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slide1 n. Skip this Video Loading SlideShow in 5 Seconds.. (1500?-1542) PowerPoint Presentation Download Presentation Loading in 2 Seconds... play fullscreen 1 / 10 (1500?-1542) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation • Uploaded on Hernando De Soto. (1500?-1542). Why is De Soto Famous?. Hernando De Soto (1500?-1542) was a Spanish explorer who sailed the Atlantic Ocean and was the first European to explore Florida and the southeastern US. Hernando De Soto (1536 to 1537). Download Presentation PowerPoint Slideshow about '(1500?-1542)' - lumina Presentation Transcript Hernando De Soto why is de soto famous Why is De Soto Famous? hernando de soto 1536 to 1537 Hernando De Soto(1536 to 1537) De Soto returned to Spain in 1536, was granted the rights to conquer Florida and was named governor of Cuba in 1537. This is an early 1500’s map of Florida and Cuba. De Soto brought Spaniards, dogs and horses with him. european explorer ships European Explorer Ships These ships were used by Spanish Explorers. what else did de soto do What else did De Soto Do? The Spanish Conquistador,Francisco Pizarro, hired de Soto to go on an expedition to Peru (1531-1532). During this expedition they met and killed Atahualpa, the ruler of the Incas, and conquered the Incan empire.De Soto became extremely rich! Francisco Pizarro Hernando De Soto Pizarro and De Soto conquering the Incan Empire de soto 1539 De Soto (1539) In May 1539, de Soto and his expedition of 570 men and women arrived near present-day Tampa. His exact route is unknown, but his party became the first Europeans to penetrate the Southeast during a remarkable trek through what is now Florida, central Georgia, the Carolinas, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, and Arkansas. They were looking for gold and silver. what happened to hernando de soto What happened to Hernando De Soto? In the spring of 1541, De Soto traveled due north through Kentucky and Indiana: his scouts went as far as Chicago. Finding no gold or silver, De Soto retreated southwestward through Illinois, Missouri then into Arkansas for winter. On May 21, 1542, he died at Lake Village, Arkansas. His body was placed in the Mississippi River. His army fled to Mexico. drawings made by european explorers Drawings made by European Explorers The glass window in a New World Church - 1580 New World Maps Were Made and Shared in Europe. Native American Village color plates of the new world from theodore de bry Color Plates of the New World from Theodore de Bry Native American Slaves working for Spaniards. Spanish Conquistadors hernando de soto review Hernando De Soto Review Question: What is De Soto famous for? Answer: He was the first European to explore Florida and SE U.S. Question: De Soto was governor of ? Answer: Cuba Question: What did Pizarro and De Soto do in Peru that made them extremely wealthy? Answer: They conquerored the Incan Empire. Question: After De Soto became governor, he took a group of Spaniards on an expedition through the SE U.S. What were they looking for? Answer: gold and silver
Hydronephrosis results from dilation or stretching of the inside of the kidney. This part of the kidney is called the "collecting system" because the urine made in the solid outer part of the kidney collects in the funnel-shaped kidney pelvis and then drains down the ureters to the bladder. Normally, the urine drains so well from the kidney to the bladder that no urine is visible in the kidney on ultrasound studies. Hydronephrosis is the term used to describe the extra urine seen in the kidney. Sometimes, the urine dilates both the kidney and the ureter resulting in a condition called hydroureternephrosis. Hydronephrosis has not been linked to anything parents may have done during pregnancy, but it can be hereditary. Usually, these abnormalities are seen during the mother's prenatal ultrasound evaluation. In some cases, however, hydronephrosis may not be recognized until after birth or later in childhood. We know that there are several causes of hydronephrosis. Often, it results from a narrowing at the point where the ureter leaves the kidney. This condition is called ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJ obstruction). The hydronephrosis depends on the extent of the blockage and the amount of stretching of the kidney. Hydronephrosis ranges from mild to moderate to severe. The cause of this narrowing is not currently known but probably develops before the fourth month of pregnancy. A second cause of hydronephrosis is reflux or the backward flow of urine from the bladder back up into the ureters and kidneys. This condition may be hereditary and is a common cause of serious urinary tract infections in children. Blockage at the lower end of the ureter is another cause of hydronephrosis and hydroureter. The ureter may enter the bladder in an abnormal area or may be covered with a thin membrane that prevents the drainage of urine into the bladder. The exact cause of the obstruction may not be known until special tests are performed. What should I expect if my newborn has hydronephrosis? Your child's pediatrician will need to be told that your baby was diagnosed with hydronephrosis before birth. In the first days of life, your baby’s urinary tract will be studied with an ultrasound to look more carefully at the kidneys and bladder. After this is done, your child's pediatrician will ask a pediatric urologist to evaluate your baby. This consultation may happen before your baby goes home from the hospital or one to two weeks later in the Comer Children's pediatric urology clinic. Your baby will need to take a low dose of antibiotic once a day to prevent infection until the exact cause of the hydronephrosis is known. In the first two weeks of life, your baby will undergo a special bladder X-ray called a voiding cystourethrogram (if needed). During this study, a small tube is placed into the bladder through the urethra. Our pediatric radiologist will fill the bladder with a special dye and watch as your baby urinates. If your baby has reflux, the radiologist will see the urine go backwards from the bladder to the kidneys as the bladder fills or as the baby urinates. At the end of the study, the bladder tube will be removed and your baby will urinate out the remaining dye. Some babies will need an additional test called a kidney or renal scan to determine how well the kidney drains and how well it functions. This will be done when the baby is 6 to 8 weeks old. If the drainage from the kidney is slow because of UPJ obstruction, your baby will require careful follow up with additional ultrasounds every two months in the first year of his or her life. Some conditions causing hydronephrosis will need to be corrected with surgery. In some cases, the pediatric urologist will operate through a small telescope placed into your baby’s bladder while the baby is still very young. Early relief of an obstruction in the bladder or ureter will allow your baby’s urinary tract to heal and develop normally. Children with VUR have an abnormal urine flow. Normally, urine flows down from the kidneys through tubes called ureters into the bladder. In VUR, the urine can back up from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys. Sometimes, VUR is caused by a birth defect — specifically, a leaky valve between the ureter and bladder. As a child gets older, the valve may begin to work normally, so VUR may disappear. But sometimes it doesn't. In other children, VUR may be caused by something that blocks the urine flow from the bladder. For example, a child’s habit of "holding in" the urine can sometimes cause VUR. VUR tends to run in families and most often affects girls. Typically, a urinary tract infection is the most common sign of VUR in infants and young children. VUR can lead to infection because bacteria can build up in the urine that doesn't empty from the bladder. This infection can then move up into the kidneys. Older children may have other symptoms, such as bedwetting and high blood pressure. Imaging tests can help doctors determine if there is a problem with the urinary tract. Some of these tests include: • Ultrasound, which uses sound waves to check the kidney and bladder • Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), which is a special bladder X-ray that checks the flow of urine. This test is conducted by a pediatric radiologist, who will insert a small tube into the urethra and fill your child's bladder with a special dye. If your child has VUR, the radiologist will see the dye flow backwards up toward the kidneys as the bladder fills or as your child urinates. These tests can help doctors determine the severity of VUR, which is rated from grade I (very mild) to grade V (very severe). Without medical attention, VUR can cause infections that move into the kidneys and cause scars. This can permanently damage the kidneys. Fortunately, there are medical and surgical approaches to treating VUR that can help prevent this. At Comer Children's, children receive comprehensive treatment for VUR from our highly trained pediatric urologist. Some children may only need conservative management. They will require a daily low-dose of antibiotics until they are age 3 to 5 years. This will help prevent urinary tract infections. They'll also need regular imaging tests. If children have started or finished potty training, they will also take part in bladder retraining. Comer Children's is home to a well-respected bladder clinic, where children undergo a customized program that helps them learn dietary changes and new behaviors to prevent infections. Under the guidance of a nurse practitioner, children learn how to empty their bladder on a schedule and avoid holding their urine. When conservative treatment fails or is not the preferred option, children have access to the latest surgical therapies available at Comer Children's. This includes a minimally invasive approach to VUR. During this outpatient procedure, the child receives general anesthesia. Then, our pediatric urologist places a small tube through the urethra and into the bladder. The doctor injects a safe, nontoxic gel into the bladder wall, near where the ureters join the bladder. This gel forms a bulge that helps prevent urine from flowing back up into the ureter. Research shows that this treatment has a 70 to 80 percent cure rate with one injection and this could be safely repeated, if needed, to reach a 100 percent cure rate. Robotic surgery is an option for all grades of VUR, but endoscopic correction is still the best for low grades I-III and it has a role in high grade (IV-V) VUR treatment instead of open surgery. The advantages of the robotic approach are the avoidance of large surgical scars, minimal pain and a faster recovery. The success rate is almost equal to open surgery — 95 percent. Traditional, or open surgery, is another approach, but typically only for higher grades IV or V. This type of surgery has a higher success rate than the minimally invasive approach. However, it is more invasive. The doctor will make an incision in the lower abdomen and move the ureter to a different angle so that urine will not back up from the bladder. Some of the most common pediatric urological problems — anomalies in the kidney (UPJ, duplex kidney) and bladder (VUR, neurogenic bladder) — occur during fetal development. Sometimes these conditions require surgical reconstruction. Mohan Gundeti, MD, is an expert in kidney reconstruction (pyeloplasty) and bladder reconstruction (cystoplasty). In most cases, these reconstructions can be done using minimally invasive procedures, including robot-assisted techniques. Some genital and bladder abnormalities like hypospadias and cloaca bladder exstrophy require open reconstruction. Others, like undescended testis, can usually be corrected laparoscopically. In addition, a multidisciplinary team offers surgical care and long-term management for children born with complex anorectal malformations.
Dealing With Canine Distemper Beyond Vaccines Yankee Shelties BBB Business Review Just like many of the illnesses we see in dogs or humans, distemper is a virus. That means antibiotics won’t touch it. It is similar to the measles virus and like the measles, a vaccine was developed way back in 1950. Which Dogs Get Distemper And How Dangerous Is It? Surprisingly, it still rears its ugly head every once in a while. How debilitating the disease is will depend on the immune status of the dog. So, once again, having your Shetland Sheepdog as healthy as possible is the best preventative. Usually the most susceptible canines are pups anywhere from about three to six months old. However, adult dogs can get it as well. There are many dogs that may contract the disease but show such minimal signs as to go unnoticed. This virus, unlike parvovirus, does not last long in the environment. It may last for a few days in warm weather and up to a few weeks in cold weather. It is also killed easily with disinfectant. Contact with the canine distemper virus is usually by airborne particles (think: dog sneezing and lots of little moist droplets floating around in the air for the next few minutes) or contact can also be with fresh body fluids of an infected dog (think: sniffing, licking, eating pee, poo, or saliva from an infected dog). What Does Canine Distemper Look Like? The first symptom is a fever a few days after coming in contact with the virusAnd how many of us would even be aware of our dog having a fever if he didn’t also show other signs? So, this can go unnoticed very easily. The fever breaks within a few days but returns in about a week. This time it comes with some respiratory issues: runny nose and eyes, cough. This could very easily be mistaken for kennel cough (which is a self limiting illness similar to the common cold in humans) except for the fact that kennel cough doesn't cause a fever. Some dogs will develop blisters on the abdomen. As the disease progresses, vomiting and diarrhea begin. A few weeks later, some, not all dogs exhibit neurological symptoms. It could be as minor as individual muscle twitching to more obvious things like a rapid chewing movement in the jaw, repetitive movements like head shaking, and more seriously, seizures. There is also the thickening of the foot pads (called hard pad disease) and nose leather. In puppies that have not had their adult teeth yet, the virus can kill the cells that make enamel and their permanent teeth will have very little or no enamel altogether. As with most viral diseases, it can cause dehydration and secondary bacterial infections (meaning that the dog has been weakened enough that a bacteria hanging around which normally would not be able to do harm can now reproduce because the dog is so sick.) Simplified Timeline Of Canine Distemper Disease Day 1: Exposure to virus Day 3-8: Fever develops Day 7-12 Fever resolves Day 8-9 immune response begins to fight the infection Day 14-19: Fever returns with coughing, sneezing, runny nose and eyes followed by neurological symptoms Day 14-35: death may occur in weakened dogs Day 60-90: new neurological symptoms may surface. Dog continues to shed the virus for a few months then is no longer contagious. Does My Sheltie Have Canine Distemper? There are a variety of tests using blood, body fluids, or obtaining urinary bladder cells for examination. The bladder is a good test as soon as fever is noted for about the first 10 days and can be checked in the vet's office. Other tests are not always reliable and your vet will take into consideration the symptoms your pup is exhibiting. A newer test (October 2007) is the IDEXX Canine Distemper test which seems more sensitive can be performed by your vet. It still has its limitations in that dogs vaccinated with the MLV (modified live vaccine) for distemper a few weeks before the test may yield a false positive. It also takes a few days to get the results. If there are only respiratory symptoms, it may or may not be distemper. IDEXX also has a “respiratory panel” test to distinguish among the variety of illnesses possible. Just a word of caution: Not every dog that throws up has canine distemper. Not every dog with a wet nose has it either. I know it can get kinda scary to think of all the bugs out there ready to pounce on us and our dogs, and we can start seeing boogeymen under the beds but a good immune system can stop the virus in its tracks. Your vet can administer IV or subcutaneous fluids for dehydration from vomiting and diarrhea, medications to calm those symptoms, and anticonvulsants for seizures. As with any virus, there is no cure, per se. The dog has to fight with its immune system to rid the body of the virus. You can have puppy vaccinations administered but be sure it is at the right time.. What Can I Do To Help My Shetland Sheepdog? If you have not yet visited the vet, these are the things you could have on hand to help: 1.) A natural antidiarrheal clay to absorb toxins, Yerba Prima Bentonite 2.) Electrolytes to replace fluids lost with vomiting and diarrhea. Pedialyte Oral Electrolyte Maintenance Powder 4.) But just in case that doesn't do the trick, I decided keeping this on hand. Colloidal Silver Plus (oral drops) as a general antibiotic, antifungal, antiviral. 5.) You can offer ginger tea to settle the stomach too. Subscribe to our mailing list * indicates required Email Format Sit! Stay! Comment!
News \| Climate change looms over future of Finnish forestry industry About 10 percent of Finland's farmed tree seedlings come from the village of Dagsmark in Kristinestad, nestled on the west coast along the Gulf of Bothnia. En man gul reflexväst går på en gång mellan tusentals granplantor i ett växthus. Mellanå Plant in western Finland has a capacity to produce some 20 million tree seedlings Forestry is a big industry in Finland and its seedling farms play a major role in keeping the sector alive because the small plants are the replacements for millions of trees felled every year. Dagsmark is home to one of Finland's biggest tree seedling farms, Mellanå Plant. The company's CEO, Rainer Bodman, explained that his facility has a capacity to produce some 20 million baby trees, providing about one-in-ten of the seedlings used to replenish Finland's industrial forests. But the busy farm has had to deal with unusual turns in the weather, particularly this year's extremely dry summer. "Our operations are very dependent on the weather and this year's extreme drought caused some difficulties in particular. We like sun and warm weather but planting of the seedlings were prematurely interrupted. Those were some of the plants that were left undelivered," Bodman said. "It was mostly land preparations that were cut short. If you don't get that work done by autumn, then it has to be done in the spring and early summer. If there's a forest fire warning issued, then of course land preps are called off. That's what happened this year - there wasn't enough prepared land to plant all the seedlings on," he explained. Mild winters force artificial solutions But summertime droughts are not the biggest problems facing tree farmers. The region's recent milder - and nearly-snowless - winters also cause problems because the trees' root systems are very sensitive to cold temperatures. "The plants that spend the winter out there need to be protected from the cold air and subzero temperatures. Normally there has been enough snow to cover the seedlings but that's not a certainty anymore. Now we have our own snow cannons which we use to cover the plants with man-made snow. But even then we have to wait until it is -10 degrees (Celsius) so the snow we make is dry enough," Bodman said. The changing climate and weather conditions over the years prompted the company to build a freezer storage facility with enough space for 10 million seedlings. Story continues after photo. Gallring intill Maxmo dansbana. File photo. "We thought that we'd bring in all of the viable plants in to the freezer storage and that none of them should spend the winter outside beneath the snow," Bodman said, saying that the move made it easier to protect the seedlings before they were delivered in the spring. The farm had plans to expand their operations but last summer's drought cut those short. "The summer cut sales and some of the plants were thrown into the compost pile. The result was that we don't plan an expansion in the near future," he said. EU seeks forestry reduction Climate change affects the forest and the forestry industry in many ways. It causes a lengthening of growth seasons but also causes a long list of major problems like forest fires, severe storms, heavy snow that tears apart trees and damaging insect infestations. Story continues after photo. Timmerstockar i Maxmo. File photo. The Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners (MTK) forestry specialist Lea Jylhä said good forest maintenance is essential to addressing weather- and climate related problems facing the industry, saying that well-managed forests are better equipped to survive hardships. "Climate change causes changes to conditions and nature and forests need to adjust to that. Extreme weather events will likely become more common and the forestry industry needs to prepare itself for that," Jylhä said. The EU - as well as some in Finland - want to limit forestry activities so that the trees can capture more carbon dioxide as a way to help the country reach its goal of becoming carbon neutral by the year 2030. Forestry: "A Finnish foundation" Seedling farm head Bodman said that Finnish forests are growing more than ever before, and it's because of the forestry industry. "When forests get old they don't grow anymore; actually the opposite, particularly when fir tree forests rot they release carbon dioxide. I really think that we should keep our forests maintained in good shape and renew them when they get too old," Bodman said. Story continues after photo. En man med gul reflexväst står mitt bland tusentals granplantor i ett växthus. Rainer Bodman in a Mellanå Plant seedling facility. He said that compared to forests in nature preserves, modern practices within the industry have contributed to larger volumes of growth in farmed forests. "If you consider that a farmed fir grows 20 percent better than a naturally-grown one, I think that we can afford to brag about the good growth. Finland's foundation is definitely the forest and the forestry industry," Bodman said. Meanwhile, Jylhä said the MTK is updating its recommendations for the industry in light of climate change. "It is not a question of radical changes, but we want to emphasise the importance of good forestry. Additionally, forests with only one species of tree should be avoided. We should have a larger variety of deciduous and hardwood trees in our forests," Jylhä said. Latest in: News Our picks
Music Therapy Helps Patients With Recovery Many people have been seeking relief for various ailments and conditions using music therapy. Professionals are starting to us different disciplines of music therapy often to help their patients and clients. It is now common for doctors, social therapists, psychologists, and even social workers to use this new age therapy. Studies have theorized that in when music therapy is combined with other disciplines of therapy improvements in patient conditions happen more rapidly. It appears music influences different parts of the brain. It can be extremely powerful for stirring emotions and social interactions. Have you ever noticed how a piece of classical music can make you cry? Do you wonder why music is always played at social gatherings and parties? These are just common instances to show how strong music’s influence on us can be. To a patient say suffering from stroke, music opens them up emotionally and helps to motivate them. Stroke victims are often depressed and unmotivated to work on their conditions. Music can get them out of their negative mood. A patient’s condition will often dictate the type of musical therapy they are involved with. Some might learn an instrument to receive positive benefits from the therapy. Others might just have specific music playing lightly in the background while they work on a physical therapy or other motor skill oriented therapy. Stroke patients who have lost the capacity to speak can be taught to speak again using a singing speech therapy. So the method of music therapy used is influenced by each patient’s personal need. Music is also influential on physical movement. The whole idea of dancing shows how strong this influence can be. This tie between emotion and physical influence is being used with great result while working with patients recovering for lost of motor skills. While working with a patient on a treadmill, music is played and stroke patients prove to be more motivated to move. Experiments have been done using regular treatment with no music and then using the same treatment with music. When the music was used, there was more improvement. Part of this improvement is believed to have happened because the music was synced “in time” to the patient’s footfalls. The patients stayed in time to the rhythmic sounds and showed vast improvements in all aspects of their recovery. Traditional therapy by itself did not show the same level of improvement. While music as therapy has shown to be effective in some cases, there is still much research to be done with it. Each patient has specific physical and previous psychological conditions that affect the result this therapy can have on their recovery. The timetable in which music therapy is used towards the start of the ailment can play in the therapy’s effectiveness. For example if a person was socially more awkward before treatment began, that patient would see more positive results with the addition of music. Patients who had music therapy started immediately after injury or stroke also saw greater result. Therefore, further study is needed to pinpoint how effective musical therapy is. Going forward music as therapy is a good tool. While illnesses and disabilities cannot be cured by it, for those willing to embrace its power, there can be benefit. It is frequently being used in recovery centers, hospitals, and retirement establishments. Children have seen benefit when music is used to improve social, motor, and relaxation skills. Music therapy is proving another important element in helping people cope with life. Music Therapy for Autism: Setting Rhythms, Creating Spontaneity Autism is a condition where a person has impaired social skills and communication, as well as having a tendency for extremely compulsive and repetitive behavior. This compulsive behavior makes it difficult for you to be able to deal with the person, since any deviation from the routine will cause an adverse reaction. Music therapy may help an autistic person get over his condition and alleviate some of the symptoms associated with it. They do this by using music’s quality of having a rhythm and at the same time variety, allowing the autistic to adjust gradually Setting Rhythms Rhythm is one of the main elements of music. This is one element which creates a certain periodicity and routine to it. This differentiates ordered music from disordered noise. This is definitely something which autistics can pick up and appreciate. It is nearly instinctive for them to be comfortable in set rhythms and patterns, in order to make them feel comfortable. They would definitely understand that order and, in the end, tend to seek that order, enabling them to communicate. Since they can pick up rhythms easily, it may be a good choice for them to pick up simple yet rhythmic instruments, like drums or other percussions. They may be able to be virtuosos here, allowing them to express themselves more fully and more easily for their audience. This helps them bridge the social divide, allowing them to become more productive members of society while ensuring that they will be able to have some semblance of independent living later on. They can also be very good composers and players for other instruments, like piano or, surprisingly, violin. Their compulsive behavior is actually a boon in this field, since they will definitely want to have a set practice time. Creating Spontaneity Music can also help the autistic be guided into understanding spontaneity and the fact that there will always be variations in things. Since there is a rhythm to back him up, he will make the transition more comfortably and more easily, especially due to the fact that there are still patterns in music, albeit used in a more varied manner. It will stimulate the mind of the autistic if he or she will seek the patterns in music. This spontaneity will also help him adjust to situations which are stressful, since he or she can just tune in to the music and “be on familiar ground”. This spontaneity is also an essential part of communication. This distinguishes them from each other. Music can help the autistic communicate due to its structured yet spontaneous structure. The variety of tunes he or she can produce is extremely high. Thus, he or she will never tire out of learning these things. Here are other advantages of music therapy for autistics: · Improving language comprehension · Encouraging the desire to communicate · Making creative-self expression possible · Reducing non-communicative speech by decreasing echolalia (incessant repetition of the words spoken by another) The Benefit of Music Therapy Music therapy has become immensely popular in modern treatment processes. Music therapy has been implemented on many critically ailing people and it has worked like wonder. It is extensively used as a healing solution to the patients suffering from various diseases. Music therapy is not only limited to increase personal development, behaviour development, self consciousness of an ailing person, it is even helpful to the intensive care patients. Music therapy can also develop the motor skill, communication skill of a person too. Music therapy is considered to be a rhythmic entertainment to elderly patients suffering from severe diseases. The use of music as a medication was found in the history Greece in the 16th century. Music and dance was used in treatment of mental diseases at the time. In present days, music therapy is used to reduce the anxiety and stress level. It plays a pivotal role in modern stress management. Music therapy not only helps stress busted people, but also helps people suffering from chronic illnesses. In this case, patients are allowed to listen to their favourite music for a specific time period. It has been proved that, these music therapy sessions rejuvenate the patients and bring back the lost confidence in their life. Growing positive mindedness is indeed a very good sign for a patient suffering from chronic diseases over a long period of time. Since music therapy has a tremendous healing and soothing effect on several critical diseases, it is considered to be a secondary treating element for different diseases along with regular treatment process. It can reduce stress, anxiety, pain and controls blood pressure, respiratory rate, hear rate. Apart from that, patients suffering from post surgical problems, cancer and Alzheimer’s disease get positive result using music therapy. You may have heard about the negative feedback about music therapy. It is often noticed that, excessive sessions of music therapy can cause harm to intensive care patients. But, music therapy is not at all responsible for that. An intensive care patient suffering over a long period of time often weakens the nervous breakdown system. Usage of music therapy leads a sudden change to the surrounding condition of a patient and may result a worse condition of health. In a session of music therapy, compact disc players, speakers, or headphones, and a wide selection of compact discs are used. A huge diversified collection of crystal players representing cultural and ethnic community is very effective to use for all the intensive care unit patients. Music therapy should always be conducted by an expert registered therapist to get maximum benefit out of it. It is of no doubt that music therapy is the most expressive amongst all therapies. What is Music Therapy? For much of recorded human history, people have used move altering substances as a way of escaping the drudgery of their daily realities. Whether it’s alcohol, or some type of drug, people use things that appeal to their various senses to act as an escape. The same principle can be applied to our sense of hearing, and music therapy is quickly becoming one of the mainstream ways in which people not only treat the symptoms of mental stagnation, such as depression, but as a way of expanding their musical horizons. Music therapy can come in a number of forms, and part of the beauty behind it is that it doesn’t require the consultation of any sort of professional therapist in order to be useful. Sometimes the self-help is the strongest kind of help, and in an age where anyone with an Internet connection has a vast musical library at their disposal, it’s easier than ever to take advantage of the benefits. Have you ever discovered a new album by an artist that you’ve never heard before, and absolutely entranced by the message or melody of the music for the rest of the day? If so, then you’ve just stumbled across one aspect of music therapy. Sometimes listening to a new type of music that doesn’t normally make it into your regular play list can alter your mood for the better. Perhaps you’re used to listening to some sort of slow rhythm and blues type of music, and you decided change things up and listen to something a bit more upbeat with a better tempo. Before you know it, you might be in a better mood than you were before. It really doesn’t have to be any more complicated than that. Another aspect of music therapy is to actually teach yourself how to play a musical instrument of your choice. It can be a guitar or piano, or anything in between, just as long as you progressively get better over time. You’re killing two birds with one stone in this way, since finding a new hobby that requires you challenge yourself in order to increase your skill level can help keep your mind sharp and focused. Each time you master a new song on the musical instrument you’ve chosen, it helps you to boost your self-confidence just a little bit. This adds up over time, and can really go a long way toward helping to build up your own self image. Not only that, but you also get to listen to music of your choice from any artists you like during the course of your practices. A lot of people that have been some state of depression at one point or another in their lives that have taken up music as a hobby have noticed a dramatic increase in their ability to maintain control over their moves. People that love music and easier time being productive, and generally lead happier lives. Even if music therapy was never recognized as a legitimate aspect of medical science, millions of people of the world who love music would attest to the healing power of song.
Horticulture can be an enjoyable activity with many benefits to your life. Whether you grow flowers or vegetables, there is just something about growing plants and caring for them that is so rewarding. This article can provide you with essential gardening tips so you can better grow the plants in your garden. TIP! Soil needs to be rich in certain nutrients to grow healthy plants. Depending on what type of plants you have, your soil may or may not be adapted. Try not to cause shock to your plants by gradually changing their conditions and temperature. Try placing them outside in sunlight for about an hour or maybe two the first day. Slowly, day after day, you can leave your plants outside for a little longer. By the weekend, the plants can make that big move without a problem! Clay Soil TIP! Before you start planting your garden, plan it! It will be a while before things start to sprout and visually remind you of what was planted where, so a written record can be helpful. In addition, some plants are so small you might forget you planted them once all your plants sprout. Many times when digging in clay soil the clay will adhere to the shovel, which will make it much harder to dig. Take the hard work out of using a shovel in clay soil by rubbing a light coat of car or floor wax over the surface with a clean cloth and buff the surface. The wax will enable the clay soil to simply slide off the shovel, and will also prevent the shovel from rusting. TIP! Pest control is very difficult if you are dealing with your veggie garden. Avoid using a bunch of harsh chemical pesticides in your garden. When fall is here, you need to plant autumn edibles. A hollowed out pumpkin can become a festive container for kale and lettuce. Cut an opening in the top of your pumpkin, scoop out the inside, and spray the entire thing with Wilt-Proof. This will prevent rotting. Once you have completed this, start planting! Coffee Grounds TIP! If you want your garden to be off-limits to your dog, spray a scented perimeter around it using things like old perfumes or aftershave. This will work to mask any scent that is attracting dogs, and will make the garden a much less interesting place to for dogs to be. For areas with high alkaline, mix coffee grounds into the soil. Coffee grounds contain plenty of acid to get the soil back to a good balance. You will discover that your vegetables are more flavorful than ever before. Carefully plan your garden first. This way, when the sprouts start shooting up, you can recall where you planted each plant. With a plan, you will also be less likely to lose track of small groups or individual plants within a large and ambitious garden. Instead of leaving clumps of irises intact, divide them so that your flowers can grow in a more healthy manner. If you split up clumps of them, you will eventually have more of this flower. Once the foliage has died off, lift out your bulbous irises. The iris bulbs should easily split apart in your hand. Once you replant them, they will have a good flower show the following year. You should split up rhizomes by utilizing a blade. Cut the center out of each rhizome but save the pieces. Every piece needs to have a minimum of one good offshoot. Plant immediately. TIP! When planting seeds in containers, plant the seed roughly three times deeper than the seed’s size. Certain seeds are an exception to that rule, since they require sunlight to germinate, so they should be barely covered or not at all. TIP! Construct raised flower beds of brick, stone, or wood. If using wood, make sure it’s naturally rot resistant and untreated. As stated at the beginning of this piece, horticulture is something you can really enjoy and benefit from. Even just working in the fresh air can lift your spirits. By using a few of the recommendations presented above, you can turn your garden into a mini paradise on earth and impress your friends with your new-found horticultural knowledge. Nature is calling virksomhedsevents i naturen
初級美國腔 12339 分類收藏 Strokes deprive brain cells of oxygen and are one of the most common causes of death and a leading cause of preventable disability. When someone experiences a stroke, quick medical care is critical , and can often help avoid permanent brain damage. But what causes strokes in the first place? And what can doctors do to treat them? The brain makes up just 2% of your body’s mass Carotid arteries supply the front of the brain, and vertebral arteries supply the back. These are connected to each other, and divide into smaller and smaller vessels that get billions of neurons the oxygen they need. There are two ways this can happen. But the more common type is the ischemic stroke, Where do these clots come from? On rare occasions, a sudden change in heart rhythm prevents the upper chambers of the heart from contracting normally. This slows down blood flow, allowing platelets, clotting factors, and fibrin to stick together. The clot can be carried up towards the arteries and blood vessels supplying the brain until it gets to one it can’t squeeze through. This is called an embolism The brain doesn't have pain receptors, so you can't feel the blockage itself. But oxygen deprivation slows brain function and can have sudden, noticeable effects. For example, if the affected area is responsible for speech, an individual’s words may be slurred . When this happens, the body will immediately try to compensate by diverting blood flow to the affected area, but this isn’t a perfect solution. Eventually, the oxygen-deprived cells will start to die, leading to brain damage that may be severe or permanent . The first line of treatment is an intravenous medication called Tissue Plasminogen Activator, which can break up the blood clot and allow blood to flow again in the compromised artery. If it’s delivered within a few hours, this medication greatly increases the chance of surviving the stroke and avoiding permanent consequences. If Tissue Plasminogen Activator cannot be given because the patient is on certain medications, has history of major bleeding, or the clot is particularly large, doctors can perform a procedure called an endovascular thrombectomy. into an artery in the leg and maneuvers it all the way to the blockage. A retriever is passed through this catheter. The catheter then pulls the clot out when it’s removed. These treatments need to be delivered as soon as possible to preserve brain function, which means figuring out fast if someone is having a stroke. So how can you tell? Here are three quick things to try: 1. Ask the person to smile. A crooked mouth or facial drooping can indicate muscle weakness. 2. Ask them to raise their arms. 3. Ask them to repeat a simple word or phrase. If their speech sounds slurred or strange, Lives may depend on it. 【TED-Ed】中風是怎麼回事？ (What happens during a stroke? - Vaibhav Goswami) 12339 分類收藏 Jenny 發佈於 2018 年 5 月 1 日 Jade Weng 翻譯 jenny 審核 1critical 0:26 critical 在影片中的意思為「緊要的；關鍵性的」，除此之外 critical 也有「批評性的；挑剔的」意思。 The CEO's support is critical to this project. Her job at the publisher is to write critical articles about current affairs. 【TED-Ed】性別決定：超乎你的想像！ Sex determination: More complicated than you thought - Aaron Reedy 2permanent 0:31 permanent 有「永恆的、永久的；固定的」，而在影片中皆是指「永恆的、永久的」，permanent damage/consequences 表示永久性的傷害/後果。 Are you looking for a temporary or a permanent job? 【TED-Ed】北極與南極的生存之道 (The Arctic vs. the Antarctic - Camille Seaman) 3treat 0:39 影片中的 treat 是當動詞使用，有「治療；對待；看待；請客」。除了當動詞，treat 為名詞時有「樂事；特別款待」。 Don't treat me like a child, I know what's right and wrong. Let's go out for dinner tonight to celebrate your birthday. My treat! 小孩總統 VS 歐巴馬總統 (Kid President meets the President of the United States of America) 4slur 2:17 slur 為動詞，意指「含糊地說、口齒不清地說」，另外其名詞「汙辱、毀謗」也是常見的用法，例如 racial slur 即為「種族歧視的言語」。 He started to slur his words after several glasses of wine. 領導香港革命的 20 歲青年 (The 20-Year-Old Leading the Revolution in Hong Kong \| China Uncensored) 5compensate 2:29 compensate 有「補償，賠償」的意思，當動詞來使用，若要說「為某物賠償某人」的話可以用 compensate someone for something。 John took his wife for a trip to compensate for not being around on her birthday. 【TED-Ed】歷史上的拿破崙 (History vs. Napoleon Bonaparte - Alex Gendler) 文/ HsiangLanLee 1. 1. 單字查詢 2. 2. 單句重複播放 3. 3. 使用快速鍵 4. 4. 關閉語言字幕 5. 5. 內嵌播放器 6. 6. 展開播放器 1. 英文聽力測驗
Rodent (Muridae: Sigmodontinae) blood and sera collected from 14 areas were Rodent (Muridae: Sigmodontinae) blood and sera collected from 14 areas were tested for seroreactivity to a cultured isolate from the human being granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent through the use of an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Illinois (= 27), Nevada (= 27), NEW YORK (= 52), Ohio (= 57), and Utah (= 100) weren’t reactive. In June 1986 in Connecticut The initial seroreactive test was from a mouse gathered, and a lot of the seroreactive examples (68%) were out of this varieties. Samples from additional varieties (woodrats (spp. can be found beyond the certain specific areas of confirmed human being disease. Efforts to amplify and identify ehrlichial DNA through the limited tissues obtainable (= 40 pets) had been unsuccessful. Further research TBC-11251 are had a need to determine the identification of the microorganisms inducing antibody creation in these rodent varieties also to elucidate the epidemiology and general public health need for these real estate agents. Human ehrlichiosis may result from infection by at least four ehrlichial agents. is not known to occur in the United States (13), and an ehrlichial agent identified as may cause subclinical infections in humans in Venezuela (24). Two forms of human ehrlichiosis have been recognized in the United States during the last decade. The first Rabbit polyclonal to Myocardin. human case, initially thought to be due to infection with have since been reported (8). Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) was first described in 1994 on the basis of findings from a series of patients observed in Wisconsin and Minnesota from 1990 to 1993 (9). Since then, about 170 cases have been diagnosed in patients in Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Florida, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, TBC-11251 New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode TBC-11251 Island, and Wisconsin (29). Serologic evidence for infection by the HGE agent or by a closely related agent has been reported from Norway (3), Switzerland (5), and the United Kingdom (26). The agent or agents responsible for these HGE cases have not been fully characterized. and other members of the genogroup are very closely related, if not conspecific, organisms. Serologic (12), pet transfer (18), and hereditary (9) evidence shows these taxa represent an individual varieties. A lot of the hereditary similarity is dependant on series analyses from the 16S rRNA gene. Additional analysis of extra gene sequences, complemented by pet disease and antigenic analyses, is required to clarify the taxonomic positions of the real estate agents. Little information can be available regarding the organic TBC-11251 background of the HGE agent and identical ehrlichial microorganisms. The just known maintenance or natural hosts of other ehrlichiae are domestic and wild mammals. However, because so many ehrlichiae have already been referred to from observations of sick home hosts medically, the organic reservoir hosts from the real estate agents stay uncertain. Epidemiologic proof from the original HGE case series recommended that blacklegged ticks (by PCR assays (23) and from laboratory-reared ticks that given upon crazy white-footed mice (mice have already been identified inside the geographic selection of the north subspecies, offers resulted in the expectation how the epidemiology of HGE could be identical compared to that of Lyme borreliosis. Recent success in the in vitro propagation of and the HGE agent has led to the development of serologic assays (14, 21, 22) which provide rapid and inexpensive ways to identify antibodies reactive to the HGE agent in humans and wild or domestic animals that might serve as potential reservoir hosts. Identification of the reservoirs of these organisms will provide insight into the ecology and natural transmission cycles of ehrlichiae and thereby facilitate the development of preventative measures to reduce human and animal exposure to these potentially life-threatening pathogens. In this study, we tested samples from sigmodontine rodents (spp. and spp.) collected from several areas of the United States for antibodies reactive with the HGE agent. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples. Four geographic regions in the United States were selected for serologic testing based on the hypothesis that the seroprevalence in the rodents would be associated with the estimated relative abundances of the expected vector (= 32), Colorado (= 212), Connecticut (= 100), Florida (= 27), Georgia (= 16), Illinois (= 27), Maryland (= 15), Nevada (= 27), New Jersey (= 76), New York (= 491), North Carolina (= 52), Ohio (= 57), Utah (= 100), and Wisconsin (= 8). Most TBC-11251 samples had been acquired during early studies of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the United States (10) and were stored iced (?70C) as 1/32 dilutions (1 batch was stored being a 1/25 dilution) of sera or entire blood within a diluent comprising phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4), 0.5% Tween 20, 0.01% thimerosal, and 5% skim milk. All examined examples were harmful by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the antibody towards the hantavirus. Four side chain fluorinated analogues of 1α 25 D have already Four side chain fluorinated analogues of 1α 25 D have already been ready in convergent syntheses using the Wittig-Horner response as an integral step. the molecular basis of bone tissue calcium mineral mobilization induced by supplement D. or 2orbitals with related orbitals of carbon aswell as the current presence of three lone pairs of electrons imply that bonds are constantly polarized through the sp3 carbon (δ+) towards the fluorine (δ-). Due to the C-F relationship stability and an identical size of the hydrogen and fluorine atoms fluorinated vitamin D analogues have been applied as catabolism inhibitors.4 5 First fluorine-substituted side-chain analogues were synthesized in the early 1980s. The use of 24 24 D3 was used to show that 24-hydroxylation is not required for the action of vitamin D.6 Falecalcitriol (26 27 marketed for the treatment of hypocalcemia rickets and osteomalacia was found several times more potent then calcitriol in both and systems with a longer duration of its Flavopiridol HCl action in 24 24 25 D compounds Flavopiridol HCl (3 and 5). When the C-20 is (compounds 4 and 6) 2 substitution has no impact on bone calcium mobilization activity. Results and Dicussion Synthesis Takayama synthesized 24 24 25 starting from commercially available lithocholic acid and using (diethylamino)sulfur trifluoride (DAST) as a fluorinating reagent.5 15 The same group proposed an alternative route that involved as a starting compound 1α 3 to obtain 24 24 25 in 4% total yield through 10 steps.16 Since organofluorine compounds are often hazardous and corrosive substances (e.g. elemental fluorine hydrofluoric acid) the syntheses of fluorinated molecules often use building blocks and synthons already containing fluorine. As shown in Scheme 1 the vitamin D analogues 3 to 6 were prepared from the 20synthesized 24-difluorinated hybrid analogues of 1α 25 in a Reformatsky reaction using ethyl bromodifluoroacetate and activated zinc to obtain the Wittig-Horner reaction. The known phosphine Flavopiridol HCl oxide A13 was treated with phenyllithium to generate the anion coupled with the ketones 21 and 22 to give the corresponding protected 19-norvitamin D analogues 23 and 24 in 61% and 59% yield. The silyl protecting groups were removed with hydrofluoric acid to give the final compounds 3 and 4 in 72% and 79% yield respectively. The structure and absolute configuration of the vitamin 3 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography (Figure 2). The anion generated from the phosphine oxide B24 was subjected to the Wittig-Horner coupling with both ketones 21a and 22 to give vitamin D3 analogues 25 and 26 in 29% and 58% yield. After removal of the silyl groups in the products 25 and 26 the corresponding vitamin D3 analogues 5 and 6 were obtained in 59% and 23% yield respectively. The structure and absolute configurations of compound 5 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography (Figure 2). Figure 2 ORTEP drawings derived from the single-crystal X-ray analysis of the vitamins 3 (F-24) and 5 (24F2-DM). Biological Evaluation The activities of the 24 24 analogues described above are summarized in Table 1. All 24-fluoro compounds bound to the vitamin GADD45BETA D receptor with high affinity almost equal to that of 1α 25 while the 20compound being more active than 1α 25 This pattern was repeated in the CYP24A1 transcription test. Table 1 VDR Binding Properties a HL-60 Differentiating Activities b and Transcriptional Flavopiridol HCl Activitiesc of the Vitamin D Hormone (1) 2 (2) and the supplement D Analogues 3-6. The full total results change from the measurements. Certainly with this series the 20configuration backed the highest bone tissue mobilization activity. Therefore substances 4 and 6 got the highest bone tissue mobilization activity as well as the existence or lack of the 2-methylene group produced little difference for the reason that parameter (Shape 3). When the construction from the C-20 was substance with no 2-methylene (substance 5) had much less bone tissue calcium mineral mobilization activity than 1α 25 (Shape 4). Why the current presence of a 2-methylene group significantly increases bone tissue mobilization activities from the 20compound continues to be unfamiliar but must derive from a small modification in the positioning from the ligand in the VDR pocket. Shape 3 Total serum calcium mineral levels reflecting the power of every analogue to aid the mobilization of bone tissue calcium mineral for analogues 3 (F-24) and 5 (24F2-DM). Take note: the ideals demonstrated represent the difference between treated pets and vehicle settings. Shape 4 Total serum calcium mineral levels reflecting the power of analogues 4 (DIF-24) and 6 (DIF) to stimulate the mobilization of bone tissue calcium. Take note: the ideals shown will be the difference fbetween treated and the automobile controls. All. During mitosis duplicated sister chromatids attach to microtubules emanating from opposing During mitosis duplicated sister chromatids attach to microtubules emanating from opposing edges from the bipolar spindle through large protein complexes known as kinetochores. version from the proteins Hec1 a primary element of the connection machinery. We discover that stable accessories are adequate to silence the SAC in A 803467 the lack of sister kinetochore bi-orientation and strikingly in the lack of detectable microtubule tugging forces or tension. Furthermore we find that SAC satisfaction occurs despite the absence of large changes in intra-kinetochore distance suggesting that substantial kinetochore stretching is not A 803467 required for quenching the SAC signal. Accurate segregation of duplicated chromosomes in mitosis is critical for the viability of daughter cells and for the maintenance of genomic integrity. Incorrect chromosome segregation can result in aneuploidy a condition associated with tumorigenesis and developmental defects1. On mitotic entry dynamic microtubules form a bipolar spindle which is responsible Cxcl12 for capturing and congressing mitotic chromosomes. These events require proper attachment between spindle microtubule plus ends and kinetochores large protein structures built on centromeric chromatin2 3 In order for cells to successfully complete mitosis chromosomes must congress to the spindle equator and generate amphitelic kinetochore attachments in which each sister kinetochore is connected to microtubules from each of the two opposite poles. In the absence of such attachments the cell will delay mitotic exit. The mechanism that monitors and responds to kinetochore-microtubule attachment is the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). In the presence of unattached kinetochores SAC proteins A 803467 form a complex that inhibits the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome by binding to its activator Cdc20 (refs 4 5 6 7 Precisely how the inhibitory SAC signal is extinguished in response to microtubule binding remains unresolved although both the physical engagement of microtubules with core kinetochore-microtubule attachment factors and the ensuing tension that follows are considered to be important aspects of the signalling process8 9 In the case of correctly attached bi-oriented sister kinetochore pairs kinetochore A 803467 microtubules are stabilized at least in part in response to a decrease in Aurora B kinase phosphorylation of outer kinetochore substrates including Hec1/Ndc80 and KNL1 (refs 10 11 Decreased phosphorylation of these substrates results in kinetochore-microtubule stabilization development of inter-kinetochore tension and SAC silencing4 6 12 13 Although it is well-accepted that kinetochore tension develops after development of bi-oriented kinetochore-microtubule accessories addititionally there is evidence that pressure itself can effect kinetochore-microtubule balance14. Classic tests in grasshopper spermatocytes proven that tugging on kinetochores having a microneedle led to kinetochore-microtubule stabilization15. Recently it was demonstrated that syntelic kinetochore-microtubule accessories could be stabilized in cells by experimentally raising A 803467 polar ejection makes and thereby raising kinetochore pressure16. Finally software of pressure to purified budding candida kinetochores has been proven to activate a ‘catch-bond’ system that straight stabilizes microtubule connection17. It really is very clear that kinetochore-microtubule accessories could be stabilized by adjustments in kinetochore kinase activity and by software of pressure and in cells both of these mechanisms likely interact to improve kinetochore-microtubule balance14. A concern that still continues to be unresolved however can be whether the existence of steady kinetochore microtubules is enough to induce adjustments in the kinetochore that result in SAC silencing or if kinetochore pressure is additionally needed. This issue continues to be difficult to handle since on chromosome bi-orientation and development of right kinetochore-microtubule accessories the introduction of kinetochore pressure can be a consequence. Not surprisingly there is proof that microtubule connection itself is enough for SAC silencing. Inside a landmark research from the Rieder laboratory using PtK1 cells an individual staying unattached kinetochore was laser beam ablated which led to silencing the SAC and admittance into anaphase18. A 803467 In cases like this pressure between your two sister kinetochores (typically supervised by the length between kinetochores) was certainly lost directing to steady microtubule connection as the important parameter monitored from the SAC. Chances are that the rest of the However. Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) has a high mortality price Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) has a high mortality price as well as the incidence is normally rising world-wide. arrays confocal microscopy immunohistochemistry and a mouse invasion model. We discovered that in co-culture research all sorts of Mfs fused with HSC-3 cells an activity which was partly because of efferocytosis. HSC-3 cells induced appearance of epidermal development factor and changing development factor-beta in co-cultures with M2 Mfs. Direct cell-cell get in touch with between M2 Mfs and HSC-3 cells induced migration and invasion of HSC-3 cells while M1 Mfs decreased HSC-3 cell invasion. M2 Mfs acquired an excessive LEP amount of NF-kappaB p50 subunit and too little p65 subunits both in the existence and lack of HSC-3 cells indicating dysregulation and pro-tumorigenic NF-kappaB activation. TAM-like cells had been abundantly within close vicinity to carcinoma cells in OTSCC affected individual examples. We conclude that M2 Mfs/TAMs possess an important function in OTSCC regulating adhesion migration invasion and cytokine creation of carcinoma cells favouring tumor development. These outcomes demonstrate that OTSCC sufferers could reap the benefits of therapies concentrating on TAMs polarizing TAM-like M2 Mfs to inflammatory macrophages and modulating NF-kappaB activity. Launch Mouth squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) may be the eight most common cancers in the globe. 640 0 new oral cancers are reported worldwide [1] Annually. The Globe Wellness Company needs an internationally increase in incidence in the next few decades. The most common site affected by OSCC is the tongue and at this site OSCC is particularly aggressive. The 5-12 months survival rate for tongue malignancy has remained at approximately 50% without significant improvements Vicriviroc Malate [2]. An alarming statement showed that tongue malignancy is increasing especially in young adults and none of the typical etiological factors such as tobacco alcohol or human Vicriviroc Malate being papilloma virus can be accounted for [3]. Currently there is no specific marker in clinicopathological use to identify aggressive early stage OSCC tumors [4]. In recent years it has been approved that to efficiently treat malignancy the tumor must be considered as an entity comprising both the malignancy cells and the surrounding cells which collectively forms the tumor microenvironment (TME). In certain types of malignancy including squamous cell carcinomas the TME may even become dominant over malignancy cell malignancy [5]. TME consists of a mixture of heterotypic cells such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) clean muscle mass Vicriviroc Malate cells endothelial cells neutrophils lymphocytes and macrophages [6]. Of these especially CAFs and macrophages (Mfs) are recognized to promote tumor development in tongue cancers [7-9]. Links between cancers and inflammation had been made currently in the 19th century by Rudolf Virchow demonstrating that tumor tissue includes chronic irritation Vicriviroc Malate and include leukocytes [6]. The inflammatory infiltrate of the TME can be an essential way to obtain cytokines chemokines development factors angiogenetic elements and enzymes made by inflammatory cells connected with tumor development and development. This sort of inflammatory infiltrate bargain a “poor inflammation” as opposed to the different parts of the inflammatory infiltrate that signify an anti-tumorigenic drive and a “great irritation” [8]. This starts up brand-new prognostic and healing possibilities as the tumor-associated stromal cells are genetically even more stable than malignancy cells and should consequently also become less prone to develop chemoresistance. However in some instances the tumor stromal cells can also contribute to tumor chemoresistance so focusing on stromal cells or their products may be a viable strategy [10 11 Macrophages are a heterogenous human population of innate myeloid cells derived from monocytic precursors in the blood and undergo specific differentiation depending on the signaling in the cells. Mfs are highly plastic in regard to phenotypes but can roughly become divided into two subtypes based on surface receptors cytokine production and reactivity: the classically activated inflammatory M1 Mfs and the alternatively activated M2 Mfs. Cancer-associated inflammation includes the so called tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) which are generally thought to resemble M2-type Mfs. TAMs suppress the Th1 immune response possess anti-cytotoxic effects promote angiogenesis and thus benefit survival and spreading of tumor cells [12 13 TAMs release reactive oxygen species tumor.
