruses in wastewater, such as norovirus, sapovirus and rotavirus, and are currently investigating whether these viruses travel through river and estuary systems to reach bathing water beaches and shellfish beds." Publication date: 14 March 2018
Make Your Plant SMART! (By Arduino) Intro: Make Your Plant SMART! (By Arduino) So you have always wondered how to add technology to your plants? With this cool project, you can make sure your lovely plants are always in their good condition. After doing this project you will: • Learn how to use analog-output sensors • Learn how to display data on OLED displays • Make your plant smile if everything is fine and cry if there is something wrong. Smart Plant; What’s the base of the idea? Nowadays, We can increase the efficiency of jobs, hobbies, lifestyle, etc. by adding technology to our tools and stuff with basic electronics components. Adding artificial intelligence to things that we care about is very attractive and amazing. You might have seen the Green Houses that use smart control and supervision on plants, flowers, etc. They can control the timing and amount of water of plants, lighting, temperature, and a many other important and effective parameters. It’s a good start point to enter this exciting world and learn how to do it. In this project, we will get the necessary details about our plant’s condition; such as sand moisture, environment temperature, and the amount of light that plant can receive. Monitoring these data can help us to always keep our plant in its good condition. Reading data from sensors by Arduino is quite easy and monitoring that on a display is not so hard. So, what are you waiting for? Let’s make our plants smart! Step 1: Required Materials Step 2: Circuit There are a few important points you should pay attention to. First, you need a power supply that can provide at least 5V and 20mA. If your power supply does not meet these conditions, you should connect modules to the 5V pin of Arduino (Don’t use 3v3). You should also note that an OLED display with SPI protocol is used. If your display is I2C, you must connect them to the A4 and A5 pins of Arduino. In addition, the moisture sensor used here has 2 pins and therefore an amplifier board with one analog output is necessary. The DHT11 sensor can measure both temperature and humidity, but we our code displays temperature only. You can add humidity by adding a few lines of code. Step 3: Assembling Since our flower pot is small and there is a space limit, we have used a thin ribbon wire which is suitable for our flower pot. For connecting this wires, it’s better to separate the pin headers from the components. First, the OLED display pin header should be desoldered. To do this, you can use a soldering iron but heater soldering is preferable. The OLED display is stuck to a board which provides the SPI communication. To have a better view of the display and hide wires, you can separate the display panel from the board. Use a sharp knife to do this. Now its time to solder wires to the board. The board is going to be placed in a wet sand, so we must make all the connections and components waterproof. First, we cover it with a Plastic Wrap. Then we cover it by a shrink tube. You should heat it to stick to the board. Now fill the seams by hot glue. The moisture sensor that we chose, needs to have a separate amplifier. First, separate the pin headers, then make them waterproof. For LDR sensor, You must connect a 10k ohm resistor between GND and sensor’s pin. This must also be made waterproof. For Temperature sensor, You must connect a 10k ohm resistor between Vcc and Signal pin. Now it is time to connect all sensors and display modules to Arduino Nano. After finishing the assembly, do not forget to also make Arduino waterproof. Now empty some sand from the pot (not all of that, its harmful for the plant) and put the board and sensors (except temperature sensor) inside. The temperature sensor must be out of the pot. Now fill the pot with removed sand. We are all done! Let’s upload the code. Step 4: Code In this code, We use SSD1306 and DHT library for OLED display and DHT 11. You should first add these libraries, then compile and Upload the code to Arduino Nano. If its the first time you run an Arduino board, don’t worry. Just follow these steps: 1. Go to and download the software of your OS. 2. Install the IDE software as instructed. 3. Run the Arduino IDE and clear the text editor and copy the following code in the text editor. 4. Navigate to sketch and include the libraries (Download libraries from the following links). Now click add ZIP library and add the libraries. 5. Choose the board in tools and boards, select Arduino Nano. 6. Connect the Arduino to your PC and set the com port in tools and port. 7. Press the Upload (Arrow sign) button. 8. You are all set! Step 5: What’s Next? Now you can develop this project to your interest. Here is some suggests that you can add them to project : • You can have a clock on display and measuring the time of different conditions and predict the time of conditions that plant need water or more light. you should add a RTC module like DS1307 and add some code to read time and calendar and display that or save some of them to have more details of plant. • By adding a buzzer, you can set some alarm that warn you about plant conditions. for example when the sand is very dry, it can ring 1 time per hour. • We set just two emoji for different conditions. You can add more face model for any conditions. For this you should read the OLED display tutorial to learn how convert your image to a Hex code. • Tiny Home Contest Tiny Home Contest • Fix It! Contest Fix It! Contest • Metalworking Contest Metalworking Contest
Lincoln Laboratory's innovative, advanced technology has not only been applied to national security problems but has also had significant impact on science, industry, and society. We have developed optics that enable the discovery of phenomena in the universe, invented a 193 nm lithographic technique that is the industry standard today, and created software that is helping emergency agencies plan for disaster responses. Lincoln Laboratory deployed tools and teams that helped emergency agencies plan evacuations, monitor weather, provide clean water, and assess the damage wrought by hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria. Through the Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center (LLSC), researchers are tapping into New England's most powerful supercomputer from their desktops. They're using it to run large-scale simulations, prototype algorithms, and conduct data analysis tasks that, because of their size and complexity, require thousands of parallel processors. And they're doing it all on a system that runs 100 percent carbon free.  Learn how supercomputing is moving R&D forward The one-petaflop system at the Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center is furthering research in autonomous systems, device physics, and machine learning. A video overview of the Lincoln Laboratory Super Computing Center The LLSC houses the TX-Green supercomputer, a computing cluster comprising 41,472 Intel advanced processor cores.
Eye Allergy (Allergic Eye Disease) • Medical Author: • Medical Editor: Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD Eye allergy facts • Most allergic eye conditions are more irritating than dangerous. • Allergic or vernal keratoconjunctivitis may result in scarring of the cornea and vision problems. • Itchy, watery eyes are probably allergic eyes. • Topical antihistamine/decongestant preparations are effective and safe for mildly itchy, puffy, red eyes. • Topical steroids should be used with caution and under the supervision of an eye doctor (ophthalmologist). • If in doubt about an eye condition, seek medical advice from a doctor sooner rather than later. Eye allergy introduction What causes eye allergies? Eye Conditions Quiz: Test Your IQ Eye Allergy Symptoms: Eye Discharge • redness (bloodshot appearance), • burning, • blurred vision, • or eye pain. Photophobia (sensitivity to light) can be associated with eye infections. Most causes of eye discharge are not serious and can be easily treated. Picture of eye allergies What is the basic anatomy of the outer eye? The lacrimal (tear) glands are located in the upper and outer portions of the eye. They are responsible for producing the watery part of tears, which keeps the eye moist and washes away irritants. The tears also contain important parts of the immune defense such as immunoglobulins (antibodies), lymphocytes (specialized white blood cells), and enzymes. Why are the eyes an easy target for allergies? Allergy fact People who are more susceptible to allergic eye disease are those with a health history of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis and those with a strong family and/or personal history of allergy. Symptoms and signs usually appear before the age of 30. What are eye allergy symptoms and signs? Typical symptoms associated with eye allergies include inflammation of the conjunctiva that is caused by a reaction to allergens. The inflammation causes enlargement of the blood vessels in the conjunctiva ("congestion"), resulting in a red or bloodshot appearance of the eyes. These allergy symptoms can range from very mild redness to severe swelling associated with discharge. What are allergic eye conditions? Allergic conjunctivitis Allergy assist Rubbing itchy eyes is a natural response. However, rubbing usually worsens the allergic reaction due to the physical impact on the mast cells, which causes them to release more mediators of the immune response. Translation: Do not rub your eyes! Conjunctivitis with atopic dermatitis Commonly called "atopic keratoconjunctivitis," this health condition is a notorious cause of severe eye changes, particularly in young adults. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis implies inflammation of both the conjunctiva and cornea. "Kerato" means pertaining to the cornea. This form of conjunctivitis usually affects males 3 times more frequently than females and may begin in late adolescence. It's peak incidence is in males aged 30 to 50. It is more common in those who had atopic dermatitis in early childhood. The condition is characterized by intensely itchy, red areas that appear on the eyelids. A heavy discharge from the eyes can occur, and the skin of the eyelid may show scales and crusts. In severe cases, the eyes become sensitive to light, and the eyelids noticeably thicken. If managed poorly, there can be permanent scarring of the cornea due to chronic rubbing and scratching of the eyes. This scarring can cause visual changes. Allergy alert Vernal keratoconjunctivitis Vernal keratoconjunctivitis is an uncommon health condition that tends to occur in preadolescent boys (3:1 male to female ratio) and is usually outgrown during the late teens or early adulthood. (Vernal is another term for "spring.") Vernal keratoconjunctivitis usually appears in the late spring and particularly occurs in rural areas where dry, dusty, windy, and warm conditions prevail. The eyes become intensely itchy, sensitive to light, and the lids feel uncomfortable and droopy. The eyes produce a "stringy" discharge and, when examined, the surface under the upper eyelids appears "cobblestoned." A closer examination of the eye reveals severe inflammation due to the vast number of mast cells and accumulated eosinophils (a type of white blood cell involved in the allergic response), producing so-called called "Trantas dots." Allergy fact Keratitis, or the inflammation of the cornea, in vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis is largely caused by a substance that is released from the eosinophils called major basic protein. Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC) What are eyelid allergies (also called contact eye allergies)? The best treatment for eyelid allergies is avoidance of the sensitizing agent(s). Changing to hypoallergenic lens solutions, cosmetics, or topical eye care products is usually necessary. Application of a mild topical corticosteroid cream for short periods will probably help. As is the case with atopic dermatitis, it is important to treat any secondary bacterial skin infection that may develop. What conditions can be confused with eye allergies? The following is a list of health conditions, the symptoms of which are commonly confused with eye allergy. Allergy assist • If it burns, it is probably dry eye. What is the treatment for eye allergies? Are there home remedies for eye allergies? Most people with eye allergies treat themselves and do so quite effectively with OTC eye care products. Most commonly, home care consists of an allergy sufferer flushing the eye with water. With exposure to an allergen to the eye, it is important to thoroughly flush the eye with lukewarm tap water or commercially prepared eyewash solution. If these remedies are not working or if there is eye pain, extreme redness, or heavy discharge, you should seek medical advice. Some conditions, for example, are serious with potential sight-threatening health complications if required treatment is delayed. Allergy assist Moistening the eyes with artificial tears helps to dilute accumulated allergens and also prevents the allergens from sticking to the conjunctiva. Tear substitutes may also improve the defense function of the natural tear film. Topical antihistamines & decongestants Antihistamine eye drops work by blocking histamine receptors in the conjunctiva. The histamine, therefore, is unable to attach to the conjunctiva and exert its effects. They are effective in relieving itching but have little impact on swelling or redness. They have two advantages over antihistamine tablets; there is a quicker onset of action and less drying of the eye. The new generation of topical antihistamines includes emedastine difumarate (Emadine) and levocabastine (Livostin). The side effects of these medications include mild stinging and burning of the eyes upon use, headaches, and sleepiness. But treatment with antihistamines at the point of irritation is still preferable than treating systemically with oral antihistamines if possible. Decongestants take the redness away as advertised. However, they do not help relieve itching. They act by shrinking the blood vessels on the conjunctiva. (They are not really effective against allergic eyes.) The decongestants oxymetazdine (Visine LR) and tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride (Visine Original) are available OTC. They do have a potential for abuse and should not be used by people with narrow-angle glaucoma, an eye disease characterized by elevated pressure within the eye. Allergy assist The prolonged use of decongestant nasal sprays can produce a rebound phenomenon in which the medication begins to cause more congestion than it relieves. This phenomenon rarely occurs in the eyes with the repeated use of decongestant drops. The mucous membranes of the eye are different from those of the nose. The eyes can become irritated and less responsive to the drops, but unlike the nose, the eyes tend not to develop "rebound" redness. Combination antihistamine-decongestant preparations can provide quick relief that lasts a few hours. They lessen the itch, redness, and swelling and are very useful for milder symptoms. Common combinations include pheniramine with naphcyoline hydrochloride (Naphcon-A or Opcon-A) and antazoline with naphazoline (Vasocon-A). Side effects are minimal, but the drops may become less effective if used for prolonged periods. They do have a potential for abuse and should not be used by people with narrow-angle glaucoma. Topical mast-cell stabilizers Mast-cell stabilizers prevent the release of chemical mediators of inflammation from the mast cells. These are effective for all eye allergies. The first of this class of drug was cromolyn sodium (Crolom or Opticrom), which is available OTC. This topical medicine has been effective for treating mild cases of vernal keratoconjunctivitis and probably mild allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and has no significant side effects. It does have a slow onset of action. The newer agent, lodoxamide (Alomide), is 2,500 times more potent than Crolom and has a faster onset of action. This prescription medicine may be used in children older than 2 years of age and has minimal side effects. One disadvantage is the need to use the drops four times a day, and long-term use is necessary to prevent symptoms. The most effective mast-cell stabilizer, which also has antihistamine properties, is olopatadine (Patanol). Available by prescription, it is 250 times more effective than Alomide in relieving itching and redness. This drug provides rapid relief of itching and burning eyes. It can also prevent symptoms when used before an exposure or before the pollen season. The drops are very comfortable in the eye and can be used in children as young as 3 years old. The longer duration of action allows dosing of twice a day. Another new product, ketotifen (Zaditor), also has dual mast-cell-stabilizing and antihistamine effects. It dramatically reduces itching and redness and gives more rapid relief within minutes. Topical anti-inflammatory drugs Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are particularly useful in treating itchy eyes. They reduce redness and swelling to a lesser degree. Ketorolac (Acular) is a topical NSAID, which may cause temporary stinging and burning in 40% of users. Steroid antiinflammatory eyedrops are very effective in treating eye allergies, but they are reserved for severe symptoms that are unresponsive to other treatments. They must be used with caution in people with bleeding tendencies because they can increase the bleeding risk. Since there are significant risks with long-term treatment, their use should be supervised by an ophthalmologist. Caution must be taken, however, because of the potential side effects of the long-term use of steroids, even in eye drop form. Side effects of steroids include elevated pressure in the eyes and cataracts. The elevated pressure in the eyes can become glaucoma and lead to damage of the optic (eye) nerve and loss of vision. Cataracts are a clouding or opacification of the clear natural lens within the eye, which can interfere with vision. The purpose of the lens is to focus the light or images that enter the eye. Remember, however, that the side effects of steroids usually occur with long-term use and that steroid eye drops may be very effective when used over the short term. Loteprednol etabonate (Alrex) is a short-acting steroid with fewer side effects that shows great promise in the treatment of allergic eye disease. Allergy alert Topical steroids may cause or worsen glaucoma and result in cataracts with long-term use. About 500 drops of a high-dose preparation can cause cataracts. Also, remember that with topical steroid eye drops, short-term, low-potency preparations are recommended and should only be used under the supervision of an ophthalmologist. Systemic medications Oral antihistamines, either OTC or prescription (non- or lightly sedating), may be used for itchy eyes. The OTC products may cause drowsiness, and both can cause drying of the eyes. Allergy assist In general, treating topical conditions with topical medications is preferable. Allergy shots (immunotherapy) When avoidance of offending allergens and local treatments are not effective, allergy shots may be indicated. Your allergist may suggest this form of treatment when other measures have been unsuccessful. Here are a few general tips worth remembering: • Eyes that are dry may aggravate eye allergy symptoms. Tear substitutes, such as artificial tears, are an often forgotten but are an effective lubricant. • Cold compresses may help, particularly with sudden allergic reactions and swollen eyes. • Keep eyedrops refrigerated since this makes application more soothing. What is the prognosis of eye allergies? The prognosis is favorable for most patients with eye allergies. Typically symptoms clear up quickly with OTC/home treatment or when the offending allergen is not present any more. Unfortunately the symptoms may reoccur depending on the cause of the eye allergy. Health complications are very rare, but medical attentions should be sought immediately for any pain or vision loss that occurs or for symptoms that do not resolve within 12 hours. Is it possible to prevent eye allergies? Avoid the triggers Avoidance is the cornerstone of allergy treatment. It is particularly important to avoid both airborne and contact allergens. Remember, rubbing your eyes is a physical trigger and therefore care should be taken to avoid this. Medically Reviewed on 3/24/2017 Chang-Godinich, Anne. "Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis." Medscape. Mar. 17, 2015. "Eye Allergy." American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Health Solutions From Our Sponsors
[The following is a full sample chapter from my book Surviving ISO 9001:2015. It discusses how ISO mutated the definition of the word “consensus” so that it actually means the opposite of the common meaning, in order to ensure it can publish standards without the informed consent of Member Nations. – CP] ISO forever reminds the world that it develops “voluntary consensus standards.” This is prompted by international agreements, such as those of the World Trade Organization, that demand such standards be both voluntary and built by consensus. Imagine if Microsoft created a standard that required everyone to use Windows on anything with a computer chip in it, and then that standard was somehow made part of international law; these kind of arrangements would be “barriers to free trade” which the WTO is tasked with eradicating. So when ISO publishes management system standards, it has to ensure the world that the resulting standard wouldn’t be mandatory – organizations can use it, or not, at their choice – as well as developed under participatory conditions that remove the influence of any single company or individual, or even any single nation. To accomplish this, WTO says that ISO standards must be developed by “consensus.” The problem, however, is that mankind has not yet agreed to a common definition of the term. The dictionary provides a set of definitions which likely “ring true in our guts” since they sound about right. “A general agreement about something : an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group.” [Merriam Webster] “A generally accepted opinion or decision among a group of people.” [Cambridge English Dictionary] “General or widespread agreement.” [Collins] These definitions share a single trait: agreement is reached between parties which results in consensus. Keep that in mind as we move forward. But what appears in the dictionary is not always what is used in formal or technical settings, such as during international negotiations or trade disputes. The wranglings about the meaning of “consensus” have a broad importance for decision-making with regard to treaties and in other international conferences. Since the 1970s it has become standard practice in many important diplomatic conferences that decisions are taken, where possible, by consensus. Although this procedural device is ubiquitous, as well as being important for the way in which international law is made, the arguments at the [2013 UN Arms Trade Treaty] conference lay bare the ambiguity that lies at the heart of this concept. There is no consensus on the meaning of “consensus”. The consensus procedure is an important device for achieving broad-based agreement on international treaties. It is therefore important to have some clarity on what it means. Lack of clarity on the procedure might well have an adverse impact on the process by which treaties and other international decisions are reached with the result that the substantive outcomes might be less desirable. Things become more complicated when assessing the different intended meanings of the term; often, in international fora and treaty negotiating sessions, the concept of “consensus” was applied to determine if a vote was required: if the parties in the negotiation agreed unilaterally, and there was no objection, a vote need not be held at all, since the outcome was already determined. A single objection would thus break consensus, forcing the issue to a vote unless the offended party could be placated. The other view of consensus is not to replace a vote, but to augment it; in this model, a “general agreement” is reached and this is deemed “consensus,” leading to an eventual vote no matter what. Attempts are made to achieve consensus, in order to ensure buy-in from all parties, but the vote will still occur, and those who disagree with the majority and prevent consensus will still have an opportunity to vote down the proposal. These were identified as “passive” and “active” consensus: This we will call the active consensus procedure to distinguish it from passive consensus procedure, which is the mere substitution of consensus for voting as a way of making decisions. Passive consensus is often used to avoid voting when there is fear that a destructive polarization will result from a vote. By itself, however, it poses the danger that discussion will drag on interminably, and that the outcome may be no decision at all. Active consensus procedure addresses this problem, and offers some hope that consensus can be turned into an effective, as well as politically necessary, technique. In addition to these two basic models, there is an infinite number of different interpretations residing between them, as well as outside of them. As Akande said, “there is no consensus on the meaning of consensus.” If GATT preceded WTO, we need to go back to its definition of consensus, as that would likely have impacted on any international standards developer, including ISO. Unfortunately, GATT never formalized a definition. Instead, we have to look at GATT’s contextual surroundings. Contemporary consensus-based decision making began after World War II, when the world moved from simple majority rule. At the beginning of the post-World War II period the decision making procedure in international conferences and organizations change from one of unanimity to majority rule. A typical example is the UN Charter which practically abandoned the unanimity rule in favor of the majority rule. It also provided for a one-State-one-vote system. GATT 1947 followed both trends. Officially, GATT applied a majority rule approach to decision making, but within its committees, GATT leaned towards a consensus approach. Perhaps coincidentally (or perhaps not) the UN likewise was utilizing consensus decision making prior to voting, and eventually the UN Conference on the Laws of the Sea (UNCLOS) included a written definition, indicating, partly, that consensus required “an absence of formal objection.” This, however, was only applied in extremely limited circumstances, and required the formation of special committees to address the objections raised. Elsewhere in the world, similar definitions arose. The reason for the shift from majority rule to consensus as witnessed by the practice or respective regulations of many international conferences and international organizations lies in the increased number of States, the establishment of groups of States on the basis of political and geographical affiliations or, in particular, economic characteristics. As a result of this