Wednesday, June 22, 2005 Islamic Vandalism: Evidence by Sita Ram Goel The Tip of An Iceberg Sita Ram Goel (Indian Express, February 19,1989) The mention made by Maulana Abdul Hai (Indian Express, February 5) of Hindu temples turned into mosques, is only the tip of an iceberg, the iceberg itself lies submerged in the writings of medieval Muslim historians, accounts of foreign travelers and the reports of the Archaeological Survey of India. A hue and cry has been raised in the name of secularism and national integration whenever the iceberg has chanced to surface, inspire of hectic efforts to keep it suppressed. Marxist politicians masquerading as historians have been the major contributors to this conspiracy of silence. Muslim politicians and scholars in present-day India resent any reference whatsoever to the destruction of Hindu temples in medieval times. They react as if it is a canard being spread by those they stigmatize as Hindu communalists. There was, however, a time, not so long ago, when their predecessors viewed the same performance as an act of piety and proclaimed it with considerable pride in inscriptions and literary compositions. Hindus of medieval India hardly wrote any history of what happened to their places of worship at the hands of Islamic iconoclasts. Whatever evidence the “Hindu communalists” cite in this context comes entirely from Islamic sources, epigraphic and literary. Epigraphic Evidence There are many mosques all over India which are known to local tradition and the Archaeological Survey of India as built on the site of and, quite frequently, from the materials of, demolished Hindu temples. Most of them carry inscriptions invoking Allah and the Prophet, quoting the Quran and giving details of when, how and by whom they were constructed. The inscriptions have been deciphered and connected to their historical context by learned Muslim epigraphists. They have been published by the, Archaeological Survey of India in its Epigraphica Indica-Arabic and Persian Supplement, an annual which appeared first in 1907-08 as Epigraphica Indo-Moslemica. The following few inscriptions have been selected in order to show that (1) destruction of Hindu temples continued throughout the period of Muslim domination; (2) it covered all parts of India-east, west, north and south; and (3) all Muslim dynasties, imperial and provincial, participated in the “pious performance.” 1. Quwwat al-Islam Masjid, Qutb Minar, Delhi: “This fort was conquered and the Jami Masjid built in the year 587 by the Amir… the slave of the Sultan, may Allalh strengthen his helpers. The materials of 27 idol temples, on each of which 2,000,000 Delhiwals had been spent were used in the (construction of) the mosque…” (1909-10, Pp 3-4). The Amir was Qutbud-Din Aibak, slave of Muizzud-Din Muhammad Ghori. The year 587 H. corresponds to 1192 A.D. “Delhiwal” was a high-denomination coin current at that time in Delhi. 2. Masjid at Manvi in the Raichur District of Karnataka: “Praise be to Allah that by the decree of the Parvardigar, a mosque has been converted out of a temple as a sign of religion in the reign of… the Sultan who is the asylum of Faith … Firuz Shah Bahmani who is the cause of exuberant spring in the garden of religion” (1962, Pp. 56-57). The inscription mentions the year 1406-07 A.D. as the time of construction. 3. Jami Masjid at Malan, Palanpur Taluka, Banaskantha District of Gujarat: “The Jami Masjid was built… by Khan-I-Azam Ulugh Khan... who suppressed the wretched infidels. He eradicated the idolatrous houses and mine of infidelity, along with the idols… with the edge of the sword, and made ready this edifice… He made its walls and doors out of the idols; the back of every stone became the place for prostration of the believer” (1963, Pp. 26-29). The date of construction is mentioned as 1462 A.D. in the reign of Mahmud Shah I (Begada) of Gujarat. 5. Jami Masjid at Ghoda in the Poona District of Maharashtra: “O Allah! 0 Muhammad! O Ali! When Mir Muhammad Zaman made up his mind, he opened the door of prosperity on himself by his own hand. He demolished thirty-three idol temples (and) by divine grace laid the foundation of a building in this abode of perdition” (1933-34, p.24). The inscription is dated 1586 A.D. when the Poona region was ruled by the Nizam Shahi sultans of Ahmadnagar. 6. Gachinala Masjid at Cumbum in the Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh: “He is Allah, may he be glorified… During the august rule of… Muhammad Shah, there was a well-established idol-house in Kuhmum… Muhammad Salih who prospers in the rectitude of the affairs of Faith… razed to the ground, the edifice of the idol-house and broke the idols in a manly fashion. He constructed on its site a suitable mosque, towering above the buildings of all” (1959-60, Pp. 64-66). The date of construction is mentioned as 1729-30 A.D. in the reign of the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah. Though sites of demolished Hindu temples were mostly used for building mosques and idgahs, temple materials were often used in other Muslim monuments as well. Archaeologists have discovered such materials, architectural as well as sculptural, in quite a few forts, palaces, maqbaras, sufi khanqahs, madrasas, etc. In Srinagar, Kashmir, temple materials can be seen in long stretches of the stone embankments on both sides of the Jhelum. Two inscriptions on the walls of the Gopi Talav, a stepped well at Surat, tell us that the well was constructed by Haidar Quli, the Mughal governor of Gujarat, in 1718 A.D. in the reign of Farrukh Siyar. One of them says, “its bricks were taken from an idol temple.” The other informs us that “Haider Quli Khan, during whose period tyranny has become extinct, laid waste several idol temples in order to make this strong building firm…” (1933-34, Pp. 37-44). Literary Evidence Literary evidence of Islamic iconoclasm vis-a-vis Hindu places of worship is far more extensive. It covers a longer span of time, from the fifth decade of the 7th century to the closing years of the eighteenth. It also embraces a larger space, from Transoxiana in the north to Tamil Nadu in the south, and from Afghanistan in the west to Assam in the east. Marxist “historians” and Muslim apologists would have us believe that medieval Muslim annalists were indulging in poetic exaggerations in order to please their pious patrons. Archaeological explorations in modern times have, however, provided physical proofs of literary descriptions. The vast cradle of Hindu culture is literally littered with ruins of temples and monasteries belonging to all sects of Sanatana Dharma - Buddhist, Jain, Saiva, Shakta, Vaishnava and the rest. Almost all medieval Muslim historians credit their heroes with desecration of Hindu idols and/or destruction of Hindu temples. The picture that emerges has the following components, depending upon whether the iconoclast was in a hurry on account of Hindu resistance or did his work at leisure after a decisive victory: 1. The idols were mutilated or smashed or burnt or melted down if they were made of precious metals. 2. Sculptures in relief on walls and pillars were disfigured or scraped away or torn down. 3. Idols of stone and inferior metals or their pieces were taken away, sometimes by cartloads, to be thrown down before the main mosque in (a) the metropolis of the ruling Muslim sultan and (b) the holy cities of Islam, particularly Mecca, Medina and Baghdad. 6. Sacred vessels and scriptures used in worship were defiled and scattered or burnt. The literary sources, like epigraphic, provide evidence of the elation which Muslims felt while witnessing or narrating these “pious deeds.” A few citations from Amir Khusru will illustrate the point. The instances cited relate to the doings of Jalalud-Din Firuz Khalji, Alaud-Din Khalji and the letter’s military commanders. Khusru served as a court-poet of six successive sultans at Delhi and wrote a masnavi in praise of each. 1. Jhain: “Next morning he (Jalalud-Din) went again to the temples and ordered their destruction… While the soldiers sought every opportunity of plundering, the Shah was engaged in burning the temples and destroying the idols. There were two bronze idols of Brahma, each of which weighed more than a thousand mans. These were broken into pieces and the fragments were distributed among the officers, with orders to throw them down at the gates of the Masjid on their return (to Delhi)” (Miftah-ul-Futuh). 2. Devagiri: “He (Alaud-Din) destroyed the temples of the idolaters and erected pulpits and arches for mosques” (Ibid.). 3. Somanath: “They made the temple prostrate itself towards the Kaaba. You may say that the temple first offered its prayers and then had a bath (i.e. the temple was made to topple and fall into the sea)… He (Ulugh Khan) destroyed all the idols and temples, but sent one idol, the biggest of all idols, to the court of his Godlike Majesty and on that account in that ancient stronghold of idolatry, the summons to prayers was proclaimed so loudly that they heard it in Misr (Egypt) and Madain (Iraq)” (Tarikh-i-Alai). 4. Delhi: “He (Alaud-Din) ordered the circumference of the new minar to be made double of the old one (Qutb Minar)… The stones were dug out from the hills and the temples of the infidels were demolished to furnish a supply” (Ibid.). 5. Ranthambhor: “This strong fort was taken by the slaughter of the stinking Rai. Jhain was also captured, an iron fort, an ancient abode of idolatry, and a new city of the people of the faith arose. The temple of Bahir (Bhairava) Deo and temples of other gods, were all razed to the ground” (Ibid.). 6. Brahmastpuri (Chidambaram): “Here he (Malik Kafur) heard that in Bramastpuri there was a golden idol… He then determined on razing the temple to the ground… It was the holy place of the Hindus which the Malik dug up from its foundations with the greatest care, and the heads of brahmans and idolaters danced from their necks and fell to the ground at their feet, and blood flowed in torrents. The stone idols called Ling Mahadeo, which had been established a long time at the place and on which the women of the infidels rubbed their vaginas for (sexual) satisfaction, these, up to this time, the kick of the horse of Islam had not attempted to break. The Musulmans destroyed in the lings and Deo Narain fell down, and other gods who had fixed their seats there raised feet and jumped so high that at one leap they reached the fort of Lanka, and in that affright the lings themselves would have fled had they had any legs to stand on” (Ibid). 7. Mathura: “They found the city empty for the Rai had fled with the Ranis, but had left two or three hundred elephants in the temple of Jagnar (Jagannatha). The elephants were captured and the temple burnt” (Ibid.). 8. Fatan: (Pattan): “There was another rai in these parts …a Brahmin named Pandya Guru… his capital was Fatan, where there was a temple with an idol in it laden with jewels. The rai fled when the army of the Sultan arrived at Fatan… They then struck the idol with an iron hatchet, and opened its head. Although it was the very Qibla of the accursed infidels, it kissed the earth and filled the holy treasury” (Ashiqa). The story of how Islamic invaders sought to destroy the very foundations of Hindu society and culture is long and extremely painful. It would certainly be better for everybody to forget the past, but for the prescriptions of Islamic theology, which remain intact and make it obligatory for believers to destroy idols and idol temples. At 12:19 AM, Anonymous Anonymous said... from the beginning Hindus are the sufferers. Hindus are always betrayed by the foreign invaders. At 5:47 PM, Blogger alan said... I'm a member of the BMP in England,a Hindu friend says,we are now just understanding what India has been subjected to for over 1000 years! rgds Alan. At 1:38 AM, Anonymous Anonymous said... At 5:02 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said... At 5:03 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said... At 4:08 AM, Blogger Jayendrasingh Rawal said... happy to know that someone is thinking wise about HINDUS AND BHARAT...... At 8:30 AM, Anonymous Anonymous said... they are still after it,latest example is Afghanistan where statue of Buddha was destroyed by explosives. At 4:44 AM, Anonymous Jayendrasingh Rawal said... The War Against Hinduism(MUST READ...) (Written July, 2001, but still going on) By Stephen Knapp (This article is from: At 2:21 AM, Blogger software and website said... We have started a website where we are booking prasad and selling devotional products ie . Can you forward this domain in your facebook account so that we reach to maximum hindu devotional readers. Post a Comment << Home
Edible dormouse From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Edible dormouse Temporal range: Pleistocene–recent Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Gliridae Subfamily: Glirinae Genus: Glis Brisson, 1762 Species: G. glis Binomial name Glis glis Mapa Glis glis.png Edible dormouse range • Sciurus glis Linnaeus, 1766 • Myoxus glis (Linnaeus, 1766) The edible dormouse or fat dormouse (Glis glis) is a large dormouse and the only living species in the genus Glis, found in most of western Europe.[3] Its name comes from the Romans, who ate them as a delicacy. The edible dormouse is the largest of all dormice, being around 14 to 19 cm (5.5 to 7.5 in) in head-body length, plus an 11- to 13-cm-long tail. It normally weighs from 120 to 150 g (4.2 to 5.3 oz), but may almost double in weight immediately prior to hibernation. It has a generally squirrel-like body, with small ears, short legs, and large feet. Its fur is grey to greyish-brown in colour over most of the body, while the underparts and the inner surface of legs are white to pale buff; the line of demarcation is rather well defined.[4] Unlike most other dormice, they have no dark markings on the face, aside from faint rings around the eyes. The tail is long and bushy, with fur slightly darker than that on the body. Front feet have four digits and their hind feet have five. The soles of their feet are naked. Females have from four to six pairs of teats.[4] The edible dormouse is found throughout much of mainland western Europe. It is also found on a number of Mediterranean islands, including Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, and Crete.[5] It is rather more sparsely distributed through central Europe and the Balkans, but can be found as far north-east as the upper Volga River. Close to the Volga River where small groups of the species are found at the Zhiguli Mountains, in Russia.[6] They are also found in the Caucasus region, and along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea.[4] Germany has a small population of edible dormice within its borders, ranging from two to six individuals per hectare.[7] It is also found in scattered populations throughout Thrace, located on the southeastern tip of the European Balkan peninsula. In this region, two subspecies of the edible dormouse are found, G. g. glis and G. g. orientalis. Northern Anatolia has a different subspecies, G. g pindicus.[8] Once accidentally introduced to the town of Tring in England through an escape from Lionel Walter Rothschild's private collection in 1902,[9] the British edible dormouse population, now 10,000 strong,[10] is concentrated in a 200-square-mile (520 km2) triangle between Beaconsfield, Aylesbury, and Luton, around the southeast side of the Chiltern Hills.[11] Though this animal is regarded as a pest by some,[9] in the United Kingdom the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 prohibits certain methods of killing dormice, and removing them may require a licence.[12] Ecology and habitat Edible dormice inhabit deciduous forests dominated by oak and beech, from sea level to the upper limits of such forests at 1,500 to 2,000 m (4,900 to 6,600 ft). They prefer dense forests with rocky cliffs and caves, but may be found in maquis vegetation, orchards, and urban margins. They have frequently been reported from caves as deep as 400 m (1,300 ft), where they can shelter from predators.[4] Population densities range from two to 22 individuals per hectare.[13] Females inhabit only very small home ranges, of 0.15 to 0.76 ha (0.37 to 1.88 acres), but males occupy much larger ranges of 0.8 to 7 ha (2.0 to 17.3 acres), with several burrows.[14] Edible dormice are primarily herbivorous, feeding mainly on berries, apples, and nuts. However, they are adaptable, and have also been reported to eat bark, leaves, flowers, invertebrates, and even eggs. Beech mast, which is rich in energy and protein, is an excellent source of food for young and lactating females.[4] Some dormice are found to have hair and ectoparasite remains in their stomachs, but this is mainly due to accidental ingestion during grooming.[15] Edible dormice also consume large numbers of beech tree seeds. A single, large, seeding tree within the home range of a dormouse can produce enough resources to support the energy requirements of reproduction. The location and age of a beech tree helps dictate where a population of dormice live, since older trees produce more seeds.[16] When present in large numbers, they may cause damage to orchards and be considered pests. Their primary predators include owls, foxes, pine martens, and wildcats.[4] An edible dormouse. Communication is partly by sound, with the animals making various squeaks or snuffling sounds, and partly by scent. They leave scent trails from scent glands on their feet, as well as glands at the top of their tails by the anus. They rub their anal region on the ground and places they walk, so traces of the secretion will be left for other dormice,[4] especially during periods of sexual activity. Edible dormice are active during a six-month period and go into hibernation[13] from roughly October to May, depending on local climatic conditions. They are mostly active in the summer and are active on average 202 min in a 24-hour day, mostly at night.[6] They prepare a den in soft soil or hidden in a cave, and rely on fat reserves to survive through the winter. During hibernation, metabolic rate and body temperature fall dramatically, and the animal may cease breathing altogether for periods up to an hour.[18] In years with low food availability edible dormice can hibernate longer than 11 months.[19] They have adapted well to the presence of man and now frequently hibernate in insulated attics and even dark shelves in cupboards, particularly if soft materials are on the shelf to make a nest. They can be regarded as a pest in this situation due to the fire risk from gnawed electrical cables and fouling from their faeces. In recent years, they have become resistant to many rodenticides.[citation needed] In the wild, most edible dormice hibernate for three winters, and then die in the fourth while hibernating, when their cheek teeth are worn out to a degree that prevents normal mastication of food.[20] The breeding season is from late June to mid August, but both male and female dormice do not produce every year.[21] Variation in food resources strongly influences reproduction because reproduction is tightly linked to the availability of energy-rich seeds.[22] Therefore, edible dormice breed during the phase of high food availability. Females are able to produce additional young if amino acid-rich foods like inflorescences, unripe seeds, and (or) larval insects, which also increase their numbers by eating the same enriched plant food, are available.[23] An abundance of energy-rich seeds allows newborn dormice to increase their body fat to prepare for their first hibernation.[22] Females reach sexual maturity at 351–380 days old and males significantly lower their body mass during mating season.[24] Gestation lasts from 20–31 days, and results in the birth of up to 11 young, although four or five are more typical.[4] They develop their fur by 16 days, and open their eyes after around 3 weeks. They begin to leave the nest after around 30 days, and are sexually mature by the time they complete their second hibernation.[4] Compared with similarly sized mammals, they have an unusually long lifespan, and have been reported to live up to 12 years in the wild.[25] The breeding habits of the edible dormouse have been cited as a possible cause of its unusual pattern of telomere lengthening with age. In humans and other animals, telomeres almost always shorten with age.[26] Edible dormice that have been isolated on oceanic islands are a prime example of insular gigantism, in which small animals in isolated locations become larger over the course of many generations.[27] Although it is not known why, the number of teats on a female edible dormouse varies across regions of Europe. For example, those in Italy have two to seven, while those in Lithuania have three to six.[28] Edible dormouse in a cellar The edible dormouse was farmed and eaten by the ancient Romans,[29] the Gauls,[30] and the Etruscans[31] (usually as a snack), hence the word edible in its name. The Romans would catch dormice from the wild in autumn when they were fattest.[32] The dormice were kept and raised either in large pits or (in less spacious urban surroundings) in terra cotta containers, the gliraria,[33] something like contemporary hamster cages. They fed these captive dormice walnuts, chestnuts, and acorns for fattening. The dormice were served by either roasting them and dipping them in honey or stuffing them with a mixture of pork, pine nuts, and other flavorings.[34][32] It was, however, very important to upper-class Romans that the dormice be separated from other products of the hunt, like the large game, for presentation purposes.[35] Wild edible dormice are still consumed in Slovenia, as well as in Croatia. In Slovenia they are considered a rare delicacy and dormouse trapping is a tradition. Slovenians use several methods of trapping. The first used were the hollow-tree trapping method and the flat-stone trapping method. By the 17th century, the peasant trappers had invented the first self-triggering traps, usually made of different kinds of wood.[36] In the 19th century, traps made from iron and steel were introduced. The trappers used many different types of bait to entice the dormice, ranging from pieces of fruit to bacon soaked in brandy. During the prime season, trappers could catch between 200 and 400 dormice, depending largely on what kind of trap they were using. Seasonal dormice feasts were welcome protein supplements for the impoverished peasantry.[37] The people of Slovenia did not just catch the dormice for their meat:[36] use of dormice for food and fur and of dormouse fat as a medicament is documented there since the 13th century. 1. ^ Amori, G.; et al. (2010). "Glis glis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 9 October 2010. 2. ^ Carlo Violani; Bruno Zava (1995). "Carolus Linnaeus and the edible dormouse" (PDF). Hystrix. 6 (1–2): 109–115. doi:10.4404/hystrix-6.1-2-4020. 3. ^ Holden, M.E. (2005). "Family Gliridae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 841. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. 4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kryštufek, B. (2010). "Glis glis (Rodentia: Gliridae)". Mammalian Species. 42 (1): 195–206. doi:10.1644/865.1. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. 6. ^ a b Ivashkina, Victoria (2006). "Abundance and Activity of the Edible Dormouse Glis glis L. in the Zhiguli Mountains, Russia, Middle Volga Region" (PDF). Polish journal of ecology. 54 (3): 337–344. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29. 7. ^ Burgess, M.; Morris, P. & Bright, P. (2003). "Population Dynamics of the Edible Dormouse (Glis glis) in England" (PDF). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 49, Suppl. I: 27–31. 8. ^ Selçuk, Senem Esin; Reyhan Çolak; Gül Olgun Karacan; Ercüment Çolak (2011). "Population Structure of Edible Dormouse, Glis glis (Linnaeus, 1766) in Turkey, Inferred from RaPD-PcR" (PDF). Acta Zoologica Bulgarica: 77–83. 10. ^ https://ptes.org/get-informed/facts-figures/fat-edible-dormouse/ 11. ^ "The Glis glis Around Amersham Archived 2006-08-23 at the Wayback Machine.." Amersham - News, Views and Information. 3 October 2007 13. ^ a b c Bieber, C. (1995). "Dispersal behaviour of the edible dormouse (Myoxus glis L.) in a fragmented landscape in central Germany". Hystrix. 6 (1): 257–263. [permanent dead link] 14. ^ Ściński, M.; Borowski, Z. (2008). "Spatial organization of the fat dormouse (Glis glis) in an oak-hornbeam forest during the mating and post-mating season". Mammalian Biology. 73 (2): 119–127. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2007.01.002. 15. ^ Gigirey, Antonio; Jose M. Rey (June 1998). "Autumn diet of the edible dormouse in Galicia, northwest Spain" (PDF). Acta Theriologica. 43 (3): 325–328. Retrieved October 24, 2013. 16. ^ Lebl, Karin; Birgit Rotter; Klaus Kurbisch; Claudia Bieber; Thomas Ruf (October 2011). "Local environmental factors affect reproductive investment in female edible dormice". Journal of Mammalogy. 92 (5): 926–933. doi:10.1644/10-MAMM-A-225.1. 17. ^ Marin, G.; Pilastro, A. (1994). "Communally breeding dormice, Glis glis, are close kin". Animal Behaviour. 47: 1485–1487. doi:10.1006/anbe.1994.1201. 18. ^ Wilz, M.; et al. (2000). "Intermittent ventilation in hibernating dormice—is ventilation always necessary to meet metabolic demands?". Life in the cold. Eleventh International Hibernation Symposium: 169–178. 19. ^ Hoelzl, Franz; Claudia Bieber; Jessica S. Cornils; Hanno Gerritsmann; Gabrielle L. Stalder; Chris Walzer; Thomas Ruf (2015). "How to spend the summer? Free‑living dormice (Glis glis) can hibernate for 11 months in non‑reproductive years". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 185 (8): 931–939. doi:10.1007/s00360-015-0929-1. PMC 4628641Freely accessible. 20. ^ Kryštufek, Boris; Medeja Pistonik; Ksenija Sedmak Časar (2005). "Age determination and age structure in the edible dormouse Glis glis based on incremental bone lines". Mammal Review. 35 (2): 210–214. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2005.00056.x. 21. ^ Lebl, Karin; Claudia Bieber; Peter Adamik; Joanna Fietz; Pat Morris; Andrea Pilastro; Thomas Ruf (October 2010). "Survival rates in a small hibernator, the edible dormouse: a comparison across Europe" (PDF). Ecography. 34: 683–692. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06691.x. PMC 3573868Freely accessible. Retrieved October 24, 2013. 23. ^ Kager, T.; J. Fietz (2009). "Food availability in spring influences reproductive output in the seed-preying edible dormouse (Glis glis)". Can. J. Zool. 87: 555–565. doi:10.1139/z09-040. Retrieved October 24, 2013. 24. ^ a b Sailer, Michaela; Joanna Fietz (2008). "Seasonal differences in the feeding ecology and behavior of male edible dormice (Glis glis)" (PDF). Mammalian Biology. 74: 114–124. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2008.05.005. Retrieved October 24, 2013. 25. ^ Pilastro, A.; et al. (2003). "Long living and reproduction skipping in the fat dormouse" (PDF). Ecology. 84 (7): 1784–1792. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1784:llarsi]2.0.co;2. [permanent dead link] 26. ^ Hoelzl, Franz; Steve Smith; Jessica S. Cornils; Denise Aydinonat; Claudia Bieber; Thomas Ruf (November 2016). "Telomeres are elongated in older individuals in a hibernating rodent, the edible dormouse". Scientific Reports. 6. doi:10.1038/srep36856. Retrieved December 3, 2016. 27. ^ Fietz, Joanna; Tanja Weis-Dootz (2012). "Stranded on an island: consequences of forest fragmentation for body size variations in an arboreal mammal, the edible dormouse (Glis glis)". The Society of Population Ecology. 54 (2): 313–314. doi:10.1007/s10144-012-0310-0. 28. ^ Krytufek, Boris (2004). "Nipples in the edible dormouse Glis glis" (PDF). Folia Zoologica. 53 (1): 107–111. 29. ^ Apicius (7 May 2012). Cookery and Dining in Imperial Rome. Courier Corporation. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-486-15649-1. 30. ^ Waverley Root (1970). "Butter, Lard, and Oil.". The Food of France. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 3. 31. ^ Korey, Alexandra (17 April 2009). "The Ghirarium: How Etruscans stored and ate dormice". ArtTrav. Retrieved 27 August 2017. 32. ^ a b Fiedler, Lynwood A. (March 1990). "Rodents as a Food Source". Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990 (Paper 30). 33. ^ Saglio, E. (1877–1919). "Glirarium". In Daremberg; Saglio. Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines, Tome II. Paris: Librairie Hachette et Cie. p. 1613. 34. ^ Marcus Gavius Apicius. "IX. GLIRES". Tetrapus Quadripedia, Liber VIII: De re coquinaria [On the subject of cooking] (in Latin). 36. ^ a b Magda Peršič (1998). "Dormouse hunting as part of Slovene national identity". 7 (3). Croatian Natural History Museum. pp. 199–211. ISSN 1330-0520. 37. ^ Haberl, Werner. "Dormouse Culture, Tradition & Myths: Dormouse Hunting in Slovenian Tradition". The Dormouse Hollow. Retrieved 3 October 2007. External links • The Dormouse Hollow Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edible_dormouse&oldid=855764323" This content was retrieved from Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_dormouse This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article "Edible dormouse"; it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the CC-BY-SA
Planning using a ‘Maths Sandwich’? Posted in Inspiration & Ideas Start the new term with a sandwich; a ‘Maths Sandwich’! The brain learns by forming connections. Successful learning in maths relies upon these connections. How are you planning to connect what you’re about to teach with what children have learned before and will learn next? In training I use an approach called ‘The Maths Sandwich’. Instead of going straight into the focused teaching, I aim to create a vital ‘Oh, I get what you mean….but I can’t do that yet’ moment. Adapting these ideas: I’ve worked with all of the ideas below at an age-appropriate level with EYFS to Year 6. The principals of good planning remain the same throughout, particularly in terms of engaging pupils and activating existing knowledge. I begin my planning journey with the first slice of bread in the ‘Maths Sandwich’. This is the ‘hook‘ or context for the learning. A meaningful problem worthy of my children’s thought and ‘learning stamina’. For example, following all of the recent festivities, many of use had to cook far larger quantities of food for our guests. This happened to me with my mince pie bites (delicious!). The recipe was for 20 portions and, as they were very small and I had lots of visitors, I knew this wouldn’t be enough. That’s it. That’s my starting point. It’s that easy. This is the kind of story I’d share with my class as my hook. It’s all true, so easy to engage with, and it’s about a scenario most children have experienced so they can begin to reason successfully about what I could do next. First steps: Children work in groups and spend time discussing the problem and identifying what they know I need to do and what information they don’t have yet. This is an incredibly motivating way to begin a learning journey. It’s a problem that’s accessible to every child but also means I can set the bar very high in terms of how far some learners will be able to take this. Next we weigh out the real ingredients that will make one batch of mincemeat bites to create a strong visual reference and also model accurate use of measuring equipment. This approach enables my children work out for themselves that I need to make a lot more than twenty mince pie bites. Have they thought about: • Multiplying the recipe (Multiplication as scaling without values) • Multiplying the quantities (multiplication as scaling with values) If they hadn’t, I would need to think about how I could encourage them to think in this way and if they had, I would need to carefully question them to assess their level of true understanding. Do they see this as multiplication? Can they see the connection with repeated addition? Now for the filling of the ‘Maths Sandwich’ The ‘filling’ strips the context (bread) away and leaves just the pure maths skills. Here we identify the key tools the children will need to sharpen and use our ‘Concrete -Pictorial- Abstract’ approach to teach and practise these skills. We’ve identified that understanding and calculating using multiplication as scaling is key to this problem. At this stage I get the children to use Cuisenaire rods to model the multiplicative structures in the problem. We develop the necessary language to accompany what is happening when we scale the recipe. double twice as much three times as much multiply equal to equivalent Using rods allows children to focus upon the structures and relationships without having to calculate values. The generalisation that each ingredient would increase by an equal amount each time is fundamental to this problem. Next we transfer this to a bar model drawing. We are moving here from concrete representations of the problem to pictorial. Now I return to the actual ingredients that we measured out for one batch of mincemeat bites. How much of each ingredient did we need? What unit of measurement did we use for each ingredient? What was the same and what was different? The children now understand that the recipe needs to be scaled to feed more guests. We now explore ‘What if…?’ we made two batches? How many people would that feed? How much of each ingredient would we need need and why? …people wanted two each rather than one each (as they are so delicious) …what if we had x number of guests and we wanted to give them y number of mincemeat bites? Ratio Tables: As the children explore what they would need to do to each ingredient and focused upon explaining why, I then introduce ratio tables. Tables like this help organise thinking, use known facts and use our multiplication facts meaningfully. Using the tables, the children record the calculations they need to do (rather than the answers at this stage). This offers us opportunities to consider strategies rather than calculating answers. E.g. How can I use what I know about 1 batch to generate facts about 10 batches, 5 batches, 2 batches etc. The children extend their thinking by considering how to cater for a precise number that wasn’t a multiple of the original amount. For example, if we had 15 guests and we wanted to give them two each, how much of each ingredient would you need to make an exact amount? This is the time to remind the children that there are special concrete and pictorial resources we can use to help us calculate efficiently. Using concept images of ten frames or real ten frames will help them calculate any number using the base ten system. Adding fractions is much easier when we use bars or circles. If the quantities in the recipe were ‘unfriendly’ I might adjust them to simply the calculations and build fluency and then use more challenging values. Using recipes is a great opportunity to challenge the ‘bigger numbers are harder’ belief. We’ll often be using fractions and smaller amounts that are difficult to multiply. For example 1/4 teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda x 3 200g flour x 3 70ml water x 3 Which of these calculations is more challenging to solve and why? Is it the one with the biggest number? Final Slice of Bread in the ‘Maths Sandwich’ So now we’re solving the problem using the tools of multiplication as scaling and ratio. At this stage the children more easily set their own questions about this recipe or change recipes to something they haven’t made and go through similar processes. Essential Variation Successful mathematicians fluently transfer their tools from one mathematical context to another. This is a vital stage in the ‘Maths Sandwich’ approach. The key tools the children have been sharpening are around multiplication as scaling. This involved connecting multiplication and division and also calculating whole numbers and fractions. At this stage, it’s likely that the children will associate these maths skills with mincemeat bites or only for cooking. Hmmm. Not what I want them to take away with them. It’s vital that the children see their newly sharpened skills as having multiple (if not infinite) applications So, what else do we scale or use scaling to make sense of? Comparing the length of an animal a proportion of another? Example 1: • A British grass snake grows to approximately 60cm whereas an anaconda can grow to 3 metres long! I know that 100cm is equal to 1 metre and I could adjust 60cm to 50cm which would mean that an anaconda was six times as long as a grass snake! Body Parts: How many of this part is equal to this part? Example 2: • Body parts have been used as non-standard units of measurement for thousands of years and there are some very interesting equivalent parts! • Your body is equal to 6 or 7 times your head! • Your face is equal to four or five widths of your eye! • There are huge potential gains in teaching in this way: • Children apply their newly sharpened skills in a new context to they see that mathematics has wide application The children should be able to work with a far greater level of independence so there are rich opportunities to carry out reliable formative assessment The children will be connecting and using other skills such as measurement (length) which involves decimal numbers, equivalence and conversion. This approach fulfils the definition of true mastery in every way. We are actively going deeper, making connections, making learning accessible for all and giving the children a reason to sharpen these essential skills. Motivation and ownership should be high and levels of resilience and co-operation maintained due to relevance. So, before you teach, make yourself a sandwich (a delicious ‘maths sandwich’!) Karen Wilding is an independent primary maths consultant offering high-quality, inspiring maths training in the UK and internationally. If you’d like to learn more about improving whole-school problem-solving using ‘The Maths Sandwich’, as well as other crucial areas of development such as ‘Number Sense’ and ‘Maths Mindset’, contact Karen at: or visit Post a comment to Karen Testimonials Icon
Green Scene Four plants for all water possibilities during Sukkot Over the last few days, families can be seen walking in Riverdale carrying a bundle of assorted plants. While one plant, a date palm segment, is recognizable, the rest are more obscure. The holiday of Sukkot is the third of three Jewish holidays that occur in the September/October time frame following Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur. One of the observances marking Sukkot involves prayers in which these plants figure. The other observed Sukkot custom are the small huts, also named sukkot, that everyone builds under open sky. Homeowners with a yard can build one easily, while apartment dwellers usually build a larger, communal sukkah in the building courtyard. The sukkahs are usually decorated with paper chains and tinsel decorations, only limited by the creativity of the owner. Since Sukkot also is known as the “harvest festival,” many decorations are of plant origin. Colored Indian corn makes a good decoration, as do dried flowers. The custom in my family is to hang three small bottles from the bamboo roof covering — one filled with flour, one with oil, and one with wine to symbolize the three basic food elements recognized in ancient times. Let’s return to the plant bundles. The Torah in Leviticus 23:40 states that during the Sukkot holiday, “You shall take the fruit of a goodly tree, palm switches, a thickened branch, and river willow bunches.” The fruit of a goodly tree is interpreted to be an etrog (citron), the palm branches — known as a lulav since Mishnaic times (between A.D. 70 and 220) — come from the date palm, the thickened branch (hadas) is a myrtle, and willows are obvious. Dates have a long history in the Middle East as food and as a raw material for construction and mat-making. They are the most important tree growing in an oasis, providing shade for the shorter trees and plants. They have been cultivated for more than 5,000 years, originating in southern Iraq or western India. The scientific name is Phoenix dactylifera. The epithet is a combination of daktylos from finger, and fero, meaning, “I bear.” That works because it evokes the shape of the fruit. However, all I know about “phoenix” was that it was a rejuvenating bird, which seems illogical. It turns out that “phoenix” comes from the Phoenician meaning purple-red. Now it all makes perfect sense — a plant bearing a purplish-reddish, finger-like fruit. For clarity’s sake, the lulav is not part of the fruiting structure of the date palm. It is simply a closed frond about three feet in length. Dates are dioecious, having tall, stately females and small males. They are wind-pollinated in nature, but when cultivated, they are hand-pollinated by workers so that the number of females — which produce the fruit — can be increased at the expense of male plants. The etrog (citron) is named scientifically Citrus medica. The epithet medica refers to its usage in ancient times for a variety of medical conditions. It is one of the four original citrus fruits from which all the rest of our modern citrus varieties have been developed through natural cross-fertilization or plant breeding. The other originals are the pommelo, the mandarin and the papeda. Originating in southeast Asia, there is evidence of their presence in the Karnak Temple in Luxor, Egypt, already 3,000 years ago. Its pollen has even been found in plaster walls from an Israelite palace in Jerusalem dated to 538 B.C. The myrtle is Myrtus communis from the Myrtaceae family, related to the eucalyptus. It is an evergreen shrub, native to the Mediterranean basin. The leaves are aromatic when crushed, and the plant is drought resistant. The variety used has three leaves growing from a single point on the stem versus the usual two, which gives it a unique appearance. Willows (salix) also are common to our area, so they require little discussion. There are many theological discussions about the inclusion of these plants on Sukkot. I think the explanation is straightforward. Israel, both ancient and modern, is largely arid and deeply dependent on seasonal rainfall for its existence. These four species represent the four types of water usage by plants. The willow guzzles water and grows near running water. The myrtle is drought-resistant. The citron is irrigated, and the date palm is found in oases drinking from subterranean waters. Together, they represent all the agricultural possibilities under different water regimes. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden has examples of the date palm, the lulav and the myrtle in the conservatory, with the willow growing outdoors. If you are shy about asking a Jewish neighbor to see the four specimens, you can take a trip out to Brooklyn to check them out. Have a thought or comment for Sura Jeselsohn? Email her at
How To Write A Good Reference \| Jobs And Careers Jobs And Careers How to write a good reference Feature employee is a document with a brief feedback about his performance and social activities in the enterprise. Also, in the characteristic assessed business, psychological and moral qualities of a person. How to write a good reference Instruction how to write a good reference Step 1: Specify the first thing surname, name and patronymic of the person, date of birth, his education, a list of schools and training courses, degrees. Write data on the enterprise (workplace employee) are listed in chronological order, his position and duties. Step 2: Evaluate business and personal qualities of the person to whom written good feature. Give a positive assessment of the professionalism and experience of the employee, his knowledge, skills and abilities in the specialty and position. Notice how well the employee is familiar with the standard documentation, with their labor obligations and rights as well it should be the job description. Step 3: Write about human performance and its ability to develop the capacity for learning. Tell that employee decides to timely and accurately assigned to problems and challenges, is able to plan their time and resolve difficult situations, shows moderate activity and initiative. Emphasize individual achievements, personal growth, its significant results of the work. Step 4: Check the quality of business personnel. Describe how he skillfully resolves conflicts, manages his subordinates, it is the approach to colleagues, interacting with the staff of related departments. Write about the awards, acknowledgments, letters, which was awarded the employee. Step 5: Tell us in the conclusion of the psychological and ethical qualities of man. For example, write how people stressoustoychiv, friendly, sociable. Step 6: Use the good characteristics of the positive evaluation of expression. For example, "a great experience", "a high level of knowledge," "very familiar with the issues ...".
2016-06-02 / Columnists Pets, Pets, Pets Most of us think of horses as the World War I cavalry, and war dogs alongside soldiers, yet cats and several other surprising species performed specific military tasks too. Over 16 million animals served in the First World War. They were used for transport, communication and companionship. In 1914, both sides had large cavalry forces. Horse and camel-mounted troops were used in the desert campaigns throughout the war, but on the Western Front, new weapons like the machine gun made cavalry charges increasingly difficult. However, animals remained a crucial part of the war effort. Horses, donkeys, mules and camels carried food, water, ammunition and medical supplies to men at the front, and dogs and pigeons carried messages. Canaries were used to detect poisonous gas; cats and dogs were trained to hunt rats in the trenches. Animals were not only used for work. Dogs, cats and more unusual animals including monkeys, bears and lions, were kept as pets and mascots to raise morale and provide comfort amidst the hardships of war. A cat in a French trench in 1918 A cat in a French trench in 1918 WWI cats: An estimated 500,000 cats were dispatched to the trenches, where they killed rats and mice; some were also used as gas detectors. At sea, cats had the run of the ship—a tradition dating back thousands of years. As the U.S. Naval Institute explains: “Stubby,” the most-decorated war dog ever “Stubby,” the most-decorated war dog ever WWI slugs: Less well known was the amazing role played by ordinary garden slugs. Garden slugs became extremely useful for detecting poison gas. The chemical warfare unit of the U.S. Army searched for the best creature to detect the presence of oncoming gas in time for the soldiers to don their masks. Cows, rats, mice, guinea pigs, cats—all proved flawed. Flies and fleas were tried to no avail. The Army turned to the Smithsonian for help. Dr. Paul Bartsch had been studying ordinary garden slugs for eight years, and discovered slugs have extraordinary olfactory capabilities. Every creature that had been tested by the Army for gas-detection purposes had developed pneumonia—ex- cept for the slug. When exposed to mustard gas, the garden slug closed its breathing aperture, thus protecting its lung membrane. Mustard gas in contact with moisture produces hydrochloric acid, which attacks the delicate lung membrane. The remarkable slug could endure many successive gassings and not be injured or have its ability to detect the presence of gas compromised. The slug became available to the U.S. Army for duty in the trenches starting in June 1918. Slugs served with Army forces for five months and saved countless American lives. By the way, lightning bugs were also used by World War I soldiers to read maps without being detected by the enemy. WWI pigeons: Thousands of carrier pigeons were used by the U.S. Army to send messages. Though landline phones were available during the Great War, they were unreliable as the enemy often cut the wires. “Cher Ami” (“Dear Friend” in French), flew for the U.S. Army Signal Corps in France. This pigeon delivered 12 important messages before being struck by enemy fire. Despite being shot in the breast and leg, he managed to carry the message, found dangling from his shattered leg. His brave dedication to the mission led to the rescue of 194 soldiers in Major Whittlesey’s “Lost Battalion.” Cher Ami, who died in 1919, likely as a result of his battle wounds, was awarded the French Croix de Guerre award for his heroic service and was inducted into the Racing Pigeon Hall of Fame. His one-legged body is on display at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History. Most famous WWI dog: According to the US War Dogs Association, America with the exception of a few sled dogs in Alaska was the only country to take part in World War I with no service dogs within its military. The French, British and Belgians by 1918 had at least 20,000 dogs on the battlefield, the Germans 30,000. But America’s war department felt that now that they were ‘over there,’ the war would be quickly over and there’d be no need for any dogs. The American forces depended on the French and British for the dogs they needed. Of course, there were exceptions. “Stubby,” a Pit mix, became probably the most famous war dog ever. Stubby was found as a stray on the Yale campus in 1917, and smuggled to France during World War I by his adoptive owner, Cpl. John Robert Conroy. The dog’s heroic acts include participating in 17 battles, four offenses, and improving troop morale. He also used his keen senses to warn his unit of poison-gas attacks, incoming artillery fire, and to locate downed soldiers on the battlefield. His skills were also put to good use when he sniffed out and apprehended a German spy lurking in the trenches. Later Stubby became a lifetime member of the American Legion, Red Cross and YMCA. He met three US presidents— Wilson, Harding and Coolidge. General Pershing gave him a gold medal. He died in his owner’s arms in 1926. For Adoption: “Dash,” a silly, 12-week-old tabby, was hand raised as an “only child” kitten by a Babylon Shelter staff member. He’s lived with adult cats but would love a home with a young feline. Call 631-643-9270. Meanwhile, “Buck” and “Jessie,” both wonderful family dogs, found themselves homeless at Brookhaven Shelter because their loving owner is facing eviction. Both are now at Last Hope in Wantagh. Each is six years old and about 70 lbs. “Buck,” a Retriever mix, and “Jessie,” a smooth Collie mix, are well socialized with kids, other dogs and cats. They need a home together or separately. Call 631-671-2588. Return to top Suffolk County Shelter Locator and Storm Surge Zone Mapping Tool The Shelter Locator and Storm Surge Zone Mapping Tool
LiveLoveLearnTogether we will soar to new heights This term we will be looking at different everyday materials In year 1 children should be taught to: · distinguish between an object and the material from which it is made · describe the simple physical properties of a variety of everyday materials Beware! The big bad wolf will be visiting soon to test the materials you have chosen! Today when we arrived into class a huge parcel was on the floor. In the bag we found the story of the ‘Three Little pigs’ with some puppets to help us retell the story. As we looked around the room we noticed that there was lots of different materials on the table. The pigs had left us a message asking us to to help them build a house using the different materials. We then had to answer the question. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using straw, wood and bricks?
Смотреть видео онлайн How Wolves Change Rivers - HD качество Support the creation of more videos like this: https://"When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe." - John Muir When wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park in the United States after being absent nearly 70 years, the most remarkable "trophic cascade" occurred. What is a trophic cascade and how exactly do wolves change rivers? George Monbiot explains in this movie remix. If you likes How Wolves Change Rivers, check out How Whales Change Climate: https://"rewilding" visit "elk" pictured in this video when the narrator is referring to "deer." This is because the narrator is British and the British word for "elk" is "red deer" or "deer" for short. The scientific report this is based on refers to elk so we wanted to be accurate with the truth of the story. Narration from TED: "For more wonder, rewild the world" by George Monbiot. Watch the full talk, here: () B-Roll Credits: "Greater Yellowstone Coalition - Wolves" () "Wolf Mountain" () "Primodial - Yellowstone" (https:///77097538) "Timelapse: Yellowstone National Park" () "Yellowstone" () "Howling Wolves - Heulende Wölfe" () "Fooled by Nature: Beaver Dams" () Music Credits: "Unfoldment, Revealment, Evolution, Exposition, Integration, Arson" by Chris Zabriskie () FAIR USE NOTICE: This video may contain copyrighted material. Such material is made available for educational purposes only. This constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in Title 17 U.S.C. section 106A-117 of the US Copyright Law. Help us caption & translate this video at Вы смотрели видео онлайн по поисковой фразе How Wolves Change Rivers. Если найденное видео онлайн How Wolves Change Rivers Вам понравилось и Вы удовлетворили свои потребности киномана, можете поделиться впечатлениями ниже... Жизнь в онлайне
July 27th: The Big Explosion No One Saw Podcaster: Pamela Quevillon Title: The Big Explosion No One Saw Organization: Speak Easy Narration Linkhttp://speakeasynarration.com ; http://www.unawe.org/kids/unawe1348/ Description: Space scoop, news for children. There’s no atmosphere in space. This means that there is no weather; no cool breeze, no torrential rainfall and definitely no snow…but there are clouds. Feature image credit: Chandra X-Ray Observatory This is 365 Days of Astronomy for Saturday, July 27. Today we bring you a new episode in our Space Scoop Series. This show is produced in collaboration with Universe Awareness, a program that strives to inspire every child with our wonderful cosmos. This episode is a story of The Big Explosion No One Saw Supernova. Credit: Chandra X-Ray Observatory About once or twice every 100 years, a gigantic nuclear bomb detonates in our Galaxy. In just a few short weeks, it blasts out as much energy as our Sun will in its entire lifetime! This powerful explosion is called a ‘supernova’, and it is the result of a star dramatically ending its life. The most recent supernova in our galaxy, the Milky Way, happened just over 100 years ago. But, unfortunately for our great-great-great grandparents, the explosion was hidden behind thick clouds of gas and cosmic dust, far away from the Earth. So they couldn’t witnessed this very rare sight. Because of this cosmic dust, it wasn’t until 2008 that a group of astronomers finally stumbled upon the remains of the obliterated star, which you can see in the photograph used for this podcasts album art. Normally, when a supernova like this happens, the star’s material is blown out evenly in all directions. This leaves behind a cloud that is more or less neat and symmetrical, but the object in this picture doesn’t follow a neat pattern. Most of the star’s material was blasted towards the top of the image, and it’s still traveling in that direction extremely fast. From these clues, astronomers have deduced that this must have been an unusually energetic and messy supernova explosion! Supernova are very important for life here on Earth. Heavy atoms like the iron in your blood, and rare earth metals that are in your phone and other electronics are formed in the massive stars that die as supernovae. Over the course of their life, these stars – which are 8 times the size of the Sun or larger! – go through many different stages. They start like any normal star, and consume Hydrogen, which they burn into Helium. When all the Hydrogen in their core is eaten up, the start consuming even heavier atoms! First Helium, then on up through the Periodic Table, from Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen, to eventually even burning Silicon into Iron! Once Iron is created, nuclear burning in the star stops. Iron is the heaviest atom that can be fused together in processes that still give off energy. Everything heavier, atoms like gold and silver, requires that energy get added. When the star has an iron core and the nuclear reactions stop, things turn bad very quickly. As long as the star has nuclear reactions, it is generating huge amounts of light that can actually push outward, holding up the outer layers of the star. When the pressure from the light goes away, those layers collapse violently, and get so hot and so dense that a new, explosive round of nuclear reactions takes place. Its this explosive bounce that drives the supernova explosions we observe. Its during these explosions that all the atoms heaver than Iron are created. All precious metals are made. When you buy jewelry – you are buying a piece of a supernovae. And you … you are made of star dust. End of podcast: 365 Days of Astronomy , , One Response to July 27th: The Big Explosion No One Saw 1. Duana Guinty July 28, 2013 at 11:48 am # Leave a Reply
Songs Of The Papago Side B Recorded and Edited by Frances Densmore Play song Performed by Native Words It is the belief of the Papago that major illnesses are caused by what might be termed psychic causes. These are of several sorts and there are medicine men who treat each. The sick person does not decide to whom he will go for treatment. Instead he must go to certain men who send him to the medicine men whom they consider best fitted to treat him. If his condition does not improve they send him to another. Songs are connected with various forms of illness and are the property of the medicine men who treat those illnesses. Material remedies are not always used. Certain illnesses are attributed to the action of "bad medicine men," others to spirit animals or birds, and others to spirits of the dead while some are supposed to be caused by accidents or injuries. For some injuries a cure is provided by a spirit animal or bird of the sort that caused the injury. Fifty songs used in the treatment of the sick were recorded by only four are presented. Jose Panco, who recorded this and the song next following said he is using them at the present time (1920) in treating persons suffering from "deer sickness." They are part of a series of five such songs that he received from his grandfather who told him of their origin. The story and the nature of the ailment are not of present interest. The village mentioned in the first song is that in which the songs originated. The song is a gentle, pleasing melody which would be acceptable to a sick person. These songs are in pairs, or "parts," each having the same melody but the words being different. Part I: Sandy Loam Fields, on top of those lands Elder Brother stands and sings. Over our heads the clouds are seen, downy white feathers gathered in a bunch. Part II: After hearing these songs the women gather on Sandy Loam Fields, Their heads decorated with clouds of feathers. Out Of The Mountains Jose Panco That bird comes out back of Frong Mountain, It stretches its arms trying to reach Cokwigan Mountains (in Mexico). Song To A Little Yellow Wasp Rafael Mendez In the country of the Papago there lives a wasp that makes a small, straight hole in the sand. In the words of the following song a snake speaks to a wasp that is digging its hole in front of him and throwing the dust in his eyes. This is one of the "rattlesnake medicine songs" that was sung with a certain degree of loudness. Little yellow wasp, you throw dirt in my eyes. I do not know what to do with you. All I can do is to make a long-drawn breath, hoping you will die in four days. Song Of The Dawn Rafael Mendez It was the belief of the Papago that illnesses might be caused by the spirits of Apache killed in war or by spirits of dead Papago. Songs were given by the spirits for the treatment of these illnesses which appear to have been nervous in character. Like the song next preceding, this was recorded by Rafael Mendez at Vomari. It has been a long time since the light began to show, my brother, Just look, my brother, Toward us the bows are brightening (referring to shafts of light above their heads like long bows). White Mountain Birds Were Singing Victoria DREAM SONGS Songs received in dreams are generally for aid in some undertaking, such as treating the sick, or in war, or the hunt. An interesting contrast was found in a series of eight songs recorded by Victoria, and aged man living at Sells. With two exceptions he received them in dreams during a period of many years and they are concerning his wanderings during the dreams. The singer said that he learned the next dream song from him mother. White mountain birds were singing sweetly in the east, It sounded like thunders where he was sitting. A Black Crow Victoria The next dream song, also recorded by Victoria, is one of the most pleasing melodies recorded among the Papago. Its movement is free and graceful, and it has a compass of ten tones. A crow came down from above to this earth, A black crow came down from above to this earth, He was jumping on me. Song Concerning A Wounded Apache Rafael Mendez WAR SONGS The ancient tribal enemy of the Papago was the Apache. Many songs of the warpath were recorded by Sivariano Garcia, of San Xavier. The next song concerns an incident that took place in the wars with the Apache. A member of that tribe was wounded and tried to escape. He staggered and fell, rose and staggered a little farther, and finally the Papago killed him before he reached the ground. Rafael Mendez asked that several singers join him in recording this song. One singer gave the "yells" that would have been given by a woman. The renditions containing the "yells" are not presented. The song had two sets of words, one of which appeared to be spoken by the wounded Apache and the other by the pursuing Papago. (First set of words, supposed to be spoken by the Apache) Near sunset time I fall down, Near sunset time I fall down, I am going almost like a drunken man. (Second set of words, supposed to be spoken by the Papago) It is toward evening (yell), he falls (yell), It is toward evening, He falls, he staggers like a drunken man (yell). The Little Captive Children Victoria When the returning warriors approached the village they were met by the women, who received the trophies they had brought. Captives as well as scalps were brought by the returning warriors and the next song is concerning children taken captive among the Apache. The melody has a dignity and pathos that are worthy of consideration. Men shouting "brother," men shouting "brother," Among the mountains they have taken little Apache children where the sun went down in sorrow, All women, what shall we do to realize this? The Eagle Is Talking Sivariano Garcia The time required for the purification of Papago who had killed Apache was 16 days, the period being divided into four equal parts. In the evening of the sixteenth day the warriors bathed, braided their hair, painted their bodies and went to the victory dance which lasted four days and was characterized by the final disposal of the Apache scalps. A dance performed at this time was called the Wind dance. Four of its songs were recorded by Sivariano Garcia, only the fourth being presented. The eagle is on the highest point of rocks, He is talking, I was walking below and I heard the sound echo among the rocks. We Must Run Mattias Hendricks SONG OF THE KICKING-BALL RACE The principal athletic contests of the Papago were the kicking-ball races in which each contestant kicked a wooden ball before him. The song of a medicine man to bring success in the game is not presented. Only two men ran at a time. There is a tradition that a certain man wanted to be a good racer and practiced running every day, as soon as the sun rose. One morning he met something on the road that said, "I will give you a song and perhaps if you sing this song you will win a race." The man learned the song, sang it, and won the race. He wore a feather of the blue hawk in his headband before he received the song and believed it helped him in obtaining the song. This is his song. Now be ready, my poor brother, and we will start to run, Now before us our nice ball goes far, After it we run, No matter what kid of ground there is, We must run over it. I Met A Mexican Juana Maria MISCELLANEOUS The closing song of the series is somewhat humorous in character and is one of the few Papago songs recorded by a woman. The melody contains an unusual variety of intervals. While I was running I met a Mexican who said, "How do you do?" While I was running I met a Mexican with a long beard who said, "How do you do?"
Can We Just Kill Off Invasive Species? Josh Welch A Cane ToadInvasive species are plants or animals that are introduced to a new area where there are no natural predators to keep them under control. These plants and animals can grow to populations that are out of control and the results can range from annoying to life threatening. Most of these invasive species are introduced unknowingly by people traveling or on purpose by people that think they are fixing one problem, only to create many more. So why don't we just find all these invasive plants and animals and just kill them or introduce their predators to their new environment? The short answer is because it is hard and could cause worse problems. The long (and more interesting) answer can be found in this short, but informative, video by SciShow After watching the video, be sure to leave a comment below to let me hear your thoughts about this increasingly common problem.
How Fast Can a Bobcat Run? Quick Answer The fastest a bobcat can run at short distances is 30 mph. Apart from its speed, this nocturnal feline also uses stealth as a means to take on a wide variety of animals as prey, including larger ones such as an adult deer. Continue Reading How Fast Can a Bobcat Run? Credit: Alan and Sandy Carey Photodisc Getty Images Full Answer Bobcats, or Lynx rufus, are endemic to the North American continent. Highly adaptable, these animals thrive in forests, swamps, deserts, agricultural areas and sometimes even in suburban areas. It is estimated that there are 725,000 to 1,020,000 bobcats in the wild. Its name is based on the appearance of its tail, which looks cut or "bobbed." Bobcats are rarely seen because they are mostly active at night. As strict carnivores, these fierce hunters prey on rabbits, birds, mice, squirrels and other smaller animals. Once they have spotted their prey, they calculate its exact location, and then leap as long as 10 feet to pounce on top of it to pin it down. Learn more about Large Cats Related Videos Related Questions
Nearly 50 years ago, with wounds of the Second World War still scarring the landscapes of Asia, a young first-generation Chinese American woman - the daughter of a Chinese diplomat - brought home her fiance, a young third-generation Japanese American man. For the woman's father, memories of the atrocities in Shanghai and Nanking were fresh. During the late 1930s, he had been part of his nation's delegation to the League of Nations, attempting to draw world attention to Japanese brutalities in China. Instead, the Western world watched with fascination and horror the rise of Germany under a former Austrian named Adolf Hitler. During the 1940s, the diplomat served his country in the United States. He was then stranded when Mao drove the Nationalists out of the mainland and closed China's doors. And now, less than a decade later, his eldest daughter had announced her intention to marry a man whose grandparents came from Japan. Its soldiers had slaughtered Chinese men, women and children under conditions that would have made Heinrich Himmler cringe. Regardless of parental misgivings rooted in centuries-old enmity and suspicion, the two UCLA students were in love. I am the son of that union. Half Chinese, half Japanese in ancestry. All American. And inside me is mirrored the debate now raging over the 50th anniversary of the Peace Treaty - signed in San Francisco on Sept. 8, 1951 - between Japan and the United States. It angers me that the government of Japan, despite international and domestic pressure, refuses to take the simple step of apologizing for the actions of its long-dead leaders during World War II. It offends me that the Japanese government condones textbooks offering a version of World War II whitewashing the truth of Japan's crimes against humanity. It shames me that the leader of Japan, knowing the reaction it would engender among Japan's neighbors, would visit Yasukuni - the shrine for the nation's war dead, including its worst war criminals. And it puzzles me that, given Japan's economic woes, practicality would not dictate creating better relations among Japan's trading partners in Asia. Criticisms of Japan and the Peace Treaty resonate, 50 years later, because the effect of the treaty was to deny later claims for compensation to Japan's victims, such as Korean 'comfort women' forced into prostitution and Allied POWs forced into slave labor for Japanese industry under murderous conditions. But we must temper our criticism by remembering that it was a product of its times. In the post-World War II era, the West faced the consolidation of the Eastern Bloc under Stalin. China had fallen to Mao Zedong's Communist forces. By 1952, the Korean War was well under way. Securing a treaty and transforming an enemy into an ally was and is, in hindsight, the right move. It secured stability in Asia. It ensured that the U.S 7th Fleet was the eminent power in the region. And the rebuilding of Japan helped grow the economies of the "little dragons" in Southeast Asia. And, despite my intense feelings about the inability of Japan's leadership to come to grips with its war crimes, part of me is proud -very proud - that the relationship between the United States and Japan is a success. It shows how the conqueror and the vanquished can become friends and allies, reversing the longstanding practice of deprivation and subjugation. No more Weimar Republics. Instead, a new model of nation-building and restoration came into being both in Japan and in Germany, envisioned by George Marshall and carried out as a defining principle of American foreign policy. It gave hope to the power of peace and friendship in a world still marked by unrest and ill will. Commemorating the seeding of this relationship is appropriate. The Peace Treaty is not perfect, but the actions of two nations and two peoples, rising above the printed words of an imperfect document, deserve celebration. On the other hand, my father spent his youth in an American concentration camp. My government made a decision to incinerate hundreds of thousands of civilians - not just in a millisecond, as in Hiroshima and Nagasaki - but over days of firebombing Tokyo and Dresden. Yet we cannot repair all our mistakes, apologize for all our transgressions and condition all actions on righting the sins of the past. Ironically, after the family's release from wartime internment, my father joined the U.S. Foreign Service and distinguished himself in countries where being Japanese could seem to be a liability - Indonesia, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Taiwan. These are among places struck by the full force of the East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, as the Japanese warlords termed their conquered domain. I lived in these places, and I remember. I remember as a boy being taken to a particular cliff on Hong Kong Island, where Chinese who resisted the invasion were forced by Japanese troops to leap to their deaths. I remember the time in Indonesia when riots broke out in 1974 on the eve of the visit of Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka, riots spurred by resentment over the Japanese economic recovery and hatred over the memories of the wartime occupation. And I remember looking at the ruins of Japanese gun emplacements outside Manila and throughout Taiwan, grim reminders of a war that had taken place barely a generation before. There is hope. A powerful signal that the whitewash movement has not been embraced by the Japanese people is the decision by almost all school districts to reject a "revisionist" textbook which, although approved by the government, defends and glorifies the nation's military past. The boycott has kept the pressure on a Japanese government that shows nationalist tendencies. Clearly, it is not enough. But it is a start. My Chinese ancestry wants justice for the millions murdered by the Japanese military regime. My Japanese ancestry wants to cleanse itself of this stain on its honor, not through denial, but through confrontation with the truth. And my American birth, the eternal optimist at my core, believes that it will happen, some day, and soon. And we will celebrate that day, as we deservedly celebrate this week our friendship with Japan.
Moles vs. Voles: What's The Difference ◀ Back To Blog Pin It mole digging Are moles and voles basically the same thing? The answer to this question is yes and no. While they are actually very different creatures, they both create similar damages to lawns and gardens. How Are Moles And Voles Similar? When moles and voles penetrate defenses and make their way into yards and gardens, the real danger is to trees, ornamentals, and lawn turf. This can be disturbing in many ways, especially if you have poured your hard-earned money, time, and energy into creating a beautiful landscape. When moles and voles target your property, they cause dead patches to appear on your lawn. They will chew on trees, do damage to plants, and leave raised tunneling and mounds of dirt, among other things. Both of these animals can also carry various parasites onto your property, including, fleas, ticks, and mites. Physical Differences Between Voles And Moles Voles are rodents which usually have grayish-brown coats. They are stocky and between 4 and 10 inches in length (which includes their tail). A voles limbs are short and they have tiny eyes and ears which are hard to distinguish. Moles are typically gray, black, gold, or deep brown in color. Their smooth coats sometimes have feature markings. Moles usually grow to be around 6 to 8 inches long and their physical features include tiny eyes and ears, wide feet, and angular snouts. Damage Differences Vole damage in yards is often seen by the lengthy pathways they create. They also frequently create shallow holes in the ground. Their food sources typically consist of seeds, bugs, tree bark, and plants. They can be extremely damaging to trees and will often tear through the bark all the way around. Moles leave unsightly dirt hills on landscapes. They are also very destructive to plants, specifically their root systems. Why DIY Does Not Work Do-it-yourself methods of ridding your property of moles and voles can be a never-ending headache of thinking all the lawn-damaging pests are gone, only to have them come back to haunt you time and time again. Not only can it be dangerous to try to get rid of these pests with chemicals, but other methods of removal are futile. Some of these methods include flooding tunnels, pouring gasoline down tunnels, and introducing mothballs into tunnels. None of these things ultimately work to remove these animals, not to mention the fact that they usually just cause the animals to move to a different area and dig more tunnels. How Thomas Can Help If you are frustrated with moles or voles damaging your property, reach out to the pest control professionals here at Thomas Pest Services. We have the tools, the expertise, and the knowledge to take care of your mole and vole problems for good. Tags: pest control albany ny \| moles vs voles \| damages caused by moles and voles Request Your Free Estimate For Expedited Service Call (518) 641-1583 go to top
Random FlagContribute Flag of Ecuador Ratio 2:3 Adoption 1860 Design A horizontal tricolor of yellow (double width), blue and red with the Coat of arms of Ecuador charged in the center. [0] After the territory of Ecuador was conquered by Sebastián de Benalcázar, the emblems of the Spanish Empire flew over the newly founded city of Quito. The first calls for independence from the Spanish crown came on 10 August 1809; a plain red flag was flown by the rebels. The independence movement was defeated in November 1812 at the hands of Spanish officer Juan Sámano. On 9 October 1820, a new flag, a blue and white bicolour, with five horizontal alternating stripes, and three white stars in the middle stripe, was raised for the first time. The three stars represent Guayaquil, Portoviejo and Machala. This flag was later adopted by the Guayas Province. Gabriel García Moreno, upon assuming power two days after the Battle of Guayaquil in September 1860, the yellow, blue and red triband was returned to use; its reinstatement on September 26 is commemorated during Ecuador's national flag day. Previously, a vertical white, blue and white flag was used. In the middle of the blue stripe, there were white stars placed to signify the number of provinces in Ecuador. The highest star total was seven before this flag was abandoned. In 1900, the flag was made the definitive national standard, and was charged with the coat of arms for official national government use while the plain flag was reserved for the merchant marine. [0] The colors have the following meanings: yellow represents the crops and the fertile soil, blue represents he ocean and the clear skies, and red represents the blood spilled by the heroes who died in the name of their countrymen's Fatherland and Freedom. [0]
• Economics Quiz – 10 91 An excise duty is a charge on __________________. A) Export of goods B) Production of goods C) Production or sale of goods D) Import of goods 92 Which in the below list is true regarding NNP ? A) GNP + depreciation B) GNP – depreciation C) GNP + Exports D) GNP + Imports 93 Pollution cause by a factory comes under _______________. A) Fixed cost B) Variable Cost C) Social Cost D) Marginal Cost 94 Steady rise in the general level of prices, income, output and employment, called as _________ in terms of economic cycle. A) Recovery B) Recession C) Depression D) None of These 95 Which method includes planning process and plan implementation to the grass root levels ? A) Centralized Planning B) Decentralized Planning C) Indicative Planning D) None of These 96 For ____________________ the term “Paper Gold” is used. A) Gold Exchange Traded Funds B) Reserves with IMF C) Special Drawing Rights D) None of These 97 which in the below list falls under direct tax bucket? A) Excise Duty B) Sales Tax C) Income Tax D) Value Added tax 98 Which in the below list of taxes is levied by state government only? A) Wealth Tax B) Entertainment Tax C) Corporation tax D) Income Tax 99 Which term is used as alternate word of “Buyer’s Monopoly”? A) Oligopoly B) Inverse monopoly C) Monopsony D) Duopoly 100 Which in the below list is an anti-inflationary measure? A) Stagflation B) Hyper inflation C) Disinflation D) Deflation Check below for Answers: 91 Ans) Production or sale of goods 92 Ans) GNP – depreciation 93 Ans) Social Cost 94 Ans) Recovery 95 Ans) Decentralized Planning 96 Ans) Special Drawing Rights 97 Ans) Income Tax 98 Ans) Entertainment Tax 99 Ans) Monopsony 100 Ans) Disinflation To check all the Economics related quiz: http://crackmba.com/category/quiz/economics-quiz/ Post Tagged with , Comments are closed.
5 Tips On How To Keep Your Eyes Healthy in Health Healthy eyes give your face a healthy and fresh look, so it is always important to protect your eyes when you are in the workplace, in the factory or in front of your computer. There are plenty of simple things you can do every day to keep your sight in tip-top shape and following are 5 tips on how to keep your eyes healthy. 1. Get regular eye tests It is always important for you to have your eyes tested regularly. Especially when you are over 40, yearly eye exams can help diagnose and prevent age-related ocular conditions such as glaucoma, cataracts and macular degeneration. In addition, by looking in the back of the eye during the eye test, some diseases including hypertension, blood pressure and diabetes can be detected. For children, they should have their first eye exam between the ages of 6 and 12 months. 2. Quit smoking Smoking causes damage to the blood vessels in your eyes, so it makes you more likely to get macular degeneration, cataracts and optic nerve damage. Smoking not only causes cataracts to grow faster but also sets you up for ARMD and other eye disease. 3. Wear eye protection It is necessary for you to use safety eyewear when you are at work, at home and playing sports. When you are in the sun, you should wear sunglasses with 100 percent UVA and UVB protection. According to some studies, brown cataracts and macular degeneration have been linked to exposure to sunlight. Additionally, sunlight can worsen ARMD as well as burn and damage the cornea and conjunctiva. Besides, you should wear eye protection to shield your eyes when you work in industrial situations or play sports such as hockey, racquetball and lacrosse. 4. Take frequent breaks You body need to take breaks to recharge and so do your eyes. If you have to work in front of a computer screen all day, you should use the 20-20-20 rule to let your eyes rest adequately: every 20 minutes, take a 20-second break, and look at something 20 feet away. This can help break your eyes' constant strain of focusing from doing close work. Besides, the more you concentrate, the drier your eyes become. So don’t forget to blink because it washes your eyes in naturally therapeutic tears, helping them stay moist and free of irritants. 5. Eat right Another way to keep your eyes healthy is consuming certain foods and drinks that prevent eye disease. According to some studies, nutrients including omega-3 fatty acids, lutein and vitamin C may help ward off age-related vision problems like macular degeneration and cataracts. Therefore, you should eat more spinach, kale, Brussels sprouts, blueberries, salmon, tuna, tomatoes, peaches, papaya, mangoes, garlic, etc. Related articles: 7 Foods To Protect Your Eyes How To Get Rid Of Pink Eye Fast At Home 5 Beauty Tips To Get Rid Of Puffy Eyes Author Box Neil Karen has 386 articles online and 17 fans I am a doctor at a general hospital in Washington DC. I am interested in issues related to health and environment. Currently, I am also a freelance writer for a health magazine. Add New Comment 5 Tips On How To Keep Your Eyes Healthy Log in or Create Account to post a comment. Security Code: Captcha Image Change Image Related searches: 5 Tips On How To Keep Your Eyes Healthy This article was published on 2013/09/30
Namphake Village : A Hidden Citadel of Tai-Buddhist Culture in Assam No Comments Share: Buddha statue inside the main temple Author : Prateek Baruah Assam, a state in North East India, a steaming hot cauldron of numerous races, diverse ethnicities as well as major religions of the world, has not only been able to carry the burden of various incoming cultures but provide all the eventual inhabitants a convivial atmosphere to survive as well as flourish despite occupying a relatively tiny spot in the mammoth geography of our earth. Specifically speaking, over the last few centuries, Assam has served as the converging point for Indo-Aryan, Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman cultures to give birth to today’s very complex and unique Assamese culture. ‘Tai Phake’ is one such community that branched off its original roots outside Assam and silently integrated itself with the Assamese culture. An offshoot of the great Tai race, the Tai Phakes penetrated Assam in the latter half of the 18th century. The Tai race, in turn, forms a major branch of the nomadic Mongolian confederation which now inhabits large areas of the Asian continent. The Tai people have largely expanded themselves to China and Eastern India. They can be found from Assam in the west to as far as Hainan province of China in the south-east and from the Chinese Yunnan province in the north to Thailand towards south. But wherever they go, the Tai people do acquire a different indigenous label for their community. For example in Burma, Thailand and Yunnan province, they are known as the Shan, Siamese and Pai respectively. They are recognised as the Lao community in countries like Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Similarly, the Tai Phakes are called “Phakial” in Assam and Many Assamese historians believe the Phakials to be immediate descendants of the Ahom race that ruled Assam for almost 600 years between 1228–1826 A.D. According to Historian Edward Gait, the Tai Phakes first settled at a place called Moongkongtat near Ningroo(a village in Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh). In the early 19th century, one Ahom commander Chandra Gohain was believed to have brought the Phakials to Jorhat district of Assam. During the Burmese invasion of Assam in the 19th century ( between 1817-1824 A.D ), the Phakials were ordered by the Burmese authorities to return to Mogoung( a township in Kachin state of Myanmar ). But the Phakials went up to river Burhidihing in upper Assam and settled on its south banks. That very place is now known as Namphake village. Geographically, it is about 550 kilometers from Assam’s capital Dispur(Guwahati). Two of the major townships of upper Assam, Nahorkatiya and Dibrugarh are respectively about 5 and 35 kilometers away from this village. One of the notable nearest landmarks is the Nahorkatiya College which is a couple of kilometers from this historic place. The nearest major railway station is the Nahorkatiya station whereas Dibrugarh airport is the nearest for air-travelers. The word “Phake” associated with this Tai community has a history of its own. “Phake” is a combination of two Tai words. One is ‘Pha’ which means “wall” and the other is ‘Ke’ which denotes “ancient” or “old”. People living near antique stone walls in Myanmar were known as “kunphake” which meant “people living near phake part of the country”. Descendents of those “phake” people are now believed to be living in Namphake village. Phakial people are also established in other villages like Borphake, Tipamphake etc in upper Assam but the majority is found in namphake area. The namphake village was established in 1850 A.D. With around 600 members, the phakial community in namphake village is small as far as numbers are concerned. But they have maintained their culture and preserved their century old traditions, thereby making a vital contribution to the already diverse and rich Assamese culture. This Tai community worships Lord Buddha. There is a sprawling Buddhist monastery at the heart of this village. This awe-inspiring Tai-Buddhist religious citadel includes several stupendous monuments within its premises. There is a Buddhist Pagoda ( a pyramidal tower with an upward curving roof ) which was built in the late 30’s of the last century. A symbolic Ashoka pillar stands tall amidst all other monuments nearby. Ashoka was a legendary king of the Mauryan Empire in India and contributed immensely in the rapid spread of Buddhism during his reign in the 3rd century B.C. Near the pillar, a stilt house called “Chaitya-Griha” was constructed. It is a double entrance hall for religious offerings with the Buddha stupa or pagoda near its rear entrance. A distinctive water tank known as the “Mucalinda” tank or “Nong Mungchiringta” is worth a view inside the monastery. The water tank has a statue of meditating Buddha at its centre protected by a snake with its hood. There is a myth that, the king of all serpents “Mucalinda” came from beneath the earth to protect lord Buddha from a prodigious rain after he attained enlightenment. The tank’s architecture is a beautiful depiction of that sacred myth. The head priest in namphake monastery is known as Gyanpaal. The monks and their disciples reside in the monastery premises. The monastery’s main temple houses a majestic 6 feet tall golden statue of Lord Buddha in sitting position. Another statue of Lord Buddha in a resting position also graces the monastery. Beautifully crafted mosaic, tiled and marble floors give this Buddhist shrine a sophisticated yet spiritual ambience. The monastery is basically run by the Buddhist monks and villagers of namphake help them out in every manner including supply of food and traditional attires to the monks. The phakial people are festival-savvy. In the month of March, the villagers in namphake observe the “Poi-Nen-Chi” festival in which they offer prayers to Lord Buddha in the “Chaitya-Griha”. “Poi-Chang-Ken” or “Poi-Shon-nam” or “Pi-hu” is the trademark event in namphake village which is celebrated every year on “Vishuva Sankranti” ( the day on which the sun transmigrates into the “Mesha” or Aries zodiac sign on its celestial path ). The event usually falls in the month of April and coincides with the Rongali Bihu, a hugely popular festival celebrated on the occasion of Assamese new year. In fact the name “Bihu” is believed to have originated from the Tai word “Pi-Hu’ or ‘Poi-Hu”. The word “chang-ken” in turn is deemed to have its origins in the Sankskrit word “Sankranti”. During this event, the Buddha statues inside the monastery are taken out to a specially designed house called “Shonfraa” and the statues are splashed with water. The water that trickles down from the freshly washed statues is collected in a special utensil called “Mo-nam-metta” and sprinkled over the gathered crowd so that they are protected from the evil. The Buddha purnima festival known as “Poi-Nun-Hok” observed on a sacred full moon night is celebrated to mark the birth of Lord Buddha. The festival date varies year to year, but usually falls in April or May. Another festival with significant religious overtones is the “Pai-Kathin” festival organised in October for distribution of religious clothing/robes of maroon or red colour known as “Kathin” to the Buddhist monks. The phakial people have several traditional dances of their own. Among them, the dance performed to welcome distinguished visitors is known as “Kapan”. The women folk use colourful umbrellas while tapping to the “Kachong” dance form. Another dance known as “Kakong” is accompanied with typical rhythmic drum beats. The monosyllabic language spoken by the Phakials belongs to the Siamese-Chinese branch of the Sino-Tibetan linguistic group. The Phakial language consists of 10 vowel phonemes, 15 consonant phonemes, a couple of semi-vowels, 3 consonant clusters and several diphthongs ( a unitary vowel that changes quality during its pronunciation i.e. it glides with a smooth movement of the tongue from one articulation to another ). Phakial language falls in the category of tonal languages, where each syllable has an inherent pitch contour, and thus minimal pairs exist between syllables with the same segmental features but different tones. Phakial language possesses 6 prominent tones – rising, falling, high (mid), high (falling), low (mid) & low. The monosyllabic nature of the phakial language is maintained by using proper suffixes after words. Villagers of Namphake are also well versed with the Pali language in which most of the ancient sacred Buddhist scriptures were written. While entering Assam in the 18th century, the tai phakes carried some valuable religious scriptures along with them. Some of these books can still be seen in a library inside the monastery. The most valuable scripts that adorn this library are the 200 year old “lik-kham” series of manuscripts. There are five books in this series and each one of them has 12 pages made of pure gold. In Tai language “lik” means book and “kham” means gold. Three of these manuscripts are 18 inches in length and 6 inches in breadth, while the rest two are 14 inches by 6 inches in size. These sacred gold scripts are studied in a special enclosure called the “seemagha” located near the main temple. The scripts are taken out for studying only when younger monks take diksha ( a religious ceremony in which monks take the pledge to follow a life of strict spiritual discipline). The library is a proud custodian of another book called “fung-shen” written on “tulaa paat” or leaves of palm tree. This 60 page book contains picture tales portraying the creation of the living beings in this world. Colours were prepared from tree leaves to draw the pictures in this book. Three unique books, each one almost 20 metres long, written on clothes called “chi-lik” are worth a watch inside this goldmine of history. Two other noteworthy books, which have been translated from its original creation to Tai language, are the 300 year old “lamamaang” ( The Ramayana which revolves around the legendary life saga of Hindu deity Lord Rama ) and “Dharma Puttalam” ( The Mahabharata which climaxes with the epic battle between “the good” epitomised by the 5 brothers known as the “paandava”s, assisted by Hindu God Lord Krishna himself, against “the evil” symbolised by the 100 brothers called the “kaurava”s ). Except some special ones, other manuscripts are generally written on “saanchipaat”( barks of aloe wood, its scientific name is aquilaria agallocha ) , inked with a special composition made from ashes of dry buffalo skin, intestines of rohu fish ( scientific name labeo rohita ) and rusted iron soaked in water. Lack of proper preservation methods has resulted in drastic reduction in the number of these priceless religious books in the library. It had around 2500 books in the year 2006 but currently it houses only around 1000 of them. The Phakial community takes pride in wearing their traditional garments. Women wear colourful hand woven dresses. An ankle length skirt called “Chin” tightened around the waist by a belt shaped cloth piece called “Chai Chin” and a blouse top called “Nang Wat” fastened under and around the arms are traditional attires for the ladies. Young girls are usually seen in white costumes; middle aged women prefer red and green coloured apparels while older women are fond of purple and blue coloured dresses. A head gear called “phahu” provides a touch of grace to the already unique attires of the women folk. The men generally wear short kurtaas, dark coloured lungis called “fanut” and a very thin blanket sized cloth piece called “chaador”. Although the phakial society spends an eventful year with all their festivals and religious ceremonies, their main occupation is still agriculture. Over the last 150 years, the fertile south banks of river Burhidihing have been optimally utilised by the Namphake villagers to produce a variety of crops as well as fruits and vegetables. But gradual erosion of land every year by the rampaging flood waters of the river is taking its toll on the helpless villagers. In the last few years, the river has come dangerously close to the monastery itself and an extensive flood may be enough to shake the very existence of this historic religious landmark. Proper erosion control measures by the government authorities to protect Namphake village and monastery from the advancing river is the need of the hour. The village occupied news headlines for a very short period of time in 2009 when princess of Thailand Rajkumari Maha chakri Sirindhorn stepped in to have a glimpse of this reclusive place. Namphake is a virgin territory as far as tourism is concerned and continuous media spot light on this little known Tai-Buddhist village coupled with effective government action will definitely help in its development as a potentially hot tourist destination in this unexplored paradise on earth, we call Assam. Previous Article বিহুৰ ৰাজনৈতিক গুৰুত্ব Next Article Baghbheta of Jamugurihat You may also like Leave a Reply
Gotcha! Traps snap suspects 12 Jul, 2014 02:00 AM An image caught by a camera trap. The researchers are well along the path of being able to individually identify dogs An image caught by a camera trap. CAMERA traps could soon get a lot smarter, courtesy of software being built in the minds and computers of a small group of Australian pest animal researchers. If the work comes to fruition, it will mean that the images snapped by a camera trap - sometimes adding up to tens of thousands in a single download batch - can be rapidly screened to pull out only images of target species, whether they be dog, fox or cat. Not only that, but the researchers are well along the path of being able to individually identify dogs. If a camera has snapped 20 images of dogs, the algorithms are able to tell how many times the same dog, or dogs, appears in those images. Camera traps are already a revolutionary piece of hardware for monitoring populations of wild animals. The potential of the software being baked by a small group of scientists associated with the Invasive Animals CRC (IACRC), NSW Department of Primary Industries and University of New England promises to take that revolution to new heights. For instance, the ability to tell whether one dog has made multiple passes across a camera will mean that camera traps become a much more effective way of monitoring wild dog numbers before and after a control program. Paul Meek, Invasive Animals Officer with the NSW Department of Primary Industries, said at the launch of the National Wild Dog Action Plan that when the identification software is hooked up to other technologies, the potential for more strategic pest animal control becomes limitless. The ability to recognise an image that contains a dog, versus all the other things that might trigger a camera trap, opens up the possibility of instantly alerting a landowner to the presence of a dog on or near their property. The alert could be transmitted across an on-farm wireless network (another technology on the development track) to the landowner’s smartphone - so, in the words of Invasive Animals CRC chair Helen Cathles, the landholder “can go out and deal with the dog before it deals with them”. Species identification also holds out the promise of very specific baiting technologies. One idea in development with many of the IACRC partners is technology to incorporate into a “cat-grooming device”. A camera is triggered and its software identifies that the source of the movement is a feral cat. Within milliseconds the software has triggered a device to shoot a squirt of toxic gel onto the cat’s fur. When the cat grooms off the gel, it becomes an ex-cat. (Such usage would require extreme confidence in the software, Mr Meek said. It would not want to muddle a cat with a small child, threatened species or a prize working dog.) The team is also working on a project figuring out how to get baits to one species, feral pigs, but in a way that makes the bait inaccessible to other non-target species. The answer may lie in a closed trap that only unlocks when the camera detects a pig. Or, Mr Meek said, camera traps aimed at the ground and monitoring data in real-time might also give early warning of mouse plagues in cropping country. So far, all these ideas are the works-in-progress of a few pest animal researchers, underpinned by the computer science expertise of Greg Falzon at UNE. Their concepts work, Mr Meek said. Current versions of the camera trap software work to a high degree of accuracy, and individual dog identification works at 85 per cent accuracy on a sample of only 40 dogs, but the research has so far been unfunded. The science is yet to be refined and wrapped into user-friendly software. That’s the next job, said Mr Meek, who undertook a 2011 Churchill Fellowship to look at camera traps for animal research. Conceiving ideas and the technology is one thing: finding the funds to make them a useable reality is another. Matthew Cawood Matthew Cawood is the national science and environment writer for Fairfax Agricultural Media Screen name * Email address * Remember me? Comment * light grey arrow light grey arrow light grey arrow
Scientists Discover the Secret Behind Incredible Ant Towers By George Dvorsky on at Georgia Tech’s David Hu, the lead author of the study, along with co-author Craig Tovey, a professor in the Stewart School of Industrial & Systems Engineering, discovered—by accident—that the column sinks as the insects work. “We accidentally kept the video camera running for an hour after the tower had been completely built,” Tovey told Gizmodo. “Not wanting to throw away this data, but not wanting to waste an hour staring at the same thing, we watched it at ten-times speed.” “At real speed, you see a bunch of ants scurrying about in different directions on the surface of the tower of apparently stationary ants,” Tovey said. “But at ten-times speed, the ants on the surface move so fast they are a blur. Through the blur, you can see that the entire tower is slowly sinking.” To confirm the sinking behavior, Tovey and Hu contacted experts at at Lawrence Livermore Labs and other institutes. They were told that the technology did not exist to track individual particles in the interior of a three-dimensional object, at the time and size scales of ant-made towers, without killing the insects. But when they talked to an expert at Georgia Tech, they were referred to Daria Monaenkova, a postdoctoral researcher working in Dan Goldman’s physics lab. Monaenkova, who would subsequently become a co-author of the new study, happened to be working on an x-ray technology that would enable the researchers to peer inside the ant tower itself. Monaenkova worked with the researchers to get the right amount of radioactive iodine that could be ingested by the ants to make them more visible to the x-ray device, but not enough to be seriously toxic. “I should emphasise that this research was the first to use Daria’s novel techniques,” said Tovey. “As an aside, many professors in Goldman’s position would have refused the use of their laboratory equipment.” With the sinking behavior confirmed by Monaenkova’s method, Hu and Tovey sought to uncover an explanation. Unexpectedly, it seems the sinking is actually necessary to the maintenance of the overall structure. “Remember, the ants are decentralised,” said Tovey. “There is no one in charge of the others. And they can’t “see” the overall shape of the tower or what is happening outside their immediate vicinity. So, the ants at the top have no way of knowing that the tower building is complete. They keep trying to build it higher. But there aren’t enough ants below to support a higher tower. A higher tower would force the individual ants below to bear too much weight—that’s why the more ants, the higher the tower they build. So the tower gets physically unstable, the ants at the bottom layer of the tower leave and the rest of the tower sinks to fill in the missing space.” Using this method, an individual ant can rest for upwards of an hour, and then rejoin its comrades in the structure once it’s ready. Consequently, the ever-changing tower can last for hours—and possibly even days if need be. Tovey likens the behavior to fish who school in rivers as they swim upstream. These fish do what a team of bicycle riders do: they take turns being at the front of the school and taking the brunt of the current. Then the ones at the front peel off and go to the back of the school, and so on. Tovey speculates that the ants are basically doing the same thing. It’s still preliminary, but Tovey speculates that this behaviour may be translatable to tiny, self-organising robots. “Very little is known so far about how to get a fleet of robots to cluster together into a three-dimensional structure,” he said. “In search-and-rescue applications and in exploration applications, this can be necessary. If a fleet of robots in a collapsed building needs to travel upwards, they might have to form a tower if the surface is too steep for them to climb individually. Similarly, robots exploring irregular terrain may need to cluster three-dimensionally to traverse obstacles. This study shows that very simple rules of individual movement can produce a useful structure.” Observing the ant tower behavior in the lab. (Image: D. Hu et al., 2017) Remember this the next time you see an ant aimlessly wandering around. Its seemingly tiny actions, unbeknown to you, are contributing to the greater good of the hive. [Royal Society Open Science] More Science Posts:
• 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 Kotor is a coastal town in Montenegro with a population of about 13,500. It is well-known for its World heritage medieval structures (including churches and fortifications) and its stunning natural setting at the very edge of the mountain-rimmed Kotor Bay. Kotor is situated in a most secluded tip of Boka Kotorska bay, in the northern part of the Montenegro coast on the Adriatic Sea. Kotor has developed around Stari Grad (local language for "old town"), the city's old town and best known landmark, which is listed with UNESCO World heritage sites. Kotor Bay is the deepest natural fjord-like bay in the Mediterranean Sea, and the scenery around it (including the steep mountains which come almost straight down to the waters edge) is spectacular. The population of Kotor is multi-ethnic: less than half are Montenegrins, less than a third are Serbians, and a tenth are Croatians. Kotor is still the seat of the Catholic Bishopric of Kotor, which covers the entire area surrounding the gulf of Kotor. It is currently not known when Kotor was exactly founded, but archaeologists do know it was before the time of Homer and that the city was Greek (IV-VII century BCE) and was home to them as well as the Illyrains and the Romans. It was destroyed by the Visigoths in V century CE, but following that it was ruled by many foreigners. First in 476 CE by the Byzantines, Boka in the VII century, Slovenians in the X and XI centuries, then by the Serbians in 1185 to 1371, the Venetians from 1420 to 1797, Austrians in 1797, Russians in 1806, France in 1808 to 1813 then Austria again. In the beginning of the 20th century they became part of Yugoslavia and then Serbia, but they finally became independent in 2006 Tirana - Albania (airport) Tirana - Albania (Downtown) Mostar - Bosnia and Herzegovina Dubrovnik Croatia (Cilipi-airport) Dubrovnik Croatia (Downtown) Contact us +382 69 961 827 CALL Viber icon Whatsapp ios 7 icon
GoogleCustom Search Motorcycle Glossary of Terms Please e-mail us if you have a glossary term suggestion to add to our motorcycle glossary: webmaster@motorbike-search-engine.co.uk Fanny - Common term for a Francis Barnet motorcycle. Featherbed - A Norton frame, designed by Rex and Crommie McCandless, Belfast, used for racing machines from 1950, road machines from 1953. Feeler blade or guage - A thin strip or blade or hardened steel, ground to an exact thickness, used to check or measure clearances between parts. FIM - Federation Internationale Motorcyclists, controls motorcycle sport worldwide. Final drive - Description of the drive from the transmission to the rear wheel. Usually by chain or shaft, but sometimes by belt. Firing order - The order in which the engine cylinders fire, or deliver their power strokes, beginning with the number one cylinder. Fizzy - Slang for Yamaha's FS-1E. Flat head - A flat surfaced cylinder head. Flat spot - Occurs when the rider opens the throttle but there is a delay in the engine responding. Usually caused by incorrect fuel/air mixture. Flat twin - An engine with 2 horizontally opposed cylinders, or 4 to make a flat Four. Float - A plastic or brass box which floats upon the fuel in a float chamber and operates the needle valve controlling the fuel. Flywheel - Attached to the crankshaft this heavy wheel smooths intermittent firing impulses and helps slow running. Four-stroke - This is the most common design found in motorcycles today. It refers to the number of times a piston moves up and down through each power cycle. 1) A downward stroke brings in the fuel/air mixture; 2) an upward stroke compresses the fuel/air mixture; 3) a downward stroke results when that mixture is ignited and expands, and finally; 4) an upward stroke expels the exhaust gases. Friction drive - An early form of drive using discs in contact instead of chains and gears. Fuel consumption - A way of measureing how efficiently your engine burns fuel, measured in miles per gallon (mpg). Fuel injection - The fuel/air mixture is metered electronically and directed into the engine intake ports (indirect injection) or into the cylinders (direct injection). Sensors supply information on engine speed and conditions. Fueler - Term used for Nitros Oxide Drag bike or car.
Modelling plant response to abiotic stress Professor Stan Miklavcic, Dr Kylie Foster, Dr Stuart Roy and Dr Galyna Safonova Abiotic stresses such as high salt can severely reduce crop plant productivity. Higher plants have evolved multiple, interconnected strategies that enable them to survive extremely unfavourable environmental conditions. It is now well documented that plants respond to salt stress at the level of individual cells as well as synergistically as a whole organism. The mechanics of salt responses fall into the overarching categories of osmotic tolerance, salt exclusion and tissue tolerance. These become activated at different stages upon a plant's exposure to salt, they involve different regions of the plant, and they involve different metabolic functions. With the accumulated knowledge of the anatomy and function of different plant parts, of the general phenotypic response of plants to salt stresses, and of the genetic factors that influence the degree to which plants tolerate salt stress, it is now possible to quantitatively predict when and how a plant responds to salt stress. To increase plant salinity tolerance it is necessary to understand the transport of ions such as Na+ and Cl- through a plant. In this project a biophysical model of ion transport is developed to identify the key transport factors leading to toxic salt accumulation in plant tissues. The model seeks to reveal key pathways and processes responsible for maintaining plant yield in difficult environments and to propose novel strategies to improve stress tolerance for Australia's main crops: wheat and barley. K.J. Foster, S.J. Miklavcic (2013) Mathematical modelling of the uptake and transport of salt in plant roots, Journal of Theoretical Biology, v336, pp 132-143 K.J. Foster, S.J. Miklavcic (2014) On the competitive uptake and transport of ions through differentiated root tissues, Journal of Theoretical Biology, , v340, pp 1-10 K.J. Foster, S.J. Miklavcic (2015) Toward a biophysical understanding of the salt stress response of individual plant cells, Journal of Theoretical Biology, v385, p130-142. K.J. Foster, S.J. Miklavcic (2016) Modelling root zone effects on preferred pathways for the passive transport of ions and water in plant roots”, Frontiers in Plant Physiology, 7:914 Areas of study and research + Click to minimise
Ever seen white stripes on a chicken breast? posted by Megan - We eat a lot of chicken breasts. We're told it's really good for us. And for the most part, it is. But if you've ever noticed white striping on uncooked chicken breasts, here's what you need to know: White striping is actually a muscle disorder. Notice the difference in these three chicken breasts... Recent studies show that up to 96% of chickens may have muscular disorders. The result? Up to 224% more fat. That's a big difference. The poultry scientists believe that a simple case of supply and demand is at play: The average American eats more than 90 pounds of chicken every year, and that number is only going up. The market for cheap protein encourages farmers to produce bigger birds in less time. According to the National Chicken Council, the average bird sent to market in 1950 was 3.08 pounds and 70-days-old. In 2015, the average weight had doubled — clocking in at 6.24 pounds — but the average age dipped to 47-days-old. [Source] Now there's really no need to panic...because chicken, overall, is still pretty healthy. But here's a video you can watch if you'd like more info: Content Goes Here
When to date the start of the history of the United States When to date the start of the history of the United States is debated among historians. Older textbooks started with 1492 and emphasized the European background, or started in 1600 and emphasized the American frontier. In recent decades American schools and universities typically have shifted back in time to include more on the colonial period and much more on the pre- history of the Native peoples. Indigenous peoples lived in what is now the United States for thousands of years and developed complex cultures before European colonists began to arrive, mostly from England, after 1600. The Spanish had early settlements in Florida and the South- west, and the French along the Mississippi River and Gulf Coast. By the 1770s, thirteen British colonies contained two and a half million people along the Atlantic coast, east of the Appalachian Mountains. The Thirteen Colonies were the British Colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America founded between 1607 (Virginia) and 1733 (Georgia) that joined together to declare independence in 1776. After driving the French out of North America in 1763, the British imposed a series of new taxes while rejecting the American argument that taxes required representation in Parliament. Tax resistance, especially the Boston Tea Party of 1774, led to pu- nishment by Parliament designed to end self-government in Massachusetts. The Boston Tea Party was a political protest by the Sons of Liberty in Bos- ton, on December 16, 1773. Disgui- sed as American Indians, the demons- trators destroyed an entire shipment of tea, which had been sent by the East India Company, in defiance of the Tea Act of May 10, 1773. They boarded the ships and threw the chests of tea into Boston Harbor, rui- ning the tea. The British government responded harshly and the episode escalated into the American Revolu- tion. All 13 colonies united in a Congress that led to armed conflict in April 1775. On July 4, 1776, the Congress adopted the Declara- tion of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson, proclaimed that all men are created equal, and founded a new nation, the Uni- ted States of America. Declaration of Independance We hold these truths to be self- evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Li- berty and the pursuit of Happiness. With large-scale military and financial support from France and military lea- dership by General George Washington, the American Patriots won the Revolu- tionary War. The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation most of the land east of the Mississippi River (except Florida). The national government established by the Articles of Confederation proved ineffectual at providing stability to the new nation, as it had no authority to col- lect taxes and had no executive. A convention called in Philadelphia in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confedera- tion instead resulted in the writing of a new Constitution, which was adopted in 1789. In 1791 a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee rights that justified the Revolution. Bill of Rights ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and rati- fied by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution. Note: The following text is a transcription of the first ten amendments to the Constitution in their original form. These amend- ments were ratified December 15, 1791, and form what is known as the « Bill of Rights. » Amendment I Amendment II Amendment III Amendment IV Amendment V Amendment VI Amendment VII Amendment VIII Amendment IX Amendment X With George Washington as the nation’s first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief political and financial adviser, a strong national government was created. When Thomas Jefferson became president he purchased the Louisiana Territory from France, doubling the size of American territorial holdings. A second and last war with Britain was fought in 1812. The Manifest Destiny • The special virtues of the American people and their institutions; • America’s mission to redeem and remake the west in the image of agrarian America; • An irresistible destiny to accomplish this essential duty • the virtue of the American people and their institutions; • the destiny under God to do this work Expansion of the Nation Driven by the doctrine of Manifest Destiny, the nation expanded beyond the Louisiana purchase, all the way to California and Oregon. The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners. This expansion was controversial and fueled the unresolved differences between the North and South over the institution of slavery in new territories. Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason–Dixon line by 1804, but the South continued to profit off the institution, producing high value cotton exports to feed increasing high demand in Europe. The 1860 presidential election of anti-slavery Republican Abraham Lincoln triggered the secession of seven (later eleven) slave states to found the Confederacy in 1861. The American Civil War (1861-1865) ensued, with the overwhelming material and manpower advantages of the North decisive in a long war, as Britain and France remained neutral. The result was restoration of the Union, the impoverishment of the South, and the abolition of slavery. In the Reconstruction era (1863–77) legal and voting rights were extended to the Freedmen (freed slaves). The national government emerged much stronger, and because of the Fourteenth Amendment, it gained the explicit duty to protect individual rights. However, legal segregation and Jim Crow laws left blacks as second class citizens in the South with little power until the 1960s. Checks and Balances How does the system of checks and balances help protect the rights? After the Civil War President Andrew Johnson vetoed over 20 bills. After the Civil War Congress overrode overrode over 20 Presidential vetoes! In 1987 President Ronald Reagan appointed Judge Robert Bork to the Supreme Court, his nomination was defeated.
Category Archives: America’s Handwriting On the Wall- the Judgment of God America’s Handwriting On the Wall- the Judgment of God handwriting_eclipse2.jpgGod’s Handwriting On the Wall Daniel refused King Belshazzar reward but proceeded to interpret the handwriting on the wall.. And this is the writing that was written, MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN. This is the interpretation of the thing: MENE; God hath numbered thy kingdom, and finished it. TEKEL; Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting. PERES; Thy kingdom is divided, and given to the Medes and Persians Da5:24-28. That night, Belshazzar was killed, his kingdom overthrown and given to King Darius of Media/Persia. America’s Solar Eclipse- Like During Jonah’s Days In order to have a Total Solar Eclipse like the one that raced across America, where the movements of the moon and the sun were in total synchronization and there was an extended darkness during the daytime over the US, required the sun to be about 400 times away from the moon, because the sun is 400 times larger than the moon. This happened on August 21, 2017 passing over Oregon across the US to South Carolina. This total solar eclipse occurred during the daytime lasting a few minutes over a location, as the earth and the moon moved in sync with the sun to maintain deep darkness across the nation. It was a sure sign that God orchestrated million of years ago to occur in the heavens on that particular day, right across America from coast to coast, and then over the Atlantic Ocean! But what was the meaning of this celestial phenomenon? It is about America’s sins and wickedness, and of God’s coming judgment upon our land. According to Mark Blitz, author and Bible scholar, a total solar eclipse also happened in Nineveh, in present day Iraq, during Jonah’s days when God told Jonah to tell the Ninevites to repent from their sins and wickedness, and to turn to Him or they would be totally destroyed. To Jonah’s displeasure and chagrin at God, the Ninevites all repented- from the king to the commoners, and God spared all of them. Blitz said that there was a similar total solar eclipse in the days of Jonah, a strange sign from God in the heavens, which caused the people to heed the words of Jonah and to repent! (See the book of Jonah chapters 3 and 4 in the Bible). Blitz said ‘Just look at the biblical pattern. Many know the story of Jonah & Nineveh from the Bible, but not the historical background events as to what had already transpired, and why they repented. In 765 BC, a plague broke out in Nineveh where even the king was not able to go out to war, as was custom. This was followed by a civil war and then another plague! An archaeological cuneiform tablets was found in the 19th century describing events in Nineveh. A famous eclipse mentioned in the tablets was known as the Bur-Sagale eclipse, which is verified by NASA as occurring on June 15, 763 BC. The path of totality was right over Nineveh. God had declared the sun and the moon were for signs, and now the Ninevites saw the wrath of God coming even before Jonah arrived. When Jonah came, the Ninevites were ripe for repentance.’ America’s Handwriting On the Wall – the Great American Solar Eclipse The total solar eclipse and the subsequent hurricanes are not about Global Warming, but about GLOBAL WARNING FROM GODOn August 21, 2017 the Great American Solar Eclipse raced across America like a giant handwriting in the sky, traversing 3300 miles, from coast to coast in over 2 hours, seen by millions across the nation, with darkness covering the land as the eclipse passed. It was a warning sign in the heavens from Almighty God! Jesus declared ‘And there shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in the stars; and upon the earth distress of nations, with perplexity; the sea and the waves roaring; Men’s hearts failing them for fear, and for looking after those things which are coming on the earth: for the powers of heaven shall be shaken’ Lk21:25-27. Then on Aug 25, Hurricane Harvey struck South Texas; Sep 10, Hurricane Irma raked a good part of Florida, and on Sep 18, Hurricane Maria devastated the US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico! Within days after the total solar eclipse crossed America, three super hurricanes subsequently developed, Hurricane Harvey, Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Maria that devastated parts of the US and her territories. Previously, no major hurricane had struck America in 12 years since 2005. Though these super hurricanes killed only several hundred people, Hurricane Harvey, was the wettest US storm ever recorded in the US, damaged or destroyed 100,000 homes, with a million vehicles water ruined in S. Texas. The destruction & damages were very severe, costing over $200 billion. Hurricane Irma also did great similar widespread damages to Florida and to its important orange crop. And more recently Hurricane Maria pummeled the US Virgin Islands and the already bankrupt Puerto Rico, further back to the dark ages, with no power and over 90% damages to their buildings. Without electricity for a few weeks in Puerto Rico, Cash was King, because most bank and credit card accounts were inaccessible. These three super hurricanes will add to the US relief debt bill, of another $500 billion dollars, at a time when the US Gov’t is already greatly stressed with an unsustainable national debt exceeding $20 trillion. The Great American Solar Eclipse of Aug 21, was America’s handwriting in the sky, of God’s displeasure of our sins, and a sure sign of His judgment; that America has been weighed in the balances too, and has been found wanting! The Makings of a Super Hurricane Hurricanes are categorized by their maximum wind speeds near their center. For a Category 1 hurricane, it must have at least 75 mph winds near its eye. Similarly, a top rated but rare Category 5 super hurricane, has winds at more than 150 mph near its eye. Many conditions must come together to produce a ‘super hurricane’. Sea surface temperature (SST) must exceed 82F/28C over a vast ocean area like 5000 square miles; the warmer SST, the greater potential for development. Over time, the warm SST translates to great instability, and with very moist unstable and saturated air rising into the atmosphere. Each additional degree warmer than 82F means large exponential increases in both instability and water vapor available for turning into heat energy as condensation to clouds and rainfall and ice in the high clouds occurs. Surface air pressure begins to fall sharply to below 915mb, where the norm is 1013mb, sustaining the strength of these super hurricane. The vast relatively warm waters basically provides the energy to maintain the engine of these giant revolving powerful hurricanes, producing destructive strong winds and massive waves, over a vast area of a couple hundred miles. As mentioned in Lk21:25 above, the Great American Solar Eclipse was a sure sign from God which was followed by three destructive Super Hurricanes on American soil; ‘..and upon the earth distress of nations, with perplexity; the sea and the waves roaring‘; an appropriate description of the awesome power of God in a vicious storm! HURRICANES Harvey, Irma, Maria= HIM!!! Yes, it is God who controls the weather and causes these terrible storms! Man’s Wickedness Precedes God’s Destruction There are several instances in the Holy Bible, where whole cities/nations were destroyed by God for their sins and wickedness. The classic example was the worldwide flood during Noah days. Ge6:5-7 state ‘And GOD saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. And it repented the LORD that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart. And the LORD said, I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast, and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made them’. God instructed Noah to build a huge ark for himself, his wife, his three sons, their wives, and pairs of different animals to be saved. Then God sent a record flood that destroyed every living thing. Ge7:11,12 state ‘In the six hundredth year of Noah’s life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened. And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights’. Another example in the Bible of total cataclysmic destruction was that of Sodom and Gomorrah during Abraham days, when God rained down hail and brimstones Ge19:24. Then the book of Revelation speaks of a future disaster: ‘Babylon the great is fallen, is fallen, and is become the habitation of devils, and the hold of every foul spirit, and a cage of every unclean and hateful bird. For all nations have drunk of the wine of the wrath of her fornication, and the kings of the earth have committed fornication with her, and the merchants of the earth are waxed rich through the abundance of her delicacies.. that great city Babylon, that mighty city! for in one hour is thy judgment come’ Re18:2,3,10. Could God be speaking of America the Great, and perhaps that great New York City in particular, of one day being utterly destroyed in one hour, and by a nuclear device? The Five Steps to Repentance Repentance is the key to our survival and eternal life. Jesus said ‘.. Except ye Repent, ye shall all likewise perish’ Lk13:3. God spoke to King Solomon in a dream with these words for repentance: ‘If my people, which are called by my name, shall humble themselves, and pray, and seek my face, and turn from their wicked ways; then will I hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin, and will heal their land’ 2Ch7:12-14. God then added ‘But if ye turn away, and forsake my statutes and my commandments, which I have set before you, and shall go and serve other gods, and worship them; Then will I pluck them up by the roots out of my land which I have given them; and this house, which I have sanctified for my name, will I cast out of my sight, and will make it to be a proverb and a byword among all nations’ 2Ch7:19,20. These are the 5 Steps to Repentance God gave to King Solomon of Israel to receive forgiveness of our sins, the healing (sparing) of our land, and to receive mercy from Him: 1. Humble ourselves, 2. Pray, 3. Seek God’s mercy and help, 4. Turn from our wickedness, and 5. Obey God. Only then will God hear us, forgive us, and will heal our land! Sadly, Solomon did not heed God’s warning, and after his death, Israel was divided into two, and later went into captivity in Babylon. I believe these principles of repentance also apply to America, a country God had once richly blessed in so many ways in wealth and rich resources, but we are now greatly divided, in deep monetary trouble, and subject to more catastrophes. America: What Disaster Lurks Next? In the days and months ahead, what natural or supernatural disasters are in store for America? Recent raging wildfires due to extreme dry conditions have already decimated several thousands, many expensive homes in Northern and Southern California. And beside more fires, there are many other possibilities, such as the long expected major earthquake in California, or along the Cascadia Subduction Fault off Washington and Oregon, or in the New Madrid Fault in the Midwest. Talks are frequent of possible eruptions of the supervolcano in the Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, of Mt. Rainier in Washington, or Mt. Hood in Oregon, similar to the eruption of Mt. St. Helens in 1980. Will there be great tsunami generated by these earthquakes to hit our coastal lands? These are natural disasters that are controlled only by God! Also, there are many man-made structures in America which are equally at risk for a disaster. Our country’s aged infrastructure, roads, bridges, and hundred of dams such as the Oroville Dam in California are at great risk; the many aged nuclear power plants that are vulnerable, all to strong earthquakes. Then in the financial sector, the US$ as the world reserve currency is in dire trouble, as the US National Debt has doubled to over $20 trillion in less than 10 years, equal to over $65,000 per man, woman, and child in America. Plus, many in America are laden with large personal loans such as mortgage, auto, credit cards debts, and student loans, with only a few having more than a few thousand dollars for emergency. Monetarily, the US Gov’t itself is going broke and must depend on further borrowing to carry out its many programs. Affordable healthcare is now just an oxymoron, as rising healthcare will one day outpace most individual’s income, if we live long enough. Meanwhile, all Gov’t and other pension funds are extremely stressed and underfunded, including Social Security and Medicare, and will be reduced in the near future. The Dow Jones, at a near record high of over 24,500, where most of the pension funds are invested, is very vulnerable to a 50% collapse such as happened in 2008-2009. This will further exacerbate the tenuous pension funds, and hurt everyone depending on their pensions for survival. It is conceivable that one day, it would be just too expensive to live. Rising taxes, medical costs, food prices, oil prices, and other expenses would require all of us to make tough decisions on our spending and lifestyles. Who receives medical care will be determined by ‘death panels’, whether that person is too old, too weak, too sick, too poor, or too expensive to keep alive will be the norm in the near future. Our present longevity is directly related to medical science ability to keep us alive as long as possible, but the cost is running out of control! When the US$, unbacked by gold since 1971, collapses, it will be game over for most of us in America. Currency collapse has happened before in many other countries, so this is not a novel idea! Are we heading for the satanic ‘New World Order’ of control, containment, confiscation, martial law and a police state, as advertised by the diabolic all-seeing eye and unfinished pyramid on the reverse side of every one US$ bill since 1935? Is America heading for a nuclear war which will kill millions at an instance as suggested in the book of Revelation? N. Korea has openly threaten the US with nuclear missiles, and our relationship with Russia is at a historic low, over claims that they had interfered in our 2016 presidential election. Re6:8 states ‘And I looked, and behold a pale horse: and his name that sat on him was Death, and Hell followed with him. And power was given unto them over the fourth part of the earth, to kill with sword, and with hunger, and with death, and with the beasts of the earth’. God’s Requirements For a Blessed Nation America has departed from God’s biblical precepts for a blessed nation. In 1963, prayer and the reading of the Bible were removed from the public schools. In 1973, abortion was legalized. Since then, over 50 million babies have been killed in America. In 2003, sodomy was removed as a crime. Then in Sep 2011, the President removed the ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’ ban in the US military, and the military has since ‘gone gay’! Then in 2013, same-sex marriages (SSM) was upheld in certain states by the US Supreme Court. Finally, on June 26, 2015, SSM became the law of the land, when the US Supreme Court ruled contrary to the Bible. This is only part of the general degradation of morality in America. Meanwhile, pornography is flourishing, drug use increased, marijuana legalized, pedophilia and bestiality on the rise, and sex even with robotic dolls are becoming very popular. The Bible states ‘Righteousness exalteth a nation: but sin is a reproach to any people’ Pr 14:34, and ‘When the righteous are in authority, the people rejoice: but when the wicked beareth rule, the people mourn’ Pr29:2. Today, we have many reprobate leaders in America, who have no fear of the Lord. Pr1:7 states ‘The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge: but fools despise wisdom and instruction’. America, once a blessed nation, has fallen into great sin and wickedness. Ps33:12 states ‘Blessed is the nation whose God is the LORD; and the people whom he hath chosen for his own inheritance’. This once rung true for America in the days of our innocence over 50 years ago, but we have become increasing reprobate. Jesus said ‘And because iniquity shall abound, the love of many shall wax cold. But he that shall endure unto the end, the same shall be saved Mt24:12,13. Many will perish forever, and only few saved. America’s Final Days? So what is in store for America? More severe judgment and disasters? More apocalyptic catastrophes? A nuclear war or EMP attack? More economic and financial problems? Another great stock market crash like in 2008-2009? Will the Federal Reserve Bank come to our rescue again as their options of lowering interest rates and printing more money through quantitative easing are pretty much spent already, and they are now raising rates again? How can the FRB help this time when in fact, they want to reduce by selling their $4.5 trillion bond holdings accumulated since 2009, when it was only $900 billion? This time in 2017-2018 is very different. The US$ will eventually collapse, as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) countries seek other venues than the US$ for their oil and international settlements! On August 21, 2017, America’s Handwriting was on the wall, a sure sign in the heavens of God’s judgment for all to see! America- Repent or Perish!!! See also Superstorm Sandy- the Angry Fury of God’s Wrath
In-memory computing can boost both CPU-bound and IO-bound jobs In enterprise computing, usually there are CPU-bound and IO-bound jobs. In CPU-bound jobs, CPU utilization is high while IO tasks are minimal. In IO-bound jobs, CPU utilization is low because the jobs are mostly waiting for IO operations to start and finish. As we know, disk-based IO operations are several magnitudes slower than CPU-memory operations. Good in-memory computing technology directly impacts performance of CPU-bound processes. You may then ask this question: how does better in-memory technology can have any impact on IO-bound jobs since CPU is already under-utilized and it is the IO that is the bottleneck? Look at this way you will find the answer: advances in data storage technology. Storage technology dictates how fast IO operations can be performed between CPU and where data is stored. The gradual adoption of Solid Sate Flash Memory as data storage mechanism by enterprises is boosting IO operations dramatically. IO-bound jobs are less IO-bound now. Some IO-bound jobs may have even shifted to CPU-bound. Recognizing bottlenecks in your enterprise computing is crucial now since you are dealing with big data. The point is that good in-memory computing technology and good storage technology all play important roles to improve your enterprise productivity.