fragmentation of the community of States there is a likelihood that decisions may be taken by majority, even an overwhelming one, which would not be accepted and implemented by the minority group of States. It was feared that the one-State-one-vote system together with majority voting might lead to automatic majorities which did not necessarily include those States particularly affected by such decisions. Accordingly, the consensus procedure is seen as protecting the equilibrium between the groups of States, and thus the interests of individual States. ISO, however, applied a remarkable amount of force and bent the definition to its will, merging the prior concepts of “passive” and “active” consensus into a single definition that, ultimately, defied all definitions before it. ISO now claimed that consensus was, as follows: This definition broke the dictionary utterly. Remember that under normal concepts of consensus, consensus is reached after an agreement is made by the parties; the default posture is that a thing is not approved until it is approved. ISO’s definition turned that on its head, and made international approval the automatic default, a presupposed state that takes effect the second someone puts pen to paper when drafting a standard. It places the burden of stopping a standard from proceeding upon those objecting to it. With ISO, a thing is always approved, unless it’s not approved. Consensus exists automatically and immediately, unless someone can mount sufficient “sustained opposition” to convince the leadership otherwise. This convenient position ensures that ISO can push its standards through committees to begin the selling of the standards, even when there is a lack of general agreement, and even in the face of chaotic discord among the participants, as we will see. At first blush, this sounds like the “active” consensus approach, in that it requires achieving consensus before voting occurs; however, this is not the case. The “active” consensus model still presupposes a thing is not approved until it gains approval; and then, if an objection is raised, the burden is on the approving majority to work with the objecting minority to address their concerns. Again, at first glance, ISO appears to address this when it says it will “take into account the views of all parties concerned and to reconcile any conflicting arguments.” But if we look further into ISO procedures, we find they have invented a supporting set of rules that all but ensures this can never be employed in any meaningful way. Per the ISO Directives, Part 1, 4th Edition from 2013: The decision to circulate an enquiry draft shall be taken on the basis of the consensus principle. It is the responsibility of the chair of the technical committee or subcommittee, in consultation with the secretary of his committee and, if necessary, the project leader, to judge whether there is sufficient support bearing in mind the definition of consensus given in ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004. What this grants the various chairs is the power to determine what constitutes “sustained opposition.” In practice, this is executed in a manically whimsical manner; worse still, that chaos was later embedded in the update to the ISO Directives, Part 1, with the 6th edition published in 2015: In the process of reaching consensus, many different points of views will be expressed and addressed as the document evolves. However, “sustained oppositions” are views … which are maintained by an important part of the concerned interest and which are incompatible with the committee consensus. The notion of “concerned interest(s)” will vary depending on the dynamics of the committee and must therefore be determined by the committee leadership on a case by case basis. The concept of sustained opposition is not applicable in the context of member body votes on CD, DIS or FDIS since these are subject to the applicable voting rules. Those expressing sustained oppositions have a right to be heard and the following approach is recommended when a sustained opposition is declared: — The leadership must first assess whether the opposition can be considered a “sustained opposition”, i.e. whether it has been sustained by an important part of the concerned interest. If this is not the case, the leadership will register the opposition (i.e. in the minutes, records, etc.) and continue to lead the work on the document. — If the leadership determines that there is a sustained opposition, it is required to try and resolve it in good faith. However, a sustained opposition is not akin to a right to veto. The obligation to address the sustained oppositions does not imply an obligation to successfully resolve them. The responsibility for assessing whether or not consensus has been reached rests entirely with the leadership. This includes assessing whether there is sustained opposition or whether any sustained opposition can be resolved without compromising the existing level of consensus on the rest of the document. In such cases, the leadership will register the opposition and continue the work. This is a fantastic departure from an already bastardized definition. Whereas ISO originally claimed consensus includes “a process that involves seeking to take into account the views of all parties concerned and to reconcile any conflicting arguments,” we then find, buried in procedural documents which are largely hidden from the public, caveats that undermine this position further, by indicating “the obligation to address the sustained oppositions does not imply an obligation to successfully resolve them.” Read that again: the ISO definition says it will “reconcile any conflicting arguments,” but the ISO procedures say there is no “obligation to successfully” do so. In short, so long as ISO pretends to try, it has met its goal. As usual, ISO then points anyone who wants to object to this arrangement to a complicated, bureaucratic process which is guaranteed to bury the complaint: Those parties with sustained oppositions may avail themselves of appeals mechanisms as detailed in Clause 5. The appeals process is, naturally, complicated, and ultimately the TMB reserves final decision authority. Since the TMB ultimately serves ISO’s publishing calendar, it’s not difficult to predict how they will rule. If this sounds like fantasy, it’s not. During a recent conflict in TC 262 (risk management), the Technical Committee almost split in two, as arguments arose over an upcoming revision to ISO 31000. Allegations of defamation and threats of litigation between the members broke out, all while TC 262 Chair Kevin Knight ignored them, focusing instead on giving speeches to sell standards. It was high drama, and by any measure the fight represented the clearest case of “sustained opposition” ISO had seen in some time; nevertheless, a working group chair ruled that while the conflict – which, again, had reached to the point of TC members threatening to sue each other – did constitute sustained opposition, the TC couldn’t do anything about it because it was “unresolvable sustained opposition” and therefore the leadership did not have to take any action. While I agreed with his decision in this case – the goons presenting the opposition were acting like crack addicts in a clown car – it was nevertheless disturbing to see a single person negate an organized contest with the stroke of a pen because resolving the conflict was, by golly, just too gosh-darn hard. And so yet another hurdle is thrown at anyone opposing the leadership’s whims on a given standard. Not only must one mount opposition, then prove that it is “sustained,” but one must be willing to yield to the leadership if challenged. If not, the opposition can be deemed “unresolvable” and thus dropped anyway. So the message is clear: you can gripe, but unless you’re willing to back down, we can ignore you purely on the basis of your intransigence. For the leadership, it’s win-win, since it makes it a practical impossibility that anyone could ever mount any challenge to a standard that would meet all the various tests and milestones. So a typical non-ISO consensus model may look like this: Obviously this runs the risk of creating an indefinite review-and-approval cycle, if every possible objection must result in the product being returned to the gate. While a balance is clearly possible, ISO’s model instead turns it into a beast whereby any objection, no matter how serious, becomes a Herculean task, nearly impossible to ever achieve, and where “push it to print” is always the default result. Keep in mind that while all this is happening, the TMB retains ultimate authority to shut the TC down if ISO’s targeted publication date is affected, so all of these steps must occur while simultaneously maintaining a timetable pre-set by ISO. Even if a proposed objection makes it through those hurdles, it’s still not finished. Final changes to any existing draft must undergo review by the Secretariat of the particular body drafting the standard, such as that of TC 176. The Secretariat “dispositions” each comment by ranking it with one of three possible conditions: • Accepted Fully – the comment results in revised text matching that proposed in the comment, or close to it • Accepted Partially – the Secretariat accepts and implements parts of the comment, while ignoring or rejecting the rest • Not Accepted – the comment is rejected outright, and not implemented at all • Noted – the comment is merely “noted” by the Secretariat, which then does nothing with it, or takes it under advisement. The TC Secretariat is aggressive about using its final veto pen, too. For the comments received during the DIS review of ISO 9001:2015, TC 176 received a total of over 3,000 English-language comments, and simply rejected half of them. The Secretariat reserves the right to reject any feedback it wishes, and is not required to provide any justification or rationale. For example, the Dutch provided an excellent summary of what was a major complaint regarding risk-based thinking, and its reliance on the concept of “positive risk”: The explanation … is not helping to understand the difference between positive risk and opportunity. They then provided the following recommendation: Only use the term “risk” in ISO 9001. Delete the term opportunity/opportunities when used in combination with risk. That comment was rated “Technical comment – not accepted” without any explanation by the TC 176 Secretariat. Likewise, the following was submitted by the Italians (emphasis theirs): Replace “risks and opportunities” with “risks associated with threats and opportunities”. This, too, was rejected by the Secretariat. Remember, these are the comments that had already survived the seven-hurdle gauntlet and were approved for submission to TC 176. If 50% of the those comments still get rejected, we are so far from the concept of consensus, we are practically standing on the surface of Neptune. The ISO Directives, enhanced by the TC 262 debacle, therefore create a precedent where a Technical Committee can write literally anything, even standards that violate international law, but which would automatically be treated as approved. Even if extraordinary opposition is mounted, the standard could still reach publication on the whim of a single, determined chairperson. Until someone is willing to sue ISO – and how that would look is anyone’s guess – ISO can publish whatever it wants. Under no possible interpretation can what ISO does be considered “consensus,” and yet they proceed nonetheless, dropping the word into their marketing bits, while never mentioning all the supporting caveats and procedural loopholes. Perhaps this complete alienation from user feedback is why, as we are about to see, ISO 9001 is about as popular as a leper selling timeshares for vacation properties in New Jersey. About Christopher Paris
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Homework Help: Trebuchet Circular Motion -> o.0 1. Jul 16, 2005 #1 I make trebuchet for my physics project and i need to calculate the distance it fires and compare it to my acctual firing. I know how to use the non vertical equations for circular motion but i dont know which equation to use for this. I can calculate the projectile motion after i have the velocity. Mass = 2.5kg CounterWeight Arm lenght = 16cm (ie. radius) Circumpherence it travells = 1/3 of circle. The counterweight arm only swings 1/3 of circles circumpherence. All i need to know is the equation because i can use the non vertical motion equation but then i would have to guess the time it takes. And i want to calculate the time not guess .:)))))) 2. jcsd 3. Jul 16, 2005 #2 User Avatar Science Advisor One of the things you will have to know is the speed of the treguchet arm itself- how fast does it go through that 1/3 circumference? 4. Jul 17, 2005 #3 Basically i thought thats wat i need to find out using the equation. I used a different equation and i found the acceleration of the counterweight arm to be 8m/s/s so if the counterweight arm is 1:3.65 ratio then that means the load arm will be accelerating @ 3.65 times faster than the counterweight arm? If so. What other equation will i need to know to find out time and final velocity. I could use linear equations of motion but i thought that the circular will make a slight difference? So which equation would i need since i now have Acceleration = 29.2m/s/s Distance 1/3 of circumpherence (radius = 50cm) (2pir = 2 * 3.14 * 50) = (314cm) (314 divided by 3 = 104cm) So the distance it has to cover is 104cm So if i have those two will i be able to find out the final velocity of the load arm? 5. Jul 17, 2005 #4 kk dont bother replying. Assignment due in acouple hours. :) Ciao all :)) I figured it out anyway
Yin and Yang "Something undifferentiated was born before heaven and earth; still and silent, standing alone and unchanging, going through cycles unending, able to be mother to the world" (Lao Tsu): the Dao (Tao), the Great Void, from which arise Yin and Yang as (seemingly) contradictory, yet in their dynamic flow complementary aspects. The entire universe was created by the interplay of these two forces and caused by it. There is no Yin without Yang and no Yang without Yin. All things and phenomena contain their opposite and therewith form a unity.. All the myriad of things carry the Yin on their backs and hold Yang in their embrace. The strength of the void creates their harmony. Yin and Yang are dependent upon each other. The Yin nourishes the Yang, the Yang protects the Yin. The Yang, the active and more changeable aspect, forms and moulds the Yin, the more physical and material. Yin, as an expression of matter, offers resistance to the active forces Yang and receives the strength of the Yang. Together they form a oneness. In this way Yin and Yang describe the interplay of Qi, the streaming life force, the origin of all beings and things. Primarily the Yin is symbolised in the earth, in the night and winter, whereas the Yang is in the sky, the day and summer. Yin is passive, calm, quiet, slow, heavy and soft. Yang by contrast is active, moving, loud, fast, light and firm. Yang is above, behind and outside. In the physical structure the upper part of the body is in general Yang, the lower Yin. The outer is Yang, the inner is Yin. Behind is Yang, the front is Yin. The image is that of a forward flexed person, a rice farmer, whose head and back are exposed to the sun. Those body part that are directly shone upon, are Yang. The body part that are in the shadow, are Yin. This rhythmic change, the interplay of Yin and Yang can clearly be seen in the changing seasons: In the spring the days are getting longer, brightness and warmth increase. Nature expands the sap and the life forces flow back into the periphery. Plants burgeon and sprout, nature becomes greener, and animals end their hibernation. The Yang aspect arises to the foreground and in the summer the Yang reaches is highest expression. The days are long and warm, nature is fully unfolded. At the same time, however, the Yin aspect begins to be visible. The sap and the life forces in their maturity begin to recede more and more into the interior. The leaves change colour and fall off. Life withdraws more and more into the interior. The time of darkness and cold begins. The surface solidifies in ice and snow. Only deep inside the seed of life is waiting for the renewed arising of the Yang force, with the coming spring, the renewed burgeoning and sprouting. And just as everything in nature is subject to the cycle of Yin and Yang, the human body also pulses between these two polarities, in their interplay of expansion and contraction, of evaporation and cooling (condensation). Warming, moving, transforming, retaining and protecting are the main functions of the Yang in the human body. Cooling, moistening, nourishing and calming are the main functions of the Yin. Beziehungen von Yin und Yang Relationship of Yin and Yang Zuordnungen zu Yin & Yang Attribution to Yin and Yang Leben im Einklang mit den Jahreszeiten Life in accordance with the seasons Lebenszyklen aus der Sicht der Traditionellen Fernöstlichen Medizin Life cycles from the perspective of Traditional Far Eastern medicine © 2007-2016 RenMai Verlag, Wien, Austria © 2018 RenMai
Super tasters, non-tasters and how your tongue's bumps may affect your appetite ABC Science By Gemma Deavin and Hannah Draper for Catalyst Video Chef Paul West finds out what kind of taster he is You might think something like broccoli can't vary too much in taste from person to person, but no one piece of food tastes the same to everyone. Why? Because we all have a different level of taste — and one in four of us are super tasters. The emerging science around taste has shown super tasters can taste more, so they have less of an appetite for strongly flavoured foods. In other words, super tasters don't tend to like high-fat, high-sugar foods. Here's an easy test you can do at home to see where you fall on the spectrum of non-taster, average taster or super taster. What you'll need • Blue food colouring • Cotton tips • Tissue • Hole punch • White cardboard • Magnifying glass or phone How to test your tasting power 1. Put blue dye on a cotton tip 2. Rub the cotton tip with the blue dye onto tongue and dab your tongue with a tissue 3. Punch a roughly 6mm hole in a piece of paper 4. Place the piece of paper with the hole on your tongue 5. Use your phone to take a photo and count how many bumps you have within that roughly 6mm hole The pink bumps that emerge from the dye are papillae. Each bump houses three to five tastebuds, which in turn are each made up of about 50 to 150 taste receptor cells. Each receptor is best at sensing a single flavour – sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami and fat. Under the microscope the papillae look like tiny mushrooms, which explains why they're called "fungiform papillae". So which taster are you? Less than 15 papillae = Non-taster (25 per cent of the population) Non-tasters count less than 15 papillae. Fewer tastebuds means non-tasters complain food is bland and boring. They tend to compensate by enjoying spice, heat and lots of seasoning. They also report a higher daily intake of discretionary fats than average or super tasters. 15 - 35 papillae = Average taster (50 per cent of the population) Average tasters are the luckiest, and most common, of the lot. At 50 per cent of the population, they are easy to please and enjoy most food. 35+ papillae = Super taster (25 per cent of the population) Super tasters will count more than 35 papillae. They perceive neon taste in a pastel world. While this 'superpower' sounds enviable, super tasters can be very picky eaters. They have a greater sensitivity to the bitter compounds found in foods like broccoli, brussels sprouts and asparagus. To mask the bitterness, super tasters can be heavy-handed with salt. A question of taste Image Paul West is a chef, but discovered he falls into the "non-taster" category.(ABC Catalyst) If you're uneasy about what kind of taster you are, don't panic. A recent study of twins showed that eight weeks on a low-fat diet can substantially reduce the appetite for fatty foods by making your body more sensitive to fat. The twins in the study went on either a low-fat or high-fat diet to see how their perception of fat taste changed, and whether the environment or genes affect how sensitive we are to fat taste. According to Professor Russell Keast from Deakin University, the more sensitive you are to fat, the less of it you eat. In other words, the more fat you can taste, the less likely you are to consume it, with your body adapting. A sense of taste is built into our genes, but genetics aren't everything. You can train your tastebuds — or even reset them. The more high-taste junk foods we eat, the more we crave them. So, if you're seeking out super tasty foods as a way of trying to wake up the few tastebuds you have, it might be time to go back to basics and eat foods with no stimulating additives — in other words, bland. Learn about the science of taste in the second episode of Catalyst's two-part special, Feeding Australia: A sustainable future at 8:30pm or catch up afterwards on ABC iview. Top Stories ABC NEWS Newsletter Connect with ABC News Contact the ABC © 2018 ABC
Sociology and anarchy sociology and anarchy Anarchy is the condition of a society, entity, group of people, or a single person that rejects hierarchy the word originally meant leaderlessness, but in 1840. Introduction the simplest definition of society is a group of people who share a defined territory and a culture in sociology, we take that definition a little. Create your citations, reference lists and bibliographies automatically using the apa, mla, chicago, or harvard referencing styles it's fast and free. Anarchy and society reflections on anarchist sociology - (ean:9781608463848. This is the front page of the simple english wikipedia wikipedias are places where people work together to write encyclopedias in different languages. Get this from a library anarchy and society : reflections on anarchist sociology [jeff shantz dana m williams. Encuentra anarchy and society: reflections on anarchist sociology: studies in critical social sciences, volume 55 de jeff shantz, dana m williams (isbn. Feminism: feminism, the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes. This lesson will differentiate five forms of government: monarchy, democracy, oligarchy, sociology is the forms of government: monarchy, democracy. Lecture 10 - organized anarchy - part 1 8:53 lecture 10 education, sociology, and organizational behavior 0:00 this is the first lecture of week four. A discussion on masculinity and violence against women in the popular series sons of anarchy. Essays and criticism on matthew arnold's culture and anarchy - critical essays. According to wallace and wallace social mobility is the movement of a person or persons from one social status to anotherwp scott has defined sociology as the. The proletariat uses the state not in the interests of freedom but in order to hold down its adversaries, and as soon as it becomes possible to speak of freedom the. Explore and engage in riveting society debate topics, including debates about social class, parenting and much more. Chapter 17 government and politics sociology is interested in studying the conditions of such examples of citizenship most people presume that anarchy,. Sons of anarchy frequently asked sons of anarchy motorcycle club was created by john teller and piney. Twelve hours where all crime is legal this is the premise of 2013's high-concept horror movie the purge and its upcoming sequel, the purge: anarchy in a future. Intellectual anarchy and imaginary otherness: gender, class, and pathology in french intellectual discourse, 1890–1900. The sociology of islam secularism economy and politics online books database the floodgates of anarchy author stuart christie published on august 2010. Get an answer for 'what is the sociological perspective' and find homework help for other sociology questions at enotes. Anarchy as order: the history and future of civic humanity (rowan & littlefield, 2010) of death and dominion: the existential foundations of governance (northwestern. He holds a joint appointment with the center for multicultural and gender studies and the department of sociology before coming to chico state, anarchy & society. Introduction anarchism developed as a distinctive strain within radical and revolutionary thought in the mid-19th century the political theory, often associated. In this excerpt from his new book, hans-hermann hoppe shows how taxation corrupts the political culture and harms social well being. 430 quotes from karl marx: 'the oppressed are allowed once every few years to decide which particular representatives of the oppressing class are to represent and. • Chaos theory is a field of study in mathematics, however it has applications in several disciplines, including sociology and other social sciences. • 15 chapter-i the sociology of literature: theoretical premises 11 introduction: the sociology of literature is a specialized area of study which. Obedience is a part of the foundation of society without obedience, naught would exist but chaos and anarchy without stability, productivity and the well-being of. You searched for: sociology anarchy etsy is the home to thousands of handmade, vintage, and one-of-a-kind products related to your search no matter what you’re. Introduction to sociology/culture from wikibooks, open books for an open world ↑ arnold, matthew, culture and anarchy, 1882 macmillan and co, new york. Sociology and anarchy Rated 4/5 based on 17 review
Water on Mars! NASA Announces Major New Discovery Liquid Water on Mars may be the most important discovery on Mars yet... On Monday, NASA confirmed that the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) had discovered liquid water on Mars. Using an imaging spectrometer on the MRO, researchers detected signatures of hydrated minerals in mysterious streaks seen in several locations across the Red Planet. These streaks darken and flow down steep slopes during warm seasons before fading in the cooler, winter seasons. As John Grunsfeld, astronaut and associate administrator of NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington said: Nasa confirms liquid water on Mars Dark, narrow streaks on Martian slopes such as these at Hale Crater are thought to be formed by seasonal flow of water on Mars. The streaks are roughly the length of a football field. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona The flows, known as recurring slope lineae (RSL), have long been thought to be liquid water, but the new findings that these streak contain hydrated salts help explain how liquid water on Mars could actually exist. Basically, the hydrated salts lower the freezing point of the water, allowing the water to become more liquid in the warmer summer months. Researchers say it’s likely a shallow subsurface flow, with enough water wicking to the surface to explain the darkening. The lead author, Lujendra Ojha, of the report first published September 28 by Nature Geoscience, explained it this way. The MRO observations show hydrated salts at multiple locations, but only when the dark features were relatively wide. When the researchers looked at the same locations when the streaks weren't as extensive, they detected no hydrated salts. For Ojha, the findings are proof that the mysterious lines he first saw darkening Martian slopes five years ago are, indeed, present-day water. When most people talk about water on Mars, they're usually talking about ancient water or frozen water. Now we know there’s more to the story. This is the first spectral detection that unambiguously supports our liquid water-formation hypotheses for RSL. The discovery is a culmination of efforts over many years using a variety of spacecraft. The most exciting part, however, may be how liquid water could point the way to future discoveries - potentially even life itself. As Michael Meyer, lead scientist for NASA's Mars Exploration Program said: To help explain their findings, Nasa also released an animated video showing the effects the liquid water on Mars has on the Hale Crater, just one of the sites that liquid water on Mars is thought to exist. The Nature Geoscience paper where NASA's report was published was authored by eight scientists, including the following lead researchers: • Lujendra Ojha, Georgia Institute of Technology The other contributing researchers come from Georgia Tech, the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado, and the Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique in Nantes, France. Read the complete NASA press release here. Leave a reply You Might Also Like