Minerals and Their Chemical Classification • Swapna Mukherjee A mineral, by definition, is any naturally (not man-made) occurring inorganic (not a result of life plant or animal) substance. Its chemical structure can be exact, or can vary. All minerals belong to a chemical group, which represents their affiliation with certain elements or compounds. The science of mineralogy has spanned over several decades owing to its importance in various aspects. Knowledge of minerals of variable sources becomes essential for its application in metallurgy, gem-industry etc. Calcium Carbonate Carbonaceous Chondrite Iron Meteorite Chemical Classification Iron Carbide Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. Further Reading 1. 1. Blackburn, W.H. and W.H. Dennen. Principles of Mineralogy, 2nd ed. William C. Brown, Dubuque, IA. 1994.Google Scholar 2. 2. Deer, W.A., R.A. Howie and J. Zussman. Rock Forming Minerals. 5 vols. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 1962.Google Scholar 3. 3. Klein, C. and C.S. Hurlbut, Jr. Manual of Mineralogy, 21st ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 1993.Google Scholar 4. 4. Skinner, H.C.W. Biominerals. Mineralogical Magazine, October 2005, 69(5): 621641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar 5. 5. Wenk, Hans-Rudolf and Andrei Bulakh. Minerals. Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar 6. 6. Internet Data Retrieved from:Google Scholar 7. 7. Biomineralization. Session lectures. J Biol Inorg Chem (2007) 12 (Suppl 1): S207- S209.Google Scholar 8. 8. Meteorite Minerals. from The Meteorite Market. Copyright information © Capital Publishing Company 2011 Authors and Affiliations • Swapna Mukherjee • 1 1. 1.Geological Survey of IndiaKolkataIndia Personalised recommendations
Python rules Quotes and Double quotes Python is a case sensitive programming language One of the first caveats programmers encounter when learning Python is the fact that there are no braces to indicate blocks of code for class and function definitions or flow control. Blocks of code are denoted by line indentation, which is rigidly enforced. If any of the code below doesn't work the first thing is to check the indentation (i.e use a space) for terms such as "print" which are below and if/loop/logic The semicolon ( ; ) allows multiple statements on the single line To run a python program python or chmod 755 and then ./ # are for comments "doesn't" # or use double quotes Any of the below starting with >>> is using the python command line. Quotes and Double quotes Python accepts single ('), double (") and triple (''' or """) quotes to denote string literals, as long as the same type of quote starts and ends the string.(for more on triple quote see Triple quotes In some cases, when you need to include really long strings instead of terminating each line with \n\, i.e hello = """ Semi colons are very rarely used, colons are used a bit more frequetley with indentations (while,if,else,elif,defining functions) taken from if a == b print a if a == b: print a
Clinical trials and data for laypeople, Part 2 The foundation of science is this: that we can determine how adding or removing something changes a scenario by comparing it to what happens when we do not nothing. Sunblock is a very simple example of this. In order to see what sunblock does, or does not do, we first keep track of what happens when a person doesn’t use sunblock, and then replicate that situation with the only change being that person now using sunblock. It is important to keep everything else the same: if the person we are testing normally drinks three cups of coffee before noon, wears make up, and doesn’t get enough sleep, we want that person to keep doing those things while we study what the sunblock does. The reason we want this is because if lots of things change at once, how can we know that the sunblock causes any changes we see? For example, let’s say this person often has an upset stomach. If she suddenly stops drinking coffee when she starts using sunblock, and this improves her upset stomach, the data might indicate that wearing sunblock helps with upset stomach even though that’s not really the case. Most people think that clinical trials do what I just described: that they compare the effect of a therapy to people who think they are getting the therapy but are actually getting the placebo. While this does sometimes happen, that is almost never the case for people with advanced life threatening diseases or rare diseases. This is a complex topic so I’m going to unpack this in a series of posts so that I can answer questions as they come up. The first thing to understand is that there are phases of clinical trials. Understanding the phases will help you to know what the data means when the results are released. For trials that are supervised by the American FDA, there are four phases. They are cleverly called Phase I, Phase II, Phase III, and Phase IV. Phase I is the first and most preliminary. Phase I trials are safety and dosing trials. I have never seen a phase I trial with more than fifty people. Most of the ones I see involve 10-20 people. This is the first real contact a new treatment (drug or biologic) has with patients that the therapy is intended to treat. It is literally to see how the human body reacts when it is given any amount of this substance. Phase I trials are to see what adverse events present with this therapy. Adverse events are basically side effects and complications. They are the risks you accept when using the therapy. Some are serious, and some are not. Dosing trials are just what they sound like: they give different people different doses in order to figure out the lowest effective dose. This is because we want to give as little of this substance as possible because this usually gives the lowest risk for complications. So we will split our phase I group into smaller groups called cohorts. Cohort is just the science term for a group of patients that have things in common that we are studying. For example, let’s say we have a phase I study for Klimasonium, a drug that is taken once daily and cures mast cell disease. (I super wish for Klimasonium.) Let’s say I gather up 30 patients with MCAS for Klimasonium. (Please do not think this is real thing.) In order to determine what doses we should use to treat patients, I would break up my 30 patients into 3 groups, also called cohorts. Cohort 1 would take one tablet a day. Cohort 2 would take two tablets a day. Cohort 3 would take three tablets a day. At the end of the trial, I would look at what side effects and complications patients had, and if their disease got worse or better, and in what ways. Based upon this information, I will pick a dose that helps the disease while causing the fewest complications. I will also have to report any and all side effects or complications to the FDA so that the risks of this therapy are recorded and patients who take this drug at any time will be made aware. Clinical trials and data for laypeople, Part 1 Hey, MastAttackers, We are going to take a short break from the 107 series to address a topic I get asked about constantly: which drugs are best for advanced systemic mastocytosis and how they compare to one another. Before we get started, there are some things we need to get out of the way. While my second life revolves around educating about mast cell disease and helping patients (and my third life involves having mast cell disease and living with it), my first life and real world job is as a senior scientist for the biomedical research division of a large pharma organization. My job is to figure out ways to test for things that will tell us if a patient is likely to get benefit from the therapies we are testing in studies and clinical trials to treat diseases. While my job largely focuses on supporting trials for cancers like lung cancer and melanoma, I also contribute to trials for rare diseases. One of the rare diseases we have trials for is systemic mastocytosis. Nothing I say here or in my capacity as Lisa Klimas from MastAttack or Lisa Klimas, a human with systemic mastocytosis, should be taken as representing the organization I work for. I do not ever speak as an employee about the things I just mentioned unless I am at work working. Ever. Obviously, I have systemic mastocytosis. Everyone knows that. This is not a secret. Systemic mastocytosis is the center of the Venn Diagram of my three lives: they all touch there. For this reason, I avoid talking about certain things about my health because it triggers questions about things that relate closely to my job. For the same reason, I am also very restricted in what I can say about certain therapies for systemic mastocytosis. Specifically, I am very restricted in what I can say about therapies for advanced systemic mastocytosis, like tyrosine kinase inhibitors and multitarget kinase inhibitors. However, I can talk about how to compare two therapies to one another using science, and you can apply that however you wish. So for the next several posts, I’m going to give a crash course in drug development, clinical trials and data interpretation for laypeople. If you have specific questions, please comment on this post. I will answer any question in a post provided it does not violate my obligations I mentioned above. First post goes up tomorrow night and covers how clinical trials work, what the phases mean, and how people with no science background can understand what the results mean. Hope this helps clear things up. This will be fun. Please support mast cell patients who need Elecare Jr to stay the same People with severe mast cell disease are at risk of losing all foods due to reactivity and anaphylaxis. These patients are often dependent upon elemental formulas for nutrition. These formulas are incredibly expensive but lifesaving for many. Recently, one of these elemental formulas, Elecare Jr, was re formulated. Some patients who have failed EVERY OTHER nutrition option rely upon this formula to stay alive. The mom of one of my little masto buddies graciously agreed to explain the importance of this elemental formula to her son, Ollie: “Hi Lisa, here’s a little on why keeping formula the same for Ollie is so important. Ollie was sick on day one of his life. We started nursing and he was a “puker” on day one. By 2 weeks old I thought he was MSPI and cut dairy and soy from my diet. At 4 weeks old he was gaining weight, but not fast enough, covered in rashes, throwing up nearly constantly and just screamed for hours. We did this for a total of 4 months. Changing my diet, with no change in him. At 4 months old his pediatrician diagnosed him as failure to thrive. She gave us a can of Elecare infant. Within 2 weeks, he was a whole new kid. No rashes, no more vomiting, his stools looked phenomenal and for the first time, he was gaining appropriately! He was diagnosed with Fpies around 5 months old. Oliver then continued to fail all solid foods. Elecare infant was his sole source of nutrition. We tried switching him to Elecare Jr and Neocate Jr. He reacted to those as well. At 18 months old, Oliver was diagnosed with MCAS. Thanks to medication, he gained his first food, Eggs about this same time. He still relied primarily on Elecare Infant. By 18 months it had helped him get to 50th percentile in weight! When Oliver was 2.5, he gained his second safe food, broccoli. He’s added 8 more foods since then. Today, he’s 6 weeks from his third birthday. He has 10 safe foods and relies on Elecare Infant for 90% of his nutrition still. Abbott has changed their labels and the names of some of their ingredients. They claim they didn’t actually change anything in the formula, but one change, one minor change could mean a reaction for him. If he loses this formula, he has no other options. He will slowly become nutrient deficient causing many other problems that he doesn’t need. We need Abbott to leave their formularies alone!” I know lots of kids (and adults) just like Ollie. They need our support right now. If you are so inclined, please consider adding your name to a petition asking Abbott to reconsider their new formulation of Elecare Jr. Mast cell patients (and other patients with significant nutritional difficulties) need your support. Hope everyone had a safe and happy weekend! Can’t wait to see everyone at the weekly Q&A this Wednesday at 7-9pm, EST. I have a sunburn. Today, I embarked upon that most quintessential New England autumn venture: apple picking. It was supposed to be about 70 degrees with a breeze and some clouds. Instead it was almost 90 degrees with a little breeze and a sun beaming directly down upon us. I always wear sunblock on my face and cover a lot of my skin, even in the summer, so it wasn’t too bad. The sunburn is on my chest and shoulders. It’s not serious. It won’t blister. It looks red and angry and kind of hurts. Not a lot of pain, but there. Persistent. Stinging. I have been sick a long time. And that means have been in pain a long time, too. There are lots of different pains and I know them all. I know the loose instability of stretching a joint too far. I know the burning of flushing skin and the stinging that remains after the flush is gone. The abdominal neuropathy that spreads like lightning across my midsection, electric fractals emanating from a central point. The hard swelling of my colon when fluid is trapped in the tissue. The way it feels like broken glass when my GI tract reluctantly moves things through its lower portions. The white hot fire of something passing over an open wound. The acid throbbing of vasculitis. The beating against the back of my skull of a terrible headache. The pressure of food that will not move as my stomach swells around it. I have needed pain medication of one kind of another for several years. I have lived a very privileged life and I have been very lucky to have a medical team that has been largely the same for several years. My doctors know me pretty well. And because they have seen me screaming in pain and seen the damage that caused the pain, they are willing to help me manage my pain. It is a never ending process of adjusting medications and behaviors and foods but I have options that many people do not. I am lucky. Very lucky. Drug addiction is a hell I wish on no one and one that has affected me personally in many ways. Heroin abuse is often a complication of opiate abuse: it renders a similar high but is cheaper and easier to get (as I understand it – I do not have personal experience with heroin). Sometimes people who are prescribed opiates for legitimate reasons become addicted and are forced to buy pills illegally or resort to other products, like heroin. Often, people with addiction come to heroin or pills another way, without ever having had a medical reason for using them. Last year, the CDC made broad recommendations regarding prescriptions for opiates, probably the most well known drug class of pain killers. I had anticipated their recommendations with dread and I was not disappointed. In brief, their recommendations were that every other avenue for pain management be thoroughly exhausted before use of opiates, which would almost certainly render pain relief. The quantities to be prescribed were small and the courses short, irrespective of whether or not this was appropriate to the pain condition or realistic in any way. Patients would all be drug tested frequently so that we could prove over and over again that we are not drug addicts. Our medication would not be filled without us proving over and over again that we are not drug addicts. And for those patients like me who have debilitating, chronic pain, there were provisions for trialing removal of pain meds so that they could determine whether or not we actually needed them and if it was possible to reduce the dose at all. Most alarmingly, in my state, they adopted guidelines that could people like me to be evaluated by a doctor who knows nothing about me or my rare disease in order to determine whether or not I really needed these drugs. I am not an addict. I take my medication as directly. I fully comply with any and all guidelines and am happy to pee in a cup every time they instruct me to. But I am still afraid. I am afraid that I will do everything right and still end up in severe pain with no drugs to manage it because government agencies are conflating the epidemic of drug addiction with the necessary pain management of chronic pain patients. And that fear is getting larger and larger as time passes. This past week, a large pharmacy chain in the US announced that they would only dispense seven days of opiates for “new” patients. There is already a lot of debate about what exactly this means but I guarantee it means more trouble and stress and fear for people like me. I cannot imagine a system in which a pharmacist can know my personal health and pain situation better than my provider of many years. What if the pharmacy decides I’m a new patient and just won’t give me more than seven days? What happens then? There are no answers yet on what will happen, but I don’t need to specifics to know that the people who will be most affected are people like me. There are many practical reasons why this particular practice is a terrible idea. For one, it requires patients to be seen again to get a new prescription after seven days. For a pain situation in which a patient might need pain meds for a month, this would translate to four office visits instead of one. That’s four copays. That’s four trips with associated expenses. And that’s four copays at the pharmacy. That’s four office visits that already overextended provider’s office now needs to find time for. And when they can’t find the time, those patients may be left without any pain medications until the next appointment. But these are not the reasons that literally keep me up at night so that I am writing this post at 12:50am despite being absolutely exhausted. What keeps me up is that no matter what, no matter what the intentions are for all these restrictions, and who they are supposed to affect, me and people like me will suffer. We already know what it is like to be treated like a junkie. We already know that we have to convince every provider we interact with that we use pain medication responsibly as directed at appropriate doses for our pain condition. We already know that we’re never totally convinced that those providers believe that. But most of all, we know pain. And we know that in the current climate of increasing restrictions on pain management, we will have more pain than we used to. Pain that could be treated effectively if there was not such a stigma upon using opiates for chronic pain when everything else has failed. Pain we remember and are afraid of. Pain is such an abstract quality to those who don’t live with it. People who don’t have it often do not empathize with those of us who do. We are often painted as lazy or attention seeking. Some day, those people will know about pain, and they will feel guilty then. But it will be too late at that point. People like me can’t wait for that day. Pain is a monster with many faces that haunts every moment of your life. It eats our sore muscles and swollen joints and ruined organs and twisted bones. It eats and eats and eats until there is nothing left that suggests a person lived in this vessel. That there was once a life here, and dreams, and aspirations. That beautiful things lived here before they were destroyed. Pain is not something you can overcome as a society by pretending the people who have it will be able to figure out another way to manage it when you rob them of their best tools. Chronic pain kills people. We know this fact. It is not disputed. Pain causes inflammation that can cause strokes, heart attacks, cancer. It causes despair and loneliness. It causes suicide. I am afraid that we will not be remembered as the generation that overcame opiates. I am afraid that we will be remembered as the generation that pain destroyed. If we are remembered at all. In which I answer all your questions: Weekly MastAttack Q&A, Week 1 Hey, MastAttackers, After a several month hiatus, I am back answering questions in the MastAttack Facebook group. A new thread is posted weekly where people can comment with their questions. Questions are answered on Thursday nights from 7p-9p EST. Once the session is over, the thread is locked but will stay visible so it is available for reference. The lovely Mikal Mowdy, mother of Yssabelle Eddlemon, who is disease free and living a normal life after a bone marrow transplant, made a PDF with all the questions and answers from last night. You can read it here: Week One PDF Anyone who wants to participate is welcome. Request to the join the MastAttack FB group and an admin will approve you. For this coming week only, the Q&A session will be on Wednesday from 7p-9p. Hope to see you all there! The really important things require much more than that I have two best friends named Allison and Alyson who are both very, very into music. With few exceptions, all of my musical influences arrived to my ears via one or both of them. Alyson lives in Seattle. Alli and I went to visit her there in 2014 when I had a PICC line and 40 lbs of steroid weight and a constant flirtation with anaphylaxis. While we were visiting, the three of us went to Portland, Oregon for the weekend. It was a really amazing and cathartic experience for me. It feels like that was when I began to reclaim myself and my body and my life. It was an experience I will never forget. Alyson has always been the type of person who follows bands around the country because she is much cooler than I am. In the last few years, she has been obsessed with Kasabian, a British rock band. She flew into Boston for less than 48 hours to see them in Boston two days after seeing them in New York and a few days before following them to Chicago. I hadn’t really heard much Kasabian before but tonight I went to the Kasabian with Alli, Alyson and Alyson’s mom, Charlene. We were having some hairy health care moments in the line outside, waiting to get in, so I wasn’t really sure how things were going to go. But I decided that if we got into the venue that I was going to be a huge Kasabian fan for the duration of the show. It didn’t matter that I knew virtually nothing about them. I knew I loved the people I was with. I was happy to be well enough to even go to a concert. So I was a Kasabian fan. Sometimes it’s enough to just believe something, even when there’s no good or logical reason for it. Believing is enough. We stood right up front and jumped up and down and screamed at the band. I really shouldn’t have sang along since I knew literally no words but that has never stopped me before. I jumped and bounced and screamed for two and a half hours. The energy in the crowd was amazing and the show was great. I said to Alli tonight that I think that concert years are like dog years. I am therefore 132 concert years old. It sure as hell feels like it. I’m going to need a cane to walk tomorrow. No thigh blaster workouts necessary. The Portland Sisterhood does Kasabian I have a Wall of Hopeful Things in my home office space, where I do most of my MastAttack work. It is covered with things patients or parents have sent me. There is a trinket dish on my Wall of Hopeful Things that says, “It is not enough to put your heart and soul into something, the really important things require much more than that.” I think of this as the MastAttack motto. You can’t build something without leaving pieces of yourself among the blocks. In the last few weeks, I have painstakingly mapped out the next year of my personal, professional (work) and professional (MastAttack) worlds. I have monster goals for MastAttack for the next year. I have started putting together the materials for the course videos for the spring. I have been networking a lot to work towards some other MastAttack goals. I have professional development and program goals at work. I have lots of personal things that I have forced myself to find time for. It is an intimidating amount of life I am trying to fit into these time constraints. But I decided that I could do it, and as soon as I did, I became capable of it. You have to believe it and hold your nerve. So here goes nothing. Hope you all are having a super weekend. Be on the lookout for some MastAttack announcements this week. It is not enough to put your heart and soul into something. The really important things require much more than that. The MastAttack 107: The Layperson’s Guide to Understanding Mast Cell Diseases, Part 60 74. Is mast cell activation the cause of many other diseases? No, but it is involved in many other diseases. I write a lot about mast cells and the way they are involved in various other conditions. Mast cells live throughout the body in many tissues. Because they are in so many tissues, their role in many diseases is well researched. Mast cell activation is not the same as mast cell activation syndrome. I have written about this here. Basically, there are tons of things in the body that cause mast cell activation. These are conditions where we want or need mast cells to become activated because then the mast cells help keep our body working the way it is supposed to. For example, during a woman’s menstrual cycle, if mast cells could not become activated the way they normally do, a woman’s period could become very irregular. This in turn could affect the amounts and types of hormones in a person’s body, causing symptoms and problems. Situations where mast cells normally become activated include labor and delivery, during any type of infection, during situations where the GI tract is inflamed, when your body is growing new blood vessels, any time your body is healing, and when you have cancer or a tumor. In these situations, the mast cells activate to send signals to other cells in the body to help regulate what is happening. Mast cell activation is not always bad. It is, in fact, a normal and necessary process that happens in the body of everyone every day. Mast cell activation is necessary to stay alive. Now let’s look at the role of mast cells in diseases that are not mast cell diseases. When I was little, I was a Girl Scout for three weeks before I got kicked out. (This is true and not related to mast cell activation.) There was a game that we used to play called “Telephone.” During this game, everyone would sit in a big circle. One person would think up a short sentence and whisper it into the ear of the person next to her, who would in turn whisper into the ear of the person next to them, and so on. Often, people misheard the sentence and so it was completely wrong by the time it got back to the person who started it. Diseases in the human body are like a very complex game of Telephone. In every disease, many cells that did not cause the disease can cause symptoms even though they are not the cause. The way to know if a disease is a true mast cell disease is to know which cell first messed up the sentence in the game of Telephone. Here’s what this sounds like in people: Lisa says to Pari: Puff the magic dragon Pari says to Dana: Puff the magic dragon Dana says to Celeste: Puff’s magic is dragging Celeste says to Lisa: Puff’s magic is dragging So in this situation, Dana changed the sentence. Because she changed it, Celeste also had the sentence wrong. So Dana caused the problem. Celeste did not. (In real life, Dana is lovely and not a problem.) When your body has a disease, the symptoms and damage are caused by cells giving or receiving messages incorrectly. Instead of using words to talk to each other, cells use molecules. Even though they use molecules to talk to each other, it is very much like a language. If the message is “said” wrong in this cell language, then all the cells after the mistake are doing things that are unhelpful or dangerous. However, they are NOT the cause of the disease because they are not the one that changed the message. Now let’s look at this with cells in the human body during a disease. I’m going to use a very simplified explanation of rheumatoid arthritis as an example. T cell says to B cell: I think our body is dangerous to us! B cell says to T cell: Oh, snap! Let’s get the word out! B cell needs to tell the body about this danger. It makes a message that says, “Danger right here! Danger!” B cell says to mast cell: WE ARE IN GRAVE DANGER! ATTACK! ATTACK! Mast cell to other cells: KILL THIS INVADER KILL IT TO DEATH Except there is no invader. It is just your regular joints being regular and not dangerous. Other cells: trying to kill your joints Joints: Uh, guys, I’m actually supposed to be here – Let’s recap. T cell gives the B cell bad information. This causes B cell to alert other cells of “danger.” But this wasn’t the B cell’s fault. It was the fault of the T cell which gave the B cell bad information. And that means that everything that comes after the T cell giving the B cell the bad information makes the problem worse but is not really the cause of the problem. I used rheumatoid arthritis as an example because a lot of treatment of rheumatoid arthritis revolves around blocking those danger signals from mast cells. But is the mast cell the cause of the rheumatoid arthritis? No, it is not. It is not the cause because mast cells have to respond to commands from B cells in order to help protect us against infection and do other helpful things. The mast cell did not decide the joints were dangerous. The B cell told the mast cell this so the mast cell is working with bad information that it doesn’t realize is bad. If the mast cell isn’t the cause of the rheumatoid arthritis, why do we bother blocking mast cell signals instead of telling the T cell and B cell to be quiet? Because quieting the mast cell signal will help with symptoms and we know how to quiet the mast cell signal and we don’t always know how to quiet the other signals. Stopping the mast cell signal can make symptoms much better but it does NOT cure rheumatoid arthritis. Why? Because mast cells do not cause rheumatoid arthritis. So mast cells are involved in many diseases without causing most of them. The way you can tell they are not the cause is that they did not start the wrong “message” that caused the symptoms and damage. Now, I would like to address the fact that there are some diseases that have some research to suggest that they may genuinely be a form of mast cell activation disease. Fibromyalgia is one of these diseases. However, at this time, there is not enough evidence for it to be classified as a mast cell disease. I tried to be as clear as possible about a very complicated topic. If I didn’t do it well, tell me and I’ll have another go at it. (Author’s note: This is a SUPER simplified version of rheumatoid arthritis. RA is an autoimmune disease and it is still not clear exactly how the T cells and B cells start sending the wrong messages in an autoimmune disease. I just simplified it here to make it easier to see my point.) Halloween in my home Yesterday was a quintessential New England fall day. It was warm and sunny with a little bite to the wind coming off the ocean. Astoria and I walked four miles. I got a bunch of normal people errands accomplished. I drove to go get coffee. It was really lovely. It was especially lovely because September is tricky for me. The change of seasons hits my mast cells pretty hard. The falling leaves often have mold on them and mold is a huge trigger for me. I always contend with a pretty significant flare in September but it usually wraps up in a week or two. Last year, I deteriorated rapidly in September, ultimately needing months of medical leave. September is making me apprehensive this year. On top of the physical issues, my last few Septembers have been pretty wrought with emotional stress. I will always associate this time of year with the fever pitch terror of someone you love almost dying and the horror of what happened to Kristina. I imagine I will have difficult Septembers for the rest of my life. It’s the middle of the night here and I’m awake because I’m in a lot of pain. My abdomen is really swollen and painful. I’m not sure what happened but it’s the same thing that required hospitalization in June. I was sitting at my parents’ house, talking to my dad, and suddenly I was having killer abdominal pain. Like just this side of screaming pain. I took pain meds and extra steroids and mast cell meds but they didn’t do much. So I’m sitting here with a heating pad on my abdomen, waiting. I am trying to remind myself that eventually it will stop and then I’ll just be in normal pain. That I’ve been in pain a long time but there are days when it is better. But every new pain is an echo of the first one, a lesser shadow that follows closely, a half step behind me. And if it’s all just one unending pain, a red path burned through my life, it doesn’t really ever stop. It might always be like this. I’m hopeful that it won’t but when you are in a lot of pain, it consumes everything. It consumes your happiness and optimism. It consumes your future. I’m trying to pack my September full of fun plans to get me through. I’m going to a concert this Saturday with my Portland Soul Sisters, Alli and Alyson. I am going apple picking with my nephew. I am going apple picking again with my nieces the weekend after. My nephew’s birthday party is coming up. Once I get through September, it will be October and I love October. I love Halloween. I watch a different scary movie every night and decorate my house and get a costume together for trick or treating with the kids. Halloween is always the gift I get for surviving September. I pulled out all my Halloween decorations and decorated my apartment three weeks early. Even if I am in pain forever, I will still get Halloween. So it’s Halloween in my home. The university I went to had a nuclear reactor. A real one, underground. The radiation source was an unstable isotope of cobalt that glowed an eerie and otherworldly blue at the bottom of a huge pool. I was a student there a few years before I found out. I walked over it on almost a daily basis. I had no reason to know it was there until I did and so I didn’t. Naturally, as soon as I found out about the (really woefully and shockingly insecure) nuclear source under my campus, I became very paranoid that it would meltdown or be hijacked by terrorists. I wonder how many hours I have spent worrying about this. I found out today that a friend of mine has cancer. She told me about her recent appointments and test results. We talked about the grieving process when you receive seriously health news. She hadn’t been having symptoms and the diagnosis took her completely by surprise. We make a lot of the connection between our minds and bodies. We feel that this linkage is not only real but deeply spiritual, that it is the basis for our awareness of our very selves. We expect there to be signs when something is wrong with our bodies. We feel that we will intuitively known something is off when our bodies harbor such significant health issues. When we don’t, the betrayal is even more searing. We feel that we have failed ourselves in some way and that we have no one to blame but ourselves. It is harder to reconcile your reality with your experience when the physical state of your body is at odds with your experience of living in it. It makes you wonder what would have happened if you just didn’t know. How many things do we notice only because we know this thing? How many things are significant only because we know this secret hidden inside ourselves? When would you have started to feel sick? Would you ever have noticed otherwise? I am a scientist and the currency of science is inherently facts and truth. I have always felt it is better to know the facts both in my work and in my health. But it does make me wonder how much time I have lost to perseverating about unlikely worst case scenarios because I demand that knowledge. How much time I have spent being afraid of these things that never came to pass and probably never will? How long have I looked at this shimmering blue and convinced myself of a danger that was never real?
The Course In this course students learn the theory of the uses of ICT at home and in business, both in terms of hardware and software. They will become familiar with existing and future technologies and the skills learnt in IGCSE ICT are invaluable when going on work placements and when completing work in other subjects. The course will cover the use of standard applications packages which are required for both the theory and practical elements. The ICT IGCSE course allows students to demonstrate their IT skills in a final practical exam held within the college. This means that they will not have to complete a large coursework element as part of their GCSE. This will especially suit some of the more technically-able students, but all students will be given full training in relevant IT software on which they could be examined. What skills do I need? You should have an interest in computing and, ideally, some experience with applications packages. How is the course assessed? There two units. Unit 1 is the written paper. The questions will address: ICT systems; the impact of ICT; the use of ICT systems; how to find and select information; and how to develop, present and communicate information. It lasts 1 hour 30 minutes and is worth 50% of the total marks. Unit 2 is the practical exam. It includes questions to test your knowledge of the five application packages studied as part of the course in the following areas: (i) art/imaging software; (ii) spreadsheet software; (iii) desktop publishing/word processing software; (iv) database software; and (v) multimedia software. It lasts 3 hours and is worth 50% of the total marks. Edexcel IGCSE ICT Student Book By R. Crawford Published by Edexcel, ISBN 978-0435044114 Exam Board and Specification Code Pearson-Edexcel IGCSE 4IT0 Christine Gavin Head of Department
Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! How does voltage in wires affect conduit and nearby materials? 1. Jul 19, 2012 #1 Two questions here. From real-world problems, I was hoping someone smarter than me could explain the physics behind some issues I was told about. It's been a long time since I looked at an engineering or physics book, so please bear with me. 1) For a 3-phase motor, I was told that someone had the idea to run each conductor in its own conduit. He thought it was a good idea until the wires started to heat up and melt. Let's assume that the wires were sized for the correct full load amps of the motor. I was told that when the 3 conductors are run in the same conduit, that voltage/current offset each other. When they were run independently, it must've induced some sort of a charge in the conduit causing it to heat up? Is this possible, or is this story made up? 2) If I have a power supply, very high DC voltage (~60kV) with very low current (15mA), do you have to keep the wiring away from all metal? This is more of an engineering installation question, so maybe this isn't appropriate here. I was of the belief that as long as things were non-ferrous, everything would be fine, perhaps even putting the cables in aluminum conduit. I was told this was bad practice. For such an installation, no metal (even non-ferrous) should be within a foot of the cable, due to the possibility of the cable inducing a charge on nearby ungrounded metal. If someone were to then touch that metal, they're liable to get a shock. Is this backed by science? Thanks for any explanations. It's been a long time since I even had to think about Maxwell or Faraday. 2. jcsd 3. Jul 19, 2012 #2 User Avatar Staff: Mentor Welcome to the PF. 1) When the wires are run together in the same conduit, there is no net B-field (the currents cancel). When run alone, it may be that the eddy currents induced in the conduit heat it up too much. 2) The spacing issue is to avoid arc-over from the HV conductors to other conductors. 4. Jul 20, 2012 #3 Steel conduit experiencing inductive heating is certainly not made up. See the attached section of the National Electric Code. Attached Files: 5. Jul 20, 2012 #4 jim hardy User Avatar Science Advisor Gold Member he's not the first, by a long shot. http://media.nowpublic.net/images//97/7/977a0e06c35f94412e56c9d32e1704f5.jpg [Broken] Those red magnetic lines heat iron . But it takes substantial current, like to a motor or something, to make it dangerously hot. if the iron encircles the return conductor too then the two magnetic fields will cancel. That's why that paragraph in electrical code says run them all together. If you have a clamp-around ammeter , clamp it around both wires of a lampcord and observe zero reading. Then split the cord and clamp around either conductor observe you read lamp current. Then repair or replace the lampcord. old jim Last edited by a moderator: May 6, 2017 6. Jul 20, 2012 #5 That's actually a very simple, practical test. I wish I had thought to try that earlier. As for my second question, would arc-over be an issue since my plan would have been to run the HV cable in aluminum conduit? The cable itself would also be insulated, of course. The shock hazard posed extended to metal fasteners as well, which might be in the vicinity of where the conduit is routed. I have no problem using all non-metallic conduit, fasteners, etc, I'd just like to convince myself of why it'd be needed.
Slideshows Images Quizzes Definition of Respiratory rate Respiratory rate: The number of breaths per minute or, more formally, the number of movements indicative of inspiration and expiration per unit time. In practice, the respiratory rate is usually determined by counting the number of times the chest rises or falls per minute. The aim of measuring respiratory rate is to determine whether the respirations are Health Solutions From Our Sponsors
Sign up to get the latest videos, stories and merchandise. What is red-eye gravy and why is it called that? (Photo by Beth Nakamura for Mix Magazine/ If you grew up in the South, you've likely tried red-eye gravy. It was often served at my grandmother's table and it was once a common offering at local meat-and-three diners. Red-eye gravy is nothing like brown gravy and it is rarely served outside the South. It is a thin sauce made from the juice left in the pan after cooking country ham. Country ham differs from other hams because it is salt-cured for several months and are typically hardwood smoked. After frying up some slices of this delicacy, there are yummy drippings left behind in the pan. Red-eye gravy is made by adding black coffee to the drippings. So why is it called red-eye gravy? There are several theories: • The appearance of the gravy in the bowl, when the coffee sinks to the bottom leaving an "eye" in the center. • The appearance of the ham on the plate covered in gravy, with the ham being the "red eye." • The effects of the caffeine in the gravy, which gives people red eyes. But, since none of those are particularly exciting theories, here's a legend surrounding the gravy, from "According to legend and not necessarily facts, Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), 7th President of the United States, who was an American General at the time, called his cook over to tell him what to prepare. The cook had been drinking "moonshine" corn whiskey the night before and his eyes were as red as fire. General Jackson told the cook to bring him some country ham with gravy as red as his eyes. Some men nearby heard the general and from then on, ham gravy became 'Red Eye Gravy.'" Click here for a country ham and red-eye gravy recipe from Tired of biscuits? Probably not. But, there's a new kind of sandwich coming down the pipeline at North Carolina-based fast food chain Biscuitville. Keep reading... Show less We're running out of places to hide. It's becoming more and more apparent that, if wild animals truly want to come and get us, there are no lengths they won't go to. Keep reading... Show less When you're feeling the spooky spirit of the Halloween season, sometimes pumpkins can be cumbersome. And, if you're from a coastal area in the South, be it the Gulf Coast or Atlantic Coast, there may be an alternative that is more representative of the tropical, breezy climate in which you live. Why not skip the pumpkin this year in favor of decorating a pineapple? Keep reading... Show less Please STOP. The South has had enough of foolishness being blamed on us. Sure, we have our problems, but, we will not stand for this craziness. Please, do not credit us with starting the peanut butter and mayo sandwich. Keep reading... Show less LAKE BUENA VISTA, FL - NOVEMBER 9: Country music stars Trisha Yearwood and Garth Brooks perform Nov. 9, 2016 during the taping of the ABC and Disney Channel holiday TV specials, 'The Wonderful World of Disney: Magical Holiday Celebration,' 'Disney Parks Presents: A Descendants Magical Holiday Celebration,' and 'The Disney Parks Magical Christmas Celebration' in Magic Kingdom Park at Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Fla. The Thanksgiving and Christmas telecasts air nationwide on November 24, and December 25 on ABC-TV, and the Descendants holiday telecast airs November 25 on Disney Channel. (Photo by Mark Ashman/Disney Parks via Getty Images) Looking to soak up some Disney fun with your family? It might just be cheaper, thanks to new prices that incentivize visiting int he offseason. Keep reading... Show less
Published in Globalization and Education: Critical Perspectives Similarly, both below and beyond the national level, there are clearly regional and traditional movements for whom globalization is something to be resisted vigorously. The rise of some new social movements and the role of local and international nongovernmental organizations exert an influence that may be termed "counterglobalization." In some instances these groups are equally "global" in character (international human rights organizations, such as Amnesty International; environmental organizations, such as Greenpeace; or labor organizations such as the ILO). In other cases they are anti-globalization, profoundly resistant to the economic, political, and cultural interpenetration of different societies and cultures (for example, regionalist and fundamentalist groups of various types). While globalization is clearly happening, its form and shape are being determined by patterns of resistance, some with more progressive intentions than others. Is it possible, then, to give general answers to the question of how globalization is affecting educational policy and practice worldwide? As indicated by our earlier discussion, we believe that there can be no single answer; national and local economic, political, and cultural changes are affected by, and actively responding to, globalizing trends within a broad range of patterns. Indeed, because education is one of the central arenas in which these adaptations and responses occur, it will be one of the most myriad of institutional contexts. Hence, the answers developed will require a careful analysis of trends in education, including: But is it possible to sort out the benefits from the evils? Indeed, are "benefits" from one standpoint "evils" from the standpoint of others? In one sense, the framework of such judgments needs to be not simply a matter of whether globalization is "really happening" or not, but of globalization and? A number of developing countries, such as China or Malaysia, have become increasingly suspicious of globalization and have tried to find ways to constrain its effects on their national way of life. Yet, at the same time they desire some of the benefits of participation in a global economy and exchange of goods and information. A major question today is the extent to which societies will be able to pick and choose the ways in which, and the degree to which, they can participate in a global world; or whether, as with other Faustian bargains, there is no halfway alternative. Need help with essay? for hire - online day or night. By providing employment, globalization helps in increasing the standard of living of the people, and also reduces poverty. The competition among different companies finds place at an international level. Our country, China has been dramatically changed by globalization. The pro-globalization critics argue that the benefits that globalization brings to developing nations surpasses or outcasts the negative impacts caused by globalization and may even go a step further to state that it is the only source of hope for developing nations to prosper and stand... Globalization and food can be looked at in various angles. [tags: Globalization International Development] Globalization is making the world becoming a "global village" and the result is Arab communities cultural traditions are changing and are threaten to be lost . Economic Restructuring and the Trend Toward Globalization Scholte, J. A. (2000) , London: Palgrave. 361 + xx pages. This is a comprehensive and accessible overview of globalization. Part one develops a framework for analysis; part two discusses change and continuity (in production, governance, community and knowledge); and part three explores some key policy issues around security, justice, democracy and humane global futures. Highly recommended. Some elements of the argument can be found in an earlier article by Scholte (1997) ‘Global capitalism and the state’, , 73(3) pp. 427-52, Essays \| Beyond Intractability It is due to this fact that the oil industry has fallen into a rather odd category in the case of globalization and seeking out new markets, new labor and new customers. Free Streaming Globalization Documentaries That Must Be Watched Certain dualities recur in the literature on this subject. In one widely influential distinction, there are two primary forces at work in the rise of globalization: globalization from above, a process that primarily affects the elites within and across national contexts, and globalization from below, a popular process that primarily draws from the rank-and-file in civil society. This contrast highlights an important political dynamic (and it makes for a handy, hopeful picture of struggle and resistance on a world scale) but its widespread use obscures the ways in which these two trends are not entirely independent of one another. For example, the groups from "above" and "below" tend to merge in certain nongovernmental organizations; and the popular movements "from below" may still be perceived in certain local contexts as an imposition "from above." Globalization And Its Impact On International Business … Mishra, R. (1999) , London: Edward Elgar.168 pages. Mishra argues that social standards have declined far more in English-speaking countries than in continental Europe and Japan, and that globalization is as much a political and ideological phenomenon as it is an economic one. He makes a case for a transnational approach to social policy to ensure that social standards rise in line with economic growth. Does the Process of Globalization Help Or Hinder Wealth Creation in Developing Countries Still other dualities prevail: of tensions between the global and the local; between economic and cultural dimensions of globalization; between globalization viewed as a trend toward homogenization around Western (or, even more narrowly, around American) norms and culture, and globalization viewed as an era of increased contact between diverse cultures, leading to an increase in hybridization and novelty; and between the material and rhetorical effects of globalization -- or, as it might be put, between globalization and "globalization." Finally, there is the distinction about whether globalization is a "good thing" or not: Is globalization beneficial to the cause of economic growth, equality, and justice, or is it harmful? Does it promote cultural sharing, tolerance, and a cosmopolitan spirit, or does it yield only the illusion of such understanding, a bland, consumerist appreciation, as in a Disney theme park, which elides issues of conflict, difference, and asymmetries of power?
Main> Research Paper Writing> What makes a survivor essay What makes a survivor essay Heroes Essay - Wattpad An essay with a controversial thesis, so as I shifted my focus to survivors of violent trauma, I was able to contextualize my thesis better and take a new route for this essay. They just need to try to do what is rht, to be the hero, shining in the nht.” This poem was my response to “ What makes a hero?”Deamonte Love is a leader and a survivor of Hurricane Katrina, a storm that devastated over a thousand people. What makes a survivor essay Creative writing paper Desn the introduction to draw them into your essay. What makes a survivor essay. Desn the introduction to draw them into your essay. A well-planned essay may omit some key details in the opening forcing the reader to pay close attention to the rest of the story. What factors or qualities make a survivor? Examples from the novel. Developing a survivor's mindset is so important, in fact, that I either begin or end most of my classes with this topic. There are certain factors/qualities that help make a true survivor. Close family bonds, mental. Related International Baccalaureate World Literature essays. Happy Family Essay Examples Kibin I loved a statement in a book I purchased based on Tim Mc Graw’s song, Live Like You Were Dying. Some of us are just lucky Read more I never would have thought that I would have been diagnosed with stage 3b breast cancer at the age of thirty one. In 2011 I went to another ENT, and did another Read more What would you do if you were told you were most certainly going to die? What makes a happy family? A family can be two or more people who share goals and values, have long-term commitments to one anotherBelow is one of our free research papers on life. If the term paper below is not exactly what you're looking for, you can search our essay database for other topics. Survivor Meaning of Life and Survivor Essay - 482 Words Majortests The goal of this essay is to argue and stress the importance of what it means for survivors of violent trauma, specifiy soldiers and war veterans, to share their stories and memories pertaining to the trauma that they have experienced. Katniss, the survivor, was brave, strong, aggressive, and trying to make a change, whereas she isn't selfish, -crazy, or careless. She is a survivor simply. What makes a survivor essay: Rating: 99 / 100 Overall: 99 Rates binancebinance exchangebinance exchange website
Website Banner.jpg SEPAS Balanced Wellness SEPAS Balanced Wellness is about recognising the importance of the different wellness areas of your life and taking active steps to keep them in check. Celebrate the areas in which you are doing well in and find ways to improve other parts of your life you are not satisfied with. Use the tips to help you achieve balance in each of the five wellness areas of your life! balanced wellness.png Social wellness is about creating and maintaining good relationships with others in our lives. We have the power to enhance our relationships with friends and family, and make a difference in the lives of others! Ask Yourself Who are the important people in my life? Take Control! Make time for family and friends We share our joys and sorrows with our family and friends. Look after your relationships! Spend some quality time together by taking part in common activities of interest. Form new relationships It is important to make new friends. To meet new people, join a new activity or simply start saying "Hi!" to students from other classes. Who knows, it may blossom into a lifelong friendship! Offer support to others When your friend has a problem, how do you help? Sometimes, all you have to do is be a good listener. Show your friend that you are there to support him/her through the hard times. If the problem is too huge for your friend to handle, encourage him/her to share it with an adult -who may be able to help. Emotional wellness is about recognising, communicating and managing your feelings, thoughts and actions well. We need to be strong and resilient in order to face the challenges that life has to offer. Ask Yourself How do I deal with the ups and downs of life? Take Control! Don't be afraid to express your emotions appropriately. Experiencing and expressing emotions is a natural part of life. Expressing bad feelings makes it easier to let go and move on. However, think before you speak. Be clear in your communication about what is making you feel upset without blaming the other part. Move the conversation towards how such incidents could be avoided in the future. Talk to someone when you are feeling down. Feeling sad or nervous is part of life. Sharing your problem with someone you trust (e.g. your parent, school counsellor or teacher) will help you feel more supported. Have realistic expectations of yourself Sometimes, the goals that we set for ourselves may be so high that we cannot fulfil them. Recheck your goals and break down larger goals into smaller, more manageable tasks. Surround yourself with positive thoughts Is your glass half empty or half full? There is always more than one way of looking at a situation. Every time a negative thought comes to your mind, fight it with a positive thought! Keep positive energy in your life by surrounding yourself with positive people. Don't let set-backs get you down Learn from real-life resilience heroes and find out what your Bounce Back factor is. Physical wellness is maintained through good nutrition and regular exercise. It is also about making responsible decisions on our health and seeking medical help when necessary. Ask Yourself Am I taking good care of my body? Take Control! Eat breakfast! Skipping breakfast is an unwise decision as it can lead to overeating later in the day. Eat sensibly Learn more about what you eat and how it will affect your energy and mood. Bear in mind that moderation is key. Get enough rest Most people require 7 to 8 hours of sleep each day in order to function properly. Insufficient sleep leads to a decrease in motivation, concentration and academic performance. Keep to regular bed times. Exercise regularly Exercise is a powerful antidote to stress. It is easy to make exercise part of your life. Take the stairs instead of elevator and walk if the distance between bus stops is short. Avoid harmful behaviors Smoking, drug-taking and other risky behaviours have long-term negative effects on our health. Do not engage in such behaviors! Visit the doctor when necessary Your body will show signs when you are about to fall ill, such as having a sore throat. Learn to recognise these signs. Visit the doctor when necessary. Academic wellness is about maintaining a good balance between doing well and coping well in school. Ask Yourself How am I managing my learning and schoolwork? Take Control! Find interest in your work Studying is not just about passing an exam. It is about learning more about the world around you. Look for new and interesting things to take away from each lesson. Manage your time well A planned schedule ensures that you put aside enough time for the different tasks according to their level of importance, putting you in control of your time. Prepare for your classes. You can make lessons more useful by preparing before classes. Reading your textbook beforehand makes it easier for you to understand what is being taught. Write down anything you do not understand and come prepared to ask questions in class. Such active learning will help you remember better. Be a well-rounded student You don't have to be in the classroom in order to learn! Take time to explore the ongoing activities in school and develop new areas of your life. Take time to unwind Reserve time in your schedule to unwind. Do something you enjoy, get some exercise or chill with a friend. Let your mind rest! Spiritual wellness is about creating and discovering our meaning and purpose in life! We need to know what our dreams and aspirations are and then work towards them. Ask Yourself What is life without meaning? Take Control! Find your passion Identifying your interest and pursuing it can lead to a rich and purposeful life. You may even find new friends in the process! Don't be afraid to pursue your dreams Make plans to turn your hopes and dreams into reality! Look for deeper meanings in your life Embark on a journey to find your deeper meaning in life. Recall past triumphs, mistakes, struggles and hardships. Find meaning in how these experiences helped shape your life's direction and values.
Police Deviance Police deviance is a much broader term than corruption. It includes all activities which are inconsistent with norms, values, or ethics (from a societal standpoint or even from the police standpoint). A theorem in criminology is that it’s always fruitful to study when people not only break society’s norms, but the norms of their own social group too. The following definitions may be helpful: • Deviance — behavior inconsistent with norms, values, or ethics • C– forbidden acts involving misuse of office for gain • Misconduct — wrongdoing violations of departmental procedures • Favoritism — unfair “breaks” to friends or relatives (nepotism) Although this lecture is about deviance, it might be useful to take a brief look at a couple of these other terms. Corruption is criminal conduct that can involve under using one’s authority, overusing one’s authority, or profiteering via one’s authority. The key element is misuse of official authority; the gain can be personal or for the common good. Corruption is bad because it undermines integrity, the state of policing being whole or undivided. Corruption has been the target of numerous efforts at creating topologies. Here are three of the most popular topologies of corruption: • Misfeasance — performance of a duty or act that one is obligated or permitted to do in a manner which is improper, sloppy, or negligent (e.g., report writing, unsafe operation of motor vehicle, aggressively “reprimanding” a citizen, improper searching of suspect) According to the Knapp Commission, which blew the whistle on the standard police explanation for corruption (he/she’s a rotten apple in an otherwise clean barrel), “rotten apples” are either weak individuals who have slipped through the screening process or succumbed to the temptations inherent in police work or deviant individuals who continue their deviance in an environment that gives them ample opportunity. Police departments tend to use the rotten apple theory or some variation of the “rogue cop” story to minimize the public backlash against policing after every exposed act of corruption. A functional explanation may be closer to the truth, and is indeed supported by almost every scholarly observer on the subject. A functional explanation is that corruption is inherent in society’s attempt to enforce unenforceable laws. Another approach is the “occupational socialization” explanation, the polar opposite of rotten apple theory that is sometimes called “rotten barrel” theory. According to this view, the very structure of policing (exposure to unsavory characters, forgetting what you learned in the academy, clannishness, and overzealous, misguided approaches to crime control) provides plenty of opportunities to learn the entrenched patterns of deviant police conduct that have been passed down thru generations. A gratuity is the receipt of free meals, services, or discounts. Non federal police usually do not regard these as forms of corruption (“not another lecture on the free cup of coffee or police discount”). These are considered fringe benefits of the job. Nevertheless, they violate the Code of Ethics because they involve financial reward or gain, and they are corruption because the officer has been placed in a compromising position where favors (a “fix”) can be reasonably expected in the future. When there is an implied favor (a “wink and nod”), it’s called “mooching”. When the officer is quite blatant about demanding free services, it’s called “chiseling”. Gratuities often lead to things like kickbacks (bribery) for referring business to towing companies, ambulances, or garages. Further up the scale comes pilfering, or stealing (any) company’s supplies for personal use. At the extreme, opportunistic theft takes place, with police officers skimming items of value that won’t be missed from crime scenes, property rooms, warehouses, or any place they have access to. Theft of items from stores while on patrol is sometimes called “shopping.” This is usually a means to effect an act of corruption, leaving out certain pertinent pieces of information in order to “fix” a criminal prosecution. “Dropsy” evidence is typical, where the officer testifies untruthfully that he/she saw the offender drop some narcotics or contraband. Lies that Miranda warnings have been given, when they haven’t, are also typical. Lying in court is called “testifying”, and police can do it coolly; they’re trained witnesses. Other actors in the system, supervisors and even judges, are often aware of the perjury. They pretend to believe police officers who they know are lying. Everybody’s happy with the system. The cop gets credit for a good bust; the supervisor’s arrest statistics look good; the prosecutor racks up another win; the judge gets to give his little lecture without endangering his reelection prospects, the defense lawyer gets his fee in dirty money, and the public is thrilled that another criminal is off the street (Dershowitz 1996). Police brutality has been defined as excessive force, name calling, sarcasm, ridicule, and disrespect (President’s Commission 1967). Other commissions have simply used a vague definition as “any violation of due process”. Kania and Mackey’s (1977) widely-regarded definition is “excessive violence, to an extreme degree, which does not support a legitimate police function.” When a citizen charges police brutality, they may be referring to a number of things, including: • profane or abusive language • commands to move or go home • field stops and searches • threats of implied violence • prodding with a nightstick or approaching with a pistol • the actual use of physical force Only the last one of these (unreasonable and unnecessary actual use of physical force) can be considered police brutality. This is commonly expressed as “more than excessive force”. Police perjury and police brutality go hand in hand, as officers who commit brutality will most likely lie on the stand to prevent the possibility of a lawsuit or departmental charges. The reasons why an officer might engage in this kind of conduct are many: • an officer may come to believe “it’s a jungle out there” • an officer may be provoked and pushed beyond their endurance The most common reason is occupational socialization and peer support. One common belief is that it’s necessary to come down hard on those who resist arrest because they may kill the next police officer who tries to arrest them (so you have to teach ’em a lesson). Another practice is the “screen test”, police jargon for applying the brakes on a police vehicle to that the handcuffed prisoner in back will be thrown against the metal protective screen. There are many reasons why a police officer would use obscene and profane language. Effective use of verbal communication is one of the skills expected in police work. Concepts such as “command voice” and “command presence” are routinely taught at police training academies. The FCC specifically condemns certain words on radio and television that are “patently offensive”, but there’s no such mechanism for determining what’s offensive with interpersonal communication. The following topology exists: Generally, words with religious connotations are considered the least offensive and words connected with sexual functions are considered the most offensive. It’s commonly the case, however, that use of such language by police officers is purposive and not a loss of control or catharsis. • to discredit somebody or something, like an alibi defense • to establish a dominant-submissive relationship • to label or degrade an out-group • traffic stops — to get a closer look at the female or information about her • fox hunting — stopping college girls to get the I’ll do anything routine • voyeurism — window peeping or interrupting lovers lane couples • victim re-contacts — consoling victims who have psychological needs • opposite sex strip searches — touching and/or sex with jail inmates • sexual shakedowns — letting prostitutes go if they perform sex acts On occasion, one hears about “rogue” officers who coerce women into having sex on duty, “second rapes” of crime victims, and school liaison officers involved with juvenile females, but such instances are rare because of the penalties involved. When police sex cases come to the public attention, the department reaction is usually to reemphasize the code of ethics. Such was the case in the 1985 Rathskellar incident in San Francisco, where at a police academy graduation party, one bashful recruit was handcuffed to a chair, and a prostitute was brought in to perform oral sex on him. On the night shift, the police car is sometimes referred to as the “traveling bedroom”. In police argot, a “hole” or “coop” is where sleeping takes place, typically the back room of someplace the officer has a key to and can engage in safe “cooping”. Police officers who attend college during the day or moonlight at other jobs in order to make a decent living are often involved in this kind of conduct. Numerous court appearances during the day can also be a factor, along with the toll of shift work. There are endless opportunities to drink or take drugs while on duty (e.g., victim interviews, shakedowns, contraband disposal), and the reasons for it are many: to get high, addiction, stress, burnout, or alienation from the job. However, even in cases of recreational usage (which doesn’t exist, since officers are never off-duty or have any of their “own time”), the potential is there for corruption. The officer must obtain the drugs from some intermediary, involve others in transactions, and open the door to blackmail, shakedowns, ripoffs, and coverups. It sets a bad example for public relations. Alcohol and drug use tends to become a systemic problem; others become involved, either supporting or condemning the user. Alcohol and drugs tend to be mixed by police officers because there’s more sub cultural support for alcoholism; thus the abuser covers up the drug use with alcoholism. This normally involves jeopardizing an ongoing investigations by “leaking” information to friends, relatives, the public, the press, or in some cases, directly to the criminal suspects or members of their gang. The officer may be unaware that they are even engaging in this kind of conduct which may involve “pillow talk” in some instances. Failed raids, for example, are often due to a leak in the department. Credit: O’Connor, T.R. (Nov. 11, 2005). In Part of web cited, MegaLinks in Criminal Justice.
Wednesday, May 28, 2014 Water Cycle Explanation. The water cycle! Water is all over the earth. It is the life source of every living thing on the planet. If we didn’t have the water cycle we wouldn’t be able to survive. Water can be lots of different things. It can come as vapour, ice, snow or liquid. The water cycle has 4 steps. The sun heats water from the sea and it turns into vapour.Then it rises into the air. For example, say I spilt some water on the ground out side. Then I left it for a while. By the end of the day the water will be gone. That’s because it has turned into vapour and risen into the air. As water vapour rises into the air, it starts to cool, turning back into a liquid. Then it condenses into clouds. Example: if you left a glass of cold water on the table and then went out for a walk, when you came back,the glass would be wet on the out side! The water hasn't leaked through the glass. When the warm air hits the cold glass, it turns back into liquid.The same thing happens in the air. When the clouds are too heavy with water vapour, it rains. Precipitation can come in the form of rain, hail, sleet or snow. The reason it can be hail or snow is because the higher the vapour goes the colder the air gets. This freezes the vapour and it makes hail or snow. The gravity from the earth pulls the water down. Its just like a bucket of water tipping over! Run off. When water lands back on earth, it will either soak into the ground and become groundwater or it will run across land back into lakes or oceans where the cycle starts all over again. The water cycle is a continuous process that is happening anywhere, anytime. Without it no life would exist on our planet. By Malena. No comments: Post a Comment
Tuesday, 20 February 2018 Hojo-Takeda-Imagawa Alliance In the mid-1550s, the Imagawa, Hojo, and Takeda clans met at the Zentoku-ji temple in Suruga province and established a peace treaty. The proceedings were moderated by a monk named Taigen Sessai. The three daimyo agreed not to attack each other, as well as made agreements on support and reinforcements if necessary. This agreement was held together by three marriages - Hojo Ujimasa married the daughter of Takeda Shingen (Obai-in), Imagawa Ujizane married a daughter of Hojo Ujiyasu, and Takeda Yoshinobu had already married the daughter of Imagawa Yoshimoto in 1552, further strengthening ties between the Takeda and the Imagawa. Due to these agreements, the three daimyo were able to focus on their own goals without fear of attack. This peace treaty laid the foundation for Imagawa Yoshimoto to focus on the Oda clan in Owari, and attempt a move on Kyoto. The Hojo clan benefitted by being freed up to expand their own influence in the Kanto, and Takeda Shingen was able to focus on his invasion of Shinano province. The Japanese name of the alliance, 甲相駿三国同盟, literally means "Alliance of the three provinces of Kai (Takeda), Sagami (Hôjô), and Suruga (Imagawa)." If Imagawa Yoshimoto had not made peace with the Hojo and Takeda, he may not have invaded Owari in 1560 to be killed by Oda Nobunaga. Had that not happened, the entire history of the Sengoku may have changed completely. Thursday, 28 December 2017 Takeda Clan The Takeda was a famous clan of daimyō (feudal lords) in Japan's late Heian Period to Sengoku period. The Takeda were descendants of Emperor Seiwa (850-880) and are a branch of the Minamoto clan (Seiwa Genji), by Minamoto no Yoshimitsu (1056-1127), brother to the Chinjufu-shogun Minamoto no Yoshiie (1039-1106). Minamoto no Yoshikiyo, son of Yoshimitsu, was the first to take the name of Takeda. In the 12th century, at the end of the Heian period, the Takeda family controlled Kai Province. Along with a number of other families, they aided their cousin Minamoto no Yoritomo against the Taira clan in the Genpei War. When Minamoto no Yoritomo was first defeated at Ishibashiyama (1181), Takeda Nobuyoshi was applied for help and the Takeda sent an army of 20,000 men to support Yoritomo. Takeda Nobumitsu (1162-1248), helped the Hōjō during the Shōkyu War (1221) and in reward received the governorship of Aki province. Until the Sengoku period, the Takeda were shugo of Kai, Aki and Wakasa provincies. In 1415, they helped to suppress the rebellion of Uesugi Zenshū; Ashikaga Mochiuji, Uesugi's lord, and the man the rebellion was organized against, made a reprisal against the Takeda, thus beginning the rivalry between the Uesugi and Takeda families, which would last roughly 150 years. Takeda Harunobu succeeded his father Nobutora in 1540, becoming lord of Kai, and quickly began to expand. Though he faced the Hōjō clan a number of times, most of his expansion was to the north, where he fought his most famous battles, against Uesugi Kenshin. Shingen is famous for his tactical genius, and innovations, though some historians have argued that his tactics were not particularly impressive nor revolutionary. Nevertheless, Shingen is perhaps most famous for his use of the cavalry charge. Up until the mid-16th century and Shingen's rise to power, mounted samurai were primarily archers. There was already a trend at this time towards larger infantry-based armies, including a large number of foot archers. In order to defeat these missile troops, Shingen transformed his samurai from archers to lancers, and used the cavalry charge to devastating effect at the Battle of Mikatagahara in 1572. The strength of Shingen's new tactic became so famous that the Takeda army came to be known as the kiba gundan, or 'mounted army.' Shingen died in 1573, at age 53, from illness. His less tactically talented son, Katsuyori, succeeded him, and was defeated in 1575, in the famous battle of Nagashino, by Oda Nobunaga. Wednesday, 27 December 2017 Age of Warring States The Sengoku period (戦国時代 Sengoku jidai, "Age of Warring States"; c. 1467 – c. 1603) is a period in Japanese history marked by social upheaval, political intrigue and near-constant military conflict. Japanese historians named it after the otherwise unrelated Warring States period in China. It was initiated by the Ōnin War, which collapsed the Japanese feudal system under Ashikaga shogunate, and came to an end when the system was re-established under the Tokugawa shogunate by Tokugawa Ieyasu. The Ōnin War in 1467 is usually considered the starting point of Sengoku period. There are several events which could be considered the end of it: The Siege of Odawara (1590), the Battle of Sekigahara (1600), the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate (1603), or the Siege of Osaka (1615). 1467Beginning of Ōnin War 1477End of Ōnin War 1488The Kaga Rebellion 1493Hosokawa Masamoto succeeds in the Coup of Meio Hōjō Sōun seizes Izu Province 1507Beginning of Ryo Hosokawa War (the succession dispute in the Hosokawa family) 1520Hosokawa Takakuni defeats Hosokawa Sumimoto 1531Hosokawa Harumoto defeats Hosokawa Takakuni 1535Battle of Idano The forces of the Matsudaira defeat the rebel Masatoyo 1543The Portuguese land on Tanegashima, becoming the first Europeans to arrive in Japan, and introduce the arquebus into Japanese warfare 1549Miyoshi Nagayoshi betrays Hosokawa Harumoto 1551Tainei-ji incidentSue Harukata betrays Ōuchi Yoshitaka, taking control of western Honshu 1554The tripartite pact among Takada, Hojo and Imagawa is signed 1555Battle of ItsukushimaMōri Motonari defeats Sue Harukata and goes on to supplant the Ōuchi as the foremost daimyo of western Honshu 1560Battle of Okehazama: The outnumbered Oda Nobunaga defeats and kills Imagawa, Yoshimoto in a surprise attack 1568Oda Nobunaga marches toward Kyoto 1570Beginning of Ishiyama Hongan-ji War 1573The end of Ashikaga shogunate 1575Battle of Nagashino: Oda Nobunaga decisively defeats the Takeda cavalry with innovative arquebus tactics 1580End of Ishiyama Hongan-ji War 1582Akechi Mitsuhide assassinates Oda Nobunaga (Honnō-ji Incident); Hashiba Hideyoshi defeats Akechi at the Battle of Yamazaki 1585Hashiba Hideyoshi is granted title of Kampaku, establishing his predominant authority; he is granted the surname Toyotomi a year after. 1590Siege of Odawara: Toyotomi Hideyoshi defeats the Hōjō clan, unifying Japan under his rule 1592First invasion of Korea 1597Second invasion of Korea 1598Toyotomi Hideyoshi dies 1600Battle of Sekigahara: The Eastern Army under Tokugawa Ieyasu defeats the Western Army of Toyotomi loyalists 1603The establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate 1615Siege of Osaka: The last of the Toyotomi opposition to the Tokugawa shogunate is stamped out
The Banana Debate. Love bananas? Bananas are the world’s most traded fruit, with an export value of $ 10 billion a year. 10 billion! They are an essential source of income for many thousands of families. But how much do these families actually earn? What is the real price of a banana? And how can you calculate this? True Price has researched the true price of bananas on behalf of Fairtrade International. Results are presented at the Rode Hoed bar in Amsterdam, 19:30 Tuesday 30th May. Valuing the hidden costs of production in the palm oil sector The road to a true price Read this interesting blog ‘the road to a true price’ by Reinier de Adelhart Toorop and Eise van Maanen from True Price (in Dutch): The content, in short: As far as sustainability policy goes; what is counted, counts. For example: meat tax, flight tax, payment for the use instead of ownership of a car. To be able to achieve this, calculations are necessary. The ‘true price’ can help with this; what would the true price be if all natural and social externalities were taken into account. Societal effects of food What are the societal effects of the food we eat? Now it’s possible to calculate it with a new model made by True Price and Wageningen Economic Research, on behalf of the ministry of Economic Affairs. We held a symposium on January 12th to present the results of a research project that shows positive and negative societal effects of food in a transparent and comparable way. We can differentiate 37 impact categories for food, divided over six ‘capitals’: financial, produced, intellectual, natural, social and human. With financial, produced and intellectual capital there are mostly positive effects of food, such as employment, contributing to the economy and knowledge production. With natural capital we see mostly negative environment impacts. With social capital we take into account animal welfare for example, and positive and negative health impacts with human capital. The researchers can determine the average effects of food, but also zoom in on specific products. Furthermore, they can show the scores per product in relation to the average. WUR-researcher Willy Baltussen and director of True Price, Adrian de Groot Ruiz, presented the first results of the model with very Dutch products: potato, green bean, milk and minced meat. The results showed that the societal effects of the potato and the green bean were very similar. Baltussen: “Both (products) deliver average financial positive effects (contribution to the economy, lower natural negative effects (which have little influence on the environment) and a lot of positive effects on health). Milk has more natural negative effects (water, air, climate), more social negative effects (underpayment of farmers due to low prices). The human capital scores of milk are both positive (nutrition) and negative (fat). Minced meat has a similar score to milk.” “The goal of the model is to give insight to governments and nutrition companies to the positive and negative impacts of nutrition, so that the positive effects can be increased and the negative impacts can be diminished’, says Adrian de Groot Ruiz of True Price. “The outcomes make it possible to have a discussion with stakeholders in the food sector. For example, about underpayment of African cocoa farmers for the production of chocolate, but also about low wages of Dutch dairy- and pig farmers.” May the best farmer win! How does the true price of organic agriculture differ from conventional agriculture? Adrian de Groot Ruiz gave an interview about organic versus conventional agriculture on Business News Radio (in Dutch). You can listen to the whole interview, in response to a statement of Louise Fresco, the President of Wageningen University and Research. (His part starts at 22 minutes) here. Read a summary of the questions and answers below: Interview on BNR Duurzaam Adrian de Groot Ruiz as an expert on this statement: “Organic agriculture is less productive than conventional agriculture” Journalist Frederique Mol is the interviewer. The real costs are not included in the price consumers pay. Who pays for these? Society pays. For example, when CO2 emissions go up, there will be more floods. We will need to build more dams and the productivity of agriculture will go down. These are costs which are real, but the person enjoying the piece of chocolate does not pay for it. Which information do you need to judge the statement? Environment is the most interesting, because the advantage is that organic agriculture is better per hectare. There is less use of pesticides and herbicides, there is less loss of soil quality and less CO2 emissions per hectare. The disadvantage is there is less produce per hectare. How do you calculate the real price? Multiply the costs per hectare with efficiency. With the use of pesticides and herbicides, you determine the loss of species and value the different species. With CO2 you take the societal costs. We calculate 110 euros for a ton of CO2. Does organic agriculture perform better than conventional agriculture? The most leading studies show that the yield is about 20 percent lower. That sounds like bad news for organic agriculture. Can we put a price on it? No, and that is the interesting part. This is what we should measure, but it differs per continent and per product. To be fair, we don’t know. So it’s important that everyone measures and reports their true price. For example, an organic trader, Eosta, reports their costs per hectare, but we would like to see the costs per product and then: may the best farmer win!
What is the function of credit? already exists. Would you like to merge this question into it? already exists as an alternate of this question. exists and is an alternate of . It allows you to buy things with future money (money you haven't got yet), it allows the lender to make money from your impatience. (a LOT of money). 7 people found this useful Function of credit analyst? A credit analyst is the one who evaluates the credit worthiness ofindividuals and businesses. They make decision about customercredit applications using different criteria tha What is function of credit rating agency? Credit Rating Agencies rate the credit-worthiness of securities instruments.. The reason for doing so is for investors to gain confidence that what they are buying is what th Function of International credit market? The main function of the international credit market is to makeprofit. Another function is to ensure that the local currency valueis not brought down. Functions of credit department in a bank? The credit department's main function is to lend money. There are several roles and responsibilities that go along with this. . Assessing the potential loss risk of the lo What are functions of debit and credit cards? Credit cards are issued to customers of companies who offer linesof credit. The card can be used to make purchases or payments instores and online. Debit cards on the other ha What is the nature and function of credit? in the various stages of economic development, not a few former underdeveloped nations have achieved higher levels of stability and growth in both economic and social endeavor What is the function of credit union? A credit union is a not for profit organization that works just like a bank and both banks and credit unions have the same primary function....to make a profit by pooling you In Uncategorized What are the functions of credit services? Credit services can help get you out of debt or try to get you a loan if you really need one or need help trying to get one. Credit services can also help build up your credit What is the credit function of a financial system? Depending on criteria for 'system'. Credit is currency in Capitalism. In general; credit works under the premise of time value of money, and an understanding of a 'risk'. T What is the function of a credit card company? A credit card company act as a 'liaison' between the customer andthe business. The customer presents their credit card to theretailer - and the card company pays the retailer
Brain, Mind, and the Structure of Reality, By Dr. Paul Nunez Does the brain create the mind, or is some external entity involved? In addressing this “hard problem” of consciousness, we face a central human challenge: what do we really know and how do we know it? Tentative answers in this book follow from a synthesis of profound ideas, borrowed from philosophy, religion, politics, economics, neuroscience, physics, mathematics, and cosmology, the knowledge structures supporting our meager grasps of reality. This search for new links in the web of human knowledge extends in many directions: the “shadows” of our thought processes revealed by brain imagining, brains treated as complex adaptive systems that reveal fractal-like behavior in the brain’s nested hierarchy, resonant interactions facilitating functional connections in brain tissue, probability and entropy as measures of human ignorance, fundamental limits on human knowledge, and the central role played by information in both brains and physical systems. Privacy, Cookies, & Disclaimer
Debra Sweet and Cindy Sheehan Discuss Plans for An Antiwar Spring Rising Cindy Sheehan's Soapbox \| February 22, 2015 Humanizing and Glorifying a Mass Murderer for the Empire Larry Everest \| February 2, 2015 Depleted Uranium & Other Demented U.S. Weapons Debra Sweet \| November 4, 2014 Unnecessary Suffering: The Legacy of Depleted Uranium Carol Dudek \| November, 2014 Iraq was the fertile crescent of antiquity, the vast area that fed the entire Middle East and Mediterranean, and introduced grains to the world. It was Mesopotamia, the cradle of civilization, that propelled us forward with its invention of writing, domestication of animals and settled life. Now its groundwater and soil store the radioactivity of 630 tons of depleted uranium weapons. The waste that has been thrown onto civilian targets has permanent consequences. It pollutes southern Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia with uranium oxide dust that spreads as far as 26 miles, blowing with sand, weathering into water. Uranium 238, with a half-life 4 ½ billion years, lies on the region in the scattered tons of wreckage. Contamination is permanent. Its radiological and chemical toxicity exposes the population to continuous alpha radiation that is breathed into lungs, absorbed through the skin, touched by the unwashed hands of kids who roam the scrap metal yards for parts to sell to help their families. Depleted uranium is a waste product of the process used to make nuclear power reactors. A heavy radiological metal of high density, it is used as the core of armor piercing munitions, and is incorporated into vehicles that become almost impervious to penetration by conventional rounds. Tanks, attack jets, helicopters and missiles routinely use DU rounds. DU is self-burning, and when it hits a hard target, aerosolized particles are released in high concentrations as toxic smoke. In the 1970s, DU was given free to arms manufacturers and governments for study, eliminating the high costs of long-term storage and monitoring. Most DU research is performed by military, industrial and government organizations with a vested interest in its continued use. A UN Sub-Commission on Human Rights has condemned depleted uranium munitions as weapons of indiscriminate destruction. Its effects continue after war ends and beyond military objectives; particles travel to noncombatant countries, polluting soil, water and food. In 1996, the UN passed a resolution to ban the use of DUs. The US voted no and all abstentions were from Europe.1991 witnessed the first firing of depleted uranium weapons by the US and Britain. 87,500 tons of bombs were dropped on Iraq and Kuwait, more than the atomic bomb that incinerated Hiroshima. Tons of armor piercing weapons were fired from 14,000 tanks, 50,000 missiles and rockets. The Air Force fired a million rounds. Seventy percent of the munitions did not hit military targets, and indiscriminate force resulted in civilian deaths, 90% who were noncombatants. 50,000 children died in Iraq from DU weapons early in the Gulf War. Battle sites that were overwhelmingly residential and urban continue to emit disproportionately high concentrations of radioactive elements. In 2002, the US fired between 300 and 800 tons of DU ammunition on Iraq. In three weeks of the 2003 bombardment, 1000-2000 tons of DU weapons were fired. The US GAO estimates six billion DU bullets were fired between 2003-05. The Persian Gulf has been left with 300 tons of wreckage on the ground, polluting the land and water for decades. Uranium has an affinity within the body for DNA, chemically bonding to it. When human bone cells are exposed to depleted uranium they fragment, breaking away from chromosomes and reforming abnormally, and the mutations are passed from parent to child. Iraq is experiencing an epidemic of birth defects, sometimes multiple defects in one baby. Leuren Moret, a nuclear authority at Livermore National Laboratory, reveals that so much DU has been fired that the genetic future of the Iraqi people is destroyed. For every defect now, we will see thousands in future generations. Fifty percent of children are born with malformations, and in a few years it can be every one. Iraq is seeing conditions for which there are no medical terms. Birth defects in Basra increased 17 times between 2003-2011. It saw a 7% increase between 1994-2003, six times higher than the rate in the United States. Childhood cancers rose 384% in the ten years between 1990-2000. Fallujah is 40 miles from Baghdad, and after massive sieges, it experiences the highest rate of genetic damage in any population ever studied. Birth defects are 14 times higher than those in Nagasaki and Hiroshima. Between 2007-10, half of the babies were born with birth defects. A 2010 study found birth defects 33 times higher than in Europe. Congenital malformations have mushroomed, including nervous system and heart defects. Severe birth defects in newborns appear as multiple disfiguring tumors, overgrown or missing limbs, fused legs. Babies are born with spina bifida, some are missing genitalia, some are born with their intestines outside their little bellies. The photos are shocking and very painful to look at: newborns with two heads, or no head, scaly bodies, missing eyes or one eye in the center of the face, malformed ears, noses, bones and rib cages rendering the infants unable to live. In September of 2009, of the 170 babies born, 24% died in a week, and 75% of them were deformed. In 2011, doctors reported two babies born with birth defects every day, which is 11 times the world average. During the crisis, hospitals reported new mothers in shock, apologizing for their deformed newborns. Fallujah has suffered an increase in sterility and infertility, and one of every six pregnancies miscarried between 2009-10. Today women in Fallujah are too scared to conceive and hospital officials are quietly telling them to avoid pregnancy. Cancer rates doubled between 1993-2007, as did childhood leukemia, which is epidemic. By 2012, cancers increased three times. Fallujah is unable to have consistently healthy babies. Human Rights Now, a Tokyo-based organization, released a report asserting that the right to health and life of the children of Fallujah was seriously violated. There was an extraordinary rise in congenital birth defects due to environmental contamination, which no one investigated. No one was brought to justice. The group calls on the US and UK to disclose information on the quantities, types and firing points of DU weapons. Mosul was the breadbasket for 19 million people. Now weeds and crop diseases never before recorded in their history ravage farmland and date and citrus trees. Bedouins report hundreds of dead animals in the desert including camels, sheep, birds and the insects that cover the remains. Hundreds of thousands of tons of edible wild plants have been contaminated. In a Baghdad shelter in 1994, 800 women and children hid from bombardment. A DU projectile fired by a plane penetrated the walls of the shelter, and every one was killed. The imprints of their bodies pressed against the walls are still visible. After bombardments, populations return to their homes and rebuild on the rubble. They suffer continuous exposure to toxic metals left in the wreckage of tanks, ash and dust, soil and polluted water. It is a health emergency that requires international action to control the damage. The Iraqi government identifies 300-365 radioactively contaminated sites. The US government has failed to release information on the amount of DU it used, despite a UN request. Since the fall of Sadam Hussein, it has forbidden a UN environment program from collecting environmental samples. The US has not investigated birth defects in Iraq. It has failed in its obligation to provide a remedy, restitution or rehabilitation. Its refusal to disclose firing locations hampers cleanup. The Defense Dept. is not aware of any official report indicating an increase in birth defects related to metals contained in US munitions. And the UK asserts there is no reliable scientific or medical evidence to confirm a link to birth defects. The World Health Organization of the UN refuses to share evidence of killed civilians and birth defects in Iraq. Its first report by leading radiation scientists confirmed that children and adults who inhaled DU dust contracted cancers, but the report was suppressed. A report due for release in 2012 was repeatedly delayed, and now no release date is projected and it is labeled “classified.” A former UN Assistant Secretary General states that a study of the reality of DU impact from combat was aborted by US pressure. DU is carcinogenic when inhaled at low quantities. In Iraq cancers have skyrocketed from 40 cases per 100,000 people in 1991, to 800 per 100,000 people in 1995, to 1600 cases per 100,000 people in 2005. Between 1990-97 lymphomas, leukemia, lung and brain cancers increased five times, and the trend continues with a steep rise in leukemia. Real statistics are hard to analyze since possibly half of healthcare is underreported, and cancer can have an incubation period of a few years up to decades. Children are ten to twenty times more susceptible to carcinogenic effects than adults, and they do not have a voice in the DU debate Between 1994-95 the US and NATO fired 3 ½ metrics tons of DU on Bosnia. NATO, the US and UK flew 4000 aerial sorties over Serbian civilian areas. DU was used on military and civilian targets and in land mines planted around NATO bases. In 1999 more than 10 metric tons of DU rounds hit Kosovo, Serbia and Montenegro, contaminating local supplies of drinking water and soil. NATO left behind 100 known contaminated DU sites in Kosovo. Foreign personnel were warned to stay away, but no one warned civilians. NATO denied its use of DU weapons for five years and during that time, no provision was made for cleanup. US aircraft fired 9 tons of DU munitions but did not reveal the information for a year. The local civil population has suffered from the effects of the NATO campaign in the Balkans with increases of miscarriage, premature and still births. Serbia experienced an enormous rise in cancer rates and birth defects. The long-term effects on health in southeastern Europe is an international crisis that will affect future generations. It is believed that DU munitions have been fired in Afghanistan. Somalia, Yemen, Libya and Pakistan have been target sites of DU bombings. In 2009, Israel fired on Lebanon and Gaza with DU weapons, and medics found traces of DU in the wounds of bodies. The US, the UK and Israel may have triggered a nuclear holocaust in the Mid-East. Okinawa, Japan, a subtropical island 67 miles long, was fired upon in 1995-96 with DU weapons during routine testing. The Defense Dept. later admitted that “it was a mistake, the shells were mislabeled.” 1000 DU rounds were fired from Marine Harrier aircraft. On the small island of Vieques, Puerto Rico, US aircraft have routinely fired DU rounds in munitions testing. DU has possibly been used for a decade, but the Navy only admits to testing in 1999. A study of Gulf War vets revealed they are three times more likely to have children born with birth defects. Another study reports 50% more physical abnormalities in their newborns, and a 40% increase of miscarriages of their wives. Of 251 Gulf War vets in Mississippi, 67% of the children conceived since the war suffered birth defects, including severe eye defects, no eyes, and no ears. There has been a massive increase of cancers since 1991. 24,000 to 25,000 vets died of Gulf War Syndrome. The Pentagon has denied troop exposure to depleted uranium and instead attributed the deaths to smoke from oil well fires, parasites, pesticides, vaccines, and psychological causes. Black and Latino troops are disproportionately at risk on the front lines, walking through invisible clouds of uranium dioxide. Veterans for Constitutional Law says the long-term effect of DU is a virtual death sentence. The Geneva Protocols prohibit warfare methods that cause unnecessary suffering or inflict lasting, widespread, severe damage to the environment. However, the US has not ratified the Protocol. There has been no significant investigation by the UN, US or UK on the health consequences to civilians associated with toxic munitions. Contaminated soil will not be removed or cleaned. No law requires the US to remediate. The US exports depleted uranium to Israel, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Turkey, Greece, Taiwan, Thailand and South Korea. There are more than 50 DU production sites, and 24 states are involved in DU research, testing and storage. Arsenals of depleted uranium are stockpiled in the UK, France, Russia, Sweden, Greece, Turkey, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Bahrain, Egypt, Kuwait, Pakistan, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand. Proliferation is inevitable because it reduces DU stockpiles in countries that enrich uranium. DU will be even more openly available in the world market in the future. Lately Iraqi and British doctors have come forward to campaign the UN for an independent investigation. The Council of Europe has called for ban on manufacture and use of DU, and an EU Parliament Resolution is calling upon member states to propose a moratorium on DU weapons. It is time to heed Einstein’s caution that we require an entirely new pattern of thinking if mankind is to survive. Further reading: Nuclear Policy Research Institute/Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Bulletin/Global Research/Citizen Soldier/ Physicians for Social Responsibility/Coalition for Nuclear Disarmament/IVAW Epidemic of Birth Defects in Iraq Carol Dudek \| October 18, 2014 Does Reactionary U.S. Imperialist Intervention Actually Stop Islamic Fundamentalist Extremism? Jill McLaughlin \| September 5, 2014 As news of a second journalist killed by ISIS spills onto the headlines this week, Obama and his administration were quick to promise retribution. Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel as reported by CNN indicated, “All options — with the exception of a ground invasion — are on the table to address the threat posed by ISIS... Those options include possible airstrikes in Syria, where ISIS has established a stronghold in and around the northeastern Syrian city of Raqqa.” Interview with Larry Everest on Iraq, ISIS, the US Empire and the Anti-War Movement Dennis Loo \| September 5, 2014 Dennis Loo interviewed Revolution writer Larry Everest about Iraq, ISIS, US plans for the region, and the implications for those of us seeking to mobilize opposition to the continuing destruction wreaked by the US military. There has been a sharp escalation by the US government in rhetoric, in policy, and in the urgency with which they are responding to ISIS, with a US general calling them an "apocalyptic, end of days" movement. What is behind this? How to Make Sense of U.S. Threats on Iraq and Syria Debra Sweet \| August 27, 2014 If you want to shake your head and give up on the situation as beyond understanding — don't! Dangerous arguments and actions came this week from both President Obama, who plans to increase airstrikes on Iraq & Syria and announced drone surveillance (as if that has not been happening for years), and from John McCain, leader of the “US has to get back in Iraq” cabal. “Limited” airstrikes by the world's most powerful military combined with U.S. more troops going into this extremely volatile region will not bring peace, stability, or safety. U.S. Bombs Won't Save Iraqi Lives Debra Sweet \| August 8, 2014 Daddy George H.W. Bush; Bill Clinton; W. Bush and now Barack Obama have an unbroken streak of bombing Iraq. Let us say as strongly as we can, that the bombing begun overnight in Kurdish areas — no matter who “asked” for it to be done — is outrageously dangerous, will not “save civilians,” but instead will endanger them further. Rather than protecting people in harm's way, US bombs and secret operations are a message to other powers that no one else will be allowed to run Iraq. Unthinkable Thoughts in the Debate About ISIS in Iraq Ross Caputi \| June 15, 2014 Iraqis Are Not ‘Abstractions’ Ray McGovern \| June 21, 2014 When I saw the Washington Post’s banner headline, “U.S. sees risk in Iraq airstrikes,” I thought, “doesn’t that say it all.” The Post apparently didn’t deem it newsworthy to publish a story headlined: “Iraqis see risk in U.S. airstrikes.” Then, in an accompanying article, authors Gregg Jaffe and Kevin Maurer observed nonchalantly that “Iraq and the Iraqi people remain something of an abstraction,” a point that drove me to distraction.
Bring Me The Red Pages This and other pics of Codex Rossanensis courtesy of This and other pics of Codex Rossanensis courtesy of Manage your freakin' trash, loser. Anyhow, a picture may be worth this and be an agent of that, but in the Roman Empire most writing was done in the scroll format on papyrus, and that's an inhospitable environment for pictures. We roll up scrolls. Papyrus crumbles over time. Anything painted on such a document would fade, flake, or fail, and fast. (Of course, China mastered the painted scroll, but that's another story involving a different set of technologies and media. Maybe we'll talk about it someday.) Happily, scrolls in Rome gave way in time to books in the codex format. This is roughly the same format as a hardback book today, with sheets folded into quires, stitched along one side, cut into pages, and then stacked, stitched some more, and finally bound. The main difference is that pages in a Roman codex — and in codices for more than a thousand years afterward– were made of skin. (It puts the vellum in the volume….) The codex was known as early as the first century AD, but really took off in the AD 300s, when the format definitively superseded scrolls. And here's the thing about a codex: since a parchment page is strong and flat and stabilized by stitching and binding and such, it's actually quite a good place to paint pictures. So the first picture books appear sometime during the 400s or 500s AD. A tome in Rome gives pics a planar home. Painted books– especially those with silver or goldleaf– are called "illuminated" manuscripts. The earliest illuminated codex we know is a fragmentary volume of Vergil's Georgics and Aeneid from the early 400s. Another illustrated Vergil and an illuminated Iliad also survive from the 400s, so bringing these epic tales to life by way of pictures must've been a thing then, at least among those who could afford such luxuries and could read. Also probably from the 400s, though possibly earlier, is the Cotton Genesis, the earliest biblical manuscript that features pictures. It was badly damaged in a fire in the 18th century, but the charred scraps still make obvious its former glory. The oldest non-barbecued biblical manuscript with pictures is the Vienna Genesis, made in Syria in the AD 500s. So as soon as it was possible and seemed desirable to illustrate books, the ones receiving this treatment were the obvious choices: the epic poets and Genesis. But not all the choices in early illustrated books were obvious. Some are surprising. Surprising choices abound in one of the most wonderful of the early illuminated books, the codex purpureus Rossanensis— the Red Book of Rossano. This tome, a cousin of the Vienna Genesis, contains Matthew and most of Mark, and it is possibly the oldest illustrated Christian book. (Other candidates include the Rabbula Gospels from AD 586, also Syrian, and the Garima Gospels from AD600?, Ethiopian.) The Rossano manuscript was one of a pair; the other, now missing, probably contained Luke and John. It seems the book was created in the AD 500s in Syria but somehow made its way to Rossano, a town in that part of Italy where plantar fasciitis is likely to set in if they don't watch their ways. It was discovered there and documented by astonished scholars in 1879. What's so special about the Red Book? Well, as the illustration at the top of this post shows, its foot-high vellum pages were all dyed reddish purple and then inscribed with a lovely Greek uncial, the first few lines of each Gospel in gold and the remainder of the double-column text in silver. (I'd like to think that the Dead Gods' Book looked half as cool as this in the moments before it crumbled into dust.) As for the pictures, the illustrator (working in a medium and era that mandated originality) shows a design sense that is intricate, imaginative, and fascinating. 02.Rossano_009Cleverly constructed circles form the compositional basis for most of the illustrations. For example, the book presents a ring of discs surrounding the declaration "hupothesis kanonon tes ton euangeliston sumphonias." The text refers to a canon table, a system that Eusebius had developed for dividing the gospels into chapters and verses and harmonizing them. The circle of circled circles includes depictions of the four gospel writers in cardinal positions, united by interlacing borders but differentiated by the colorful and strangely patterned cogs that separate them. Later, in a full-page depiction of Jesus and Barabbas before Pontius Pilate, the illuminator relies again on circularity to delimit the edges of the crowd in the upper register and to organize the guardians and their prisoners in the lower: The dignified, elegant stance of Jesus offers a contrast to the bent form of his bound counterpart. Circularity is again the dominant motif in a depiction of the Last Supper: Here the twelve disciples, reclining per Middle Eastern custom, surround a semi-circular table. Jesus stands out by virtue of his circular halo and colorful garments. Most of the twelve wear team colors. The head of one is misaligned as he sops into the circular bowl in the center. The artist emphasizes not the bread and the wine but the breaking of the fellowship as betrayal seeps in. Circularity unifies the illustrations throughout the book, but not in a rigid way. In fact, the general layout of most pages– including this one– follows a different pattern: On most of the illustrated pages, the New Testament text continues in the upper region, above the corresponding illustrations, and four textual columns in the lower half of the page provide quotations from the Old Testament that bear some typological or prophetic relationship to the scenes above. Atop these textual columns, pertinent kings or prophets high-five each other and offer one another brogratulations for their proleptic Messianic chops. Now, imagine that you're one of the first book illustrators ever, and that you've been commissioned to provide pics for the first illustrated gospel ever, and you have to come up with some subjects because there is no tradition to guide you. A theological advisor is available for consultation. What do you depict? Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of narrative content in the gospels: diegetic scenes from the story of the life and ministry of Jesus and hypodiegetic scenes from the parabolic stories-within-a-story that Jesus tells. There are many possible things one might choose from either category. Here's what the illustrator chose: The four evangelists encircling the Eusebian declaration (extra-diegetic) The Raising of Lazarus (diegetic) The Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem (diegetic) Jesus purging the Temple (diegetic) The Parable of the Ten Virgins (hypodiegetic) The Last Supper and the Washing of the Feet (diegetic) The Communion of the Disciples with the Bread and Wine (diegetic) Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane (diegetic) Jesus Healing the Man Born Blind (diegetic) The Parable of the Good Samaritan (hypodiegetic) Jesus before Pilate and the Suicide of Judas (diegetic) The Choice between Jesus and Barrabas (diegetic) Wisdom personified inspiring the evangelist Mark (extra-diegetic) So the artist dips only twice into the parables; the scenes he selected must have been very important indeed in that culture. One he culls from the many available is the Good Samaritan, a tale so popular right down to this day that it's not surprising at all to find it here. The other is the Parable of the Ten Virgins. What? Here's how it goes: This is a puzzling parable for several reasons, but let's not delve too deeply into those waters. The thing to note here is that the teachings of this passage– whatever they were deemed to be in the AD 500s– must've been central to the theological thinking of the book's intended audience. Here's the page: Just as before, we have the textual continuation along the top, the New Testament illustration, and then four columns of attestation capped by little Macarena saints from days of oy. Zooming in, we can make out the particulars of the parable: Not a lot of circles here; everything is solemn columns. To the left, five variegated virgins (blue, gold, red, gold, black), fresh back from the corner store, wish to be let in and knock on the door in order to say so. Facing them on the other side of the threshold, Jesus waves bye-bye-bye at 'em and says, in so many words, "Do I know you?" Meanwhile, the other five virgins, dressed identically in pure white robes with racing stripes and holding aloft their lighted lamps, proceed along the four rivers of living water that show the way to paradise. Beside the waters near the feet of Jesus, a little tree stands firmly planted. Behind and beyond the processing virgins, fruit-bearing trees mark the way toward blessing and cupcakes. This is a story of rejection, and the artist captures that fact dramatically. The wise virgins have already received the team jersey and are on their way to Eden regained; their poses match as they lean toward the goal. In contrast, the foolish virgins are diversified not only by color but by pose, by focus, by gesture, and by activity. They were incoherent in their preparation for the arrival of the bridegroom, and they remain incoherent as they undertake too little, too late, to remedy the situation. Between the foolish virgins and the bridegroom, Jesus, a freestanding door stands ajar, allowing Jesus and foolish virgin alpha to converse. The door, gold with a white frame, matches the robes of the wise virgins; their costumes indicate their belonging to the place they have entered. That place has plants and trees and waters and bees and cupcakes. In contrast, the place where the foolish virgins stand offers nothing. Jesus gestures through the portal, but he's not offering a blessing; he's indicating that he gave at the office, that he already has enough magazines, and that his HOA now forbids soliciting. Why didn't the wise virgins share their oil? Why didn't Jesus accept the foolish virgins once they had scrambled after last-minute supplies? How does the apparent message of this parable stand in harmony with Christian precepts having to do with generosity, forgiveness, and amity? Good questions, and I won't dwell on them. I'll just say this: if they could've shared, then perhaps the wise virgins would have done; but some things cannot be shared. The oil for their lamps is a metaphor; for what is it a metaphor? Oil that illuminates. If the Messiah is, by definition, the anointed one, and if oil in that context is a metaphor for the Holy Spirit, and if having enough oil when the moment of need arrives is the name of the game, then perhaps each virgin's oil is her spiritual development, maturation, and discipline. These are vital to Christian life, but they cannot be shared at the whim or will of a mere mortal. "Go get your own" is the only loving thing to say when it comes to such things. As my Sifu, had I one, might say: at the moment of crisis, you will do what you have trained to do. And if you find, when the crisis strikes, that you've gone and left yourself untrained, tant pis. That explanation has the merit of making the wise virgins and J seem less… harsh. If something like that is the spiritual lesson of this parable, then we can see why it might have seemed quite important indeed to early Christians. And so it did, and it continued to seem important right down to the modern era. Here, for example, we have some sculptures from the entrance to a Gothic cathedral in Strasbourg over five hundred years later: See how dignified they are, and how well dressed, and how responsible? And see how approving and yet stern Jesus seems as he considers them? A worshiper entering the cathedral would walk past them and might ponder their example. Or ponder the example of contrasting figures on the other side. These from the same era, from the Gothic cathedral in Erfurt, offer guidance by counterexample: They're distorted and twisted and toothachy and migrainy from too much partying and not nearly enough lamp-trimmin'. They're like those seat-ghosts seen in the mirrors at the end of the Haunted Mansion ride. Which one is a match for you? Roll forward another four hundred years or so, and we find the artist Hieronymus Francken the Younger, in 1616, painting a didactic image of the Parable of the Virgins in contemporary garb, and with modern preoccupations. The wise virgins sit in a pious huddle while the foolish virgins play the lute and virginals and 52 pickup and partake of wine and comedy and tragedy and art. Given a couple more centuries to party, they'd be reading Balzac. Up in the heavenlies, top center, wise and foolish virgins in a more abstract style try (half unsuccessfully) to enter the temple of Solomon in the New Jerusalem. The wise are orderly; the foolish chaotic. 18.Blake_William_VirginsNot long after 1800, Blake distills the parable into the formal contrasts we've been discussing: the wise are albescent, orderly, harmonious, and telic; the foolish are colorful, scattered, disparate, and confused. Cloud angel is blowin' horn leftward, and only those prepared for that final storm will weather it. Around 1822, the painter Friedrich Wilhelm von Schadow offers an academic version that retains many of the conventions first explored in the Rossano Gospels: order/chaos, centrality of Jesus, harmonious or discordant gestures, etc. Among the modern versions, I think the most intriguing is the pair done in the 1880s or '90s in gouache over pencil on heavy paper by James Tissot: The wise virgins: 19.Tissot_James_1880s_Wise_VirginsThe foolish virgins: The wise virgins are somnolent nonentities, ready and steady. The foolish virgins, on the other hand, are oblivious and giddy. Look at their smiles, their flirtations, their wild ambling poses as they lunge headlong like toddlers who fall unhaltingly (with style!) toward their destination. They seem so happy, so clueless, so in-the-moment. Bless their hearts. They've ended up ill-prepared and damned unlucky for it. But they've had such fun! How can you not love 'em. When the time comes to jettison that cigarette butt, will you throw it out the window? (For that matter, when the time comes to light that cigarette, will you instead refrain in favor of health and wellness?) Will you be carefree and oblivious to consequence? This much is sure: you'll do what you've trained to do. Memory is a rum thing, yes? Weird stuff sticks, and needful stuff fades or fails to thrive. But there are ways to govern the churn, to stimulate persistence, to lock down the goods. Intelligible text helps. Memorable audiovisual gimmicks go far. ("Twas brillig, and the slithy toves….") Pictures, perhaps better than prose or poetry, can help lock down in memory the salient details. Not just consuming by reading or hearing or seeing but also producing by teaching goes farther. And, of course, not only learning of or teaching but actually practicing goes farthest of all. That's the value of reruns. That's the value of ritual. 2 thoughts on “Bring Me The Red Pages” Leave a Reply
42 B.C. - 37 A.D. 2nd Emperor of Rome (14 A.D.- 37 A.D.). In Robert Graves' I, Claudius (acted by George Baker in the BBC miniseries), he is portrayed as a disciplined general (he was governor of Gaul for a while, and campaigned against the Germans), but a puppet of his mother, Livia (second wife of Augustus Caesar, the first Roman Emperor) and personally decadent in his later years. As Emperor, he cut luxury spending and initiated some tax reforms. This improved the Empire's finances but blew his popularity with the Roman aristocracy. He eventually grew paranoid, and moved to Capri, from which island he ruled the Empire until his death. Tiberius was played by Peter O'Toole in the Bob Guccione-directed film of Gore Vidal's screenplay, Caligula. Roman Emperors enumerated
September 26, 2018 Week In STEM-23rd Jan Why the brain uses so much energy There’s much about the brain we still have to discover, and one of the unanswered questions surrounding this most vital of organs is how it uses up most of its energy. The brain claims around 20 percent of the total oxygen used to fuel our bodies, yet we don’t know where most of that goes. Now an IBM researcher thinks he might have solved the mystery. Read more Physical attraction linked to genes that control height Some may believe that chance brings you together with your loved one, but scientists have found a far less romantic reason. Mate choice is influenced by our genes, in part by those responsible for our height Read more Cosmic phenomenon that travel faster than light When Albert Einstein first predicted that light travels the same speed everywhere in our Universe, he essentially stamped a speed limit on it: 299,792 kilometres per second (186,282 miles per second) – fast enough to circle the entire Earth eight times every second. But that’s not the whole story. In fact, it’s just the beginning. Since Einstein, physicists have found that certain entities can reach superluminal (that means “faster-than-light”) speeds and still follow the cosmic rules laid down by special relativity. While these do not disprove Einstein’s theory, they give us insight into the peculiar behavior of light and the quantum realm. Read more Zebra stripes not for camouflage, new study finds Looking through the eyes of zebra predators, researchers found no evidence supporting the notion that zebras’ black and white stripes are for protective camouflage or that they provide a social advantage. Read more What you need to know about the Zika virus The Zika virus, which has only recently moved beyond Africa and Southeast Asia, has already had debilitating effects in the Americas. It’s especially problematic in Brazil, where it’s appears to be connected to a serious birth defect. Now, after a baby born with a brain abnormality in Hawaii tested positive for the virus, the CDC has come up with guidelines for how to identify the disease and monitor women who are pregnant during the outbreak. Read more New material can harvest sunlight by day and release heat at night As solar power becomes a bigger part of our overall energy mix, scientists are working on more efficient ways of storing the power of the Sun for use during the night-time, or on particularly cloudy days. And now a new type of materialhas been developed that can do just that – store solar energy when it’s in abundance, and release it as heat later on as required. Read more Neuroscientists have figured out how your brain wakes you up You may not realise it when your alarm clock forces you into a bleary-eyed stupor first thing in the morning, but there’s actually a complex chemical process going on inside your brain as you wake up. And scientists now think they’ve identified the part of the brain that ends periods of light sleep and brings us into a state of wakefulness. Read more Why are habits so hard to break? Taming that sweet tooth for your New Year’s resolution might be harder than you think. New research suggests that forming a habit leaves a lasting mark on specific circuits in the brain, which in turn seems to prime us to further feed our cravings. The research deepens scientists’ understanding of how habits manifest and may suggest new strategies for breaking the bad ones. Read more Why your brain makes you slip up when anxious Neuroscientists have identified the brain network system that causes us to stumble and stall just when we least want to. Previous research has shown that people tend to exert more force when they know they are being watched. For example, pianists unconsciously press keys harder when they play in front of an audience compared to when playing alone. The new research explores why. Read more Depression of either parent during pregnancy linked to premature birth Depression in both expectant mothers and fathers increases the risk of premature birth, finds a new study. In this study, more than 350,000 births in Sweden between 2007 and 2012 were investigated for parental depression and incidence of either very preterm birth (between 22 and 31 weeks) or moderately preterm birth (32-36 weeks). Read more Memory capacity of brain is 10 times more than previously thought The brain’s memory capacity is in the petabyte range, as much as entire Web, new research indicates. The new work answers a longstanding question as to how the brain is so energy efficient and could help engineers build computers that are incredibly powerful but also conserve energy. Read more Researchers pinpoint place where cancer cells may begin In a study involving the fruit fly equivalent of an oncogene implicated in many human leukemias, a research team has gained insight into how developing cells normally switch to a restricted, or specialized, state and how that process might go wrong in cancer. The researchers were surprised to discover that levels of an important protein start fluctuating wildly in cells during this transition period. If the levels don’t or can’t fluctuate, the cell doesn’t switch and move forward. Read more (Visited 9 times, 1 visits today) Share on Facebook Share on Google+ Share on Tumblr Email this to someone Social Media Auto Publish Powered By :
Iran continues to develop an expanding fleet of homemade unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Tehran announced its latest “suicide drone” on the heels of a massive military exercise last month. But a new, high-tech weapon developed by the United States Navy — one that can swat drones from the sky — could render Iran’s new aerial threat obsolete. Aboard the USS Ponce, which is permanently stationed in the Persian Gulf, the Navy deployed its first working laser weapon system, or LaWS, as the Navy calls it. The system is right out of a science fiction film. Unlike previous lasers used by modern militaries, this 30-kilowatt direct-energy can do more than just paint targets for precision-guided missiles and bombs. It can disable them. Many of the Navy’s large warships are designed to fight other big vessels out at sea, but unprepared for agile maritime threats close to shore. Their expensive guided missiles and guns are meant to engage conventional aircraft and ships over long ranges, but have trouble targeting small boats and UAVs at close range. The few weapons they carry to address “close-in” threats can be overwhelmed by swarms of small enemy craft. That vulnerability is why terrorist attacks like al-Qaeda’s 2000 bombing of the USS Cole pose a constant threat to sailors navigating the region. It is also why Iran, which lacks the ability to confront larger, more modern navies directly, has worked hard to develop its maritime asymmetric capabilities. Tehran has acquired shore- and sea-based anti-ship missiles (principally from China), small speedboats, and midget submarines to overwhelm advanced warships operating in the Gulf. That’s where LaWS comes in. The system was designed for the myriad asymmetric threats in the narrow and congested waters of the Persian Gulf – the laser can aim precisely at a small object and disable its guidance system, motor, or other vital components. In testing, the prototype laser aboard the Ponce demonstrated this ability, neutralizing surface targets and downing a small UAV. It’s also worth noting that the laser can be deployed at a fraction of the cost of guided missiles and bullets, and fire infinitely more times. LaWS will enhance a number of tools the U.S. military has at its disposal to respond to asymmetric threats in the Persian Gulf, including U.S. Army Apache attack helicopters, which can now be deployed from Navy carriers and amphibious assault ships. The Navy has also deployed its own small boats to the region, ranging from Cyclone-class patrol ships to riverine squadrons with their heavily armed speedboats. Additionally, the Navy has developed two classes of the Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) to fight in shallow coastal environments like the Gulf. These will be increasingly effective when combined with LaWS, which can track targets at greater ranges. In the future, as the technology develops, more powerful lasers may protect ships or entire areas from incoming cruise missiles, artillery shells, mortars, manned aircraft, and ballistic missiles. Land-based versions are also under development with the U.S. Army and the Israel Defense Forces to replace expensive missile-defense systems like Iron Dome. The deployment and test-run of LaWS represents a major step forward in defensive systems. As direct-energy lasers develop, they will be able to confront low-tier asymmetric threats, like those from Iran, as well as used to maintain America’s superiority over well-equipped adversaries, like China and Russia. LaWS is just the start to a new era of warfare, in which defensive weapons gain an edge over their offensive counterparts. Patrick Megahan is a research analyst at Foundation for Defense of Democracies focusing on military affairs. He manages the website
Is it true that bilingual children suffer from speech delays? lead image There's a common notion that raising your child to be bilingual can cause them to suffer from speech delays. But is it really true? You've probably heard from a fellow parent, or read somewhere that teaching your child to speak 2 different languages can cause speech delays. However, is there really any truth to this notion? Or is it just an old wive's tale? What exactly is a speech delay? First off, let's talk about what a speech delay actually is. A child is considered to have a speech delay if their speech development is below the norm for other children of the same age. This means that a child has a speech delay if they acquire their speech milestones very late compared to other kids. Some things that can cause a speech delay such hearing impairment, mental retardation, cognitive deficits etc. However, one thing that's confirmed to not give your child a speech delay would be teaching them to be bilingual. This is because a lot of people mistakenly think that since you're teaching 2 languages to your child, they might suffer from speech delays since they can get the 2 languages mixed up, or they might get confused. However, children are actually more predisposed to learning languages compared to adults. Kids' brains are sponges for knowledge, so for them, learning 2 languages isn't any different to learning a single language. How can you teach your child 2 languages? You don't really have to do anything special if you want to teach 2 languages to your child. All you need is to be consistent, and have some structure whenever you teach your child. Try to use different languages when talking to your child at home. That way, they can get used to the sounds of the words, as well as the different meanings of the words in different languages. Reading stories in different languages also helps a lot in trying to teach your child to be bilingual. The number 1 thing to remember is to be consistent, and to constantly expose your child to learning. That way, their brains will get used to hearing the 2 languages, and it'll be easier for them to speak it themselves. A great benefit of teaching your child to be bilingual is that they'll be more inclined to learning, since being bilingual exercises the parts of their brain that encourage them to learn. This makes it easier for them to understand what you teach them and it will greatly benefit them once they're already in school. So don't be afraid of those stories you hear about children having speech delays because of being bilingual. Encourage your child to speak 2 languages, and they'll be better for it! READ: Teaching your child both Filipino and English can make them smarter
Nonsectarianism Within Tibetan Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism has four major traditions, Nyingma, Sakya, Kagyu, and Gelug. Each was transmitted from India at a different time, through a different lineage. All of them trace their origin back to the same source, Shakyamuni Buddha. All share the same ultimate aim: they all teach methods for achieving the enlightened state of a Buddha for the benefit of all beings. As Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche once said, "When one realizes the depth of view of the various schools of Tibetan Buddhism and we see also that they all lead to the same goal without contradicting each other, we see that only ignorance can lead us to adopt a sectarian view." Taken a few years ago, the picture above shows His Holiness the Dalai Lama with other members of the Sangha, including the then heads of the four traditions, standing under an image of Shakyamuni Buddha. Chamtrul Rinpoche and his previous incarnations are from the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, the oldest one. However, he has studied with many Buddhist masters from all four of the major traditions, and values each of them. "From the sky, the rain falls on the mountains, and different rivers form, but all lead to the mighty ocean. So too, the different traditions of Tibetan Buddhism, with all their distinctive features, trace back to the same source, and lead to the same goal. Therefore, when meeting with another tradition, a learned practitioner will never disparage the other's teachings, but instead would understand these as harmonious differences, and would have nothing but deep respect for them." Chamtrul Rinpoche Print Print \| Sitemap © Bodhicitta 2018
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms The NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms features 8,290 terms related to cancer and medicine. smoldering myeloma (SMOLE-der-ing MY-eh-LOH-muh) A very slow-growing type of myeloma in which abnormal plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) make too much of a single type of monoclonal antibody (a protein). This protein builds up in the blood or is passed in the urine. Patients with smoldering myeloma usually have no symptoms, but need to be checked often for signs of progression to fully developed multiple myeloma.
3 Fundamental Habits of Influential People Growing up in a tiny, dot-on-the-map town in rural Missouri, Dale Carnegie was a “skinny, unathletic, and fretful” son of a pig farmer, writes Susan Cain in her book on introverts, Quiet. After observing a charismatic public speaker traveling through his hometown, Carnegie, despite his innate introversion and with much determination, became a speaking champion and leader himself. He eventually launched the Dale Carnegie Institute, devoted to helping businessmen overcome their insecurities. Though published in 1937, his book How to Win Friends and Influence People remains one of the best motivational books in history, addressing a question that’s core to everyone’s existence: How do you get along with people? Carnegie identified a few major recurring characteristics or habits of highly influential people, from Abraham Lincoln to Thomas Edison to Charles Schwab. Time-tested to this day by current leaders like Oprah Winfrey, these habits are still widely relevant and apply to practically every industry and relationship. Read on below to learn three fundamental traits in people who successfully handle others.
World War One inspired the British to short, shocked poetry, perhaps because chivalry was one of the first casualties. The literary monuments of World War II and the end of empire, however, are extensive prose sequences: Waugh’s Sword of HonourTrilogy (1952–61), Anthony Burgess’s Malayan Trilogy (1956–59), Olivia Manning’s Fortunes of War six-pack (1960–65 and 1977–80), Paul Scott’s Raj Quartet (1965–75), and J. G. Farrell’s thematically linked Empire Trilogy (1970–78). Again, the stylistic correlation between subject and form is suggestive. The British fought a multi-theater war in a spirit of prosaic disillusion. The 1945 election confirmed that while Churchill had been talking of defending civilization and the Empire, the electorate saw the dividends of victory as indoor lavatories, free healthcare, and the reduction of the upper classes by punitive taxation. In 1957, just over forty years after Harold Macmillan had read Aeschylus’s Prometheus Bound while lying wounded in a shell hole on the Somme, Macmillan the prime minister told his fellow Conservatives that “most of our people have never had it so good.” Two years later, Macmillan’s victory in the 1959 election confirmed that most Britons were glad to have exchanged the poetry of historical grandeur and industrial poverty for the prose of material comfort and managed decline. They exchanged the poetry of historical grandeur for the prose of managed decline. The war profoundly altered relations of class and sex in Britain. But the fictional cycles that narrated these changes did not focus on domestic life on Pudding Island, as Lawrence Durrell called it. Paul Scott’s characters stay east of Suez; it is in India that “the British came to the end of themselves as they were.” Olivia Manning’s Harriet and Guy Pringle are expatriated in Romania, Greece, Egypt, and the Palestine Mandate. Waugh’s Guy Crouchback begins the war exiled in Italy, and returns to Britain to enlist, not to reintegrate into society. While Crouchback’s pursuit of an honorable death takes him to Dakar, Egypt, Crete, Yugoslavia, and a remote Scottish island, his domestic connections, his on-off wife Virginia and his Uncle Peregrine, are killed by a flying bomb. Waugh permitted Crouchback to remarry and have children in Unconditional Surrender, but then revised the text to deny Crouchback the consolation of domestic posterity, and left Crouchback in a childless marriage. Farrell set Troubles (1970) within the geographical British Isles, but the novel’s location and timing, a hotel at Wexford in southeast Ireland during the Irish war of independence, reflect another kind of secession from British society and the British Empire. Farrell died in 1979, swept off a rock while fishing in the Irish Sea. His death was bracketed by those of Scott in 1978 and Manning in 1980. After that, it seemed likely that the domestic experience of the War and its aftermath would never find a chronicler capable of working on the large canvases of a novel sequence. But in 1990, the publication of The Light Years, the first volume of Elizabeth Jane Howard’s Cazalet Chronicle, announced a late and last entry into the canon. TheCazalet Chronicle is a familiar and familial story, the making and unmaking of a dynasty in three generations and five volumes. The Light Years (1990), Marking Time (1991), Confusion (1993), and Casting Off (1995) cover 1937 to 1947. All Change (2013) jumps forward nine years to 1956, and ends in 1958. Between 1937 and 1958, an upper-middle-class English family is subjected to the vagaries of life and the indignities of history. Its members respond with the increasingly hollow stoicism of their class. Duty is done to the nation, the family, and the family business, but too much of it is done in bad faith, especially by the men who are in charge of the family’s destiny. In this sense, The Cazalet Chronicle is a counterpart to Waugh’s Sword of Honour trilogy. Against the background of the Second World War, the officer class of English society forfeits its moral authority, mostly through its own polite, self-serving incompetence. The Cazalet brothers—Hugh, Edward, and Rupert—have houses in the right parts of London. They work in the family business, importing and dealing in exotic hardwoods. Hugh is thoughtful but ineffectual, and lost a hand in the Great War. Edward is talented but dissolute, and won a Military Cross. Rupert would rather be a painter, but works for the firm because he should. None of them visits the unwholesome regions of the British Empire that supply their wood, or enters the no less dangerous thickets of domestic life without a stiff drink. Their sons are at boarding school, their daughters educated at home by governesses. Their wives do not work. On weekends and holidays, the brothers and their families stay with their parents, William and Kitty, and their unmarried sister Rachel at Home Place, a country house near Battle. The village is named for the site of the Battle of Hastings, where the Anglo-Norman ascendancy began, and where the class ascendancy of the Cazalets will make its last stand. William and Kitty’s children call them “The Brig” and “The Duchy.” The Brig was never in the army, but he likes giving orders. The Duchy is not a duchess; her nickname is a joke about her dislike of luxury. The nicknames suggest that the alignment of form and content in the Cazalets’ lives is already ironic. The Cazalets are becoming rentiers without realizing it. The Duchy is busy with planning menus, running the house’s staff of cook, maids, chauffeur, and gardener, and avoiding emotional contact with her children. The Brig is losing his sight, and is using the last of it to assemble an encyclopedia of tropical hardwoods. His sons, either unable to agree on how to modernize the company, or unwilling to do the work that would be required, are starting to rely on bank loans. The signs of rot are there, but their father, half-blind and obsessed with his samples and his book, is unable to see the trees for the wood. When the sequence opens in 1937, the Cazalets are as substantial as brown furniture. Their habits are fixed immovably in Edwardian privilege, and their values are ostensibly Edwardian too. The Duchy’s frugality is as much emotional as financial. “The Duchy did not believe that baths were meant to be pleasant: the water should be tepid.” She considers the taking of toast with both butter and marmalade to be an indulgence, and insists that Mrs. Cripps the Cook reuse the leftovers from the family’s meals. The Duchy leads by example, sharing in one moral economy with her servants. Leadership carries perks as well as responsibilities, but in her house no one, mistress or servant, is permitted a hot bath or soft lavatory paper. The family may have a roast on Sunday, but on Monday everyone, servants included, has to eat Mrs. Cripps’s lukewarm rissoles and greasy croquettes. The Duchy restates the clauses of this social contract in her menu negotiations with Mrs. Cripps. The pressure for renegotiation comes from below, and the insistence on proper restraint from above. The Duchy inspected the remains of a boiling fowl that Mrs. Cripps did not think could be stretched into rissoles for lunch, but Madam said that with an extra egg and more breadcrumbs it could be made to do. They fought their regular battle over a cheese soufflé. Mrs. Cripps, who had got her place as a plain cook, had, none the less, recently mastered the art of making soufflés, and liked to make them on any serious occasion. The Duchy disapproved of cooked cheese at night. In the end, they compromised on a chocolate soufflé for pudding. The Cazalets’ supreme ethic is the maintenance of correct form—especially in front of the servants. This drama always required the maintenance of a social gulf. For the second generation of Cazalets, it is wide enough to permit the employers to satisfy their obligation to the servants in form only. The Light Years opens with the morning routine in the London home of Edward, the Duchy’s second son, and his wife Villy. Two servant girls wake in an unheated attic room, dress after washing with a cold flannel, empty their slops into a bucket, and tiptoe down to the basement. There, they make two pots of tea, Indian for downstairs, China for upstairs. When Villy and Edward have had their tea in bed and their hot baths, they join their children and Nanny for breakfast, “kidneys, scrambled eggs, tomatoes and bacon.” Then Edward is chauffeured to work, or a series of activities which oblige him to impersonate it. A “couple of hours in the office,” then lunch at the club with “a couple of blokes from the Great Western Railway which would, he was pretty sure, result in a substantial order for mahogany.” After lunch, decisions will be deferred in a “directors’ meeting” with his father and brother, and then, before returning home to dress for the theater, there will be time for “a cup of tea with Denise Ramsay, who had the twin advantages of a husband frequently abroad on business and no children.” Edward won the Military Cross as an officer in the First World War, but now leads his servants only in a material sense. While his older brother Hugh wears the war as a physical wound, marked by a black sock on the stump of his wrist, Edward carries a moral wound. Unable to discuss what he experienced in Flanders, he remains emotionally adolescent. This trauma does not manifest in a nervous breakdown, or in dramatic alienation from his class, as exemplified by Robert Graves’s Goodbye to All That. Instead, Edward has become a genteel nihilist. Glamorous and exploitative, he expects the servants to carry on regardless, and the money to keep coming in, but observes only the form of his obligations. The children of the third generation have no reason to believe that this world and their place in it should ever change. Instead, they become the last generation to move from childhood to adulthood without the commercial detour of adolescence. The children of the Thirties become the war brides and conscripts of the Forties. Meanwhile, the war exposes the decay of the family, by accelerating the decline of the business. The secrets and failings accumulate: adultery, incest, lesbianism, a secret child, unwise marriages, and unwise business plans. By 1947, the Cazalets are shabby genteel. The servants are leaving, the marriages faltering, and the business is on its last loans. A decade later, as the Suez Crisis shows that the British Empire is a luxury that the United States can no longer afford, the Cazalets are effectively what the Russians used to call “former people.” All that remains of the family is snobbery without property and bohemianism without art. Snobbery without property and bohemianism without art. A plebeian bank official notifies the brothers that the company is finished, and that Home Place will have to be sold. The trouble, he thought, as he boarded his bus, was that none of them were businessmen. He felt sorry for them in a way, but had lost respect. He would not personally have put any of them in charge of a sweet shop. He opened his paper and decided to take the afternoon off and go to the motor show. The third generation pays the financial and emotional price for the slow undoing of the family and its class position. The women pay more than the men, as they always have. The Cazalet wives dislike “the bed side of life,” but do not show it. “Sex was for men, after all,” Villy reflects. “Women, nice women anyway, were not expected to care for it.” Mothers do not talk to their daughters about it, either. The democratic emergency of war has freed the third generation of Cazalet women from Edwardian mediocrity, but they are unprepared for adult independence. A trio of female cousins—Hugh’s daughter Polly, Edward’s daughter Louise, and Rupert’s daughter Clary—stumble in the atomized postwar world, survivors of a family that have “come to the end of themselves as they were.” The relation of life to art is best appreciated in reverse. Art before life: first the novels, then the autobiography and the letters, and then the biography. Better to read Oliver Twist before discovering that Bob Fagen was a kind older boy who looked after the young Dickens in the blacking factory. Certainly better to read The Cazalet Chronicle before reading Howard’s autobiography, Slipstream (2002), or Artemis Cooper’s biography, A Dangerous Innocence (2016).1 Howard (1923–2014) chose “Cazalet” because she wanted her family to have a Huguenot name. The choice also shows how precisely she evokes the vanished world of upper-middle-class comfort and duty. Like the fictional Edward Cazalet, the real Victor Cazalet (1896–1943) was a second son, with two brothers and a sister who was the third born. Like the fictional Edward, the real Victor won the Military Cross in World War One. Between the wars, Victor Cazalet became a Conservative MP, an anti-appeaser, an ally of Churchill, and a campaigner for Jewish refugees. He died in a plane crash in 1943. Victor’s older brother, a real Edward Cazalet, was killed in World War One; in the Chronicle, Howard allows Hugh, the oldest of the Brig and Duchy’s children, to survive the trenches, minus a hand. Like Rupert, the youngest of the fictional Cazalets, Victor’s youngest brother, Peter, was too young for World War One, but served in France in World War Two. Peter married P. G. Wodehouse’s stepdaughter Leonora—a union of life and literature that anticipates Howard’s fiction. After the Second World War, Peter trained racehorses for George VI’s widow, Elizabeth the Queen Mother. His children include another real Edward Cazalet. This one is a high court judge, and also presides on the committee of the P. G. Wodehouse Society. He has not been accused of adultery and incest. “I did happen to meet Elizabeth Jane Howard on one occasion,” the judge told Artemis Cooper. “She was very much on the defensive. . . . She simply said that people would not think it referred to me.” Not, that is, unless they had read Slipstream. Howard’s paternal grandfather was nicknamed “The Brig,” and lived at Home Place. His sons worked in the family business, importing and dealing in exotic timber. Howard’s mother, like Villy Cazalet, was a dancer before she married. Howard’s father, like Villy’s husband Edward, was a war hero and philanderer. The tribulations of the cousins Polly, Louise, and Clary are Howard’s own, divided into three. In the novels, Louise makes a disastrous wartime marriage to Michael Hadleigh, an artistic naval officer with a possessive mother who threatens to murder her. In reality, Howard made a disastrous wartime marriage to the artistic naval officer Peter Scott, whose mother threatened to murder her. Peter Scott was the son of Robert Falcon Scott, the Edwardian hero who kept his upper lip stiff as he and his party froze to death in the Antarctic. In 1946, Howard bolted. As Slipstream disarmingly admits, and A Dangerous Innocence scrupulously confirms, Jane Howard’s adult life was a series of romantic abasements. She had a great deal of sex with every species of cad and bounder, and many men of letters too, but she enjoyed very little of it. Her third marriage, to Kingsley Amis, promised to break the pattern, but instead turned into a cruel and extended variation on it. They were perfectly matched. He was a sadist, she was a masochist, and they came from opposite ends of the middle class. After years of his drinking and bullying—she left him in 1981—she still could not bring herself to dislike him. Kingsley seems to have managed this, and to dislike Jane even more. “You lower-class turd,” the protagonist’s wife says in Stanley and the Women (1984). “I don’t know why I’ve put up with you for so long, with your gross table manners and your boozing, and your bloody little car, and your frightful mates and your whole ghastly south-of-the-river man’s world. You’ve no breeding and so you’ve no respect for women.” In The Folks that Live on the Hill (1990), an aspirated “h” provokes Harry Caldecote to diagnose his posher sister-in-law as “an irremediable third-rate genteelist bullshitter.” After Kingsley—the name sounds like a Jane Howard novel—she resumed writing. In 1986, while Kingsley won the Booker Prize for The Old Devils, Jane was working on a cookbook. Now, more of her books are in print than his. In 2001, the bbc aired a six-part television adaptation of the first two Cazalet novels, but then dropped its option on the next two. Others have picked it up. Between 2012 and 2014, the five-volume Cazalet Chronicle was adapted for a forty-five–episode bbc Radio series. A full television adaptation is in the works, and will surely bring Howard’s novels—there are eight others in addition to the Chronicle—to American audiences. “Speaking as a very slow learner,” Howard wrote in Slipstream, published as she approached her eightieth birthday, “I feel as though I have lived most of my life in the slipstream of experience. Often I have had to repeat the same disastrous situation several times before I got the message. This is still happening.” The Cazalet Chronicle is a roman à clef, but Howard seems to have lived without the key to her own life. Or is it that, like Saul Bellow, she kept repeating until she had finessed life’s errors into the material of literature—as if each mistake were a redraft, and only the final version got put to paper? 1Slipstream: A Memoir, by Elizabeth Jane Howard; Macmillan, 493 pages, £20; Elizabeth Jane Howard: A Dangerous Innocence, by Artemis Cooper; John Murray, 376 pages, £25. This article originally appeared in The New Criterion, Volume 35 Number 7, on page 23 Copyright © 2017 The New Criterion \| Popular Right Now
Bed Bug Bites How to Identify the Bites bed bug bites Bed bugs pierce human skin with elongated beaks through which they extract blood. Bed bug bites are not initially painful and can go unnoticed for hours or days. This allows bed bugs to withdraw human blood for up to 10 minutes with each feeding. Bed bug bites occur most commonly on exposed skin, such as the upper body, neck, arms and shoulders. Bite Symptoms Some individuals who are bitten by bed bugs develop itching, red welts or swelling the day after being bitten. However, bites may not become obvious for several days or at all on some individuals. Many people do not react at all to the bite of a bed bug—many bites leave no mark and go completely unnoticed. If you develop a rash after being bitten by a bed bug, avoid scratching the affected area. If the rash persists or becomes infected, contact a medical professional immediately. Why Do They Bite? Bed bugs are blood feeders that depend on blood for their food source, so they must consume blood for survival. Risks Associated With Infections Scratching bed bug bites and failure to keep the bites clean and disinfected may lead to a secondary infection that can cause further swelling and bleeding. Children, the elderly, and individuals with weak immune systems, particularly those who are bedridden, may develop secondary infections that result from bed bug bites. How To Identify Bites On Pets Bed Bug Control Cimex lectularius L. How to identify Bed Bugs? How do you get Bed Bugs? How serious are Bed Bugs? What Orkin does
10 Sites for Blended Learning - Tech Learning 10 Sites for Blended Learning It's a smorgasbord of teaching strategies that uses analog and digital technologies to teach and learn. Publish date: What is Blended Learning? This is a question that I frequently think about and a term that gets tossed around in education. It's a smorgasbord of teaching strategies that uses analog and digital technologies to teach and learn. Below is a list of resources that can be used for Blended Learning instruction. Image placeholder title 10 Sites for Blended Learning 1. Answer Pad - Is a free visual and student based response system that educators use to blend learning and assess students in real-time on browser based devices. 2. Been for Education - A educational tool that allows educators to browse and curate the web w/ students in a safe environment in real-time. 3. Buncee - A fantastic and easy to use tool w/ educational portal that educators are using for blended learning, digital storytelling, creating presentations and more. 4. Edmodo - A free and safe social learning environment where educators can collaborate w/ students and assess them to deliver best teaching strategies. 5. EDpuzzle - Is one of the most popular resources on the web to flip a classroom or lesson. This is done by taking a video editing (i.e. cut/crop) it, adding questions, and generate assessments to blend learning. Also, it is ideal for student centered self paced learning. 6. GoClass - A innovative tool that uses a web interface and mobile app to allow teachers to create digital lessons, blend learning, and generate detailed reports. 7. Kahoot - Is a easy to use game based blended learning system that allows educators to assess students in a visual bar graph manner, while students take control of their learning. 8. Khan Academy - A very popular resource for online learning where the user learns at their own pace through interactive exercises and videos. 9. LessonPaths - Formerly known as MentorMob, LessonPaths allows users to create learning playlists to blend their, flip their classroom, and learn at their own pace. 10. Otus - Otus is a new and innovative free learning tool designed for the iPad that allows educators to blend learning by creating a digital learning environment. Educators, can manage and track student performance, take attendance and notes, grade, and more.