Circulatory System pandu444's version from 2017-04-26 00:32 Section 1 Question Answer The Heart is a?muscle The heart is made of what type of tissue?cardiac The heart has how many sides4 Right side pumps to the?Lungs Left side pumps to the?Body Each side has how many chambers? 2 Upper Chambers are called? Atrium Lower Chambers are called?Ventricles What is located between the atria and the ventricles? septum What is the job of the valves?to prevent blood from going backwards Section 2 Question Answer Tubes in the body are called?Blood vessels What are the 3 types?Ateries, Veins, and Capillaries Which allow the exchange between CO2 and O2Capillaries How thick are Capillaries1 cell thick How narrow are they?narrrow enough for only one red blood cell to pass at a time Capillaries lead to?Veins Veins carry blood to?the heart Section 3 Question Answer How much blood is in the human body?5 liters What are the main 4 components? plasma, platelets, Red Blood Cells, and White Blood Cells What is the fluid part of the blood?plasma Which part makes clots? platelets Which part fights pathogens?White Blood Cells Which part carries CO2Red Blood Cells What is the protein that carries O2Hemoglobin Section 4 Question Answer What is the percent of Red Blood Cells?45% What is the percent of Plasma?55% What is the percent of White Blood Cells and Platelets?less than 1% What is the color of Plasma?yellow What are the contents of Plasma?mostly water, contains amino acids and sugars What does macrophanges mean?Big Eater What do macrophanges eat?pathogens Killer T Cellskill infected cells Helper T Cellscontrol other White Blood Cells B CellsMake Antibodies AntibodiesMarkers that identify infected bacteria or viruses. They are Y shaped Section 5 Question Answer What is the job of The Reb Blood Cells?Carry oxygen How thick are Red Cells?8 microns Section 6 Question Answer What do Platelets do?Make Clots (stick to exposed collagen fibers) Section 7 Question Answer What is HemoglobinMolecule that oxygen binds too What is the color of Hemoglobin?Red What metal is in HemoglobinIron Section 8 Question Answer WHat is Hemocyanin?Molecule that binds to O2. Not attached to any cell What is Hemocyanin used by?It is in the bloods of Anthropods and Mollusks(Horseshoe Crabs) What is the color of Hemocyanin?Blue What metal is in Hemocyanin?Copper Section 9 Question Answer What do blood vessels do?Carry blood Arteriescarry blood away from the heart to the body capillariescarries blood from arteries to heart veins carries blood back to veins Section 10 Recent badges
What are vermonts symbols and why are they vermonts symbols? already exists. Would you like to merge this question into it? already exists as an alternate of this question. exists and is an alternate of . Vermont's state animal is the Morgan Horse, because Justin Morgan lived in Vermont for several years. His horse, Figure, was nicknamed the 'Justin Morgan horse,' and had lots of offspring with mares. Eventually, Morgan horses were considered their own breed. The state tree is the sugar maple because of all the maple syrup grown in Vermont. The state insect is the honeybee because a lot of honey and beeswax candles are produced in Vermont. Some other state symbols are the state flower, the Red Clover, the state bird, the hermit Thrush, and the state amphibian, the Northern Leopard Frog. 1 person found this useful Where is Vermont? In New England, South of Quebec, North of Massachusetts, East of New York snd West of New Hampshire. It is between New York state and New Hampshire. It is a New England stat What can you do in Vermont? You can go swimming and boating in Vermont's many lakes, streams, and ponds. You could go hiking in the Green Mountains, shopping, go to a spa, go tour historic sites, and ove What Vermont state symbols? State Bird-Hermit thrush. State Flower-Red Clover. State Mammal-Morgan Horse. State Insect-Western Honey Bee. State Tree-Sugar Maple. How did Vermont become the Republic Of Vermont? Vermont actually was a republic, although it was never called arepublic, it was a fully functioning nation. Vermont became arepublic when it declared independence from New Yor What about Vermont? Vermont became the 14th state in theUnion on February 18, 1791. What are the state symbols for Vermont? State bird: Hermit Thrush. State Flower: Red Clover. State Tree: Maple Tree. Nickname: "Green Mountain State" Motto: "Freedom and Unity Hope this helped!! Why vermont became vermont? Vermont is called "The Green Mountain State". The french term for green mountain is "verde mont". Take out the d, e, and the space, and you get "Vermont" In Uncategorized What is a vermonteer? An individual from the state of Vermont, located in the United States. What do the symbols on the Vermont flag represent?
Years of Change and Suffering • Years of Change and Suffering Correcting the pervading myths of Civil War medicine perpetuated by Hollywood dramatizations, this exploration covers how the sick and wounded were treated on both sides of the Mason-Dixon Line. Through detailed research, these essays show there were actually too few amputations, contrary to popular belief; there were many advances made in the understanding and treatment of diseases and wounds to the nervous system, and new surgical techniques were used to treat battlefield injuries once thought to be certainly fatal. These topics and more are treated by experts in their respective fields, including medical education, science, invention, neuroscience, and mental health.
Saint Thomas Aquinas, Italian philosopher Saint Thomas Aquinas, Italian philosopher H401/0115 Rights Managed Request low-res file 530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked Request/Download high-res file Uncompressed file size: 37.0MB Downloadable file size: 2.8MB Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator Caption: Saint Thomas Aquinas. Portrait of Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225-74), Italian philosopher. In his teachings, Saint (St.) Thomas combined his own thought with those of previous scholars such as Aristotle, Avicenna and Averroes. He taught that there was no conflict between scientific reason and religious faith. Some things could only be known through faith, some through reason and others, including God, by both faith and reason. He also claimed that as humans sought truth, they bring themselves closer to an understanding of God. A major influence in philosophical thought, St. Thomas' work made scientific enquiry in the Christian world more respectable. Keywords: aquinas, philosopher, portraits, surname a, thomas
Southern stingray Southern stingray Z600/0052 Rights Managed Request low-res file 530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked Request/Download high-res file Uncompressed file size: 53.7MB Downloadable file size: 3.9MB Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator Caption: Southern stingray. Southern stingray (Dasyatis americana) swimming over a sandy seabed. This stingray inhabits sandy and muddy seabeds from the eastern coast of North America to northern South America. It may reach a width of over a metre. The hole seen to the left of its eye is a spiracle, one of two such openings that the stingray uses to breathe when resting on the sea floor. Stingrays are named for the sharp barbs (not seen) on their tails. These contain venom and are used only for defence against predators. The sting is extremely painful, but rarely fatal to humans. Photographed off Grand Cayman in the British West Indies. Keywords: animal, cartilaginous fish, dasyatis americana, nature, ray, southern, southern stingray, stingray, wildlife, zoology
Also found in: Thesaurus, Legal, Wikipedia. a. Dark; gloomy: a somber room. b. Dull or dark in color: somber hues. a. Melancholy; dismal: a somber mood. b. Serious; grave: a somber spokesperson. [French sombre, from Old French, from *sombrer, to cast a shadow, from Late Latin subumbrāre, from Latin sub umbrā, in shadow : sub, under; see sub- + umbrā, ablative of umbra, shadow.] som′ber·ly adv. som′ber·ness n. (ˈsɒm bər) 1. gloomily dark; shadowy: a somber passageway. 2. dark and dull in color or tone: a somber dress. 3. downcast; glum: a somber mood. 4. extremely serious; grave: a somber expression on one's face. Also, esp. Brit.,som′bre. [1750–60; < French sombre] som′ber•ly, adv. som′ber•ness, n. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Adj.1.somber - lacking brightness or color; dull; "drab faded curtains"; "sober Puritan grey"; "children in somber brown clothes" colorless, colourless - weak in color; not colorful 2.somber - grave or even gloomy in character; "solemn and mournful music"; "a suit of somber black"; "a somber mood" 2. Full of or marked by dignity and seriousness: References in classic literature ? Their bleak country, where the foggy and unhealthy marshes of the coast gave way further inland to vast and somber forests, developed in them during their long inactive winters a sluggish and gloomy mood, in which, however, the alternating spirit of aggressive enterprise was never quenched. There remain also a few pagan lyric poems, which are all not only somber like 'Beowulf' but distinctly elegiac, that is pensively melancholy. Only the barbarous and superb woman did not so much as flinch, and stretched tragically her bare arms after us over the somber and glittering river. A grand piano stood mas- sively in a corner, with dark gleams on the flat sur- faces like a somber and polished sarcophagus. Somber mother with eyes the shade of wood, somber father who never knew
LIS British Studies – British Library The British Library in London was very interesting. It was founded in 1753 as part of the British Museum. The library separated from the museum in 1972. The British Library is often compared with the Library of Congress in Washington D.C. The four founders of the library include Sir Robert Cotton, Sir Joseph Banks, Thomas Granvil, and Sir Hans Sloane. The stacks measure eight stories below the ground. This library holds the largest collection of stamps. Our guide mentioned that there would not be a way to view them all in one visit. The building was built to resemble a ship, including round windows that look like portholes on large boats. Only one phase was completed but more were planned. Money was a big issue in why more expansion was not possible. The British Library sorts books by size, not by alphabet or collection. This makes sense because the system is automated and holding by size make the automation know where to put the items easier. They have a room with machines that read the bar code on a book and is sent to its respective section within the library. There is an off-site collections building that is fully automated. There is a portion of the library that holds King George’s personal collection of over 85,000 works. This is still sorted in the way he had it sorted when in his personal library collection. These shelves can be moved back when someone needs to retrieve something from the shelves. King George IV donated his father’s collection with two stipulations: 1. that all of them stay together; 2. the collection has to stay in the same cataloging system. These stipulations are still being kept in the present library. The room of treasures was neat because it holds a copy of Shakespeare’s first folio, Beowolf, and Jane Austen’s writing desk, glasses, and a handwritten copy of Persuasion. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Independent nation, partisan government Of the 535 members of Congress, only 2 are Independents. This represents a meager 0.4%, while polls continue to reveal that 35-40% of Americans consider themselves to be Independents, unaffiliated with either major party. Over the last thirty years, a time period in which Republicans and Democrats have added about $12 trillion to the national debt, there have only been two Independent presidential candidates. And since 1980, independent, third party presidential candidates have only been allowed to participate in 23% of the debates, despite the rising percentage of Independent voters. So, despite $12 trillion of additional debt, 4 recessions, and a balanced budget only about 15% of the time over the last three decades, Republicans and Democrats maintain a stranglehold on U.S. politics. As Americans have shifted toward a less partisan political make-up, Presidential administrations and Congress have shifted toward a more hyper-partisan make-up. Who’s to blame then? Ballot laws? The two major parties? The media? The American people? And what solutions would you propose to rectify this glaring discrepancy?
Can Dogs Sense Earthquakes? May 2nd, 2018 It is no secret that dogs are very special animals. They are great companions, they can do lots of tricks, and some people even say that they can sense danger, even earthquakes. This has been a rumor for many years, but is there any truth to it? Let’s delve into this interesting hypothesis of whether dogs can sense earthquakes. Can Dogs Sense Earthquakes? The idea that dogs can predict earthquakes goes all the way back to 373 B.C., when the first reports of dogs acting strangely before a quake began. Since then, veterinarians and psychologists have been trying to figure out the truth of the matter. Now, it is important to note that there is not hard and fast evidence that they can predict quakes but there are theories. Some say that dogs can sense P waves which earthquakes release. Essentially, these are compressional waves that effectively shake the ground in the opposite direction that the wave is moving. In most cases, P waves are unnoticeable by humans. However, it has been proven that dogs have a sharper sense of sound, so they have a better chance of detecting these P waves. You may be thinking that if a dog senses these P waves that they might only have seconds to warn their owner of an impending quake. So what about the alleged cases of dogs predicting earthquakes days ahead of time? That may be attributed to dogs having such sharp senses that they can actually detect the high-pitched sound of rocks scraping and grinding together under the earth. A phenomenon which eventually leads to earthquakes. Pretty amazing stuff! The ability to detect earthquakes may also fall back on the type of dog you have, or more specifically, the kind of ears they have. Since the potential detection of earthquakes is about sensing acute sounds, researchers have found that dogs with floppy ears are less likely to detect quakes then dogs with prick ears. While there is no strict evidence of this phenomenon, is it is hard to ignore the stories we have heard of dogs acting erratically prior to the occurrence of an earthquake. At Scarlet’s Fancy Poodles, we may not be able to prove that we have earthquake sensing dogs, but we do know that we have an inventory of the cutest and most loyal fancy poodles in the Central Coast area. Contact us today to learn more about pricing and to schedule an appointment. Leave a Reply Connect With Us! Main Menu
Menu Close 1:1 Learning Posted in Digital Tools, New Digital, Themes Do you want to improve your English in your own time and pace? Check the following sites for your own English studies: Listening Skills Practice Choose level B1. If it is too difficult, choose A2 TEDEd Lessons Choose a video to listen to, then click on “Think” and answer the questions Lyrics Training Listen to your favourite songs and write down the lyrics PewDiePie Funny videos to watch and have a laugh Listen to Podcasts Serial Listen to a popular American radio podcast serial about a missing highschool Luke’s ENGLISH Podcast Listen to a British teacher talking about various things Jamaica Inn Listen to the famous story by Daphne duMaurier with transcript, word list and activities Read Theory You need a password from your teacher. ReadWorks You need a password from your teacher. Studyladder Choose a text, read and answer some questions. CommonLit Choose a theme, a question and a text to read Reading and Listening Audiobooks Read and listen at the same time English e-books Abbreviated, downloadable books with audio Loyal Books Classic Books, downloadable with audio Reading Assistance Text Summarizer Input the page url you want summarize or Copy and paste your text ReadWordify Read your text with simpler vocabulary and learn the new words Readlang can help you understand the text on the Web ProWritingAid gives you suggestions on how to improve your text Free Rice Choose the correct meaning of the word and donate rice to those in need Crossword Puzzles Choose a category on the left and click the number to see the clue Narrative and Personal Writing 500 prompts for journal writing. Start from the beginning and skip the ones that do not interest you, or choose your own topics from the whole list How to Write an Essay A basic university course English Grammar and Essay Writing A follow-up univerisity course 10 fast fingers Practise your typing speed and spelling at the same time PowerMyLearning LogIn required. Discuss with your teacher to get assignments that you will enjoy Akinator LEt the computer guess who you are thinking of Mission US A game about American History Language Focus Speed Verbs Practise spelling some irregular verb forms Skillswise Various games to check on your grammar skills Proof Reading Correct the mistakes in the text and check your answers Studyladder Focus on native speakers’ language skills
What is Biofeedback So what is biofeedback and how can it benefit you? Biofeedback is a form of Bio-electrical Energy Medicine. It has taken a quantum leap in recent years due to the amazing work done by Professor William Nelson. Bio-electrical Energy Medicine is the management of energy flows and maintenance of appropriate resonant frequencies in the human energy field. Our energy field is made up of our body and the auric field surrounding it. Our aura is our first line of defence. It is an early warning system. Many Energy healers believe that dis-ease starts in our auric field before it manifests in the body. We are essentially just 'energy' and we are all interconnected in a Quantum energy field. Our bodies are indeed electrical. Our entire autonomic nervous system runs on electricity. We have a myriad of different frequencies that make up our vast electrical circuitry, all controlled by our superconscious. There is far too much going on at any particular time for our conscious mind to fathom. This is left up to the subconscious or, more accurately, our 'superconscious' mind. Biofeedback taps in and utilizes the vast data bank of our superconscious. How Biofeedback Works Holistic Practitioners understand the enormous benefits of Biofeedback. It has evolved over several decades with research conducted in the fields of Bio-electrical and Bio-resonance medicine (Electro-dermal screening, Vega, Mora, etc). The (EPFX)SCIO is the most up to date, complex Bio-electrical device available today. Quantum Biofeedback working through sixteen different electrical factors of the body, calculates an accurate measurement of your Electro Physiological Reactivity. The Reactivity results are based upon the ability to establish a "Trivector" connection. This gives an energetic 3 dimensional view of your current reactions to over 10,000 test items. These items include a diverse range of compounds such as herbals, minerals, tissue, enzymes, hormones, bacteria, nerves, pathogens and toxins, to name a few. The SCIO biofeedback device interfaces with your body electric, inputting the energetic signatures of these 10,000 compounds. The reactivity of these items are measured for 1/100th of a second (the Xrroid process). The bio resonance of your system is measured by determining the 'evoked potential' or 'reaction' of your body to these items. The SCIO scans your body like a virus check on a computer and measures the reactions against a 'baseline' or 'norm'. After collating these reactions, it is then able, using various programs suggested by the client's superconscious, to send back balancing frequencies to train you to return to your ideal energetic balance. During a biofeedback session, individual factors pertinent to your lifestyle and wellbeing may be indicated. We empower you with this information so you can make your own lifestyle choices in the future. We re-train your body and its unconscious systems to react more beneficially in the future. Quantum Biofeedback is truly the most advanced Stress Management program available today. Learn to manage and reduce your stress, and gradually improve the quality of your everyday life. Home from What is Biofeedback Biofeedback Practitioners Carrum Downs Melbourne, Australia Ph: +61 3 9776 9288
Electronic Design Debugging SoCs Is More Complex Than Finding A Needle In A Haystack Do you remember 1964? That’s when Motown Records’ The Velvelettes, backup singers for Martha Reeves and the Vandellas, cheekily sang,“‘cause finding a good man, girls, is like finding a needle in a haystack.” The song offers refreshingly sound advice 48 years later as the singers intone, “You’d better get yourselves on the right track.” It seems that these days finding a bug in a system-on-a-chip (SoC) design has become significantly tougher than searching for a good man was in 1964. With engineering teams combining hardware with embedded software, they are forced to simultaneously sort out hardware and software issues, instead of just one or the other in a serial fashion. So that makes two haystacks, not one. While hardware design has always been difficult, the advent of SoCs has sent everyone on the engineering team clambering into the two haystacks to look for that needle. Well, too often we’ve heard the software team point its collective finger at the hardware team and say, “It’s a hardware bug!” The hardware team screams back at the software team, “It’s a software bug!” “You’d better look before you leap,” cautioned The Velvelettes. Until a thorough investigation is conducted, at face value, they both seem to be right. Rather unique to the verification field, here is where a state-of-the-art emulation system can come to the rescue to sort out and find that elusive needle in those two haystacks. Emulation can be invaluable for debugging hardware and for testing the integration of hardware and software within SoCs well ahead of first silicon. When two disparate parts of the engineering team––hardware designers and software developers––use emulation, they’re able to share the same system and design representations. Thanks to combined software and hardware views of the SoC design, they are able to work together to debug hardware and software interactions. This is possible for three reasons. First, best-in-class emulation systems are fast and can execute billions of verification cycles as required in embedded designs, in a short period of time. Second, they provide a full view of the design guts necessary to debug the hardware. Third, they support transaction-level verification necessary for hardware debugging at a high-level of abstraction via monitors, checkers, and assertions. Emulation allows engineering teams to plan more strategically and implement a debugging approach based on multiple abstraction levels, and not just delve into those two haystacks independently from one another (Fig. 1). Teams can track a design problem across the boundary between the embedded software and the underlying hardware to determine whether the problem lies in the software or in the hardware. Multi-level debugging gives the engineering team a way to systematically move between different levels of abstraction, starting with embedded software at the highest level. Typical questions addressed at this level include: • “Has the operating system booted yet?” • “Is the processor stuck in an interrupt handler? • “Why is the device driver not handling the data properly?” Starting from a database comprising multi-billion clock cycles, a software debugger can localize a problem to within a few million clock cycles (Fig. 2). At this level, either the software team quickly identifies the source of troubles in the software code or they work with the hardware team using a software-aware hardware debugging approach to zoom-in to a lower level of abstraction. The second level is executed via monitors, checkers and assertions implemented through hardware transactors, which avoid speed degradation, to help narrow down the problem to a few thousand cycles. Once the collected data at those two levels has been reviewed, emulation allows them to move down to the signal level. They can analyze the information via the RTL waveforms of the identified period of time and trace its likely origin. At this stage, either a hardware bug is unearthed or the hardware is absolved from failure. In the latter case, it forces a decision to move back to the software environment. Navigating between different abstraction levels––from software through hardware and backward––avoids long simulation runs and massive amounts of detailed data. This approach would be impossible with software simulators because they are too slow to effectively execute embedded software, taking weeks, if not months, to process billions of cycles. Likewise, this methodology would not be practical with FPGA prototypes because they lack the design visibility and the interaction with the embedded software necessary for tracing a hardware bug driven by the embedded software. “Well, now, I say, I’m tellin’ you the natural facts,” the song goes. Just as emulation is antiquating simulation, new emulation systems are obliterating older versions of emulators because they’re smaller, less costly, easier to use and, most importantly, they run faster. And, while the needle in the haystack analogy has been doubled to two haystacks when it comes to describing how SoC designs are debugged, the debugging capabilities to be found in emulation are quickly rendering this analogy obsolete. This is a welcome event. Or, as The Velvelettes sing: “You’d better get yourselves on the right track, ‘cuz finding a good man (or SoC, in this case), is like finding a needle in a haystack.” Eve Team Hide comments Plain text • No HTML tags allowed. • Lines and paragraphs break automatically.
What Exactly Is A Credit File, And How Does it Affect You? 3 Minutes Read You may have heard before that your credit file is important and that “you should really check your credit score more often”, but why? What makes your credit score so important, and how does it affect you? We’ll lay it all out for you. piggy credit What is a credit File? A credit file is made up of all of the credit that you’ve taken out in the last six years. This includes information supplied by banks and lenders such as ourselves. It demonstrates whether you’ve paid back your debts on time so that other creditors can decide how risky it is to lend you money. Everyone has their own individual file, and you can check yours for free at: What Information Does It Have On it? A lot of information is held on your credit file: such as your name, date of birth, and current and previous addresses. It also holds information from bank accounts in your name and any loans you’ve agreed to. This includes: • Any past missed payments: this could be an unpaid balance on your credit card, missed rent, or failure to pay a monthly bill • Defaulted accounts • Any current debts • Court Judgements against you • If you’ve been made bankrupt or insolvent • If you’re on the electoral roll Could These Surprise Factors Be Affecting Your Credit Rating? How Does It Affect You? By using the above information you are given a credit score. The higher your credit score, the better. Think of a credit score like a test: the more marks you get, the better your chances are of getting what you want. When you have a good credit score, it means judging by your credit history, you have a high probability that you will repay the loan within the stipulated time. Therefore, if you intend to get a loan at some point, especially from institutions like banks, you need to work towards having a good credit score. A good credit score is, therefore, something that will make lenders trust you that much more. This can even affect applying for a mortgage and rented property too. Essential to note is that in most cases, different lenders calculate credit scores on their own. In other words, they make their own calculations. As a result, you might end up having different credit scores for different lenders. All that matters is that all your credit score remains as good as it can possibly be. Discover these tips and tricks to improve your credit score!
viernes, 18 de marzo de 2016 World Water Day 2016 'Better Water, Better Jobs' Why a World Water Day? Each year, UN-Water -the entity that coordinates the UN’s work on water and sanitation- sets a theme for World Water Day corresponding to a current or future challenge. The engagement campaign is coordinated by one or several of the UN-Water Members with a related mandate. Better water, better jobs Yet the millions of people who work in water are often not recognized or protected by basic labour rights. The theme in 2016 - water and jobs- is focusing on how enough quantity and quality of water can change workers' lives and livelihoods and even transform societies and economies. One UN for Water and Sanitation UN-Water coordinates the UN's work on water and sanitation for a better world. Through UN-Water, UN entities and international partners work together to place water and sanitation as top issues and 21 Century essential knowledge. World Water Day is one of UN-Water's campaigns that aims to inform, engage and inspire action.
contraction throughout the body, which helps to maintain body temperature. Homeostatic mechanisms promote heat loss when the temperature of the internal environment begins to rise (see chapters 1 and 6, pp. 9–10 and 181–183, What are the sources of energy used to regenerate ATP? What are the sources of oxygen required for the aerobic reactions of cellular respiration? How do lactic acid and oxygen debt relate to muscle fatigue? What is the relationship between cellular respiration and heat One way to observe muscle contraction is to remove a sin- gle muscle F ber from a skeletal muscle and connect it to a device that senses and records changes in the F ber’s length. An electrical stimulator is usually used to promote muscle Threshold Stimulus When an isolated muscle F ber is exposed to a series of stim- uli of increasing strength, the F ber remains unresponsive until a certain strength of stimulation called the old stim u-lus) is applied. Once threshold is reached, an action potential is generated, resulting in a mus- cle impulse that spreads throughout the muscle F ber, releas- ing enough calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to activate cross-bridge binding and contract that F ber. A single nerve impulse in a motor neuron normally releases enough ACh to bring the muscle F bers in its motor unit to threshold, generating a muscle impulse in each muscle F Recording of a Muscle Contraction The contractile response of a single muscle F ber to a muscle impulse is called a A twitch consists of a period of contraction, during which the F ber pulls at its attachments, followed by a period of relaxation, during which the pull- ing force declines. These events can be recorded in a pat- tern called a myogram (f g. 9.15) . A twitch has a brief delay between the time of stimulation and the beginning of con- traction. This is the latent period, which in human muscle may be less than 2 milliseconds. The length to which a muscle F ber is stretched before stimulation affects the force it will develop. If a muscle ber is stretched well beyond its normal resting length, the force will decrease. This is because sarcomeres of that F become so extended that myosin cross-bridges cannot reach binding sites on the thin F laments and cannot contribute to contraction. Conversely, at very short F ber lengths, the sar- comeres become compressed, and further shortening is not (f g. 9.16) . During normal activities, muscle F bers The runners are on the starting line, their muscles primed for a sprint. Glycogen will be broken down to release glucose, and creatine phos- phate will supply high-energy phosphate groups to replenish ATP stores by phosphorylating ADP. The starting gun F res. Energy comes first from residual ATP, but almost instantaneously, creatine phos- phate begins donating high-energy phosphates to ADP, regenerat- ing ATP. Meanwhile, oxidation of glucose ultimately produces more ATP. But because the runner cannot take in enough oxygen to meet the high demand, most ATP is generated in glycolysis. ±ormation of lactic acid causes fatigue and possibly leg muscle cramps as the runner crosses the F nish line. Already, her liver is actively converting lactic acid back to pyruvic acid and storing glycogen. In her muscles, creatine phosphate levels begin to return to normal. Muscle Fatigue A muscle exercised persistently for a prolonged period may lose its ability to contract, a condition called condition has a number of causes, including decreased blood ﬂ ow, ion imbalances across the sarcolemma from repeated stimulation, and psychological loss of the desire to continue the exercise. However, muscle fatigue is most likely to arise from accumulation of lactic acid in the muscle from anaer- obic ATP production. The lowered pH from the lactic acid prevents muscle F bers from responding to stimulation. Occasionally a muscle fatigues and cramps at the same time. A cramp is a sustained, painful, involuntary muscle contraction. Cramps may result when changes, particularly a decreased electrolyte concentration, occurring in the extra- cellular ﬂ uid surrounding the muscle F bers and their motor neurons trigger uncontrolled stimulation of the muscle. As muscle metabolism shifts from aerobic to anaerobic ATP production, lactic acid begins to accumulate in muscles and to appear in the bloodstream (lactic acid threshold). This leads to muscle fatigue. How quickly this happens var- ies among individuals, although people who regularly exer- cise aerobically produce less lactic acid than those who do not. The strenuous exercise of aerobic training stimulates new capillaries to extend into muscles, supplying more oxy- gen and nutrients to the muscle F bers. Such physical train- ing also adds mitochondria, increasing the ability of muscle F bers to produce ATP aerobically. Some muscle F bers may be more likely to accumulate lactic acid than others, as described in a later section entitled “±ast- and Slow-Twitch Muscle ±ibers.” Heat Production All active cells generate heat, which is a by-product of cellu- lar respiration. Muscle tissue constitutes such a large propor- tion of total body mass, that it is a major source of heat. Less than half of the energy released in cellular res- piration is available for use in metabolic processes; the rest becomes heat. Blood transports the heat from muscle previous page 326 David Shier Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology 2010 read online next page 328 David Shier Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology 2010 read online Home Toggle text on/off
Tools: Virtual Plant Tour Regulatory Information \| Best Practices \| Case Studies Regulatory Information Stop 09: Equipment Cleaning Highlighted Topic: Hazardous Waste Generation Tour Stop 09These workers are cleaning an open process tank. As they do so, they may well be generating hazardous waste. RCRA, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, provides special requirements that cover the generation, storage, handling, and management of hazardous wastes. RCRA regulations are quite detailed and stringent, so it is important to fully understand your responsibilities here. RCRA is a federal law, but may be implemented by your state environmental agency. What is hazardous waste? First, it is waste – i.e. some "discarded material". Second, it is waste that is not covered by the Clean Air Act or Clean Water Act; that is, not air or water emissions. Third, it is waste that either 1) exhibits certain specific hazardous characteristics (e.g., is corrosive), or 2) is listed as a hazardous waste by EPA. Under RCRA, facilities must determine if they generate hazardous waste, through waste testing or other means. If so, the facility must obtain an EPA identification number, and follow a series of specific recordkeeping, handling, and management requirements. These include: • cradle-to-grave tracking • proper labeling • proper storage • limited accumulation times (usually less than 90 days without a permit). Other Regulatory Issues: Maintenance activities will also likely generate air and/or water emissions, and so would be regulated by the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act.
Medieval methods of getting rid of “love fever” In the Middle ages the expression “love is” meant not a figure of speech, but a very real disease, for treatment that was medical methods. Love really can hurt. And although we often romantisize love the suffering, the harsh reality is that almost all of us have experienced unrequited passion caused by unpleasant symptoms. Dizziness, feeling of hopelessness, palpitations, loss of appetite, insomnia, tearful mood – sound familiar? Thanks to advances in biochemistry modern scientists know how the neurotransmitters dopamine, adrenaline and serotonin affect the brain of a person in love, sometimes causing unpleasant symptoms. However, the relationship between love and physical condition of the person was noticed a long time ago. In medieval medicine it was considered that body and soul are inextricably intertwined and body can reflect a state of mind. Humoral imbalance Medical ideas of the middle ages was based on the doctrine of the four bodily fluids, or humorou: blood, phlegm, black and yellow bile. It was believed that in a healthy person all four liquids are in equilibrium, and the imbalance causes the disease. Description and images of bodily fluids according to Galen. The illustration of manuscripts, 1420 At the core of these ideas was a theory of the ancient scientist Galen, who developed a communication system between a person’s temperament and dominant in his body fluid. For example, the melancholic temperament corresponds to an excess of black bile, which the body dry and cold. During the middle ages it was believed that people with a melancholic warehouse is more than just predisposed to loving suffering. The doctor and the monk of the 11th century Constantine the African translated the treatise on melancholy, which was popular in medieval Europe. He clearly outlined the relationship between the excess in the body of black bile of melancholy and a tendency to love suffering: “Love, also called Eros is a disease affecting the brain. Sometimes the reason that love becomes a natural a natural need to get rid of excess bodily fluids… the disease that causes thinking and anxious, while the patient is looking for ways to gain the object of their desires”. Treatment of unrequited love Whatever the object of desire – and in the religious middle ages, for many women, they became Christ – the inaccessibility or loss of the object delivered suffering, from which the medieval melancholic find it difficult to get rid of. But since the state of melancholy of love was considered to be having such deep roots, it was medical treatment. Recommended that the patient get plenty of light and fresh air, and rest, inhalation, a warm bath with moisturizing the skin with plants (like water lilies and violets). To eat followed by lamb meat, lettuce, egg, fish, ripe fruit. Since the time of Hippocrates used hellebore root. An excess of black bile melancholic treated with laxatives and bloodletting to restore the balance of bodily fluids. Bloodletting. Illustration for the manuscript Aldobrandino di Siena “Solid Charter”, France, late 13th century The history of suffering It is not surprising that in the literature of medieval Europe the history of thorny love and love suffering often contain medical references. Sick of sorrow character is very common figure. Such, for example, the Black knight from the works of Chaucer, “the Book of the Duchess,” or two lovers from the poem of Mary French, the lovers are described as “serious meal”. The lover and the priest. Illustration for the piece “Confessions of love”, early 15th century The poem of the 14th century “Confessions of love” and John Gower revolves around the melancholy young man who is sick from love so that he wants death, and asks a cure for her disease Venus and Cupid. Regretting the accident, Venus creates a cooling balm and puts on his “wounded heart” whiskey and kidneys. Thanks to this cure his unbearable pain finally passes. Look at love from a medical point of view exists to this day. In 1621 Robert Burton published a voluminous work entitled “Anatomy of melancholy”. Sigmund Freud developed similar ideas in the book “Sorrow and melancholy” in the early 20th century. The problem of the suffering of the heart clearly has deep roots. So if your heart pierces love flour you can try one of those medieval recipes.
Open Up Your Eyes to the Blind Paul Strand, Photographer, Orgeval, France 1973. Paul Strand’s portrait, photographer unknown Paul Strand was born in New York in 1890 to Jewish Bohemian immigrants. His interest in photography began in his late teens when he took photography courses under Lewis Hine, but it was only majorly heightened after visiting the Photo-Succession Gallery at 291 Fifth Avenue (operated by Alfred Stieglitz) when he was a student at the Ethical Culture School. After viewing this exhibition of photographs, Strand found a mentor in Stieglitz and realized that he wanted to become a professional photographer. This Jewish American who abandoned a steady job in his fathers business to travel to Europe and fulfill his dreams, would later become “the biggest, widest, most commanding talent in the history of American photography” (Manhattan People). Blind Woman, ©Paul Strand Strand believed that in the years after World War I America was developing into an age of “new thinking and new feeling,” so he began a new phase of his photographic career by capturing anonymous people in the streets of New York. This series led to the iconic photograph Blind Woman in 1916. Blind Woman is seen as iconic because of how it changed the face of photography in America. This photograph was a major factor in the change over from picturesque cityscapes to images with real artistic visions. Blind Woman also greatly influenced the work of other artists such as Walker Evans and Stanley Burns. Blind Woman, though, was not meant to make a social statement in the eyes of Americans. It was simply the idea of taking an individual in everyday life and exposing them to the public as an object of investigation. A Morning’s Work, ©Stanley Burns Blind Woman is a representation of the collaboration between Strand’s influences of Alfred Stieglitz, Lewis Hine, and the cubist artists (such a Picasso) he was exposed to while traveling Europe. The cubism in this image is shown through the basic shapes of the “blind” sign, the woman’s face, and the bricks behind her. It also marked Strand’s shift into straight photography, which is photography that attempts to capture an image in the purest and most object form possible. Strand was able to do this by using a camera with a right- angle lens that allowed him to go almost undetected when taking photographs. This style is shown in Blind Woman through the contrasting components of the simple white sign, the fleshy face, the dark shawl, and the seemingly lifeless eyes. The distorted eyes in the photograph leave the viewer in a state of shock because the woman’s eyes are open but it is clear that she cannot see. This photograph represents the stark realness and lack of beautification in Strand’s work. Alfred Stieglitz said it best by stating that Strand’s photographs are “the direct expression of today.” Jewish photographer Alfred Stieglitz was a major supporter of Strand’s work, specifically Blind Woman. This made have had to do with the Jewish idea of sticking together in rough times, because the early 1900s were filled with harsh discrimination and anti-Semitism in America. Whatever the case, Stieglitz brought the photograph to public attention by publishing it in his influential journal Camera Work in 1917. This led Strand’s New York street portraits to become wildly popular and they are still seen today as “Strand’s most exciting work” (Alan Trachtenberg). Strand then, much to the dismay of the public, abandoned this kind of photography and never returned to it again.