Theiling Online Sitemap Conlang Mailing List HQ OT: Defining words and how they are used From:Michael Adams <abrigon@...> Date:Thursday, June 22, 2006, 22:08 Reading a recent DOD article, and how some in command and US politics have some odd ideas of words that if used wrong, some words in Islam can be misused and not close to their meaning and get people angry.. (Choosing Words Carefully: Language to Help Fight Islamic Terrorism Jihadist is a class example. A case in point is the term "jihadist." Many leaders use the term jihadist or English as meaning "holy war." But to Muslims it means much more. In their article, Steusand and Tunnell said in Arabic - the language of the Koran - jihad "literally means striving and generally occurs as part of the expression 'jihad fi sabil illah,' striving in the path of God." Which on its own is not a bad term, it is much like how Christian and Jews strive to find the path or follow the path to God. Is not Jihad close to the word Haj "pilgrimage"? Finally, the men urge Westerners to translate Allah into God. Using Allah to refer to God would be like using Jehovah to refer to a Hebrew God. In fact, Muslims, Christians and Jews all worship the God of Abraham. Using different names exaggerates the divisions among the religions, the authors say. The concept is how to use words in your conlang correctly, so that people get no misconceptions and misunderstanding.. One of the reasons for keeping the Quran in "Cassic Arabic" is to keep things pure and no miunderstandings? Gary Shannon <fiziwig@...> R A Brown <ray@...>OT Re: Defining words and how they are used
The Anthropic Question 9.1 Issue G: The anthropic question: Fine tuning for life One of the most profound fundamental issues in cosmology is the Anthropic question: why does the Universe have the very special nature required in order that life can exist? The point is that a great deal of “fine tuning” is required in order that life be possible. There are many relationships embedded in physical laws that are not explained by physics, but are required for life to be possible; in particular various fundamental constants are highly constrained in their values if life as we know it is to exist: Ellis goes on to quote Martin Rees. A universe hospitable to life—what we might call a biophilic universe—has to be special in many ways … Many recipes would lead to stillborn universes with no atoms, no chemistry, and no planets; or to universes too short lived or too empty to evolve beyond sterile uniformity. Physics does not tell us anything (yet) about why the fundamental constants and other parameters have the values they do. These parameters include, for example, the speed of light, the Planck constant, the four fundamental forces and their relative strengths, the mass ratio of the proton and the electron, the fine-structure constant, the cosmological density parameter, Ωtot, relative to the critical density, and so on. And, why are there four fundamental forces? Why not five? Or three? Also, why do we live in a universe with three spatial dimensions and one time dimension? Others are possible—even universes with two or more time dimensions. But it appears that only three spatial dimensions and one time dimension is conducive to life (at least life as we know it), as shown in the diagram above (Whittle 2008). In fact, altering almost any of the parameters would lead to a sterile universe and we could not exist. Is the universe fine-tuned for our existence? Let’s assume for the moment it is. Where does that lead us? 1. As our understanding of physics advances, we will eventually understand why these parameters must have the values that they do. -or- 2. We will eventually learn that some of these parameters could have been different, and still support the existence of life. -or- 3. God created the universe in such a way that life could exist -or- 4. We’re overthinking the problem. We live in a life-supporting universe, so of course we find the parameters are specially tuned to allow life. -or- 5. There exist many universes with different parameters and we just happen to find ourselves in one that is conducive to life. (The multiverse idea.) #4 is the anthropic explanation, but a deeper scientific understanding will occur if we find either #1, #2, or #5 to be true. #3 is problematic for a couple of reasons. First of all, how was God created? Also, deism has a long history of explaining phenomena we don’t understand (“God of the gaps”), but in time we are able to understand each phenomenon in turn as science progresses. The anthropic explanation itself is not controversial. What is controversial is deciding to what degree fine tuning has occurred and how to explain it. In recent years, the multiverse idea has become more popular because, for example, if there were a billion big bangs and therefore a billion different universes created, then it should not be at all surprising that we find ourselves in one with just the right set of parameters to allow our existence. However, there is one big problem with the multiverse idea. Not only do we have no physical evidence that a multiverse exists, but we may never be able to obtain evidence that a multiverse exists, due to the cosmological horizon problem1. If physical evidence of a multiverse is not forthcoming, then in that sense it is not any better than the deistic explanation. To decide whether or not there is only one combination of parameters that can lead to life we need to rule out all the other combinations, and that is a tall order. Recent work in this field suggests that there is more than one combination of parameters that could create a universe that is hospitable to life (Hossenfelder 2018). Thinking now about why our universe is here at all, it seems there are just two possibilities: (1) Our universe has a supernatural origin. (2) Our universe has a natural origin. If our universe has a supernatural origin, then what is the origin of the supernatural entity (e.g. God)? If, on the other hand, our universe had a natural origin (e.g. something was created out of nothing), didn’t something have to exist (laws of physics or whatever) before the universe came into existence? If so, what created those pre-conditions? In either case, we are facing an infinite regression. However, we could avoid the infinite regression by stating that something has to exist outside of time, that is to say, it has no beginning and no ending. But isn’t this just replacing one infinity with another? Perhaps there’s another possibility. Just as a chimpanzee cannot possibly understand quantum mechanics, could it be that human intellect is also fundamentally limited? Are the questions in the previous two paragraphs meaningless or nonsensical in the context of some higher intelligence? 1We appear to live in a universe that is finite but very much larger than the region that is visible to us now, or ever. Sabine Hossenfelder, Lost in Math: How Beauty Leads Physics Astray (Basic Books, 2018). M. J. Rees, Our Cosmic Habitat (Princeton and Oxford, 2003). Mark Whittle, “Fine Tuning and Anthropic Arguments”, Lecture 34, Course No. 1830. Cosmology: The History and Nature of Our Universe. The Great Courses, 2008. DVD.
Rss Feed Tweeter button Facebook button Is Coffee Good for You? Over the past few decades, coffee’s reputation has flip-flopped faster than a politician’s. In 1991, the World Health Organization classified the beverage as a “possible carcinogen.” Then, in 2016, the organization found that there was “no conclusive evidence for a carcinogenic effect of drinking coffee.” And in between, most of the news about coffee was largely positive: That, instead of being harmful to your health, regular coffee consumption (in moderation, of course), is actually good for you. Then, in March of 2018, a Los Angeles-based judge ruled that companies must put cancer warning labels on coffee products sold in California. The reason: When roasted, coffee produces a chemical called acrylamide, which is classified as a carcinogen in California. “Large amounts of acrylamide has been shown to cause cancer in animal models, but there’s no compelling evidence showing that it increases the risk of cancer in humans,” says Catherine Carpenter, PhD, MPH, an investigator of cancer risk from dietary patterns and adjunct professor at the UCLA Center for Human Nutrition. Plus, in rodent studies, she says, “animals are exposed to up to 60 times higher concentration of acrylamide than what humans are exposed to.” If you were drinking enough coffee every day to be exposed to that much acrylamide, you’d probably have bigger problems than just increased cancer risk. Still feeling uneasy about your daily cup of joe? Here are five research-backed reasons to turn on your coffee pot. 1. Coffee might help lower your risk of certain cancers 2. Coffee might prevent type 2 diabetes Diabetes is on the upswing in the United States: About 1.5 million people are diagnosed each year, according to the American Diabetes Association, and approximately 7.2 million people have the disease but don’t know it yet. But it’s not all bad news. Researchers from Harvard University believe that drinking coffee—either decaf or regular—might help prevent the development of type 2 diabetes, the most common form. According to the analysis, which was published in the journal Diabetes Care, the more coffee people drink, the less likely they are to develop type 2 diabetes. (It is possible to overdo it, though. To keep insomnia, tummy troubles, and migraines at bay, health experts recommend drinking no more than four 8-ounce coffees daily.) 3. Coffee could decrease your risk of Alzheimer’s Over the past decade, studies have found a link between coffee consumption and a lower risk of dementia. It’s thought that the drink’s high caffeine content might be responsible for the brain-boosting benefits. One small study of subjects who showed signs of memory problems found that, over a 2- to 4-year period, people with lower blood levels of caffeine were more likely to develop dementia than those with higher levels. (Want to brew up a tastier cup of joe? Consider trying some of these six ways to flavor your coffee without added sugar.) 4. Coffee might protect your ticker But that’s not all coffee can do to protect your body’s most vital organ. According to the BMJ review, people who drink coffee are 19 percent less likely to die of cardiovascular disease and 30 percent less likely to die of stroke than their coffee-abstaining counterparts. 5. Coffee might help you live longer Most importantly, research shows that people who drink coffee may be less likely to die from all causes. That was the conclusion of a 2016 review in the European Journal of Epidemiology, which found that drinking 4 cups of coffee a day was associated with a lower risk of mortality, including deaths from heart disease and cancer. We’ll drink to that! ☕ Article source:
Atomic Holocaust Atomic Holocaust Originally performed by Composer Michael Kamen Films The Iron Giant Video games Albums The Iron Giant (Original Score) Preceded by Followed by The Iron Giant - Atomic Holocaust (duck and cover) The Iron Giant - Atomic Holocaust (duck and cover) Atomic Holocaust is an instructional animated film for children in primary school, likely produced by the US Federal Government's civil defense branch. The film is meant to both raise awareness of nuclear threats against the USA from foreign countries, and give instructions on how to survive. About the FilmEdit The video itself features multiple rather unrealistic examples of what you should do in the case of a nuclear attack. After a little girl in the film sees the mushroom cloud of an atomic explosion, she instinctively puts her hands of her head and ducks under the table in front of her. Her entire home is then vaporized into a crater by a bomb that falls on top of her table and destroys everything besides the table and her. The film also features a groundhog mascot that hides underneath an armored hat, along with children saving their parents in the event of a nuclear blast. The entire video screen is destroyed by a bombs at the end of the sequences. Role in the FilmEdit After the disaster at the power station the night before, Hogarth's class watches the video in school. Hogarth himself is more interested in drawing pictures of the Iron Giant on his desk. Time to duck and cover, the bombs are comin' down. The radiation shower will pour throughout your town. Hands over your head; keep low to the ground. Duck and cover. Duck and cover. Get under the desk with your sister and your brother. Duck and cover. Duck and cover. That goes double for your dad and your mother So hands over your head; keep low to the ground. Because all the kids that don't will cease to be around. • Atomic Holocaust is based on Duck and Cover, an actual film that offered advice on how to survive if the USSR bombed the USA. v - e - d Film: The Iron Giant Books: The Iron ManThe Art of The Iron Giant Music: Soundtrack SputnikUSS NautilusMissle Duck & Cover
Daily life drones its technical working and types Daily life drones its technical working and types In the modern era, computers involved in all minor to major operations. Every day we are seeing the new inventions of the computers. Drones are the most modern and amazing form of these discoveries. Drones are designed in such a shape that they can travel from one place to other for special purposes. Drones are becoming the most important part of our life. Today we are using drones in every field of life, whatever it is in the war or in the goods conveying resource, and drones are playing their parts in it. Drones reduced distances through their applications and innovations.Drones can fly in higher altitudes and can move in faster speeds through their destinations. But these drones are very costly; There are several types of drones which are as follows: Biomimetic UAV Rotatory-wing drone Fixed-wing drone Bio mimetic Drones: Bio mimetic drones are really small in size, their size ranging from 1 meter to 10 centimeters. These are auto operational drones. These drones are made so small so they can operate in small places where they did not collide with the obstacles. These drones might look like little creatures like insects. With the help of these drones, we can see small creatures under the earth. These drones can control along higher and longer altitudes, and can do its assigned work efficiently. Micro UAV is quite useful and efficient regarding to their work. Micro drones are made to operate in higher altitudes like other drones. Micro drones are used for the inspection of boundary lines of a country. These drones are helpful for searching something. These drones are used for examining security purposes.Micro drones are equipped with infrared cameras which are used for monitoring the suspicious places.With the help of micro drones, we can see the remote areas which are out of reach from us.These drones can capture the moments through their camera; these drones also have the ability to record videos. Rotatory Wing Drones: Rotatory wing drone is a type of drone which does not need any running or launching specific area. These type of drones can easily take off from anywhere either they can easily rotate around its specified target. Rotatory wing drone are slightly low in speed but are very competent in its working. Fixed Wing Drones: Fixed wing drones are the type of drones whose wings are fixed as its name shows, their wings can not rotate, so these drones need a specific runway for launching their flight. These drones are high in speed as compared to rotatory wing drones. They can fly to the greater altitudes with higher speed like the others do. In our todays life,modern and quite efficient drones have been introduced, in which PO Box drones are also introduced. In PO Box drones, once your post office box is filled, the drone will lift off and deliver the mail directly to you. PO Box drones make life easy like others drones, from which we can deliver our goods timely and efficiently. Through these drones, there is no need of any human help or any other appliances. PO Box drones make its way in the developing countries through its efficiency and eligibility. PO Box drones are made in such design that they are efficiently light, they can pick up small parcel of weight less than 50lbs, these drones can deliver the package to the next day of assigning the task, these drones have a range of 50-500 miles of delivering goods, these drones are installed with GPS tracking system from which they can find the required address where we have to deliver goods or our documents. These drones are made in such shape that they are quite efficient in delivering the required objects. Hence these drones are quite helpful for transferring of goods and documents in appropriate time. Drones are the most important invention of todays life. Usages of drones are well often common in the developed countries like USA, England, Russia, China, Australia etc. Following are the few uses of drones in our modern life: It has been used by the government officials for the monitoring of objects. It has also been used in the journalism for reporting and the coverage of news. It is also uses for the advertisement of products and marketing in the private sector. It is also proves helpful for entertainment purposes. A type of drones known as PO Box drones are act like a message convener. These drones are specifically designed for such purpose. How Disease Monitoring Drones Works: Its Application, Objectives and Usage Remote sensing is a process of observing things without physically touching them. Drones are actually a small flying unmanned aircraft also know as unmanned aerial (UAV). It has many purposes...more Magnetic 3D Bio Printing Magnetic 3D Bio Printing includes bio compatible magnetic to print cells into three dimensional cell cultures. Cells are attached with magnetic Nan shuttle which are used to turn them magnetic. Once it become magnetic,...more UAV Drones Introduction, History and Impacts on Human Life and Technology Drones are more officially known as unmanned airborne vehicles (UAV). A drone is an untitled airliner in technology. For all intents and purposes a drone is a flying Robot. The airliner may...more Smart Future Farming:Seeding Throw Drones Today, the farmers have to use tractors to plant seeds in their huge fields. The invention of seeding drones can drag out the farmers from this difficulty by planting the perfect rows of...more What is Black Market and its types and working procedure Black marketing is a crime in every state of law and an act of traitor-ship to a country. A black market is an activity of underground trading and marketing economy run by banned outfits. The whole economy is based on buying and selling of goods that have otherwise been banned by the constitution. The economy which would otherwise go to...more Locker Room Drones Locker room drones are also a type of interview drones as they can be use in locker room drones .The main purpose of drones flying all over the locker rooms is to...more Future Database have NoSql As we know SQL relational databases basically deals with structured data, like phone numbers, while NoSQL deals well with unstructured data like social media. In todays world mostly companies and authorities are less...more Types of all allergies and its causes in humans Allergy happens as a result of body immune system response against a pathogen, that the body detect as harmful and can cause some serious sought of danger. Allergic reaction take place because of the mechanism of immune system, such substances that can cause allergic reaction are known as allergen. Types of allergyies: 1. Drug allergy 2. Food allergy 3. Insect...more Daily life drones its technical working and types Ambient Media:Present Past and Future Trends Ambient media has emerged as a new form of media that revolves around the natural surroundings of the people. Ambient media relates to the daily life, activities and environment and generates new ways...more Infrastructure as a service: limitations and future doors It is the first type of cloud computing where the service provider keeps all the data of its host on a virtual machine. It provides services, hardware ,software etc on the behave...more Technical architecture of real life Drones and its usage Drones are usually designed of same types ,they have four helicopter types wings and four of them are at the corner which keep them balance and helps them in flying...more As the technology is advancing so the size of data sets in every field is growing exponentially which is helping the experts to have better data analysis. This will reduce the cost and...more Daily life drones its technical working and types Micro colleges like its name suggest small colleges. Many people around the world just want to learn to work and wont jobs more quickly. So micro colleges is suitable for this purpose, micro...more Challenges, New Solutions and Future Aspects with Big data Veracity Basically veracity refers many types of sources and different types of data are in structured form or unstructured form which is used to stored data from source such as spreadsheets...more Arm wrestling drones Drones are the new mean modern technology made by mankind which can...more Present Past and Future(tube transportation) of Railways Transportation With the passage of time, the means of transportation and traveling has been changed from horse riding to cross distant areas and traveling for months and even years. With a time, new developments...more Working of Microscopic Robots and its Usage The microscopic robots are often said to be nano or micro robots. The field belongs to micro robots is said to be nano or micro robotic engineering. The size of...more
Sex difference and mathematical reasoning essay sex difference and mathematical reasoning essay Sex differences in psychology are differences in the mental and essay writing males have a more slight utilitarian reasoning while women have more. Gender differences name institution gender differences pinker and spelke debate although sex differences for mathematical reasoning in. Free gender differences papers, essays gender differences in mathematics and science learning the idea of sex and gender differences is one of importance. Gender differences in moral development authors baumrind, d sex differences in moral reasoning: response to walker's (1984) conclusion that there are none. Burman is primary author of sex differences in 2015 — considerable attention has been paid to how boys' educational achievements in science and math. Sex differences in mathematical ability: fact or artifact camilla persson benbow julian c stanley science, new series, vol 210, no 4475 (dec 12. It is notable that we observe skable sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability the sex difference in mathematical reasoning ability we found was. Free essay: gender differences occur in many aspects of a mathematical and abstract reasoning more about gender differences in learning and education. Sample mla student documented essay of mathematical reasoning ability and how to test for it to jump to the conclusion that these sex differences are. 2 the perseverative search for sex differences in mathematics ability 25 jeremy b caplan and paula j caplan 15 gender differences in mathematics: what we know. , mathematical reasoning men and women have equal aptitude for mathematics yes, there are sex differences all new essays by 27 leading edge. It's easy to find women who are fantastic at math and physics and men who excel et al sex differences in the functional organisation of the brain for. Psychologists have gathered solid evidence that boys and girls or men and women reasoning in half the studies, sex sex differences in science and mathematics. The results obtained by both procedures establish that by age 13 a large sex difference in mathematical reasoning ability exists and that it science 02 dec 1983. Deductive and inductive arguments a the difference between the two comes from the reasoning that can be reconstructed as a deductive argument. The psychological record, 2004, 54, 365-372 sex differences in verbal reasoning are mediated by sex differences in spatial ability roberto colom, ma jose contreras, isabel arend. Consequences in high school and college of sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability: a longitudinal perspective. Men and women: no big difference mars-venus sex differences appear to be as mythical as the man in the self-esteem, moral reasoning and motor behaviors. The main aim of the study was to determine whether mathematical reasoning is influence by sex of a person due to inconsiderate admission criteria that was adopted in united states for. Reported is the 20-year follow-up of 1,975 mathematically gifted adolescents (top 1%) whose assessments at age 12 to 14 revealed robust gender differences in mathematical reasoning ability. Sex difference and mathematical reasoning essay By colleen ganley and sarah lubienski, posted may 9, 2016 — are there still gender differences in math it actually depends on which math outcomes we look at. Results of seventh-grade students taking scholastic aptitude test indicate that, by age 13, a large sex difference in mathematical reasoning ability exists among students scoring greater. Differences in intelligence have long been a topic of debate among researchers and scholars with the advent of the concept of g or general intelligence, many researchers have argued for no. • Reasoning with cause and effect the difference between action and counterfactuals is merely that the mathematical object. • A study completed recently in december 2013 on nearly 1,000 brain scans has surprisingly confirmed what many of us thoughtthat there are major differences between the male & female brain. • Deductive reasoning starts from a general theory what is the difference between inductive vs deductive the difference between hearing and listening. • Sex on the bench: do women and 108 studies of moral reasoning and found gender differences in less than of care virginia held wrote a great essay called. 1 science 1983 dec 2222(4627):1029-31 sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability: more facts benbow cp, stanley jc almost 40,000 selected seventh-grade students from the middle. Sex differences on the 1995), and mathematical the form of a meta-analysis of sex differences in nonverbal reasoning ability measured by. Inductive vs deductive reasoning: differences a high percentage of today's high school seniors have below-grade-level math evaluating reasoning in an essay. What's on the isee what math is on the test what is the difference between quantitative reasoning and math achievement does the essay on the test matter. Gender and academic achievement gender and academic achievement fortunately, sex differences in mathematical reasoning have begun to decline. Sex differences in mathematical aptitude in this account of cognitive sex differences mostly measure attainment rather than reasoning ability. Sex difference and mathematical reasoning essay Rated 3/5 based on 48 review All Rights Saved.
HealthRussell Cruzan III, known as Bubby who lives in Michigan, has the identical mitochondrial depletion syndrome as Charlie, but is progressing at a slower pace. This contains traits of the natural environment , the built environment , and the social environment Elements such as clean water and air , sufficient housing , and safe communities and roads all have been located to contribute to superior health, particularly to the health of infants and youngsters. There are two most important approaches to health science: the study and analysis of the body and health-related troubles to comprehend how humans (and animals) function, and the application of that information to strengthen health and to protect against and cure ailments and other physical and mental impairments. It is increasingly recognized that health is maintained and enhanced not only by means of the advancement and application of health science , but also by means of the efforts and intelligent lifestyle selections of the individual and society. Around 7.5 million kids beneath the age of 5 die from malnutrition, and it is typically brought on by not possessing the dollars to discover or make food (2014). Reaching and maintaining health is an ongoing method, shaped by each the evolution of health care expertise and practices as nicely as personal strategies and organized interventions for staying healthy. The Material in this web site is intended to be of basic informational use and is not intended to constitute medical guidance, probable diagnosis, or encouraged therapies. Mental, intellectual, emotional, and social health referred to a person’s capability to manage anxiety, to acquire skills, to retain relationships, all of which kind sources for resiliency and independent living. Just as there was a shift from viewing disease as a state to considering of it as a course of action, the identical shift happened in definitions of health.
Mother’s Day is one of the most commercially successful holidays of the year. Americans spend approximately $13.8 billion every year on cards, flowers, dinner and jewelry for Mother’s Day, with each person spending around $115. Only Valentine’s Day and Christmas outstrip Mother’s Day in terms of holiday spending. Despite the commercialism of Mother’s Day today, this holiday was originally rooted in Christianity. The first hint of Mother’s Day began centuries ago with Mothering Sunday. On this church holiday, servants were given the day off to visit family and return to their “mother” church. Families would reunite and go to church at the main church or cathedral in the community. The day also became associated with a time when children we supposed to honor their mothers as those who were returning home would often bring a few wildflowers, fruitcakes or other small gifts with them to give to their mothers. Mother Sunday had almost entirely died out by the 19th century, but the tradition was revived in Europe after World War II. The American Mother’s Day, however, took root in the 1800’s. During the Civil War, Ann Marie Reeves Jarvis, who was a Christian woman, worked to promote healthier and more hygienic homes and to emphasize the importance of mothers. To this end, she began a series of “Mothers’ Day Work Clubs” in 1858 in Virginia. These clubs eventually became a national movement. At these clubs, Ann would teach mothers about safe sanitation practices to use at home as well as basic nursing skills. Ann had learned these skills from her brother, James Reeves, who was a doctor known for his work on Virginia’s typhoid fever epidemics. As a mother who had lost nine of her thirteen children, Ann wanted to help reduce the spread of disease and lower infant mortality. The clubs worked to educate women, raise money to buy medicine and find women willing to work in families where the mother was ill. They began inspecting milk as well. When the Civil War broke out a handful of years later, the medical skills and hygienic practices that women had learned from Ann saved numerous lives from both the Confederacy and the Union. Ann asked her fellow club mates to remain neutral and help soldiers from both sides of the conflict. Mothers’ Day Work Clubs were allowed into the camps of both the Confederate and the Union troops when typhoid fever and measles ravaged the soldiers. When the war was over, Mothers’ Day Work Clubs and the willingness of women to save soldiers from both sides of the conflict helped heal communities where neighbors had fought against each other during the war. Despite threats of violence, Ann staged a “Mothers Friendship Day” event at the Taylor County Courthouse in Pruntytown in 1868. She called for unity and reconciliation. Musicians played both “Dixie” and the “Star-Spangled Banner.” At the end of the event, both Confederate and Union families joined together to sing “Auld Lang Syne.” Ann was involved in the Andrews Methodist Episcopal Church for much of her life. She was involved in the church’s construction and served as the Primary Sunday School Department superintendent for 25 years. She was also a popular speaker who lectured on religion, public health and the importance of women and mothers. In 1905, Ann died following a long battle with heart problems. One of her surviving children, Anna Marie Jarvis, was moved by Ann’s work and her emphasis on mothers. Anna believed that children often failed to appreciate their mothers while they were still alive. Anna supposedly took her inspiration for an official mother’s holiday from a prayer that her mother once spoke: “I hope and pray that someone, sometime, will found a memorial mothers’ day commemorating her for the matchless service she renders to humanity in every field of life. She is entitled to it.” Anna achieved her mother’s wish three years after Ann died. On May 10, 1908, Anna held a memorial service at Andrews Methodist Episcopal Church in Grafton, West Virginia to honor not just her mother but all mothers. This was the first official Mother’s Day, and the location was later the site of the International Mother’s Day Shrine. The International Mother’s Day Shrine was designated a National Historic Landmark on October 5, 1992. Anna gave away 500 white carnations to those who attended the first Mother’s Day service. When she spoke about it at the Wanamaker’s Store Auditorium in Philadelphia, her speech brought her audience to tears. To Anna, the most important element of Mother’s Day was the sentimental aspect of the holiday. While she valued the symbolism of tangible items such as the white carnation, Ann was vehemently opposed to the commercialization of the holiday. Unfortunately, her fondness for tangible symbols made Mother’s Day even easier to commercialize. Florists increased the prices of white carnations as Mother’s Day became more popular. Soon, white carnations represented deceased mothers and red carnations represented living mothers. The gift card industry took advantage of the holiday as well, much to Anna’s fury. According to Anna, “A printed card means nothing except that you are too lazy to write to the woman who has done more for you than anyone in the world.” She was similarly disgusted by the way people continued to buy chocolates, candies and other confections for their mothers. “You take a box [of sweets] to Mother–and then eat most of it yourself,” Anna said. “A pretty sentiment.” To Anna, the holiday was meant to remain sentimental and rooted in the Christian faith of herself and her own mother. She grew angry enough at the commercialization of “her” holiday that she attempted to have the holiday rescinded. Obviously, she was unsuccessful. The Christian roots of Mother’s Day were lost. Though Mother’s Day is still highly commercial, the sentiment of loving and recognizing mothers has thankfully remained. It is just shown with a dozen roses instead of a single white carnation.
About this blogger: Connect on Facebook: Connect on Twitter: “Since the English is not meant to be sung, but only to tell people who do not understand Latin what the text means, a simple paraphrase in prose is sufficient. The versions are not always very literal. Literal translations from Latin hymns would often look odd in English. I have tried to give in a readable, generally rhythmic form the real meaning of the text.” — Fr. Adrian Fortescue (1913) Little Christmas published 7 January 2013 by Fr. David Friel S A STUDENT in grade school & high school, I always “brown-bagged” my lunch. Every day of first through twelfth grades, I ate a peanut butter & jelly sandwich and some type of granola bar. In grade school, I would have a Capri Sun to drink, and in high school I switched to bottled water. So the contents of my brown bag were usually exactly the same. On a few select days, though, my mom would sneak something extra into my lunch. One of those days was always my birthday, and another one was January 6th, the Epiphany—what she would always call “Little Christmas.” Each year, I would discover a little wrapped present in my lunch bag on January 6th. That was my mom’s way of celebrating the Epiphany with us. Why do people give gifts? What is the point of gift-giving? It’s certainly about more than just transferring items from one person to another. Most people give gifts to people they care about, which tells us something about the meaning of gift giving. We give gifts to recognize the value—the intrinsic worth—of the person to whom we’re giving the gift. So, when we give someone a gift, we are saying that we value that person. The feast of the Epiphany recalls the day on which the three kings brought gifts to the newborn Baby Jesus. They brought gifts because they valued, respected, & appreciated this Baby. Each of their gifts represents something about Whom they believed this Child to be. The first king brought gold. Gold was a precious metal, reserved only for use in the palace and jewelry of a king. So, by bringing Jesus gold, the first wise man professed his faith that Jesus was his true King. The second king brought frankincense. There was only one use for frankincense in the culture of the Jews. It was burned around-the-clock in the Temple at the “Altar of Incense.” So, just as we still use incense today, even then it was something reserved for the worship of God. By bringing Jesus frankincense, the second wise man professed his faith that Jesus was his God. The third king brought myrrh. What is myrrh? Myrrh is a sort of perfume, and it had one major purpose in ancient cultures. It was the perfume used to anoint the body of someone who died. By bringing Jesus myrrh, the third wise man professed his faith that Jesus was his Savior. As Bishop Sheen put it, most people come into this world to live, whereas Jesus was born to die. The three wise men brought gold, frankincense, & myrrh because they knew that He was a King, that He was God, and that He would one day die to set all men free. What gift are we bringing to Jesus right now? Perhaps we value the mercy God has shown us, so we’ll give Him the gift this week of being merciful to someone who bothers us. Maybe we value God’s peace, so we’ll give Him the gift of working toward peace in our family. When we assist at Mass, we offer to God bread and wine, which become His Sacred Body & Precious Blood. It’s easy to give someone socks or a video game or a gift card. But, can we go so far as to give God our very hearts, entrusting everything to Him? It is hard, but it is necessary. After all, at Christmas, Jesus gave us the gift of Himself. Can we return the favor? Giving a gift to someone is a sign that we care about the other person—that we value them. Those little wrapped gifts my mom would throw in my lunch bag might have been little, but they meant an awful lot. How pleased God would be with even the small gift of our entire lives!
AFIB Risk Factors Home / Disease / AFIB / AFIB Risk Factors AFIB Risk Factors Atrial Fibrillation Risk Factors and Treatments Atrial fibrillation is a condition that affects the heartbeat’s rhythm and rate. When a person has AFIB, the heart beats abnormally. The two upper chambers squeeze too quickly, and the contractions are out of sync. The contractions make the walls fibrillate. Several factors can cause AFIB. The problem can occur if the heart’s electrical system is damaged, but the condition is usually caused by other factors. AFIB Risk Factors Genetics and Other Medical Conditions The condition is common in senior citizens. Caucasian males are frequently diagnosed with the condition. The condition can also be genetic. People who have coronary heart disease have a higher risk of developing AFIB. Atrial fibrillation can occur during a heart attack. Obesity, viral infections, an overactive thyroid, lung disease and high blood pressure can also cause atrial fibrillation. AFIB Symptoms Most people who have AFIB experience chest pain. The pain occurs when the heart pumps irregularly. Chronic fatigue is another common symptom. AFIB can increase a person’s risk of having a stroke. The condition can occur without symptoms, but the condition usually causes shortness of breath. The treatments for AFIB depends on a person’s age, symptoms and medical history. Your doctor might prescribe blood thinners. If you have diabetes, high blood pressure or heart failure, your doctor may treat the condition with an anticoagulant. Warfarin is the most common blood thinner. If you are taking a blood thinner, you should avoid getting cuts and bruises. Slow Heartbeat Your doctor may prescribe medications that will slow your heart rate. A fast heartbeat can cause fatigue. Your doctor wants your heart to have less than 100 beats per minute. If your heart is constantly racing, your doctor may prescribe calcium channel blockers or beta blockers. When your heart beats slower, your heart muscle will be less strained. Correct Irregular Heartbeat You may need an electrical cardioversion. If your doctor recommends this treatment, you will be given anesthesia. While you are sleeping, the doctor will gently shock your heart with paddles or patches. Before performing the procedure, your doctor might want to check for blood clots. If you have any blood clots, you will need to take a blood thinner to eliminate the clots. An Ablation If medications and electrical treatments do not correct the problem, your doctor might recommend an ablation. You will be sedated while the surgeon inserts a flexible tube into a blood vessel. The doctor will keep the tube near the area that is misfiring, and he will destroy the damaged tissue with heat or freezing. People who consume an excess amount of alcohol can develop AFIB. Caffeine and nicotine can also cause the condition. Yoga can be used as a natural treatment for AFIB. According to a recent medical study, people who regularly practiced yoga had a lower heart rate and a better quality of life. The patients also lowered their blood pressure. Overall, a healthy lifestyle can relieve some of the symptoms.
Log in No account? Create an account Catholic Social teaching: Recently I have been reflecting on some key principles and themes underpinning Catholic Social teaching: · Each person has an innate value and dignity with a right to life and the right to what is required to live a full and decent life, employment, health care, education etc. but those rights are accompanied by duties and responsibilities. · Solidarity. Each person is connected to and dependent on all humanity, collectively and individually. Solidarity involves a commitment to the common good. · A preferential option for the poor and vulnerable - be they unborn children, persons with disabilities, the elderly and terminally ill, or victims of injustice and oppression. · Subsidiarity. Central authority should have a subsidiary function, performing only those tasks which cannot be performed effectively at a more immediate or local level. · A just economic order. This includes the right to private property, (but not an absolute right), workers’ responsibilities to their employer and their rights to a just wage, safe working conditions and to unionise. The economy must serve people, not the other way around. · The "goods of the earth" are gifts from God, and intended by God for the benefit of everyone. · Stewardship of creation. The integrity of all creation is to be respected. There is a responsibility to care for the earth, to use its resources wisely, and preserve resources for future generations. Clearly the current state of our world does not reflect these values.
Moor Shore Road—A Piece of Outer Banks History Moor Shore Road in Kitty Hawk is perhaps a half mile long at the most. A pretty road, it begins at its north end at Kitty Hawk Road, passes some of the original properties of the town, and parallels Kitty Hawk Bay, ending at its south end at Beacon Drive. There is a multi-use path that continues south along the Kitty Hawk Bay shoreline, connecting to Bay Drive and Kill Devil Hills. The road isn’t used too much; locals use it to bypass the Bypass from time to time, and there are people who live along it, but there is nothing to suggest it is anything other than a quiet, somewhat forgotten, residential street. That quiet, residential street, though, may have as much historic value as any other road or highway on the Outer Banks. Moor Shore Road was the original way to get from Kitty Hawk to Kill Devil Hills and Nags Head. Moor Shore Rd Wright BrothersThis is the road the Wright Brothers would have used to travel from Bill Tate’s Kitty Hawk house to their Kill Devil Hills campsite (Tate was the Kitty Hawk postmaster at the time, and played a role in helping the Wright Brother’s when they initially arrived on the Outer Banks). There is a marker along the road that reads, “On this site, the Wright Brothers flew their first glider,” that marks where the Tate house once stood. The house no longer stands. Almost all of the 1900 era homes on the Outer Banks were simple clapboard construction, and few if any of those homes have survived. To understand why Moor Shore would have been the road connecting the Outer Banks towns 100 years ago is to understand life on the Outer Banks at the turn of the 20th century. The only people who lived on the Atlantic Ocean side of the Outer Banks were crews manning the lifesaving stations that lined the coast. What passed for population centers were small villages huddled along the soundside. When the Wright Brothers arrived in 1900, the population of Kitty Hawk was around 250; Kill Devil Hills had a smattering of homes. The largest beach town was certainly Nags Head with its well-established summer tourist season. The 1900 Census Bureau population of the town was 1572, although it’s unclear how far north and south the borders of the township extended. The road that connected the beach towns was Moor Shore Road. It was not always just a half-mile long. As recently as 2000, the multi-use path at the intersection with Beacon Drive was a dirt road that gave access to Windgrass, connecting that to Bay Drive. As an interesting footnote to this, the Outer Banks Marathon route almost certainly is the 100 year old way to get from Kitty Hawk to Nags Head. Old maps show a road that is now Bay Drive connecting with a road through Nags Head Woods—a road that can only be Old Nags Head Woods Road. Moor Shore Rd Bridge Kitty HawkBut the Outer Banks is a dynamic environment and the waters of Albemarle Sound have been steadily encroaching upon the Kitty Hawk Bay shoreline. More than 20 miles north of Oregon Inlet and protected by the islands and headlands of the sound, Kitty Hawk Bay is not effected by ocean tides. It is, however, susceptible to wind tides—wind driven water pushed by strong winds. The result is that Moor Shore Road regularly floods during storm events that carry a west to southwest wind. There are a number of reasons that engineers looking at the situation point to for the encroachment—an incremental increase in sea level rise, shoreline erosion and loss of subaquatic vegetation. Whatever the driving force or forces are, Moor Shore Road is threatened. There is an innovative plan on the books as a way to save the road. In April of this year, representatives of the North Carolina Coastal Federation proposed creating a living shoreline along the most threatened section of the road. The plan called for matching funds from the Town of Kitty Hawk and in June the town council gave approval to spend up to $275,000 to support the project. The Moor Shore Road project, which will be 850’ long, will use rock sills and living breakwaters to dissipate wave energy as it enters the bay. The sills and breakwaters used for this kind of project are low-lying structures, barely above the level of the water. Although parallel to the shoreline, they are not continuous allowing wave energy to gradually diminish. That is an important distinction from bulkheads that stop the wave action, but do not diminish the energy in the wave. Because the wave energy in bulkheads is moved but not diminished, bulkheads are often undercut or adjacent lands and properties damaged. With the diminished wave energy, studies have consistently shown that subaquatic vegetation (SAV) will regrow. SAV’s are the primary food of migratory waterfowl and will dissipate wave energy. A living shoreline does require a major CAMA permit, and the project is currently under review.
Thinking as a Hobby Get Email Updates Email Me Admin Password Remember Me 3478561 Curiosities served Share on Facebook Computers Know What You're Thinking: An fMRI Study of Common Neural Activation Previous Entry :: Next Entry Read/Post Comments (1) ResearchBlogging.orgWhen different people are looking at common objects such as hammers and houses, and thinking about the properties of those objects, how similar is their brain activation? That's the subject of Shinkareva et al.'s study Using fMRI Brain Activation to Identify Cognitive States Associated with Perception of Tools and Dwellings (the full text is freely available on-line if you want to read it for yourself). First of all, fMRI stands for "functional magnetic resonance imaging". What they're basically measuring is the flow of blood to different areas of the brain. Brain areas using more blood are more active, so this is an indirect measure of neural activity, and isn't nearly as fine-grained as electrophysiological measurements, but it can still tell us quite a bit about what's going on. So here's what they did: Twelve subjects had their brains imaged with fMRI while they looked at a series of line drawings. The stimuli included five instances of two categories, for a total of 10 images. The categories and exemplars were: Category: Tools Category: Dwellings The drawings were presented in random order for 3 seconds each, with 7 seconds of fixation on an X between each presentation, and occasional 21 second intervals used to measure baseline activation. Here's a figure with examples of the drawings and the time course of presentation: Subjects were instructed to "generate a set of properties for each exemplar." They give the example of "cold, stone, and knight for castle," which seems a little strange to me (I don't necessarily associate castles with cold...stone seems okay, but drawbridges, moats, and parapets seem more like features of castles). Anyway, they took all the data and then trained a machine learning algorithm (a Gaussian Naive Bayes pooled variance classifier...no, I hadn't heard of it either) to identify which object (out of the 10) a subject was thinking about when presented with the fMRI data and in another case which class (TOOL or DWELLING). To do this, they trained the algorithm on the data from 11 of the subjects, then tested how well it predicted the results from the 12th (and they did this iteratively, so that all twelve subjects' data would be used as the test data). Here's are the results for accurate identification of the particular object: So just looking at the first subject (p6), what this means is that the algorithm trained to determine which object that subject was looking at when given their fMRI data was around 94% between presentations to the same subject (remember, they saw each object more than once), and a little under 80% compared to the data from the other 11 subjects. And here are the results from the algorithm trying to tell which class of objects (either TOOLS or DWELLINGS) the subjects were looking at: One interesting thing to note is that in both sets of results, there are cases where the identification accuracy is greater between subject than within subjects. That means that in those subjects, their brain activity was more like the other subjects when they were looking at the same object (or class) than when that subject looked at the object on different occasions. They also trained the algorithm with data from single brain regions and from multiple brain regions, and though I don't really want to go into that, apparently the algorithm still performed reasonably well with data from a single region. So are we nearing a point where a computer will be able to tell what you're thinking about by scanning the blood flow in your brain? I don't think so. That particular concepts activate common areas of the brain is interesting, though as they authors point out, the area of the motor cortex associated with hand actions such as grasping is likely to be active when thinking about tools such as hammers. They asked participants to explicitly think about features (though the example they gave sounds more like associated concepts). I wonder how differently the data might have looked if they were not given these instructions. They conclude that the representation for a concept like hammer is widely distributed, but the distribution may be a result of multiple concepts being simultaneously activated. And again, blood flow is relatively coarse data, though it seemed to be sufficiently fine-grained to make very good predictions both within and between subjects. I'm actually not sure what kinds of conclusions to draw about this study, though it's definitely interesting. It's another piece in the puzzle of how concepts are represented in the brain, though I wouldn't start worrying about shielding your head from the CIA just yet. Shinkareva, S.V., Mason, R.A., Malave, V.L., Wang, W., Mitchell, T.M., Just, M.A., Sporns, O. (2008). Using fMRI Brain Activation to Identify Cognitive States Associated with Perception of Tools and Dwellings. PLoS ONE, 3(1), e1394. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001394 Read/Post Comments (1) Previous Entry :: Next Entry Back to Top All content rights reserved by the author.
Skip to Main Content The Development of Gold Nanoparticle-Cored Dendrimers as a Multifunctional Drug Delivery System for Chemotherapy – Jashaun Bottoms JB1REU student Jashaun Bottoms (left) with faculty mentor Chemistry and Biochemistry Professor Marie Christine Daniel Onuta (right) in Prof. Daniel Onuta’s nanoparticle synthesis laboratory. This summer I am conducting research in the laboratory of Prof. Marie Christine Daniel Onuta in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of the University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC) in the area of nanotechnology-based drug delivery. Realizing efficient drug delivery is one of the grand challenges facing cancer treatment nowadays. There are many drugs that have proven effective in fighting cancer, but when these drugs become active in parts of the body other than the tumor, they are highly toxic. This toxicity often results in severe side effects and ineffective treatment. There is need for a drug delivery system that is more specific in targeting only cancerous cells. Noble metal nanoparticles have surfaced as a possible drug delivery system that can do just that. Nanoparticles have the potential to improve the transport and effectiveness of cancer drugs, as their size affects how a drug is distributed throughout the body and delivered to a tumor site. If the nanoparticles are too small or too large, they will be cleared through the kidneys or liver, respectively, but when the nanoparticles are just the right size, they circulate in the body longer allowing for maximal tumor uptake. Their size also aids in targeting tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention effect, which allows the nanoparticles to accumulate in tumor tissue as opposed to normal tissue, reducing the toxicity of the drug. Nanoparticles also have a high surface-to-volume ratio, which means that they can be loaded with more drug molecules to allow for a higher dosage. More so, the nanoparticles can be designed into multifunctional drug delivery systems. This multifunctionality is achieved by decorating the nanoparticles with tree-like molecules called dendrons (Fig. 1A). The dendrons are monodisperse and serve as “backbone” molecules. The dendrons can be terminated with different chemotherapeutic drugs, imaging dyes, and targeting agents and then combined around a central nanoparticle to form a multifunctional dendrimer (Fig. 1B). This project involves making gold nanoparticle-cored dendrimers and terminating them with the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin. To do so, poly(propyleneimine) dendrons are first synthesized in a divergent method. The dendrons are then attached to tetraethylene glycol (TEG) spacers, which help to reduce steric hindrance when coupling the bulky dendrons with the gold nanoparticles (GNPs). The TEG spacers are terminated with thioctic acid, giving the molecule a cyclic disulfide group as its focal point for attachment onto the gold core. These two sulfur atoms are what create stronger bonds with the GNP core, making the dendrimer more stable. Once the spacers and dendrons are coupled, the cisplatin drug molecules are added to the ends of the dendrons through a cleavable bond to allow for specific release. The completed dendrons are then attached to the GNPs to create the dendrimers.
What similarities did the New Deal have to Progressive Era policies? 1 Answer Dec 9, 2017 It promoted a stronger federal government The New Deal and the Progressive Era had in common the promotion of a bigger federal government with more intervention in the economy notably. The New Deal introduced a great number of federal agencies which regulated many sectors of the economy whereas trusts were weakened during the Progressive Era.
The Bolshevik Revolution (Classroom Activity) On 10th October, 1917, the Bolshevik Central Committee passed Lenin's resolution in favour of an immediate insurrection. Although important figures in the party like Lev Kamenev and Gregory Zinoviev were opposed to this action, the Military Revolutionary Committee was instructed to plan the overthrow of the Provisional Government. Primary Sources (Source 1) Viktor Semenovich Ivanov, Lenin lived, Lenin lives, Lenin will live forever! (1967) (Source 2) Nikolai Sukhanov, Russian Revolution 1917: A Personal Record (1922) Detachments had been formed for the defence of the Winter Palace.... In the city, of course, there were loyal elements, if not troops. It might be possible to form a detachment of several thousands from military cadets, the women's services, engineers, and Cossacks.... It was necessary to take the Peter-Paul quickly, before the Government stopped debating and started doing something to protect itself.. the Peter-Paul had an arsenal of a hundred thousand rifles. To take the fortress by force after the beginning of military action was more than risky: besides, the Government might hide (Source 3) Alexander Kerensky, The Catastrophe (1927) The hours of the night dragged on painfully. From everywhere we expected reinforcements, but none appeared. There were endless telephone negotiations with the Cossack regiments. Under various excuses the Cossacks stubbornly stuck to their barracks, asserting all the time that "everything would be cleared up" within fifteen or twenty minutes and that they would then "begin to saddle their horses"... Meanwhile the night hours passed.... Not a word from the Cossacks. Rudolf Frentz, October Night (c. 1920) (Source 4) Rudolf Frentz, October Night (c. 1920) (Source 5) John Reed, Ten Days That Shook the World (1919) Towards four in the morning I met Sorin in the outer hall, a rifle slung over his shoulder. "We're moving!" said he, calmly, but with satisfaction... Far over the still roofs westwards came the sound of scattered rifle fire, where the officer cadets were trying to open the bridges over the Neva to prevent the factory workers of the Vyborg quarters from joining the Soviet forces in the centre of the city. (Source 6) Bolshevik Commissar of the cruiser The Aurora (1917) On November 6th the Military Revolutionary Committee appointed me commissar of the cruiser "Aurora". ... At 3.30 a.m. the ship cast anchor near the Nikolaevski Bridge. We worked all day, November 7th, to bring the ship into fighting order.... Towards evening we received orders from the Military Revolutionary Committee to fire a few blank shots upon receiving a signal from the Peter and Paul Fortress and, if necessary, to shell (the Winter Palace) with shrapnel. (Source 7) Alfred Knox was one of those who observed the Bolsheviks taking the Winter Palace on 25th October, 1917. The garrison had dwindled owing to desertions, for their were no provisions and it had been practically starved for two days. There was no strong man to take command and to enforce discipline. No one any stomach for fighting; and some of the ensigns even borrowed great coats of soldier pattern from the women to enable them to escape unobserved. Vladimir Serov, Lenin Proclaims the Victory of the Revolution (c. 1950) (Source 8) Vladimir Serov, The Palace is Taken (1954) (Source 9) Pitirim Sorokin, a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party and a representative in the Duma (October, 1917) On the telephone I learned that the Bolsheviki had brought up from Kronstadt the warship "Aurora" and had opened fire on the Winter Palace, demanding the surrender of the members of the Provisional Government, still barricaded there.... There was a regiment of women and the military cadets were bravely resisting an overwhelming force of Bolshevist troops, and over the telephone Minister Konovalov was appealing for aid. Poor women, poor lads, their situation was desperate, for we knew that the wild sailors, after taking the Palace, would probably tear them to pieces. (Source 10) Pavel Malyantovich, a Menshevik and the Minister of Justice in the Provisional Government. He was arrested by Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko and the Red Guards on 25th October, 1917. He later wrote about the incident in his book, In the Winter Palace (1918) There was a noise behind the door and it burst open like a splinter of wood thrown out by a wave, a little man flew into the room, pushed in by the onrushing crowd which poured in after him, like water, at once spilled into every corner and filled the room. "Where are the members of the Provisional Government?" "The Provisional Government is here," said Kornovalov, remaining seated. "What do you want?" "I inform you, all of you, members of the Provisional Government, that you are under arrest. I am Antonov-Ovseenko, chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee." "Run them through, the sons of bitches! Why waste time with them? They've drunk enough of our blood!" yelled a short sailor, stamping the floor with his rifle." There were sympathetic replies: "What the devil, comrades! Stick them all on bayonets, make short work of them!" Antonov-Ovseenko raised his head and shouted sharply: "Comrades, keep calm!" All members of the Provisional Government are arrested. They will be imprisoned in the Fortress of St. Peter and St. Paul. I'll permit no violence. Conduct yourself calmly. Maintain order! Power is now in your hands. You must maintain order!" Questions for Students Question 1: According to the sources in the unit, which elements in the armed forces: (a) helped to defend the Provisional Government? (b) decided to remain neutral? Question 2: Are sources 1, 4 and 8 important sources in understanding the Bolshevik revolution? Question 3: Study the sources in this unit and explain why it was important for the Bolsheviks to gain control of the following: (a) bridges over the River Neva; (b) Peter and Paul Fortress; (c) Telephone Exchange; (d) Winter Palace. Question 4: What is meant by the statement in source 10: "They've drunk enough of our blood"? (b) Explain the chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee's response to this statement. Answer Commentary A commentary on these questions can be found here.
Absence Of Wolves Increases The Deadly Tick Borne Powassan Virus Experts Warn Just as there are no vaccines to prevent infection, there are also no treatments for Powassan. Scientists also believe Powassan is on the rise based on studies that have identified an increasing number of infections in deer. Wolves hunt out the weak, the sick, the old, and the injured. They help the population of prey animals like the elk, deer, moose, and caribou, by taking away the weak and letting the strong survive. This is important part in the ecological system. By enhancing the strength into the herds. Without animals like the wolf to eliminate the weak, old , sick and injured, the herd of deer would swelter. They would become so numerous that they would starve to death. The wolf helps keep them healthy by insuring the breeding of the strong. They help keep the forest clean by removing the sick before it can spread.Though no one can say how many infections will occur this year, warmer winters have led to an increased tick population, so experts predict rising tick-borne infections of many types. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
Survival Chinese International Chinese Learning Resources in “Internet Plus” Era Home/AEMG news/Survival Chinese International Chinese Learning Resources in “Internet Plus” Era Survival Chinese International Chinese Learning Resources in “Internet Plus” Era Survival Chinese as an online course in series of When Kangaroo Meets Panda developed by AEMG, has been wholly open online. Learners could log on the platform of CloudCampus at , register and start to learn. As Chinese language course, Survival Chinese mainly covers basic and common subjects in daily life with highlight on listening, speaking and training of the basic communication skills in Chinese. It particularly fits the adult Chinese beginners. The main features can be found as follows: 1. Learn Chinese phonetic alphabet- Pinyin with familiar English words. As an essential tool for Chinese learning, Chinese Pinyin is a way to help to pronounce the Chinese characters and could multiply the learning outcome. Survival Chinese teaches Pinyin, the initials and finals with the help of the pronunciation of familiar English words, which could let learners get started quickly. 1. Learn to use. In addition to a large number of exercises at the end of each lesson with automatic correction, there are different types of Task-based communicative activities. With the specially designed and real life scene practice, Survival Chinese makes it possible for learners to be learning while using as well as to be learning while assessed. 1. Clever use of colors toproject the bilingual equivalents. With full use of software, it marks the English word and its corresponding Chinese character in the same color, which enables learners to understand the word order differences between Chinese and English. 1. Clear and correct Chinese audiocan be found everywhere. Chinese pronunciation accompanies each sentence in the text based on different roles. In addition, the word and exercise parts are equipped with audio, available to learners The color matching and audio matching brings about great fun of Chinese learning resources. 1. Watch animation for learning Chinese Each text is designed with animation with normal speed dubbing in Chinese, bilingual subtitles and everyday scenes. It can be played again and again, which not only increases interest but also helps to improve learners’ communicative competence. 1. Learn Chinese language and understand Chinese culture. As supplementary assistance to Chinese language learning, the culture part of Survival Chinese mainly focuses on the differences between Chinese and foreign cultures as well as the difficulties in understanding Chinese culture for foreigners with the purpose to help learners to understand and adapt themselves to Chinese culture with less time, less misunderstanding and embarrassment caused by cultural differences . Chinese culture is broad and profound, and language is a mirror reflecting social life. When Kangaroo Meets Panda series of Chinese courses will rely on CloudCampus platform to always provide excellent service for Chinese learners.
NGF Community Blog Resiliency and Gaucher Disease: Promoting Positive Outlooks and Outcomes There is no standard definition for “resiliency” as it applies to medical science. But most healthcare providers view resiliency as the ability to “bounce back” after a setback. Resilience means you adapt easily to change and negative circumstances. Drawing from your own inner strength, you respond to stress and new situations in a positive and productive way while also maintaining a realistic outlook on the future. Considerable research shows resiliency is instrumental in promoting positive outcomes in people living with chronic diseases like Gaucher disease. This may be tied to resiliency’s positive effect on self-management, or the steps you take every day to manage Gaucher disease. After all, if you’re more resilient, you are more likely to practice positive self-care activities, like eating a nutritious diet and sticking to your treatment schedule. Research shows that, for some people living with chronic illnesses, greater participation in self-management actually slows the progression of their disease. For others, self-management helped control symptoms and enhance quality of life. Ten core resiliency traits are associated with an increased ability to adapt to stressful situations, including dealing with a chronic illness like Gaucher disease. While you may not embody all 10 traits now, NGF and other Gaucher community resources make it easy to develop your own personal resilience in the face of this disease. 10 Resiliency Traits In the book “Resilience: The Science of Mastering Life’s Greatest Challenges”, doctors Southwick and Charney discovered these 10 common traits of resiliency among the patients they treated: 1. Realistic optimism 2. Facing fear 3. Moral compass 4. Religion and spirituality 5. Social support 6. Resilient role models 7. Physical fitness 8. Brain fitness 9. Cognitive and emotional flexibility 10. Meaning and purpose Researchers view many of these traits as “protective factors”, directly relating to health outcomes and specific biological processes, such as neurotransmission and immune function. Each of these traits plays a unique and influential role in your ability to adapt to stress. For many people, resiliency helps drive treatment in a positive direction, making it easier to stick to treatment plans and engage in various self-care activities, like exercise. Actively developing the traits of resiliency may also help improve your quality of life by changing your perception of your illness. Struggling to Develop Resiliency While Southwick and Charney’s 10 traits are common among the most resilient patients, you may need help developing one or more of these factors in your own life. It’s very common to struggle with developing realistic optimism, especially since there is no cure for Gaucher disease. Additionally, fears over insurance coverage, changes to the Orphan Drug Law, and concerns for possible lack of funding for social support programs like the Children’s Health Insurance Program (C.H.I.P.) all take a toll on your ability to be resilient. But even though there are significant challenges to developing a strong sense of resilience, it’s still possible to cultivate this mindset. Nancy Masters, Doctor of Medical Humanities, spent time researching resiliency among people living with Gaucher disease, their caretakers, and other relatives and friends. In her experience, there are two factors above all others that help develop and promote resiliency: community and knowledge. Two Keys to Resiliency Masters knows first hand how difficult it can be to become resilient in the face of Gaucher disease. Both her daughters were diagnosed with the condition in 1983. Since then, she and her family have been actively involved in the Gaucher community. Over time, she noticed that while some people may be more naturally resilient than others, it’s still possible to promote and develop resiliency. This is especially important for people just learning about Gaucher disease. Masters says, “There seems to be one common factor that promotes resiliency above all others. People who are active in the Gaucher disease community, either in-person or online, seem to be most resilient in the face of this condition. The Gaucher disease community, which includes patients, caregivers, relatives, and friends, provides a source of information, support, and even validation that people living with Gaucher disease may not find elsewhere.” In the last decade, social media and organizations like NGF have been a tremendous help in building the Gaucher disease community worldwide. Certain online forums, like the private Facebook and Yahoo! groups allow those living with Gaucher disease to easily connect with others. This is especially helpful for those newly diagnosed with Gaucher disease. A person connects to the community online, makes a comment in a forum, and almost instantly receives multiple responses from people sharing their experiences and validating their concerns and feelings. A strong knowledge base is also critical for promoting resiliency. Many doctors and other experts on the leading edge of Gaucher disease research are actively involved in the Gaucher community. They share their knowledge and increase understanding of the disease for everyone whose lives are touched by Gaucher disease. “We have great teachers in our community. When people know what’s happening, they are more optimistic and their fear level drops. In the Gaucher disease community, the brain fitness component is particularly important — people actively educate themselves with NGF’s blog posts, online articles, and other resources to get a better understanding of this illness and what it means for their lives,” says Masters. NGF Resources To help develop a sense of resiliency and community among people living with Gaucher disease, the National Gaucher Foundation has compiled a list of useful resources for patients and families, including social networking groups and professional organizations. These resources put you in touch with experts and other people living with Gaucher disease who will share their experiences and offer support. It may be difficult to be resilient in the face of an illness like Gaucher disease. But connecting to the Gaucher disease community provides knowledge, encouragement, and friendship, making the disease a little easier to bear. “My daughter has a saying from (the show) Project Runway…’you can cry, but you have to cut (fabric) and cry at the same time’. That’s what resiliency is. It’s being able to go on even though life is hard. You have to do what you have to do and continue on, no matter what. That’s the bottom line,” says Masters. Gaucher Disease Treatment Finder Find a specialist or treatment center near you. Subscribe via RSS RSS feed Stay in Touch with NGF Learn about the latest research, news and events.
Magazine article The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education Hispanics: 1 in 5 Magazine article The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education Hispanics: 1 in 5 Article excerpt The Malthus Theory English-born Malthus' An Essay on the Principle of Population, stunned Europe when published in 1798. He argued that population multiplies geometrically whereas food supply only arithmetically. Therefore, eventually the world's population would vastly exceed the food supply It needed. Over time Malthus revised his essay, adding new data, answering critics and defending his theory. A professor at the East India Company College, he became famous worldwide, but also acquired powerful enemies who tried close the college where he worked. They failed, but it illustrates the determination of those who opposed his Ideas. Today, Malthusian theories are still discussed, but the enormous technological revolutions that have made agriculture so productive have chilled the arguments. Hispanics: 1 in 5 Hispanic population growth in the United States has been widely discussed for the past few decades. Readers of Hispanic Outlook know the 40-year ever-growing migration trend has been dented by the economic recession, by the paltry recovery, by the deportation of 2 million Hispanics during the Obama presidency, by thousands who have retu rned of their own volition and by thousands of others who have decided not to migrate to the United States for other reasons. The future is not crystal clear but by studying those already born, we can project trends quite accurately. To establish a baseline, we have picked Hispanic children in kindergarten. Over the past decade there has been a large increase In the number of states where at least 1 in 5 public school kindergarten students are Hispanic. According to 2012 Census Bureau data, Hispanic children comprise at least 20 percent of public school kindergarten students In 17 states. They are Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Illinois, Florida, New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut and New Jersey. That growth and proliferation in so many states may surprise some, particularly since as recently as the year 2000 only eight states had that 20 percent configuration. They were California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, Illinois and Florida. That's quite an Increase In 12 years. Further, those figures do not fully reflect Hispanic population growth because for a number of reasons, not all Hispanic children enroll in kindergarten. Those states where at least 1 in 5 kindergartners are Hispanic include some states which historically have had few Híspanles such as Nebraska, Idaho and Washington State. In Kansas and Oregon fully 1 in 4 kindergartners are Hispanic. That 25 percentage is the same rate as exists in New York, long a home base for Hispanic immigrants and migrants from Puerto Rico. New York has the fourth-largest Hispanic population in the country. For Kansas and Oregon to match them in Hispanic kindergarten percentages is quite revealing. Hispanic Outlook readers know that Hispanics comprise 17 percent of the nation's population. At 54 million they are now dispersed in every single state. They are no longer confined to the "traditional'' Hispanic states. The Immigration numbers have Increased and like all Immigrants they moved to where the jobs were. Thus, such unlikely states as South Carolina, Georgia and Virginia have seen a surge of Hispanics. Their presence impacts the very fabric of virtually every state. Their presence is not always appreciated. I recall seeing a Georgia native on television complaining that all he could find to eat at a recent Fourth of July celebration were "burritos and tacos." Further, he complained, "Why can't we have American food like hot dogs?" I guess the fleckless fellow does not know that frankfurters were introduced to this country by German immigrants. The nation saw the name changed to hot dogs during the World War I because of the rabid anti-German sentiments that swept the United States. … Search by... Author Show... All Results Primary Sources Peer-reviewed
By:Edwin Zamudio Mice are eating the grains crops for these farmers in Joliet and owls are found dead near I&M. Background info The common barn owl eats everything it can except for hair and bones and that is packed into a pellet which they regurgitate. Using the pellet we can calculate how many mice they eat. The mice also eat crops that the farmers had complaint about. The mice and barn owls have a certain interaction. Could the death of 3 barn owls cause all the crop damage report at the Kruger farm? Yes the owls death caused the giant damage from the mice. Scientist looked at this problem by observing the owl pellets and seeing how many skulls of mice they had and that was how many mice they ate. They did that to see if 3 owls could eat enough mice to stop them from reproducing and destorying the farmer crops. When we opened up the owl pellet we found that the pellet had many mice heads , almost 3 mice average per pellet this data is important because this supports the owls eat a lot of the mice which eat crop and if nobody controls them they will just eat the crops and become a big population The owls are needed to stop the mice from eating the farmers crops but how can we stop them if no owls are in the area? Bring more barn owls from other places. They can do the same job the barn owls did and eat all the mice and stop them from reproducing and eat the crops but one problem is what killed those owls also it simply could have just been shooting and a later problem to observe.