Definition of Spandex Spandex or elastane is a synthetic fiber known for its exceptional elasticity. It is strong, but less durable than its major non-synthetic competitor, natural latex. It is a polyurethane-polyurea copolymer that was invented in 1959 by chemists C. L. Sandquist and Joseph Shivers at DuPont's Benger Laboratory in Waynesboro, Virginia. When first introduced, it revolutionized many areas of the clothing industry. The name "spandex" is an anagram of the word "expands". It is the preferred name in North America; in continental Europe it is referred to by variants of "elastane", i.e. elasthanne (France), elastan (Germany), elastano (Spain and Portugal), elastam (Italy) and Elasthaan (Holland), and is known in the UK, Ireland, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand primarily as Lycra. Brand names for spandex include Lycra (made by Koch subsidiary Invista, previously a part of DuPont), Elaspan (also Invista), Acepora (Taekwang), Creora (Hyosung), ROICA and Dorlastan (Asahi Kasei), Linel (Fillattice), and ESPA (Toyobo).
main article image Astronomers Just Photographed This Spiral Galaxy For a Delightfully Simple Reason Not the worst use of the world's most powerful telescope. 14 SEP 2018 The world's most powerful telescopes have a lot of work to do. They're tasked with helping us unravel the mysteries of the universe, like dark matter and dark energy. They're burdened with helping us find other habitable worlds that might host life. And they're busy with a multitude of other tasks, like documenting the end of a star's life, or keeping an eye on meteors that get too close to Earth. But sometimes, they have to take a break. Sometimes, conditions aren't right for powerful telescopes to pursue their scheduled mystery-unravelling work. At those times, they're employed satisfying our appetite for stunning images of our universe. And the results can be awesome. The ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT) recently had some unscheduled down time, and astronomers used that time to capture a glorious image of the spiral galaxy NGC 3981. Spiral galaxy NGC 3981 (ESO)Spiral galaxy NGC 3981 (ESO) The galaxy is in the constellation called Crater in the southern celestial hemisphere. It was captured by the FORS2 (FOcal Reducer and low dispersion Spectrograph 2) instrument on the VLT. Because NGC 3981 is inclined towards Earth, astronomers are able to look right into the center of the galaxy. The bright center of the galaxy is dominated by a super-massive black hole (SMBH). The image shows the vast and delicate-looking spiral arms of the galaxy, which are star-forming regions full of dust. The disc itself is lit up with a host of hot young stars. Some of the spiral arm appears stretched out and misshapen, possibly due to an encounter with another galaxy at some time in the distant past. NGC 3981 is about 65 million light years from Earth, but even at that great distance it is considered a neighbour of our own galaxy, the Milky Way. The large stars in the image's foreground are stars in the Milky Way. Near the top of the image, in the misshapen spiral arm, an asteroid is captured as it streaks across the sky. The asteroid is an unwitting clue into how astronomic images are captured in three separate exposures of red, green, and blue. Star chart showing the location of NGC 3981 ( ESO, IAU and Sky & Telescope)Star chart showing the location of NGC 3981 ( ESO, IAU and Sky & Telescope) This outstanding image was captured as part of the ESO's Cosmic Gems Programme. This program uses the astonishing power of the VLT to capture images of the southern sky when observing conditions prevent it from pursuing its science goals. Observing time at telescopes like the VLT is portioned out strictly to researchers who are working on current problems in astronomy and astrophysics. But sometimes clouds roll in or the Moon is too bright, and science observations are not possible. When that happens, the telescope is handed over to the Cosmic Gems Programme. The ESO's Cosmic Gems Programme dedicates general observing time at the VLT to meet its mandate of education and public outreach. The Programme makes use of the VLT at Paranal and of the 2.2 meter MPG/ESO telescope at La Silla. The Programme chooses celestial objects that are visually interesting or intriguing, and for which no other high-quality images are available. The images are made available to the public, and to professional astronomers. The European Southern Observatory is not the only organization with an initiative like the Cosmic Gems Programme. The Hubble Heritage Project has a similar goal. They are a group of individuals, some of whom have no astronomy or astrophysics background. They have taken it upon themselves to comb through the vast catalogue of image data from the Hubble's decades of work, and to produce stunning images of visually interesting and intriguing objects out there in the cosmos. The only problem is that the most intriguing objects of scientific study are not the most visually appealing. Thankfully, the Hubble Heritage Project has been granted a small amount of viewing time with the Hubble. This has not only provided additional scientific data, but has also allowed the team to generate some very compelling images of celestial objects which were not previously imaged by Hubble. You can read about the Cosmic Gems Program here, and there is also an amazing gallery of images to peruse. The Hubble Heritage Project is here, and they also have an outstanding image gallery. But before you start clicking, you might want to grab yourself a snack. You'll be busy for a while. More From ScienceAlert loadmore icon LOAD MORE
did_it.i4.v = window_center_text(window_id.i2.r, row.i4.r, text.i1a.r, num_chars.i4.r, color.i4.r) did_it.i4.v = window_center_text_c(window_id.i2.v, row.i4.v, text.i1a.r, num_chars.i4.v, color.i4.v) This routine will display text centered in the window indicated by "window_id". This routine will return a value of TRUE if any characters are actually read or written. Otherwise, it will return a value of FALSE. window_id window ID (use WMNGR_BACKGROUND for background window) row window row text user buffer of ASCII data to be read or written, one character per byte num_chars number of ASCII characters to be written to the screen (If "num_chars" is 0, the length of the string pointed to by "text" is determined and used.) (Note : Only exposed portions of a window will be written to.) color display color (If a background color other than black is desired, a compound color value can be constructed using tv_colors or TV_COLORS_WBLINK.) (constants are in 'cnsparam') This function returns status values as follows: CBS_MEMFAIL dynamic memory allocation failure CBS_NO_WINDOW requested window does not exist TRUE some characters were written to the window FALSE no characters were written to the window This function requires the following include files: cnsparam_h, cbslib_h, acnet_errors_h Related functions: window_tvm(_c), window_tvmx(_c), window_write_string_c, tv_colors, TV_COLORS_WBLINK, intro_tv_windows C/C++ usage: static const char text[] = "Text"; short window_id; int did_it; int row = 1; int num_chars = 0; int color = WHITE; did_it = window_center_text_c(window_id,row,text,num_chars,color);
Diagnosing that pain in your neck I've been having neck pain for about a year. I find it difficult to sit for long periods of time. I finally decided to go to a doctor, and he took an x-ray of my neck. After that, he told me I had cervical spondylosis, and that it is fairly common. What is this? Cervical spondylosis is a degeneration of the joints in the neck (cervical bones = the bones of the neck). There is abnormal wear on the cartilage and bones here. It is a form of arthritis, but it rarely becomes cripping or disabling. It is indeed a very common cause for long-term neck pain. It is estimated that more than 85 per cent of people over the age 60 are suffering from it. So what is this 'cervical' region of the backbone? Your spine is divided into three segments: the cervical spine (neck region), the thoracic spine (the area of your back that corresponds to your chest region) and the lumbar spine (the lower back). The spine then joins to your sacrum and coccyx. The spine is not a straight piece of bone, but rather, it is divided into smaller bones called vertebra, which join to each other via ligaments. Your cervical spine has seven vertebrae, your thoracic has 12 to correspond with your 12 ribs, and your lumbar has five. As a result of these vertebrae, you are able to bend, flex and straighten your spine. Your back becomes mobile. In between these vertebrae, there are intervertebral disks, which consist of jelly-like material encased by a fibrous ring. This helps cushion your spine from external forces. So what causes cervical spondylosis? When these disks degenerate and lose water content as a result of age, problems set in. The facets of the vertebrae experience increased pressure and start to degenerate too. The cartilage begins to wear away. Bone begins to rub on bone. As a result, arthritis develops. In time, the body may respond to this increased pressure by trying to grow new bones in your facet joints. This results in an overgrowth of bone, called spurs. Unfortunately, they tend to hinder rather than help. These spurs may press against your spine itself, affecting the collection of nerve fibres that run through your vertebrae to deliver signals back and forth from your brain to your arms, legs and body. Or they may press on the nerves coming out of your spine. The cervical spine problems may not only affect your arms but your legs as well. How will I know if I have cervical spondylosis? Neck pain is the commonest symptom, and no mother-in-law jokes please. The pain can be mild or severe. It may be aggravated by looking up or down for a long time, such as when you are reading a book or knitting or driving. It can also be made worse after standing or sitting down, or when you sneeze, cough or laugh. It is alleviated by rest or lying down. The neck pain may be associated with stiffness, which can become worse if you exercise your neck. As a result of nerve compression by spurs, you may have numbness and weakness in your hands, fingers and arms. You may experience muscle spasms in your neck and shoulders. And when you move your neck, you may hear or feel a grinding or popping sound. You may also have a headache, which often starts at the back of the head. Do some people get cervical spondylosis more easily than others? Yes. You are at risk if: ·Your family has a history of cervical spondylosis or neck pain. ·You smoke. ·Your job involves a lot of neck twisting (like dancing) and overhead work (like repairing ceiling lights, fans and air-conditioning units). ·You have depression or anxiety. ·You have had an injury, eg car accident, etc. Will I need an x-ray to diagnose this problem? Yes. A neck x-ray can show bony spurs and loss of disk height. This can be followed by a MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) to evaluate the state of your soft tissues that would not show up on a simple x-ray, such as your disks, nerves, ligaments and muscles. If you have numbness or weakness or anything that throws suspicion that your nerves might be compromised, there are EMG (electromyography) and nerve conduction tests that you can do. Can I get this cured? If your pain is mild, you can go for physiotherapy or take painkillers. Acupuncture is also good, and so is some form of spinal manipulation, as what chiropractors can do for you. If the neck pain doesn't go away after all this, you can go for surgery. Surgery can also be performed to relieve the pressure on your nerves and spinal cord. Purchase this article for republication. Your daily good stuff - AsiaOne stories delivered straight to your inbox
How to breathe well during riding in winter? - Jun 29, 2018 - timg.jpgWinter exercise can improve the body's ability to adapt to cold conditions. It is physically strong and the chance of getting sick is less than the average person. But for some people with relatively soft respiratory tract, the dry, cold air in winter fails to carry out their outdoor sports plans. In fact, as long as you pay attention to some basic methods of breathing during exercise, you can protect your respiratory tract from dry cold air during winter exercise. Breathing through the nose is your best choice When exercising in winter, you should consciously control the breathing frequency. The best respiratory rate should not exceed 20-30 times per minute. Respiratory frequency can reflect the body's ability to exercise. For those who have just exercised outdoors, an excessively fast breathing rhythm often indicates excessive exercise intensity. In the winter, the air itself is relatively dry and the breathing is too rapid, which will place a greater burden on the respiratory system and increase the incidence of pneumonia and bronchitis. During the outdoor exercise in the winter, it is best to breathe through the nose. There are abundant blood vessels and secretory glands in the nasal mucosa. When the cold air passes through the nasal cavity, it can play the role of heat preservation and moisturizing, thus avoiding cold, dryness or companionship. Dust and pathogenic microorganisms inhale into the lungs. Even if you can't breathe through your nose completely when you have a high level of exercise intensity, you should use a combination of mouth and nose breathing methods or apply a slight applicator to the front of the tongue to prevent the cold air from directly irritating the throat and lungs. Deepen breath to improve discomfort When exercising outdoors in winter, you should pay attention to adjusting your breathing pattern. Especially those who have just started exercising, their own respiratory system, blood oxygen supply capacity and overall body activity are poor. If the exercise intensity is too large, the frequency of respiration is often increased, and superficial respiration occurs. If you continue to exercise like this, you will experience inspiratory depths greater than the depth of your expiratory breath. Long hours will cause chest tightness and difficulty breathing. At this time, you should adjust your breathing pattern and exhale more. This will improve the breathing state and reduce the discomfort caused by winter sports. Previous: How to pack for a ride? Next: How to reduce the pain of your nether region during outdoor riding? Related Industry Knowledge Related Products • Punching Foam Cycling Cushion Pads for Quick-dry Cycling Wears • Custom Chamois Pads Insert for MTB Shorts and Cycling Gel Jersey • Coolmax Cycling Gel Pads Insert for Cycling Pants with Sublimation Printing • Comfortable Coolmax 3D Cycling Chamois Padding with Silicone Gel • Anti-Bacterial Road Cycling Pads Chamois for Mens Cycling Bib Shorts
Centurion Healthcare Cardiovascular Disease What is CVD? How prevalent is CVD and what are the risks of developing it? CVD is the number one killer in Australia. Every 10 minutes someone dies as a result of cardiovascular disease. Some things that increase the risk of CVD are impossible or difficult to control. These include: What are the symptoms of CVD and when medical attention be sought? Heart attack warning signs can vary. The symptoms of a heart attack usually last for at least 10 minutes. One or more of the following symptoms may be experienced: Pain in the chest A heart attack usually causes discomfort or pain in the centre of the chest. The pain may come on suddenly or start slowly, developing over minutes. It may feel like tightness, fullness, pressure, squeezing or heaviness. It has been described as: 'like a steel band tightening around my chest', 'like an elephant sitting on my chest' or 'like a red hot poker in the centre of my chest'. The pain may be severe, moderate or even mild. Pain spreading The chest discomfort may spread to the neck and throat, jaw, shoulders, back, either or both arms, and even into the wrists and hands. Discomfort in the upper body Some people do not get any chest pain but just feel discomfort in parts of their upper body. They may have a choking feeling in their throat. Their arms may feel 'heavy' or 'useless'. Other symptoms As well as pain or discomfort, there may be: What can be done to reduce the risk of developing CVD? While the above listed risk factors are frequently impossible to control, there are some things that can be done to reduce the probability of developing CVD. Namely: What are the consequences of leaving CVD untreated? (tangible and intangible) If heart disease is not treated, it can cause severe angina, heart failure or shortness of breath on even mild activities. The risk of death is increased. Most physicians are now very familiar with treating heart disease so it rarely goes untreated. What are the different treatments for CVD? Treatment will depend on the type of CVD determined. Any GP can develop a treatment plan with their patient. Treatment for heart disease includes meal planning to ensure a heart-healthy diet and physical activity. In addition, regular medications may be required to treat heart damage or to lower blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol. A daily low dose of aspirin may also be suggested. In some cases, surgery or other medical procedures may be recommended.
Buy the #EatForThePlanet book It is said there are more tigers in backyards today than there are in the wild, and as reported by Dallas Morning News, the highest concentration of tigers outside of India is in Texas. Why is this a problem and what needs to be done to change this? As the Dallas News explains, Texas’ laws pertaining to wild animal ownership are particularly lax. The law requires all captive wild animals to be registered with the state, but this law is grossly unenforced. As reported by the Austin American-Statesman, there are only 50 animals on the state’s registry, yet it is estimated that there are around 2,000 tigers held in captivity in Texas. This is especially disturbing considering these animals are endangered in the wild and are often subject to reckless poaching. Wild animals remain inherently wild and cannot be domesticated within their lifetime. However, because baby wild animals bring in big crowds and even bigger profits, unethical breeding practices, aka “speed breeding,” are the norm at roadside zoos and similar attractions. And as Dallas News reports, kidnapped cubs are also routinely confiscated by authorities, found doped up and crammed into luggage en route to being sold to roadside zoos and private owners. Keeping wild animals in captivity is not only unconscionably cruel, but it also poses serious risks to people as well. Because the captive animals still possess their natural behaviors, instinct can cause the animals to attack people, which, in turn, almost certainly leads to the animals being unjustly killed. There is a lot you can do to help protect tigers before stricter laws are in place. For starters, make sure you never visit or support roadside zoos or similar attractions that use animals as a means to draw in crowds and make profits. For tips on identifying animal cruelty at tourist attractions, read this. Many people are oblivious to the criminal activity, abuse, and exploitation involved in keeping wild animals captive, so please make sure you do your part to spread awareness of the serious issue at hand. You can begin by sharing this post with your friends and family and encouraging them to join you in boycotting wild animal captivity! Image Source: Pixabay Browse through some recent posts below: One comment on “There Are Currently More Tigers in Texas Than There Are in Their Native India – Here’s Why That’s a Major Problem” Click to add comment 4 Months Ago You are posting offensive, right wing hate ads on your website. You can\'t push veganism and animal awareness and then cap it off with these disgusting ads. You have a choice to make. Subscribe to our Newsletter Follow us on Do Not Show This Again Submit to OneGreenPlanet Terms & Conditions ×
Celtic Mythology July 8, 2009 Scottish Voice- Celtic Mythology Alina Tarkhanian September 2005 Background Information Until the rise of the Roman Empire, the Celts were a strong force. Rome had been sacked by them in 385 BC. Although the Celts were incorporated into the Roman Empire, they continued to worship their own gods and goddesses. Even though they adopted the Christian faith, the Celtic heritage was not forgotten. What was preserved in terms of myths, is in large part due to the work of the monks from the 5th century onwards. Since there are so many myths, I have decided to pick a few mythological characters, that I found of personal interest, and discuss them. Fionn MacCumal, or Finn Mac Cumhaill in Ireland, was a great warrior poet and magician. He was the commander-in-chief of the Fianna, a band of warriors responsible for the safety of the High King of Ireland. I have a little story about how he became such a gifted warrior. Before he became the leader of the Fianna, Fionn trained with Finegas, a druid. They lived by the River Boinne (now Boyne) where the magical Salmon of Knowledge was said to swim. Finegas hoped to catch it and become supremely wise. One day, Fionn caught it and Finegas sent him to cook it, warning him not to eat the flesh. While Fionn was cooking the fish and turning it on the pan he burnt his thumb and immediately put it in his mouth to cool the pain. When he brought the fish to Finegas he was asked ‘Did you eat of the flesh?’ Then, Fionn remembered how he had burnt his thumb and had to explain this to Finegas. Finegas offered the whole fish to Fionn to eat which he did gaining the knowledge he was destined to receive. From then on, he had only to put his thumb in his mouth to know whatever he wished and he became known for his wisdom throughout Ireland and Scotland. Thomas the Rhymer was a famous Scottish poet, and later, a prophet. There can be no doubt that he was a real person living in the 13th century, as documents exist signed by him as Thomas Rymour de Ercieldoune. It is difficult to find any more evidence about his life, but the traditions that have built up around him must have some root in real events. Thomas received his gift of prophecy through a meeting with the Fairy Queen of Elfland. He traveled with her for 40 days and 40 nights into the otherworld, and served her for seven years. The otherworld in Celtic mythology is an invisible realm which gods, goddesses and fairies dwell. He then returned to the upper-world, endowed with the gift of a tongue that can not lie. He usually made his prophecies in rhyme or poetry. One of his most famous prophecies was the crowning of King James the VI of Scotland (or the I of England), when the two crowns united. He said that when the Tweed flooded into Merlin’s grave, Scotland and England would have one king. This happened at Merlin’s grave in Drumelzier when James was crowned. Thomas the Rhymer could easily slip in and out of the otherworld, where he would draw inspiration for his poetry. Moving on to the female figures… The banshee, modern name for bean sidhe (woman of the fairies), are fairies of ancestral spirits appointed to forewarn people of their death. The banshee chiefly appears in one of three guises: a young woman, a stately matron or a raddled old hag. These represent the triple aspects of the Celtic goddess of war and death, namely Badhbh, Macha and Mor-Rioghain. She may appear as a washer-woman, and is seen apparently washing the blood-stained clothes of those who are about to die. In this guise she is known as the bean-nighe (washing woman) and is usually dressed in green and has webbed feet. Although not always visible, her mourning wails can be heard, usually at night when someone is about to die. In 1437, King James I of Scotland was approached by an Irish banshee who foretold his murder at the instigation of the Earl of Atholl. This is an example of the banshee in human form. There are records of several human banshees or prophetesses attending the great houses of Ireland and the courts of local Irish kings. One character I find particularly interesting, and perhaps gruesome, is the baobhan sith. The Baobhan Sith is an evil and dangerous vampire-like female from the highlands of Scotland. They prey mercilessly on unsuspecting travelers in the glens and mountains. The name suggests a form of Banshee. A common tale is told of 4 young friends who set off on a hunting trip in the glens. Exhausted, the men take refuge in an abandoned Shieldig (small cottage). Darkness falls quickly and the men build a fire and set about entertaining themselves for the night. One of them is a talented singer and sings as his companions begin to dance around the room. One of the men wishes that they had the company of women. Seconds after he utters these words, four women appear at the door and begin dancing with the three men. Suddenly, the atmosphere changes and the women become frenzied with supernatural strength. They proceed to tear apart the dancers and blood begins to spill around the room. Terrified the young man musician and singer is able to escape. He lunges out the door with one of the creatures at his heels. He takes refuge between the horses and this seems to create a barrier over which the creature can not cross. He spends a long and cold night between the horses, with the Boabhan Sith circling around waiting for an opportunity to pounce on him. At last dawn breaks and the creature disappears. When he returns to the shielding, a ghastly sight greets him. All his companions are dead, sprawled around the floor in agonizing positions, completely drained of blood. Traditionally supernatural creatures are afraid of iron, and taking refuge in the wild horses may have saved him because of the horse’s iron shoes. There are tons more stories like these and if you are interested, I have a few web sites you can check out. www.mysteriousbritain.co.uk and follow the link to the folklore section. www.rampantscotland.com and go to the mythology section. www.pantheon.org is an excellent guide to Celtic mythology. I also have a fantastic book, The Encyclopedia of Mythology, by Arthur Cotterell, published by Lorenz Books. Want to contribute? Leave a comment!
Test your basic knowledge \| AP Chemistry 2 Subjects : science, ap, chemistry • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes. • Match each statement with the correct term. 1. ammonium 2. A geometric (or cis-trans) isomer exists due to..... 3. copper sulfate 4. What are the formulas for q? 5. What is the formula for alkanes? 6. What apparatus do you use to separate 2 immiscible liquids? 7. When combining half equations - what do you do to E values when multiplying coefficients? 8. What equipment do you need for a titration? 9. chlorite 10. What process do you use to obtain the solute from a solution? 11. BaSO4 12. chromate ion (soln + most solids) 13. What is the word equation for addition polymerisation? 14. acetate 15. What is the formula for obtaining charge flowing in a cell? 16. mercury (II) ion 17. What are the units of the first order rate constant? 18. ________ are Lewis bases - because they can donate a lone pair of electrons. 19. What is the general formula for an aldehyde? 20. Alkanes are _________ and react by _________ 21. What process do you use to separate two liquids with different boiling points? 22. Name C7H16 23. What steps do organic labs consist of? 24. How are non-metal oxides and hydrides bonded? are they acidic or basic? 25. What type of compounds do metals/non metals form? 26. Which value of R do you use for all energy and kinetics calculations? 27. nitrates 28. What things should you remember to do when collecting gas over water? 29. What causes the dramatic effect of T on rate? 30. ammonium/ammonium compounds 31. potassium permanganate 32. Lattice energy is high for ions with _____ size and _____ charge 33. What is the general formula of an alkane? 34. halides 35. bromothymol 36. lead iodide 37. For what types of substances does the solid/liquid equilibrium line on a phase diagram slope LEFT? 38. What is the basic structure of an optical isomer? 39. What is accuracy? 40. carbonates 41. What part of a liquid do you look at to measure its volume? 42. Which of the rates changes more when temperature is increased? 43. How do you clean a buret/pipette for a titration? 44. ____ is a Lewis acid - since it can accept a lone pair - completing its stable form - which requires two electrons. 45. How does benzene compare in reactivity to alkenes? 46. What is the general formula for an acid? 47. dihydrogen phosphate 48. When can supercooling occur? What does it look like on a cooling curve? 49. How can metals like iron and zinc be reduced? 50. How are more active metals reduced?
6 Ways to Use Your Mathematics Degree March 12th, 2015 by CryptologyMathematics knowledge is a fundamental skill and a valuable asset to have whatever your career, but those who are fascinated by numbers might be drawn to majoring in math at the college level. Whether you plan to attend a nearby college campus or complete a math program through an accredited online college, you can expect to study courses like advanced calculus, differential equations, quantitative analysis and abstract algebra. After mastering these subjects and gaining an undergraduate in mathematics, you can go on to secure one of these exciting careers in the field. 1. Math Teacher One of the most common employment paths for math majors is becoming a teacher. Since math is such an integral part of education, math majors are employable in elementary schools, middle schools, high schools and colleges. If you enjoy working with others and want a career that gives back, then becoming a math teacher can be a great fit. 2. Actuarial Scientist Actuarial scientists take statistics and apply them to insurance models. This job is often a solitary one, which can be suitable for those who enjoy getting involved in their work and not needing to socialize extensively. Actuarial scientists are typically employed by the major insurance firms, and the pay as well as benefits for this kind of career can be impressive even if you only have a bachelor’s degree in mathematics. 3. Cryptographer Cryptography is the study of hiding information or unscrambling hidden information. Math majors, who are able to focus on large projects with countless elements, are naturally gifted when it comes to solving puzzles and working in cryptography. Cryptographers can work in large security firms, but they are also in high demand at government agencies like the FBI, CIA and NSA. These agencies may use cryptographers to protect state secrets and try to detect secret messages being passed through foreign assets or enemies of the state. 4. Financial Analyst A natural fit for a math major is to work in finance, where measuring risk and determining profit are two primary tasks. A financial analyst might use their math skills to create a formula for the stock market in order to predict future behavior. Large banks, investment firms and even the government employ financial analysts of the highest caliber in order to anticipate future market movements and to determine what might happen if tax laws are passed or government spending is raised. 5. Political Statistician If you enjoyed your college courses in statistics and quantitative analysis, and you have a passion for politics, then finding employment as a political statistician might be a fantastic career choice. This job involves collecting data to plug into a series of mathematical models that can help to predict winning candidates as well as what the public wants in a variety of different areas. 6. Biotechnologist One of the fastest-growing fields out there is biotechnology, which requires heavily on both math and science. As a biotechnologist, you could put your math skills to the test and be on the forefront of discovery in cellular neurobiology or population genetics. Whether you are interested in working in politics, finance, science or education, earning a math degree can be a fantastic place to start your journey. Explore your options to earn a degree online in math or most any other subject from an accredited college. About the Author: Sandy Davis Leave a Reply
The U.S. Once Had Its Own Version Of The Ancient Spartan Immortals To know your history is to know who you are and how you got here. The study of our history is ultimately important to the survival and continuation of our country. Freedom is not free. This nation’s freedom was won in blood. It was built upon the noble desire to bring about a concept of self-governance and freedom like the world had never seen before. Abraham Lincoln would eventually define that concept most clearly in his “Gettysburg Address” when he said that it was “a government of the people, by the people and for the people.” The following story is one of those pieces of our American history that we all should know. Most people have probably heard about the heroic stand of the Spartans warriors at Thermopylae in 380 BC, where 300 of them held off the entire Persian Army in an ultimately suicidal rear guard action, giving the Greek armies time to retreat and reform in 380 BC. They became known to the Greeks as “The Immortals.” Well the Continental Army of the Revolutionary War has its own “Immortals.” They are called “The Immortal 400.” Here is their story. Source: Wikimedia Commons The veteran First Maryland Continentals throw back a British attack and counter with a bayonet charge. On August 22, 1776, the first major battle of the Revolutionary War was fought on Long Island, just a little over a month after the signing of the Declaration of Independence. General William Howe landed a force of 20,000 Redcoats on Long Island and began a fierce attack on General George Washington’s Continental Army. The Continentals were severely outnumbered and were on the verge of being defeated. While Howe had committed large numbers of his forces into head-on battle with Washington’s troops, he was also moving some of his forces to take up positions behind Washington’s Continental Army in order to put them into a pincer. It was not looking good for the Continentals. They needed to retreat from the field to be able to regroup and to fight another day. Source: flickr/The National Guard The Battle of Long Island. Washington’s forces were being badly mauled and were slowly being surrounded. There was only one small gap in Howe’s forces that could be utilized for a Continental retreat. This is where the Maryland Regiment under the leadership of Col. William Smallwood, were ordered to provide a rear guard action to allow Washington’s army to retreat. Some 2,000 of Howe’s Redcoats took over and occupied a position called, “The Old Stone House” It was a fortified position and was a threat to the retreating Continental Army. The 400 men from the Maryland Regiment placed themselves between the British troops and Washington’s retreating forces. They not only harassed the British forces, but conducted several unbelievable, bayonet charges against The Old Stone House. They so occupied the British forces there that Washington’s Continentals were able to make and orderly and successful retreat. At the end of the day only 9 of those Marylanders were able to rejoin the retreating and now safe Continental Army. Because of those Marylanders’ heroic actions that day, they became known to the rest of the Continental Army as “The Immortal 400.” The Maryland Regiment would be reformed and would go on to participate in many other defining battles of the Revolutionary War including: Trenton, Princeton, Camden, Cowpens, Guilford Courthouse, and ultimately at Yorktown. Source: Wikimedia Commons George Washington at the Battle of Princeton. Washington so respected the Maryland Regiment that he came to refer to them as his “Old Line.” The State of Maryland would gain one of its nicknames because of its fighting units as well. It would became known as “The Old Line State.” If it had not been for the heroism and fierce tenacity of those 400 men from the Maryland Regiment that August day in 1776, the Continental Army might have lost the war and our nation might not have won its yearned for independence. They truly earned their nickname, “The Immortal 400” that day. Their efforts to protect the rear of the retreating Continental Army at the Old Stone House were as important to the eventual victory and independence of the United States of America as the efforts of the 300 Spartans “Immortals” was to the survival and eventual victory of the Greek City States over the massive invading armies of Persia. The Maryland United States National Guard, once known as the 115th Infantry Regiment could trace its history back to the Immortal 400. It has now been merged into the 175th Infantry Regiment. Proper VET veteranssite_abovevideo The Veterans Site hopes that by sharing some of our history, we can keep it alive in the minds our our fellow Americans. Share this with others and keep history alive. Proper VET veteranssite_belowcontent
Creating dance and training dancers is a collaborative and co-creative process, and teaching has a central role in the co-creative artistic processes. Yet dance teachers, whether free-lance or working in an institution, often develop and maintain their physical teaching practice in isolation. Additionally, because of the ephemeral nature of dance and the relational nature of dance education, these practices usually do not end up being recorded or documented as a body of knowledge. In the face of such a reality the online database IDOCDE.net provides a platform for the development and maintenance of an inclusive professional learning community through a process of shared documentation. Its sister digital publication MINDTHEDANCE.com guides the reader towards development of a personal and sustainable documentation practice. IDOCDE.net seeks to establish a knowledge base, a living archive and encourages collaboration and dialogue for fostering of both individual practice and the work field. MIND THE DANCE inspires educators to develop their personal, creative and reflective documentation practice via a variety of examples from professionals from different backgrounds, covering a wide range of approaches from writing, drawing, notating, video art to creating scores and templates. This article examines these digital publications and how they influence a meaningful and creative approach to reflective documentation. you may Download the file to your hard drive.
Pianos are one of the most beloved instruments in the world. They are one of the most universally known instruments in the world because people play piano all over. They are one of the most unique instruments for the creation of music as well because of their duel nature. They allow the person playing it to simultaneously create bold melodies and endearing harmonies. The piano has shaped our classical foundation of music and has continued to make an influence all the way through our modern musical tastes. Believe it or not, the piano was invented around 300 years ago. Although the exact date is unknown, historians believe that it was first invented around the year 1700. It was invented by an Italian musical instrument maker by the name of Bartolomeo Cristofori, who was born in Padua in the year 1655. The initial reception of the piano had mixed views, but overall it was welcomed and continued to gain popularity in the following centuries. The way that a piano works involves a lot more than the keys you hit. Beyond the traditional piano keyboard, which consists of 88 keys total (52 white keys and 36 black keys), the inside of the piano contains all the precise mechanisms that work together to create the sounds that we know and love. The sound that a piano makes is actually a string vibrating. When you tap a piano key, it causes a hammer to hit a string that vibrates at a certain frequency and makes that sound. There are many reasons that people choose to have pianos in their home. Because pianos are such a strong and durable instrument, many people have pianos in their home because the piano has been in their family for several years and has been passed down through generations. If pianos are well cared for and maintained, they can last for a long time. Pianos can be a beautiful addition to any home and can be used to entertain guests. Pianos are a great resource to have in your home if you are raising children. Having a piano around may allow them to express their creativity and develop a love or music. If they ever take piano lessons to learn how to play the piano, they will possess the freedom of having the instrument ready to practice whenever. If you know how to play the piano and want to be an instructor yourself, having a piano gives you the option to have students come directly to your home for lessons. If you are choosing to purchase a piano to have in your home, there are many reputable piano makers out there. There are several different types of pianos to choose from and it’s important to pick the piano that is right for you, your needs, and your space. There are many brands of pianos to choose from as well, such as a Petrof piano. You should make sure to do thorough research on what piano you want so you make a smart investmen
Subscribe for 33¢ / day When a gunman opened fire at the First Baptist Church in Sutherland Springs, Texas, the atrocity called to mind the 2015 shooting at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, S.C. Despite apparent similarities, these violent incidents were described quite differently. The Associated Press reported that the Sutherland Springs attacker, who killed 26, "doesn't appear to be linked to organized terrorist groups." By contrast, the Atlantic declared that the Charleston attack, in which nine people were killed, was "terrorism." When an assailant shot to death 49 people last year at the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, CNN called the massacre "the worst incident of domestic terrorism since 9/11." Last month, when a shooter killed 58 people at a music festival on the Las Vegas Strip, news outlets described him as a "granddad," a "gambler" and a "former accountant" — but not as a terrorist. On Halloween, when a driver rammed a truck into a crowd of pedestrians and bicyclists in Lower Manhattan, killing eight, he was identified as a "terror suspect." The British ambassador to the United Nations, Sir Jeremy Greenstock, asserted after the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks: "Increasingly, questions are being raised about the problem of the definition of a terrorist. Let us be wise and focused about this: Terrorism is terrorism. What looks, smells and kills like terrorism is terrorism." Use of the T-word is arguably straightforward for some tragedies — if, for instance, the perpetrators openly declare their allegiance to the Islamic State. But for a growing number of people, terrorism may seem like the opposite of pornography: They don't know it when they see it. The terrorism scholar Alex Schmid spent four years researching a definition of terrorism. In the first line of the second edition of his book, he concludes that the "search for an adequate definition is still on." Indeed, there are more than 100 definitions of terrorism, according to the historian Walter Laqueur. This lack of consensus isn't surprising when you consider that governments around the world apply the T-word instrumentally to isolate and discredit their enemies at home and abroad. Compared to governments, academics have more agreement and consistency in their terrorist coding. Although definitional consensus remains elusive, political scientists increasingly employ the T-word when three criteria are met. At least in theory, a violent act is deemed terrorism when it's perpetrated by a non-state actor against a civilian target for a political goal. That means a lone wolf or larger organization using violence rather than a proper army; a soft target like a church, mosque, synagogue or school rather than a tank or military base; in pursuit of a cause like national self-determination, white supremacy, a caliphate or Communist revolution rather than because of mental health problems, a personal dispute or selfish reasons such as greed. This is a neat coding scheme until you try to apply it. For starters, violent organizations often act as proxies for governments — just ask the Taliban. Recently, I gave a terrorism presentation in New Delhi. The audience confessed that they didn't understand my definition of terrorism because in their minds it's synonymous with Pakistan. But perhaps the trickiest criterion is motive. Psychologists have found that we often don't understand our own behavior, never mind the behavior of others. Not even the best scholars have direct access into the minds of terrorists. Although all terrorist groups have a political platform, that doesn't mean members are fighting to achieve them. On the contrary, research finds that most people join terrorist groups not to attain their official goals, but for the social solidarity associated with a tight-knit group. Oftentimes, we don't even know which group committed the attack. Was the Pulse shooter really an Islamic State devotee or was he mentally disturbed? In all likelihood, he was both. Perhaps you have to be mentally disturbed to think that shooting innocent people at a nightclub will lead to a caliphate. It's no wonder we're having a tough time fighting terrorists when there's still so much confusion over who they are. Subscribe to Breaking News Max Abrahms is a professor of political science at Northeastern University and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He wrote this for the Los Angeles Times.
Advocacy in action Harry SnelsonIt's all about the money - the federal appropriations process I'm sure you've heard it before: "It's all about the money." Well, in Washington, DC, nothing could be truer. Putting your tax dollars to work is a full-time job for your elected officials and the agencies of the federal government. There exists a well-defined although often confusing and seemingly circuitous process carried out annually in order to fund the programs supported by the federal government. In order to effectively advocate for programs of interest, it is vital to understand this process and the appropriations cycle. The federal government operates its finances on a fiscal year that begins on October 1 and ends September 30, rather than on the calendar year. Each year, Congress considers 13 appropriations requests (bills) which encompass the annual budget for the various programs and agencies of the federal government. An appropriation is a type of budget authority which allows agencies to enter into contracts and obligations requiring the government to make immediate or future expenditures. It also gives the agency the authority to make those payments. Appropriations are divided into two categories: discretionary spending (controlled by the annual appropriations acts and under the jurisdictions of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees) and mandatory spending (controlled by legislative acts under the jurisdiction of the authorizing committees). Mandatory spending predominantly provides funds for entitlement programs such as social security and Medicare. In the early summer, each agency is busy finalizing its budget for the next year's appropriations process. For example, in June 2005, the United States Department of Agriculture must submit to the White House its budget plan for the 2007 fiscal year. On or before the first Monday in February, the president is required to submit an annual budget to Congress for the upcoming fiscal year. So in this example, the president's budget for fiscal year 2007 is submitted to Congress in February 2006. The government agencies provide detailed justification materials to the congressional subcommittees with jurisdiction over funding for the particular agencies. Each house of Congress has an appropriations committee comprising 13 subcommittees, each responsible for one of the appropriations bills. The subcommittees' jurisdictions include agriculture, commerce-justice-state, defense, District of Columbia, energy and water, foreign operations, homeland security, interior, labor-health and human services-education, legislative branch, military construction, transportation and treasury, and veterans affairs-housing and urban development. After the president submits the annual budget, the House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees hold detailed hearings to consider the agency justifications for the budget items. Following the hearings, the subcommittees each develop (mark up) a draft bill to submit to the full appropriations committee for consideration and possible amendment. Usually in May or June, the House and Senate Appropriations Committees will begin reporting the appropriations bills to the full chamber for debate. Each house passes its own versions of the bills. In some years, one or both of the chambers may not pass all 13 bills. Generally, the bills that are not passed are funded in an omnibus or minibus appropriations bill, which is a single bill comprising a number of regular appropriations bills. In the early fall, the appropriations committees from each house begin to meet (conference) to resolve the differences between the house and senate bills. Generally, the conferees are required to develop a compromise that is within the scope of the two bills and can discuss only items present in either the house or senate versions of the bill. The final conference bill must be considered by both houses. Usually, the House of Representatives is the first chamber to review the reconciled bill and can either adopt the bill, reject the bill, or recommit it to the conference for further consideration. If the bill is adopted by the first house, the conference committee is disbanded, and the report moves to the other house for either adoption or rejection. The conference report cannot be amended by either house. Following passage in both houses, the bill is sent to the president who has 10 days to sign or veto the bill. If vetoed, the bill goes back to Congress where the veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote of both houses and becomes law, or if the veto cannot be overridden, the bill dies. Remember, the current fiscal year ends on September 30. The next fiscal year's budget must be enacted prior to October 1, or the agencies funded by these bills must cease operations. Congress usually passes temporary spending measures to continue funding these agencies until the bills can be passed. Obviously, this is a complex and involved process that requires a lot of planning. This is one reason it may take so long to get something accomplished in Washington. In order to affect funding changes, you have to be involved in the process at least 18 months prior to the desired change taking effect. This is why it is critical that the AASV be actively involved with the agencies that can impact our profession and the livestock industries we serve. --Harry Snelson
Friday’s Final Thought: Uncommon Integrity and the Power of Sports Dec 06, 2013 Yesterday, the world lost a leader who demonstrated uncommon integrity and moral courage in the face of an unjust political system, racism, discrimination, imprisonment, isolation, and people who wanted to see him fail. Today there will be countless elegies and tributes for Nelson Mandela, a man who not only helped end the apartheid in South Africa, but did so with dignity and respect even those who did not respect him. There are numerous times where one might expect and even understand how he could become bitter and hateful. Instead, he made the uncommon choice to strive for connection with others. To make the right choice, not the easy one. A former boxer and huge soccer fan, Mandela also understood the power of sports to bring people together. In 1995, the South African rugby team, the Springboks, made it the finals of the Rugby World Cup. The apartheid may have been over but the country was still deeply divided, and at the time, rugby was a predominantly white sport in South Africa and the team was seen as a symbol of the apartheid by many. Mandela rallied the entire country to support the Springboks. The team won the World Cup, but really, South Africa won. Sports have always played a role in helping us see past the differences on the surface. After all, it is the combination of skill, teamwork (if it’s a team sport), communication, work ethic, perseverance, and drive that determines the final score. That’s why the Cal Ripken, Sr. Foundation uses team sports. Sure, it’s fun and keeps the kids engaged and physically active—which are all important. But beyond that, it doesn’t matter what part of town you live in, what brand of clothing you wear, whether someone is a police officer or has been on the other side of the law, or even what language you speak. We’ve seen it: kids who were once afraid of police officers running up to talk to them, kids from across the country who had just met cheering each other on, kids who understood what we showed them even if they had no idea what we said. True athletes play to win, and sharing that goal can motivate people to put aside their perceived differences because you can’t win if you don’t work together as a team. Regardless of the final score, if you play as a team, if you play with integrity, and if you give it your all – you’ll win where it matters. How have you seen sports bring people together? Add new comment
Andrew Jackson: Yay or Nay All about Andrew Jackson (By: Chris O'Nan) Trail of Tears Andrew Jackson wanted the Natives out. So, he did kick them out. The Natives went on a long seven months trail to get from Georgia to Oklahoma. The trail was 2,300 miles long. Many died of the cold or starvation. The Death of the National Bank Andrew Jackson felt like the National Bank is unconstitutional. But, the National Bank was declared necessary and proper. But, Jackson doesn't care so he veto the Bill. The supreme court are angry about this but they don't do anything because they don't want to loose there jobs. Spoil System People felt bad for Andrew Jackson. So people voted for him. Andrew Jackson asked for people to help him become the president and and when he won they would get a better job. So, Andrew Jackson kicked people out so his supporters could get there job. Andrew Jackson Political Cartoon This Political Cartoon is about Andre Jackson and him being presented as a King. He is represented as a king because he acted like one. He would not listen to the Supreme court and they would have vetoed it but they did not want to loose there jobs. People looked at him like he was a king because he only cared about himself. I lost my home, my family and almost my dignity. I hate this so much why do we have to move out!? We took a small part of Georgia... can't they build around us? We won the Worchester v. Georgia case. Why do we have to move? Its cold, I am hungry and Tired. We had to walk over 2,000 miles to a area we don't know. I can't believe they kicked us out. WHAT DO WE DO NOW!? Factory Worker I just got a job in the White house! All I had to do was vote and support Andrew Jackson! There was a name tag still on the desk when I got there. But Jackson told me not to worry about it. I am rich now! My family and I bought a bigger house. This is the best thing to happen to me ever!