Evidence Found for Undiscovered Comet That May Threaten Earth Credit: All Sky Cameras/Peter Jenniskens This story was updated at 6:10 p.m. EDT. A surprise meteor shower spotted in February was likely caused by cosmic "bread crumbs" dropped by an undiscovered comet that could potentially pose a threat to Earth, astronomers announced today (July 27). The tiny meteoroids that streaked through Earth's atmosphere for a few hours on Feb. 4 represent a previously unknown meteor shower, researchers said. The "shooting stars" arrived from the direction of the star Eta Draconis, so the shower is called the February Eta Draconids, or FEDs for short. The bits of debris appear to have been shed by a long-period comet. Long-period comets whiz by the sun very infrequently, so it's tough to predict when they last cruised through our neck of the woods — and when they'll come back, researchers said. That uncertainty is cause for some concern in this case, they added. [Close Encounters of the Comet Kind] "If the meteoroids can hit us, so can the comet," said FEDs discoverer Peter Jenniskens, of the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Institute and NASA's Ames Research Center. "We don’t know whether the comet has already passed us by or is still on approach." Scanning the night sky Jenniskens heads the Cameras for Allsky Meteor Surveillance (CAMS) project, which has been monitoring the San Francisco Bay Area's night skies with low-light video cameras in an effort to map meteor showers. The comet that produced the meteor shower is unknown. It may have last zipped by the sun just a few hundred years ago, or many thousands, researchers said. But it apparently came relatively close to Earth on its last trip through the inner solar system. [Comet Dive-Bombs Sun During Big Solar Eruption] "Earth gets hosed typically only once or twice every 60 years by such streams," Jenniskens said. "The stream of dust is always there, but quite invisible just outside of Earth’s orbit. Only when the planets steer the dust in Earth’s path do we get to know it is there." Learning more about the comet However, it can be tough to gauge a comet's path based on how its sloughed-off pieces are moving around the solar system. "The bits from the comet are not subjected to the same forces that the comet is," said Bill Cooke, head of the Meteoroid Environment Office at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. Dusty comet debris is affected primarily by things like radiation pressure and gravity, explained Cooke, who was not part of the FEDs discovery team. But comets' orbits are more of a wild card, since the icy wanderers tend to spawn gaseous jets as they approach the sun and begin heating up. These jets can have a big impact on comet trajectories. "That's why tracking a comet can be quite a tricky business," Cooke told SPACE.com. Don't worry too much Despite the uncertainty, Cooke said the public shouldn't get into a panic about a potential "doomsday comet." "Does this shower indicate that a comet's going to whack Earth? I kind of doubt it," he said. "I don't think you can infer from this meteor stream that the parent comet is in a potentially hazardous orbit." Jenniskens as well urged some perspective, drawing on history as a guide. "Chances are very small that the comet will actually hit us, as such impacts are rare in Earth’s history," he said.
All syllabus Civil Engineering Mock test - 12 - ENGINEERING BIX All syllabus Civil Engineering Mock test – 12 Welcome to your All syllabus Civil Engineering Mock test - 12 Take an exciting test in All syllabus Civil Engineering You have only 25 mins to complete the test ( 15 tough Questions) Wish you all the best!!! Which one of the following methods is generally considered the best for tunnel ventilation ? Consider the following factors : 1. Provision of a suitable slope to the top of the sill. 2. Proper throating of the sill to throw off the water outside. 3. Giving a projection of not less than 50 mm to the sill. 4. Providing damp-proof course below the sill to check the entry of moisture inside the main wall. Those considered while constructing a brick sill would include Consider the following statements : 1. Alum coagulation decreases the alkalinity of water. 2. Alum coagulation increases permanent hardness of water. 3. Alum coagulation decreases pH of water. 4. Alum coagulation produces aluminium hydroxide flocks in the flocculation process. Which of the statements given above are correct ? A hollow circular column at internal diameter 'd' and external diameter '1.5 d' is subjected to compressive load. The maximum distance of the point of application of load from the centre for no tension is A saturated stiff clay has unit weight 2 gm/cm3 and unconfined compressive strength 2 kg/cm2. The depth of tension crack that would develop in this clay is A beam carries a uniformly distributed load throughout its length. In which of the following configurations will the strain energy be maximum ? Which one of the following types of sleepers has the best shock absorbing capacity as well as dampening property ? For Froude number of a hydraulic jump is 5.5. The jump can be classified as a/an: If carbon monoxide is released at the rate of 0.03 m3/min from a gasolene engine and 50 ppm is the threshold limit for an 8-hour exposure, the quantity of air which dilutes the contaminant to a safe level will be Which of the following Pairs regarding explanations and the terminologies pertaining to masonry are correctly matched ? 1. Reveal....projecting stone to serve as support for joist. 2. Throating....groove provided on the underside of projecting elements likes sills. 3. Gable....triangle shaped masonry works provided at the ends of sloped roof. 4. Freeze....vertical sides of finished opening for doors and windows. Select the correct answer using the codes given below : For complete hydration of cement the W/C ratio needed is In a plane truss, if 'M' is the number of members, 'R' is the number of reactions and 'J' is the number of joints, then for this truss to be determinate Consider the following statements : 1. In the laboratory consolidation test, initial compression is the result of displacement of soil particles. 2. Primary consolidation is due to dissipation of pore water pressure. 3. Secondary compression starts after complete dissipation of pore water pressure. 4. Primary consolidation and secondary compression occur simultaneously. Which of the statements given above are correct ? The displacement thickness of a boundary layer is Which of the following are the purposes for use of steel bars reinforcement in cement concrete pavements ? 1. To increase the flexural strength of concrete 2. To prevent the onset of cracks 3. To allow wider spacing of joints. Select the correct answer using the code given below : Share to all
Flag of the President of the United States The Flag of the President of the United States consists of the Seal of the President on a dark blue background. It is displayed in the Oval Office and the buildings and vehicles when the Present is present, as well as in other military and ceremonial occasions. It is a symbol of the sovereignty of the nation and the executive power of the president. The flag was established in 1882 by the 21st president, Chester A. Arthur. He noticed that most of the kings and presidents of other countries had their own flag on the boats they were traveling, he initiated the establishment of a flag for the President of the United States. Thus, on August 9, 1882, the US Navy has issued the order that defines the flag of the President, and in 1883 it was first used on his trip to Florida. The design of the flag was changed several times, usually when the Great Seal of the United States was changed. The current design of the flag is defined by the Executive Order 10860 issued in 1960 by the President Dwight D. Eisenhower. As of today, in the next 4 years the flag will represent the 45th president, Donald J. Trump.
What the cancer industry won’t tell you, is that there are natural cancer fighting compounds in great abundance all around us. The pharmaceutical companies want you to think that only drugs can heal cancer, and that is simply not the case. The reason that the big pharmaceutical companies are wrong is tha the key to fighting cancer already exists in our bodies, and it is 100% natural. The human immune system is capable of killing any cancer cell that exists because the proteins and enzymes required to kill cancer are already in us. The key is activating these proteins and enzymes. The following list is a collection of specific foods that do just that. 1. Turmeric Turmeric contains a natural compound known as curcumin, that is one of the strongest natural antioxidants found in nature. Because it has such strong anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation properties it is a proven cancer fighter. There have been countless studies that show that turmeric not only prevents cancer, but can treat it as well. 2. Sea Vegetables Sea vegetables like nori, hijiki, wakame, arame, kombu and kelp are being studied by scientists because of their extremely powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds as well. They are also an great source for essential minerals, including magnesium, calcium, iron, and bioavailable iodine. The combination of their mineral content and the anti-inflammatory/oxidation potential makes them great foods to significantly reduce cancer risks. 3. Green Tea Green Tea contains a a collection of plant flavonoids known as catechins. One catechin in particular, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), has been shown to interfere with the ability of pro-inflammatory chemicals to bind to the cells of smooth muscle tissues of the vascular system. This is important because the same process interferes with cancer cells and their development. 4. Chlorella Chlorella contains chemical compounds known as carotenoids that have been show to be effective at preventing cancer. Two of these carotenoids violaxanthin and lutein have been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Chlorella also contains chlorophyll, which causes oxygenation of the tissues. Cancer cannot grow in oxygen rich tissue. 5. Grapes Red grapes contain a chemical known as resveratrol, which is another powerful antioxidant. Resveratrol is also an antimutagen, prevents cellular death caused by oxidation, and prevents production of nitric oxide. Resveratrol also inhibits the development of cyclooxygenase-2 (CoX-2). CoX-2 is related to cancers and abnormal growths in the intestinal tract. 6. Cruciferous Vegetables Vegetables like arugula, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, turnips and collard greens contain chemicals known as glucosinolates that, when broken down in the body, create several active compounds know to fight cancer. These vegetables are also extremely high in vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients that promote good health. 7. Mushrooms There are over 50 species of medicinal mushrooms that have been shown to have anti-viral and anti-cancer compounds. Mushrooms have been used for more than 5000 years for the medicinal qualities, and research continues to fin new compounds in mushrooms that fight many different cancers. 8. Spirulina Spirulina is very high in vitamins B, E, K, and beta carotene. It also contain essential minerals like iron and magnesium, as well as essential fatty acids. According to a recent study done in China, selenium-infused spirulina inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells. 9. Hemp Hemp oil has been shown to increase melatonin levels in the body thousands of times higher than normal. Melatonin in a known cancer fighting chemical that exists in the body naturally. Hemp is one of the most powerful medicinal plants on the planet, and research is continuing to prove it’s benefits through countless studies. 10. Garlic Garlic is another powerful cancer fighter that has been in use for thousands of years. Allicin, which is the compound that gives garlic its aroma and flavor is the world’s most powerful antioxidant. Garlic also contains diallyl disulfide, which has been shown to kill cancer cells in just 24 hours. 11. Tomatoes Tomatoes contain lycopene, which is a known cancer fighting compound. Studies have shown that there was a 30% decrease in inflammatory compounds in whole blood after just 30 days of regular consumption of tomato juice. 12. Ginger Ginger is not only a very powerful antioxidant, it is an anti-inflammatory agent as well. These components of ginger have been shown to reduce tumor sizes by 56%, and are often more effective that anti-cancer treatments like chemotherapy. Related Posts
CS001 Computer Proficiency GDB Fall 2012 Do you think that modern communication world has become global village? If yes/no then justify your opinion with solid reasons in four to five lines/points. The current developments in information technology and communication are really astounding. Over the last few years; there has been an explosion in the methods of communication. From the age of teleprinters, we have come to the age of, radios, TVs, fax machines, computers, the Internet, cell phones and cyberspace. In almost all parts of the world these fast track developments have had their impact. The Globalization of News The media has been greatly affected by technological advances. We can still read newspapers with yesterday’s news, but we now also have access to information about global events and news as and when they occur. When the Pope steps out on his balcony, we can see him just as clearly as the people milling around him. Distance has become a thing of the past. News travels as if we are all living together in one village. We saw the horrifying devastation in countries like Indonesia and Sri Lanka caused by the tsunami. As soon as Katrina happened the entire world knew of her arrival and the damage that followed. So the world is really becoming a global village, especially in communication and the dissemination of information. One of the main contributors to this metamorphosis is the Internet. People can chat and talk with each other as if they are physically present. The barriers of distance and culture are fast breaking down. People can exchange ideas, pictures, information, and so on, the miles separating them insignificant in the light of this powerful development. Gone are the days when we hardly knew about the cultures of people in far away countries. The Internet now provides information on anything to anyone who has access to a computer and a telephone. The fast developing technology has enabled the media to communicate to people all over the world by reducing and/or eliminating the barrier of distance. Online shopping and banking are also helping the entire global community to have more cohesive and integrated approaches to these daily processes. However, we should not forget the fact that access to a computer and other technology is still a far away dream for many people of the world especially in less developed countries of the world. Penetration into these areas is certainly taking place, but at a slow pace as the priority continues to remain on food, clothing and shelter. Also, these technological advances have created the impression of a “global village”. However this has still not achieved a more humane behavior pattern across the globe. The hallmark of life in a village is the closeness and the resultant neighborliness, compassion and sympathy between the inhabitants. Technological advances have not achieved this so in this respect it may be too hasty to call the world a global village just as yet. Even though the world is definitely shrinking in terms of accessibility of information and ease in communication, it is still alien and a far removed reality for many. Due to non uniform development of different communities and countries, the world is certainly not a global village as yet.
Nasal Resonance vs. Nasality The Chest Voice As summed up by eighteenth century authorities the ultimate goal of training was not only register unification, but success in combining the registers in such a way as to make the voice appear not only to be of one register, but to reflect the influence of the natural or chest voice. To quote Giambatista Mancini, “It is a rare case when the two registers are both united into a chest register in one person. This total union is generally produced only by study and the help of art.” Given this emphasis on the chest voice, it is important to understand the dynamics of this register in detail. Mechanics of the Falsetto Whether a quality is perceived as being false or legitimate is dependent upon the way in which the configuration of the glottis is regulated by tension assumed by the arytenoid system. When the response of the arytenoids is of such a kind that they are incapable of thickening the vocal folds as intensity is increased, the tonal product will express itself in terms of a variety of different types of false tone qualities. The essential mechanical difference among the numerous types of falsetto is that each reflects a substantial difference in the balance of tension distributed between the openers and the closers of the vocal folds. As cricothyroid (stretchers) tension is countered exclusively by the posterior cricoarytenoids (openers) the falsetto will be pure. When tension shifts to the lateral cricoarytenoids (closers), the result will be an occlusion of the vocal folds, the falsetto will gradually lose its falseness as the tone quality becomes more full-bodied and complete. A Teacher’s Obligation It is a teacher’s obligation to release a singer’s instinct. By definition, any overt control or manipulative effort can do nothing but hinder that process. A singer studies singing so as to remove all impediments to his innate sense of singing. The approach to releasing the singer’s instinct is to discover the faults and remove them one by one. When all faults are removed the voice indeed sounds as if it is an instinctual utterance. Laryngeal Musculature Functional Vocal Training Preface, Voice: Psyche and Soma Listening Functionally With so many different quality characteristics associated with the same name, it is evident that the most critical factor in technical development is not the terminology itself, but an ability to make a proper distinction between the tonal product, its name, and the probable mechanical processes that result in its appearance. The vocal mechanism functions under an incredible variety of states and conditions. Some of these sounds represent progressive steps on route to register integration, still others have no redeemable qualities and merit attention only because they are faults to be eliminated. Discovering how to sort out the differences in treatment necessary to advance from one stage of technical development to another requires a special kind of listening. This places a heavy reliance on an ability to hear functionally, which is quite different from training programs based purely on aesthetic judgment.
Explanation of whats happening? So my code is working but I don't understand why it works. I basically looking for a explanation of a function and how it is working with this loop? Can someone please explain? stock = { "banana": 6, "apple": 0, "orange": 32, "pear": 15 prices = { "banana": 4, "apple": 2, "orange": 1.5, "pear": 3 # Write your code below! def compute_bill(food): total = 0 for item in food: total += prices[item] return total We write code from a basis of understanding. This question is one that we cannot understand. Are you asking us to explain code from another source? Um Im not really sure, I guess I should have been more specific. I suppose what I want to know how the function is working and what the argument actually does. Im confused how the argument food has anything to do with the dictionary's. The food parameter is a locally declared variable that receives the caller argument. In this case, the argument is 'shopping_list', but inside the function, it is referred to by its local name, food. The relationship is one of similarity. food item => 'banana' prices key => 'banana' stock key => 'banana' Thanks for explaining this mtf...I have the same mental block on the logic here. Are you saying that we don't need to explicitly make the connection between the list name "shopping_list" and the parameter "food"? That the relationship is formed because of the similarity between the keys and item? Like the OP, my code eventually worked...but I still don't really understand how. I would have expected the "correct" code to looks something like this: def compute_bill(shopping_list): total = 0 for item in shopping_list: total += prices[item] return total ... contains strings that are found as keys in the prices and stock dictionaries. Keys are strings, also, so they match up. We have used a list to match up keys in a dictionary. More importantly, we want our function to work with a variety of inputs. The parameter name should never match the name of the object being passed to the function unless there is a specific reason for doing so. It can mess with things. The function, to be independent of global constraints has a local variable, gvein in the parameter, def func(x): When we call upon this function with some argument, x is the local representation of it.
(redirected from hold together) References in periodicals archive ? The Hold Together does not have a confident, well-developed way of being in the world. On its own the bacterial slime didn't hold together wood sheets as well as a conventional petroleum-based resin adhesive does. As with all AVB products, the Force Feedback Wheel is a rock-solid device designed to hold together through the bumps and bruises of PC-based racing, and with Force Feedback, the bumps and bruises are bigger and more realistic than ever before. For example, one Twist-regulated gene encodes a protein called E-cadherin, which works like two-sided sticky tape to hold together cells. If they hold together, we'll drive them,'' said CHP Commissioner D. However, the material might have an immediate use in the flexible rings that hold together six-packs of soda or beer. This hypothetical pairing, which is supported by experimental evidence, enables physicists to explain numerous traits of nuclei, including why some hold together more firmly than others. We end up paying CEOs huge amounts of money to hold together something that by its own inertia and weight should fall apart,'' Brock said.
LESSONS IN LOGIC: What Do We Mean By ‘Argument?’ Have you ever found yourself in a debate with someone who suddenly accuses you of not answering their argument? Or maybe they claim you haven’t made an argument. Would you know how to handle either of these situations? Better yet, would you know how to determine whether or not the person making these claims knows what they are asking you? Truth is, very few of us know what we mean when we say ‘argument,’ and with good reason. It is a complicated subject. For example: there are three basic types of arguments, with slightly different rules governing how each one works. However, all three types of arguments has a few things in common, and this post proposes to explain the basics so that — if you ever encounter either of the situations I just described — you will be better prepared to deal with it. First, when most people think of the word, ‘argument,’ they think of a heated exchange between two or more individuals. Well, this is not the type of argument we will be discussing. It may be better if we refer to the topic at hand as ‘formal,’ ‘logical‘ or ‘persuasive‘ arguments. Whatever term we use, we are discussing an argument that is actually constructed for the purpose of persuading others to accept an assertion or conclusion. It can also be made to defend a position. And, in all cases, it conforms to a set of general rules that govern how they are constructed and evaluated. Now that we have that part out of the way, we need to be aware of the fact that there are two main divisions of ‘argument.’ They are usually referred to as ‘formal arguments,’ and ‘informal arguments.‘ Formal arguments consist of either deductive or inductive reasoning. They are governed by a very strict, highly structured set of rules. Fortunately, they are usually only found in more scholarly settings. The average person seldom encounters such arguments. Informal arguments are much more common and can be either deductive or inductive in nature. Informal arguments are still governed by the same rules as formal arguments, but the application of those rules is much less structured. The most common place the average person encounters informal arguments is in persuasive essays, such as those we find in editorial pages and even on blogs such as this one. In fact, persuasive writing is based on informal argumentation. Before we continue, let us recap what we have so far. We are dealing with logical arguments, not heated exchanges. Logical arguments are designed to make and defend a claim. They can be formal or informal. Formal arguments can be inductive or deductive and are highly structured. Informal arguments can also be deductive or inductive, but are much less structured. Either way, bot forms of argument are governed by the rules of logic. Once we understand these basic points, we are ready to look at the basic parts of an argument: Now, let’s cover these parts in a little more detail: THESIS — this is the thing our argument is meant to prove or defend. It includes ‘qualifiers.’ Qualifiers are a set of statements that describe the particular aspects or conditions under which our claim/assertion is true. EVIDENCE — this is a list of facts, figures or other materials we are using to support or defend our thesis. LOGICAL CONNECTION — this is where we explain the reasoning between our evidence and our thesis. It is where we connect the dots for the reader to follow. CONSIDERATION OF OPPOSING VIEWS — this is where we acknowledge the strongest arguments against our thesis, and we describe those counter arguments faithfully. We do not try to twist or weaken them. REFUTATION — this is where we then explain why these counter arguments should not be accepted and why our thesis should prevail. Remember that our argument can be deductive or inductive. Deductive arguments are the strongest. If your reasoning is solid, a deductive argument can seldom be defeated (in logical terms, a defeated argument is said to have been ‘broken’). A ‘deductive‘ argument is one in which the evidence naturally follows and inevitably leads to the conclusion of our thesis. In short, A leads to B leads to C and if they are all true, then the conclusion must be true — period! A classic example is: My pond is full of water. All fish in my pond are wet. Bill is a fish in my pond. Therefore, Bill is wet. If it is true that all fish in my pond are wet, and it is true that Bill is a fish in my pond, then Bill must be wet — period! An ‘inductive‘ argument is based on the likelihood of the conclusion of our thesis being true based on the strength of our supporting evidence. An example of an inductive argument would be: The sun came up today. The sun came up yesterday. The sun has come up for the last 3,000 years. Therefore, the sun will come up tomorrow. There is no way to ‘prove’ (i.e. the ability to ascertain the truth with 100% confidence) the sun will come up tomorrow. All we can do is evaluate the claim that it will come up tomorrow based on the strength of the evidence provided. In this case, we have created a strong inductive argument, but it is not as strong as our deductive argument. Now that we know how a formal argument is constructed, we need to know a little bit about how to evaluate it. Before we accept the thesis of any argument, we should check to make sure it is ‘sound,’ ‘valid‘ and ‘rational.’ VALID — for simplicity’s sake, ‘valid’ means that, if our evidence is true, then our conclusion has to be true. Our first argument is valid because, if the evidence is true, then it absolutely must be true that Bill is wet. SOUND — to be sound, an argument first has to be valid. This means the conclusion has to be true if the evidence is true. But — in this case — the evidence has to be — in fact — true. This can be a little more difficult to understand, so let’s look at this issue in more detail. Going back to Bill, the fish, you will notice that I was very careful in constructing that argument. If my pond is full of water, then all fish in it are wet, and if Bill is a fish in my pond, he has to be wet — period! This means my argument is valid. However, if there actually is water in my pond (and there actually is — I can see it as I write this), then my argument is also sound — because all my evidence is factually true. But what if there was no water in my pond? In that case, my evidence would not be true, therefore, my argument would not be ‘sound.’ Again, there is more to this. It does get complicated, but we are just trying to cover the basics here. Therefore, when you are trying to evaluate an actual argument, start by asking yourself these questions: Is it valid? If all the evidence is true, does it mean the thesis/conclusion has to be true? If it sound? Is all the evidence actually true? This leaves us with one last point we need to cover about how to evaluate an argument. We need to check to make sure it is ‘rational:’ RATIONAL — again, for the sake of simplicity, this is where we check to make sure there are no fallacies in an argument. Fallacies are mistakes in the rules of logic, and any thesis or conclusion based on such a mistake is defined as ‘irrational‘ (i.e. not rational). But we also have to check to make sure the conclusion is believable. It is possible to make an argument that is valid and sound and has no logical mistakes, yet it can still be considered to be irrational. And example would be: Marvin the Martian has a ray gun. Marvin the Martian is trying to shoot Bugs Bunny with his ray gun. Therefore, Bugs Bunny should hide. In the world of Loony Tunes, there is a Marvin the Martian. He does have a ray gun. He has wanted to shoot Bugs Bunny. Bugs Bunny did try to hide. Therefore, this argument is valid and sound. There are no mistakes in the reasoning here, but that does not mean this argument is rational. Why? Because the world of Loony Tunes is imaginary: it does not exist in the real world, and things that do not exist in the real world are — by definition — irrational. Let’s review before we end. We now know what we mean by ‘argument,’ and that there are formal and informal arguments. We also know there are deductive and inductive forms of formal and informal arguments. We know that deductive arguments are the strongest. We know all arguments need to contain the five points or parts of an argument. We also know that an argument needs to be valid, sound and rational. But we have not covered what we do if we find an argument that is not valid, sound and rational. If and when we encounter an argument that is not valid, sound and rational, we are free to dismiss its thesis/conclusion. This is because the argument has failed. Furthermore, if we actually demonstrate that it is irrational, we are said to have broken the argument. Either way — even if the thesis/conclusion happens to be true — we are still within the rules of logic to dismiss it because the argument is irrational. In other words, it is not reasonable. That means the thesis/conclusion may have been true simply by accident, and no sane person bases their lives on the evidence of things that happen simply by random chance? Your comments are wanted and welcome, but are moderated before posting WordPress.com Logo Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Cofactor (biochemistry) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity. Cofactors can be considered "helper molecules" that assist in biochemical transformations. The rates at which these happen are characterized by enzyme kinetics. Cofactors can be subclassified as either inorganic ions or complex organic molecules called coenzymes,[1] the latter of which is mostly derived from vitamins and other organic essential nutrients in small amounts. A coenzyme that is tightly or even covalently bound is termed a prosthetic group.[2] Cosubstrates are transiently bound to the protein and will be released at some point, then get back in. The prosthetic groups, on the other hand, are bound permanently to the protein. Both of them have the same function, which is to facilitate the reaction of enzymes and protein. Additionally, some sources also limit the use of the term "cofactor" to inorganic substances.[3][4] An inactive enzyme without the cofactor is called an apoenzyme, while the complete enzyme with cofactor is called a holoenzyme.[5] Some enzymes or enzyme complexes require several cofactors. For example, the multienzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase[6] at the junction of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle requires five organic cofactors and one metal ion: loosely bound thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), covalently bound lipoamide and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and the cosubstrates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and coenzyme A (CoA), and a metal ion (Mg2+).[7] Organic cofactors are often vitamins or made from vitamins. Many contain the nucleotide adenosine monophosphate (AMP) as part of their structures, such as ATP, coenzyme A, FAD, and NAD+. This common structure may reflect a common evolutionary origin as part of ribozymes in an ancient RNA world. It has been suggested that the AMP part of the molecule can be considered to be a kind of "handle" by which the enzyme can "grasp" the coenzyme to switch it between different catalytic centers.[8] Cofactors can be divided into two major groups: organic Cofactors, such as flavin or heme, and inorganic cofactors, such as the metal ions Mg2+, Cu+, Mn2+, or iron-sulfur clusters. A 1980 letter in Trends in Biochemistry Sciences noted the confusion in the literature and the essentially arbitrary distinction made between prosthetic groups and coenzymes group and proposed the following scheme. Here, cofactors were defined as an additional substance apart from protein and substrate that is required for enzyme activity and a prosthetic group as a substance that undergoes its whole catalytic cycle attached to a single enzyme molecule. However, the author could not arrive at a single all-encompassing definition of a "coenzyme" and proposed that this term be dropped from use in the literature.[9] Metal ions[edit] Metal ions are common cofactors.[10] The study of these cofactors falls under the area of bioinorganic chemistry. In nutrition, the list of essential trace elements reflects their role as cofactors. In humans this list commonly includes iron, magnesium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, and molybdenum.[11] Although chromium deficiency causes impaired glucose tolerance, no human enzyme that uses this metal as a cofactor has been identified.[12][13] Iodine is also an essential trace element, but this element is used as part of the structure of thyroid hormones rather than as an enzyme cofactor.[14] Calcium is another special case, in that it is required as a component of the human diet, and it is needed for the full activity of many enzymes, such as nitric oxide synthase, protein phosphatases, and adenylate kinase, but calcium activates these enzymes in allosteric regulation, often binding to these enzymes in a complex with calmodulin.[15] Calcium is, therefore, a cell signaling molecule, and not usually considered a cofactor of the enzymes it regulates.[16] Other organisms require additional metals as enzyme cofactors, such as vanadium in the nitrogenase of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus Azotobacter,[17] tungsten in the aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase of the thermophilic archaean Pyrococcus furiosus,[18] and even cadmium in the carbonic anhydrase from the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii.[19][20] Ion Examples of enzymes containing this ion Cupric Cytochrome oxidase Ferrous or Ferric Catalase Cytochrome (via Heme) Magnesium Glucose 6-phosphatase DNA polymerase Manganese Arginase Molybdenum Nitrate reductase Nickel Urease Zinc Alcohol dehydrogenase Carbonic anhydrase DNA polymerase Iron-sulfur clusters[edit] Organic cofactors are small organic molecules (typically a molecular mass less than 1000 Da) that can be either loosely or tightly bound to the enzyme and directly participate in the reaction.[5][23][24][25] In the latter case, when it is difficult to remove without denaturing the enzyme, it can be called a prosthetic group. It is important to emphasize that there is no sharp division between loosely and tightly bound cofactors.[5] Indeed, many such as NAD+ can be tightly bound in some enzymes, while it is loosely bound in others.[5] Another example is thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which is tightly bound in transketolase or pyruvate decarboxylase, while it is less tightly bound in pyruvate dehydrogenase.[26] Other coenzymes, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), biotin, and lipoamide, for instance, are tightly bound.[27] Tightly bound cofactors are, in general, regenerated during the same reaction cycle, while loosely bound cofactors can be regenerated in a subsequent reaction catalyzed by a different enzyme. In the latter case, the cofactor can also be considered a substrate or cosubstrate. Vitamins and derivatives[edit] Cofactor Vitamin Additional component Chemical group(s) transferred Distribution Thiamine pyrophosphate [30] Thiamine (B1) None 2-carbon groups, α cleavage Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes NAD+ and NADP+ [31] Niacin (B3) ADP Electrons Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Pyridoxal phosphate [32] Pyridoxine (B6) None Amino and carboxyl groups Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Methylcobalamin [33] Vitamin B12 Methyl group acyl groups Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Cobalamine [5] Cobalamine (B12) None hydrogen, alkyl groups Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Biotin [34] Biotin (H) None CO2 Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Coenzyme A [35] Pantothenic acid (B5) ADP Acetyl group and other acyl groups Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Tetrahydrofolic acid [36] Folic acid (B9) Glutamate residues Methyl, formyl, methylene and formimino groups Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Menaquinone [37] Vitamin K None Carbonyl group and electrons Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Ascorbic acid [38] Vitamin C None Electrons Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Flavin mononucleotide [39] Riboflavin (B2) None Electrons Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Flavin adenine dinucleotide [39] Riboflavin (B2) ADP Electrons Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Coenzyme F420 [40] Riboflavin (B2) Amino acids Electrons Methanogens and some bacteria Cofactor Chemical group(s) transferred Distribution Adenosine triphosphate [41] Phosphate group Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes S-Adenosyl methionine [42] Methyl group Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Coenzyme B [43] Electrons Methanogens Coenzyme M [44][45] Methyl group Methanogens Coenzyme Q [46] Electrons Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Cytidine triphosphate [47] Diacylglycerols and lipid head groups Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Glutathione [48][49] Electrons Some bacteria and most eukaryotes Heme [50] Electrons Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Lipoamide [5] Electrons, acyl groups Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Methanofuran [51] Formyl group Methanogens Molybdopterin [52][53] Oxygen atoms Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Nucleotide sugars [54] Monosaccharides Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate [55] Sulfate group Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Pyrroloquinoline quinone [56] Electrons Bacteria Tetrahydrobiopterin [57] Oxygen atom and electrons Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Tetrahydromethanopterin [58] Methyl group Methanogens Cofactors as metabolic intermediates[edit] Metabolism involves a vast array of chemical reactions, but most fall under a few basic types of reactions that involve the transfer of functional groups.[59] This common chemistry allows cells to use a small set of metabolic intermediates to carry chemical groups between different reactions.[60] These group-transfer intermediates are the loosely bound organic cofactors, often called coenzymes. Organic cofactors, such as ATP and NADH, are present in all known forms of life and form a core part of metabolism. Such universal conservation indicates that these molecules evolved very early in the development of living things.[62] At least some of the current set of cofactors may, therefore, have been present in the last universal ancestor, which lived about 4 billion years ago.[63][64] Organic cofactors may have been present even earlier in the history of life on Earth.[65] The nucleotide adenosine is present in cofactors that catalyse many basic metabolic reactions such as methyl, acyl, and phosphoryl group transfer, as well as redox reactions. This ubiquitous chemical scaffold has, therefore, been proposed to be a remnant of the RNA world, with early ribozymes evolving to bind a restricted set of nucleotides and related compounds.[66][67] Adenosine-based cofactors are thought to have acted as interchangeable adaptors that allowed enzymes and ribozymes to bind new cofactors through small modifications in existing adenosine-binding domains, which had originally evolved to bind a different cofactor.[8] This process of adapting a pre-evolved structure for a novel use is known as exaptation. The first organic cofactor to be discovered was NAD+, which was identified by Arthur Harden and William Youndin 1906.[69] They noticed that adding boiled and filtered yeast extract greatly accelerated alcoholic fermentation in unboiled yeast extracts. They called the unidentified factor responsible for this effect a coferment. Through a long and difficult purification from yeast extracts, this heat-stable factor was identified as a nucleotide sugar phosphate by Hans von Euler-Chelpin.[70] Other cofactors were identified throughout the early 20th century, with ATP being isolated in 1929 by Karl Lohmann,[71] and coenzyme A being discovered in 1945 by Fritz Albert Lipmann.[72] The functions of these molecules were at first mysterious, but, in 1936, Otto Heinrich Warburg identified the function of NAD+ in hydride transfer.[73] This discovery was followed in the early 1940s by the work of Herman Kalckar, who established the link between the oxidation of sugars and the generation of ATP.[74] This confirmed the central role of ATP in energy transfer that had been proposed by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941.[75] Later, in 1949, Morris Friedkin and Albert L. Lehninger proved that NAD+ linked metabolic pathways such as the citric acid cycle and the synthesis of ATP.[76] Protein-derived cofactors[edit] In a number of enzymes, the moiety that acts as a cofactor is formed by post-translational modification of a part of the protein sequence. This often replaces the need for an external binding factor, such as a metal ion, for protein function. Potential modifications could be oxidation of aromatic residues, binding between residues, cleavage or ring-forming.[77] These alterations are distinct from other post-translation protein modifications, such as phosphorylation, methylation, or glycosylation in that the amino acids typically acquire new functions. This increases the functionality of the protein; unmodified amino acids are typically limited to acid-base reactions, and the alteration of resides can give the protein electrophilic sites or the ability to stabilize free radicals.[77] Examples of cofactor production include tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ), derived from two tryptophan side chains,[78] and 4-methylidene-imidazole-5-one (MIO), derived from an Ala-Ser-Gly motif.[79] Characterization of protein-derived cofactors is conducted using X-ray crystallography and mass spectroscopy; structural data is necessary because sequencing does not readily identify the altered sites. Non-enzymatic cofactors[edit] The term is used in other areas of biology to refer more broadly to non-protein (or even protein) molecules that either activate, inhibit, or are required for the protein to function. For example, ligands such as hormones that bind to and activate receptor proteins are termed cofactors or coactivators, whereas molecules that inhibit receptor proteins are termed corepressors. One such example is the G protein-coupled receptor family of receptors, which are frequently found in sensory neurons. Ligand binding to the receptors activates the G protein, which then activates an enzyme to activate the effector.[80] In order to avoid confusion, it has been suggested that such proteins that have ligand-binding mediated activation or repression be referred to as coregulators.[81] See also[edit] 1. ^ Hasim, Onn (2010). Coenzyme, Cofactor and Prosthetic Group - Ambiguous Biochemical Jargon. Kuala Lumpur: Biochemical Education. pp. 93–94. 2. ^ Nelson D (2008). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. p. 184. 3. ^ "coenzymes and cofactors". Retrieved 2007-11-17. 4. ^ "Enzyme Cofactors". Archived from the original on 2003-05-05. 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"Coactivators and corepressors: what's in a name?". Molecular Endocrinology. 22 (10): 2213–4. doi:10.1210/me.2008-0201. PMC 2582534Freely accessible. PMID 18701638. Further reading[edit] External links[edit]
Total Number of words made out of Enfeebled = 52 Enfeebled is an acceptable word in Scrabble with 15 points. Enfeebled is an accepted word in Word with Friends having 18 points. Enfeebled is a 9 letter long Word starting with E and ending with D. Below are Total 52 words made out of this word. 8 letter Words made out of enfeebled 1). enfeeble 6 letter Words made out of enfeebled 1). blende 2). feeble 3). bendee 4). needle 5). beefed 5 letter Words made out of enfeebled 1). bleed 2). leben 3). bedel 4). blend 4 letter Words made out of enfeebled 1). delf 2). dene 3). dele 4). lend 5). fled 6). feed 7). flee 8). feel 9). fend 10). need 11). bled 12). bene 13). bend 14). been 15). beef 3 letter Words made out of enfeebled 1). del 2). ben 3). bel 4). bee 5). led 6). lee 7). bed 8). neb 9). nee 10). fen 11). fee 12). deb 13). eld 14). elf 15). eel 16). end 17). dee 18). den 19). fed 2 letter Words made out of enfeebled 1). ne 2). ed 3). el 4). en 5). ef 6). de 7). be Enfeebled Meaning :- of Enfeeble Word Finder Tools Scrabble finder Words with friends finder Anagram Finder Crossword Solver Note There are 4 vowel letters and 5 consonant letters in the word enfeebled. E is 5th, N is 14th, F is 6th, B is 2nd, L is 12th, D is 4th, Letter of Alphabet series.
Pandemic Flu - Swine Flu - Bird Flu - The Avian Flu - Have you been hearing about the Pandemic Flu? Get informed for yourself and your Family. I am hearing more and more about this Flu, or Influenza. One, because I work in a health care field, and two, because I have kids in school. So let's get informed together as employees, employers, and parents. What does Pandemic mean? It means Worldwide. There is a prediction that the Bird Flu, or you might have heard, the Avian Flu, is going to become a worldwide, human to human, Pandemic Flu. What is influenza? Influenza means an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. Usually affecting the lungs. How does it spread Worldwide? Well, I know I don't travel overseas, but I know lots of people who work and vacation in places that the flu is likely to spread to. If those travelers are sick, or the virus is incubating in their bodies, unknown to themselves for anywhere from 2-5 days, they can spread the virus to others with a simple cough, sneeze or contact with something recently contaminated by fluids from and infected person (like shaking hands with someone who has sneezed). History tells that a Pandemic Flu, the Spanish Flu, spread in 1918-1919, worldwide and killed Millions (20-40 million). Today, we can travel much faster than they could back then. Our spread will be much faster, should an outbreak occur. We need to be healthy and strong. By the way, the Spanish Flu was named such, because it was Spain who studied it, as they were not at war at the time. Get Informed! Coughing and Sneezing? 1. If you have a tissue or Kleenex, use it to completely cover your mouth and nose. After you sneeze or cough go wash your hands. 2. If you are without a tissue, and many times we or our kids are without one, the BEST THING TO DO IS TO SNEEZE AND/OR COUGH INTO YOUR ELBOW. This will capture the cough and/or sneeze the most effectively. Teach this to your kids and practice it often. 3. DO NOT GIVE ASPIRIN or ASA (Acetylsalicylic acid) to CHILDREN or TEENAGERS. Signs of the Flu Usually, the signs of the Flu start with a fever, sore throat, cough and muscle aches. You or your kids may also have; • Fever and Chills, • Loss of Appetite, • Headache, • Dry Cough • Body Aches, (back and legs) • Weak and Tired, • Sore Throat, • Runny or Stuffy Nose. • So watch for some or all of these signs and symptoms. Care For Yourself and Your Family What do you need to do if you see signs of the pandemic flu? • Stay home and rest. This is the BEST thing you can do to FIGHT it and STOP THE SPREAD of the flu. I know you would appreciate it if others didn't spread it to you and your kids, or grandparents. • Drink plenty of fluids. • Gargle with warm salt water. Make the water as warm as you and/or your kids can stand it because it will get the blood flowing to your throat; which will bring oxygen and nutrients to kill the germs. The salt, about a teaspoon, will dry out and kill infection too. I like this combination too, because it is all natural, just don't swallow it. Salt is dehydrating and we need all the hydration we can get when we are feverish. • WASH YOUR HANDS OFTEN. Sorry for all the capitals, but this is huge too. Teach your kids to wash their hands, especially at school, until it becomes a habit. • We have enough education and ability to inform others and ourselves when it comes to a Pandemic Flu, so stay healthy and protect yourself, your family, and others. Health Advice, Family Health Advice, Parenting Advice! Return to Family Health from Pandemic Flu Womens Health
View the step-by-step solution to: Soccer Game on Sataruday After Noon NonVerbal: Soccer Game on Sataruday After Noon Coach Pointing his finger Parents nodding their heads Parents Yelling at each other Groups of parents joking around Explain at least one contradiction you observed between the verbal and nonverbal cues used in the interpersonal interaction. (I did this, which is up above) I need this answered from what i put up above? Why was your example a contradiction and which did you believe, the verbal or the nonverbal message? Add additional detail, explanations, and the course concepts in the text reading in the notes section (presenter notes) to support your analysis. Summarize your experience. How do our/your cultural filters influence your understanding of the verbal and nonverbal communication cues used in the interaction? Which of your own biases or assumptions did you notice from your observation? How can/did your cultural, biases or assumptions filter your perception of the verbal and nonverbal cues used in the interaction? Using your analysis of the interaction observed and the dynamics of cultural aspects and how they affect communication, describe one strategy from the course reading that you will use to communicate effectively in your future interactions to build relationships and avoid biased perceptions, which could negatively influence your communication choices. How can monitoring your use of verbal and nonverbal communication benefit your organization? Your community? Recently Asked Questions Why Join Course Hero? Educational Resources • - Study Documents Browse Documents • - Question & Answers Ask a Question
Encyclopedia / D / Dermatitis Herpetiformis Dermatitis Herpetiformis Dermatitis Herpetiformis is an uncommon, chronic disease in which the primary clinical manifestations are cutaneous (relating to the skin). It is also known as Brocq-During disease, dermatitis multiformis, Duhring disease, and gluten-sensitive enteropathy. It usually occurs in association with an asymptomatic gluten-sensitive enteropathy (disease of the intestine, similar to that in celiac disease. Celiac disease is caused by a sensitivity to gluten, a protein found in wheat, oats, rye, and barley. The intolerance to gluten causes the lining of the intestine to lose its tiny folds (villi) through which nutrients are absorbed. In addition, digestive enzymes are no longer produced in the intestinal lining in adequate amounts. The common symptoms are foul-smelling diarrhea, bloated abdomen, and anemia. Dermatitis herpetiformis is idiopathic (without known cause), but several immunologic abnormalities have been detected. The presence in lesions of IgA (immunoglobulin) and complement components supports an immunoregulatory disturbance. Iodide and other halides may cause a flare. Onset may be at any age, but it usually occurs in middle adult life. A slow onset during adulthood is typical, but children can be affected. Males are affected more than females. It appears to have its highest prevalence in Scandinavia. Small blisters, discrete papules (bumps), and itchy, smooth lesions resembling hives appear symmetrically on the head, elbows, knees, lower back, and buttocks. Quite often, blisters and papules occur on the face and neck. Itching and burning may be almost intolerable, and the need to scratch irresistible. Ingestion of gluten plays a role in the exacerbation of skin lesions. Diagnosis is made by physical findings and microscopic analysis of a skin biopsy. The gluten-free diet is seriously restrictive and compliance may be difficult. Foods with gluten include wheat, oats, rye, and barley. Difficulties in diet stem from gluten being accidentally ingested from time to time. Many patients also report great difficulty in eating away from home and in determining whether a food is gluten-free. Standard treatment frequently involves the use of dapsone to treat the rash. This brings symptomatic relief within 1 or 2 days. The urgent need to scratch usually abates in 1 to 3 days. Dapsone can be associated with severe hematologic (blood) disturbances and must be closely monitored. However, strict long-term avoidance of dietary gluten has been shown to reduce the dose of dapsone required to control the disease and may even eliminate the need for medication. In addition, a gluten-free diet may reduce the risk of gastrointestinal lymphoma. What type of treatment will you be recommending? Will you be prescribing any medication? Are there any side-effects? What tests are needed to determine if it is caused by sensitivity to gluten? Which foods contain gluten? Is there a personalized diet plan to help me?