Daily regime The benefits of well-formed mode of the day, scientifically proven.What is included in this concept?This, of course, the order of work, rest, nutrition, sleep and so on.Everything should be his time.Why do it?In the first place, in order that the body began to work as smoothly.Day mode allows you to use the full potential of our body. Developing dynamic sample is a physiological basis for such concepts as "regime of the day."This stereotype is something like a system of conditioned reflexes.Man, for a long time following a strict routine gradually gets used to it and establishes the system.Any deviation of its break. Living conditions and features of professional work, each of us is different.You can not just come up with the ideal and the mode of the day, who would come up all at once.It requires an individual approach. In drawing up regulations necessary to follow certain rules.A lot of them.Chief among these, perhaps, is that everything has to happen in due time. We fully abide by rhythmic f luctuations: the rhythm is at the heart, it is replaced by waking sleep, hunger satiety replaced.The main feature of this type of process is repeatable.The alternation in time of different functional states of the body is called biorhythm.Of course, all the biorhythms of living organisms are interrelated and interdependent. All functions of our bodies one way or another, related to the expenditure of energy.Each internal organ makes up for it in a certain time. Scientists assure that the maximum capacity of man can be seen from ten in the morning until noon.After raising comes decline.Next rise can be observed from four in the afternoon.It also takes two hours.It should be noted that the muscle is much weaker than in the morning than in the evening. There are people who become operable only in the morning or in the evening.For some time, it has little or no value.We are talking about people who we used to call larks, pigeons, owls.For owls, that is, to those who work at night, most often include representatives of creative professions, in the category of larks usually get workers and civil servants.Pigeons are found less often. work at night is not useful, because the body has to spend additional forces to simply stay awake.Jump from owls and larks in the back is difficult, but still possible. Anyone who wants to live a long time and always be healthy, natural, and should lead a simple life.Of course, he is obliged to sleep well.Composing mode of the day, you, first of all, should be guided by how much time you can devote to sleep.In fact it is quite enough to eight hours.How much better to just go to bed?Between nine and eleven o'clock in the evening.Many do not go to sleep, because the evening engaged in some household chores or work.In fact, that's no reason to not go to bed on time - much better wake up early and do all the morning. not want to go to bed early?No problem!Lie later, but always one and the same time.This also applies to morning awakening. daily routine adult or student should be laid out in detail.What you need to know about nutrition?Here, too, all individually.Agree, who wants to lose weight, while others, on the contrary, to recover.Some athletes even have food to eat every two hours.This issue is best discussed with a dietician. What else is included in the daily routine?Do not forget about walking, entertainment, communication with friends.It is not necessary for something to limit yourself.Believe me, the mode of the day - it's not a cell, but a full-fledged component of the lifestyle.
5 Essential Elements For flower Yvonne Aitken has proven that flowering transition depends upon quite a few components, Which crops flowering earliest underneath specified disorders experienced the minimum dependence on local climate Whilst afterwards-flowering versions reacted strongly on the climate setup. Organ advancement Reflectance spectra for that flowers of several types of rose. A red rose absorbs about 99.seven% of sunshine across a broad place beneath the crimson wavelengths on the spectrum, resulting in an exceptionally pure red. Most genes central in this model belong to your MADS-box genes and they are transcription components that regulate the expression on the genes unique for each floral organ. Floral perform Most individuals have tiny contact with the massive, significant, waxy pollen grains of this sort of flowering plants mainly because this kind of pollen isn't carried by wind but by insects which include butterflies and bees. Seed dispersal While There exists only tricky proof of this sort of flowers about a hundred and forty million a long time back,[twenty five][26] You can find some circumstantial evidence of flowers approximately 250 million several years in the past. A chemical employed by vegetation to protect their flowers, oleanane, has become detected in fossil plants that outdated, such as gigantopterids,[27] which developed at that time and bear lots of the features of contemporary, flowering vegetation, even though they don't seem to be known for being flowering vegetation them selves, simply because only their stems and prickles are already observed preserved in detail; one of several earliest samples of petrification. These kinds of diagrams might show significant functions of flowers, including the relative positions of the varied organs, including the existence of fusion and symmetry, and structural facts.[7] Development Vegetation are unable to shift from a person location to a different, thus numerous flowers have evolved to entice animals to transfer pollen among folks in dispersed populations. Flowers that are insect-pollinated are identified as entomophilous; literally "insect-loving" in Greek. Androecium (from Greek andros oikia: guy's house): another whorl (often multiplied into numerous whorls), consisting of models identified as stamens. Stamens include two parts: a stalk termed a filament, topped by an anther where pollen is made by meiosis and sooner or later dispersed. The acquainted calla lily is not an individual flower. It is actually an inflorescence of little flowers pressed with each other on the central stalk which is surrounded by a large petal-like bract. In pursuing this attractant from lots of flowers of a similar species, the pollinator transfers pollen to the stigmas—organized with equally pointed precision—of all the flowers it visits. Quite a few flowers depend upon straightforward proximity amongst flower components to be certain pollination. Others, including the Sarracenia or Girl-slipper orchids, have elaborate patterns to make certain pollination while blocking self-pollination. A yellow rose will mirror about five% of blue mild, developing an unsaturated yellow (a yellow using a diploma of white in it). Recent DNA Assessment (molecular systematics)[23] displays that Amborella trichopoda, located around the Pacific island of New Caledonia, is the one species inside the sister group to the remainder of the flowering plants, and morphological studies suggest that it's attributes which may are characteristic of the earliest flowering vegetation.[24] [14] Many perennial and many biennial vegetation involve vernalization to flower. The molecular interpretation of those signals is from the transmission of a fancy sign generally known as florigen, which includes various genes, which includes CONSTANS, FLOWERING LOCUS C and FLOWERING LOCUS T. Florigen is created from the leaves in reproductively favorable situations and acts in buds and increasing tricks to induce a number of various physiological and morphological modifications.[fifteen] Two higher-class teenage girls in suburban Connecticut rekindle their unlikely friendship after years of escalating apart. Collectively, they hatch a program to solve the two of their troubles-it doesn't matter what the cost. previous son Luke is remaining introduced from rehab and moves in as well. Luke statements that years in the past he was molested by his Trainer Will, and when they run into Will within the bowling alley, they determine that justice should be served. Did Will molest Luke? more info What becomes of Erica and Luke? At this time we are fifteen min, in the movie but to let you know extra of your plot would spoil your viewing experience, you may just have to eee on your own the way it all performs out. Leave a Reply
Wellness – My Most Valuable Tips Advantages of Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP) NLP or also known as neuro-linguistic programming, is a technique used by the therapists like psychiatrists, counselors, hypnotherapist and physicians to modify a behavior. NLP is a tool that helps to supplement a positive change in the behavior of a person. NLP approaches the communication and personal development of an individual focusing specifically on the mind affecting the body and the behavior as well. Visualizations are being introduced to the client, to be able to be guided to a positive change in the behavior. There are a lot of benefits of NLP including the improvement of memory and focus, weight loss, anxiety reduction and lie detection. To know more about NLP, here are the amazing benefits of it. NLP helps you to lose weight. NLP helps to modify people’s behavior with food, like how much they eat or how many times they do exercises. The mind is powerful in a way that it is affecting the appetite as well. If your behavior towards food has been changed, there would be a successful loss of weight. NLP helps to balance a person’s mood, especially those individuals who are experiencing depression and bipolarity. NLP helps to provide a positive personal change of a client making them healthy and balanced. NLP helps you to avoid your bad habits. If you are someone who is sick of doing all the bad habits and have a hard time avoiding it, NLP will be the one to help you for replacing your bad habits with the good habits only. If you are doing bad habits like eating unhealthy foods or drinking alcohol, NLP is a great tool to help you to stay away from those bad habits of yours. Read here and discover more about this service. These are the astounding advantages NLP towards the positive change of human behavior. If you know that you are someone who wants your bad behavior be changed into a more positive and productive attitude, you should consider NLP in achieving your goals for yourself and have a healthy mental state. View here for more information.
Computer science book Rated 3/5 based on 39 review Computer science book Comprehensive up-to-date notes & study material on computer science for computer science study material for cbse (ugc lists/computer-science-book-listhtml. R programming for data science in the world can instantly buy your ebook from leanpub, and read it on their computer, if you publish your book on leanpub,. Free computer books, free mathematics books, directory of online free computer, programming, engineering, mathematics, technical. Freshers: preparing to study computer science all students taking a computer science paper should complete this book is absolutely relevant for computer. Ap’s high school computer science a course is a rigorous, college-level class that provides an opportunity to gain the skills and experience colleges recognize. Leading-edge data from award-winning books and ebooks, online references and tools in computer science browse our catalog. Buy my revision notes aqa gcse computer science computing fundamentals uk ed by steve cushing (isbn: 9781444193862) from amazon's book store everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Introduction to programming in java : (including computer science), the book also can be used for self-study or as a prospective computer science majors,. Discover the best computer science in best sellers find the top 100 most popular items in amazon books best sellers. Computer science is an experimental science that offers a rigorous and practical problem-solving discipline, which, as a methodology, can be applied to all walks of life if we suppose that many natural phenomena are in effect computations, the study of computer science can tell us about the kinds. Btec nationals computing (2016 and 2017) specification book training and cpd tim brady computer science and ict subject advisor uk:. Here, you'll find everything you need to prepare for the changes to gcse computer science from 2016, including our draft specification and sample assessment materials which we've submitted to ofqual for accreditation. Cbse, class ix computer science science with important questions and answers for all chapters in book for class 9 computer science as per syllabus issued by. Download computer sciences books for free all formats available for pc, mac, ebook readers and other mobile devices large selection and many more categories to. Read more about what students learn in computer science -- part of the international baccalaureate® diploma programme. A website and digital textbook to support gcse computing / computer science students available as an online flip book and as a downloadable pdf the textbook has been designed to support the aqa and ocr gcse computer science courses. Foundations of computation is a textbook for a one semester introductory course in theoretical computer science computer scientist: learning book is about. Millions of books at your fingertips on google play books read the latest novels, comics, textbooks, romance and more on your phone, tablet, or computer. Master computer science basics in this introductory python and cs course you'll learn computer science by building your own search engine and social network. Online bookseller specialising in computer books features online catalogue and search facility established in 1985. Essential books of computer science you need a basic theory book, (ie this felt more like 5-7 computer science books to bring to a desert island. Download science textbooks books for free this is a free book for students who have a study of specific computer control algorithms, a. Our textbook computer science [amazon pearson informit] is an interdisciplinary approach to the traditional cs1 curriculum with java we teach the classic elements of programming, using an objects-in-the-middle approach that emphasizes data abstraction we motivate each concept by examining. 3 recommended reading •this course doesnt follow any particular book exactly, but any of the following are useful: –computer organization & design (4th ed), patterson and hennessy, morgan kaufmann 2008. Free computer science ebooks,free computer science ebooks download,computer science online, microsoft windows programming, cisco certification books. Ap’s high school computer science principles course is a college-level class that provides an opportunity to gain the skills and experience colleges recognize. computer science book Access computer science guided textbook solutions and 24/7 study help from chegg get help now. Download 2018. Term Papers.
What is system analysis and design or (SAD)? system analysis and design Its hard to imagine life today without computers. Virtually any transaction that takes place today, whether it is on a personal level or for business, it is safe to say that computers are involved. However, in order for computers to work properly, there are several things that need to come together. One of them is software. In order to create software, they will need system analysis and design or (SAD). When someone says systems analysis and design, there are three things happening here as the words show. As far as systems are concerned, it is a collection of procedures put in place to do a specific activity. read more
methanal (HCHO) Methanal (HCHO) is a colorless, acidic, toxic gas, also known as formaldehyde. Methanal is the simplest and most reactive of the aldehydes, and the aldehyde derivative of formic acid. It was discovered in 1867 by Augustus von Hofmann. Methanal is made by catalytic air oxidation of methanol vapor or of natural gas. Methanal gas is unstable and is usually stored as its aqueous solution (35–40% methanal), formalin, which is used as a disinfectant and preservative for biological specimens; on keeping, formalin deposits a polymer, polyoxymethylene (paraformaldehyde), which regenerates methanal on heating. Methanal is condensed with urea and phenols to make plastics, with ammonia to give hexamethylenetetramine (a urinary antiseptic also used to make RDX), and with ethanal (acetaldehyde) to give penaerithrytol and hence PETN. It is also used in tanning and textile manufacture. relative molecular mass 30.0 density relative to water 0.82 (at -20°C) melting point -92°C (-133.6°F) boiling point -19°C (-2.2°F)
1.1 — Structure of a program Here are some examples of different types of expressions: Libraries and the C++ Standard Library Taking a look at a sample program Line 2 is blank, and is ignored by the compiler. (Note: If you want to compile this program yourself, you can. Reminder to Visual Studio users, you will need to ensure precompiled headers are turned off, or else add #include “stdafx.h” (or #include “pch.h” if using the latest versions of Visual Studio 2017) to the first line of any C++ code file written in Visual Studio) Syntax and syntax errors Visual studio produces the following error: 4) What is a syntax error? Quiz Answers 1) Show Solution 2) Show Solution 3) Show Solution 4) Show Solution 1.2 -- Comments A few common C++ problems 261 comments to 1.1 — Structure of a program • Akshit S So after execution of our program, compiler returns a value to the OS indicating whether or not our program was successfully compiled and executed. But, here we are already specifying a return value (in the above case, '0'). We forcefully want our compiler to tell our OS that there wasn't any error in our program. Shouldn't this job be handled by compiler itself, instead of user specifying a return value? • Alex At the end of execution of our program, the program returns a value to the OS (not the compiler). Typically, things happen in this order: * Programmer writes code. * Programmer uses compiler to compile code into an executable. (The compiler's job is done at this point) * User runs executable. * Executable returns a code to the OS to indicate whether the executable ran successfully. The compiler generally won't even be running when the executable is running (unless you're debugging). • Xola Hi how can I gt the minGw compiler, currently m using turbo C++ It's quite tricky to work with. • Amir Hello.I am From Iran and in my University I Learned the Python very well. but dont teach the c++. this Site is very Special and very good. thanks for all your difficulty. • Sind int x; This tells the compiler that x is a variable Does this mean, memory is allocated for variable x when variable x is declared? What exactly is the difference between declaration and definition? • Alex Really good question about the difference between declaration and definition. The easiest way to think about it is as follows: * A declaration introduces an object object (function, variable, etc...) and it's type. A function prototype is an example of a declaration. A declaration is enough to satisfy the compiler. You can have multiple declarations for the same object. * A definition actually defines that object. A function with a body is an example of a definition. A definition is needed to satisfy the linker. There can only be one definition for an object. In many cases, a single line serves as both the declaration and definition. For example, "int x" is a declaration AND a definition. Memory is allocated at the point of instantiation, which is when the object (variable) is actually created. This point can vary depending on where the variable is. For example, if a variable lives inside a function, the variable won't be created (and memory assigned) until that function executes. • John Zulauf First, remember that the declaration is purely semantic. You have a name that logically associates with a type and a value. What the compiler does will vary. See the section on build configurations above. For "debug" builds, variables local to a function are typically given memory when first assigned a value. That memory is only present for as long as the variable is in scope (i.e. code is executing within the {} the variable was defined in, and then is subject to reuse. For release builds, typically the compliers optimizer is enabled -- and all bets are off. Local variables (those that are part of a function) are not guaranteed to have any memory is allocated. Depending on how x is used, x may only ever exist inside a CPU register and never be stored to memory. Other optimizations might collapse all logical operations on x to a logically equivalent set of instructions that don't ever have any of the values that x would logically take on. Debugging release builds can be a serious pain, and bugs that only exist in release builds are among the most pernicious. • Maria very nice working........... • Joseph H I just started with the tutorial yesterday and completed my first program! I am in HS and want to learn c++ because I want to be a computer programmer! Thank you this is all good and if you have any tips for me or other codes I can learn online please comment!!! 🙂 • Ali 1 Thanks for this site owner's • thanks for every one who do this site thanx much • plus minus Why we need operators? • Alex Operators provide a convenient and concise way for us to get different things to interact. Take for example "3 + 4". The + operator adds 3 and 4 to produce the result 7. With cout << "Hello world", the << operator takes "Hello world" and gives it to cout to print on the screen. Without the << operator, the compiler wouldn't know whether "Hello world" was meant to interact with cout or something else. • ballooneh Hey there! I am wondering what "int" does in "int main()". What does it do and when do i use it? I also read somewhere that you can use "void" instead of "int". What does "void" mean and what does it do? • pmc24 Consistency issue. For beginners, the move from using namespace std; might be confusing. Hence I suggest amending the example code accordingly, or leaving a note at the end of the tutorial highlighting the interchangeability feature of the two. • betefeel I started doing some things on my own hehehe int main() int x; int y; int d; int f; x = 5; y = 5; d = x + y; f = d + d; using namespace std; cout << x + y << endl; cout << f << endl; return 0; • Umair I think this one is more appropriate: • ohhh... every nice i understand! • Homesweetrichard On mac (xcode) there will be one error if you follow it exactly as shown on this page. Instead use this one int main () { using namespace std; cout << "Hello world!" << endl; return 0; Even if you have ignore white space on it will still err. So do not give "{" its own line thats bad programming on xcode. it took me a week to figure that out, because i was wondering why it wasnt "build & run" so i started to play around with spacing, after i had already asked 10 different sites why didnt this code work, turns out it does, just requires a certain spacing requirement. My guess is you cant use "{}" without telling it why its there. thats probably a bad explaination or wrong explaination. • cubbi Endl is a special symbol that moves the cursor to the next line This is incorrect. The special symbol that moves the cursor to the next line is '\n'. Abuse of std::endl for this purpose is bad practice which leads to inefficient programs. • Alex I updated the wording to be more precise: Endl is another special object that, when used in conjunction with cout, causes the cursor to move to the next line (and ensures that anything that precedes it is printed on the screen immediately). You are correct that overuse of std::endl can cause performance issues in cases where flushing the buffer has a performance cost, such as when writing to disk. I made notes of this in lesson 13.6 -- Basic File I/O, where I talk about buffering and flushing in more detail. • Plz explain using namesapace std; in more understandable manner alex sir. • Adam Sinclair using namespace std; is basically using "std" throughout the entire code. Instead of writing std::cout:: << "Hello World!" << std::endl; or something like that. You won't have to include all that "std::" if you have using namespace std; • Met very good website this. thanks to the Admin of this website and the people who made this possiable to us. Great lessons thanks again • chris03653837 you gys need to stop smoking bad weed, the code is fine. • IsNe When i code i place the: at the top it still works, isn't that more convinient? or is there a reason for placing it inside each and every function • Alex It's more convenient perhaps, but also more dangerous. If you put the using namespace std; statement at the top of your code, it applies to everything in the file. This increases the chance of naming collisions. Generally, it's better to either put the using statement in each function that needs it, or call cout directly using the scope resolution operator (e.g. std::cout). • venne • vishvesh It would be good if you could explain the difference between functions and methods. • Alex A method and a function are essentially the same thing. In C++, we usually use the term function when the function is independent of an object, and method (or more commonly, member function) when the function is part of an object/class. • Ray Wow ur teaching or tutorial here is much better than my teacher. I'm currently studying engineering with c++ as a module but till now i nvr knew the true meaning of 0 at the return 0. • Noha Is there any explanation about the structure of Standard Template Library (STL)in this site? • The Leading Man • I have Visual C++ 2005 Express Edition, but my lines aren't numbered. Why? • adam if "cout < < "Hello world!" << endl;" is a statement and "<<" is an operator what is "cout" a command? • adam is an expression a type of statement? • I'm not quite sure how to answer that. In most cases, and expression is PART of a statement. For example: "2 + 3" is an expression that evaluates to 5. x = 2 + 3 is an assignment statement that assigns the result of evaluation 2 + 3 to variable x. It is possible to have a statement that consists only of an expression. For example, the following is allowed: This expression evaluates to 5, but since the result is not used anywhere it is just discarded. • parasyte hey man very nice though you wrote " would like to use the iosteam library." in the first paragraph after "Taking a look at a sample program" • Thanks for this part of the tutorial. I found this section really helpful. Leave a Comment
Stay up-to-date with the latest reviews and thinking... Virus Hoaxes Don’t fall for a virus hoax. In this article you’ll discover what a hoax is, how they can cost money, how to stop them spreading, and how to keep your selves informed. Contact Whytec for more information. What is a hoax? Budweiser Frogs! Penpal Greetings! Give your cat a colonic! You may have received warnings about these “viruses” If you did, you have been the victim of a virus hoax. Many Helpdesks receive more calls about virus hoaxes than any individual real virus. Virus hoaxes are false reports about non-existent viruses, often claiming to do impossible things. Unfortunately some recipients occasionally believe a hoax to be a true virus warning and may take drastic action (such as shutting down their network or not using their PC). Typically, hoaxes are emails which describe a dangerous new undetectable virus, usually using bogus technical terms. Hoaxes often ask you to avoid reading or downloading emails that have a particular subject line. Examples include Budweiser Frogs, It Takes Guts to Say Jesus, and Join the Crew. For instance, the Good Times hoax claims to put your computer’s CPU in “an nth-complexity infinite binary loop which can severely damage the processor”. The hoax warns you not to read or download anything with the subject “Good Times” because the message is a virus. It then urges you to forward the warning to as many people as possible. To the technically aware this is clearly rubbish. How do hoaxes cost money? Although no official research has been done on the subject, it is estimated that hoaxes can cost you even more than a genuine virus incident. After all, no anti-virus will detect hoaxes because they aren’t viruses. Some companies panic when they receive a hoax virus warning and assume the worst – making the situation much worse. The amount of email that a typical hoax can generate is also a cost to organisations. Once a few people in your company have received a warning and mailed it to all their friends and colleagues, a mail overload can easily result. How to prevent hoaxes from spreading in your company. Your company may like to consider circulating a policy on virus hoaxes to your staff, in an attempt to reduce the costs involved. Here is an example policy you could use: You shall not forward any virus warnings of any kind to anyone other than [insert name of the department or staff member who looks after anti-virus issues]. It doesn’t matter if the virus warnings have come from an anti-virus vendor or been confirmed by any large computer company or your best friend. All virus warnings should be sent to [insert name], and [insert name] alone. It is [insert name]’s job to send round all virus warnings, and a virus warning which comes from any other source should be ignored. Keep yourself informed. Whytec can provide a number of resources which can help reduce the costs associated with virus hoaxes. If you are concerned that a specific mailing might be a hoax get in touch before you forward to everyone you know.
Trivia: How much do you know about St. Patrick's Day? EMBED </>More Videos You think you know St. Patrick's day, but you have no idea. ABC News quizzed New Yorkers on their Irish holiday history. (KTRK) St. Patrick's Day is widely celebrated in the United States, but how well do you really know St. Patrick's Day? ABC News quizzed people about the holiday's history in New York City's Central Park. You can test your knowledge by taking the interactive quiz below: Questions in the quiz include: Where was St. Patrick, also know as Maewyn Succat, born? What was banned in Ireland on St. Patrick's Day until the 1970s? In what American city was the holiday first celebrated? What is the theory behind why green is the color of St. Patrick's Day? Legend has it St. Patrick drove what out of Ireland? *BONUS QUESTION: What's the traditional Irish dish served on St. Patrick's Day? Related Topics: societySt. Patrick's Day (Copyright ©2018 ABC News Internet Ventures.)
ChristianAnswers.Net WebBible Encyclopedia What is… also known as: Beth-el Hebrew: בֵּית אֵל ——transliterations: Beth El, Beth-El, Bet El, Beit El Latin: Bethel Meaning: house of El; house of God This is the name of a significant ancient city, a nearby mountain, and a Judean town. 1. Bethel, a place in Central Israel, about 10 miles north of Jerusalem, at the head of the pass of Michmash and Ai. Bethel was originally the royal Canaanite city of Luz (Genesis 28:19). The name Bethel was at first apparently given to the sanctuary in the neighborhood of Luz, and was not given to the city itself till after its conquest by Ephraim. When Abram entered Canaan, he formed his 2nd encampment between Bethel and Hai (Genesis 12:8); and on his return from Egypt he came back to it, and again “called upon the name of the Lord” (13:4). In troublous times the people went to Bethel to ask counsel of God (Judges 20:18, 31; 21:2). Location of Bethel—satellite view 2. Mount Bethel is a hilly district near Bethel (Joshua 16:1; 1 Samuel 13:2). 3. Bethel, a town in the south of Judah (Joshua 8:17; 12:16) Article Version: December 22, 2017
Jiao Yu From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search An illustration of a fragmentation bomb from the Huolongjing. The black dots represent iron pellets. Depiction of a fire arrow rocket launcher from the Huolongjing Essentially a fire lance on a frame, the 'multiple bullets magazine eruptor' shoots lead shots, which are loaded in a magazine and fed into the barrel when turned around on its axis. Jiao Yu (Chinese: 焦玉; pinyin: Jiāo Yù; Wade–Giles: Chiao Yü) was a Chinese military officer, philosopher, and writer of the Ming dynasty under Zhu Yuanzhang, who founded the dynasty and became known as the Hongwu Emperor. He was entrusted by Zhu as a leading artillery officer for the rebel army that overthrew the Mongol Yuan dynasty, and established the Ming Dynasty.[1] As a senior adviser and general, he was later appointed to the venerable and noble status of the Count of Dongning.[2] He edited and wrote a famous military treatise that outlined the use of Chinese military technology during the mid 14th century based on his military campaign of 1355 AD.[1] However, descriptions of some gunpowder weapons in his treatise derive from Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD) materials on battles against the Khitans, Jurchens and Mongols. His Huolongjing, translated as the Fire Drake Manual, contains descriptions of fire arrows, fire lances, grenades, firearms, bombards, cannons, exploding cannonballs, land mines, naval mines, rockets, rocket launchers, two-stage rockets, and various gunpowder solutions including poisonous concoctions. Life and career[edit] Jiao Yu was an aspiring scholar in his youth, however his studies had limited practical value under the ruling Mongol dynasty, since they had restricted the number of Chinese accepted into government service. Before Jiao Yu took up the cause against the ruling Mongols over China, he had met an adept Daoist intellect living in the Tiantai Mountain known as Chichi Daoren (the "Knowing-when-to-stop Daoist").[3] Like Jiao Yu, Daoren accepted the teachings of Confucius and Mencius, but in military affairs Jiao was convinced that he had inherited the skill of the ancient Sun Tzu.[3] After Jiao Yu became his protege, Daoren urged Yu to join the cause of Zhu Yuanzhang's rebellion.[4] Daoren had also shared with him various literary works on 'fire-weapons' and their recorded uses in battle.[4] After joining his ranks, Jiao Yu became one of Zhu Yuanzhang's trusted confidants in the Red Turban Rebellion against the Yuan dynasty. Zhu was impressed with Jiao's knowledge of firearms which he had earlier acquired from Daoren, yet Zhu wanted to test their abilities. Zhu ordered his officer Xu Da to provide a demonstration of their destructive capabilities, and after the display Zhu Yuanzhang was most impressed with their power.[4] With the aid of Jiao's 'fire-weapons', Zhu's army, once stationed in Hezhou among a plethora of different rebel groups in surrounding towns, conquered Jingzhou and Xiangzhou in one expedition. In the second expedition the provinces of Jiang and Zhe, and in the third campaign the entire province of Fujian was taken, including its surrounding waterways.[2] After this, Zhu's army captured the whole of Shandong in one campaign, strengthening his base while the authority of the Mongol regime at Beijing was collapsing all around.[2] Zhu finally drove the Mongols north in 1367, establishing a new capital at Nanjing soon after while Beijing became the secondary capital. After the successful rebellion and establishment of Zhu Yuanzhang as the Ming dynasty's new Hongwu Emperor, Jiao was charged with manufacturing firearms for the government.[4] Jiao was eventually appointed as the head officer of the enormous Shen Zhi Ying Armory, where multitudes of manufactured guns and artillery were deposited for storage and safekeeping.[4] Proper maintenance and safety measures for gunpowder arsenals were taken very seriously during Jiao's time due to the memory of previous disasters during the Song Dynasty, such as Prime Minister Zhao Nanchong's personal arsenal catching fire and exploding in 1260 AD,[5] alongside the monumental disaster of the enormous Weiyang arsenal accidentally catching fire in 1280 AD and killing more than 100 people.[6] With Zhu Yuanzhang in power over the government, he established various production facilities in the capital at Nanjing for the manufacture of gunpowder and fire-weapons, stored in various arsenals throughout the country.[4] The Hongwu Emperor established a new Gunpowder Department in the central administration of the capital.[2] Jiao Yu placed a lot of emphasis on the importance of fire-weapons, as he once wrote in a preface to his book, "the very existence or destruction of the Empire, and the lives of the whole armed forces depend on the exact timing of these weapons. This is what fire-weapons are all about."[3] Along with the scholar, general, and court adviser Liu Bowen (1311–1375), Jiao Yu became an editor of the 14th century military treatise known as the Huolongjing (Fire Drake Manual).[7] The Nanyang publication of the book, known as the Huolongjing Quanzhi (Fire Drake Manual in One Complete Volume) featured a preface written by Jiao Yu much later in 1412 AD. Both publications falsely attributed the earliest passages of the book to the ancient Chinese Prime Minister Zhuge Liang (181-234 AD) of the Shu Han,[7] even though gunpowder warfare did not exist in China until the advent of the gunpowder-fuse-ignited flamethrower (Pen Huo Qi) in the 10th century.[8] The oldest passages found in the Huolongjing were collected from sources no earlier than circa 1270 AD.[9] Although Jiao Yu's biography does not appear in the History of Ming (1739), Yu was mentioned in Zhao Shizhen's Shenqipu (1598 AD), He Rubin's Binglu (1606 AD), and Jiao Xu's Zekelu (1643 AD).[4] His text Huolongjing was reprinted in the 19th century, during the late Qing Dynasty.[7] The Huolongjing[edit] The Huolongjing (Chinese: 火龍神器陣灋), compiled and edited by Jiao Yu and Liu Zhi, outlined the use of many different gunpowder weapons found in China during the 14th century. It provided information for: For more, see the article on the Huolongjing. See also[edit] 1. ^ a b Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 26. 2. ^ a b c d Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 31. 3. ^ a b c Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 29. 4. ^ a b c d e f g Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 27. 5. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 209. 6. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 209-210. 7. ^ a b c Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 25. 8. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 82. 9. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 24. 10. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, pp. 180–187. 11. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, p. 183. 12. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, pp. 153–154. 13. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, pp. 192–196. 14. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, pp. 203–205. 15. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, p. 229. 16. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, pp. 314–325. 17. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, p. 264. 18. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, p. 459. 19. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 489. 20. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, p. 508. 21. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, pp. 498–503. External links[edit]
Tiliqua scincoides From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Tiliqua scincoides Tiliqua scincoides tongue.jpg Scientific classification e Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Family: Scincidae Genus: Tiliqua Species: T. scincoides Binomial name Tiliqua scincoides (White, 1790) 3, see text Tiliqua scincoides (common blue-tongued skink,[1] common bluetongue[2]) is a species of skink in the genus Tiliqua. It is native to Australia as well as to the Tanimbar and Babar Islands in the Maluku Province of Indonesia.[2] There are three subspecies:[2] This is a large terrestrial lizard measuring up to 40 centimetres long and 700 grams in mass. It has a stout body and short legs.[1] It is variable in color but generally has a banded pattern. The tongue is blue-violet[3] to cobalt blue in color.[4] This lizard is diurnal, active during the day. It is omnivorous.[1] It is ovoviviparous, the eggs hatching inside the female's body; she then gives birth to 5 to 25 live young per litter.[3] This species is known to live over 30 years. It is an adaptable animal, often finding habitat in urban and suburban areas, including residential areas of Sydney.[1] The lizard is considered beneficial in these areas, with its appetite for garden pests such as slugs and snails.[3] When threatened it may hiss and reveal its blue tongue, startling potential predators. It has strong jaws and can deliver a damaging bite.[3] 1. ^ a b c d Koenig, Jennifer; Shine, Richard; Shea, Glenn (2002). "The dangers of life in the city: patterns of activity, injury and mortality in suburban lizards (Tiliqua scincoides)" (PDF). Journal of Herpetology. 36 (1): 62–68. doi:10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0062:TDOLIT]2.0.CO;2. 2. ^ a b c Tiliqua scincoides at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 18 May 2017. 3. ^ a b c d Tiliqua scincoides. Australian Reptile Online Database. 4. ^ Abbate, F.; Latella, G.; Montalbano, G.; Guerrera, M. C.; Germanà, G. P.; Levanti, M. B. (2009). "The lingual dorsal surface of the blue‐tongue skink (Tiliqua scincoides)". Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia. 38 (5): 348–350. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0264.2009.00952.x.
Largest solar power plant in the Caribbean With the solar park Montecristi, the Dominican Republic is taking a leading role in renewable energies throughout the Caribbean. The solar power plant is located on an area of 2 million square meters. A total of 215,000 modules were installed, which produce an output of 58 MW. As the largest solar park in the Caribbean, the solar park Montecristi will produce around 103,000 MWh of electricity per year and will thereby be able to supply permanently up to 50,000 households with safe and clean electricity. In doing so, an important raw material of the Dominican Republic is optimally used: the sun. In the Montecristi region in particular, solar radiation and the electricity produced can be reliably planned. Montecristi Solar reflects the awakening of a new energy age. Solar energy opens up new, unprecedented opportunities and will have a lasting impact on the country's future. Information material
[PHOTOS] What Your Urine Color Says About Your Health Urine is made up of water and waste materials from your body. There are many reasons your urine can change color, such as food, drugs, poison and general health. Pale yellow is considered the normal color of urine, so anything different may be a health problem or an indication that you ate something not so great for you. Check out this gallery and see what your urine color tells you about your health. Clear urine is normal when you drink large amounts of water or other diuretics. It probably just means you are well hydrated Vibrant Yellow Urine that is a rich yellow color may indicate that you haven’t been drinking enough liquids. This deep yellow can also occur after excessive sweating. No need for alarm, just drink more fluids! Dark Yellow Dark yellow urine that is not vibrant is an indicator of a few things. Most commonly not drinking enough water. It may also indicate jaundice or liver problems. Pictured is a person with jaundice. The whites of the eyes turn yellow, too. Carrots and carrot juice (or certain medications) could be to blame for orange urine. However, this color may indicate that there is an excess of Vitamin C in your system. Simply lighten your intake of vitamin C heavy foods. Brown urine can be caused by certain foods, like fava beans or even laxatives, but it can also be a sign of a serious condition. Liver disease, melanoma cancer and hepatitis can all cause urine to have a brown tinge. So if your diet has gone unchanged recently, you may want to talk to a doctor about the color of your urine and the cause. Urinary Tract Infection UTI A urinary tract infection (UTI) or certain drugs can cause your urine to look a bit green. If your slightly green urine is also accompanied by discomfort or burning while you urinate, you should see a doctor who can diagnose you with a UTI or other condition. Calcium and Urine Urine with a slight blue tint is an indicator of high calcium levels. You can talk to your doctor about your diet or any supplements you are taking to fix this problem. Blue-ish urine can also be caused by certain bacterial infections, however, so let your doctor know as soon as you notice the color change. Red Beats and Urine Red urine can be caused by many things. Large amounts of red food dye or naturally red foods can change the color in the toilet. Red beats are notorious for this very thing. However, red urine can also indicate the presence of blood. Bloody urine can be a sign of bladder infections or serious internal injuries. If you haven’t eaten red foods lately and suspect that your urine contains blood, you should see your doctor immediately. Source: ChaCha Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
• synonyms planetary precession noun Astronomy. 1. the small component of the precession of the equinoxes contributed by the motion of the ecliptic, the change in orientation of the plane of the earth's orbit being produced by the gravitational attraction of the planets. Show More Origin of planetary precession First recorded in 1860–65
The Naming of the Shrew The Naming of the Shrew Book Event 18:00 Tuesday 29th September 2015 recent book, The Naming of the Shrew Latin names - frequently unpronounceable and always a tiny puzzle to unravel - have been perplexing the layman since they first became formalised as scientific terms in the 18th century. Why, you might ask, did anyone go to the trouble of inventing them? In his recent book, The Naming of the Shrew: A Curious History of Latin Names, John Wright FLS reveals the answer, tracing the ancient quest to organise the living things that share the planet. He reveals the beauty, meanings, frequent absurdity and essential utility of Latin names, explaining the arcane rules that govern their usage. He shines a light on such pressing questions as John Wright • Why do we call a gorilla Gorilla gorillia gorilla • When is a species not a species? • What was the entomologist Cartwright thinking when he named a scarab beetle Cartwrightia cartwrightii Cartwright? • How do you pronounce Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis? • Why, if Latin names are meant to be stable, do the damn things change all the time? • Why do taxonomist invent names such as Erica canaliculata, Pison eu, Crepidula fornicata and Amanita vaginata? Most of all, he tells their stories of the triumphs and delightful misunderstandings of the men and women who devise them. Join us tonight as John delves into The Naming of the Shrew and shines a light on the curious history of Latin names. This event is free and open to all; registration is not necessary. Tea and coffee will be served in the Library from 17:30 and a wine reception will follow. Image (c) Steve Goodwin Video Podcast
Electrical Circuits and Electric Currents Multiple Choice Questions 49 PDF Download Learn electrical circuits and electric currents MCQs, grade 7 science test 49 for learning online courses and test prep, electricity billing multiple choice questions and answers. Electricity billing revision test includes science worksheets to learn for science for 7th graders online free. Science multiple choice questions (MCQ) on consumption of amount of electrical energy depends on with choices two things, one thing, three things and four things, electricity billing quiz for competitive exam prep, summative and formative assessment interview questions with answers key. Free science study guide to learn electricity billing quiz to attempt multiple choice questions based test. MCQs on Electrical Circuits and Electric Currents Quiz PDF Download Worksheets 49 MCQ. Consumption of amount of electrical energy depends on 1. one thing 2. two things 3. three things 4. four things MCQ. Normally electric appliances have power rating 1. marked on them 2. above 100kW 3. below 1W 4. written in their booklets MCQ. When current is passed through solution of copper sulphate, copper sulphate turns into 1. atoms 2. ions 3. allotropes 4. isotopes MCQ. Keep 'TV' and other electric appliances away from 1. floors 2. wooden desks 3. wet places 4. roofs MCQ. Huge magnets are used to carry 1. scrap iron and steel 2. current in the circuit 3. ions in the breakers 4. airplanes from one airport to another
Personal loan What is the Effective Interest Rate (EIR) in a Loan? By Alevin Chan \| On November 17, 2017 \| Reading time: 5 mins stack of 50 singapore dollars To gauge the true cost of getting a personal loan, find out what the effective interest rate (EIR) is. If you’ve spent time browsing for personal loans, you’ve probably come across two sets of interest rates attached to one singular product. The attractively low advertised rate that first caught your eye is often accompanied by a much higher interest rate known as the Effective Interest Rate (EIR). You’ve probably been confused as to why the same product carries two interest rates. What is an EIR? And which one will you be charged if you decide to sign up? For that matter, why are there two different rates, even if factors such as loan amount and duration remain the same? What is the Advertised Rate? The advertised rate (also known as nominal rate) is the interest the bank charges you on the sum you borrow. Note that there are different ways to calculate the advertised rates, and different methods are used for different products. What is the Effective Interest Rate or EIR? The EIR reflects the true cost of borrowing to the consumer. Why is the EIR Higher Than the Advertised Rate? You are familiar with the concept of interest – you pay back a higher amount than the sum you borrowed, with the difference being the interest charged. The interest charged, expressed as a percentage of the loan amount, is the nominal interest rate. However, banks charge a variety of fees on the services they offer, such as administrative fees, which are added to the interest charged on your loan. This increases the amount you have to pay back in total. Because you are now paying back a higher amount, your interest rate on your loan becomes higher. This higher interest rate is the one you have to pay – i.e., it is your effective interest rate. Which is why the EIR is always higher than the advertised rate. Are Banks Being Deceitful by Advertising the Nominal Rate? Not really. You see, the nominal rate is the interest charged on the amount you want to borrow. It is not inaccurate to advertise it as such. However, because of the payment of fees and charges, the interest rate on your loan becomes different from what was advertised, as explained above. Should I Choose the Lowest EIR? You should definitely pay attention to the EIR if you are serious about taking that loan. Remember that the EIR gives you a much better indication of the true cost of borrowing. However, you should not automatically go for the option with the lowest EIR. This is because the EIR can change according to how the product is structured and the loan amount. Consider a Balance Transfer with the following terms: Advertised rate: 0% Loan period: 6 months One-time processing fee: S$150 Scenario 1 Balance transfer amount: S$5,000 EIR: 3% Scenario 2 Balance transfer amount: S$10,000 EIR: 1.5% As you can see, the EIR is vastly different between the two scenarios. Going for the lower EIR might strand you with a large outstanding balance at the end of the interest-free period, saddling you with high-interest rates. How Can I Find Out What the EIR Is? According to the Code of Advertising Practice for Banks, the EIR is mandatory so consumers can be aware of the true cost of borrowing. This means that banks and financial lenders must display the EIR alongside the advertised rates. This is a good thing, as trying to calculate the EIR yourself is an exercise in madness. (Trust us, we tried.) The only exception is if the EIR does not differ from the advertised rates. If you do not see EIR listed anywhere, you can take the advertised rate at face value. But to be doubly sure, ask your bank about the EIR on the loan you are interested in before you put your signature on anything. Besides the EIR, ask also for the installment payment amount that you have to pay throughout the duration of your loan. Only proceed when you are sure you can meet the monthly payments for the entire loan tenor. You can compare personal loans on to find the one best suited to you. Not Sure Which Personal Loan to Get?

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