Picture of University of Sheffield seminars ESRC Nuclear Futures Seminar Series Geological disposal (GD) of radioactive waste, in deep underground repositories, was first proposed in the US in the 1950s, yet rarely has final disposal of waste been at the forefront of government and industry concerns. Much waste has been in 'interim storage' for decades. Meanwhile, more is produced through ongoing energy production. The GD approach to civil waste has crept up national policy agendas following an EU Directive in 2011 and the EU's Technology Platform determination that first disposal operations should begin somewhere in Europe by 2025. At various speeds, EU Member States are conducting further scientific research, progressing decisions on where to site GD and undertaking various forms of public engagement. Many countries have made limited headway or have deferred implementation decisions, while Finland has made 'most' progress against the Directive targets and now holds permission to start construction of disposal facilities. The publication of the UK Government White Paper 'Implementing Geological Disposal' in July 2014 (IGD2014) sets out a process to decide on the siting and building of a UK facility. Learning from earlier policy breakdowns the new policy promises to "provide a permanent solution" for the UK's existing and planned higher activity radioactive waste. The implementation of geological disposal - like many topics on nuclear matters - prompts numerous questions of social, technical, political and ethical character. Experts at the University of Sheffield have won funding from the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) for a series of seven seminars over two years, looking at the societal issues of storing radioactive waste. Funding is also being provided by Radioactive Waste Management (RWM), which is the organisation responsible for implementing geological disposal in the UK. The seminars will bring together different parts of the research and technical communities. The Nuclear Futures Seminar Series' primary focus is on nuclear waste, its management and proposed final disposal. However, radioactive waste is interwoven with multiple other concerns including: government policy on building new nuclear plants as part of an energy mix and a low carbon future; and ongoing and future decommissioning projects. For some, these discussions cannot be separated from military affairs, further entangling issues up for debate. Social science academics have written on nuclear topics in the past and under different policy conditions. However, it is timely to question these earlier works and to enlarge the arena of debate, expanding the social perspectives and including the technical. The goal is to transform thinking to address radioactive waste as a sociotechnical matter and to vitalise our research capacity. Bringing social scientists from different disciplines together, alongside academic engineering communities, policy and industry bodies, the Series will build on an ESRC initiative in multi-disciplinary research training funded in 2013. That scheme enabled an experimental collaboration between social scientists associated with the White Rose DTC and engineers from the EPSRC-funded Nuclear First CDT. We now seek to expand this research potential beyond training provision and expand to include policy implementation concerns. Each meeting will involve talks from academic and non-academic partners, small group discussions, plenary sessions and activities. The seminars will provide opportunities for social science academics to connect directly to technical research communities and to non-academic bodies involved in GD policy. Policy bodies and engineering researchers will experience the process of social science debate and be exposed to critical thinking on their technical concerns. The meetings will thus enable knowledge exchange between groups that do not regularly interact, including social science researchers with technical policy implementation bodies. Meetings will be concurrent with specific aspects of the IGD2014 policy process: the possibility to inform ongoing implementation work makes the Series particularly timely. The seminars 1. Looking back, looking forward: understanding the socio-technical dimensions of nuclear What can we learn from the history of prior research on waste concerns? In what ways is the current context of discussions and policy the same/different to prior situations and policy processes? Have actors changed? Have the terms of debate shifted? The nuclear industry faces a demographic challenge with their skilled workforce; is the same the case for interested social researchers? Are the experts of the past in a position to pass on wisdom and ideas to be re-mobilised or are new concepts and thinking required? 2. Sociotechnical dimensions of the geological Initial policy action includes a geological screening process. Some assessments of geology have been conducted in the past, so why the need for further geological work? How will new work will create knowledge that prior processes did not (are new questions being answered and/or created?). How will screening inform publics and in what ways might the geological be understood? How can the interactions between geology and other considerations (e.g. disposal policy frameworks; engineering worldviews) work together? 3. Publics and the practices of participation Where do we draw lines around the boundary of a ‘host community’ and who counts as a stakeholder? How might communities develop a sense of ownership of a large technological project such as a GDF? How can ‘future voices’ be included and what are the issues in environmental justice terms? There are new forms of participation and of facilitating engagement with techno-scientific work. Might these work for the waste case? 4. Making waste knowledge: building trust The social construction of technical knowledge provides ways to re- conceptualise uncertainty from both technical and social points of view. All data, experiments, results, generalisations and decisions have uncertainties associated with them. By opening up a discussion on the various approaches that can be adopted in relation to these, the seminar aims to create greater mutual understandings between technical and social frames and generate ideas for moving forward constructively. 5. Disposal cultures What are EU and international perspectives on approaches to waste disposal, from both technical and social perspectives? In what ways, if any, can experiences in voluntarism and in technical research agendas in other nations inform the UK process? How might UK policy work inform other, yet to begin, disposal processes in other states? What discourses and practices are available? 6. Planning & siting infrastructure How can we make sense of engagement with large technical systems whose purpose and function is at a different scale to our everyday knowledge and interactions? How can we understand individual and community-based encounters with national infrastructure projects? What are the implications of various levels of decision making in the progression of a GD? Furthermore, what do technical communities need to understand of the planning and assessment process to make sense of their own work? 7. Nuclear imaginations and entanglements How does popular culture continue to reflect and refract public imaginations of nuclear worlds? Is it possible, or desirable, to disentangle the civil and non-civil aspects of nuclear worlds when discussing and planning waste concerns? How might imaginations and entanglements impact on the ongoing GD policy process and shape future community engagements? The Series will bring together participants from academia (social sciences and engineering), governmental bodies and industry. Academic participants – at all levels - will come from the UK, elsewhere in Europe and the USA via Skype. The overall goal is to provide a forum in which social science, engineering, policy and industry participants can learn, discuss, appreciate and act on, key thinking around the disposal of UK higher level radioactive waste. Social science has much to offer debates around these wastes yet they can often be detached from the technical and policy communities conducting and implementing research in the area, or are focused solely on handling public perception issues. The tradition of research - centred on science and technology studies - which aims to re-frame technical problems as socio-technical matters is largely absent so far. A major impact will therefore be the building of capacity in the social scientific study of nuclear waste, to define new concepts to inform policy implementation and to reframe problem definitions in technical communities. Output will include academic talks and papers; policy briefings; reports and designs for engagement activities. The team Dr Susan Molyneux-Hodgson, University of Sheffield - Principal Investigator Peter Simmons, University of East Anglia - Co-Investigator Philip Johnstone, University of Sussex - Co-Investigator
Defects in solids and their Applications defects and defect processes in nonmetallic solids defects in organic solids intrinsic and extrinsic defects in solids radiation effects and defects in solids abbreviation Dr.NaveenBansal Profile Pic Published Date:25-10-2017 Your Website URL(Optional) Chapter 4 Defects in solids 4.1 Types of imperfection Real solids invariably contain structural discontinuities and localized regions of disorder. This heterogene- ity can exist on both microscopic and macroscopic scales, with defects or imperfections ranging in size from missing or misplaced atoms to features that are visible to the naked eye. The majority of materials used for engineering components and structures are made up from a large number of small interlocking grains or crystals. It is therefore immediately appro- priate to regard the grain boundary surfaces of such polycrystalline aggregates as a type of imperfection. Other relatively large defects, such as shrinkage pores, gas bubbles, inclusions of foreign matter and cracks, may be found dispersed throughout the grains of a metal or ceramic material. In general, however, these large-scale defects are very much inﬂuenced by the processing of the material and are less fundamental to the basic material. More attention will thus be given to the atomic-scale defects in materials. Within each grain, atoms are regularly arranged according to the Figure 4.1 (a) Vacancy–interstitial, (b) dislocation, basic crystal structure but a variety of imperfections, (c) stacking fault, (d) void. classiﬁed generally as crystal defects, may also occur. A schematic diagram of these basic defects is shown crystal defects. Defects in crystalline macromolecular in Figure 4.1. These take the form of: structures, as found in polymers, form a special subject and will be dealt with separately in Section 4.6.7. ž Point defects, such as vacant atomic sites (or simply vacancies) and interstitial atoms (or simply intersti- tials) where an atom sits in an interstice rather than 4.2 Point defects a normal lattice site ž Line defects, such as dislocations 4.2.1 Point defects in metals ž Planar defects, such as stacking faults and twin Of the various lattice defects the vacancy is the only boundaries species that is ever present in appreciable concen- ž Volume defects, such as voids, gas bubbles and trations in thermodynamic equilibrium and increases cavities. exponentially with rise in temperature, as shown in In the following sections this type of classiﬁcation Figure 4.2. The vacancy is formed by removing an will be used to consider the defects which can occur atom from its lattice site and depositing it in a nearby in metallic and ceramic crystals. Glasses already lack atomic site where it can be easily accommodated. long-range order; we will therefore concentrate upon Favoured places are the free surface of the crystal, aDefects in solids 85 Figure 4.2 Equilibrium concentration of vacancies as a function of temperature for aluminium (after Bradshaw and Pearson, 1957). grain boundary or the extra half-plane of an edge dislo- cation. Such sites are termed vacancy sources and the vacancy is created when sufﬁcient energy is available Figure 4.3 Variation of the energy of a crystal with addition (e.g. thermal activation) to remove the atom. If E is f of n vacancies. the energy required to form one such defect (usually expressed in electron volts per atom), the total energy increase resulting from the formation ofn such defects the Boltzmann factor exp E/kT, the effect of the f is nE . The accompanying entropy increase may be f vacancy on the vibrational properties of the lattice calculated using the relations SD k ln W,where W also leads to an entropy term which is independent is the number of ways of distributing n defects and of temperature and usually written as exp S/k. The f N atoms on NCn lattice sites, i.e. NCn/nN fractional concentration may thus be written Then the free energy, G, or strictly F of a crystal of cDn/ND exp S/kexpE/kT f f n defects, relative to the free energy of the perfect crystal, is DA exp E/kT 4.3 f FDnE kTlnNCn/nN (4.1) f The value of the entropy term is not accurately known but it is usually taken to be within a factor 1 which by the use of Stirling’s theorem simpliﬁes to of ten of the value 10; for simplicity we will take it to be unity. FDnE kT NCn lnNCnn ln nN ln N f The equilibrium number of vacancies rises rapidly 4.2 with increasing temperature, owing to the exponential The equilibrium value of n is that for which form of the expression, and for most common metals dF/dnD 0, which deﬁnes the state of minimum free 4 has a value of about 10 near the melting point. For 2 energy as shown in Figure 4.3. Thus, differentiating example, kT at room temperature (300 K) is³1/40 eV equation (4.2) gives and for aluminium E D 0.7 eV, so that at 900 K we f have 0DE kT lnNCn ln n f 7 40 300 cD exp ð ð DE kT ln NCn/n f 10 1 900 so that 9.3/2.3 4 D exp 9.3D 10 ³ 10 n D exp E/kT f As the temperature is lowered, c should decrease NCn in order to maintain equilibrium and to do this the Usually N is very large compared with n,sothat vacancies must migrate to positions in the structure where they can be annihilated; these locations are then the expression can be taken to give the atomic concen- known as ‘vacancy sinks’ and include such places as tration, c, of lattice vacancies, n/ND exp E/kT. f the free surface, grain boundaries and dislocations. A more rigorous calculation of the concentration of The defect migrates by moving through the energy vacancies in thermal equilibrium in a perfect lat- maxima from one atomic site to the next with a tice shows that although c is principally governed by frequency 1 Stirling’s approximation states that ln NDN ln N. S E m m D exp exp 0 2 dF/dn or dG/dn in known as the chemical potential. K KT86 Modern Physical Metallurgy and Materials Engineering where is the frequency of vibration of the defect be retained in the structure. Moreover, if the cool- 0 in the appropriate direction,S is the entropy increase ing rate of the metal or alloy is particularly rapid, m and E is the internal energy increase associated with as, for example, in quenching, the vast majority of m the process. The self-diffusion coefﬁcient in a pure the vacancies which exist at high temperatures can be metal is associated with the energy to form a vacancy ‘frozen-in’. E and the energy to move it E , being given by the Vacancies are of considerable importance in gov- f m expression erning the kinetics of many physical processes. The industrial processes of annealing, homogenization, pre- E DE CE SD f m cipitation, sintering, surface-hardening, as well as oxi- dation and creep, all involve, to varying degrees, the Clearly the free surface of a sample or the grain transport of atoms through the structure with the help boundary interface are a considerable distance, in of vacancies. Similarly, vacancies enable dislocations atomic terms, from the centre of a grain and so to climb, since to move the extra half-plane of a dislo- dislocations in the body of the grain or crystal are cation up or down requires the mass transport of atoms. the most efﬁcient ‘sink’ for vacancies. Vacancies are This mechanism is extremely important in the recov- annihilated at the edge of the extra half-plane of atoms ery stage of annealing and also enables dislocations to of the dislocation, as shown in Figure 4.4a and 4.4b. climb over obstacles lying in their slip plane; in this This causes the dislocation to climb, as discussed way materials can soften and lose their resistance to in Section 4.3.4. The process whereby vacancies creep at high temperatures. are annihilated at vacancy sinks such as surfaces, In metals the energy of formation of an interstitial grain boundaries and dislocations, to satisfy the atom is much higher than that for a vacancy and thermodynamic equilibrium concentration at a given is of the order of 4 eV. At temperatures just below temperature is, of course, reversible. When a metal the melting point, the concentration of such point is heated the equilibrium concentration increases and, 15 defects is only about 10 and therefore interstitials to produce this additional concentration, the surfaces, are of little consequence in the normal behaviour of grain boundaries and dislocations in the crystal reverse metals. They are, however, more important in ceramics their role and act as vacancy sources and emit because of the more open crystal structure. They are vacancies; the extra half-plane of atoms climbs in the also of importance in the deformation behaviour of opposite sense (see Figures 4.4c and 4.4d). solids when point defects are produced by the non- Below a certain temperature, the migration of vacan- conservative motion of jogs in screw dislocation (see cies will be too slow for equilibrium to be main- Section 4.3.4) and also of particular importance in tained, and at the lower temperatures a concentration materials that have been subjected to irradiation by of vacancies in excess of the equilibrium number will high-energy particles. 4.2.2 Point defects in non-metallic crystals Point defects in non-metallic, particularly ionic, struc- tures are associated with additional features (e.g. the requirement to maintain electrical neutrality and the possibility of both anion-defects and cation-defects existing). An anion vacancy in NaCl, for example, will be a positively-charged defect and may trap an elec- tron to become a neutral F-centre. Alternatively, an anion vacancy may be associated with either an anion interstitial or a cation vacancy. The vacancy-interstitial pair is called a Frenkel defect and the vacancy pair a Schottky defect, as shown in Figure 4.5. Interstitials are much more common in ionic structures than metal- lic structures because of the large ‘holes’ or interstices that are available. In general, the formation energy of each of these two types of defect is different and this leads to different defect concentrations. With regard to vacancies, when C E E , i.e. the formation will initially produce f f more cation than anion vacancies from dislocations and boundaries as the temperature is raised. However, the electrical ﬁeld produced will eventually oppose the production of further cations and promote the formation of anions such that of equilibrium there Figure 4.4 Climb of a dislocation, (a) and (b) to annihilate, (c) and (d) to create a vacancy. will be almost equal numbers of both types and theDefects in solids 87 Figure 4.5 Representation of point defects in two-dimensional ionic structure: (a) perfect structure and monovalent ions, (b) two Schottky defects, (c) Frenkel defect, and (d) substitutional divalent cation impurity and cation vacancy. combined or total concentration c of Schottky defects can only be transferred by the diffusion of the charge 4 carrying defects through the oxide. Bothp-andn-type at high temperatures is¾10 . semiconductors are formed when oxides deviate from Foreign ions with a valency different from the host stoichiometry: the former arises from a deﬁciency of cation may also give rise to point defects to maintain cations and the latter from an excess of cations. charge neutrality. Monovalent sodium ions substituting Examples ofp-type semiconducting oxides are NiO, for divalent magnesium ions in MgO, for example, PbO and Cu O while the oxides of Zn, Cd and Be are 2 must be associated with an appropriate number of n-type semiconductors. either cation interstitials or anion vacancies in order to maintain charge neutrality. Deviations from the sto- ichiometric composition of the non-metallic material 4.2.3 Irradiation of solids as a result of excess (or deﬁciency) in one (or other) There are many different kinds of high-energy radi- atomic species also results in the formation of point ation (e.g. neutrons, electrons, ˛-particles, protons, defects. deuterons, uranium ﬁssion fragments, -rays, X-rays) An example of excess-metal due to anion vacancies and all of them are capable of producing some form is found in the oxidation of silicon which takes place at of ‘radiation damage’ in the materials they irradiate. the metal/oxide interface. Interstitials are more likely While all are of importance to some aspects of the to occur in oxides with open crystal structures and solid state, of particular interest is the behaviour of when one atom is much smaller than the other as, for materials under irradiation in a nuclear reactor. This is example, ZnO (Figure 4.6a). The oxidation of copper because the neutrons produced in a reactor by a ﬁs- to Cu O, shown in Figure 4.6b, is an example of non- 2 sion reaction have extremely high energies of about stoichiometry involving cation vacancies. Thus copper 2 million electron volts (i.e. 2 MeV), and being elec- vacancies are created at the oxide surface and diffuse trically uncharged, and consequently unaffected by the through the oxide layer and are eliminated at the electrical ﬁelds surrounding an atomic nucleus, can oxide/metal interface. travel large distances through a structure. The resul- Oxides which contain point defects behave as semi- tant damage is therefore not localized, but is distributed conductors when the electrons associated with the throughout the solid in the form of ‘damage spikes.’ point defects either form positive holes or enter the The fast neutrons (they are given this name because 7 1 conduction band of the oxide. If the electrons remain 2 MeV corresponds to a velocity of 2ð 10 ms locally associated with the point defects, then charge are slowed down, in order to produce further ﬁssion, Figure 4.6 Schematic arrangement of ions in two typical oxides. (a) Zn O, with excess metal due to cation interstitials and 1 (b) Cu O, with excess non-metal due to cation vacancies. 288 Modern Physical Metallurgy and Materials Engineering by the moderator in the pile until they are in thermal equilibrium with their surroundings. The neutrons in a pile will, therefore, have a spectrum of energies which ranges from about 1/40 eV at room temperature (thermal neutrons) to 2 MeV (fast neutrons). However, when non-ﬁssile material is placed in a reactor and irradiated most of the damage is caused by the fast neutrons colliding with the atomic nuclei of the material. The nucleus of an atom has a small diameter (e.g. 10 10 m), and consequently the largest area, or cross- section, which it presents to the neutron for collision Figure 4.7 Formation of vacancies and interstitials due to particle bombardment (after Cottrell, 1959; courtesy of the is also small. The unit of cross-section is a barn, i.e. 28 2 Institute of Mechanical Engineers). 10 m so that in a material with a cross-section 9 of 1 barn, an average of 10 neutrons would have to 19 2 pass through an atom (cross-sectional area 10 m ) annihilating each other by recombination. However, it for one to hit the nucleus. Conversely, the mean free is expected that some of the interstitials will escape 9 path between collisions is about 10 atom spacings or from the surface of the cascade leaving a correspond- about 0.3 m. If a metal such as copper (cross-section, ing number of vacancies in the centre. If this number 5 4 barns) were irradiated for 1 day 10 s in a neutron is assumed to be 100, the local concentration will be 17 2 1 ﬂux of 10 m s the number of neutrons passing 3 100/60 000 or³2ð 10 . through unit area, i.e. the integrated ﬂux, would be Another manifestation of radiation damage concerns 22 2 10 nm and the chance of a given atom being hit the dispersal of the energy of the stopped atom into 6 Dintegrated ﬂuxð cross-section would be 4ð 10 , the vibrational energy of the lattice. The energy is i.e. about 1 atom in 250 000 would have its nucleus deposited in a small region, and for a very short struck. time the metal may be regarded as locally heated. To For most metals the collision between an atomic distinguish this damage from the ‘displacement spike’, nucleus and a neutron (or other fast particle of mass where the energy is sufﬁcient to displace atoms, this m) is usually purely elastic, and the struck atom heat-affected zone has been called a ‘thermal spike’. To mass M will have equal probability of receiving any ° raise the temperature by 1000 C requires about 3Rð kinetic energy between zero and the maximumE D max 4.2 kJ/mol or about 0.25 eV per atom. Consequently, 2 4E Mm/ MCm ,where E is the energy of the fast n n a 25 eV thermal spike could heat about 100 atoms neutron. Thus, the most energetic neutrons can impart of copper to the melting point, which corresponds an energy of as much as 200 000 eV, to a copper to a spherical region of radius about 0.75 nm. It is atom initially at rest. Such an atom, called a primary very doubtful if melting actually takes place, because ‘knock-on’, will do much further damage on its sub- 11 the duration of the heat pulse is only about 10 to sequent passage through the structure often producing 12 10 s. However, it is not clear to what extent the secondary and tertiary knock-on atoms, so that severe heat produced gives rise to an annealing of the primary local damage results. The neutron, of course, also con- damage, or causes additional quenching damage (e.g. tinues its passage through the structure producing fur- retention of high-temperature phases). ther primary displacements until the energy transferred Slow neutrons give rise to transmutation products. in collisions is less than the energy E (³25 eV for d Of particular importance is the production of the noble copper) necessary to displace an atom from its lat- gas elements, e.g. krypton and xenon produced by ﬁs- tice site. sion in U and Pu, and helium in the light elements The damage produced in irradiation consists largely B, Li, Be and Mg. These transmuted atoms can cause of interstitials, i.e. atoms knocked into interstitial posi- severe radiation damage in two ways. First, the inert tions in the lattice, and vacancies, i.e. the holes they gas atoms are almost insoluble and hence in association leave behind. The damaged region, estimated to con- with vacancies collect into gas bubbles which swell tain about 60 000 atoms, is expected to be originally and crack the material. Second, these atoms are often pear-shaped in form, having the vacancies at the cen- created with very high energies (e.g. as ˛-particles tre and the interstitials towards the outside. Such a or ﬁssion fragments) and act as primary sources of displacement spike or cascade of displaced atoms is knock-on damage. The ﬁssion of uranium into two shown schematically in Figure 4.7. The number of new elements is the extreme example when the ﬁs- vacancy-interstitial pairs produced by one primary sion fragments are thrown apart with kinetic energy knock-on is given by n'E /4E , and for copper max d ³100 MeV. However, because the fragments carry is about 1000. Owing to the thermal motion of the a large charge their range is short and the damage atoms in the lattice, appreciable self-annealing of the restricted to the ﬁssile material itself, or in materi- damage will take place at all except the lowest tem- peratures, with most of the vacancies and interstitials als which are in close proximity. Heavy ions can beDefects in solids 89 accelerated to kilovolt energies in accelerators to pro- an easier process and the activation energy for migra- duce heavy ion bombardment of materials being tested tion is somewhat lower than E for single vacancies. m for reactor application. These moving particles have a Excess point defects are removed from a mate- short range and the damage is localized. rial when the vacancies and/or interstitials migrate to regions of discontinuity in the structure (e.g. free sur- faces, grain boundaries or dislocations) and are annihi- 4.2.4 Point defect concentration and lated. These sites are termed defect sinks. The average annealing number of atomic jumps made before annihilation is Electrical resistivity is one of the simplest and given by most sensitive properties to investigate the point defect nDAzvt exp E /kT (4.5) m a concentration. Point defects are potent scatterers of electrons and the increase in resistivity following where A is a constant ³1 involving the entropy of quenching  may be described by the equation migration, z the coordination around a vacancy, v the 13 Debye frequency ³10 /s ,t the annealing time at the DA exp E/kT (4.4) f Q ageing temperatureT andE the migration energy of a m the defect. For a metal such as aluminium, quenched where A is a constant involving the entropy of to give a high concentration of retained vacancies, the formation, E is the formation energy of a vacancy f annealing process takes place in two stages, as shown and T the quenching temperature. Measuring the Q in Figure 4.8; stage I near room temperature with an resistivity after quenching from different temperatures 4 activation energy³0.58 eV and n³ 10 ,and stage II enables E to be estimated from a plot of  f 0 ° in the range 140–200 C with an activation energy of versus 1/T . The activation energy, E ,for the Q m ¾1.3eV. movement of vacancies can be obtained by measuring Assuming a random walk process, single vacancies the rate of annealing of the vacancies at different p would migrate an average distance ( nð atomic spac- annealing temperatures. The rate of annealing is ing b)³30 nm. This distance is very much less than inversely proportional to the time to reach a certain either the distance to the grain boundary or the spac- value of ‘annealed-out’ resistivity. Thus, 1/t DA 1 ing of the dislocations in the annealed metal. In this exp E /kT and 1/t D exp E /kT and by m 1 2 m 2 case, the very high supersaturation of vacancies pro- eliminating A we obtain ln t /t DE 1/T 2 1 m 2 duces a chemical stress, somewhat analogous to an 1/T /k where E is the only unknown in the 1 m osmotic pressure, which is sufﬁciently large to create expression. Values ofE andE for different materials f m new dislocations in the structure which provide many are given in Table 4.1. new ‘sinks’ to reduce this stress rapidly. At elevated temperatures the very high equilibrium The magnitude of this chemical stress may be concentration of vacancies which exists in the structure estimated from the chemical potential, if we let dF gives rise to the possible formation of divacancy and represent the change of free energy when dn vacancies even tri-vacancy complexes, depending on the value are added to the system. Then, of the appropriate binding energy. For equilibrium between single and di-vacancies, the total vacancy dF/dnDE C kT ln n/N DkT ln c C kT ln c f 0 concentration is given by D kT ln c/c 0 c Dc C 2c v 1v 2v where c is the actual concentration and c the equilib- 0 rium concentration of vacancies. This may be rewrit- and the di-vacancy concentration by ten as 2 c DAzc exp B /kT 2v 1v 2 where A is a constant involving the entropy of forma- tion of di-vacancies,B the binding energy for vacancy 2 pairs estimated to be in the range 0.1–0.3 eV and z a conﬁgurational factor. The migration of di-vacancies is Table 4.1 Values of vacancy formation .E / and migration f .E / energies for some metallic materials together with m the self-diffusion energy .E / SD Energy Cu Al Ni Mg Fe W NiAl (eV) E 1.0–1.1 0.76 1.4 0.9 2.13 3.3 1.05 f Figure 4.8 Variation of quenched-in resistivity with E 1.0–1.1 0.62 1.5 0.5 0.76 1.9 2.4 m temperature of annealing for aluminium (after Panseri and E 2.0–2.2 1.38 2.9 1.4 2.89 5.2 3.45 D Federighi, 1958, 1223).90 Modern Physical Metallurgy and Materials Engineering dF/dVD Energy/volume stress 3 D kT/b ln c/c 4.6 0 where dV is the volume associated with dn vacancies 3 and b is the volume of one vacancy. Inserting typical values, KT ' 1/40 eV at room temperature, bD 2 3 0.25 nm, shows KT/b ' 150 MN/m . Thus, even a moderate 1% supersaturation of vacancies i.e. when c/c D 1.01 and ln c/c D 0.01, introduces a 0 0 2 chemical stress equivalent to 1.5MN/m . c The equilibrium concentration of vacancies at a Figure 4.9 Variation of resistivity with temperature produced by neutron irradiation for copper (after Diehl). temperature T will be given by c D exp E/kT 2 2 f 2 and at T by c D exp E/kT . Then, since 1 1 f 1 1 1 around room temperature and is probably caused by ln c /c D E/k 2 1 f the annihilation of free interstitials with individual T T 1 2 vacancies not associated with a Frenkel pair, and also the chemical stress produced by quenching a metal the migration of di-vacancies. Stage IV corresponds to from a high temperature T to a low temperature T the stage I annealing of quenched metals arising from 2 1 is vacancy migration and annihilation to form dislocation loops, voids and other defects. Stage V corresponds T 1 3 3 D kT/b ln c /c D E/b 1 to the removal of this secondary defect population by c 2 1 f T 2 self-diffusion. For aluminium, E is about 0.7 eV so that quench- f ing from 900 K to 300 K produces a chemical stress 4.3 Line defects 2 of about 3 GN/m . This stress is extremely high, sev- eral times the theoretical yield stress, and must be 4.3.1 Concept of a dislocation relieved in some way. Migration of vacancies to grain All crystalline materials usually contain lines of struc- boundaries and dislocations will occur, of course, but tural discontinuities running throughout each crystal it is not surprising that the point defects form addi- or grain. These line discontinuities are termed dislo- tional vacancy sinks by the spontaneous nucleation of 10 12 cations and there is usually about 10 to 10 mof dislocations and other stable lattice defects, such as 1 dislocation line in a metre cube of material. Disloca- voids and stacking fault tetrahedra (see Sections 4.5.3 tions enable materials to deform without destroying the and 4.6). basic crystal structure at stresses below that at which When the material contains both vacancies and the material would break or fracture if they were not interstitials the removal of the excess point defect present. concentration is more complex. Figure 4.9 shows A crystal changes its shape during deformation by the ‘annealing’ curve for irradiated copper. The the slipping of atomic layers over one another. The resistivity decreases sharply around 20 K when the theoretical shear strength of perfect crystals was ﬁrst interstitials start to migrate, with an activation calculated by Frenkel for the simple rectangular-type energy E ¾ 0.1 eV. In Stage I, therefore, most m lattice shown in Figure 4.10 with spacing a between of the Frenkel (interstitial–vacancy) pairs anneal out. Stage II has been attributed to the release of 1 interstitials from impurity traps as thermal energy This is usually expressed as the density of dislocations 10 12 2 supplies the necessary activation energy. Stage III is D 10 to 10 m . Figure 4.10 Slip of crystal planes (a); shear stress versus displacement curve (b).Defects in solids 91 the planes. The shearing force required to move a plane of atoms over the plane below will be periodic, since for displacementsxb/2, where b is the spacing of atoms in the shear direction, the lattice resists the applied stress but forxb/2 the lattice forces assist the applied stress. The simplest function with these properties is a sinusoidal relation of the form D sin2x/b ' 2x/b m m where is the maximum shear stress at a m displacementD b/4. For small displacements the elastic shear strain given by x/a is equal to / from Hooke’s law, where is the shear modulus, so that D /2 b/a (4.7) m and since b' a, the theoretical strength of a perfect Figure 4.11 Schematic representation of (a) a dislocation crystal is of the order of /10. loop, (b) edge dislocation and (c) screw dislocation. This calculation shows that crystals should be rather strong and difﬁcult to deform, but a striking exper- imental property of single crystals is their softness, the dislocation line is rarely pure edge or pure screw, which indicates that the critical shear stress to pro- but it is convenient to think of these ideal dislocations 5 2 since any dislocation can be resolved into edge and duce slip is very small (about 10 µ or³50gf mm ). screw components. The atomic structure of a simple This discrepancy between the theoretical and experi- edge and screw dislocation is shown in Figure 4.13 mental strength of crystals is accounted for if atomic and 4.14. planes do not slip over each other as rigid bodies but instead slip starts at a localized region in the structure and then spreads gradually over the remainder of the 4.3.3 The Burgers vector plane, somewhat like the disturbance when a pebble is It is evident from the previous sections that the Burgers dropped into a pond. vector b is an important dislocation parameter. In any In general, therefore, the slip plane may be divided deformation situation the Burgers vector is deﬁned by into two regions, one where slip has occurred and the constructing a Burgers circuit in the dislocated crystal other which remains unslipped. Between the slipped as shown in Figure 4.12. A sequence of lattice vectors and unslipped regions the structure will be dislocated is taken to form a closed clockwise circuit around (Figure 4.11); this boundary is referred to as a dislo- the dislocation. The same sequence of vectors is then cation line, or dislocation. Three simple properties of taken in the perfect lattice when it is found that the a dislocation are immediately apparent, namely: (1) it circuit fails to close. The closure vector FS (ﬁnish- is a line discontinuity, (2) it forms a closed loop in the start) deﬁnes b for the dislocation. With this FS/RH interior of the crystal or emerges at the surface and (right-hand) convention it is necessary to choose one (3) the difference in the amount of slip across the dis- direction along the dislocation line as positive. If this location line is constant. The last property is probably direction is reversed the vector b is also reversed. the most important, since a dislocation is characterized The Burgers vector deﬁnes the atomic displacement by the magnitude and direction of the slip movement produced as the dislocation moves across the slip associated with it. This is called the Burgers vector, plane. Its value is governed by the crystal structure b, which for any given dislocation line is the same all because during slip it is necessary to retain an identical along its length. lattice structure both before and after the passage of the dislocation. This is assured if the dislocation has 4.3.2 Edge and screw dislocations It is evident from Figure 4.11a that some sections of the dislocation line are perpendicular to b,others are parallel to b while the remainder lie at an angle to b. This variation in the orientation of the line with respect to the Burgers vector gives rise to a difference in the structure of the dislocation. When the dislocation line is normal to the slip direction it is called an edge dislocation. In contrast, when the line of the dislocations is parallel to the slip direction the Figure 4.12 Burgers circuit round a dislocation A fails to dislocation line is known as a screw dislocation. From close when repeated in a perfect lattice unless completed by the diagram shown in Figure 4.11a it is evident that a closure vector FS equal to the Burgers vector b.92 Modern Physical Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Figure 4.13 Slip caused by the movement of an edge dislocation. Figure 4.14 Slip caused by the movement of a screw dislocation. a Burgers vector equal to one lattice vector and, since Figure 4.13 if the crystal is of side L. The force on the 2 the energy of a dislocation depends on the square of top face stressð area is ðL . Thus, when the two the Burgers vector (see Section, its Burgers halves of the crystal have slipped the relative amountb, vector is usually the shortest available lattice vector. the work done by the applied stress forceð distance 2 This vector, by deﬁnition, is parallel to the direction is L b. On the other hand, the work done in mov- of closest packing in the structure, which agrees with ing the dislocation total force on dislocation FLð experimental observation of the slip direction. 2 distance moved is FL , so that equating the work The Burgers vector is conveniently speciﬁed by done givesFforce per unit length of dislocation D its directional co-ordinates along the principal crys- b. Figure 4.13 indicates how slip is propagated by the tal axes. In the fcc lattice, the shortest lattice vector movement of a dislocation under the action of such a is associated with slip from a cube corner to a face force. The extra half-plane moves to the right until centre, and has components a/2, a/2, 0. This is usu- it produces the slip step shown at the surface of the ally written a/21 1 0, where a is the lattice parameter crystal; the same shear will be produced by a negative and 1 1 0 is the slip direction. The magnitude of the 1 dislocation moving from the right to left. vector, or the strength of the dislocation, is then given p The slip process as a result of a screw dislocation is 2 2 2 2 by fa 1 C 1 C 0 /4gD a/ 2. The correspond- shown in Figure 4.14. It must be recognized, however, ing slip vectors for the bcc and cph structures are that the dislocation is more usually a closed loop and bD a/21 1 1 and bD a/31 1 2 0 respectively. slip occurs by the movement of all parts of the dislo- cation loop, i.e. edge, screw and mixed components, 4.3.4 Mechanisms of slip and climb as shown in Figure 4.15. A dislocation is able to glide in that slip plane The atomic structure of an edge dislocation is shown which contains both the line of the dislocation and in Figure 4.13a. Here the extra half-plane of atoms is its Burgers vector. The edge dislocation is conﬁned above the slip plane of the crystal, and consequently the dislocation is called a positive edge dislocation and to glide in one plane only. An important difference is often denoted by the symbol?. When the half-plane between the motion of a screw dislocation and that of is below the slip plane it is termed a negative disloca- 1 tion. If the resolved shear stress on the slip plane is An obvious analogy to the slip process is the movement of and the Burgers vector of the dislocation b, the force a caterpillar in the garden or the propagation of a ruck in a on the dislocation, i.e. force per unit length of dislo- carpet to move the carpet into place. In both examples, the cation, is FD b. This can be seen by reference to effort to move is much reduced by this propagation process.Defects in solids 93 which contains both the dislocation line and its Burg- ers vector. However, movement of the dislocation line in a direction normal to the slip plane can occur under certain circumstances; this is called dislocation climb. To move the extra half-plane either up or down, as is required for climb, requires mass transport by diffu- sion and is a non-conservative motion. For example, if vacancies diffuse to the dislocation line it climbs up and the extra half-plane will shorten. However, since the vacancies will not necessarily arrive at the disloca- tion at the same instant, or uniformly, the dislocation climbs one atom at a time and some sections will lie in one plane and other sections in parallel neighbouring planes. Where the dislocation deviates from one plane to another it is known as a jog, and from the diagrams of Figure 4.17 it is evident that a jog in a dislocation may be regarded as a short length of dislocation not lying in the same slip plane as the main dislocation but having the same Burgers vector. Jogs may also form when a moving dislocation cuts 1 through intersecting dislocations, i.e. forest disloca- tions, during its glide motion. In the lower range of temperature this will be the major source of jogs. Two examples of jogs formed from the crossings of dislo- cations are shown in Figure 4.18. Figure 4.18a shows a crystal containing a screw dislocation running from top to bottom which has the effect of ‘ramping’ all the planes in the crystal. If an edge dislocation moves Figure 4.15 Process of slip by the expansion of a through the crystal on a horizontal plane then the screw dislocation loop in the slip plane. dislocation becomes jogged as the top half of the crys- tal is sheared relative to the bottom. In addition, the screw dislocation becomes jogged since one part has to an edge dislocation arises from the fact that the screw take the upper ramp and the other part the lower ramp. dislocation is cylindrically symmetrical about its axis The result is shown schematically in Figure 4.18b. with itsb parallel to this axis. To a screw dislocation all Figure 4.18c shows the situation for a moving screw crystal planes passing through the axis look the same cutting through the vertical screw; the jog formed in and, therefore, the motion of the screw dislocation is each dislocation is edge in character since it is per- not restricted to a single slip plane, as is the case pendicular to its Burgers vector which lies along the for a gliding edge dislocation. The process thereby a screw axis. screw dislocation glides into another slip plane having A jog in an edge dislocation will not impede the a slip direction in common with the original slip plane, motion of the dislocation in its slip plane because it as shown in Figure 4.16, is called cross-slip. Usually, can, in general, move with the main dislocation line the cross-slip plane is also a close-packed plane, e.g. by glide, not in the same slip plane (see Figure 4.17b) f111g in fcc crystals. The mechanism of slip illustrated above shows that the slip or glide motion of an edge dislocation is restricted, since it can only glide in that slip plane Figure 4.17 Climb of an edge dislocation in a crystal. 1 A number of dislocation lines may project from the slip Figure 4.16 Cross-slip of a screw dislocation in a crystal. plane like a forest, hence the term ‘forest dislocation’.94 Modern Physical Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Figure 4.19 (a) Formation of a multiple jog by cross-slip, and (b) motion of jog to produce a dipole. 1 jogs will make a contribution to the work-hardening of the material. Apart from elementary jogs, or those having a height equal to one atomic plane spacing, it is possible to have multiple jogs where the jog height is several atomic plane spacings. Such jogs can be produced, for example, by part of a screw dislocation cross- slipping from the primary plane to the cross-slip plane, as shown in Figure 4.19a. In this case, as the screw dislocation glides forward it trails the multiple jog behind, since it acts as a frictional drag. As a result, two parallel dislocations of opposite sign are cre- ated in the wake of the moving screw, as shown in Figure 4.19b; this arrangement is called a dislocation dipole. Dipoles formed as debris behind moving dis- locations are frequently seen in electron micrographs Figure 4.18 Dislocation intersections. (a) and taken from deformed crystals (see Chapter 7). As the (b) screw–edge, (c) screw–screw. dipole gets longer the screw dislocation will eventu- ally jettison the debris by cross-slipping and pinching off the dipole to form a prismatic loop, as shown in Figure 4.20. The loop is capable of gliding on the sur- but in an intersecting slip plane that does contain the face of a prism, the cross-sectional area of which is line of the jog and the Burgers vector. In the case that of the loop. of a jog in a screw dislocation the situation is not so clear, since there are two ways in which the jog can move. Since the jog is merely a small piece of edge dislocation it may move sideways, i.e. conservatively, along the screw dislocation and attach itself to an edge component of the dislocation line. Conversely, the jog may be dragged along with the screw dislocation. This latter process requires the jog to climb and, because Figure 4.20 Formation of prismatic dislocation loop from it is a non-conservative process, must give rise to screw dislocation trailing a dipole. the creation of a row of point defects, i.e. either vacancies or interstitials depending on which way the 1 When material is deformed by straining or working the jog is forced to climb. Clearly, such a movement is ﬂow stress increases with increase in strain (i.e. it is harder difﬁcult but, nevertheless, may be necessary to give the to deform a material which has been strained already). This dislocation sufﬁcient mobility. The ‘frictional’ drag of is called strain- or work-hardening.Defects in solids 95 are the normal stresses , along thex-andy-axes 4.3.5 Strain energy associated with xx yy respectively, and the shear stress which acts in the xy dislocations direction of they-axis on planes perpendicular to thex- Stress ﬁelds of screw and edge axis. The third normal stress D C where zz xx yy dislocations is Poisson’s ratio, and the other shear stresses yz and are zero. In polar coordinates r, and z,the zx The distortion around a dislocation line is evident from stresses are , ,and . rr r Figure 4.1 and 4.13. At the centre of the dislocation the Even in the case of the edge dislocation the dis- strains are too large to be treated by elasticity theory, placement b has to be accommodated round a ring of but beyond a distance r , equal to a few atom spacings 0 length 2r, so that the strains and the stresses must Hooke’s law can be applied. It is therefore necessary contain a term in b/2r. Moreover, because the atoms to deﬁne a core to the dislocation at a cut-off radius r 0 in the region 0 are under compression and for ³b inside which elasticity theory is no longer appli- 2 in tension, the strain ﬁeld must be of the cable. A screw dislocation can then be considered as a form b/2r f ,where f is a function such as cylindrical shell of lengthl and radiusr contained in an sin which changes sign when changes from 0 to elastically isotropic medium (Figure 4.21). A discon- 2. It can be shown that the stresses are given by tinuity in displacement exists only in the z-direction, i.e. parallel to the dislocation, such that uD vD 0, D DD sin/r; D D cos/r; rr r wD b. The elastic strain thus has to accommodate 2 2 2 2 y3x Cy yx y a displacement wD b around a length 2r.Inan DD ; D D 4.9 xz yy elastically isotropic crystal the accommodation must 2 2 2 2 2 2 x Cy x Cy occur equally all round the shell and indicates the 2 2 xx y simple relation wD b/2 in polar (r, , z) coor- D D xy 2 2 2 dinates. The corresponding shear strain D D z z x Cy b/2r and shear stress D D ub/2r which acts z z where DD b/21 . These equations show that on the end faces of the cylinder with and equal to rr r 1 the stresses around dislocations fall off as 1/r and zero. Alternatively, the stresses are given in cartesian hence the stress ﬁeld is long-range in nature. coordinates (x, y, z) 2 2 D D by/2x Cy xz zx Strain energy of a dislocation 2 2 A dislocation is a line defect extending over large D D bx/2x Cy 4.8 yz zy distances in the crystal and, since it has a strain energy 1 with all other stresses equal to zero. The ﬁeld of a per unit length (J m ), it possesses a total strain screw dislocation is therefore purely one of shear, energy. An estimate of the elastic strain energy of having radial symmetry with no dependence on.This screw dislocation can be obtained by taking the strain 1 mathematical description is related to the structure of energy (i.e. ð stressð strain per unit volume) in an 2 a screw which has no extra half-plane of atoms and annular ring around the dislocation of radius r and cannot be identiﬁed with a particular slip plane. 1 thickness dr to be ð b/2r ðb/2r ð 2rdr. 2 An edge dislocation has a more complicated stress The total strain energy per unit length of dislocation is and strain ﬁeld than a screw. The distortion associated then obtained by integrating from r the core radius, 0 with the edge dislocation is one of plane strain, since to r the outer radius of the strain ﬁeld, and is there are no displacements along thez-axis, i.e. wD 0. 2 r 2 b dr b r In plane deformation the only stresses to be determined ED D ln (4.10) 4 r 4 r 0 r 0 With an edge dislocation this energy is modiﬁed by the term 1 and hence is about 50% greater than a screw. For a unit dislocation in a typical crystal r ' 0.25 nm, r' 2.5 µ mand ln r/r ' 9.2, so that 0 0 2 the energy is approximately b per unit length of 2 dislocation, which for copper taking D 40 GNm , 19 bD 0.25 nm and 1 eVD 1.6ð 10 J is about 4 eV 2 for every atom plane threaded by the dislocation. If the reader prefers to think in terms of one metre of dis- Figure 4.21 Screw-dislocation in an elastic continuum. location line, then this length is associated with about 10 2ð 10 electron volts. We shall see later that heavily- 1 3 This subscript notation z indicates that the stress is in the 16 deformed metals contain approximately 10 m/m of -direction on an element perpendicular to the z-direction. The stress with subscript rr is thus a normal stress and 2 The energy of the core must be added to this estimate. The denoted by and the subscript r a shear stress and rr 1 2 denoted by . core energy is about b /10 or eV per atom length. r 296 Modern Physical Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Figure 4.22 Interaction between dislocations not on the same slip plane: (a) unlike dislocation, (b) like dislocations. The arrangement in (b) constitutes a small-angle boundary. dislocation line which leads to a large amount of on the angle between the Burgers vector and the line energy stored in the lattice (i.e.³4J/g for Cu). Clearly, joining the two dislocations (Figure 4.22a). because of this high line energy a dislocation line will Edge dislocations of the same sign repel and oppo- always tend to shorten its length as much as possi- site sign attract along the line between them, but the ble, and from this point of view it may be considered component of force in the direction of slip, which gov- 2 to possess a line tension, T³ ˛b , analogous to the erns the motion of a dislocation, varies with the angle 1 surface energy of a soap ﬁlm, where ˛³ . . With unlike dislocations an attractive force is expe- 2 ° ° rienced for 45 but a repulsive force for 45 , and in equilibrium the dislocations remain at an angle Interaction of dislocations ° of 45 to each other. For like dislocations the converse The strain ﬁeld around a dislocation, because of its ° applies and the position D 45 is now one of unstable long-range nature, is also important in inﬂuencing the equilibrium. Thus, edge dislocations which have the behaviour of other dislocations in the crystal. Thus, it same Burgers vector but which do not lie on the same is not difﬁcult to imagine that a positive dislocation ° slip plane will be in equilibrium when D 90 ,and will attract a negative dislocation lying on the same consequently they will arrange themselves in a plane slip plane in order that their respective strain ﬁelds normal to the slip plane, one above the other a distance should cancel. Moreover, as a general rule it can be h apart. Such a wall of dislocations constitutes a small- said that the dislocations in a crystal will interact with angle grain boundary as shown in Figure 4.22b, where each other to take up positions of minimum energy to the angle across the boundary is given by D b/h. reduce the total strain energy of the lattice. This type of dislocation array is also called a sub- Two dislocations of the same sign will repel each grain or low-angle boundary, and is important in the other, because the strain energy of two dislocations annealing of deformed metals. 2 on moving apart would be 2ðb whereas if they By this arrangement the long-range stresses from combined to form one dislocation of Burgers vec- the individual dislocations are cancelled out beyond a 2 2 tor 2b, the strain energy would then be 2b D 4b ; distance of the order of h from the boundary. It then a force of repulsion exists between them. The force follows that the energy of the crystal boundary will is, by deﬁnition, equal to the change of energy with be given approximately by the sum of the individual position dE/dr and for screw dislocations is simply 2 energies, each equal to fb /4 1 g lnh/r per 0 2 FD b /2 r where r is the distance between the two unit length. There are 1/h or /b dislocations in a unit dislocations. Since the stress ﬁeld around screw dislo- length, vertically, and hence, in terms of the misorien- cations has cylindrical symmetry the force of inter- tation across the boundary D b/h, the energy per gb action depends only on the distance apart, and the unit area of boundary is above expression for F applies equally well to par- allel screw dislocations on neighbouring slip planes. 2 b h For parallel edge dislocations the force–distance rela- D ln ð gb 4 1 r b 0 tionship is less simple. When the two edge dislocations lie in the same slip plane the relation is similar to that b b 2 D ln for two screws and has the formFD b /1 2 r, 4 1 r but for edge dislocations with the same Burgers vector but not on the same slip plane the force also depends D E A ln 4.11 0Defects in solids 97 where E D b/4 1 and AD lnb/r ;thisis 0 0 4.4 Planar defects known as the Read–Shockley formula. Values from it 4.4.1 Grain boundaries give good agreement with experimental estimates even ° up to relatively large angles. For ¾ 25 , ¾ b/25 gb The small-angle boundary described in Section 2 or¾ 0.4J/m , which surprisingly is close to the value is a particular example of a planar defect interface in for the energy per unit area of a general large-angle a crystal. Many such planar defects occur in materials ranging from the large-angle grain boundary, which is grain boundary. an incoherent interface with a relatively high energy of 2 ¾0.5J/m , to atomic planes in the crystal across which there is a mis-stacking of the atoms, i.e. twin interfaces 4.3.6 Dislocations in ionic structures and stacking faults which retain the coherency of the The slip system which operates in materials with NaCl 2 packing and have much lower energies 0.1J/m . structure is predominantly a/2h110if110g. The clos- Generally, all these planar defects are associated with est packed planef100g is not usually the preferred slip dislocations in an extended form. plane because of the strong electrostatic interaction that A small-angle tilt boundary can be described ade- would occur across the slip plane during slip; like ions quately by a vertical wall of dislocations. Rotation of are brought into neighbouring positions across the slip one crystal relative to another, i.e. a twist boundary, plane for 100 but not for the 110. Dislocations in can be produced by a crossed grid of two sets of screw these materials are therefore simpler than fcc metals, dislocations as shown in Figure 4.24. These bound- but they may carry an electric charge (the edge disloca- aries are of a particularly simple kind separating two tion onf110g, for example). Figure 4.23a has an extra crystals which have a small difference in orientation, C ‘half-plane’ made up of a sheet of Na ions and one of whereas a general grain boundary usually separates Cl ions. The line as a whole can be charged up to a crystals which differ in orientation by large angles. In maximum ofe/2 per atom length by acting as a source this case, the boundary has ﬁve degrees of freedom, or sink for point defects. Figure 4.23b shows different three of which arise from the fact that the adjoin- jogs in the line which may either carry a charge or be ing crystals may be rotated with respect to each other about the three perpendicular axes, and the other two uncharged. The jogs at B and C would be of charge from the degree of freedom of the orientation of the Ce/2 because the section BC has a net charge equal boundary surface itself with respect to the crystals. to e. The jog at D is uncharged. ° Such a large-angle 30–40 grain boundary may sim- ply be regarded as a narrow region, about two atoms thick, across which the atoms change from the lattice orientation of the one grain to that of the other. Nev- ertheless, such a grain boundary may be described by an arrangement of dislocations, but their arrangement will be complex and the individual dislocations are not easily recognized or analysed. The simplest extension of the dislocation model for low-angle boundaries to high-angle grain boundaries is to consider that there are islands of good atomic ﬁt surrounded by non-coherent regions. In a low-angle boundary the ‘good ﬁt’ is perfect crystal and the ‘bad Figure 4.23 Edge dislocation in NaCl, showing: (a) two extra half-sheets of ions: anions are open circles, cations are shaded; (b) charged and uncharged jogs (after Kelly and Figure 4.24 Representation of a twist boundary produced Groves, 1970). by cross-grid of screw dislocations.98 Modern Physical Metallurgy and Materials Engineering ﬁt’ is accommodated by lattice dislocations, whereas special orientation between them. Such intrinsic sec- for high-angle boundaries the ‘good ﬁt’ could be an ondary dislocations must conserve the boundary struc- interfacial structure with low energy and the bad ﬁt ture and, generally, will have Burgers vectors smaller accommodated by dislocations which are not neces- than those of the lattice dislocations. sarily lattice dislocations. These dislocations are often When a polycrystalline specimen is examined in termed intrinsic secondary grain boundary dislocations TEM other structural features apart from intrinsic grain (gbds) and are essential to maintain the boundary at boundary dislocations (gbds) may be observed in a grain boundary, such as ‘extrinsic’ dislocations which that mis-orientation. have probably run-in from a neighbouring grain, and The regions of good ﬁt are sometimes described by the coincident site lattice (CSL) model, with its interface ledges or steps which curve the boundary. At development to include the displacement shift complex low temperatures the run-in lattice dislocation tends (DSC) lattice. A CSL is a three-dimensional super- to retain its character while trapped in the interface, lattice on which a fraction 1/ of the lattice points whereas at high temperatures it may dissociate into in both crystal lattices lie; for the simple structures several intrinsic gbds resulting in a small change in there will be many such CSLs, each existing at a misorientation across the boundary. The analysis of particular misorientation. One CSL is illustrated in gbds in TEM is not easy, but information about them Figure 4.25 but it must be remembered that the CSL will eventually further our understanding of important boundary phenomena (e.g. migration of boundaries is three-dimensional, inﬁnite and interpenetrates both during recrystallization and grain growth, the sliding crystals; it does not in itself deﬁne an interface. How- of grains during creep and superplastic ﬂow and the ever, an interface is likely to have a low energy if way grain boundaries act as sources and sinks for point it lies between two crystals oriented such that they defects). share a high proportion of lattice sites, i.e. preferred misorientations will be those with CSLs having low values. Such misorientations can be predicted from 4.4.2 Twin boundaries the expression Annealing of cold-worked fcc metals and alloys, such p as copper, ˛-brass and austenitic stainless steels usu- b 1 D 2tan N ally causes many of the constituent crystals to form a annealing twins. The lattice orientation changes at the 2 2 2 twin boundary surface, producing a structure in which where b and a are integers and ND h Ck Cl ;the 2 2 one part of the crystal or grain is the mirror-image of value is then given by a CNb , divided by 2 until the other, the amount of atomic displacement being an odd number is obtained. proportional to the distance from the twin boundary. The CSL model can only be used to describe cer- The surfaces of a sample within and outside an tain speciﬁc boundary misorientations but it can be annealing twin have different surface energies, because extended to other misorientations by allowing the pres- of their different lattice orientations, and hence respond ence of arrays of dislocations which act to preserve a quite differently when etched with a chemical etchant (Figure 4.26). In this diagram, twins 1 and 2 both have two straight parallel sides which are coherent low-energy interfaces. The short end face of twin 2 is non-coherent and therefore has a higher energy content Figure 4.25 Two-dimensional section of a CSL with ° 536.9 100 twist orientation (courtesy of Figure 4.26 Twinned regions within a single etched grain, P. Goodhew). produced by deformation and annealing.Defects in solids 99 Dissociation into Shockley partials The relationship between the two close-packed struc- tures cph and fcc has been discussed in Chapter 2 where it was seen that both structures may be built up from stacking close-packed planes of spheres. The shortest lattice vector in the fcc structure joins a cube corner atom to a neighbouring face centre atom and deﬁnes the observed slip direction; one such slip vec- tor a/21 0 1 is shown as b in Figure 4.28a which 1 is for glide in the 111 plane. However, an atom Figure 4.27 Grain boundary/surface triple junction. which sits in a B position on top of the A plane would move most easily initially towards a C position and, consequently, to produce a macroscopical slip move- per unit surface. Stacking faults are also coherent ment along 1 0 1 the atoms might be expected to and low in energy content; consequently, because of take a zigzag path of the type B C B following this similarity in character, we ﬁnd that crystalline the vectors b D a/62 1 1 and b D a/61 1 2 alter- materials which twin readily are also likely to contain 2 3 nately. It will be evident, of course, that during the many stacking faults (e.g. copper, ˛-brass). initial part of the slip process when the atoms change Although less important and less common than slip, from B positions to C positions, a stacking fault in the another type of twinning can take place during plas- 111 layers is produced and the stacking sequence tic deformation. These so-called deformation twins changes from ABCABC... to ABCACABC....Dur- sometimes form very easily, e.g. during mechanical ing the second part of the slip process the correct polishing of metallographic samples of pure zinc; this stacking sequence is restored. process is discussed in Chapter 7. To describe the atoms movement during slip, dis- The free energies of interfaces can be determined cussed above, Heidenreich and Shockley have pointed from the equilibrium form of the triple junction where out that the unit dislocation must dissociate into two three interfaces, such as surfaces, grain boundaries 1 half dislocations, which for the case of glide in the or twins, meet. For the case of a grain boundary 111 plane would be according to the reaction: intersecting a free surface, shown in Figure 4.27, a/21 0 1 a/62 1 1Ca/61 1 2 D 2 cos /2 (4.12) gb s Such a dissociation process is (1) algebraically correct, and hence can be obtained by measuring the dihe- gb since the sum of the Burgers vector components of the dral angle and knowing . Similarly, measurements s two partial dislocations, i.e. a/62C 1, a/61C 1, can be made of the ratio of twin boundary energy to a/61C 2, are equal to the components of the Burg- the average grain boundary energy and, knowing either ers vector of the unit dislocation, i.e. a/2, 0, a/2, or gives an estimate of . s gb T and (2) energetically favourable, since the sum of the strain energy values for the pair of half dislocations is less than the strain energy value of the single unit 4.4.3 Extended dislocations and stacking dislocation, where the initial dislocation energy is pro- faults in close-packed crystals 2 2 portional to b D a /2 and the energy of the resultant 1 2 2 2 Stacking faults partials to b Cb D a /3. These half dislocations, or 2 3 Shockley partial dislocations, repel each other by a Stacking faults associated with dislocations can be force that is approximately FDb b cos 60/2 d, 2 3 an extremely signiﬁcant feature of the structure of and separate as shown in Figure 4.28b. A sheet of many materials, particularly those with fcc and cph stacking faults is then formed in the slip plane between structure. They arise because to a ﬁrst approximation the partials, and it is the creation of this faulted region, there is little to choose electrostatically between the which has a higher energy than the normal lattice, that stacking sequence of the close-packed planes in the prevents the partials from separating too far. Thus, if fcc metals ABCABC... and that in the cph metals 2 J/m is the energy per unit area of the fault, the force ABABAB... Thus, in a metal like copper or gold, the per unit length exerted on the dislocations by the fault atoms in a part of one of the close-packed layers may is N/m and the equilibrium separation d is given by fall into the ‘wrong’ position relative to the atoms of equating the repulsive force F between the two half the layers above and below, so that a mistake in the dislocations to the force exerted by the fault, .The stacking sequence occurs (e.g. ABCBCABC...). Such equilibrium separation of two partial dislocations is an arrangement will be reasonably stable, but because some work will have to be done to produce it, stacking 1 faults are more frequently found in deformed metals The correct indices for the vectors involved in such than annealed metals. dislocation reactions can be obtained from Figure 4.37.100 Modern Physical Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Figure 4.28 Schematic representation of slip in a 111 plane of a fcc crystal. then given by µ b b cos 60 2 3 dD 2   a a 1 µ p p 2   a 2 6 6   D D 4.13   2 24 Figure 4.29 Edge dislocation structure in the fcc lattice, (a) and (b) undissociated, (c) and (d) dissociated: (a) and (c) are viewed normal to the 11 1 plane (from from which it can be seen that the width of the stacking Hume-Rothery, Smallman and Haworth, 1969; courtesy of fault ‘ribbon’ is inversely proportional to the value of the Institute of Metals). the stacking fault energy and also depends on the value of the shear modulus . strain energy along a line through the crystal associ- Figure 4.29a shows that the undissociated edge dis- ated with an undissociated dislocation is spread over location has its extra half-plane corrugated which may a plane in the crystal for a dissociated dislocation (see be considered as two 10 1 planes displaced relative Figure 4.29d) thereby lowering its energy. to each other and labelled a and b in Figure 4.29b. On A direct estimate of can be made from the obser- dissociation, planes a and b are separated by a region vation of extended dislocations in the electron micro- of crystal in which across the slip plane the atoms are in the wrong sites (see Figure 4.29c). Thus the high scope and from observations on other stacking faultDefects in solids 101 defects (see Chapter 5). Such measurements show that and copper the partials are separated to about 12 and the stacking fault energy for pure fcc metals ranges 6 atom spacings, respectively. For nickel the width is 2 2 about 2b since although nickel has a high its shear from about 16 mJ/m for silver to ³200 mJ/m for modulus is also very high. In contrast, aluminium has nickel, with gold ³30, copper ³40 and aluminium 2 2 alower ³ 135 mJ/m but also a considerably lower 135 mJ/m , respectively. Since stacking faults are value for and hence the partial separation is limited coherent interfaces or boundaries they have energies to about 1b and may be considered to be unextended. considerably lower than non-coherent interfaces such 2 Alloying signiﬁcantly reduces and very wide dislo- as free surfaces for which ³ b/8³ 1.5J/m and s 2 cations are produced, as found in the brasses, bronzes grain boundaries for which ³ /3³ 0.5J/m . gb s and austenitic stainless steels. However, no matter how The energy of a stacking fault can be estimated narrow or how wide the partials are separated the two from twin boundary energies since a stacking fault half-dislocations are bound together by the stacking ABCBCABC may be regarded as two overlapping fault, and consequently, they must move together as a twin boundaries CBC and BCB across which the next unit across the slip plane. nearest neighbouring plane are wrongly stacked. In fcc The width of the stacking fault ribbon is of impor- crystals any sequence of three atomic planes not in tance in many aspects of plasticity because at some the ABC or CBA order is a stacking violation and stage of deformation it becomes necessary for disloca- is accompanied by an increased energy contribution. tions to intersect each other; the difﬁculty which dislo- A twin has one pair of second nearest neighbour cations have in intersecting each other gives rise to one planes in the wrong sequence, two third neighbours, source of work-hardening. With extended dislocations one fourth neighbour and so on; an intrinsic stacking the intersecting process is particularly difﬁcult since fault two second nearest neighbours, three third and no the crossing of stacking faults would lead to a com- fourth nearest neighbour violations. Thus, if next-next plex fault in the plane of intersection. The complexity nearest neighbour interactions are considered to make may be reduced, however, if the half-dislocations coa- a relatively small contribution to the energy then an lesce at the crossing point, so that they intersect as approximate relation ' 2 is expected. T perfect dislocations; the partials then are constricted The frequency of occurrence of annealing twins gen- erally conﬁrms the above classiﬁcation of stacking together at their jogs, as shown in Figure 4.31a. fault energy and it is interesting to note that in alu- The width of the stacking fault ribbon is also impor- minium, a metal with a relatively high value of , tant to the phenomenon of cross-slip in which a annealing twins are rarely, if ever, observed, while they dislocation changes from one slip plane to another are seen in copper which has a lower stacking fault intersecting slip plane. As discussed previously, for energy. Electron microscope measurements of show glide to occur the slip plane must contain both the that the stacking fault energy is lowered by solid solu- Burgers vector and the line of the dislocation, and, tion alloying and is inﬂuenced by those factors which consequently, for cross-slip to take place a dislocation affect the limit of primary solubility. The reason for this is that on alloying, the free energies of the ˛-phase and its neighbouring phase become more nearly equal, i.e. the stability of the ˛-phase is decreased relative to some other phase, and hence can more readily tolerate mis-stacking. Figure 4.30 shows the reduction of for copper with addition of solutes such as Zn, Al, Sn and Ge, and is consistent with the observation that anneal- ing twins occur more frequently in ˛-brass or Cu–Sn than pure copper. Substituting the appropriate values for,a and in equation (4.13) indicates that in silver Figure 4.31 (a) The crossing of extended dislocations, Figure 4.30 Decrease in stacking-fault energy for copper (b) various stages in the cross-slip of a dissociated screw with alloying addition (e/a). dislocation.102 Modern Physical Metallurgy and Materials Engineering must be in an exact screw orientation. If the dislo- bounding the collapsed sheet is normal to the plane a cation is extended, however, the partials have ﬁrst to with bD 1 1 1, where a is the lattice parameter, and 3 be brought together to form an unextended dislocation such a dislocation is sessile since it encloses an area as shown in Figure 4.31b before the dislocation can of stacking fault which cannot move with the dislo- spread into the cross-slip plane. The constriction pro- cation. A Frank sessile dislocation loop can also be cess will be aided by thermal activation and hence the produced by inserting an extra layer of atoms between cross-slip tendency increases with increasing temper- two normal planes of atoms, as occurs when interstitial ature. The constriction process is also more difﬁcult, atoms aggregate following high energy particle irradi- the wider the separation of the partials. In aluminium, ation. For the loop formed from vacancies the stacking where the dislocations are relatively unextended, the sequence changes from the normal ABCABCA... to frequent occurrence of cross-slip is expected, but for ABCBCA..., whereas inserting a layer of atoms, e.g. low stacking fault energy metals (e.g. copper or gold) an A-layer between B and C, the sequence becomes the activation energy for the process will be high. Nev- ABCABACA.... The former type of fault with one ertheless, cross-slip may still occur in those regions violation in the stacking sequence is called an intrin- where a high concentration of stress exists, as, for sic fault, the latter with two violations is called an example, when dislocations pile up against some obsta- extrinsic fault. The stacking sequence violations are cle, where the width of the extended dislocation may conveniently shown by using the symbol4 to denote be reduced below the equilibrium separation. Often any normal stacking sequence AB, BC, CA but5 for screw dislocations escape from the piled-up group by the reverse sequence AC, CB, BA. The normal fcc cross-slipping but then after moving a certain distance stacking sequence is then given by4444...,the intrinsic fault by44544... and the extrinsic fault in this cross-slip plane return to a plane parallel to the by445544.... The reader may verify that the original slip plane because the resolved shear stress is higher. This is a common method of circumventing fault discussed in the previous Section is also an intrin- obstacles in the structure. sic fault, and that a series of intrinsic stacking faults on neighbouring planes gives rise to a twinned struc- Sessile dislocations ture ABCABACBA or 444455554. Elec- tron micrographs of Frank sessile dislocation loops are The Shockley partial dislocation has its Burgers vec- shown in Figures 4.38 and 4.39. tor lying in the plane of the fault and hence is glissile. Another common obstacle is that formed between Some dislocations, however, have their Burgers vector extended dislocations on intersecting f111g slip not lying in the plane of the fault with which they are planes, as shown in Figure 4.32b. Here, the associated, and are incapable of gliding, i.e. they are combination of the leading partial dislocation lying in sessile. The simplest of these, the Frank sessile dislo- the 111 plane with that which lies in the 11 1 cation loop, is shown in Figure 4.32a. This dislocation plane forms another partial dislocation, often referred is believed to form as a result of the collapse of the to as a ‘stair-rod’ dislocation, at the junction of the lattice surrounding a cavity which has been produced two stacking fault ribbons by the reaction by the aggregation of vacancies on to a 111 plane. As shown in Figure 4.32a, if the vacancies aggregate a a a 112C 2 1 1 1 0 1 6 6 6 on the central A-plane the adjoining parts of the neigh- bouring B and C planes collapse to ﬁt in close-packed The indices for this reaction can be obtained from formation. The Burgers vector of the dislocation line Figure 4.37 and it is seen that there is a reduction in Figure 4.32 Sessile dislocations: (a) a Frank sessile dislocation; (b) stair-rod dislocation as part of a Lomer-Cottrell barrier.Defects in solids 103 2 2 2 energy from a /6 C a /6 to a /18. This trian- gular group of partial dislocations, which bounds the wedge-shaped stacking fault ribbon lying in a h101i direction, is obviously incapable of gliding and such an obstacle, ﬁrst considered by Lomer and Cottrell, is known as a Lomer-Cottrell barrier. Such a barrier impedes the motion of dislocations and leads to work- hardening, as discussed in Chapter 7. Stacking faults in ceramics Some ceramic oxides may be described in terms of fcc or cph packing of the oxygen anions with the cations occupying the tetrahedral or octahedral intersti- tial sites, and these are more likely to contain stacking faults. Sapphire, ˛-Al O , deforms at high tempera- 2 3 tures on the 0001 h1120i basal systems and dis- Figure 4.33 A diamond cubic lattice projected normal to 1 1 sociated h1010iC h0110i dislocations have been 1 10 . represents atoms in the plane of the paper andC 3 3 represents atoms in the plane below. 11 1 is observed. Stacking faults also occur in spinels. Stoi- perpendicular to the plane of the paper and appears as a chiometric spinel (MgAl O or MgO. nAl O , nD 1) 4 2 3 2 horizontal trace. deforms predominantly on thef111gh110i slip system ° at high temperature ¾1800 C with dissociated dislo- 2 cations. Non-stoichiometric crystals (n 1) deform at faults ¾50 mJ/m . Dislocations could slip between lower temperatures when the f110gh110i secondary the narrowly spaced planes Ba, called the glide set, slip system is also preferred. The stacking fault energy or between the widely spaced planes bB, called the decreases with deviation from stoichiometry from a shufﬂe set, but weak beam microscopy shows dis- 2 value around 0.2J/m for nD 1 crystals to around sociation into Shockley partials occurs on the glide 2 ° ° set. A 60 dislocation (i.e. 60 to its Burgers vec- 0.02 J/m for nD 3.5. 1 tor ah110i) of the glide set is formed by cutting 2 Stacking faults in semiconductors out material bounded by the surface 1564 and then joining the cut together. The extra plane of atoms Elemental semiconductors Si, Ge with the diamond terminates between a and B leaving a row of dan- cubic structure or III-V compounds InSb with the spha- gling bonds along its core which leads to the electrical lerite (zinc blende) structure have perfect dislocation effect of a half-ﬁlled band in the band gap; plastic Burgers vectors similar to those in the fcc lattice. ° deformation can make n-type Ge into p-type. The 60 Stacking faults onf111g planes associated with partial dislocation BC and its dissociation into υC and Bυ dislocations also exist. Thef111g planes are stacked in is shown in Figure 4.34. The wurtzite (ZnS) structure the sequence AaBbCcAaBb as shown in Figure 4.33 has the hexagonal stacking sequence AaBbAaBb.... and stacking faults are created by the removal (intrin- sic) or insertion (extrinsic) of pairs of layers such Similarly, stacking faults in the wurtzite structure are as Aa or Bb. These faults do not change the four thin layers of sphalerite BbAaBbCcAA... analogous nearest-neighbour covalent bonds and are low-energy to stacking faults in hexagonal metals. ° Figure 4.34 (a) The 60 dislocation BC, (b) the dissociation of BC into υC and Bυ.

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